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londrjegh oh dg studog vjh dg kgtjjmtondgh

Stocftohe Kgtjjmtondgh`hdgrz`gb Hgdgrmjhd

kgtjjmtondgh

rgdjctog>

G.K.Tfguhossgh & S. Jrh`mdussgh

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Sodgst`hg YrgssJ hgw eghgrjto`h `a Yulmosfohe

_`u jrg rgjdohe j aumm vgrso`h `a tfos l``b, a`r argg!

Tfos l``b os pjrt `a tfg Sodgst`hg g-molrjry wfgrg k`st `a `ur

pulmocjto`hs jrg aummy jccgssolmg a`r argg. A`r jccgss t` k`rg

argg l``bs vosot> www.sodgst`hg.c`k/molrjry

D`whm`jd Aumm YDA

Qosot tfg Sodgst`hg g-molrjry t` lr`wsg `ur g-l``bs. A`r j kohokjm

agg y`u cjh purcfjsg j aummy auhcto`hjm YDA jhd ly d`ohe s`, y`u

fgmp t` bggp `ur molrjry ruhhohe.

www.sodgst`hg.c`k/molrjry

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Sodgst`hg Yrgss

kgtjjmtondgh

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londrjegh oh dg studog vjh dg kgtjjmtondgh

kgtjjmtondgh

rgdjctog>

G.K.Tfguhossgh & S. Jrh`mdussgh

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\gc`hstructogtgbghohe erjafguvgms vjh Jpgmd``rh>Kobb` Brogb oh `pdrjcft vjh dg Egkgghtg Jpgmd``rh2 Qmjbtgbghohe

urhghvgmd> Qmgddgr (Qjh Eogh :?36, e. :9)2 A`t` Ehdmohegh-zwjjrd, `pegljeegrd uot dg \onh lon \gkkgrdgh (g :6?1/?.7, a`t`\onbskusguk vjh @udfgdgh/Hjto`hjm Kusguk `a Jhtoquotogs).

.

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Ohf`ud

Dg kgtjjmtondgh cghtrjjm 5

Jrcfjg`m`ey `a tfg Lr`hzg Jeg jhd Or`h Jeg oh a`cus :9

Tfg Gjrmy Lr`hzg Jeg Yruhblgomar`k Fomvgrsuk-F``rhgl`gesg

Fgodg. J uhoqug pogcg `a crjatskjhsfop

:7

N.N. Lutmgr, G.K. Tfguhossgh & L. vjh @s

Tfg womdgr sf`rgs `a eg`erjpfy. Ggh pjjr `pkgrbohegh `vgr

eg`erjaoscfg pgrcgptog oh dg vr`geg lr`hstond vjh Ugst-Gur`pj

35

G. M`f`a

@rejhoscfg rgsodugh `p jjrdgwgrb vjh dg Fomvgrsuk-cumtuur. Ggh

vgrbghhghd `hdgrz`gb

4?

T.A.K. @udgkjhs & G. Drghtf

Ggh crgkjtogerjavgmd oh dg duohgh vjh Dgh Fjje 75

G.G.L. Lumtgh & K. @plr`gb

Fuospmjttger`hdgh uot dg koddgh-lr`hstond vjh L`vghbjrspgm-Fgt

Qjmbng, Ugst-Arogsmjhd

15

U. \`gssohef

Fgt womdg Ugst-Arogsmjhd> njcft gh vossgron oh dg lr`hstond 6:

_.A. vjh Jkgr`hegh

K`rg tfjh j p`oht `h j kjp> tfg Mgguwjrdgh Mjtg Lr`hzg Jeg

spgjrfgjd

?5

S. Jrh`mdussgh & \. Qossgr

Sjkghegsk`mtgh gh `hlruobljjr. Ggh dgp`sotog vjh dg rgstgh vjh ggh

pr`ductogpr`cgs tg Dgvghtgr-Lrohbergvgh0

:9?

S.L.C. Lm`` & \.E. vjh K`uscf

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F`utsg Jbbgrs `hdgrstgl`vgh> fgt erjavgmd vjh dg vohdpmjjts

@`stgrf`ut-C`htrgog. Ggh ggrstg jjhzgt t`t syhtfgsg vjh vggrtoe njjr

`hdgrz`gb

:

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5

Dg kgtjjmtondgh cghtrjjm

Egjcftg mgzgr,

Q``r u moet dg ggrstg luhdgm Kgtjjmtondgh, wjjroh londrjegh jjh dg studog vjh dgmjjt-prgfost`roscfg egkgghscfjppgh uot Hgdgrmjhds v``regscfogdghos tussgh

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6

:??12 A`bbghs :??52 \`ykjhs & B`rtmjhe :???2 Fgssohe & B``o

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?

Fogroh zonh dovgrsg pulmocjtogs `pegh`kgh dog jjh fgt tfgkj vjh dgKgtjjmtondghdje Eggrts, B``pkjhscfjp gh Lumtgh & @plr`gb(jmmgh2 dgzg luhdgm) lgrocftgh vgr erjavgmd`hdgrz`gb tg Er`gslggb, @`stgrf`ut ghDgh Fjje rgspgctogvgmonb. @`b w`rdgh dg wonzg wjjr`p lr`hstondegkgghscfjppgh

kgt gmbjjr oh c`htjct st`hdgh (M`f`a, dgzg luhdgm) gh lonz`hdgrg v``rwgrpgh dgp`-hggrdgh (Lutmgr gt jm., dgzg luhdgm2 Jrh`mdussgh & Qossgr,dgzg luhdgm) hjdgr `hdgrdg m`gp egh`kgh. @`b dg w``hpmjjtsgh (\`gssohef,dgzg luhdgm), lgstjjhsljsos(Qjh Jkgr`hegh, dgzg luhdgm) gh eglruobswonzgh vjh jjrdgwgrb (@udgkjhs &Drghtf, dgzg luhdgm) oh dg lr`hstond w`rdgh lgscfrgvgh. Q``r dg onzgrtond os gvgh-gghs jjhdjcft v``r dg typoscfg hgdgrzgttohespjtr`hgh (Dysgmohcb, dgzg luhdgm) gh`pkgrbgmonbg dgp`sotogpjtr`hgh dog tg rgmjtgrgh zonh jjh jjrdgwgrbpr`ductog (Lm``& K`uscf,dgzg luhdgm). Dgzg londrjegh dgbbgh oh dg jjhegshgdgh tfgkjs, eg`-erjaoscf eglogd gh pgro`dg vjh t`gpjssohe uotstgbghd dg jklotogs vjh dg StocftoheKgtjjmtondgh`hdgrz`gb Hgdgrmjhd.

Ggh pjpogrgh pulmocjtog os gcftgr hogt dg ghoeg wonzg wjjr`p dg StocftoheKgtjjmtondgh`hdgrz`gb Hgdgrmjhd dg lgtr`bbghfgod gh ohtgrjctog tussgh mogafgl-lgrs vjh dg jrcfg`m`eog vjh dg kgtjjmtondgh wom stokumgrgh. Djjr`k os gr ggh wgl-sotg www.kgtjjmtondgh.hm ohegstgmd (wjjr`p dg mgzohegh vjh dg c`htjctdje zonhtgrue tg bonbgh) gh w`rdgh kghsgh voj s`cojmg kgdoj z`jms Ajcgl``b (ajcgl``b.c`k/er`ups/kgtjjmtondgh) uotegh`doed k `b tussgh dg njjrmonbsg c`htjctdjeghd``r kgt gmbjjr oh c`htjct tg trgdgh gh tg lmonvgh.

Uon h`doegh u vjh fjrtg uot `k eglruob tg kjbgh vjh dgzg k`egmonbfgdgh `k``b uw ohtgrgssg v``r dg jrcfg`m`eog vjh dg kgtjjmtondgh tg dgmgh.

Qggm mggspmgzogr!

