Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL...

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&#

1

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk;

t]x«y'd

@)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&#

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x«y'd hg;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt d'gfkmf /lxt ;fd'bflos SofDk;sf ?kdf

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnosf] ldlt @)#&÷)(÷)( sf] kqfg';f/ ;DjGwg k|fKt u/L dfgljsL ;+sfo cGt/ut

k|lj0ftf k|df0f kq txsf] k7gkf7g jf6 :yfkgf ePsf] xf]] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf o; SofDk;df :gfts txdf

dfgljsL, lzIff / Joj:yfkg ;+sfox? ,:gftsf]Q/ txdf lzIff / dfgljsL ;+sfosf ljifox? / pRr dfWolds

lzIff kl/ifb ?kfGtl/t /fli6«o k/LIff jf]8{ cGt/ut !)+@ sf dfgljsL , lzIff / Joj:yfkg ;+sfo tkm{sf

ljifox? ;~rflnt 5g . SofDk; ;~rfng k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{ lq=lj=P]g @)$( cGtu{t SofDk;

;~rfns kl/ifb jf6 Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x«y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&# nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/R5]b M– !

k|f/lDes

bkmf M ! ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M–

-s_ o; lgodfjnLsf] gfd æDofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|«y''d @)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&# x'g]5 .Æ

-v_ of] lgodfjnL SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifb åf/f kfl/t u/]sf] ldlt b]lv nfu' x'g]5 .

bkmf M@ kl/efiff M– ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnLdf ,

-s_æP]gÆeGgfn] ;DjGwg lbg] ljZjljBfno ;DjlGw P]g eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

-v_ælgodÆeGgfn] SofDk; lgodfjnLnfO{ ;+Demg'k5{ .

-u_æljlgodÆeGgfn] o; lgodfjnL cGt/ut lgdf{0f ul/g] ljlgodx?nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-3_æSofDk;ÆeGgfn] o; lgod cGt/ut :yflkt Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; ;Demg'k5{ .

-ª_æ;efÆeGgfn] lgod jdf]lhd ul7t SofDk; ;efnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-r_æ;~rfns ;ldltÆ eGgfn] lgod jdf]lhd ul7t SofDk;sf] ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-5_æSofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbÆ eGgfn] lgod jdf]lhd ul7t kl/ifbnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-h_æSofDk; k|d'vÆ eGgfn] lgod cg';f/ lgo'Qm SofDk;sf] k|d'vnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-em_æ;xfos SofSk; k|d'vÆeGgfn] lgod cg';f/ lgo'Qm SofDk;sf] ;xfos k|d'vnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-`_æk|fWofksÆeGgfn] SofDk;df cWofkg ug]{ :yfoL ,c:yfoL ,s/f/ tyf cf+lzs ?kdf lgo'Qm lzIf0f ;xfos

;d]tsf] z}lIfs hgzlQm ;Demg'kb{5 .

-6_æk|lzIfsæeGgfn] SofDk;sf] k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&# df AofVof eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

-7_æljBfyL{ÆeGgfn] SofDk;df lgoldt cWoog/t 5fq,5fqfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-8_æsd{rf/LÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] lzIf0f sfo{ jfx]s sf kbdf lgo'Qm :yfoL,c:yfoL,s/f/ / cf+lzs

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-9_æb'O{tkmL{ hgzlQmÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&# df AofVof eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

-0f_æk|]fT;fxg sf]if Æ eGgfn] Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd cfly{s k|zf;g ljlgod jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

-t_=æSofDk; ;]jf cfof]uÆ eGgfn] SofDk;sf] k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&# df AofVof eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

bkmf M# SofDk;sf] gfd / cjl:ylt M–

-s_ o; SofDk;sf] gfd Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x«y'd /xg]5 .

-v_ of] SofDk; t]x«y'd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd Dofªn'ª gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+=!@ df cjl:yt /xg]5 .

bkmf M$ på]Zo M–

-s_ Go"gtd z'Nsdf ;j{;'nj 9+un] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug]{ .

-v_ cg'zfl;t,dof{lbt,tflnd k|fKt,cg';Gwfgd'vL bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ .

-u_ cg';Gwfg tyf vf]hd'ns sfo{df hf]8 lbO{ k|fl1s pGgog ug]{ .

-3_ ;DjGwg lbg] ljZjljBfno / pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ul7t cfof]usf] gLlt nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .


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kl/R5]b –@

;fwf/0f ;ef tyf SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifb ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmfM%=;fwf/0f;ef M–Jofks hg;xeflutf h'6fpg,;fd'bflolss/0fsf] dd{ cg';f/ ;~rfng ug{,nf]stflGqs d"No

dfGotf cg'?k cuf8L j9\g SofDk;nfO{ ;Ifd jgfO{ ;'–Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ;Dj{wg / ;+/If0fsf ;fy}

cfjZos lgoGq0f,lgb]{zg ug{sf lgldQ SofDk;sf] ;jf]{Rr cªu SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifb ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ?kdf

/xg]5 . ;~rfns kl/ifb ;b:osf] nflu lgofg';f/ k|s[of k'/f u/]sf g]kfnL gful/s of]Uo x'g]5g .

-s_SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] u7g M–SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?,cfdlGqt ;b:ox?,

SofDk;sf cfhLjg ;b:ox?,k"j{ SofDk; k|d'vx?, lhNnfsf lgjf{lrt ;+f;bx?,SofDk; If]qsf :yfgLo lgsfosf

hg k|ltlgwLx?,;xof]ubftf,cleefjsx?,;xefuL x'g] u/L SofDk;n] Ps SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf

ug]{5 .

-v_SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] u7gsf nflu tklzn jdf]lhdsf kl/ifbsf ;b:ox? /xg]5g .

c=? @%)! . lt/L cfhLjg ;b:ox? .

cf=? %))! . lt/L jg]sf ;+3 ;+:yfx? .

O=? @%))! . lt/L jg]sf ljlzi7 ;b:ox? .

%=! SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M–

-s_ SofDk;sf] på]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu cfjZos sfo{ ug]{,u/fpg] .

-v_ ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 cg'df]lbt lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ;lxt kfl/t ul/ nfu' ug{ ;Sg] .

-u_ SofDk;sf] z}lIfs,cflys,ef}lts kIfsf] ljsf;df dfu{ bz{ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .

-3_ SofDk;sf] ljsf;df bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jgfO{ nfu' u/fpg] .

-ª_ SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg] .

-r_;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 :jLs[t ul/Psf SofDk;sf nflu cfj:os kg]{ b/jGbLsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ .

%=@ SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] j}7s M–o; SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] j}7s x/]s Ps jif{df SofDk; ;~rfns

;ldltn] tf]s]sf] :yfg,ldlt / ;dodf j:g]5 . t/ Ps ltxfO{ kl/ifb ;b:ox?n] lnlvt ?kdf ;~rfns kl/ifbsf]

dfu ul/ SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf ;dIf lnlvt cg'/f]w u/]df Ps dlxgf leq cWoIfn] SofDk;

;~rfns kl/ifb j}7s jf]nfpg' kg]{5 .

%=# SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] j}7ssf] u0fk'/s ;+Vof M–SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbsf] u0fk'/s ;+Vof %! k|ltzt

x'g]5 . of] ;+Vof klxnf] k6s gk'u]df bf]>f] k6s Ps ltxfO{ ;b:osf] pkl:yltdf x'g]5 . bf]>f] k6s klg u0fk'/s

;+Vof gk'u]df pkl:yt ;b:o ;+Vof jf6 kl/ifb ;~rfng x'g]5 . kl/ifbsf] lg0f{o ;j{;Ddt jf jx'dt jf6 x'g]5 .

kl/R5]b M– #

SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ,sfd ,st{Ao / clwsf/ ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf ^=SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

^=!kb]g ;b:o ;lxt slDtdf ;~rfns kl/ifbsf cfhLjg ;b:ox? jf6 SofDk;nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] ;~rfng

ug{ !%;b:oLo SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . kb]g ;b:o jfx]s ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] sfo{

cjlw tLg jif{sf] x'g]5 . cWoIf tyf cGo ;b:ox?sf] rog b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

-s_cWoIf –SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 lq=lj=df gfd l;kmfl/; eO{ lq=lj=jf6 dgf]lgt – ! hgf

-v_hUufbftf / rGbfbftfx? dWo] jf6 ;~rfns ;ldlt n] dgf]lgt u/]sf] AolQm –@ hgf

-u_:yfgLo ;dfh;]jL tyf lzIffk|]dL jf}lås AolQmx? dWo] jf6 ;~rfns ;ldlt n] dgf]lgt u/]sf] AolQm slDtdf

b'O{ dlxnf ;lxt –# hgf

-3_SofDk;df cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf cljefjs dWo] jf6 ;ldlt n] dgf]lgt u/]sf] AolQm –! hgf

-ª_lq=lj=k|ltlglw M– ! hgf

\


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^=@ kb]g ;b:ox? M–

-s_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf lgjt{dfg cWoIf –! hgf

-v_Dofªn'ª gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf k|d'v –! hgf

-u_+:yfgLo j8fsf k|d'v–! hgf

-3_k|fWofks k|ltlglw – ! hgf

-ª_t]x|y'd lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3 k|ltlglw –! hgf

-Rf_t]x|y'd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;efklt – ! hgf

-5_SofDk; k|d'v –;b:o ;lrj –! hgf

^=# ;j} If]qjf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] ul/ SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltdf lgDgfg';f/ cfdlGqt ;b:ox?sf] Joj:yf

ul/Psf]5 .

-s_lhNnfsf dfggLo ;+f;b ;b:ox? .

-v_lhNnf l:yt /fhg}lts bnsf k|d'vx?

-u_lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efklt÷lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf k|d'v

-3_k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

-ª_:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L

-r_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf k"j{ cWoIfx?

-5_lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L

-h_lhNnf /]8qm; ;f];fO{6L ;efklt

-em_lhNNff jfn ;+u7gsf ;efklt

-0f_k"j{ SofDk; k|d'vx?

-t_;xfos SofDk; k|d'vx?

-y_u}=;=;=dxf;+3sf cWoIf

-b_SofDk; PNd'gfO{ Pzf]l;P;g cWoIf

-w_:j=lj=o' ;efklt

^=$SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd,st{Jo, clwsf/ M–

-s_;DjGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnosf] lgb]{zg kfngf ug]{ .

-v_SofDk; k|d'v,;xfos SofDk; k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm ug]{ .

-u_;]jf cfof]u,kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; dfkm{t l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmx?sf] s/f/

,c:yfoL tyf :yfoL lgo'lQm cg'df]bg ug]{ .

-3_lgo'Qm ePsf hgzlQmx?nfO{ lgodfg';f/ cfj:ostfsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm cg'df]bg ug]{ .

ª_lzIfs sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfj:ostfsf cfwf/df b/jGbL ;[hgf ug]{ .

-r_SofDk;sf] lgoldt cg'udg Pj+ lg/LIf0f ug]{ .

-5_SofDk; ;efsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

-h_SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifb jf ;efdf k|:t't x'g] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/ k|:t'tLsf nflu cg'df]bg ug]{ .

-em_SofDk;sf] ;Dk"0f{ rn crn ;DklQsf] Joj:yf tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ . cfjZostf dxz'; ePdf kfr ;b:oLo

/xg] ul/ Ps cfly{s ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .

-`_z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQm -k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?_ nfO{ sfo{ d"Nofªsg ul/ k'/:s[t ug]{ / sf/jfxL

ug]{ .

-6_lgodfjnLsf] ;Ldfdf /lx SofDk; ;~rfngsf lgldQ cfjZos gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ , ljlgod jgfpg] /

sfo{fGjog ug]{ u/fpg] .

-7_;~rfns ;ldltdf lglxt clwsf/x? dWo] lgoldt ?kdf SofDk;sf] z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf

nflu cfjZos clwsf/ pk–;ldlt,kbk"lt{ ;ldlt,;]jf cfof]u / SofDk; k|d'v nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ .

-8_x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] cfly{s,z}lIfs,ef}lts nufot ;du| kIf ;d]l6Psf] k|ltj]bg SofDk; k|d'v dfkm{t k]z

u/fpg] .

-9_n]vf >]itf kl/Ifs jf6 k|fKt n]vf >]itf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tyf jflif{s sfo{qmdx?df cfjZstf cg';f/ ;'emfj

;lxt cg'df]bg tyf :jLs[lt lbg] .

-0f_x/]s # dlxgfdf cfly{s k|ltj]bg SofDk; k|d'v jf6 k]z u/fO{ cfly{s kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ .

-t_x/]s jif{ jif{sf] Ps k6s SofDk;sf] Social Audit ug]{ u/fpg] .


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-y_cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .

-b_SofDk;sf] ljsf; / lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 .

-w_;+:yfut sfo{df JolQmut lxt x'g] ul/ sfo{ ug{ x'g]5}g .

-g_SofDk;sf] lxt ljkl/t sfo{ ug{ / uf]klgotf eªu ug{ u/fpg x'g]5}g .

-k_SofDk;sf] lgodfjnL / ljlgodx?sf] kfngf ug'{kg]{5 .

^=%SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7s / sfo{ljlw M–

-s_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7s slDtdf tLg dlxgfdf Ps k6s j:g]5 . cfjZos k/]df h'g;'s} ;dodf

klg j}7s j:g ;Sg]5 .

-v_;b:o ;lrjn] cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ;fdfGotof tLg lbgsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ j}7s jf]nfpg] 5g . ljz]if

kl/l:yltdf ;f] cjlw sd x'g ;Sg]5 .

-u_j}7ssf] cWoIftf ;ldltsf] cWoIfn] ug]{5g . cWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf h]i7 ;b:on] j}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5g .

-3_;ldltsf] j}7sdf ePsf lg0f{o :k:6 ?kdf lg0f{o k'l:tsdf n]lv pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] x:tfIf/ u/fO{ /fVg'

kg]{5 .

-ª_s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] %! k|ltzt ;b:o pkl:yt ePdf j}7ssf] u0fk'/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5 . j}7ssf] lg0f{o

;fwf/0f jx'dt åf/f ul/g]5 . dt j/fj/ ePdf cWoIfn] lg0f{os dt lbg]5g .

-r_lgoldt j}7s gjf]nfPdf jf x'g g;s]df ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] %! k|ltzt ;b:ox?n]

lnlvt ?kdf j}7ssf] dfu u/]df cWoIfn] ;f] dfu u/]sf] ;ft lbg leq j}7s jf]nfpg' kg]{5 . ;f] ;do leq klg

j}7s gjf]nfPdf ;b:o ;lrjn] j}7s jf]nfpg' kg]{5 .

^=^ cWoIfsf] sfd,st{Jo,clwsf/ M–

-s_;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ / dt j/fj/ ePdf lg0f{os dt lbg] .

-v_;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7s jf]nfpg ;b:o ;lrj nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] .

-u_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt / SofDk; ;ef åf/f ul/Psf lg0f{ox? sfo{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .

-3_SofDk; k|d'vsf] nuftf/ ;ft lbg eGbf j9Lsf] sfh Pj+ ljbf :jLs[t ug]{ .

-ª_o; lgodfjnL leq /xL SofDKf;sf] lxtsf nflu cGo sfd ug]{ .

-r_SofDk; Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf nflu SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] .

^=& ;b:o ;lrjsf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M–

-s_ cWoIf / ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ lg0f{o ;"rL tof/ ug]{ .

-v_ jflif{s sfo{qmd / cw{jflif{s k|ult tof/ u/L ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .

-u_ j}7ssf] lg0f{o k'l:tsf /fVg] / lg0f{ox?sf] sfo{Gjog ug]{ .

^=* ;b:ox?sf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M–

-s_ SofDk;sf] lxtsf lgldQ /rgfTds wf/0ff /fvL tbg';f/ ;'emfjx? lbg] .

-v_ SofDk; ;ef / ;~rfns ;ldltdf ePsf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / u/fpg] .

-u_ cWoIf / ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s]sf cGo sfdx? ug]{ .

-3_ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7sdf ;s[o ?kn] ;xefuL x'g] .

^=( kb l/Qmtf M–kb]g ;b:o jfx]s ;~rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] kb b]xfosf cj:yfdf l/Qm

x'g]5 .

-s_cWoIfn] cfkm\gf] kbjf6 lnlvt ?kdf /fhLgfdf lbO{ ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 :jLs[t ePdf tyf ;b:ox?n]

cWoIf dfkm{t /flhgfdf u/]df .

-v_SofDk;sf] lxt ljkl/t sfo{ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf .

-u_;ldltsf] j}7sdf nuftf/ tLg k6s ;Dd ljgf ;'rgf cg'kl:yt /x]df .

-3_g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfo kfPdf .

-ª_tf]lsPsf] tLg jif]{ kbfjwL k"/f ePdf jf d[To' ePdf .


5

kl/R5]b –$

SofDk; k|d'v ,;xfos SofDk; k|d'v,sfo{qmd ;+of]hs / ljefuLo k|d'vx? ;DjlFGw Aoa:yfM–

bkmf M& -s_SofDk;sf] z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] k|zf;lgs bIftf

tyf g]t[Tj lbg ;Sg] of]Uo z}lIfs :yfoL k|fWofksx? dWo] jf6 SofDk; k|d'vsf] lgo'Qm ug]{5 .

-v_ SofDKf; k|d'v k|zf;sLo tyf z}lIfs kbflwsf/L x'g]5 . lghsf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 . ;~rfns ;ldltn]

lghsf] kbfjwL k"gM yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-u_SofDk; k|d'v k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ j}tlgs kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .

&=! SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M–

-s_SofDk;sf] z}lIfs,cfly{s / k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{ ;~rfng ug]{ .

-v_;]jf ;t{ ljkl/t x'g] ul/ sfd ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ lgodfg';f/ sf/jfxL] k|s[of cuf8L j9fpg] .

-u_k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljbf :jLs[t ,sfo{ ljefhg,;]jfsf] clen]v tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofªsg ug]{ .

-3_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltdf SofDk; k|zf;gsf] lg0f{o jdf]lhd k|fWofks sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL l;kmfl/; ug]{ /

/fo ;'emfj k]z ug]{ .

-ª_SofDk;sf] jflif{s jh]6 tof/ ul/ SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt ;dIf k]z ug]{ .

-r_x/]s tLg dlxgfdf SofDk;sf] cfly{s ljj/0f SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .

-5_SofDk; ;ef,kl/ifb / ;~rfns ;ldltsf lg0f{ox? sfo{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .

-h_SoDk;df cfsl:ds sfo{ ug'{ k/]df cWoIf ;+u ;dGjo ul/ cfjZos b]v]sf] plrt sfd sf/jfxL ug]{ /

;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 cg'df]bg u/fpg] .

-em_SofDk; k|d'v pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ / ;f] geP h]i7 z}lIfs hgzlQmnfO{

lgldQ eO{ sfd ug{ tf]Sg] .

&=@ ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vsf] Joj:yf tyf sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M–

-s_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn]] z}lIfs :yfoL k|fWofksx? dWo] jf6 ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v lgo'lQm ug]{5 .

-v_;xfos SofDk; k|d'vsf] kbfjwL rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 . ;~rfns ;ldltn] lghsf] kbfjlw k'gMyk ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-u_SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u / ;xfotf lbg] .

