7/25/2019 Samenvatting Hoofdstuk 1 (Syntax)

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SyntaxChapter 1: What is syntax?

syntax sentence construction, how words group together

innate language faculty language faculty we are born with

auxiliary helping verb, element which represents the same type asgrammatical information as is represented on verbs

non-count nouns words that are inherently singular (eg: milk)

count nouns words that have a plural

pro-drop language language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omittedwhen they are in some sense pragmatically inferable

linguistic diversity range of constructions and features

linguistic homogeneity properties that languages share

linguistic universal common to all languages

lexicon word-list of a language

gloss literal translation of the original language

a. lexical informationordinary words with translation; normal typeface

b. grammatical information

glossed in technical terms that describe its function; small caps

definite article the (DEF.ART)

indefinite article a / an (INDEF.ART)

demonstrative pointing word: this, that, these (DEM)

plural plural (PL)

"-" grammatical element is attached to the word, can't be a seperatieword

affixes something attacheda. prefixes

attached at the beginning b. suffixes attached at the end

":" when you can't tell what part of a word means e.g. past (take:PAST= took)

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paradigms tables that display the set of related forms that a particular lexicalword has in a given grammatical context

person a. firstspeaker or group that includes speaker (I/we)

b. secondaddressees (you/you)

c. thirdthird party (he/she/it/they)

number a. singular one person

b. non-singular more that one person a. dual: two persons b. trial: three persons

inclusive speaker + addressee

exclusive speaker + other party; excluding addressee

bound pronominals meaning expressed by using grammatical elements attached tothe verb

constituent order order in which the three main parts of a sentence occur (object,subject, verb)

unmarked usual basic word order

marked unusual construction used for e.g. focus, in poetry

active construction object position

passive construction subject position

promotion process making a word or phrase more prominent in the sentence

demotion process making a word or phrase less prominent in the sentence

hierarchical structure phrases-within-phrases pattern

embedded sentences phrase within a phrase

recursion repeating items in a self-similar way