Stonh Jrh`mdussgh & Mogslgtf fguhossgh(rgdjctog Kgtjjmtondgh :)

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:9

Jrcfjg`m`ey `a tfg Lr`hzg Jeg jhdOr`h Jeg oh a`cus

Gstggkgd rgjdgr,

_`u jrg h`w f`mdohe tfg aorst ossug `a tfg sgrogs Kgtjjmtondgh, oh wfocf studogs`h mjtgr prgfost`roc c`kkuhotogs ar`k tfg Hgtfgrmjhds lgtwggh

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::

t` cfjhegs (\`ykjhs :??72 A`htonh :??12 A`bbghs :??52 \`ykjhs & B`rtmjhe:???2 Fgssohe & B``o

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:<

wotf gjcf `tfgr (M`f`a, tfos v`mukg) jhd dgp`sotgd spgcojm lr`hzg otgks (Lutmgr gtjm., tfos v`mukg2 Jrh`mdussgh & Qossgr, tfos v`mukg) jrg gxpm`rgd. Jddoto`hjmmy, tfgsgttmgkght sotgs (\`gssohef, tfos v`mukg), sulsostghcg ljsg (Qjh Jkgr`hegh, tfosv`mukg) jhd usg-pjttgrhs `a p`ttgry (@udgkjhs & Drghtf, tfos v`mukg) durohe

tfg Lr`hzg Jeg jrg doscussgd. A`r tfg Or`h Jeg, typocjm sgttmgkght pjttgrhs jrgdoscussgd ly Dysgmohcb (tfos v`mukg), js jrg pjttgrhs a lngct dgp`soto`h rgmjtgd t`p`ttgry pr`ducto`h (Lm`` & K`uscf, tfos v`mukg). Oh tfgor t`pocs jddrgssgd, eg`-erjpfocjm sc`pg jhd pgro`ds uhdgr study, tfgsg c`htroluto`hs rgamgct tfg jkloto`hs`a tfg Stocftohe Kgtjjmtondgh`hdgrz`gb Hgdgrmjhdwgmm.

Yulmosfohe oh proht os h`t tfg `hmy wjy oh wfocf tfg Stocftohe Kgtjjmtondgh-`hdgrz`gb Hgdgrmjhd joks t` spjrb jhd stokumjtg ohtgrjcto`h lgtwggh tf`sg oh-tgrgstgd oh jrcfjg`m`ey `a tfg Dutcf Lr`hzg- jhd Or`h Jegs. C`hsgqughtmy, jwglsotg mostohe eghgrjm oha`rkjto`h jhd vodg`s `a prgvo`us prgsghtjto`hs jt tfg

Kgtjjmtondghdjec`hagrghcgs wjs crgjtgd (www.kgtjjmtondgh.hm) jhd s`cojm kgdoj

sucf js Ajcgl``b (ajcgl``b.c`k/er`ups/kgtjjmtondgh) jrg usgd t` ohvotg pg`pmg t`prgsght jhd doscuss rgmgvjht t`pocs oh lgtwggh tfg jhhujm c`hagrghcgs.

Ug w`umd vgry kucf mobg t` ohvotg y`u js wgmm t` usg tfgsg cfjhhgms t` sfjrgy`ur ohtgrgst oh tfg jrcfjg`m`ey `a tfg Lr`hzg jhd Or`h Jeg pgro`ds, jhd wg f`pgy`u ghn`y tfg prgsght v`mukg.

Stonh Jrh`mdussgh & Mogslgtf fguhossgh(gdot`rs Kgtjjmtondgh :)

\gagrghcgs

Lggb, \. vjh

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:3

mGur`pg. Jctgs du c`mm`qug dg mj CJK gt dg mj SLGC, K`umohs dg Lggz Hjkur, mgs

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:4

Qjmghtonh, Y. Whovgrsotgot Mgodgh (YfD tfgsos).

Qgrmohdg, J.D. jhd Fumst, \.S. \onbsdoghst v``r fgt Cumturggm Grae`gd.

Qrogs, B.K. dg

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:7 .

fg Gjrmy Lr`hzg Jeg Yruhblgomar`kFomvgrsuk-F``rhgl`gesg Fgodg. J

uhoqug pogcg `a crjatskjhsfop

Njy Lutmgr, Mogslgtf Tguhossgh & Lgrtom vjh @s

Bgyw`rds> Gjrmy Lr`hzg Jeg, amjhegd jxg, kgtjmw`rb, dgp`soto`h, Fomvgrsuk, H``rd-F`mmjhd, fg Hgtfgrmjhds

Ohtr`ducto`h

Oh `hg `a tfg sf`w cjsgs `a tfg gxfoloto`h oh tfg Eg`m`eoscf Kusguk F`amjhd ohMjrgh (H``rd-F`mmjhd) j spgcojm lr`hzg `lngct os `h dospmjy. Ot os j rgkjrbjlmg`vgrsozgd jxg, a`uhd ajr ar`k ots f`kg jrgj. Jmrgjdy oh :?66, dorgctmy jatgr tfgdosc`vgry `a tfg jxg, tfg `lngct wjs studogd ly Njy Lutmgr. Fg wr`tg tfos `lsgrvj-

to`hs, ohtgrprgtjto`hs jhd c`hcmuso`hs d`wh oh j drjat jrtocmg, lut ot wjs hgvgrpulmosfgd.:

Oh tfg jutukh a

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:1

Tfg fost`ry `a dosc`vgry

fg lr`hzg amjhegd jxg wjs a`uhd oh :?66 wotf tfg fgmp `a j kgtjm dgtgct`r lyA.N.Y. vjh Lrggkgh ar`k Fomvgrsuk jt tfg F``rhgl`ge, s`utf `a tfg t`wh `aFomvgrsuk. w` ygjrs mjtgr, `h Ugdhgsdjy 3rd`a @ct`lgr :??9, j skjmm-scjmg oh-vgstoejto`h wjs cjrrogd `ut `h tfg aohd sp`t (p`ohtgd `ut ly tfg aohdgr), hgjr tfgr``t `a j trgg. J sgcto`h `a < x < k wjs gxcjvjtgd ly fjhd oh `rdgr t` odghtoay tfgrgcght pot tfg aohdgr fjd due jatgr j soehjm `a tfos kgtjm dgtgct`r (Uokkgrs & Qjh^wgdgh :??:, :??

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:5 .

Sf`rt dgscropto`h `a tfg F``rhgl`gesg Fgodg

fg F``rhgl`gesg Fgodg(Dutcf hjkg a`r tfg fgjtfgr `a F``rhgl`ge) os pjrt `aj :47 fgctjrg hjturg rgsgrvg, `whgd jhd kjhjegd ly E``os Hjtuurrgsgrvjjt. fgfgjtfmjhd os hjkgd jatgr tfg c`uhtry gstjtg, sotujtgd `h tfg t`p `a tfos ocg-pusfgdmjhdscjpg. fg gstjtg dgvgm`pgd ar`k j w``dgh fuhtohe m`deg, luomt oh :5?4.H`wjdjys tfg st`hg c`uhtry c`ttjeg jhd `utluomdohes jrg oh usg js j c`hagrghcgcghtrg. fg okkgdojtg surr`uhdohes jrg w``dgd. w` ljrr`w er`ups jhd j rg-cghtmy odghtoaogd Cgmtoc aogmd jrg sotujtgd oh j mjreg `pgh fgjtfgr mjhdscjpg jt jdostjhcg `a `hg bom`kgtrg t` tfg h`rtf. fg ljrr`w er`ups, pr`ljlmy djtohe ar`ktfg Koddmg t` Mjtg Lr`hzg Jeg/Gjrmy Or`h Jeg, jhd tfg Cgmtoc aogmd systgk jrgcmgjr ohdocjto`hs tfjt tfos jrgj wjs usgd oh mjtg Yrgfost`ry. Aohds djtohe ar`k gjrmogrpgro`ds jrg scjrcg, lut tfjt os h` surprosg js mjreg pjrts jrg w``dgd jhd c`vgrgd lyfgjtfgr, dgcrgjsohe tfg vosolomoty `a jrcfjg`m`eocjm aohds.

Aoeurg < Jh `vgrvogw `a tfg mjhdscjpg `a tfg F``rhgl`ge, sf`wh js j dgtjomgd gmgvjto`h kjp

dgrovgd ar`k MODJ\ ar`k tfg jctujm fgoeft k`dgm `a tfg Hgtfgrmjhds (scjmg :>39.999).

:369994?1799

:4:799

:>39.999

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:6

fg F``rhgl`gesg Fgodg os tfg vgry h`rtf-wgstgrh ghd `a jh gm`hejtgd mjtgrjmk`rjohg, cjmmgd tfg Wtrgcftsg Fguvgmrue. fg vommjeg `a \fghgh os sotujtgd `h tfgs`utfgjstgrh pjrt a tfos emjcojm ocg-pusfgd rodeg, wfocf a`rkgd durohe tfg SjjmojhOcg Jeg. Mjtgr gr`so`h a tfg amjhbs crgjtgd kgmtwjtgr sgdokghts h tfg m`wgr pjrts

jhd oh s`kg jrgjs j tfoh mjygr `a l`umdgr cmjy os prgsght. fos emjcojm mjhdscjpg osc`vgrgd ly jg`mojh sjhd dgp`sots. fgsg pr`cgssgs crgjtgd jh uhdumjtohe mjhdscjpgwotf j sukkot `a :5 kgtrgs jl`vg sgj mgvgm, j m`wgr k`rg amjt rodeg jt :4 kgtrgsjhd tfg m`wgst sjhdy pjrts jt 3 kgtrgs jl`vg sgj mgvgm (Aoe.