-3_SofDk; k|d'vn] tf]s]sf cGo sfo{ ug]{ .

-ª_o; lgodfjnLdf pNn]lvt / ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] cGo sfo{ ug]{ .

-r_SofDk; k|d'v pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf SofDk; k|d'vn] tf]s] jdf]lhd lgldQ eO{ sfo{ ug]{ .

-5_;]jf ;t{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf ljkl/t x'g] u/L sfd ug]{ dftxtsf z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmnfO{ lgodfg';f/

sf/jfxLsf] k|s[of cuf8L j9fpg] .

-h_SofDk;sf hgzlQm tyf ljBfylL{x?sf clen]vx? Kf|dfl0ft ug]{ .

&=#SofDk;df ;~rflnt ;ªsfo,txut jf ;dout sfo{qmdx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfo{qmd k|d'v lgo'lQm ug{

;lsg]5 . cGo Joj:yf z}lIfs k|zf;g ljlgoddf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

&=$ lzIf0f ljefu tyf ljefuLo k|d'v

o; ;DjGwdf z}lIfs k|zf;g ljlgoddf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .


6

kl/R5]bM–%

k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf ;DjlGw Joj:yf

bkmf M* -s_ SofDk;sf] ljsf; / lxtnfO{ k|fWofks / sd{rf/Ln] ;jf]{kl/ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 .

-v_SofDk;df cfO{ k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ k|fWofks / sd{rf/Lx?n] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{5 .

-u_SofDk;df ePsf sfd sfo{jfxL Pj+ kqsf jf/]df uf]klgotf /fVg'kg]{5 .

-3_SofDk; leq cfkm\gf cfr/0f tyf g}lts ;'åtf /fvL kljq efjgfn] clek|]l/t eO{ sfd ug'{{kg]{5 .

-ª_cfkm'nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ef/sf] pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{ ;Dk"0f{ k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

-r_;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf SofDk; k|d'v tyf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vn] /fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ gx'g] .

-5_k|zf;lgs kbdf g/x]sf :yfoL k|fWofksnfO{ qmdz h]i7tfsf cfwf/df Ps cjlwsf nflu SofDk; ;~rfns

;ldlt ;b:osf nflu k|ltlglw k7fpg] .

*=!ljBfyL{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf M–

-s_ SofDk;sf ljBfyL{sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf z}lIfs k|zf;g ljlgoddf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

-v_ cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfngf u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L SofDk; k|zf;gsf] x'g]5 .

bkmf M( k|fWofks ;+3 ÷sd{rf/L ;+3 / :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

(=! k|fWofks ;+3 M–SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofksx?sf] k]zfut xs lxtsf] lgldQ Ps SofDk; k|fWofks ;+3 u7g

ug{ ;lsg]5 . cGo Joj:yf ;DjlGwt k|fWofks ;+3sf] ljwfg jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

(=@ sd{rf/L ;+3 M–SofDk;df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] k]zfut xs lxtsf lgldQ Ps SofDk; sd{rf/L ;+3 u7g

ug{ ;lsg]5 . cGo Joj:yf ;DjlGwt sd{rf/L ;+3sf] ljwfg jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

(=#= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog M–SofDk;df lgoldt ?kdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] Ps :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog u7g

ug{ ;lsg]5 . :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog u7g ;DjlGw ljlgod ;DjGwg lbg] ljZjljBfosf] ljlgodsf cfwf/df

SofDk;n] 5'§} ljlgodsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .

kl/R5]bM–^

z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf M !) SofDk;df lgDgfg';f/sf] z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf x'g]5 .

!)=! z}lIfs ;+/rgf M–

-s_k|fWofks -ljlzi7_

-v_;x–k|fWofks -clws[t k|yd_

-u_pk–k|fWofks -clws[t l¢tLo_

-3_lzIf0f ;xfos -clws[t t[tLo_

-ª_k|lzIfs -gf=;' cltl/Qm dfg_

!)=@ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf M–

-s_;x–k|zf;s -clws[t k|yd _

-v_pk–k|zf;s -clws[t låtLo_

-u_;xfos k|zf;s -clws[t t[tLo_

-3_ k|zf;g ;xfos -gf=;'_

-ª_ vl/bf/

-r_ sfof{no ;xof]uL -t[tLo,låtLo,k|yd_

-5_ rf}sLbf/ -t[QLo,låtLo,k|yd_

bkmf M!! SofDk; k|zf;g M–SofDk;df :jR5 z}lIfs jftfj/0f sfod ul/ lgoldt cg'Zffl;t / dof{lbt tj/n]

SofDk;sf] b}lgs z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] Ps SofDk; k|zf;g /xg]5 .

-s_ k|d'vM–SofDk; k|d'v .

-v_ ;b:oM–;xfos SofDk; k|d'vx? .

-u_ ;b:oM–k|zf;sLo k|d'v .


7

kl/R5]bM–&

ljljw

bkmf M–!@-s_SofDk; lgodfjnL ;+u gjflemg] u/L SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;j{;Ddt ?kdf z}lIfs

k|zf;g,cfly{s k|zf;g,lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf , k|f]T;fxg sf]if ljlgod / cGo cfjZostf cg';f/ ljlgod jgfO{

nfu' ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-v_SofDk; lgodfjnLdf pNn]v gePsf ljifodf s'g} jfwf c8sfp cfO{ k/]df ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf]

;j{;Ddt lg0f{on] u/] jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

-u_ SofDk; ;~rfng x'g g;sL jGb x'g] ePdf o; SofDk;sf] ;Dk"0f{ rn crn ;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf

SofDk;nfO{ ;DjGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnosf] :jfldTjdf hfg]5 .

lgodfjnL lgdf{0f

SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&!–)%–@% df j;]sf] j}7ssf] lg0f{o g+ * jdf]lhd ul7t lgodfjnL

lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g pk;ldlt M–

;+of]hs – >L lszf]/rGb| b'nfn -cWoIf SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt_

;b:o– >L blw/fd Gof}kfg] -SofDk; k|d'v_

;b:o –>L ;'efif lg/f}nf -;xfos SofDk; k|d'v_

;b:o –>L k|sf; s'df/ 9'+ufgf -;xfos SofDk; k|d'v_

;b:o –>L oh'/j]bfgGb k|;fb e6/fO{ -;xfos SofDk; k|d'v_

SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifb jf6 cg'df]bg ldlt M–@)&# ÷)( ÷@#


8

lg0f{o ldlt @)&# . !) .!!

Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk;

t]x«y'd

cfly{s k|zf;g ljlgod @)&#

Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x«y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf !@ -s_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;~rfns ;ldlt

4f/f SofDk;sf] cfly{s k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ of] ljlgod th'{df u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/R5]b–!

k|f/lDes

bkmf M!= ;lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M–

s=of] ljlgodsf] gfd Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd cfly{s k|zf;g ljlgod @)&# /x]sf] 5 .

v=of] ljlgod SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sn] lg0f{o u/] kl5 nfu' x'g]5 .

bkmf M@= ljifo jf k|;ªun] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; lgoddf

sæP]gÆeGgfn] ;DaGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnosf] P]g nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

væ;ef / kl/ifbÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] ;ef jf kl/ifb eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

uælgodÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] lgodfjnL eGg] ;Demg'kb{5 .

3æ;~rfns ;ldltÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ ul7t ;~rfns ;ldlt eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

ªæSofDk; k|d'vÆ eGgfn] lgod cg';f/ lgo'Qm SofDk;sf] k|d'v eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

ræ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vÆeGgfn] lgod cg';f/ lgo'Qm SofDk;sf] ;xfos k|d'v eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

5æn]vf ;ldltÆ eGgfn] SofDk; n]vf ;ldlt eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

hæk|fWofks sd{rf/LæeGgfn] ;DalGwt SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofks Pj+ sd{rf/L eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

emætnjeQfÆeGgfn] SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofks Pj+ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DalGw lgod adf]lhd k|fWofks

Pj+ sd{rf/Lx?n] ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt kbflwsf/ /x]sf] kbsf] :s]n adf]lhdsf] kfl/>lds eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

`æjh]6ÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] jflif{s cg'dflgt cfDbfgL tyf vr{ ljj/0f eGg]

;Demg'k5{ .

6æ;~rfng vftf Æ eGgfn] SofDk;sf] ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL vr{ ;~rfngsf nflu k|of]u x'g] vftf ;Demg'k5{

.

7æcIfo sf]ifÆeGgfn] ljleGg ;|f]t jf6 k|fKt /sd jf d'nwg h;sf] Aofh /sd ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]lsPsf]

lzif{sdf vr{ ug{] ul/ :yflkt sf]if eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

8æk|]fT;fxg sf]if Æ eGgfn] Dofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]if @)&) sf cfwf/ a'lemg] 5 .

kl/R5]bM–@

sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf M#= SofDk;sf] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ;~rfng / k|of]u M–

s=SofDk;sf] cfDbfgLsf ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf cfDbfgL a}sdf vftf vf]nL /flvg]5 . SofDk;sf vr{x? ;f]

vftfjf6 ul/g]5 .

v=SofDk;sf] vftfsf] ;~rfng SofDk; k|d'v tyf n]vf k|d'vsf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/ jf6 x'g]5 . t/ cIfo

sf]if,k|f]T;fxg sf]if vftfsf] ;~rfng ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf,SofDk; k|d'v tyf n]vf k|d'vsf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/

jf6 ;~rfng x'g]5 .

u=SofDk;sf] vftfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd hDdf ul/g] 5 .

c ljBfyL{ z'Ns cfDbfgL .

cf=SofDk;sf gfddf k|fKt x'g] bfg,cfly{s ;xof]u .

O ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u jf6 k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg .

O{=g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf ljb]]zL JolQm jf bft[;:yf jf6 k|fKt x'g] cfly{s cg'bfg .

pSofDk;sf] cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L k|fKt x'g] /sd .

pm=s'g} klg ;+3 ;:yf jf JolQm jf6 C0f jf ;fk6L :j?k lnPsf] jf kmsf{O{Psf] /sd .

P=SofDk;sf] lgod adf]lhd cGo h'g;'s} a}wflgs ;|f]t jf6 k|fKt x'g cfpg] /sd .


9

bkmf M$ ljz]if sf]if M– o; ljlgod df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg SofDk;sf] vf; vr{ / bfloTj Joxf]g{] jf

cGo s'g} ljz]if k|of]hgsf nflu k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg jf cfDbfgL /sd -h:t} 5fqa[ltsf nflu :yfkgf ul/g] cIfo

sf]ifsf nflu vftfsf] ;~rfng bftf tyf SofDk; k|zf;g k|ltlglw sf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/ jf6 x'g]5 .

bkmf % cfDbfgL hDdf ug{] M– SofDk;sf] ;Dej eP ;Ddsf ;a} cfDbfgL h'g lbg cfDbfgL ePsf] ;f]xL lbg

cfDbfgL jflw ;DalGwt vftfdf hDdf ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] lbg hDdf ug{ g;lsPdf ;f] sf] ef]lnkN6 clgjfo{ ?kdf

hDdf ug'{kg{]5 . kl/R5]bM–#

jh]6 ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf ^ jh]6 k|0ffnL M–

s= SofDk;sf] jh]6 k|0fnL ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

v= SofDk; jh]6sf] k|sf/,lzif{s jh]6 ;DalGw dfu{bz{g tyf cGo sfo{ljlw lgw{fl/t / Jojl:yt ug{ ] clwsf/

;~rfns ;ldltdf /xg] 5 .

bkmf &=jh]6 th'{dfM–

s= k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf nflu SofDk;sf] k|:tfljt jh]6 th'{df cfly{s jif{ z'? x'g' eGbf @ dlxgf cufl8 k|f/De

ug'{kg{]5 .

v=SofDk; k|d'vn] jh]6 th'{df ug{sf nflu cfj:ostfg';f/ ljifo ljz]if1sf] k/fdz{ jf ;xof]u lng ;Sg]5g .

u=SofDk; k|d'vn] jh]6 th'{df ubf{ SofDk;sf] cfly{s ca:yf ,efjL of]hgf / sfo{qmd SofDk;sf ;/f]sf/jfnf

;+3 ;+:yf jf6 k|fKt ;'emfj, SofDk;sf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v ,ljefuLo k|d'vx? ,sfo{qmd k|d'vx? jf6 k|fKt

;'emfj z}lIfs k|flalws / cg';Gwfgsf ;DaGwdf ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 ePsf lg0f{ox? / g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

k|rlnt P]g sfg'g nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg'kg{]5 .

bkmf *=k|:tfljt jh]6 k|:t'tLs/0f M – k|:tfljt jh]6nfO{ h]7 df;fGt leq} Ps÷Ps k|lt ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{

;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k|:t't ug'{ eGbf & lbg cufj} cWoogsf nflu pknAw u/fpg' kg{]5 .

bkmf (=k|:tfljt jh]6 :jLs[lt M–

s= ;~rfns ;ldltdf k|:t't ul/Psf] k|:tfljt jh]6 SofDk; lgodfjnLsf] clwgdf /xL x]/km]/ yk36 jf

;+zf]wg ;lxt ;~rfns ;ldltn] :jLs[t ug{]5 .

v= sf/0faz cf=j k|f/De x'g' k'j{ ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 jh]6 :jLs[t eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljut cfly{s jif{sf]

:jLs[t jh]6df k/]sf] tnjeQf / ;~rfng vr{ a9Ldf @% k|ltzt a}+s df}Hbft jf6 rfn' jif{df vr{ ug{

;lsg]5 .

bkmf !) jh]6 /sdfGt/df aGb]h M–

s= :jLs[t jh]6sf] Ps zLif{s jf pk zLif{sjf6 csf{] zLif{s jf pk lzif{sdf jh]6 /sdfGt/ ug'{ u/fpg' x'b}g .

ckl/xfo{ cj:yf k/]df ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ x'g]5 .

v= jh]6 /sdfGt/ k6s k6s ug'{ u/fpg' x'b}g .

u= n]vf k|d'vsf] k/fdz{ glnO{ jh]6 /sdfGt/ ug'{ u/fpg' x'b}g .

3= o; ljlgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg ckl/xfo{ cj:yfdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[ltdf tnj eQf

afx]ssf zLif{s÷ pk lzif{sdf ;DalGwt zLif{ssf] s'n jh]6sf] @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L / ;f]xL zLifs{df bf];|f]

k6s /sdfGt/ ug{ kfO{g]5}g .

kl/R5]b–$

vr{ ubf{ ckgfpg] cfwf/x? sf] Aoa:yf M–

bkmf !!= SofDk;n] /sd vr{ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ cfwf/x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g .

s=:jLs[t jh]6 cGt/u{t /xL vr{ ug'{kg]{5 . t/ ljz]if sf]if / ;Demf}tf cGt/ut vr{ ug'{kbf{ of] ljlgodn]

jfwf kfg{]5}g .

v=clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] jfx]s c? s;}n] klg vr{ ug{] cfb]z lbg] jf vr{ u/]sf] s'/f :jLs[t ug'{ x'b}g .

u=vr{ ug{] jf cfb]z lbg] clwsf/Ln] vr{sf] cfb]z lbbf ;f] /sdsf][ :jLs[t jh]6 leqsf] jh]6 jfFsL ePsf] / s'g}

lgwf{l/t sfo{qmdsf nflu eP ;f] sfo{qmd :jLs[t eO ;s]sf] lglZrt ePkl5 dfq vr{sf] cfb]z jf vr{

:jLs[lt ug'{ kb{5 .

3=;DalGwt lzif{s leqsf] jh]6 /sd vr{ ubf{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf6 :jLs[t ul/ vr{ ug'{+k5{ .

ª=clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ vr{ ubf{ vr{ ePsf] ljn e/kfO{ ;lxt cfjZos sfuhft ;lxtsf]

n]vf /fVg'kb{5 . t/ s'g} klg xfntdf ljn cfpg g;Sg] sfddf vr{ ePsf] /sdsf] xsdf vr{ ug{] sd{rf/Ln]

k|dfl0ft ul/ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L 4f/f :jLs[t u/fO{ n]vf /fVg'kb{5 .


10

r=:jLs[t jh]6 leq /xL lgodfg';f/ sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ /sd vr{ u/]sf] lx;fj lstfa n]vf k|d'v 4f/f /fVg]

/fVg nufpg] ;Dk"0f{ pQ/bfloTj SofDk; k|d'vsf] x'g]5 .

5=SofDk; k|d'vn] s'g} /sd e'QmfgL lbbf e'QmfgL lbg' eGbf cuf8L l/t k'u]sf] hFfr ug'{kg{]5 .

h=SofDk; k|d'vn] cfjZostf cg';f/ cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f u/fO{ lg:s]sf] a]?h' k|rlnt lgod sfg'g adf]lhd

km5of{]6 ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 .

em=ljsf; vr{ tkm{sf] of]hgfsf] l8hfO{g nfut O{l:6d]6 Pj+ sfo{qmd tof/ u/L :jLs[t jh]6df Joj:yf ul/Psf]

/sd lgodfg';f/ tf]s]sf] sfo{qmddf vr{ ug'{kb{5 .

`=SofDk; k|d'vn] ;'Dk]sf] sfd / bfloTj axg u/L cfly{s sf/f]jf/df SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ dbt ug{' / k|rlnt

lgod adf]lhd SofDk; k|d'vsf] pQ/bfloTj lx;fj lstfa /Ltk"j{s /fvL k]z ug{' kg{] 7fpdf k]; u/L n]vf

k/LIf0f u/fpg] sfd st{Jo n]vf k|d'vsf] x'g]5 .

bkmf M !@ ;fgf] gubL sf]if M–

s= n]vf k|d'vsf] lhDdfdf ; ;fgf km'6s/ vr{sf nflu ? !))))÷ ;Ddsf ;fgf] gubL sf]if x/]s cfly{s jif{sf

nflu dfq ;~rfng x'g] ul/ :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 .

v= ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] ;~rfng n]vf k|d'v tyf n]vf ;xfos jf SofDk; k|d'vn] tf]s]sf] JolQmn] ug{]5 . u=

;fgf] gubL sf]if ;~rfnsn] ;f] sf]if jf6 ePsf] vr{sf] zf]wegf{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;dfKt x'g' cufj} dfu ug'{ kb{5 /

;fgf] gubL sf]if zf]wegf{ dfu ljj/0f cg';f/ vr{ ;DalGwt zLif{s pk zLif{sdf clen]v /fvL zf]wegf{ lbg'kb{5

.

kl/R5]bM– %

k]ZsL tyf k]ZsL km/:of}6 ;DalGw Aoa:yf M– bkmf !#=s=SofDk;n] e}k/L cfpg] vr{ ;~rfng ug{ afwf k'Ug] ePdf afx]s ;fdfGotof k]:sL lbg' x'b}g. v

SofDk;sf kbflwsf/L ,k|fWofks, sd{rf/L ;ªul7t ;+:yf jf JolQmnfO{ / ;Demf}tf jf s/f/df vf; sfdsf nflu

k]:sL lbg'kg{] kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf ;dod} km:of}6 ug{] u/L k]:sL lbg' kb{5 . klxnf] k]:sL km:of}6 geP ;Dd k"g

k]:sL lbOg] 5}g .

bkmf !$=s=lbOPsf] k]:sL ;DalGwt kIfn] h'g sfdsf nflu lnPsf] xf] ;f]xL sfo{df vr{ ug'{ kg{]5 . To:tf] k]ZsL

/sd tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf km:of{]6 ug'{kg{]5 . tna k]:sLsf] xsdf dlxgfj/L tna jf6 s§f u/L k]:sL km:of}6 ug{

;lsg]5 .

v=e|d0f k]:sL e|d0f jf6 kmsL{ cfPsf] & lbgleq km:of{]6 ug{'kg{]5 .

u=lgdf{0f k]:sLsf] xsdf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] k|ultsf cfwf/df km:of{]6 ub}{ hfg] / ;Dk"0f{ k]:sL km/:of}6 lgdf{0f sfo{

;dfKt ePsf] !% lbg leq km/:of{]6 ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

3=s'g} dfn;dfg vl/b ug{ lnPsf] k]:sL dfn;fdfg SofDk;df k|fKt ePsf] & lbg leq km:of{]6 ug{] Joj:yf

ldnfpg' kb{5 .

