Post on 30-Dec-2015
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GastroIntestinal SystemGastroIntestinal System
Chapter 7
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Student ObjectivesStudent Objectives
Explain the main functions of the gastrointestinal system.
Identify the main organs and accessory organs.
Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.
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Student ObjectivesStudent Objectives
Identify combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes related to the GI system.
Discuss pathology related to the GI system. Identify diagnostic, symptomatic, and
therapeutic terms related to the GI system. Identify abbreviations and pharmacology
related to the GI system.
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Responsible for the intake, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste.
Alimentary Canal (GI tract)
Aliment/o - to nourish
Anatomy/Physiology
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Accessory Digestive OrgansAccessory Digestive Organs
Teeth tongue salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
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Oral CavityOral Cavity Mouth (bucca, tongue)
• papillae Teech
• mastication• dentin• pulp• gingiva
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TeethTeeth Maxillary arch (upper) Mandibular arch (lower)
• anterior teeth for biting and tearing
• posterior teeth for chewing and grinding
dent/i - teeth decidu/o - shedding Primary - 20 teeth Permanent - 32 teeth
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Oral CavityOral Cavity
Palate, hard and soft• bolus
Pharynx Uvula Esophagus Epiglottis
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EsophagusEsophagus
Gullet chyme cardiac, or lower
esophageal or gastroesophageal sphincter
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StomachStomach
Body, fundus pylorus rugae pyloric
sphincter
Fundus
Body
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Small IntestineSmall Intestine small bowel enter/o - small intestine villi Parts
• duodenum• jejunum• ileum
ileocecal valve
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Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Large Bowel col/o or colon/o cecum vermiform appendix
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Colon• ascending• hepatic flexure• transverse• splenic flexure• descending
Sigmoid Rectum Anus
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Functions• production of bile• glucose - glycogen• storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K• erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated in bile called
bilirubin)• bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark color• removes toxins from blood• manufactures blood proteins
Liver - hepat/o
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PancreasPancreas internal - endocrine function
• insulin• glucogon
external - exocrine function• amylase - carbohydrates• trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins• lipase - fats
enzymes inactive until reach duodenum
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GallbladderGallbladder
pear-shaped sac under the liver chol/e means bile or gall cyst/o means cyst or sac gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic
duct into common bile duct.
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BileBile bile is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on fat
in a way that lipid enzymes can digest fat travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall
bladder, where stored bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol,
and bilirubin (a colored substance resulting from breakdown of hemoglobin)
bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color
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Stomach during DigestionStomach during Digestion
Gastric juices• HCL - activates
enzymes
• protease
• pepsin
• lipase
Chyme
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Small Intestine during DigestionSmall Intestine during Digestion
digestion completed in small intestine
chyme mixed with bile and pancreatic juices
emulsification absorption
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Large IntestineLarge Intestine
receive fluid waste products and store until released from body.
excess water absorbed feces, stools defecation, or bowel
movement
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Pathology - UlcersPathology - Ulcers
Gastric ulcers Peptic ulcers Ulcerative Colitis
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Pathology - HerniasPathology - Hernias
Diaphragmatic Hiatal, Gastroesophageal Inguinal Umbilical
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Bowel ObstructionsBowel Obstructions
Volvulus• Ischemia• Necrosis• Peritonitis
Intussusception
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HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids
Internal External Hemorrhoidectomy
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Liver DisordersLiver Disorders
Yellow skin - jaundice, icterus Hepatitis
• Type A - fecal, oral• Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal• Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products
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DiverticulosisDiverticulosis
Diverticulitis obstipation diverticulectomy
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OncologyOncology
Neoplasn from epithelial lining• gastric adenocarcinoma• esophageal carcinomas• hepatocellular carcinomas• pancreatic carcinomas
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Aerophagia anorexia appendicitis ascites borborygmus bulimia
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
cachexia cholelithiasis cleft palate Crohn’s disease cirrhosis colic
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
deglutition dysentery dysphagia eructation fecalith flatus gastroesophageal reflux disease
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Halitosis hematemesis irritable bowel syndrome leukoplakia malabsorption syndrome melena obstipation
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms
Peristalsis pyloric stenosis regurgitation steatorrhea visceroptosis
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AbbreviationsAbbreviations
Ac bid hs NPO pc, pp PO PRN qam, qm
qd qh q2h qid qod qpm, qn stat tid
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Diagnostic AbbreviationsDiagnostic Abbreviations
ABC alk phos Ba BaE Dx EGD FBS
GB GTT IVCPUD SGOT UGI
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Other AbbreviationsOther Abbreviations
BM GERD GI HAV HBV IBS
IV LLQ LUQ PE PMH RUQ