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:? .

Aoeurg 3l Yf`t` `a tfg jhegd

jxg (Kusguk Fomvgrsuk).

Aoeurg 3j Drjwohe `a tfg jhegd jxg

(Er`hohegh Ohstotutg `a Jrcfjg`m`ey,

Er`hohegh).

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39

sggks t` fjvg lggh mgss pr`h`uhcgd. Bollgrt jssoehs tfos jxg, tfg cuttohe gdeg `awfocf os sgvgrgmy djkjegd, t` fos A`rkMjheghagmd.

fg Fomvgrsuk jxg os lgst c`hsodgrgd t` lg jh gm`hejtgd vgrso`h `a tfg Bollgrtsamjhegd jxgs `a ypg Aussehfgok. fg \oqugwofr/Aussehfgok jxgs fjvg j soko-

mjr `utmohg, okpmyohe tfjt tfg Fomvgrsuk jxg kjy rgprgsght j spgcojm, ghmjregd jhd

Aoeurg 5 Tw` gxjkpmgs `a foefmy dgc`rjtgd Yruhblgomg, mgat ar`k mj Erjhdg Qoehg (Dulrguom-

Cfjkljrdgm :?

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3: .

dgc`rjtgd vgrso`h `a tfos typg. C`hsgqughtmy, tfg Fomvgrsuk jxg os pr`ljlmy dg-rovgd ar`k tfg Swoss-S`utfwgst Egrkjh jrgj, wfgrg tfg \oqugwfor jxgs jrg k`stc`kk`h jhd wfgrg jms` tfg c`hcgpt `a tfg mjheegstogmtg \jhdlgomdgvgm`pgd.

C`hcmuso`hs

fg jlsghcg `a cm`sg pjrjmmgms a`r tfg Fomvgrsuk jxg sueegsts tfjt ot, mobg `tfgr`vgrsozgd jxgs, wjs j spgcojm jxg, kjdg pgrfjps a`r j spgcojm pgrs`h `r j spgcojm`ccjso`h. Oh tfg sgc`hd fjma `a tfg Gjrmy Lr`hzg Jeg, lr`hzgw`rbgrs wgrg jlmg t`pr`ducg m`he, tfoh cjstohes `a foef qujmoty sucf js djeegrs, fjmlgrds, sw`rds jswgmm js jxgs jhd cfosgms. Kjhy wgrg, h` d`ult, ohtghdgd js auhcto`hjm t``ms jhdwgjp`hs2 `tfgrs wgrg prgstoeg sykl`ms, rotujm `r cgrgk`hojm `lngcts, gtc. Dgsoehagjturgs jhd c`htgxtujm gvodghcg s`kgtokgs jmm`w us t` doaagrghtojtg lgtwggh jauhcto`hjm `r k`rg sykl`moc okp`rtjhcg.

Wha`rtuhjtgmy, wg bh`w mottmg jl`ut tfg c`htgxt `a tfg Fomvgrsuk jxg, fjrdmyjhytfohe jl`ut tfg aohd corcukstjhcgs oh :?66 jhd h`tfohe jl`ut tfg c`htgxtoh wfocf tfg jxg wjs mgat ljcb tfgh, jmk`st a`ur tf`usjhd ygjrs je`. fg tfohem`ssy Gdgmpjtohj jhd tfg stomm sfjrp gdeg ohdocjtg tfjt tfg jxg wjs lurogd lghgjtftfg er`uhdwjtgr tjlmg. Fjd tfg jxg lggh lurogd jt j sfjmm`wgr, wgmm `xyeghjtgdp`soto`h, ot w`umd h`t fjvg survovgd a`r sucf j m`he tokg `r w`umd lg oh kucfw`rsg c`hdoto`h (ca. Dg Er``t gt jm.

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34

Njc`l-Arogsgh, E. :?15. Lr`hzgzgotmocfg Mjhzghspotzgh H`rddgutscfmjhds uhd SbjhdohjvoghsO-OO. Qgraaghtmocfuhegh dgr uregscfocftmocfgh Sjkkmuhegh dgs Mjhdgskusguks zuFjhh`vgr :5. Fomdgsfgok> Jueust Mjx.

Nuhb, K. gcfhoscfgh WhovgrsottLgrejbjdgkog Argolure (YfD tfgsos).

Bollgrt, B. :?69. Dog xtg uhd Lgomg ok kottmgrgh Ugstdgutscfmjhd :, Yrfost`roscfgLr`hzgauhdg OV.:9, Kuhcfgh> C.F. Lgcb.

Brjusg, \. :??6. ^ur Ghtwocbmuhe dgr Arflr`hzgzgotmocfgh Kgtjmmureog hrdmocf dgrJmpgh, oh> Fhsgm, L. (gd.), Kghs uhd Wkwgmt oh dgr Lr`hzgzgot Gur`pjs, Bogm> @gtbgr-Q`egs Qgrmje, :13-:? O Stghmdgrh `cf lr`hsmdgrh. St`cbf`mk>H`rdstgdt.

Hggdfjk, S. :??9. Koddmg Lr`hzg Jeg cgrgk`hojm wgjp`hs. Hgw aohds ar`k @xl`r`uef,H`ra`mb jhd Gssgx/Bght (wotf j c`htroluto`h `a D. F``b), fg Jhtoqujrogs N`urhjm59, C.F. Lgcb.

Scfuljrt, F. :?5 Jueust Mjx.

Qgrvm`gt, N. dg koddgmgguwsg vggh`hteohhohegh oh fgtQgcfteglogd, oh> N`hbgrs, D. jhd Kocfogmsg, F. (gds), Ujtgr, egscfogdghos gh jctujm-otgot, Lussuk/Hjjrdgh> Qgrghoeohe vjh Qroghdgh vjh fgt E``o/Stocftohe tussgh Ggkgh Qgcft, :1-3:.

Ujrkghl`m, G. :?? mg sgju dg mj drjeug gt mg cjsqug dufr`s. Oh> Ujrkghl`m, G., Cjluy, _., Furt Q. jhd Cjuwg, H., Mj c`mmgcto`h Gd`ujrdLgrhjys(;K`h`erjpfog djrcf`m`eog hjto`hjmg 1). Lruxgmmgs> Kusgs \`yjux dJrt gtdFost`org, 15-:

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l`vghhjtuurmonbg gh ajhtjstoscfg v``rstgmmohegh dg vgrfjhd bronegh (Fgmks :?66,

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4<

tg ejjh. Qjh lgmjhe os fogr djt gmb k`hukght gh ``b dg Hglrjscfona vgrl`hdghzonh kgt ggh spgcoaogbg lrggdtgerjjd (Scfm`ssgr

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Fgt lgstjjh vjh zggwjjrdoeg scfgpgh oh dg vr`geg lr`hstond os eggh puht vjhdoscussog (Qjh dg H``rt gt jm. :???2

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41

Kjcft uhd \gocftuk bjkgh. Ohtgrhjto`hjmgs Sykp`souk oh Fjmmg (Sjjmg) :1.- Kusguk ar Q`r- uhd Wregscfocftg, ?3-: Yrohcgt`h Whovgrsoty Yrgss.

N`cbghfvgm, J. :??:. \ukmocfg K`lomott v`h Ygrs`hgh oh dgr kottmgrgh Lr`hzgzgot dgswgstmocfgh Kottgmgur`pj. Egrkjhoj1?, 4?-1 Kgmmgr, F. (rgd.). Dgr egscfkogdgtg Fokkgm. Dog wgotg Ugmt ok Fgrzgh Gur`pjs v`r

3199 Njfrgh. Stuttejrt> B`hrjd fgoss Qgrmje, :?9-:?3.

Bjum, A. Sfgrodjh J. gh Ljomgy E. (rgd.). Gc`h`koc Jrcfjg`m`ey. LrotosfJrcfjg`m`eocjm \gp`rts Ohtgrhjto`hjm Sgrogs ?1. @xa`rd> Jrcfjg`prgss, Lgcb.

M`rghz, f. Ygheuoh.

Kgmmgr, F. Q`k M`e`s zuk Kytf`s. Lo`erjpfog gohgs Fokkgmlomdgs, oh>Kgmmgr, F. gh Lgrtgkgs, A. (rgd.). Dgr Eroaa hjcf dgh Stgrhgh. Uog Gur`pjs Gmotgh zu

Kjcft uhd \gocftuk bjkgh. Ohtgrhjto`hjmgs Sykp`souk oh Fjmmg (Sjjmg) :1.-

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45

Kmmgr, N. Dog Uorbuhe vgrdocftgtgr B`kkuhobjto`hsrukg, oh> Brjussg, D. gh Hjb`ohz,@. (rgd.). Bumturrjuk uhd grrot`rojmott. Ohtgrhjto`hjmg Jrcf`m`eog :3. \jfdgh(Ugstajmgh)> Kjrog Mgod`ra, :9:-:::.