ª=tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k]:sL km:of{]6 gug{] , lnOPsf] k]:sL /sd tf]lsPsf] sfddf afx]s cGo k|of]hgdf vr{

ul/Psf]df ;DalGwt kIf dfly SofDk;n] afFsL jf cGo k|of]hgdf vr{ ul/Psf] /sddf k|rlnt lgod cg';f/

Jofh jf hl/jfgf nufpg ;Sg]5 .


11

kl/R5]b –^

tnj ,u|]8 tyf ;+roL sf]if tyf k|f]T;fxg sf]if ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf !%= s=SofDk;df ;DaGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfwf/dfgL ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd sfo{/t

;Dk'0f{ k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna eQf tyf kfl/>lds pknAw u/fpg]5 .

v dfly h'g;'s} s'/f pNn]v ePtf klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf s'g} klg lgsfodf sfo{/t :yfoL hgzlQm ,cw{ ;/sf/L

;]jfdf sfo{/t :yfoL hgzlQm tyf lgj[lte/0f ;'ljwf kfpg] hgzlQm SofDk; k|d'v /xbf ;Dd pkbkmf -s_

jdf]lhd k'/f tnj eQfsf] ?kdf Aoj:yf ul/g]5 . t/ SofDk; k|d'v g/xbfsf] cj:yfdf Ps tx d'lgsf] tnj

k|bfg ul/g]5 .

u lkl/o8jfO{h ?kdf lgo'lQm ePsf z}lIfs hgzlQmn] SofDk; ;~rfng gx'g] ;do lxpb] ljbf ,jif]{ ljbf tyf

bz} ltxf/ ljbfsf] ;dodf tLg lkl/o8 eGbf j9L cWofkg ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ tLg lkl/o8 j/fj/sf] , tLg

lkl/o8 ;Dd cWofkg ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ hlt lkl/o8 cWofkg u/]sf] xf] Tolt lkl/o8 j/fa/sf] /sd SofDk;df

lg/Gt/tfsf nflu pknAw u/fO{g]5 .

3=of] ljlgod nfu' x'g' cl3 jf kl5 ;/sf/L ,cw{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;xsf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm eO{ o;

SofDk;df :yfoL tyf c:yfoL sfo{/t hgzlQmn] SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] tnj :s]nsf] ;Q/L -&)_

k|ltzt tnj kfpg]5g . t/ lkl/o8 jfO{h s/f/df lgo'Qm hgzlQmsf] xsdf v08 -ª_jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

ª=sIffef/ tyf cltl/Qm kfl/>lds ;DalGw Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 .

5 pkbkmf -r_ df h'g;'s} n]lvPsf] ePtf klg SofDk; k|zf;gn] cfj:ostfg';f/ lkl/o8x? x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5

. k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff h:t} OlGhlgol/ª d]l8sn ;"rgf k|ljlw cflb ljifox?sf] xsdf / cGo ljz]if

cj:yfdf sIffef/ tyf cltl/Qm kfl/>lds ;DalGw Joj:yf ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

h=SofDk;df sfo{/t :yfoL tyf c:yfoL hgzlQmn] SofDk;sf] ;dodf clgjfo{ sfd ug'{kg]{5 . ;fy}

cfj:ostfg';f/ cGo ;do klg pknAw u/fpFg' kg]{5 .

bkmf !^–u|]8 ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–SofDk;sf sfo{/t :yfoL hgzlQmn] ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ePsf] ldlt n] Ps jif{ k'/f

u/]kl5 sf] ;fpg ! ut] b]lv u|]8 a'l4 kfpg]5g . u|]8sf] b/ tyf clwstd u|]8 ;+Vof ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;~rfns

;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . tnjdfg df km/s /x]tf klg :yfoL hgzlQmsf] ;dfg kbsf nflu ;dfg u|]8sf]

/sd x'g]5 .

bkmf !&– cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;DalGw Joj:yf M– SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?n] SofDk;df ;]jf u/]

jfkt cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg]5g . cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] /sd e'QmfgL Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd

hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]if @)&) sf cfwf/df ul/g]5 .

bkmf !*=;+~roL sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–s'g} klg :yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L :yfoL ePsf] ldlt b]lv g}

;~roL sf]if sf] ;'lawf kfpg]5g . :yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] !) k|ltzt

/sd lghsf] tna jf6 s§f u/L Tolt g} /sd a/fa/ SofDk;sf tkm{ cg'bfg yk u/L ;a} /sd ;DalGwt

k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;~roL sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g] 5 . ;~roL sf]ifsf] ;~rfng SofDk; k|dv tyf

;DalGwt k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] x:tfIf/ jf6 x'g]5 . t/ SofDk; k|d'vsf] vftf ;~rfng SofDk; k|d'v tyf

n]vf k|d'vsf] x:tfIf/ jf6 x'g]5 .

l;

=g

kb Go"gtd

sIffef/

;fKtflxs

cltl/Qm kfl/>lds b/ k|lt lkl/o8 .

! SofDk;k|d'v ^ SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] lzIf0f ;xfos kbsf nflu lgwf{/0f u/]sf]

k'/f tnj :s]nsf] ;Tt/L -&)_ k|ltzt tnjnfO{ dfl;s tnj dflg

kfFr lkl/o8n] efu ul/ k|lt lkl/o8df cfpg]] /sd sIff ;~rfng

ePsf lbgsf] lkl/o8 j]lz;df sfd ug]{ lzIf0f ;xfos hgzlQmnfO{

e'QmgL ul/g] 5 .

@ ;xfos

SofDk;k|d'v

!@

# sfo{qmd k|d'v

!$

$ :gftsf]Q/ tx !@

% :gfts tx cGo !*


12

bkmf !(=k|f]T;fxg sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–Dofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'd ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 ldlt @)&) c;f]h (

ut] kfl/t æDofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf cfwf/ – @)&)Æ jdf]lhd SofDk;df z}lIfs tyf

k|zf;lgs hgzlQmnfO{ lgodfg';f/ /sd pknAw ul/g]5 .

kl/R5]b –&

n]vf ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf @)=n]vf k|0ffnL M–

s= SofDk;sf] cfo Joo k]:sL w/f}6L lhG;L gub rn crn ;DklQ bfloTj nufotsf] cfly{s Jojxf/ tyf

sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd x'g]5 .

v=SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] n]vfsf] 9fFrf clen]v ljlw lgb{]lzsf lbUbz{g cflb hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f]xL

adf]lhd ug{ u/fpg' n]vf k|d'vsf] lhDa]jf/L x'g]5 .

u=;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L SofDk;sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgn] EofP ;Dd SofDk; k|d'vn] SofDk;sf] n]vf sDKo'6/

;km\6jo/df /fVg nufO{ n]vf nfO{ r':t b'?:t / kf/bzL{ agfpg]5g . n]vf k4lt nfO{ sDKo'6/fOh u/L r':t

b'?:t / kf/bzL{ agfpg' n]vf k|d'vsf] bfloTj x'g]5 .

bkmf @!= n]vf cBfjlws /fVg'kg{] M– SofDk;sf] cfly{s Jojxf/ / sf/f]af/sf] l:ylt jf:tljs tyf :ki6 ?kdf

b]lvg] u/L n]vf cBfjlws ?kdf /Lt k'ØfO{ /fVg' / /fVg nufpg' SofDk; k|d'vsf] lhDa]jf/L tyf n]vf k|d'vsf]

st{Jo x'g]5 .

bkmf @@= cfo–Joo k|lbj]bg k|:t't ug'{kg{] M–SofDk; k|d'vn] SofDk;sf] cfo–Joo k|lbj]bg ;fdfGotof #÷#

dlxgfdf ;~rfns ;ldltdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{]5 .

bkmf @#= n]vf lg/LIf0f M–n]vf tyf cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] sfuhft 7Ls ;'/lIft b'?:t / cBfjlws ?kdf /flvPsf]

5÷ 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lgoldt jf 58\s] hfFr jf lg/LIf0fsf nflu ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg/LIf0f clwsf/L tf]Sg

;Sg]5 . lg/LIf0f bf}/fgdf lg/LIf0f clwsf/Ln] n]vf ;DalGw s'g} q'l6 jf clgoldttf b]v]df To;nfO{ t'?Gt

lgoldt u/fpg lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lgb{]zg lbg] clwsf/ x'g]5 / sf/jflxsf nflu SofDk; k|d'v dfkm{t

;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf l;kml/; ug{ ;Sg]5 .

bkmf@$=SofDk; k|d'v lhDd]jf/L x'g] M–o; ljlgoddf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd jfx]s tnjeQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf s'g}

klg hgzlQmnfO{ lbOPdf tyf SofDk;sf] a}+s vftfdf kof{Kt df}Hoft x'bf x'b} tf]lsPsf] ldlt leq SofDk;n]

a'emfpg' kg{] wf/f, ljB't, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf dx;'n ga'emfPsf] sf/0f jf6 SofDk;n] hl/jfgf ltg'{ k/]df SofDk;

k|d'v lhDd]jf/L x'g]5g . To:tf] tnjeQf tyf SofDk;n] ltg'{ k/]sf] hl/jfgf vr{ hgfO{ /fVg kfO{g] 5}g . To:tf]

/sd ;DalGwt clVtof/ k|fKt kbflwsf/L jf6 c;"n ul/g]5 .

bkmf@%=x|f; ;DalGw Joj:yf M–SofDk;sf] ef}lts ;DklQsf] x|f; s§L k|ltzt / x|f; sf]if v8f ug{] ;DalGw gLlt

;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

bkmf @^=s/ ;DalGw Joj:yf M–SofDk;n] lbg] e'QmfgLdf cfos/ / SofDk;sf k|fWofks Pj+ sd{rf/Lx?sf]

kfl/>lds s/ P]g cg';f/ ;|f]t d} s§f u/]/ dfq e'QmfgL lbg'kg{]5 . o;/L s§L ul/Psf] s/ kf/bzL{ ,:ki6 /

lgodfg';f/ x'g'kg{]5 . s§f ul/Psf /sdx? P]g cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] ldlt leq} ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf

ug{'kg{]5 .

bkmf @&= cfDbfgLsf] n]vf ;DalGw sfo{ljlw M–SofDk;nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} cfDbfgLx?sf] b}lgs lx;fj /flv cfDbfgL

afFWg' n]vf k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 . SofDk;nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL cfjZosstf cg';f/sf lzif{sdf auL{s/0f

u/L n]vf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg{]5 . ljBfyL{ cfDbfgL, 3/ef8f cfDbfgL ,Jofh cfDbfgL ,lj1fkg cfDbfgL

,k':tsfno w/f}6L, ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg jf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL / ljljw cfDbfgL

jf6 ePsf jf:tljs cfDbfgL nfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ cf–cfˆg} zLif{sdf cfDbfgL afFWg'÷afFWg nufpg' kg{]5 .

bkmf @*=a}+s bflvnf ug'{kg{] M–SofDk;sf x/]s lbg k|fKt ePsf] gub cfDbfgL ;f]xL lbgsf] a}+s ;do leq a}+s

bflvnf ug'{ u/fpg' n]vf k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 . ljz]if cj:yfdf a}+s ;do kl5 SofDk;df gub cfDbfgL x'g

cfPsf] xsdf n]vf k|d'vn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ?h' u/fO{ /fVg'kg{]5 . pQm /sd ef]lnkN6 jf ef]lnkN6

ljbf k/]df a}+s v'n]sf] klxnf] lbg clgjfo{ ?kdf bflvnf u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' n]vf k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L

x'g]5 .


13

bkmf @(=e'QmfgL a}+s jf6 ug'{kg{] M –;fdfGotof SofDk;sf ;Dk'0f{ vr{x?sf] e'QmfgL clVtof/jfnfsf] :jLs[ltdf

a}+s dfkm{t ug'{kg{]5 . ckem{6 cfO{kg{] ;fgfltgf vr{x?sf nflu ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf] pkof]u ug'{kg{]5 .

bkmf #)= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]z ug{] M–SofDk; k|d'vn] n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 cg'df]bg

u/fO{ SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbdf k]z ug'{kg{]5 .

bkmf #! =n]vf k/LIf0f / a]?h' km:of{]6 ;DalGw Joj:yf M–

s=k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] cfo Joosf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf lgDtL cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ u/L n]vf cBfjlws /fvL To;sf]

clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L SofDk; k|d'v tyf n]vf k|d'vsf] x'g]5 .

v=cfly{s jif{ ;DffKt ePsf] # dlxgf leq n]vf k/LIf0f u/fO{ ;Sg'kg{]5 .

u=n]vf k/LIf0fsf] bf}/fgdf n]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf;Fu ;DalGwt :kli6s/0f tyf hjfkm jf k|df0f n]vf k|d'vn]

pknAw u/fpg' kg{]5 .

3=Dofb leq k|df0f sfuhft tyf dfu ePsf hafkm k]z gu/]df ;DalGwt k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ sd{rf/L

;]jf ;DalGw lgod cGtu{t sf/jfxL ug{ ;lsg]5 .

ª=n]vf k/LIf0f jf6 b]lvPsf a]?h' oyfzL3| km:of{]6 ug{ nufpg' SofDk; k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 . a]?h' /sd

km:of{]6 gu/]df To:tf hgzlQmx?sf] dfl;s tna jf6 s§f u/L lx;fa ldnfg ug'{kg{]5 .

kl/R5]b– *

k'/:sf/ tyf 5fqj[lt :yfkgf ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf #@=k'/:sf/ tyf 5fqj[lt :yfkgf M–

s= SofDk;n] b]z ;dfh / SofDk;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf JolQm jf ;+:yfsf gfddf s'g} k'/:sf/

5fqa[lQ lbg jf kbsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L :yfkgf ePsf] 5fqa[ltsf] ;~rfngsf] ;DaGwdf SofDk;

k|zf;gn] sfo{ljlw agfO{ Jojl:yt ug{;Sg]5 .

v=SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf Psf3/sf Ps hgfnfO{ SofDk;df lgMz'Ns cWoogsf] Joj:yf

ug{ ;lsg]5 . k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd cfkm' sfo{/t SofDk;df ;~rflnt

sfo{qmddf g} cWoog u/fpg' kg{]5 .

u=SofDk;df egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf cfwf/df Go'gtd tLg k|ltzt ljBfyL{nfO{ dfl;s z'Ns 5fqa[lt pknAw

u/fO{g]5 . sd ljBfyL{ ePsf s'g} tx sf slDtdf Ps hgf kg{] u/L 5fqj[lt pknAw u/fOg]5 . o;/L 5fqj[lt

pknAw u/fpbf h]x]Gbf/ ul/a blnt lk5fl8Psf] ju{ , hflt hghflt b'u{d dlxnf ,;lxbsf 5f]/f÷5f]/L

hgcfGbf]ng 3fOt] ckfË cflb ljifoj:t' nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg{]5 . 5fqj[lt k|fKt ug{sf nflu SofDk;n]

ckgfPsf] 5gf]6 k|s[ofdf clgjfo{ ;fd]n ePsf] x'g'kg{]5 cGoyf s'g} klg ljBfyL{n] 5fqj[lt bfjL ug{ kfpg] 5}gg

.

3= s'g} klg JolQm jf ;+3 ;+:yfn] k'/:sf/ jf 5fqj[lt /fVg rfx]df SofDk; k|zf;gsf] cg'dlt lnO{ /fVg ;Sg]5

. To:tf JolQmn] jf ;+:yfn] SofDk;df s'g} ef}lts lgdf0f{ ug{ rfx]df ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L lgdf0f{ ug{

;Sg]5g . lgdf0f{ k'/f ePkl5 ;f] ef}lts ;DklQsf] k"0f{ :jfldTj SofDk;sf] x'g]5 .

ª= 5fqj[lt ljt/0fsf nflu ;~rfns ;ldltn] 5'§} 5fqj[lt ljt/0f lgb{]lzsf jf ljlgod agfpg ;Sg]5 .


14

kl/R5]b –(

dfn ;fdfg ÷;]jf vl/b tyf lgdf{0f ;DalGw Joj:yf M–

bkmf ##= –clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z ljgf s'g} klg vl/b tyf lgdf{0f jf ;]jf lng] sfo{ ug{ u/fpg' x'b}g .

dfn;fdfg vl/b tyf lgdf{0f ;DalGw /sdsf] ;Ldf tyf k|s[of lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M

s= ;fdfg vl/b jf lgdf{0f ubf{

/sd ;Ldfgf vl/b ug{] k|lqmof k'Øfpg' kg{] ljlw

?@%,)))

;Dd

SofDk; k|d'vn] ;f]em} vl/b

ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] .

;f]em} jhf/ jf6 vl/b ug{ ;lsg] .

nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t ug'{ cfjZos x'g] 5}g .

? !,%),)))

;Dd

SofDk; k|d'vn] sf]6]zg

dfkm{t

vl/b ug'{kg{] .

nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t ug'{k5{ .

cfjZos ;fdfg tyf sfo{sf] :k]l;lkms];g cg';f/ sDtLdf #

j6f sf]6]zg lnO t'ngfTds cWoog / d'Nofª\sg ug{] .

t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L k|efasf/L / ;:tf] cfk"lt{ stf{ jf6 vl/b

ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] k|d'vjf6 :jLs[t lng'kg{] .

?=!),)),)))

;Dd

l;naGbL b/efpkq -Sealed Quotation _ jf6 vl/b

ug'{kg{

SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltjf6

lg0f{o u/fpg' kg{] .


cfjZos ;fdfg tyf sfo{sf] :k]l;lkms];g :jLs[t x'g'kg{] .

l;naGbL b/efp kq ;DaGwL sfuhft tof/ ug'{kg{] .

l;naGbL b/efp kq cfXjfg ;"rgf sDtLdf !%lbgsf] x'g'kg]{ .

Dofb ;lxt :yflgo jf /fli6«o klqsfdf k|sfzg ug{] .

l;naGbL b/efpkq sfo{Gjog ;DaGwL lg0f{ox? ;DalGwt

lgsfosf k|d'v jf6 :jLs[t x'g'kg{] .