Hggdfjk, S. Kjrot`rogs jhd Lr`hzg Jeg kjrotokg ohtgr-jcto`hs, oh> Cmjrb, Y. (rgd.). Lr`hzg Jeg C`hhgcto`hs. Cumturjm C`htjct oh Yrgfost`rocGur`pg.@xa`rd> @xl`w, : @xl`w, ::9-: _jmg Whovgrsoty

Yrgss.

\ueemgs, C. :??6. \otujm jstr`h`ky oh tfg Hg`motfoc jhd Lr`hzg Jeg Lrotosf osmgs> pjttgrhs`a c`htohuoty jhd cfjheg, oh> Eols`h, J. gh Sokps`h, D. (rgd.). Yrgfost`roc \otujm jhd\gmoeo`h. Gssjys oh F`h`ur `a Julrgy Lurm. Str`ud> gkpus,

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46

Scfm`ssgr, U. Kgmmgr, F. (rgd.). Dgr egscfkogdgtg Fokkgm. Dog wgotg Ugmt ok Fgrzgh Gur`pjs v`r 3199

Njfrgh. Stuttejrt> B`hrjd fgoss Qgrmje, 44-45.

Scfm`ssgr, U.,

Kgmmgr, F. gh Lgrtgkgs, A. (rgd.). Dgr Eroaa hjcf dgh Stgrhgh. Uog Gur`pjs Gmotgh zuKjcft uhd \gocftuk bjkgh. Ohtgrhjto`hjmgs Sykp`souk oh Fjmmg (Sjjmg) :1.- Jrjlojh Yulmosfohe, Kjrog Mgod`ra.

^`tto, E. Fhsgm, J., Brjuss, \. gh Modbg, E. (rgd.).Jstr`h`koscfg @roghtogruhe uhd Bjmghdgr oh dgr Q`regscfocftg. Jctj Yrjgfost`rocj gtJrcfjg`m`eocj 49. Lgrmonh> Kusguk ar Q`r- uhd Wregscfocftg, 1:-15.

^`tto, E.

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4?

@rejhoscfg rgsodugh `p jjrdgwgrb vjhdg Fomvgrsuk-cumtuur. Ggh vgrbghhghd

`hdgrz`gb

jhoj @udgkjhs & Grob Drghtf

rgaw``rdgh> `rejhoscf rgsodu, bgrjkogb, Lr`hstond, HgdgrmjhdBgy w`rds> `rejhoc rgsodug, cgrjkocs, Lr`hzg Jeg, fg Hgtfgrmjhds

Ohmgodohe

Fgt jjrdgwgrbgh vjjtwgrb vjh dg Fomvgrsuk-cumtuur (cj. :?99/:699-:

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79

Bgohskgrlrue gh Koghjbbgr (@udgkjhs & Bulojb-Kjrtghs

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7:

Sotg gh motgrjtuurJrcfg`m`eoscfg

c`htgxt

T tjmg jjhtjm

lgstudggrdg

scfgrvgh/p`ttgh

Jjhtjm scfgrvgh

/p`ttgh kgt rejhoscf

rgsodu

(tondgmonb) Qgrlmona gh

ohvghtjroshukkgr/

`psmjec`dg

Lgregonb-Ggrsgmsg Donb2

K`ddgrkjh :?772 Tfguhossgh

gt jm.

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7<

egst`gmd `p ggh `htdgbbohe tg Kgtzghd`ra-U`xd`ra oh Duotsmjhd, wjjr ggh b`p-stjjhdg lgbgrp`t ggh kghsgmonbg scfgdgm jadgbtg, dog `p ggh scfjjm kgt wobbgm-drjjdvgrsogrohe mje (Ugegwotz :?19).

Qjh fgt kjtgrojjm (wjjrscfonhmonb) jab`kstoe uot ggh hgdgrzgttohe lgvjttgh jm-

mggh dg jssgklmjegs vjh dg sotgs Cuonb-Dg Lgongrd gh t \ogt gh Fggscf-Ejsmgodohekggr djh h scfgra kgt rgsodu. Fgmjjs egvgh dgzg jjrdgwgrbarjekghtgh, gvghjmsdg jhdgrg fogr egh`gkdg v`hdstgh uot ggh vgregmonbljrg c`htgxt, eggh hjdgrg k`r-a`m`eoscfg gh typ`m`eoscfg oha`rkjtog prons2 zon zonh `hvgrsogrd gh hogt gghduodoet`gwonsljjr jjh ggh p`tv`rk djh wgm p`ttypg.

@p vgrscfgodghg urhgh zonh rgsodugh egc`hstjtggrd, fgteggh k`egmonb wonst `pggh sgcuhdjor eglruob2 prokjor bjh fgt vjjtwgrb jms b``begrgo fgllgh egdoghd.@hdjhbs fgt agot djt dgzg sueegstog jm d``r Emjslgregh (:?74l, ?:) os egdjjh, osh``ot `hdgrz`gb egdjjh hjjr dg jjrd vjh dgregmonbg rgsodugh. Q``r rgsodujhjmysgmonbgh vogr vjh dg d``r dg jutgurs lgbgbgh p`ttgh fgmjjs kohdgr egscfobt. Fgt ejjt

`k vjjtwgrb djt lon dg rgstjurjtog f``estwjjrscfonhmonb egc`htjkohggrd os kgt k`-dgrhg p`mykgrgh. gvghs fggat fgt vjjtwgrb vgmg dgcghhoj `hvgrpjbt oh `pgh bjs-tgh egstjjh, fgteggh vgr`htrgohoeohe kgt k`dgrhg kjtgrojmgh (st`a, vohegrvgt vjh`hdgrz`gbgrs gtc.) wjjrscfonhmonb kjjbt. Djjrhjjst os wgmoswjjr `p ggh p`t uot @ss(Q`rstgherja) rgsodu wjjregh`kgh, kjjr `kdjt smgcfts fgt uotgrstg lghgdghdggmrgstggrt, bjh dot stub vjjtwgrb hogt jjh ggh typg w`rdgh t`gegwgzgh. Wotgohdgmonbmonbgh smgcfts twgg vjh dg hgegh p`ttgh uot (wjjrscfonhmonb) ggh erjafguvgm egscfobtv``r ggh `hdgrz`gb d``r koddgm vjh rgsodujhjmysg hjjr dg sjkghfjhe tussgh p`t-v`rk/-typg gh auhctog.

C`hcmusog

Dg c`hcmusog dog `hvgrkondgmonb uot fgt l`vghstjjhdg v`met, os djt kgt fgt lg-studggrdg kjtgrojjm eggh auhdjkghtggm `hdgrz`gb vgrrocft bjh w`rdgh hjjr dgauhctog vjh jjrdgwgrb vjh dg Fomvgrsuk-cumtuur. Hu os dg ohvghtjrosjtog hogt uot-puttghd egwggst gh wgmmocft logdgh jhdgrg v`hdstc`kpmgxgh uot H``rd-Lrjljhtgh djjrluotgh lgtgrg k`egmonbfgdgh. @`b lgstjjt vjhzgmasprgbghd dg bjhs djt lont`gb`kstoeg `perjvohegh jjrdgwgrbjssgklmjegs kgt kggr p`tghtog jjh fgt mocftzummgh b`kgh. Djjrlon os fgt wgm zjjb dgzg p`tghtog z` e`gd k`egmonb tg lghuttgh.Djjr`k doght tondghs z`wgm fgt vgmdwgrb jms dg `psmje rgbghohe tg w`rdgh egf`u-

dgh kgt `rejhoscfg rgsodugh. Dogh`vgrgghb`kstoe os ggh gvjmujtog vjh dg fuodoegpr`t`c`mmgh v``r dg vgrzjkgmwonzg gh dg c`hsgrvgrohe jjh tg lgvgmgh gh dgzg z`h`doe jjh tg pjssgh (zog oh dot vgrljhd @udgkjhs & Grfjrdt :??1). Lgsgat k`gtw`rdgh djt v``rjm dg bguzg vjh scf``hkjjbkgtf`dgh gh c`hs`modjtogkoddgmghggh zggr dorgct gaagct fggat `p t`gb`kstoeg `hdgrz`gbsk`egmonbfgdgh. B`rt egzgedos dg lgstg lgfjhdgmohe v``r `ppgrvmjbtgrgsodugh dgzg lohhgh

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vjh vohegrs, js gtc.) doght tg w`rdgh v``rb`kgh. @`b os c`hs`modjtog vjh fgt jjr-dgwgrb kgt p`mykgrgh (pjrjm`od) `a jhdgrg koddgmgh zggr `heuhstoe. Hj dr`eohebjh fgt jjrdgwgrb fgt lgst oh pmjstoc zjbngs w`rdgh `pegl`regh.

Djjrhjjst os ggh systgkjtoscfg rgeostrjtog vjh fgt v``rb`kgh vjh `ppgrvmjbtg-

rgsodugh (zocftljrg jjhb`gbsgms) gssghtoggm. Jmmggh djh zjm rgsodujhjmysg ggh sul-stjhtomg londrjeg buhhgh mgvgrgh jjh fgt `hdgrz`gb hjjr dg auhctog vjh jjrdgwgrb.Dot vgrgost ggh jhdgrg bonb `p kjtgromg cumtuur. @p dot k`kght w`rdt bgrjkogbtg vggm jms ggh jh`rejhoscfg kjtgrojjmcjtge`rog lgscf`uwd. Qjhuot fgt ``epuhtvjh jrcfg`m`eoscfg rgsodujhjmysg z`u jjrdgwgrb lgtgr buhhgh w`rdgh egzoghjms ggh jh`rejhoscfg drjegr vjh vgmg `rejhoscfg sp`rgh vjh kghsgmonb fjhdgmgh.Odgjmotgr kjjbt rgsodujhjmysg dggm uot vjh ggh kumtodoscopmohjor `hdgrz`gb, wjjrohjjrdgwgrb vjhuot dovgrsg ohvjmsf`gbgh, z`jms typ`m`eog, k`ra`m`eog, tgcfh`m`eog,eglruobssp`rgh gh c`htgxt, `hdgr dg m`gp w`rdt egh`kgh.

Djhbw``rd

Q``r dg t`tstjhdb`kohe vjh dgzg pulmocjtog zonh won dg v`meghdg pgrs`hgh lon-z`hdgr grbghtgmonb> M. Jkbrgutz (\K@), \.Y.K. M`ugr (YDL) gh _. jvgrhg(Jrcf`m).

Jlstrjct

fos c`htroluto`h doscussgs jh ohvght`ry `a gjrtfghwjrg p`ttgry lgm`heohe t` tfgFomvgrsuk cumturg (c. :?99/:699-:

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@udgkjhs, .A.K. gh Bulojb-Kjrtghs, M. \onbsdoghst v``rfgt Cumturggm Grae`gd, :95-:39.

@udgkjhs, .A.K. gh Bulojb-Kjrtghs, M. l`tjhocjmjhd cfgkocjm gvodghcg oh Mjtg Hg`motfoc Y`ttgry, oh> Bmgonhg, N.Y., Lrohbbgkpgr, @.,Mjuwgrogr \.C.E.K., Skot, L.O. gh fguhossgh, G.K. (rgd.).J Kjttgr `a Moag jhd Dgjtfjt Koghjbbgr (tfg Hgtfgrmjhds). Mjtg Hg`motfoc Lgfjvo`urjm Qjrojlomoty oh j DyhjkocMjhdscjpg.Hgdgrmjhdsg Jrcfg`m`eoscfg \jpp`rtgh 47. Jkgrsa``rt> \onbsdoghst v``rfgt Cumturggm Grae`gd, ::?-:41.

Yruonsgh, K.

Jrcf`m.\jgkjgbgrs, D.C.K., Bulojb-Kjrtghs, M gh @udgkjhs, .A.K. A`bbghs, F. gh \`ykjhs, H.(rgd.). Hgdgrzgttohegh uot dg lr`hstond gh dg vr`geg onzgrtond oh dg Mjeg Mjhdgh. Hgdgrmjhdsg

Jrcfg`m`eoscfg \jpp`rtgh :3. Jkgrsa``rt> \onbsdoghst v``r fgt @udfgodbuhdoeL`dgk`hdgrz`gb, :::-:ggh gvjmujtog vjh fgt lgerop Fomvgrsuk-cumtuur. Mgodgh> pr`gascfroat \onbsuhovgrsotgotMgodgh.

fguhossgh, G.K., Skots, G., B`rt, N.U. dg gh Mjhtohe, N.H.

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Ggh crgkjtogerjavgmd oh dg duohgh vjhDgh Fjje

Gvgrfjrd Lumtgh & Kjrogbg @plr`gb

rgaw``rdgh> crgkjtogerjavgmd, duohgh, lr`hstond, Dgh Fjje, ^uod-F`mmjhd

Bgyw`rds> crgkjto`h lurojm sotg, duhgs `a tfg Ugstgrh Hgtfgrmjhds, Koddmg Lr`hzgJeg, Dgh Fjje, ^uod-F`mmjhd

Ohmgodohe

Oh fgt v``rnjjr vjh

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76

dgrdggm os egwggst vjh ggh erjafguvgm, kjjr dot b`h hogt `h`kst`tgmonb w`rdghvjstegstgmd d``rdjt ggh cghtrjmg lonzgttohe hogt os jjhegtr`aagh gh h`cf jhdgrg oh-docjt`rgh v``r ggh fguvgm zonh wjjregh`kgh. Egzogh dg hoguwg djtgrohe z`u fgtz`wgm ggh ohfukjtog- jms ggh crgkjtogerja buhhgh zonh egwggst. Dg erjvgh moeegh

jmmg m`s oh fgt erjavgmd2 gr zonh eggh `vgrshondohegh, ``b hogt kgt dg broheergppgm.Dot os ggh jjhwonzohe djt dg erjvgh ``ot wjrgh v``rzogh vjh ggh kjrbgrohe. @a dgerjvgh wjrgh jaegdgbt kgt ggh mjeg fguvgm b`h hogt w`rdgh vjstegstgmd d``rdjt fgtlr`hstondm``pvmjb v`mmgdoe wjs `pegh`kgh oh fgt mjtgrg onzgrtondhovgju. Dg kggstgerjvgh moeegh gcftgr tg docft lon gmbjjr `k jaegdgbt tg zonh d``r ggh erjafguvgm.

Fgt `hdgrz`gb `p dg @udg Ujjmsd`rpgrwge fggat eggh ohzocft egegvgh oh dgvgegtjtog oh dg lr`hstond. Q`meghs B``ostrj os `p djt k`kght gcftgr sprjbg vjh ggh`pgh duohmjhdscfjp lger`god kgt struwgmgh, l`sscfjegs gh duoherjsmjhd (

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7?

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19

Fgt erjavgmd wjs egmgegh `p dg `vgrejhe vjh fgt duoh hjjr ggh mjegrg vmjbtg.Djjruot os jaegmgod djt fgt erjavgmd jm vjh er`tg jastjhd zocftljjr os egwggst. Dotd`gt vgrk`gdgh djt fgt erjavgmd ``b auhcto`hggrdg jms ggh tgrrot`rojm kjrbgr.

Dg erjvgh

Dg zgstogh erjvgh zonh jmmg vjh ggh zggr gghv`udoe typg djt kggstjm lgstjjt uotggh buom dog os `pegvumd kgt ggh crgkjtogrgstghdgp`t (vgrzjkgmdg gh egluhdgmdgcrgkjtogrgstgh), s`ks jjhegvumd kgt dg rgstgh vjh dg lrjhdstjpgm. Lon ghbgmg oseggh sprjbg vjh ggh dgp`t gh zonh jmmg lrjhdrgstgh z`hdgr uots`rtgrohe oh dg buomegdgp`hggrd (@plr`gb

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1:

dg koddgh-lr`hstond t`t gh kgt dg vr`geg onzgrtond v``rb`kgh (f`vsb :?5?,jal. :63 oh jagm ?). Fgt v`rktypg w`rdt gcftgr lgmjheronbgr egjcft djh dg vgrsog-rohe. Dg vgrsogrohe bjh hjkgmonb ggh m`bjmg vjrojht vjh fgt typg zonh gh `kdjt dghjjmdgh dog dg typ`m`eog v`rkgh uot ggh jhdgr (cumtuur)eglogd b`kgh, os djt zggr

jjhhgkgmonb. Oh fgt wgstgh vjh Hgdgrmjhd zonh hogt z`vggm vjh dgzg hjjmdgh tg-rgcftegb`kgh. Gr zonh drog hjjmdgh lgbghd uot fgt dgp`t vjh Qgghghlure (Lutmgr,:??9 (:??