?=!),)),)))

eGbf a9L

af]nkq -NCB_

SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltjf6

lg0f{o u/fpg' kg{] .


cfjZos ;fdfg tyf sfo{sf] :k]l;lkms];g :jLs[t x'g'kg{] .

af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft tof/ ug'{kg{] .

af]nkq -NCB_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltjf6 lg0f{o u/fpg' kg{] .

SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 lg0f{o u/fpg' kg{] af]nkq cfXjfg

;"'rgf sDtLdf #) lbgsf] /fli6«o klqsfdf k|sfzg ug{] .

af]nkq sfo{Gjog ;DaGwL lg0f{ox? ;DalGwt lgsfosf k|d'v

jf6 :jLs[t x'g'kg{] .

v= k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug'{ kbf{

?=!,)),)))

;Dd

;f]em} jftf{ jf6 tflnd ,uf]li7 ;]ldgf/ h:tf ljifodf ;f]em} jf{tf jf6 ug{

;lsg]5 .

?=!),)),)))

;Dd

k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu ug{] df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k/fdz{bftfx? jf6 k|fljlws / cfly{s

k|:tfj dfu ug{] .

?=!),)),)))

eGbf a9L

k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu ug{] v'Nnf ?kdf cfzokq -EQI_ dfu ug{] .

cfzokq dfkm{t 5gf]6 ePsf k/fdz{bftfx? jf6 k|fljlws /

cfly{s k|:tfj dfu ug{] .

?=#),)),)))

eGbf a9L

k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu ug{] cGt/fli6«o :t/df cfzokq -EQI_ dfu ug{] .

u= cGo ljlw M–

c=pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfe u|fxL ;d'bfo jf6 sfd u/fpg ;lsg] .

s=sfd jf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt kl/0ffd nfUg] /sd pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfon] a]xf]g{] /sd :ki6 x'g'kg{] .

v=pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfo jf6 sfd u/fpbf d'No clea[l4 s/ slG6Gh]G;L /sd / hg;xefuLtfsf]

c+z s§f u/]/ dfq e'QfmgL ug'{kg{]5 .

cf=cdfgtfdf lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpg ;lsg] .

s=;fdfGo k|sltsf] dd{t ;Def/ ;fgfltgf lgoldt tyf 5l/P/ /x]sf sfo{ jf ;/;kmfO{ h:tf sfo{x? jf ;Dk'0f{

sfdsf] kl/0ffd k'jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf .


15

v=cfjZos k|fljlws ;]jf / lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g cGtu{t k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sf jf6 k|fKt u/L

Hofnfdf sfd nufpg] .

u=To:tf] sfd ? Ps nfvdf ga9fO{ v08 v08 u/L ug{] .

kl/R5]b– !)

SofDk;sf] ;DklQ lhDdf To;sf] nfut / ;+/If0f ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf #$= s=SofDk;df /x]sf gub r]sa's n]vf >]:tf cflb n]vf k|d'v jf n]vfdf sfd ug{] d'Vo sd{rf/Lsf]

lhDdf /xg]5 . lhG;L ;fdfg / To; ;DalGw >]:tf e08f/ k|d'vsf] lhDdf /xg]5 . n]vf k|d'vn] cfˆgf] hjfkm

b]lxtfdf gub jf ;f] ;DalGw >]:tf n]vfdf sfdug{] cGo sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfdf /xg] u/L klg /fVg ;Sg]5 .

v=SofDk;df s'g} >f]tjf6 k|fKt ePsf lhG;L ;fdfgsf] >]:tf # lbg leq cBfjlws ug'{kb{5 . cg'bfg :j?k

lhG;L ;fdfg k|fKt ePdf ;f] lhG;L ;fdfgsf] >]:tf sfod u/L ;f] ;fdfgdf s'g ;|f]t jf6 cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf]

xf] :ki6 v'Ng] u/L n]Vg'kg{]5 . cg'bfg :j?k k|fKt lhG;L ;fdfg SofDk;sf] ;|]:tfdf cfDbfgL gafFwL vr{ ug'{

u/fpg' x'b}g .

u=a/a'emf/y ug'{kg{] M–SofDk;df sfo{/t s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L ;]jf jf6 h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cjsfz ePdf

cfˆgf] lhDdfsf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] a/a'emf/y ug'{kg{]5 . a/a'emf/y gu/L s'g} klg ;]jf lga[t k|fWofks tyf

sd{rf/Lx?sf] e'QmfgL ul/g]5}g . lghsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] ;fdfg lghn] SofDk;df a'emfpg g;s]df ;f] ;fdfgsf]

jhf/ d'No lx;fa ul/ lghn] ;+:yf jf6 lgodfg';f/ kfpg' kg{] lx;fa jf6 s§L u/L afFsL /sd dfq e'QmfgL

ul/g]5 . Ps zfvf jf6 csf{] zfvfdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] lhDdfsf] ;fdfg & lbg leq a/a'emf/y

ug'{kg{]5 .

kl/R5]b –!!

lnnfd ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf #%=SofDk;sf] s'g} klg lhG;L ;fdfu|L k'/fgf] eO{ jf 6'6km'6 eO k"gM sfddf cfpg g;Sg] eP lnnfd laqmL

ug'{ kb{5 .

s lnnfd laqmLsf] k|s[of M jif{df Ps k6s dfq ;fdfgx?sf] lnnfd ljqmL ug'{kb{5 . t/ cfjZos ePdf

h'g;'s} ;dodf klg lnnfd laqmL ug{ ;lsg]5 . lnnfd laqmLdf 8fFs ;b/ ePkl5 8fFs saf]n ug{] JolQm jf

;+:yf saf]n /sdsf] !) k|ltzt /sd tTsfn} a'emfpg' kg{]5 . afFsL /sd & lbg leq a'emfO{ ;fdfg p7fO

n}hfg' kg{]5 . & lbg leq ;fdfg gp7fPdf saf]n ubf{sf] avtdf /flvPsf] !) k|ltzt /sd hkmt x'g]5 .

kl/R5]b–!@

ljljw

bkmf#^=;fk6L lbg ;lsg] M –SofDk;df sfo{/t :yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ sf]ifsf] cj:yf x]/L rfn'

cfly{s jif{ leq km:of{]6 x'g] u/L # dlxgf ;Ddsf] tna k]:sL :j?k lbg ;lsg]5 . c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfsf

k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] ;fdfGotof of] ;'lawf kfOg] 5}g . t/ ljz]if sf/0fj; To:tf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{

of] ;'lawf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] ePdf :yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] hdfgtdf pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .

bkmf#&=C0f lbg ;lsg] M–SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] SofDk;df sfo{/t :yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ sf]ifsf]

cj:yf x]/L cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ jf ;fdflhs wfld{s sfd ug{ jf 5f]/f 5f]/L sf] cWoogsf nflu jf cfˆgf] 3/jf;

gePsf]df 3/ agfpg÷ 38]/L lsGg jf ePsf] 3/ dd{t ug{ SofDk;df :yfoL ePsf] kfFr jif{ k'u]sf k|fWofks

tyf sd{rf/LnfO lghsf] C0f dfu u/]sf] sf/0fsf] k|df0f k'u]df jflif{s bz k|ltzt Aofh nfUg] u/L b'O{ jif{

;Ddsf] lgh axfn /x]sf] kbsf] ;'? tna :s]nsf] lx;fadf x'g] /sd kfFr jif{ leqdf ;fFjf Jofh lghn] kfpg]

tna jf6 s§f x'g] u/L C0f pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 . t/ lghn] C0f dfu ubf{ v'nfPsf] sf/0f afx]sdf cGo

sfo{df ;f] C0f vr{ u/]sf] kfO{Pdf c7f/ k|ltztsf b/n] Jofh lx;fa u/L lghsf] tna jf6 ;l~rt sf]if

kfl/>lds s/ / gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf] s§f ug{'{kg{] /sd s§fu/L afFsL x'g] ;a} /sd C0f / Jofh lx;fa u/L

C0f c;'nL ul/g] 5 .

bkmf #*= vf/]hL / arfpm M– o; cl3sf ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox? o;} cfly{s ljlgod cg';f/ ePsf]

dflgg]5 .o; ljlgoddf h];'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg k|rlnt P]g sfg'g / SofDk; lgodfjnL ;Fu aflemPdf

aflemPsf] xb ;Dd :jt M vf/]hL x'g]5 .


16

Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; lg0f{o ldlt @)&# . !) .!!

t]x|y'd

z}lIfs k|zf;g ljlgod – @)&#

Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf !@ -s_n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L

;~rfns ;ldlt åf/f SofDk;sf] z}lIfs k|zf;g nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ of] ljlgod th'{df u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/R5]bM– !

k|f/lDes

bkmf M! gfd tyf k|f/De M–

s=of] ljlgodsf] gfd Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; z}lIfs k|zf;g ljlgod @)&# x'g]5 .

v=of] ljlgod SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] ldlt jf6 nfu'x'g]5 .

bkmfM@ kl/efiff M–

sæSofDk;ÆeGgfn] Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; ;Demg'kb{5 .

væSofDk; k|d'vÆeGgfn] SofDk; lgodcg';f/ lgo'lQm SofDk;k|d'v eGg] ;Demg'kb{5 .

uæ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vÆeGgfn] SofDk; lgodcg';f/ lgo'lQm ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v eGg] ;Demg'kb{5 .

3æsfo{qmd ;+of]hsÆeGgfn] SofDk; lgodfjnL cg';f/ lgo'lQm sfo{qmd ;+of]hs eGg] ;Demg'kb{5 .

ªæz}lIfs k|zf;gÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] lgoldt z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf z}lIfs cfof]hgfx? / SofDk; k|d'v dftxt

/xg] u/L o; ljlgod adf]lhd ul7t ;ldlt tyf pk;ldlt jf6 ul/g] sfo{ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

ræ;+sfok|d'vÆeGgfn] lgodfg';f/ lgo'Qm ;+sfosf] k|d'vnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

5æljifok|d'vÆeGgfn] ljifout ;ldlt k|d'vnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

hæk/LIff ;ldltÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo k/LIffnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ul7t k/LIff ;ldltnfO{

;Demg'kb{5 .

emæb'O{tkmL{ hgzlQmÆeGgfn] sfo{ / af]emsf] cfwf/df k"0f{ pQ/bfloTj ;/sf/L , cw{;/sf/L, ljlQo, u}/;/sf/L

;xsf/L tyf sDkgL P]g cGt{ut btf{ ePsf ;+:yfdf /f]huf/L k|fKt hgzlQm tyf Dofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'ddf

pQm/bfloTj ePsf] t/ k'/f tna glng] hgzlQm a'em\g'kb{5 .

`æ:yfoLÆhgzlQm eGgfn] SofDk;sf] ljlgod cg';f/ lgo'Qm :yfoL hgzlQm ;Demg'kb{5 .

6æc:yfoL hgzlQmÆeGgfn] u|]8 ,;~roL sf]if tyf cGo ;'ljwf sf] Aoa:yf gx'g] hgzlQm ;Demg'kb{5 .

7æcf+lzs hgzlQmÆeGgfn] lkl/o8 jfO{h jf sf]if{ s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm hgzlQm ;Demg'kb{5 .

kl/R5]bM– @

bkmf M–# o; SofDk;sf] z}lIfs k|zf;g ;+u7g / ;+/rgf M–

s=SofDk;k|d'v

v=;xfos SofDk;k|d'v

u=sfo{qmd ;+of]hs÷ ;+sfo k|d'v

3=ljifout k|d'v

ª= zf]w tyf cg';Gwfg zfvf

r=k|zf;g zfvf

5=k/LIff zfvf

h=n]vf zfvf

em=k':tsfno zfvf

`= e08f/ zfvf

6=k|ljlw zfvf


17

kl/R5]bM– #

bkmf M$SofDk;k|d'v M–SofDk; k|d'v ;DaGwL Joj:yf Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL

@)&# bkmf & jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

bkmf M%=;xfos SofDk;k|d'v M–;xfos SofDk; k|d'v ;DaGwL Joj:yf Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#*

sf] lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf & pkbkmf &=@ jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

kl/R5]bM– $

bkmf M–^ ;+sfo k|d'v M–=SofDk;n] ;+~rfng ug{] / ul/ /x]sf ljleGg ;+sfox? k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ug{ clwstd

ljifo ;+u ;DalGwt ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;+sfo k|d'v lgo'lQm ug{]5 .

s=;+sfo k|d'vsf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 .

v ;+sfo k|d'vsf] ;]jf;'lawf ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

kl/R5]bM– %

bkmf M–& ljifo k|d'v M–SofDk;sf] ;~rfng ug{] / ul//x]sf ljleGg ljifout sIffx?sf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ug{

;xfos SofDk; k|d'v / sfo{qmd ;+of]hssf] k/fdz{df SofDk; k|d'vn]] ljifout k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .

s= ljifout k|d'vsf] kbfjlw a9Ldf b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 .

kl/R5]bM– ^

bkmf M*=z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;ldlt M–

s=z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs SofDk; k|d'v x'g]5 .

v= ;ldltdf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v sfo{qmd k|d'v ljifo k|d'v ;b:o /xg]5g .

u= ;ldltsf] a}7s x/]s b'O{ dlxgfdf Go'gtd Ps k6s a:g]5 .

3= z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;ldltsf sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M–

c=aflif{s z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{] .

cf= lgoldt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug{] .

O= cfjlws tyf bL3{sfnLg z}lIfs kl/of]hgfx? tof/ ug{] .

O{= cfalws tyf jflif{s sfo{ k|ult ljj/0f tof/ ug{] .

p= cfGtl/s tyf jflif{s k/LIff sfo{qmdsf] sfo{ gLlt tof/ ug{] .

pm= ljleGg ;ldltx?sf aLr ;dGjosf/L e'ldsf lgjf{x ug{] .

P= ljBfyL{ egf{ tyf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg of]hgf agfpg] tyf sfo{fGjog ug{] u/fpg] .

bkmf M( ;+sfo ;ldltsf] u7g M–

s= o; ;ldltdf ;+sfo k|d'v ;ldlt sf] ;+of]hs /xg]5 .

v= ljifout jf ljefluo ;ldltsf k|d'vx? o; ;ldltsf kb]g ;b:o /xg]5g\ .

u= ;ldlt a}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ j:g]5 .

3= ;+sfo ;ldltsf sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M–

c= ;DalGwt ;+sfosf jflif{s z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{] .

cf= lgoldt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{fGjog ug{] .

O=;+sfosf cfjlws tyf bLw{sfnLg z}lIfs kl/of]hgfx? th'{df ug{] .

O{=cfjlws tyf jfl{ifs sfo{ k|ult ljj/0f tof/ ug{] .

bkmf M!)= ljifout ;ldlt M–k|To]s ;+sfodf k[ys tyf ;d'xut ljifox? k|fWofkg ug{] k|fWofksx? jf6 ljifout

;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 .

s= ljifout ;ldltdf sDtLdf tLg lzIfs ePdf ljifout ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 .

u= ljifout ;ldltsf k|fWofksx? ljifout sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu SofDk; k|d'v,;xfos

SofDk; k|d'v / ;+sfo k|d'v k|lt hafkmb]xL x'g]5g .


18

bkmf M–!!= k/LIff ;ldlt M– z}lIfs u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg d"NofËg ljlw nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] x]t'n] SofDk;df

a9Ldf kfFr ;b:oLo k/LIff ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 .

s=z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;ldltn] k|fWofksx? dWo] jf6 ;+of]hg tyf ;b:ox? tf]Sg]5 .

v=:gfts txdf jif{df tLg k6s cfjlws / cfGtl/s k/LIffx? ;~rfng x'g]5g .

u=;ldltn] cfGtl/s k/LIffx?sf] sfo{ of]hgf k/LIff sfo{ tflnsf tof/ ug{], k/LIff ;~rfng ug{] lhDd]jf/L

tf]Sg],k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug{] ,pQ/ k'l:tsfsf] nut /fVg] cflb sfo{x? ub{5 .

bkmf M!@= cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;ldlt M–

s= ljBfyL{x?sf] zf/Ll/s ,dfgl;s tyf af}l4s ljsfzsf nflu cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

v= z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;ldltsf] ;'emfa / ;Nnfxdf SofDk; k|d'vn] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk k|d'v ,sd{rf/L ,ljBfyL{

k|fWofks k|ltlglw ;d]t u/L a9Ldf ;ft hgfsf] ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5g .

u= ;ldltsf] a}7s cfaZostf cg';f/ a:g]5 .

3=cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;ldltsf sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M–

c v]ns'b ;fdfu|L tyf cGo lgoldt jf cfalws z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx?sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

cf=v]ns'b tyf ljBfyL{sf nflu af}l4s cEof;sf cfGtl/s tyf afXo k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] tyf u}/ k|lt:kwf{Tds

sfo{qmdx? ug{]]

O=SofDk;n] cfof]hgf ug{] ;ef ,uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof h:tf sfo{qmdx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] .

O{=ljBfyL{sf nflu cfGtl/s tyf cGt/ SofDk; v]ns'b tyf af}l4s cEof;sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf nflu

of]hgf agfpg] sfof{Gjog ug{] .

kl/R5]bM– &

bkmf M!#=k|zf;g zfvf M–k|zf;lgs clen]v ,sd{rf/L / lzIfsx?sf] ljj/0f / z}lIfs sfo{ tflnsf Jojl:yt

/cBfalws /fVg k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L k|d'v /xg] ul/ k|zf;g zfvfsf] Aoa:yf ul/g]5 . k|zf;g zfvfsf sfo{x?

lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g .

c=lzIfs, sd{rf/L / ljbfsf] clen]v /fVg' .

cf=k|zf;g,n]vf, k':tsfno,tyf e08f/ zfvfsf] sfo{ Jojl:yt ug{] sfo{df SofDk; k|d'v nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ .

O{=SofDk;sf] ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;' Joj:yf ug'{ .

p=SofDk; k|d'vsf] lgb]{zgdf sfo{ ug{] .

bkmf M!$=n]vf zfvf M–n]vf k|d'v n]vf zfvfsf] k|d'v x'g]5 . n]vf k|d'vsf] ;]jf ;t{ ;'ljwf ljlgodn] lgw{f/0f u/]

adf]lhd x'g]5 . n]vf zfvfsf sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g .

s ljlgoddf tf]lsP adf]lhd n]vf /fVg] .

v=cfGtl/s / afXo n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'–offpg] .

u=;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]lsPsf z'Nsx? p7fpg] tyf ljn e/kfO{ b'?:t /fVg] .

3=z'Nsx? b}lgs a}+s bflvnf u/fpg] .=

ª=jflif{s ah]6 agfpg ;xof]u ug{] .

r=SofDk; k|d'vn] lbPsf] lgb{]zg kfngf ug{] .

bkmf M!%=k':tsfno zfvf M–SofDk;df clgjfo{ ?kdf k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

s=k':tsfnonfO{ Jojl:yt / :t/Lo agfpgsf nflu SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] a9Ldf kfFr hgfsf] k':tsfno

;Nnfxfsf/ ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 .

v=k':tsfnonfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{sf nflu SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t k':tsfno

k|d'v / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:y fug{] .

u=k':tsfno zfvfsf sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M–

c=k':tsfno Joj:yfkg ;DalGw of]hgf agfpg]

cf=k':tsx?sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] ljt/0f lgodx? agfpg] .

O=k':tsx? lxgf ldgf x'g jf6 /f]Sg] tyf htg ug{] pkfox? ckgfpg] .

O{=k':tsfno ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ldlt / SofDk; k|d'vsf] lgb{]zg kfng ug{] .


19

bkmf M!^= k|ljlw zfvf M–SofDk;sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf u/L SofDk;df

ljB't ,kfgLsf] lgoldt Joj:yfkg ug{], sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL / lj1fg tyf cGo k|ljlw ;DaGwL k|uf]uzfnfsf]

Joj:yfkg ug{ k|ljlw zfvfsf] u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 .

bkmf M!& e08f/ zfvf M–SofDk;df l6sfp tyf vkt eP/ hfg] ;DklQ k|fKt ug{] clen]v /fVg] ljj/0f tof/

ug{] dfu adf]lhd ;fdfu|L lgsf;f lbg] dfunfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] e08f/ zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

kl/R5]b M– *

bkmf M !*k|f1;ef M–SofDk;sf] z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] dxTk'0f{ c+usf] ?kdf SofDk; k|f1;ef /xg]5 . of] ;ef Ps

z}lIfs ;qdf cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s z}lIfs k|ult ;dLIffsf nflu b'O{ k6s a:g]5 . o;sf] u7g tyf sfo{ljlw

lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 .

s=k|1f;efsf] cWoIftf SofDk; k|d'vn] ug{]5g . SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf / ;b:o / ljBfyL{ k|ltlglw

;lxt SofDk;sf ;j} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx? o; ;efdf k|ToIf ;xefuL x'g]5g . z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;ldltn]

cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s z}lIfs k|ult ljj/0f k]; ug{]5 . k|lbj]bg dflysf 5nkmn l6Kk0fL tyf ;'emfjx? SofDk;

;~rfns ;ldltdf k]; ug'{kg{]5 . k|f1;efdf k|ltli7t lj4fg jf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf k|d'v cltyL x'g]5 .

kl/R5]bM–(

bkmf M!( sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg M–

s= k|To]s k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] JolQmut ljj/0f tof/ ul/g]5 .

v= k|To]s k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] :t/f]Gglt tyf ;'ljwf lgwf{/0fsf nflu sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'NofÍg x'g]5 .

d'NofÍg kmf/dx?sf] 9frfF tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

u= SofDk; k|d'vn] ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vsf] k/fdz{df k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg c+s

ef/ tf]Sg]5g . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ljj/0f Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf jflif{s cg'df]bgsf nflu k]; ul/g]5 .

3=SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍsg SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIfn] ug{]5g .

bkmf M@)=zf]w tyf cg';Gwfg ;ldlt M–k|fWofks sd{rf/Lx?sf] k|fl1s Pj+ af}l4s Ifdtf clea'l4 ug{]

zf]wcg';Gwfg tkm{ clek]|l/t u/fO{ k|fl1s pGgogsf nflu cj;/ k|bfg ug{] , ljBfyL{nfO{ ljZjljBfno pkfbL

u|x0fsf nflu :ynut cg';Gwfg cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg h:tf clgjfo{ jf P]lR5s zf]wkqx?sf] tof/ ug{] sfo{df

;xof]u k''Øfpg] pb]:on] SofDk;df zf]w tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

v=SofDk; k|d'vn] k|fWofksx? dWo] jf6 sDtLdf tLg ;b:oLo zf]w tyf cg';Gwfg ;]nsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

u=cg';Gwfg zfvfsf nflu a}Un} k"j{fwf/sf Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

3 zf]w tyf cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g .

c=:gfts jf :gftsf]Q/ sIffsf ljBfyLx?sf nflu cg';GwfgfTds zf]wkqsf] cled'lvs/0f k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ug{]

cf=txut zf]wkqx?sf] d"NofÍg u/L ljZjljBfnodf ;+k|]lift ug{] .

O=ljZjljBfno,cg'bfg cfof]u,/fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ;+3;+:yfx? tyf ljb]zL s'6gLlts lgof]u jf6 ;fj{hlgs

ePsf n3' cg';Gwfg, ;fgf demf}nf tyf 7'nf cg';Gwfg k|:tfjx?df ;xefuL x'g] sfof{Gjog ug{] .

O{=cfof]hgf k|:tfjx? tof/ ug{],zf]w / cg';GwfTds n]v /rgf s[ltx? tof/ ug{] / k|sfzg ug{] .

p;DefJotf cWoog P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs ;fdflhs cfly{s wfld{s ;+f:s[lts tf k|fljlws vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg

;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{] .

pm=k|fWofks ,sd{rf/L tyf ljBfyL{x?sf] :t/f]Gglt tyf bIftf clea[l4 sfo{qmd cGtu{t 5f]6f] cjlwsf n3'

tflnd ,k];fut Jofj;flos Pj+ pko'Qm 7flgPsf /f]huf/L tflnd ;~rfng ug{ Ps tflnd tyf k'g/tfhuL

sIfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

bkmf M@!= ;+zf]wg JofVof tyf vf/]hL M–o; ljlgodsf] ;+zf]wg tyf JofVof ug{] clwsf/ SofDk; ;~rfns

;ldltnfO{ x'g]5 . of] ljlgod SofDk; lgodfjnL tyf k|rlnt P]g sfg'g ;Fu aflemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd

cdfGo x'g]5 .


20

Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; lg0f{o ldlt @)&# .!) .!!

t]x|y'd

k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&#

Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf !@-s_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;~rfns

;ldlt åf/f SofDk;sf] z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs ;]jf nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ of] ljlgod th'{df u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/R5]b– !

k|f/lDes

bkmf ! gfd tyf k|f/De M–

-s_=of] ljlgodsf] gfd Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&# x'g]5 .

-v_=of] ljlgod SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] ldlt jf6 nfu' x'g]5 .

bkmf @=kl/efiffMM–

ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnLdf M

-s_=æP]gÆeGgfn] ;DaGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnosf] P]g ;Demg' kb{5 .

-v_=æSofDk;ÆeGgfn] Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; ;Demg' kb{5 .

-u_=æ;~rfns ;ldlt ÆeGgfn] lgodfgnL adf]lhd ul7t ;~rfns ;ldlt ;Demg'kb{5 .

-3_=æk|fWofksÆ eGgfn] Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df Aoj:yf ePsf]

hgzlQm ;Demg' kb{5 . o;nfO{ lzIfs jf z}lIfs hgzlQm klg elgg]5 .

-ª_æk|lzIfsÆeGgfn] k|fljlws ljifodf cWofkg ug{ lglZrt ;dosf nflu lgo'Qm hgzlQm ;Deg'kb{5 .

-r_=æsd{rf/LÆeGgfn] Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf @ sf] v08 -8_ df Aoj:yf ePsf]

hgzlQm ;Demg' kb{5 . o;nfO{ k|zf;lgs hgzlQm klg elgg]5 .

-5_=æSofDk; ;]jf ÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L sf] ;]jf ;Demg' kb{5 .

-h_æclVtof/jfnf ÆeGGffn] tf]lsPsf] clVtof/jfnf ;Demg' kb{5 .

-em_=æSofDk; ;]jf cfof]uÆ eGgfn] bkmf ( jdf]lhd ul7t ;ldlt ;Demg' kg]{5 .

-`_=æb'OtkmL{æeGgfn]] sfo{ / af]emsf] cfwf/df k"0f{ pQ/bfloTj ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L ,u}/;/sf/L ,;xsf/L tyf sDkgL P]g

cGt{ut btf{ ePsf ;+:yfdf /f]huf/L k|fKt hgzlQm tyf Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'ddf pQ/bfloTj ePsf] k'/f tna

glng] hgzlQm a'emg'kb{5 .

bkmf #= ljlgodsf] JofVof M–o; ljlgodsf] k|of]u ubf{ s;}nfO{ dsf{ k/]df lghn] ;~rfns ;ldlt ;dIf lgj]bg lbg

;Sg]5 . o;/L k/]sf] lgj]bg dfly ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .

kl/R5]bM–@

kb ;[hgf tyf Aoa:yfkg M

bkmf $= kb l;h{gf tyf ?kfGt/0f M–

-s_=SofDk;df ljifout cfj:ostfsf cfwf/df k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L ;DalGw kbsf] l;h{gf / kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f SofDk;

;~rfns ;ldltn] ug{]5 .To;sf] cg'df]bg SofDk; ;~rfns kl/ifbn] ug'{kg{]5 .

-v_=o;/L l;h{gf ePsf] kb btf{ u/L clen]vLs/0f ul/g]5 . kb l/Qm geO{ k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L egf{ ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .

t/ of] Joj:yfn] sIffef/sf cfwf/df cfjZostf / cf}lrTotf nfO ljrf/ u/L tf]lsPsf] sIffef/sf cfwf/df kfl/>lds

kfpg] u/L cflz+s s/f/ tyf Hofnfbf/Ldf k|fWofks sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ug{ afwf k'ØfPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

bkmf % kb ljefhg M–

SofDk; ;]jfsf] kb ljefhg b]xfocg';f/ x'g]5 M

c=lzIf0f tkm{

-s_k|fWofks-Professor_ -v_;x k|fWofks -Associtate professor_ -u_pk k|fWofks -Lecturer_ -3_lzIf0f ;xfos-Teaching Assistant_ -ª_k|lzIfs -Instructor_ cf=sd{rf/L tkm{

-s_;x k|zf;s

-v_pkk|zf;s

-u_;xfos k|zf;s

-3_n]vf clws[t

-ª_x]8 cl;:6]G6 -gf=;'_


21

-r_n]vfkfn -gf=;'_

-5_sfof{no ;xfos-vl/bf/_

-h_=nfO{j|]l/og -vl/bf/_

-em_d'lvof

-`_;xof]uL sd{rf/L÷rf}lsbf/

O{=of] ljlgod nfu' x'g' k'j{ lgo'lQm ePsf :yfoL ;xfos k|fWofksx? n] tLg jif{ ;]jf u/]sf] ePdf lq=lj= lzIfs

sd{rf/L ;]jf ;DalGw lgod @)%) kl/R5]b @ bkmf (-#_ adf]lhd pkk|fWofks kbdf ?kfGt/0f ul/g]5 . To:tf

hgzlQmx?sf] pkk|fWofks kbsf] ;]jf cjlwsf] u0fgf ljlgod hf/L eP b]lv nfu' x'g]5 . ;fy} ;xfos k|fWofks

kbdf c:yfoL tyf s/f/df lgo'lQm ePsf hgzlQmnfO{ lq=lj=lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jf ;DalGw lgod @)%) kl/R5]b–

@ bkmf -%_jdf]lhd lzIf0f ;xfos kbdf ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .

bkmf ^=;]jf k|j]zsf] of]Uotf / >]0fLqmd M–

c= of]Uotf / >]0fLqmd M–

s=SofDk; lzIf0f ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ Go'gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf lq=lj=jf dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfno jf6 ;DalGwt

ljifodf :gfts]fQ/ tx jf ;f] ;/x sf] k/LIffdf sDtLdf l4tLo >]0fLdf plt0f{ u/]sf] x'g'kg{]5 . ;fy} ljb]zL

ljZjljBfno jf6 plt0f{n] ;dsIfftfsf] k|df0fk q k]z ug'{kg{]5 .

v=sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;xfos k|zf;s jf ;f] eGbf d'lgsf kbx?sf nflu k|rlnt sfg'gdf tf]lsP cg';f/sf]

of]Uotf x'g'kg{]5 .

u=;x k|zf;s , pkk|zf;s , ;xfos k|zf;s tyf n]vf clws[t cfGtl/s a9'jf jf6 lgo'lQm x'g]5 .

3=SofDk;df :yfoL ;]jfsf nflu g]kfnL gful/s x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . ;fy} z}lIfs hgzlQm tkm{ o; ljlgodsf] bkmf

% v08 -c_ cGtu{t pk v08 -s,v,u,_ sf kbx? :yfoL x'g]5g .

ª=k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] >]0fLqmd jf al/i7tf qmdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ dflgg]5 .

c=;dfg kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm k|fKt k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Ln] :yfoL lgo'lQm kfPsf ldltsf cfwf/df jl/i7tf qmddf

cuf8L dflgg]5 .

cf=c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'lQm k|fKt JolQm ;dfg kbdf :yfoL ;]jfdf lgo'lQm JolQm eGbf k5f8L sf] qmddf

x'g]5 .

O=:yfoL ;]jf eP klg c:yfoL tyf s/f/ ;]jfdf /x]sf] JolQm klg :yfoL eGbf dflyNnf] kbdf eP >]0fL qmd

cuf8L x'g]5 .

O ;dfg kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm Ps} ;dodf ePdf ;f] ldlt eGbf cl3sf] h]i7tfsf cfwf/df x'g]5 .

cf=pd]/ M–SofDk;sf] :yfoL tyf c:yfoL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf lgldQ z}lIfs hgzlQm tkm{ $% jif{ tyf sd{rf/Lsf

nflu k'?if #% / dlxnf $) jif{ ;Ddsf] pd]/ xb sfod ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ;]jf k|j]z ul/ ;s]sf :yfoL z}lIfs

hgzlQm eP z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQm eP k|zf;lgs hgzlQmsf] dflyNnf] kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm x'g

pd]/sf] xb nfu' x'g] 5}g . ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf :yfoL hgzlQm jfx]s cGo hgzlQm h'g kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] xf] ;f]xL

kbsf nflu :yfoL kbdf pd]b\jf/ x'g pd]/sf] xb nfu' x'g]5}g .

bkmf &=kbk'lt{ ug{] tl/sf M–

-s_ :jLs[t b/aGbL l/Qm /x]sf kbx? v'nf k|ltof]lutf 4f/f k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf sfo{bIftf

;d]tsf] d"NofËg jf6 kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 . ;fy} a9'jf 4f/f k"lt{ ul/g] kbx?sf] cfwf/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]

adf]lhd x'g]5 . pk/f]Qm sfo{ bkmf -(_ sf] SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] ug{]5 . SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf lg0f{o

;~rfns ;ldltdf cg'df]bg u/fpg'kg{]5 .

-v_=ljZjljBfnodf jf cGo SofDKf;df sfo{/t s'g} txsf] k|fWofks s]xL cjlwsf nflu sfddf cfpg rfx]df

SofDk;sf] cfjZostf / cj:yfnfO{ x]/L k|zf;lgs kbdf afx]s sfhdf cfpg ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;xdlt lbg

;Sg]5 .

-u_=l/Qm /x]sf] ljifout b/jGbLdf pkk|fWofks kbsf nflu lzIf0f ;xfos kbdf sDtLdf tLg lkl/o8 lgoldt

cWofkg ug]{ kfFr jif{ sfo{ u/]sf] k|fWofksnfO{ cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] pk–

k|fWofks kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;fy} v'Nnf lj1fkg 4f/f :yfoL lzIfs kbk"tL{ ubf{ pk

k|fWofks kbdf ul/g]5 . pk/f]Qm sfo{ bkmf -(_ sf] SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] ug{]5 . ;f] ;DjlGw lg0f{o ;~rfns

;ldlt 4f/f cg'df]bg x'g'kg]{5 .


22

-3_=pkk|fWofks kbdf :yfoL e} lg/Gt/ kfFr jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] s[ltut ljlzi7tfsf

cfwf/df SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] cfGtl/s lj1fkg 4f/f k|lqmof k'/f u/L ;x–k|fWofks kbdf kbf]Ggltsf] l;kmfl/;

ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ pk–k|fWofks ;d]t e} tLg jif{ ;]jf k'/f u/] kl5 ;x–k|fWofks

kbdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ of]Uo dflgg]5 . ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifodf ljlzi7 of]Uotf k|fKt JolQm SofDk; nfO{ cfjZos

5 eGg] nfu]df SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] SofDk; ;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'lQm ug{

pk/f]Qm cjlwn] afwf ug{]5}g .

-ª_=;x–k|fWofks kbdf ljBfjfl/lw u/L sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfo{/t k|fl1s ljlzi6tf xfl;n u/]sf] jf ;x–k|fWofks

kbdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{ sfo{/t JolQmnfO{ SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] k|fWofks kbdf kbf]GgtL ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/

k|fWofks x'gsf nflu ;DaGwg k|fKt ljZjljBfnosf] dfkb08 cg';f/sf k|fl1s sfo{x? u/]sf] x'g'kg{]5 .

-r_SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 cg'df]bg ul/Psf kbx?df SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] cfjZos k|lqmof 4f/f

:yfoL,c:yfoL ,s/f/ jf cf+lzs ?kdf kbk"lt{ ug]{5 . l/Qm kbdf cfGtl/s a9'jfsf lgDtL sfo{/t kbdf :yfoL e}

sDtLdf kfFr jif{ k'/f u/]sf JolQm Pstx dflyNnf] kbdf k|lt:kwf{sf nflu of]Uo dflgg]5g . t/ k|zf;lgs

hgzlQm tkm{ dflyNnf] kb l/Qm gePdf tyf j9'jf x'g] kbsf nflu cfj:os Go'gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf gePdf

dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf ul/g]5}g .

-5_=of] ljlgod nfu' x'g' cl3 slDtdf tLg lk/lo8 ;Dd lgoldt ?kdf cWofkg ug]{ s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ePsf

lzIf0f ;xfos hgzlQmx?sf] ljifout cfj:ostf ePdf pkbkmf -em_ jfx]ssf z}lIfs hgzlQmnfO{ ;~rfns

;ldltn] lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltsf] tLg ji{f k'/f ePkl5 c:yfoL tyf kfFrf} jif{ k'/f ePkl5 ;]jf cfof]usf]

l;kmfl/;df pk k|fWofks kbsf nflu :yfoL k|s[ofdf n}hfg ;Sg]5 . ;fy} k|zf;lgs hgzlQm tkm{ ;d]t

cfj:ostfsf cfwf/df s/f/df lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn]] Ps jif{ ;Dd s/f/ ,bf]>f] jif{ c:yfoL tyf t]>f] ji{f kl5

:yfoLsf] k|s[ofdf nlug]5 .

-h_=of] ljlgod nfu' x'g' k'j{ k|lzIfs kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf hgzlQmn] o; ljlgodsf] bkmf ^ -s_ jdf]lhd z}lIfs

of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kq k]z u/]df ljifout cfj:ostf x]/L SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] bkmf -(_ jdf]lhd ;]jf

cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df s/f/ ;]jfdf lzIf0f ;xfos kbdf lgo'lQm ug]{5 . t/ c:yfoL tyf :yfoL k|s[ofsf nflu

bkmf & -5_ jdf]lhd x'g]5 . s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm hgzlQmsf] ljifout cfjZostfsf cfwf/df jflif{s gljs/0f

ul/g]5 .