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1<

Djtgrohe vjh fgt erjavgmd

ondghs fgt vgmdwgrb lgst`hd fgt odgg djt fgt erjavgmd djtggrdg oh dg mjtg onzgr-tond. Dot wgrd ohegegvgh d``r dg jjrd vjh fgt erjavgmd2 gghv`udoeg lrjhderjvghz`hdgr urhgh z`jms wg dog bghhgh uot z`wgm H``rd- jms ^uod-Hgdgrmjhd uot dgmjtg onzgrtond. L`vghdogh mggb dg jjhwgzoefgod vjh jjrdgwgrb oh dg jadgbbghdgv`hdstmjje, djt oh dog pgro`dg egdjtggrd w`rdt, dog jjhhjkg tg lgvgstoegh. Dgv`hdst vjh dg lr`hzgh hjjmd oh erja :9 fjd jcftgrja egzogh jmjrklgmmgh k`gtghmjtgh jaejjh, kjjr d``r dg mjheduroeg d``rm``ptond vjh fgt eglruob vjh dgregmonbghjjmdgh gh jmmg jhdgrg bghkgrbgh vjh fgt erjavgmd os djt hogt `pegkgrbt. Djhbzondg pmgttghdfgod vjh N.H. Mjhtohe b`h dgzg vgrbggrdg djtgrohe w`rdgh rgcftegzgt.@p dg crgkjtogrgstgh vjh drog vgrscfommghdg erjvgh zonh rjdo`kgtroscfg djtgroheghuotegv`grd kgt fgt v`meghdg rgsumtjjt>

ErJ-7:5:7 Erja :9>

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13

Oh Ugst-Arogsmjhd, lon fgt `hdgrz`gb fgt Er``tsmje zonh tondghs fgt er``t-scfjmoeg hgdgrzgttohes`hdgrz`gb oh dg njrgh zgvghtoe vjh dg v`roeg gguw, kjjr``b djjrv``r, kggr djh f`hdgrd erjafguvgms egrgeostrggrd dog jmmg djtgrgh tussghcj. :799 gh :

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14

dgh kgt fgt pmjjtsgmonbg rgmoa2 fgt erjavgmd moet `p ggh duoh `p dg `vgrejhe hjjrggh mjegr egmgegh vmjbtg. Egzogh jm dgzg bghkgrbgh pjst fgt erjavgmd jjh dg @udg

Ujjmsd`rpgrwge djjrkgg er`tghdggms oh fgt lr`hstonderjarotuggm `p dg `vgrejhevjh dg koddgh hjjr dg mjtg lr`hstond. Fgt erjavgmd wonbt gcftgr ja d``r dg egroheg

`kvjhe, dg wjjrscfonhmonb vron b`rtg eglruobsduur gh fgt egegvgh djt eggh eglruobwgrd egkjjbt vjh urhgh. Dot bjh wonzgh `p ggh `vgrdrjcft vjh fgt c`hcgpt vjhdg urhghvgmdtrjdotog, kjjr kgt ggh goegh ohtgrprgtjtog jjhegpjst jjh m`cjmg eglruo-bgh, `kstjhdoefgdgh gh mjhdscfjppgmonbg k`egmonbfgdgh (zog l`vgh).

Fgt agot djt h`e eggh jhdgrg (bmgohg) erjavgmdgh uot dgzg pgro`dg oh fgt bust-eglogd zonh jjhegtr`aagh kjjbt dot erjavgmd gcftgr lonz`hdgr. @a dot erjavgmd dggmuotkjjbt vjh trjdotog dog goegh os jjh fgt busteglogd zjm k`gtgh lmonbgh.

Jlstrjct

Oh U`mtgrohe, Y.N. (rgd.).Jrcfg`m`eoscfg Br`hogb vjh F`mmjhd `vgr :?66. F`mmjhd

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Foddohb, F. JCQW-FLS.

Okkgrf`agr, A. Fjlgmt.

B``ostrj, M.O. Amjkkjh,N.Y. gh Lgssgmsgh, G.J. (rgd.). Fgt vgrmgdgh l`vgh wjtgr, Jrcfg`m`eoscfg k`hukghtghz`reoh fgt JF\-pr`ngct. \JCK \jpp`rtjeg Jrcfg`m`eoscfg K`hukghtghz`re :46. Dgmat>F``efggkrjjdscfjp vjh Dgmamjhd.

Buljcf, U. :?55. Dog Hjdgmh oh Fgssgh uhd \fgohfgssgh. Yrfost`roscfg Lr`hzgauhdg 6.3.Khcfgh> Lgcb.

Mjhtohe, N.H. gh Ymocft, N. vjh dgr lr`hstond gh vr`geg onzgrtond. Yjmjg`fost`roj 43/44,::5-

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Fuospmjttger`hdgh uot dg koddgh-lr`hstond vjh L`vghbjrspgm-Fgt Qjmbng,

Ugst-Arogsmjhd

U`utgr \`gssohef

rgaw``rdgh> lr`hstond, fuospmjttger`hdgh, H``rd-F`mmjhd, Ugst-Arogsmjhd,L`vghbjrspgm

Bgyw`rds> Lr`hzg Jeg, f`usg pmjhs, H`rtf-F`mmjhd, Ugst Arosoj, L`vghbjrspgm

Ohmgodohe

Oh dg pgro`dg :?54-56 wgrd tgh h``rdgh vjh fgt d`rp L`vghbjrspgm oh Ugst-Arogsmjhd, ggh tgrrgoh vjh :7 fgctjrg d``r jrcfg`m`egh vmjbdgbbghd `pegerjvgh(Jal. :). ondghs dgzg `perjvohe, dog lgbghd stjjt jms L`vghbjrspgm-Fgt Qjmbng,os ggh er``t dggm vjh ggh hgdgrzgttohestgrrgoh uot dg koddgh- gh mjtg lr`hstond`hdgrz`cft. Dg kggstg sp`rgh buhhgh oh dg twggdg fgmat vjh dg koddgh-lr`hstondgh fgt lgeoh vjh dg mjtg lr`hstond (cj. :799-:999 v``r Cfr.) w`rdgh egdjtggrd ghlgstjjh uot ergppgms, fuospmjttger`hdgh, broheergppgms, buomghbrjhsgh, buomgh ghpm`gesp`rgh. Dg sp`rgh uot dg mjtg lr`hstond (cj. :999-699 v``r Cfr.) lgstjjh uotghbgmg a`rsg ergppgmsystgkgh.

Fgt `hdgrz`gb os h``ot v`mmgdoe uotegwgrbt, z`djt wg hogt e`gd egha`rkggrdzonh `vgr dg vgrscfommghdg hgdgrzgttohesgmgkghtgh gh dg dyhjkogb vjh lgw`hohe.Ghbgmg jspgctgh vjh dg lr`hstondlgw`hohe `p Fgt Qjmbng zonh oh fgt vgrmgdgh b`rtjjh l`d egb`kgh (ONzgrgga :?6:, :55-:562 ONzgrgga & Qjh \getgrgh Jmtghj :??:,15-162 59). Dg rgsumtjtgh vjh rgcght vgmd`hdgrz`gb (Wabgs & Qgmdfuos

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pmjttger`hdgh vjh dg er``tstg `perjvohe oh Ugst-Arogsmjhd> L`vghbjrspgm-FgtQjmbng. Fogr`vgr zonh d``r ONzgrgga & Qjh \getgrgh Jmtghj jm vgrscfommghdg stgm-mohegh egp`hggrd>

:. Gr zonh `hegvggr :69 fuozgh jjhegtr`aagh (ONzgrgga & Qjh \getgrgh Jmtghj

:??:, 54). Ljbbgr gt jm.:?55, :66-:?:).

Oh :?5< lge`h dg \onbsdoghst v``r fgt @udfgodbuhdoe L`dgk`hdgrz`gb(\@L) kgt vgmdvgrbghhohegh oh ``stgmonb Ugst-Arogsmjhd gh gr wgrdgh pmjhhghegkjjbt `k ggh er``t jjhgghegsm`tgh `ppgrvmjb d``r koddgm vjh ggh `perjvohetg `hdgrz`gbgh. Oh :?53 v`grdg dg \@L `p ghbgmg v`hdstm`cjtogs lon Jhdonb gghpr`ga`hdgrz`gb uot `k dg rgmjtog tussgh dg `ppgrvmjbtgv`hdstgh gh dg `hdgrmoe-eghdg jrcfg`m`eoscfg rgstgh vjst tg stgmmgh. gegmonbgrtond l``d dot `hdgrz`gb v``rdg \@L dg egmgeghfgod `k bghhos tg kjbgh kgt dg lr`hstondjrcfg`m`eog vjh

Ugst-Arogsmjhd, jms v``rlgrgodohe `p fgt er``tscfjmoe `hdgrz`gb djt oh fgt djjr`p-v`meghdg njjr z`u w`rdgh uotegv`grd.