-em_=dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg of] ljlgod nfu' ePkl5 s'g} ljZjljBfnosf cfªlus SofDk;sf

:yfoL hgzlQm ,g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfof{no jf ;+:yfg jf cw{ ;/sf/L jf ljlQo ;+:yfdf :yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t

hgzlQm jf lgj[tle/0f k|fKt jf pkbfg k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm c:yfoL tyf :yfoL ;]jfsf] xsbf/ geO{ SofDk;sf]

s/f/ ;]jfdf dfq lgo'lQm ePsf] dflgg]5 . ;fy} cfly{s k|zf;gsf] bkmf !% v08 -3_/-ª_sf hgzlQm PstkmL{ x'g

rfx]df ;~rfns ;ldltn] PstkmL{ jgfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .

bkmf *=a9'jf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g cfjZos kg{] of]Uotf M–

-s_=SofDk; ;]jfsf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L kbdf a9'jfsf] pd]bjf/ x'g rflxg] Go'gtd of]Uotf ;~rfns

;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . o;/L lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;DaGwg k|bfg ug{] ljZjljBfnosf]

dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg{]5 .

-v_=SofDk; ;]jfsf] kbdf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ SofDk; ;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfns

;ldlt 4f/f lgwf{l/t d"NofËgsf cfwf/df ug{]5 .

bkmf (=SofDk; ;]jf cfof]u M–

SofDk;df l/Qm /x]sf s'g} b/jGbL -lgo'lQm jf a9'jf_ sf] kbk"lt{ ug{ b]xfo jdf]lhd sf] ;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 .

;+of]hs M SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf

;b:o ;lrj M SofDk; k|d'v

;b:oM ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vx?

ljifo lj1 M cfj:ostfg';f/ -!_ hgf

bkmf !) SofDk; ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ M–

SofDk; ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ;ldltnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd clwsf/ x'g]5 .

-s_=SofDk; ;]jfdf k|fWofks / sd{rf/Lsf] cf+lzs ,s/f/ ,c:yfoL tyf :yfoL lgo'lQm tyf a9'jfsf nflu lg0f{o

u/L ;ldltdf l;kmfl/; ug{] .


23

-v_=SofDk;sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DalGw sfg'gsf] ljifodf ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ ;Nnfx /

;'emfj lbg] .

-u_=SofDk; ;]jfsf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g rfxg] pDd]bjf/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf a9'jfsf cfjZos ;t{x?

lgwf{/0f ug{] .

-3_=SofDk; ;]jfdf k|fWofks / sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm tyf a9'jfsf nflu k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ug{] tyf k/LIff

;~rfng ug{] .

-ª_SofDk; ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q leq kg{] ljifodf lgl/If0f jf hFfra'em ug{] .

-r_k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] a[lQ ljsf; jf Ifdtf a[l4 u/fpg] ljifodf SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] dfu]sf

;'emjx? lbg] .

-5_=SofDk; ;+u ;DalGwt sfg'g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf cGo sfo{x? ug{] .

-h_=5gf]6 ubf{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1nfO{ dgf]gog ug{] . tf]lsPsf] sfd ;lsP kl5 :jtM

pQm ;b:o kb l/Qm /x]sf] dflgg]5 .

bkmf !!= lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf M–SofDk;sf] ;]jfdf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L lgo'lQm / a9'jf SofDk; ;]jf cfof]usf]

l;kmfl/;df ;~rfns ;ldltn] ug{]5 . ;DaGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnosf] gLlt ;Fu aflemg] u/L l;kmfl/; ug{

kfOg]5}g .

bkmf !@=k/LIf0fsfn M–

-s_=v'Nnf lj1fkg 4f/f kbk'lt{ ul/Psf]df :yfoL lgo'lQm lbbf Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfn /xg] u/L lbOg]5 . lghsf]

sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvPdf Ps jif{ k'u] kl5 k/LIf0f sfn x6fOg]5 . ;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPdf SofDKf;

k|zf;gsf] l;kmfl/;df ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 lghsf] lgo'lQm /b ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L lgo'lQm /4 ePsf]df afx]s

Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0f sfn k'/f u/]sf k|fWofks sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn k'/f ePkl5 k"j{ lgo'lQm ;b/ dflgg]5 .

-v_=kbfjwL u0fgf ul/g] k/LIf0fsfn df /xL lgo'lQm ;b/ ePdf ;f] k/LIf0fsfn sf] cjlw nfO{ klg k|To]s cfly{s

jif{df yk ul/g] u|]8 j[l4 tyf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf ul/g]5 .

bkmf !#=kb l/Qm x'g] cj:yf M SofDk;sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] b]xfosf] cj:yfdf kb l/Qm x'g]5 .

s_=lnlvt /flhgfdf lbO{ ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 :jLs[t ePdf .

-v_=d'To' ePdf .

-u_SofDk; k|d'v, ;xfos SofDk;k|d'v, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs / lzIf0f ljefusf] k|d'vsf] xsdf lghx?sf] tf]lsPsf]

kbfjlw ;dfKt ePdf . t/ To:tf] cj:yfdf z}lIfs kb eg] sfod /xg]5 .

-3_=xf]; 7]ufgf g/xL ax'nfPsf] k|df0f ePdf .

-ª_=g}lts ktg b]lvg] ulDe/ k|s[ltsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfo kfPdf .

-r_=SofDk;df cWofkg ul/ /x]sf ljifox?df ljwfyL{ gePdf jf ljBfyL{ geO{ ljifo vf/]h ePdf ;DalGwt

ljifosf :yfoL k|fWofksnfO{ a}slNks sfo{df nufpg ;lsg] / a}slNks Joj:yf x'g g;s]df ;Ddfghgs ljbfO{

ul/g]5 .

-5_=cfˆgf] kbsf] bfloTj lgjf{x gu/]sf] jf SofDk;sf] lxt ljkl/t cfr/0f 7xØfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s jf6

x6fPdf . t/ o;/L x6fpbf lghnfO{ cfˆgf] kbsf] ;kmfO ;a't k]; ug{] sDtLdf ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg'kg{]5 .

o; ;DaGwdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 . o;/L x6fpbf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf] pkl:yt

;+Vofsf] ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o x'g'kg]{5 .

-h_=SofDk;sf :yfoL hgzlQm /fhgLlts cleof]udf afx]s ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g cGtu{t y'gfdf /x]df lghnfO{

;f] cjlw e/sf nflu lgnlDat ePsf] dflgg]5 . y'gf jf6 d'Qm ePkl5 lgh cfˆgf] kbdf jfxfn /xg]5g \ .

-em_=k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L sf] pd]/ lq;7L jif{ k'/f ePkl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g]5g .

bkmf !$= lgldQ tyf sfodd'sfod eO{ sfd ug]{ M–SofDk; k|d'v s'g} sf/0fn] tL; lbg eGbf sd cjlwsf nflu

ljbfdf a:g' k/]df h]i7tfsf cfwf/df ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vx? dWo] jf6,;f] geP h]i7 z}lIfs hgzlQmnfO{

lgldQ SofDk; k|d'v lbO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{kg{]5 . t/ lgldQ SofDk; k|d'v eGbf h]i7 hgzlQm xflh/

x'g cfPdf :jt h]i7 hgzlQm lgldQ SofDk; k|d\'v eO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{5 . SofDk; k|d'v tL; lbg

eGbf a9L ;do ;Dd ljbfdf a:g'kg{] ePdf ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgldQ SofDk; k|d'v tf]Sg] jf lgldQ eO{ sfo{

ug{]nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ SofDk; k|d'vn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] cfly{s clwsf/ ;'Dkg] ul/ sfodd'sfod tf]Sg

;Sg]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lghn] ;f]xL kb cg';f/sf] ;'lawf k|fKt ug{]5 . t/ tL; lbg eGbf sd cjlwsf nflu

cltl/Qm ;'lawf lbOg]5}g . tL; lbg eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt /xg] SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ cltl/Qm eQf lbOg]5}g .


24

bkmf !%= kbflwsf/ sfod /xg] M–/fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePdf, avf{:t ePdf jf cjsf; kfPdf, a9'jf ePdf afx]s

b]ofxsf aj:yfdf x/]s kbflwsf/L, k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]5 M–

-s_kbdf sfdsfh ul/ /xFbf ;Dd .

-v_ljbfdf a;]sf] cjlw .

-u_=lgnDag /x]sf] cjlw .

-3_sfhdf vl6Psf] cjlw .

-ª_sfodd'sfod d's// ePsf] cjlw .

-r_csf{] kbdf ;?jf a9'jf e} sfo{ef/ g;dxfNbf ;Ddsf] cjlw .

kl/R5]b –#

;]jf ;'/Iff

bkmf !^=;]jfsf] ;'/Iff Mk|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe't x'g]5 . b]xfosf cj:yfdf afx]s cGo

cj:yfdf k|fWofks sd{rf/LnfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbg] u/L SofDk; ;]jf jf6 x6fOg] jf avf{:t ul/g]5}g .

-s_ljgf ;"rgf #% lbg eGbf a9L a]kQf ePsf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ c;Dej ePsf] cj:yfdf

.

-v_g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L d'4fdf cbfnt jf6 bf]ifL k|dfl0ft eO{ ;hfo kfPdf .

-u_c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf /x]sf k|fWofks sd{rf/Lsf] Dofb yk gePdf .

-3_cfrf/0f ;DalGw lgod pNnª\3g u/]df .

-ª_cWofkg ug]{ z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] ljwfyL{ gePdf .

bkmf !&=;]jf ;t{ ;'/Iff M–s'g} klg k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] lgo'lQm / a9'jf x'Fbf tTsfn nfu' /x]sf]

tna,u|]8 ;DaGwL ;t{df lghnfO{ k|lts'n c;/ kg{] u/L kl/j{tg ul/g]5}g . ;fy} :yfoL k|fWofkssf] k|fWofkg

ug{] ljifosf] vf/]hL ePdf lghnfO{ ;Dej eP ;Dd SofDk;sf] k|fl1s Pj+ k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;+nUg u/fO{ jf

cGoq sfdsfhdf k7fO{ lghsf] ;]jf ;'/Iff k|bfg ul/g]5 .

kl/R5]bM– $

sfh Aoa:yf

bkmf !*=sfhdf v6fpg ;Sg] M–

-s_=s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ SofDk;n] ljZjljBfno jf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb jf /fli6|o k/LIff jf]8{

;f] eGbf jflx/sf] s'g} ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfhdf k7fpg ;Sg]5 .

-v_pklgod -s_ adf]lhd lq=lj= cGo ljZjljBfno jf ;Da4 ;+:yf 4f/f ;~rflnt k/LIffsf nflu sfhdf

k7fpbf eg] :yfoL tyf c:yfoL ;]jfdf sfo{/t k|fWofksnfO{ dfq k7fpg ;lsg]5 . To:tf k|fWofksnfO{ Ps

dlxgf eGbf a9L cjlwsf nflu k7fOg] 5}g . o;/L k7fpbf ;DalGwt lgsfo 4f/f eQf lng] u/L sfh :jLs[t

ul/g]5 . ;fy} ;f] cjlwsf] tnj e'QmfgL ul/g]5 .

-u_=lq=lj= jf pRr dfWolds lzIffsf] k/LIff jf /fli6|o k/LIff jf]8{ jfx]s cGo ;+:yfdf sfhdf k7fpgsf nflu

;ft lbg ;Dd SofDk; k|d'v ,Ps dlxgf ;Ddsf nflu SofDk; k|;fzgsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ SofDk; k|d'v tyf ;f]

eGbf j9L ;dosf nflu ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ sfhdf v6fpg ;lsg]5 .

-3_=pkbkmf -v_ adf]lhd sfhdf vl6Psf k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Ln] sfh ;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] k|lta]bg ;ft

lbg leq SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ a'emfpg' kg{]5 . t/ s/f/df lgo'lQm kfPsf hgzlQm k/LIffsf nflu sfhdf uPdf

;+lrt ljbf :jLs[t x'g]5 . ljbfn] gk'u]df cg'kl:yt ePsf] ;dosf] /sd e'QmfgL ul/g]5}g .

kl/R5]bM– %

ljbf ;DalGw Aoa:yf

bkmf !(=ljbfsf k|sf/ M–SofDk;sf] cfˆgf] cj:yf x]/L SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lj/fdL ljbf,

e}k/L ljbf, lsl/of ljbf, kj{ ljbf, k|;'lt ljbf ,k|;'lt ;]jf ljbf ,cWoog ljbf, :jfWofog ljbf,3/ ljbf,,a]tnaL

ljbf pknAw u/fO{g]5 .

c=lj/fdL ljbf M–

-s_=k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps -!_ jif{sf] ;]jfsf nflu kGw| -!%_ lbgsf] tnjL lj/fdL ljbf lbOg]5 . t/

;ft lbg eGbf a9L cjlwsf] lj/fdL ljbf lng' k/]df :jLs[t ug{] clwsf/Ln] lrlsT;ssf] k|df0fkq k]z ug{

nufpg ;Sg]5 .

-v_=k|fWofks sd{rf/Lsf] lj/fdL ljbf ;l~rt x'g ;Sg]5 .


25

-u_=k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;l~rt lj/fdL ljbf gAa] -()_ lbg eGbf a9L ePdf j9L ;+lrt lj/fdL ljbfsf]

/sd ;DalGwt ljbf ;+lrt ePsf cfly{s jif{sf] tna :s]n cg';f/ e'QmfgL ul/b} nlug]5 . e'QmfgL ug{ g;s]df

;DalGwt ljbf ;+lrt ePsf jif{sf] tnjsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL ug{ jfFsL /sd hgfO{ /fVg'kg]{5 .

-3_=;]jfdf axfn /xbf s'g} k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Lsf] d'To' ePdf lghsf] ;l~rt lj/fdL ljbfsf] /sd d'To' x'bfFsf]

cj:yfsf] tnasf] b/n] x'g cfpg] lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{ lbOg]5 .

-ª_=SofDk;sf :yfoL hgzlQmnfO{ s'g} s8f /f]u nflu nfdf] ;do ;Dd pkrf/ ug'{kg{] eO{ ;l~rt lj/fdL ljbf

tyf 3/ ljbf jf6 gk'Ug] ePdf kl5 s§L x'g] u/L #) lbg ;Ddsf nflu k]:sL ljbf lng ;lsg]5 .

cf e}k/L ljbf M–k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lx?n] Ps jif{df gf} lbg e}k/L cfpg] ljbf kfpg]5g . cfsl:ds cj:yf

k/]sf]df afx]s :jLs[t gu/fO{ e}k/L ljbf kfO{g] 5}g . of] ljbf ;l~rt x'g] 5}g .

O=lsl/of ljbf M–SofDk;sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf cfdf a'jf, >Ldfg\ jf >LdtL, Psf 3/sf 5f]/f, a'xf/L jf

cljjflxt 5f]/L d/]df jf cfkm} lsl/of a:g'kg{] ePdf s'n wd{ x]/L a9Ldf kGw| lbg k'/f tnaL lsl/of ljbf

lbO{g]5 . dlxnf k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Lsf] >Ldfg cfkm} lsl/of j:g' kg{] ePdf lghnfO{ klg ;f]lx cg';f/sf] ljbf

lbOg]5 . t/ cGo Psf3/sf sf] d[To' ePdf ;ft lbg ;Dd lsl/of ljbf lbO{g]5 .

O{= kj{ ljbf M–lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] jif{ e/Ldf ;l~rt gx'g] ul/ 5 lbg kj{ ljbf kfpg]5g .

p=k|;'lt / k|;'lt ;]jf ljbf M–-s_SofDk;df sfo{/t :yfoL dlxnf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L ;'Ts]/L x'g' cuf8L #)

lbg tyf k5f8L $% lbg ul/ &% lbg j9Ldf b'O{ k6s k|;'tL ljbf kfpg]5g .

-v_c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf sfo{/t dlxnf hgzlQmn] b'O{ jif{sf] c6'6 ;]jfdf ;'Ts]/L x'g' cl3 #) lbg tyf

k5f8L #) lbg ul/ ^) lbg ;'Ts]/L ljbf j9Ldf b'O{ k6s kfpFg]5g . t/ b'O{ jif{ eGbf sd ;]jf cjlw ePsf

c:yfoL jf s/f/df lgo'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ Ps k6s o;} pkbkmfsf] cfwf tnjL k|;'tL ljbf lbg ;lsg]5 .

-u_axfnjfnf k'?if k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] >LdtL ;'Ts]/L ePdf ;]jf cjlwe/df b'O{ k6s ;ft lbgsf] k|;'tL

;]jf ljbf lbO{g]5 .

pm=cWoog ljbf M–SofDk;df sfo{/t s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf kfFr jif{ ;Dd cljlR5Gg :yfoL ;]jf

ul/ ;s]kl5 SofDk;nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ljifosf] cWoog ug{ hfg'kg{] ePdf a9Ldf tLg jif{ ;Ddsf nflu

tna/lxt cWoog ljbf lbg ;lsg]5 . ljbf j:g] k|fWofks sd{rf/Ln] tLg dlxgf cuf8L b]lv cfj]bg lbO ljbf

:jLs[t u/fpg'kg{]5 . cWoog ljbf pkof]u u/L SofDk; jf6 tf]lsPsf] ;'ljwf lnO ;s]sf k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Ln]

sDtLdf kfFr jif{ ;Dd SofDk;df ;]jf ug'{kb{5 . olb ;f] gu/]df cWoog cjlwdf SofDk; jf6 k|fKt ;'lawf

SofDk;n] lgofdg';f/ c;'n pk/ ug{]5 . SofDk;sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] d'NofËg u/L SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf]

lg0f{on] Psd'i7 cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .

P :jcWoog ljbf M–:yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf jf cWoog jf a]tnaL ljbf pkef]u ul/;s]sf] ldlt jf6 kfFr jif{ ;Dd

nuftf/ ;]jf ul/;s]s]f lzIfsnfO{ SofDk;sf] sfddf afwf gkg{] ePdf cg';Gwfg sfo{df nfUg jf cfˆgf]

of]Uotf a9fpg jf kf7\ok':ts n]Vg jf cGo tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs jf k|fl1s sfd ug{ Ps jif{ :jfWoog ljbf

SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[ltdf lbOg]5 . o:tf] ljbf j]tnjL x'g]5 . ljbf :jLs[t u/fpg' eGbf cuf8L

;DalGwt lzIfsn] cg';Gwfg sfo{ jf of]Uotf a9fpg] sfo{ jf kf7\ok':ts n]vg jf tf]lsPsf] sfd ug{] ljj/0f

SofDk; k|d'v dfkm{t ;~rfns ;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't ug'{kb{5 . To; cjlwsf] u|]8nfO{ sfod} /flvg]5 / lghn] k];

u/]sf] k|fl1s tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{sf nflu u/]sf sfo{sf] ljj/0f k|:t't u/]df SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{on]

k6s] ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg]5 .