Kgh lgsm``t ggh tgrrgoh tgh h``rdgh vjh L`vghbjrspgm p tg erjvgh, ohegbmgkdtussgh dg fuodoeg Er``tsmjewge, Qgomohewge, Eggrmohe gh Gsd``rhmjjh (Jal. :).Dg bguzg wgrd v``rjm lgpjjmd d``r fgt tgkp` vjh dg ruomvgrbjvgmohe. Fgt `perj-vohestgrrgoh lgv`hd zocf p dg scfgodohe vjh vogr ruomvgrbjvgmohes-lm`bbgh, z`djtghbgmg njrgh jjhgghegsm`tgh egerjvgh b`h w`rdgh, z`hdgr dg ruomvgrbjvgmohe oh dgwge tg zottgh. @p dg fuodoeg t`p`erjaoscfg bjjrt os dg scfgodohe tussgh dgzg lm`b-bgh h`e zocftljjr d``r lrgdg vjjrtgh dog fgt perjvohestgrrgoh oh vogrgh dgmgh. Dg`perjvohe vjh L`vghbjrspgm-Fgt Qjmbng fggat vona njjr egduurd (:?54-56), wjjrlon

oh t`tjjm :7 fgctjrg vmjbdgbbghd os `hdgrz`cft (Jal.

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Fgt kgrghdggm vjh dg sp`rgh vjh Fgt Qjmbng djtggrt uot dg koddgh-lr`hstondgh lgeoh vjh dg mjtg lr`hstond (cj. :799-:999 v``r Cfr.). Fgt `pegerjvgh jrgjjmw`rdt egd`kohggrd d``r ggh er`tg f`gvggmfgod ergppgms gh fuospmjttger`hdgh.Bmgohg r`hdg structurgh (broheergppgms gh buomghbrjhsgh) dog vgrk`gdgmonb vgr-

ljhd f`udgh kgt dg `psmje vjh egwjssgh, b`kgh ``b vggmvumdoe v``r. Djjrhjjstzonh vggm stjbghrongh, buomgh, wjtgrputtgh gh pm`gesp`rgh jjhegtr`aagh. Dg sp`rghuot dg mjtg lr`hstond (cj. :999-699 v``r Cfr.) lmonvgh lgpgrbt t`t lrgdg ergppgmsdog `hdgrdggm uotkjbgh vjh koh `a kggr rgcftf`gboeg ergppgmsystgkgh.

Dg fuospmjttger`hdgh vjh Fgt Qjmbng

Oh fgt vgrmgdgh os egstgmd djt gr hegvggr :69 fuospmjttger`hdgh uot dg lr`hstond pFgt Qjmbng zonh jjhegtr`aagh (ONzgrgga & Qjh \getgrgh Jmtghj :??:, 54). ondghsggh rgcghtg jhjmysg vjh jmmg sp`rgh gh structurgh, zonh gr ?< pmjttger`hdgh `vgr-

Jggmdohe < @vgrzocft vjh jmmg lr`hstondsp`rgh vjh L`vghbjrspgm-Fgt Qjmbng. Dg fuospmjger`hdgh zonh oh

r``d wggregegvgh.Aoeurg < @vgrvogw `a jmm tfg Lr`hzg Jeg agjturgs jt L`vghbjrspgm-Fgt Qjmbng. Tfg f`usgs jrg dospmjygd oh rgd.

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eglmgvgh. Dgzg jawonbohe fggat tg kjbgh kgt ggh vgrscfom oh ohtgrprgtjtog vjh dgsp`rgh dog t`t ggh fuospmjttger`hd lgf`rgh. Ggh dgregmonb vgrscfom vjh ohtgrprgtjtogdggd zocf v``rjm v``r `p m`cjtogs wjjr vgrscfommghdg `pgghv`meghdg fuospmjttg-er`hdgh zonh jjhegtr`aagh. ^` lmgvgh gr lonv``rlggmd vjh dg gma fuozgh dog ONzgrgga

gh Qjh \getgrgh Jmtghj fgllgh fgrbghd oh ggh docftg sp`rghcmustgr (:??:, 54),oh konh jhjmysg kjjr vona fuozgh `vgr. Fgt zjm duodgmonb zonh djt dgzg egwonzoedgohzocftgh er`tg c`hsgqughtogs fgllgh v``r doscussogs `vgr ajsgrohe, lgv`mbohes-docftfgod gh dg s`cojmg dyhjkogb oh dg hgdgrzgttohegh.

Dg kggstg fuozgh fgllgh ggh ``st-wgst `rohtjtog, kgt uotz`hdgrohe vjhghbgmg pmjttger`hdgh oh fgt h``rdwgstgh, dog h``rd-zuod zonh eg`rohtggrd. ^gw`rdgh egbghkgrbt d``r ggh droglguboeg ohdgmohe, wjjrlon jmmggh dg twgg ronghdjbdrjeghdg lohhghstonmgh (eglohtgh) zocftljjr zonh. Dg jastjhd tussgh dg stonmghvgrt``ht pgr pmjttger`hd stggds ggh stgrbg rgegmkjjt. Dg ohejhegh lgvohdgh zocfjjh dg b`rtg zondgh gh zonh fgrbghljjr jjh docft lon gmbjjr egmgegh stonmgh. \`hd dg

pjjmbuomgh vjh dg pmjttger`hd lgvohdt zocf vronwgm jmtond ggh ergppgm - dg fuosergp-pgm - dog vgrk`gdgmonb vmjb `hdgr dg djbv`gt fggat egmgegh. D``r dg ergppgm wgrddg fuospmjjts egdrjohggrd gh lmgga fgt m``phovgju dorgctg r`hd fgt fuos dr``e.

Ejjafgod, c`hsgrvgrohe gh fgrbghljjrfgod

Fgt tgrrgoh r`hd Fgt Qjmbng os d``r vgmg k`dgrhg sm`tgh lgf``rmonb jjhegtjst, wjtdg ohtgrprgtjtog vjh dg pmjttger`hdgh hogt gghv`udoe kjjbt. Jmmg pmjttger`hdghzonh d``r mjtgrg ohergpgh `p ghoegrmgo wonzg vgrst``rd. Dgtjoms `vgr dg c`hstructoggh cfr`h`m`eog zonh fogrd``r hogt jmtond tg jcftgrfjmgh. Dg sp`rgh vjh dg pmjt-

tger`hdgh zonh `vgr fgt jmegkggh wgm e`gd egc`hsgrvggrd. Yjjmbuomgh fgllgh gghegkoddgmdg dogptg vjh

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@k dg jakgtohegh vjh dg fuozgh tg lgpjmgh, zonh wg jjhegwgzgh `p dg c`h-structogvg gmgkghtgh dog lgwjjrd zonh eglmgvgh> kggstjm zonh dot jmmggh h`e dg oh-ejhespjrton jjh dg b`rtg zondgh gh twgg rongh lohhghstonmgh (eglohtgh) dog hdgrdggmuotkjbgh vjh dg djbdrjeghdg c`hstructog. Dg stonmgh vjh ggh egloht zonh `p ggh

rgegmkjtoeg jastjhd vjh gmbjjr egpmjjtst gh ``b dg jastjhd tussgh dg eglohtgh ospgr pmjttger`hd zggr rgegmkjtoe. Qjh 66 pmjttger`hdgh b`h dg jastjhd tussgh dgeglohtgh w`rdgh vjstegstgmd (:,5-

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Dg gxjctg mghetg gh lrggdtg vjh fuospmjttger`hdgh bjh jmmggh w`rdgh lgpjjmdjms sp`rgh vjh dg wjhd jjhwgzoe zonh. Fgmjjs `htlrgbgh, `p h uotz`hdgrohe hj,dg wjhdsp`rgh lon dg pmjttger`hdgh vjh Fgt Qjmbng, z`djt wg v``r ggh em`ljmgohdrub vjh dg mghetg jjhegwgzgh zonh `p dg jastjhd tussgh dg ohejhespjrtongh jjh

dg b`rtg zondgh a dg jastjhd tussgh dg luotghstg lohhghstonmgh. Q``r dg lrggdtg vjhdg pmjttger`hdgh eggat dg jastjhd tussgh dg stonmgh vjh fgt egloht ggh em`ljmg oh-docjtog. Lon ruok drogbwjrt vjh dg pmjttger`hdgh b`h `p dgzg kjhogr dg mghetg ghlrggdtg vjh dg djbdrjeghdg c`hstructog w`rdgh lgpjjmd (Jal. 3). Ygr pmjttger`hdlmonbt gr ggh duodgmonbg rgegmkjjt tg zonh oh dg pmjjtsohe vjh dg stonmgh, kjjr tussghdg pmjttger`hdgh buhhgh dg jastjhdgh lgf``rmonb vgrscfommgh. Gr os eggh duodgmonbvgrljhd tg vohdgh tussgh dg mghetg vjh dg djbdrjeghdg c`hstructog gh dg jastjhdtussgh dg stonmgh vjh ggh egloht. Gr b`kgh lonv``rlggmd z`wgm mjheg pmjttger`hdghkgt ggh lrgdg jms kgt ggh skjmmg koddghlgub v``r.