P}= 3/ ljbf M– SofDk;df sfo{/t SofDk; k|d'v Pj+ :yfoL sd{rf/Ln] lxpFb] tyf jif]{ ljbfsf] ;dodf ;]jf u/]

jfkt jflif{s tL; lbg 3/ ljbf kfpg]5g . 3/ ljbf lnbf klxn] g} ljbf :jLs[t u/fO{ ljbf a:g'kg{]5 . ljbf lnO{

jfFsL ljbfsf] e'QmfgL ;]fxL aif{sf] cGTodf ul/g]5 . 3/ ljbf ;l~rt ug{ rfx]df a9Ldf gAa] lbg ;Dd ;l~rt

x'g ;Sg]5 . ;]jf cjlw leq s'g} sd{rf/L jf k|fWofkssf] d'To' ePdf lghsf] ;l~rt /x]sf] 3/ ljbfsf] /sd d'To'

x'bfFsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{ lbOg]5 . e'QmfgL ug{ g;s]df ;DalGwt ljbf ;+lrt ePsf jif{sf] tnjsf]

cfwf/df e'QmfgL ug{ jfFsL /sd hgfO{ /fVg'kg]{5 .

cf]= ljz]if a]tnjL ljbf M– g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;DalGwg k|bfg ug{] ljZj ljBfno jf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+3

;+:yfx?n] o; SofDk;sf :yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cfjZostf dx;'; u/L dfu u/]df lghsf] kb

sfod /xg] u/L ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yf jf sfof{no jf6 tna eQf vfg] u/L ;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ b'O{

jif{sf nflu ljbf lnO{ hfg ;Sg]5g f SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltdf plrt sf/0f ;lxt cfj]bg u/L ;ldltnfO{

dgfl;a nfu]df a9Ldf b'O{ jif{ pQm ljbf yk ug{ ;lsg]5 .


26

bkmf @)= ljbf :jLs[t ug{] clwsf/L M–SofDk; k|d'vsf] xsdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf / cGo k|fWofks tyf

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s SofDk; k|d'v ljbf :jLs[t ug{] clwsf/L x'g .

kl/R5]b–^

tnjeQf ;DalGw Aoa:yf M

bkmf @!= tnaeQf M–SofDk;sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfdf axfn eP b]lv SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn]

lgwf{/0f u/]sf] tna eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf cfly{s ljlgodsf cfwf/df kfpg]5g .

s=tna :s]n M–SofDk;sf] ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ePsf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfdf /xL sfd u/] jfkt kfpg]

tnasf] :s]n,eQf / cGo ;'ljwf ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . o;/L lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;DaGwg lbg]

ljZjljBfnosf] dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dflgg]5 .

v=u|]8 j[l4 M–cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s k|To]s :yfoL k|fWofks sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k'/f u/] kl5

jif{sf] u|]8 Ps u|]8 tna j[l4 kfpg]5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd cfly{s k|zf;g

ljlgod @)&# kl/R5]b -^_ bkmf -!^_ jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

u=tnaeQfsf] e'QmfgL M –SofDk;sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf k|fWofks sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] ;fdfGotof

tLg lbg ;Dddf tna eQf sf] e'QmfgL kfpg]5g . s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] ksfO ;s]sf] tna eQf lgh

h'g;'s} sf/0fn] ;]jfdf g/x] klg k|fKt ug{]5 . t/ cly{s lxgfldgf u/L ;]jfjf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf

eg] To:tf] tnaeQf lxgfldgf ePsf] /sd c;'n pk/ geP ;Dd /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg]5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd cfly{s k|zf;g ljlgod @)&# kl/R5]b -^_ bkmf -!%_ jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

3 tna s§f gul/g] M–k|rlnt sfg'g / k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;xdlt afx]s cGo s'g} cj:yfdf lghn] k|fKt

ug{] tna s6f}tL ul/g] 5}g .

ª tnaL labf a;]sf] avt tna /f]Ssf gul/g] M–s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L tnaL labf a;]sf] avt lghn]

kfpg] tna s6f}tL ul/g]5}g .

bkmf @@=b}lgs e|d0f eQf M–kbflwsf/L, k|fWofks ,sd{rf/Ln] SofDk;sf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf e|d0f ug'{kbf{ kfpg]

b}lgs e|d0f eQf ;do ;dodf ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 . o;df oftfoft ,b}lgs eQf, xf]6]n

af; vr{, nufotsf /sdx? lbg'kg{]5 . ;fdfGotof ;DaGwg lbg] ljZjljBfnon] lgw{f/0f u/]sf] dfkb08nfO{

cfwf/ agfpg'kb{5 . g]kfn alx/ e|d0f ug{'kbf{ b}lgs eQf Pj+ xf]6]n af; vr{ ,ef/tsf] xsdf tf]lsP cg';f/

ef/tLo ?k}ofF pknAw u/fOg]5 . cGo d'n'ssf] xsdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o adf]lhd x'g]5 . xf]6]n af; vr{

Ps k6sdf a9Ldf ;ft lbg ;Ddsf nflu dfq lbO{g]5 .

bkmf @#= lgnDagdf k/]sf] avt tna kfpg] M–:yfoL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L o; lgodfanL adf]lhd sf/aflxsf

l;nl;nfdf lgnDag k/]df ;f] lgnDag cjlw e/ lghn] cfˆgf] tnasf] cfwf tna k|fKt ug{]5g . t/ lghnfO{

nfu]sf] cf/f]k k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO k|fKt u/]df j[l4 ePsf] tna ;d]t hf]8L k"/f tna k|fKt ug{]5g .

bkmf@$–kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nflu y'gfdf k/]df :jt lgnDag ePsf] dflgg] M–SofDk;sf] :yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf] s'g}

lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L pk/ kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nflu lgh y'gfdf k/]sf] cjlwe/ :jt lgnDag ePsf] dflgg]5 .

o;/L lgnDagdf k/]sf] avt lghn] tna k|fKt ug{]5}g . t/ cleof]u ;kmfO{ kfPdf eg] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] ldlt b]lv

tna k|fKt ug{]5g . c:yfoL tyf s/f/df lgo'Qm hgzlQmsf] xsdf SofDk; k|zf;gn] lg0f{o ug]{5 .

bkmf @% rf8 kj{ vr{ M–SofDk;sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf hgzlQmn]] k|rlnt sfg'g tyf SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/ lghn]

vfOkfO cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd k|To]s jif{ rf8 kj{sf ?kdf k|bfg ul/g]5 .

bkmf @^=cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ M–SofDk;sf] ;]jf cjlw e/df k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt ug{] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd cfly{s ljlgod @)&# bkmf -!(_ jdf]lhd sf] lgb]{lzsfsf cfwf/df e'QmfgL x'g]5

.

bkmf @&= SofDk; ;]jf kbssf] Joj:yf M–SofDk; jf6 clgjfo{ cjsf; k|fKt u/]sf jf sDtLdf SofDk;df @%

jif{ ;]jf u/]sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf kbs ,k|df0fkq

/ gub k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .

bkmf @*=cGo ;'ljwf M–k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{

;lsg]5 .


27

kl/R5]b– &

cjsf; tyf k|f]T;fxg ;DalGw Aoa:yf M–

bkmf @( s=clgjfo{ cjsf; M–SofDk;sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L lq;7L -^#_ jif{ k"/f u/]kl5

clgjfo{ ?kdf ;]jfjf6 lgj[Q x'g]5g . t/ ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ lghsf] ;]jf SofDk;df cfjZos 5 eGg] nfu]df

Ps k6sdf Ps jif{sf b/n] a9Ldf b'O{ jif{ ;Dd s/f/df /fVg ;lsg]5 .

=v=:j]lR5s cjsf; M– SofDk;df sfo{/t :yfoL ,c:yfoL tyf s/f/df lgo'lQm kfPsf hgzlQmn] cfkm\gf] OR5f

ePdf :j]lR5s cjsf; lng kfpFg]5g . t/ :j]lR5s cjsf; lng rfxfg] z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmn] tLg

dlxgf cl3 g} SofDk; k|zf;gdf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 . cGoyf To:tf hgzlQm sf] o;} ljlgodsf] kl/R5]b –!)

bkmf -$@_ adf]lhd tnj c;"n ul/g]5 .

bkmf #)=;]jf cjlwsf] u0fgf M k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ SofDk; ;]jfdf c:yfoL ;]jfdf

/xL c6'6 ;]jf u/L :yfoL ePsf] :yfoL ;]jf u/]sf] k/LIf0fsfn sf] cjlw / SofDk; ;]jfdf k|j]z kfpFbfsf] ;]jfsf]

cjlw nfO{ ;d]t u0fgf ul/g]5 .

bkmf #!=k|f]T;fxg sf]if ;DjlGw Aoa:yf M– SofDk;df sfo{/t hgzlQmn] ;]jf jf6 :j]lR5s tyf clgjfo{ cjsf;

lnPdf cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldlt jf6 cg'df]lbt æDofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm

k|f]T;fxg sf]if @)&) sf cfwf/Æ df Aoa:yf eP jdf]lhd k|f]T;fxg /sd kfpg]5g .

kl/R5]b– *

cfrf/;+lxtf ;DalGw Aoa:yf

bkmf #@=cfr/0f kfngf ug'{kg{] M–k|fWofks sd{rf/Ln] lgDgfg';f/ cfr/0f kfng ug'{kb{5 .

s=;do kfngf / lgoldttf M– k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] SofDk;n] tf]s]sf]] ;dodf lgoldt ?kdf cfkm' sfo{/t

/x]sf] lgsfodf xflh/ x'g'k5{ / o; ljlgodsf] clwgdf /xL tf]lsPsf] ljbfsf nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd :jLs[lt

glnO{ sfddf cg'kl:yt x'g' x'b}g .

v=uf]Kotf eªu ug{ gx'g] M– k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Ln] clVtof/jfnfsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt a]u/ cfkm'n] SofDk;df st{Jo

kfngf ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] ;'rgf sfuhft jf hfgsf/L cgflws[t JolQmnfO{ lbg jf ;~rf/sf] s'g} dfWodjf6 ;"lrt

ug'{x'b}g .

u lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ aGg gx'g] M–

-c_=k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln ] s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] l6s6 k|fKt ul/ jf gu/L s]G›Lo , k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo

lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ aGg x'b}g . t/ k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd a}7s, sfo{zfnf,uf]li7,;Dd]ng 5nkmndf

efu lnO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm u/L k|fl1s :jtGqtf pkof]u ug{] o; ljlgodn] afwf k'–ofPsf] dflgg]5}g .

-cf_s'g} k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Ln] /fli6«o,k|fGtLo,:yflgo lgsfodf efu lng rfx]df ;]jfjf6 /fhLgfdf ug'{kg{]5 f

t/ o; ljlgodn] k|fWofks ;+3 jf sd{rf/L ;+3sf] jf s'g} auL{o lxt jf Pstfsf nflu u7g ePsf ;+:yf jf

;fdflhs jf wfld{s ;+:yf jf k];fut ;+:yfdf s'g} kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g o; ljlgodn] afwf k'ØfPsf] dflgg]5}g .

3=cfkm} lg0f{o lng gx'g] M–clVtof/ kfPsf s'g} kbflwsf/L jf k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] gftf kg{] k|fWofks

jf sd{rf/L jf JolQmsf af/]df lg0f{o lng' x'b}g .

r=cfˆgf] ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f ug{'kg{] M–k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] SofDk; jf aflx/ cfˆgf] af}l4s tyf

k|fl1s k|lti7f sfod /xg] u/L cfˆgf] cfr/0f tyf g}ltstf pRr / kljq /fVg'k5{ .

5=SofDk;nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg{] M–ljBfyL{nfO{ z}lIfs k|fl1s tyf cg';Gwfg ;DalGw ;Nnfx lbg' , SofDk;df cfO

k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{] k];fnfO{ dof{lbt / k|ltli7t /fVg ;xof]u ug'{ ;a} kbflwsf/L

,k|fWofks ,sd{rf/Lsf] st{Ao x'g]5 .

h=xflg gf]S;fgL ug{ gx'g]M–k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] SofDk;sf] s'g} ;DklQ xfgL gf]S;fgL ug{ x'b}g .

em=e|i6frf/ ug{ gx'g] M–k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6rf/ hGo sfo{ ug{ u/fpg x'b}g .

`=lgod sfg'g kfng ug{]M– kbflwsf/Lx?, k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] SofDk;sf] lgod sfg'g kfngf ug'{kg{]5 .

6=cjfl~5t k|efj kfg{ gx'g] M–kbflwsf/L k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;]jf ;DaGwL s'/fdf :jfy{ ;fWo ug{]

lsl;dn] cGo kbflwsf/L, k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L dfly cjfl~5t k|efj kfg{ jf k|efj kfg{] k|oTg ug'{ x'b}g .

7=ck/fwnfO{ k|>o ug{ gx'g] M– s'g} ck/fwnfO{ k|>o ug{] u/L tfnfaGbL ug{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s si6 / lk8f

x'g] bjfj lbg' jf ;f] ug{] p2Zon] c?nfO{ pS;fpg' ;d]t x'b}g .

8=tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{] M–k|fWofksn] tf]lsPsf] sIff ;'k/Lj]If0f ,lg/LIf0f / k|fl1s sfo{ ug'{kg{]5 .

sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ljj/0f cg';f/ sfo{ ug'kg{]5 .


28

kl/R5]b –(

;hfo tyf k"g/fj]bg ;DalGw Aoa:yf

bkmf ##=k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ug{ ;lsg] ;hfo M–plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L nfO{

lgDgfg';f/ ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5 .

s= ;fdfGo ;hfo M–

-c_gl;xt lbg] .

-cf_a9Ldf @ u|]8 /f]Ssf ug{] .

-O_a9Ldf @ jif{ ;Ddsf nflu a9'jf /f]Sg] .

v=ljz]if ;hfo M–

c=eljiodf SofDk; ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jf jf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ug{] .

cf=eljiodf SofDk; ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jf jf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ug{] .

bkmf #$ gl;xt lbg] u|]8 j[l4 jf a9'jf /f]Sg] M– lgDg cj:yfdf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ SofDk; k|zf;gsf]

lg0f{o jdf]lhd SofDk; k|d'vn] gl;xt lbg], u|]8 j[l4 jf a9'jf /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg]5 .

-c_sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf .

-c_k"j{ :jLs[lt glnO af/Daf/ cg'kl:yt /xg] u/]df .

-O_cg';fzgxLg sfd u/]df .

-O{_cfrf/0f ;DaGwL lgod pNnª\3g u/]df .

-p_tf]lsP adf]lhd a/a'emf/y gu/]df .

-pm_tf]lsP adf]lhd sfd gu/]df .

bkmf M#%=;]jf jf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ug]{ M–SofDk; k|zf;gsf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf]

pkl:ylt ;+Vofsf] ;j{;Ddt lg0f{osf cfwf/df lgDg s'g} cj:yfdf k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ SofDk; ;]jfsf

lgldQ eljiodf cof]Uo g7x/Lg] u/L jf cof]Uo 7x/Lg] u/L ;]jfjf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ug{ ;lsg]5 .

-s_=cfˆgf] st{Jodf nfk/aflx u/]df .

-v_ sfo{ bIftfsf] cefj ePdf .

-u_g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntjf6 s;'/bf/ k|dfl0ft eO{ ;hfo kfPdf .

-3_ax'nfPdf jf dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfO{ lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] ePdf .

-ª_e|i6frf/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf .

-r_=SofDk; ;~rfng ePsf] ;dodf cGoq k'/f jf cf+lzs ?kdf gf]s/L u/]df .

-5_cfr/0fsf ljlgodx? nfO af/Daf/ kfngf gu/]df jf pNnª\3g u/]df .

-h_ nuftf/ #% lbg eGbf a9L ;do ;Dd ;"rgf glbO{ SofDk; jf sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]df .

bkmf #^= afFsL aSof}tf tna jf6 s§f u/L c;'n ul/g] M–s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] hfgfhfgL nfk/jfxL u/L

jf k|rlnt sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ubf{ SofDk;nfO{ x'g cfPsf] gf]S;fgL ;Dk'0f{ jf cflz+s ?kdf lghsf] ;~roL sf]if

jfx]ssf tna jf6 s§f u/L c;'n pk/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L c;'n ug{ kfpg] /sd tna jf6 gk'Ug] ePdf

k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd lghsf] cGo hfoh]yf jf6 c;'n pk/ ug{] sfg'gL dfu{ cjnDag ul/g]5 .

bkmf #&= lgnDagdf /flv sf/jfxL ug{] M–lgDg cj:yfdf clVtof/jfnfn] ;DalGwt k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{

lgnDagdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{]5 .

-s_lgnDag gu/L sf/aflx cuf8L a9fpbf ;a't k|df0f nf]k ug{] jf em'6f ;a't k|df0f v8f ug{ ;Sg] cfzª\sf

/x]df .

-v_=lgnDag gu/L sf/afxL cuf8L a9fpbf SofDk; nfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g] jf sf/afxLdf afwf k'Ug] b]lvPdf .

-u_lgnDagdf k/]sf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L bf]if d'Qm x'g] u/L jf s'g} ;hfo kfpg] u/L clVtof/jfnn] lg0f{o u/]df

lghsf] lgnDag ;dfKt ePsf] dflgg] 5 . ;fdfGotof tLg dlxgf eGbf a9L lgnDagdf /flvg]5}g .

bkmf #*= ;hfosf] sfo{ljlw M–

-s_=;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO ;]jf jf6 x6fpg jf av{f:t ug{ ;lsg]df afx]s cGo s'g} hgzlQmnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ k/]df

;hfo ug{] cfb]z lbg' eGbf cl3 sf/jfxL ug{ nfluPsf] sf/0f pNn]v u/L ;'rgf lbO{ lghnfO{ cfˆgf] ;a't k]z

ug{] df}sf lbg' kg{]5 .

-v_clVtof/jfnfn] s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ cuf8L sf/jfxL ug{ nfluPsf] sf/0f pNn]v u/L ;f]

k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ Go'gtd ;ft lbg] ;"rgf lbO{ lghnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;a't k]; ug{] df}sf lbg' kg{]5 .


29

-u_o:tf] ;'rgf lbbf ;DalGwt z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQm dfly nufOPsf] cf/f]k :ki6 ?kdf lsl6Psf]

x'g'k5{ . k|To]s cf/f]k s'g s'/fdf / sf/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 ;f] ;d]t v'nfpg'k5{ . ;fy} To:tf cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf

lghn] tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq ;kmfO k]; ug'kg{]5 .

-3_cf/f]k nfu]sf] z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmsf] ;kmfO k|fKt ePkl5 ;f] ;DaGwdf clVtof/jfnfn] cfjZos

7fg]df :jo+ jf s'g} JolQm jf ;ldlt 4f/f 5fgljg u/fpg ;Sg]5 .

bkmf #(= k'g/fj]bg M–s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm'n] kfPsf] ;hfodf lrQ ga'em]df cfˆgf] k"0f{ ljj/0f /

;hfosf] cfb]zsf] ;"rgfsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;+nUg u/L ;hfosf] ;"rgf kfPsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s #% lbg

leq To:tf ;hfosf] cfb]z lj?4 ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .

bkmf $)=;]jfdf k"gM axfnL ePdf tna eQf kfpg] M–

s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ SofDk; ;]jfjf6 x6fpg] jf av{f:t ug{] cfb]z ab/ eO lgh ;]jfdf k"g axfnL

ePdf ;]jf jf6 x6fPsf] jf avf:t ul/Psf] ldlt b]lv k"gM axfnL ePsf] ldlt ;Ddsf] k"/f tna eQf / u|]8 j[l4

eP To:tf] j[l4 ;d]t k|fKt ug{]5 .

bkmf $!=;]jfdf axfn ug{ afWo gx'g] M–SofDk; ;]jf jf6 x6fOPsf] jf avf{:t ul/Psf] s'g} lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L

cfˆgf] kbdf k"g axfnL ePsf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] af6f]sf] Dofb jfx]s #% lbg leq xflh/ x'g gcfPdf SofDk;

;]jfdf axfn ug{ afWo x'g]5}g .

kl/R5]b –!)

ljljw

bkmf $@=k"j{ ;"rgf lbg'kg{] M–SofDk;df sfo{/t :yfoL,c:yfoL tyf s/f/df lgo'Qm z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs

hgzlQmn] /fhLgfdf lbg rfx]df lghn] tLg dlxgf cl3 sf] k"j{ ;"rgf SofDk; k|zf;gdf lbg'kg{]5 . To:tf]

;"rgf glbO{ Ps} k6s /fhLgfdf u/]df To:tf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] SofDk;n] tLg dlxgfsf] tna c;'n ug]{5 .

bkmf $#=lguf]l/tfsf] k|df0f kq k]; ug'{ kg{] M–:yfoL x'g' eGbf klxn] k|To]s k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] g]kfn

d]l8sn sfplG;n jf6 dfGotf k|fKt lrlsT;s jf6 lg/f]lutfsf] k|df0f kq k]z ug'{kg]{5 .

bkmf $$=;]jf ;DaGwL ljj/0f cBfjlws /fVg'kg{] M–

-s_SofDk; sfof{nodf SofDk;sf kbflwsf/L, k|fWofks , sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf ;t{ lstfa /xg]5 .

-v_;]jf ;t{ lstfadf k|fWofks jf sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/ z}lIfs of]Uotf k|df0fkq , gful/stf k|df0fkq / cGo

;/sf/L hGd ldlt k|df0f kq cg';f/ el/g]5 .

-u_pd]/ ;DaGwL s'g} ljjfb p7]df btf{ lstfadf r9fPsf] pd]/ clGtd x'g]5 . ;]jf jf6 cjsf; ;f]xL ;]jf

btf{df pNn]v u/]sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df x'g]5 .

-3_;]jf k'l:tsfdf k|To]s k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf tyf cfr/0f ;DaGwL x/]s jif{ k|fKt x'g] ljj/0f jf

k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/fz+ n]lvg]5 . ;fy} k|fWofksx?n] SofDk;df k]; u/]sf jif{ el/ k|sflzt u/]sf kf7\ok:ts jf

cg';GwfgTds s[ltx?sf] ;'rL klg n]lvg]5 .

-ª_clgjfo{ cjsf; x'g] hgzlQmnfO{ ;]jf k'l:tsfsf] cfwf/df clgjfo{ cjsf; x'g] ;dosf] #) lbg cufl8

hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 .

bkmf $%= a/a'emf/y ug'{kg{] M–s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf 5f8bf clVtof/jfnfnfO{ ;]jf 5f8]sf] jf

cjsf; k|fKt u/]sf] #% lbg leq cfly{s k|zf;g ljlgod adf]lhd a/a'emf/y ug'{kg{]5 . a/a'em/y gu/] ;Dd

SofDk; jf6 kfpg] ;~roL sf]if afx]ssf] cGo /sd /f]Ssf ul/g]5 .

bkmf $^=c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfdsf] arfp M–ljlgod adf]lhd c;n lgot lnO u/]sf jf ug{ vf]h]sf s'g}

sfdsf] ;DaGwdf SofDk;sf s'g} k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L pk/ d'2f rnfpg] jf cGo s'g} sfg'gL sf/jfxL

cuf8L a9fOg]5}g .

bkmf $&= afwfc8\sfp km'sfp M–of] ljlgod adf]lhd s'g} sfd sf/afxL ubf{ s'g} afwf c8\rg cfO k/]df To:tf

afwf c8\rg x6fpg jf km'sfpg] clwsf/ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;j{;Ddt lg0f{osf cfwf/df x'g]5 .

bkmf $*= sfo{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL th'{df ug{ ;lsg] M–o; ljlgodsf] p2]:o k"lt{sf nflu ;~rfns ;ldltn] sfo{

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL agfO{ nfu' ug{ ;Sg]5 .

bkmf $(=vf/]hL / arfpM–o; ljlgod nfu' x'g'eGbf cuf8L sfod /x]sf o; ;+u ;DalGwt lgod vf/]h ul/Psf

5g . of] ljlgod nfu' x'g' k"j{ ePsf sfd sf/jfxL o;} ljlgod adf]lhd ul/Psf] dflgg] 5 .


30

cg';"rL M– !

-kl/R5]b –@ bkmf & ;+u ;DalGwt_

of] ljlgod hf/L x'Fbfsf jvt SofDk;df ljBdfg z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs b/jGbL ljj/0f M –

ljifo :yfoL c:yfoL lkl/o8jfO{h s/f/ lzIf0f

;xfos

lkl/o8jfO{h s/f/ k|lzIfs hDdf

g]kfnL @ ! – ! $

c+u|]hL @ !

#

cy{zf:q !

– – !

Aoj:yfkg – – ^ – ^

lzIff ! – – – !

:jf:y @ @

tYofÍ – –

k|zf;sLo clws[t ! – – – !

k':tsfnoWoIf gf=;' ! – – – !

;xfos k':tsfnoWoIf

-vl/bf/_

! ! – @

sfof{no ;xof]uL ! – – – !

hDdf !) $ & ! @@

cg';"rL M– @

-of] ljlgod hf/L x'Fbfsf jvt lq=lj= tyf p=df=lj= jf6 :jLs[t SofDk;sf ;+sfo tyf tx_

lq=lj=jf6 :jLs[t ldlt tx / ljifo ;+sfo

@)#& . )( .)( k|lj0ftf k|df0f kq dfgljsL -gLlh_

@)$$ . )$ .!! k|lj0ftf k|df0f kq dfgljsL -c:yfoL ;DjGwg_

@)$* .)! . @@ :gfts tx dfgljsL

@)%& .)* .!! :gfts tx lzIff ;+sfo

@)^$ .)^ .@@ :gfts tx Aoj:yfkg

@)^^ .)# .)% :gfsf]Q/ tx dfgljsL -g]kfnL_

@)^& .)# .#) :gfsf]Q/ tx lzIff -EPM_

@)%@ . )# .!* sIff !! lzIff

@)%@ .)% . )^ ?kfGt/0f dfgljsL , lzIff ,Aoa:yfkg


31

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk;

t]x|y'd

k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&#

æ lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf !@ -s_ tyf k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&# bkmf #! jdf]lhd _Æ

æDofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]if ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf– @)&)Æ

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnosf] ldlt )#&.(.( sf] kqfg';f/ dfgjLls ;+sfo cGtu{t gLlh If]qdf k|lj0ftf

k|df0f kq tx ;~rfng ePsf] o; SofDk;df xfn dfgljsL / lzIff ;+sfodf :gfsf]Q/ tx tyf Aoa:yfkg

;+sfodf :gfts tx ;Ddsf] cWoog cWofkg sfo{df ;+nUg :yfoL z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmn] SofDk;df

cljl5Gg ?kdf k'–ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ ;]jfjf6 cjsf; lnPsf] cj:yfdf cfly{s ;xof]u k'uf]; eGg]

pb]Zon] Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL @)&# bkmf !@ -s_ tyf Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL

SofDk; t]x|y'd k|fWofks sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgod @)&# bkmf #! jdf]lhd k|f]T;fxg sf]if ;DjlGw lgb]{lzsf SofDk;

;~rfns ;ldltn] hf/L u/]sf] 5 .

kl/R5]b –!

k|f/lDes

! ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M

s=o; lgb]{lzsfsf] gfd M –æDofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]if ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf @)&)

x'g]5 .Æ

v= of] lgb]{lzsf SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf] ldlt @)&) d+l;/ !@ ut] b]lv nfu' ePsf] dflgg]5 .

@=kl/efiff M ljifo / k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df ,

s=æDofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]ifÆ eGgfn] SofDk;df :yfoL k|s[ltsf] z}lIfs Pj+

k|zf;lgs ?kdf ;]jf k'–ofpFg] hgzlQmx?n] ;]jfjf6 cjsf; lnbf hgzlQmn] SofDk;df k'–ofPsf] of]ubfgsf]

sb/ ub}{ cfly{s ;xof]u k'uf]; eGg] pb]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf] sf]if ;Demg' kb{5 .

v=æ;~rfns ;ldltÆ eGgfn] Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'dsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt j'lemg]5 .

uæk|fWofksÆeGgfn] lq=lj= lgodfjnL cg'?k o; SofDk;df lgo'Qm ePsf ;xfos k|fWofks jf lzIf0f ;xfos

pk k|fWofks ,;x k|fWofks tyf k|fWofks kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf :yfoL , c:yfoL tyf s/f/ hgzlQmnfO{ j'lemg]5 .

h;nfO{ z}lIfs hgzlQm jf lzIfs klg elgg]5 .

3æsd{rf/LÆeGgfn] k|fWofkg sfo{ jfx]s k|zf;lgs,n]vf,k':tsfno,k|of]uzfnf tyf SofDk;sf sfo{ ug]{ :yfoL

,c:yfoL tyf s/f/df lgo'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ j'lemg]5 . h;nfO{ k|;f;lgs hgzlQm klg elgg]5 .

ª=æb'O{tkmL{ÆeGgfn] sfo{ / jf]emsf cfwf/df ;/sf/L,cw{ ;/sf/L,u}/ ;/sf/L,;xsf/L tyf sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{

ePsf ;+:yfdf :yfoL,c:yfoL /f]huf/L Pj+ pkbfg jf lgj[lte/0f k|fKt hgzlQm tyf Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk;

t]x«y'ddf pQ/bfloTj ePsf] t/ k'/f tnj glng] hgzlQm ;Demg' kb{5 .

r==æs/f/ÆeGgfn] tf]lsPsf] ;]jf zt{df lglZrt ;dofjlwsf nflu sfd ug]{ ;Demg' kb{5 .

5=æ:yfoLÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/ u|]8 tyf ;~rosf]if tyf u|]8 kfpFg] hgzlQm ;Demg' kb{5 .

h=æc:yfoLÆeGgfn] SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/ tnj kfpFg] t/ ;~rosf]if tyf u|]8 ;'ljwf gkfpFg] hgzlQm ;Demg'

kb{5 .

em=ælkl/o8 jfO{h÷cf+lzs ÆeGgfn] tnj eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf lkl/o8sf ?kdf kfpg] j'lemg]5 .

kl/R5]b –@

!=k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf] Aoj:yf M–of] lgb]{lzsf nfu' ePkl5 sf]ifdf lgDgfg';f/sf /sd hDdf ul/g]5 .

s=SofDk;df jfli{fs jh]6df lgDgtd ? !,%),))) . -Psnfv krf; xhf/__ ljlgof]hg ul/g]5 . -g]kfn ;/sf/

tyf lq=lj=n] tnjdfg h'g k|ltzt b/df kl/jt{g ub{5 ;f]xL b/df sf]ifdf ;d]t /sd j[l4 ul/g]5 ._

v=SofDk;df jfli{fs k/LIff ;~rfng ubf{ kfpFg] ;j} kfl/>lds jfktsf] /sd sf] !) -bz_ k|ltzt /sd sf]ifdf

hDdf ul/g]5 .


32

u k':tsfno w/f}6L /sdsf] Aofh tyf w/f}6L lkmtf{ ug{'[ gk/]sf] /sd sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 .

3cGo ljz]if kl/l:yltdf SofDk; k|zf;g jf6 ljz]if lg0f{o ul/ sf]ifdf /sd hDdf jf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .

ª=cGo ljz]if kl/l:yltdf SofDk; k|zf;g jf6 ljz]if lg0f{o ul/ sf]ifdf /sd hDdf jf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .

r=ljlgoddf Aoa:yf eP jdf]lhd hDdf x'g] /sd .

kl/R5]b –#

!=k|f]T;fxg sf]ifjf6 /sd e'QmfgLsf cfwf/ M– Dofªn'ª ax'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&)

d+l;/ !@ ut] sf] lg0f{o jdf]lhd kfl/t ul/Psf] æDofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]if @)&) sf

cfwf/Æ cg'?k cf=j= )^( /)&) cl3 :yfoL ePsf hgzlQmsf nflu cf=j=)^( /)&) nfO{ Ps -!_ cfwf/ jif{

u0fgf ug]{ ;fy} ;f] cf=j= eGbf kl5 :yfoL lgo'lQm x'g] :yfoL z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmnfO{ lgDdfg';f/

k|f]T;fxg jfktsf] /sd pknAw u/fO{g]5 .

s=æDofªn'ª SofDk; t]x|y'd hgzlQm k|f]T;fxg sf]if @)&) sf cfwf/ Æ :yfkgf ePsf] cf=j )^(÷&) cl3 tyf

kl5 ul/ kfFr jif{ k"/f :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ SofDk;df ;]jf k|bfo ug]{ hgzlQmsf] xsdf SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/

clgjfo{ jf :j]lR5s cjsf; ePsf] jvt tLg dlxgfsf] tnj j/fj/sf] /sd sf]if jf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 . t/ of]

sf]ifsf] :yfkgf kl5 :yfoL ePsf z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs hgzlQmn] kfFr jif{ k"/f geO{ cjsf; lnPdf jf

;]jfjf6 jflxl/Pdf s'g} /sdsf] Aoa:yf x'g]5}g .

v of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] cf=j )^(÷&) cl3 tyf kl5 ul/ bz -!)_ jif{ :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ SofDk;df

;]jf k|bfo ug]{ hgzlQmsf] xsdf SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/ clgjfo{ jf :j]lR5s cjsf; ePsf] jvt

cf=j=)^(÷&) nfO{ Ps -!_ cfwf/ jif{ jf Ps dlxgf Pj+ To; kl5sf ;]jf cjlwnfO{ Ps jif{ j/fj/ Ps dlxgf

u0fgf ubf{ cfpFg] dlxgf j/fj/sf] lghsf] tnj :s]n j/fj/sf] /sd sf]if jf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 .

t/ of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf kl5 :yfoL ePsf z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs :yfoL hgzlQmnfO{ bz jif{ ;Dd ;]jf ul/

cjsf; lnPdf jf ;]jfjf6 jflxl/Pdf ;ft -&_ dlxgf sf] tnj :s]nsf] /sd k|bfg ul/g]5 .

u of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] cf=j )^(÷&) cl3 tyf kl5 ul/ kGw| -!%_ jif{ :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ SofDk;df

;]jf k|bfo ug]{ hgzlQmsf] xsdf SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/ clgjfo{ jf :j]lR5s cjsf; ePsf] jvt

cf=j=)^(÷&) nfO{ Ps -!_ cfwf/ jif{ jf Ps dlxgf Pj+ To; kl5sf ;]jf cjlwnfO{ Ps jif{ j/fj/ Ps dlxgf

u0fgf ubf{ cfpFg] dlxgf j/fj/sf] lghsf] tnj :s]n j/fj/sf] /sd sf]if jf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 .

t/ of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf kl5 :yfoL ePsf z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs :yfoL hgzlQmnfO{ kGw| jif{ ;Dd ;]jf ul/

cjsf; lnPdf jf ;]jfjf6 jflxl/Pdf jfx| -!@_ dlxgf sf] tnj :s]nsf] /sd k|bfg ul/g]5 .

3=of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] cf=j )^(÷&) cl3 tyf kl5 ul/ pGgfO{; -!(_ jif{ :yfoL ;]jf k|bfo ug]{

hgzlQmsf] xsdf SofDk;sf] lgodfg';f/ clgjfo{ jf :j]lR5s cjsf; ePsf] jvt cf=j=)^(÷&) nfO{ Ps -!_

cfwf/ jif{ jf Ps dlxgf Pj+ To; kl5sf ;]jf cjlwnfO{ Ps jif{ j/fj/ Ps dlxgf u0fgf ubf{ cfpFg] dlxgf

j/fj/sf] lghsf] tnj :s]n j/fj/sf] /sd sf]if jf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 .

t/ of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf kl5 :yfoL ePsf z}lIfs tyf k|zf;lgs :yfoL hgzlQmnfO{ jL; -@)_ jif{ ;Dd ;]jf

ul/ cjsf; lnPdf jf ;]jfjf6 jflxl/Pdf kGw| -!%_ dlxgf sf] tnj :s]nsf] /sd k|bfg ul/g]5 .

ª=of] sf]if :yfkgf ePsf] cf=j=)^(÷&) sf] PSsfO{; -@!_ jif{ dfly hlt;'s} jif{ ;]jf u/]tf klg jL; dlxgf

j/fa/sf] tnj :s]n ;]jf lgj[t :yfoL hgzlQmnfO{ k|bfg ul/g]5 .

r=of] k|f]T;fxg sf]if jfkt /sdsf] clGtd dlxgf c+s jL; dfq x'g]5 .

5 of] sf]if :yfkgf ePsf] cf=j=)^(÷&) cl3 :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ bz jif{ eGbf j9L ;]jf ug]{ k|zf;lgs

hgzlQmnfO{ kfFr -%_ dlxgf sf] tnj :s]n j/fj/sf] /sd yk ul/ e'QmfgL ul/g]5 .

h=SofDk;df ;]jf/t ePsf] jvt :yfoL hgzlQmsf] c;dflos lgwg ePdf lghn] kfpFg] k|f]T;fxg jfktsf] /sd

3/ kl/jf/df pknAw u/fO{g]5 .


33

kl/R5]b –$

!=k|f]T;fxg sf]ifjf6 /sd e'QmfgLs]f Aoa:yf M–of] sf]if jf6 /sd e'QmfgL lgDgg';f/ ul/g]5 .

s=of] sf]if jf6 e'Qmfg ug{ /sd ck'u ePdf rf/ ls:tf ;Dddf e'QmfgL ul/g]5 . -rf/ ls:tf eGgfn] b'O{ jif{

x'g]5 ._

v=of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf kl5 SofDk;df sfo{/t cj:yfdf s'g} hgzlQm ulDe/ lj/fdL kl/ pkrf/ ug'{ k/]sf]

cj:yfdf /f]usf] k|s[lt x]/L SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ klRr; xhf/ b]lv krf; xhf/ ;Dd

lj/fdL k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 . t/ of] sf]if :yfkgfsf] kfFr jif{

kl5 pkrf/ vr{ glnO{ pd]/sf] xbkf/ ul/ cjsf; kfpFg] :yfoL hgzlQm nfO{ pkrf/ vr{ jfkt Psd'i7 ?

krf; xhf/ pknAw u/fO{g]5 .

kl/R5]b –%

ljljw –

!=vftf ;~rfng M –k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf] vftf :yfgLo j}s tyf kmfO{gfG; jf ljlQo ;+:yfdf /xg]5 .

s=o; cl3 h'g;'s} ?kdf sf]ifsf] vftf ;~rfng ePtf klg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf] vftf ;~rfng cfly{s k|zf;g

ljlgod @)&# kl/R5]b –@ bkmf # -v_ jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

v=o; sf]ifsf] 5'§} 5fk j}lsª sf/f]jf/sf nflu k|of]udf NofO{g]5 .

u=lgb]{lzsfdf lglb{i7 eP jfx]ssf ljifodf jfwf c8sfp cfO{ k/]df ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf] ;j{;Ddt

lg0f{osf cfwf/df x'g]5 .

Dofªn'ª jx'd'vL SofDk; t]x|y'd @)#* sf] lgodfjnL...

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