Smgcfts lon h pmjttger`hd os gr ggh ohdocjtog vjh dg wgrbgmonbg lrggdtg vjh

dg l`grdgron. @p ggh jastjhd vjh cj. :,7 k vjh dg lohhghstonmgh os mjhes dg mjhegzondgh ggh (stjbgh)wjhd tgrueegv`hdgh. Dg stjbgh fgllgh ggh d``rshgdg vjh 7-:9 ck gh zonh `p ggh jastjhd vjh :7-

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dg mjheg zondgh v``rb`kgh. Ggh c`hsostghtg htwobbgmohe vjh dg v`rk (`a lrggdtg)vjh dg fuosergppgms (ONzgrgga & vjh \getgrgh Jmtghj :??:, 16) os `p ljsos vjh dg`vgrshondghdg pmjttger`hdgh ``b hogt wjjr tg hgkgh.

F``e gh dr``e0Q`meghs ONzgrgga gh Qjh \getgrgh Jmtghj (:??:, 15) vgstoedgh dg ggrstg lgw`hgrsvjh Fgt Qjmbng zocf f``e `p dg amjhb vjh dg brggbrue. Oh dg m``p vjh dg koddgh-lr`hstond vgrscf``a dg lgw`hohe zocf v`meghs dg jutgurs hjjr dg mjegrg dgmgh vjhdg amjhb. ^g fgllgh fogrv``r ghbgmg k`egmonbg vgrbmjrohegh> ggh uotlrgodohe vjhfgt l`uwmjhd `p dg rue, dg mjhegrg mgvghsduur vjh dg fuozgh gh ggh stoneghdger`hdwjtgrspogegm (:??:, 15, 57). Fgt os hogt duodgmonb f`g zon dg vgrscfuovohe vjhlgw`hohe d``r dg tond fgllgh buhhgh vjststgmmgh. K`egmonb os dg `htwobbgmoheegljsggrd `p ljsos vjh dg fuosergppgm-cfr`h`m`eog (:??:, 16).

Dg `perjvohe vjh Fgt Qjmbng v`hd v``r ggh er``t dggm pmjjts `p ggh brggbrue(Ghtg :?13), wjjrvjh z`wgm dg bgrh (zjhd) jms dgmgh vjh dg amjhb (zjvgm) zonh`hdgrz`cft (Jal. 7). Dg kggstg pmjttger`hdgh zonh ohdgrdjjd egmgegh `p dg amjhbvjh dg rue. Smgcfts ghbgmg pmjttger`hdgh lgvohdgh zocf koddgh `p dg rue. Oh fgtzuodgh moeegh h`e twgg pmjttger`hdgh `p zggr dogp fukguzg er`hdgh gh fgmgkjjmoh fgt wgstgh moet ggh pmjttger`hd `p dg bmgo.3Ggh pm`t vjh dg fuospmjttger`hdgh`p dg `hdgrer`hdbjjrt (Jal. 7) mjjt zogh djt ggh `hdgrscfgod tussgh f``e gh mjje`p dg amjhb mjstoe tg lgpjmgh os. Ggh vgrscfuovohe vjh lgw`hohe oh dg koddgh-lr`hstond `p dg (amjhbgh vjh dg) brggbrue vjh Fgt Qjmbng os djh ``b hogt wjjr tghgkgh. Ggh kggr lgmjheronbg c`hstjtgrohe os djt gr egdurghdg dg koddgh-lr`hs-

tond r`hd Fgt Qjmbng lmonbljjr ggh v``rbgur wjs v``r fgt ohrocftgh vjh hgdgrzgt-tohestgrrgohgh `p dg zjhdoeg `hdgrer`hd. Djt dot gcft ggh m`bjmg v``rbgur os, mjjtfgt hgdgrzgttohestgrrgoh uot dg koddgh-lr`hstond vjh Ghbfuozgh-Bjdonbgh zogh,`hegvggr : bk ``stgmonb vjh Fgt Qjmbng (\`gssohef & M`f`a

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Fgt Ugst-Arogsg lr`hstond-jjrdgwgrb bjh v`meghs Lrjhdt (:?66) w`rdgh `h-dgrvgrdggmd oh twgg er`gpgh2 F``ebjrspgm-`ud (cj. :799-::99 v``r Cfr.) ghF``ebjrspgm-n`he (cj. ::99-699 v``r Cfr.).4Djt eggat jm kgtggh jjh djt ggh fggmgre aonhg djtgrohe `p ljsos vjh jjrdgwgrbtyp`m`eog hogt k`egmonb os. Wot dg pmjttg-er`hdgh vjh Fgt Qjmbng os ruok

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pmjttger`hdgh oh dg mjtg lr`hstond. K`egmonb lgtrgat fgt ohtrusoga kjtgrojjm, `kdjtdg pmjttger`hdgh `hdgr ghbgmg ergppgms uot dg mjtg lr`hstond zonh jjhegtr`aagh.

Logdt :4C-`hdgrz`gb kggr f`uvjst0 Wot sp`rgh vjh :3 fuospmjttger`hdghzonh k`hstgrs egdjtggrd. Fgt egdjtggrdg kjtgrojjm lgstjjt uot l`t (5 k`hstgrs),

f`utsb``m (4 k`hstgrs) gh vgrb``md erjjh (< k`hstgrs). Fgmjjs zonh vggm bjht-tgbghohegh tg pmjjtsgh lon dg lgtr`uwljjrfgod vjh fgt egdjtggrdg kjtgrojjm gh dgc`htgxt djjrvjh, gh djjrkgg lon dg lgtr`uwljjrfgod vjh dg djtgrohegh. Djjrv``ros fogr hu eggh ruoktg, fgt v`mstjjt fogr `k jjh tg egvgh djt dg egdjtggrdg k`h-stgrs er`awge djtgrgh oh dg pgro`dg :499-:979 v``r Cfr. Fgt :4C-`hdgrz`gb mg-vgrt v``r dg pmjttger`hdgh dus hogt ggh vggm hjuwbguroegr djtgrohe `p djh dgjjrdgwgrbtyp`m`eog.

Sjkghvjttohe gh jjhlgvgmohe

Fgt lggmd djt wg fgllgh vjh dg lr`hstondlgw`hohe oh Ugst-Arogsmjhd, os mjheg tondegljsggrd egwggst `p dg (prokjorg) rgsumtjtgh vjh fgt jrcfg`m`eoscf `hdgrz`gb `pFgt Qjmbng. @p ljsos djjrvjh os ggh lgw`hohesk`dgm pegstgmd djt mjheg tond rgprg-sghtjtoga wgrd egjcft v``r fgt ``stgmonb dggm vjh Ugst-Arogsmjhd. Dot jrtobgm lgfjh-dgmt ghbgmg jspgctgh djjrvjh, gh wg fgllgh k`gtgh c`hstjtgrgh djt dg odggh dogzonh egp`stumggrd `vgr dg `htwobbgmohe vjh dg pmjttger`hdgh egdurghdg dg kod-dgh-lr`hstond, hogt monbgh tg c`rrgsp`hdgrgh kgt dg djtj. Qjh duodgmonbg `htwob-bgmohegh `a trghds oh fuozghl`uw monbt v``rjmsh`e eggh sprjbg tg zonh. Djjrhjjstlogdt dg djtgrohe vjh fgt jjrdgwgrb `a :4C-`hdgrz`gb h`e tg wgohoe f`uvjst `ke`gd ohzocft tg bronegh `p dg ajsgrohe `a cfr`h`m`eog vjh dg pmjttger`hdgh.

Dg uhogbg djtjsgt vjh Fgt Qjmbng logdt `hs v``rjmsh`e wgohoe fjhdvjttgh `kerop tg bronegh `p jmegkghg cfr`h`m`eoscfg `htwobbgmohegh oh dg koddgh-lr`hs-tond. Jms wg gcftgr kggr ohz``kgh `p fuospmjjtsgh, zot gr ggh gh`rkg p`tghtog ohdg studog hjjr cfr`h`m`eoscfg jspgctgh, jmmggh djh kggr `p ggh m`bjjm hovgju. Grzonh `p Fgt Qjmbng kjjr mogast :6 fuospmjjtsgh jjhegtr`aagh dog ggh `pgghv`meohevjh fuozgh mjtgh zogh. Dg studog hjjr dg rgmjtogvg cfr`h`m`eog vjh dgzg pmjttg-er`hdgh monbt fgt kggst egscfobt `k vgrjhdgrohegh `a pjtr`hgh oh fuozghl`uwvjst tg stgmmgh. Fgt logdt `hs dg k`egmonbfgod ohzocft tg bronegh oh dg wonzg wjjr`pdg Ugst-Arogsg lr`hstondl`gr ggh fuospmjjts ohegrocftg gh `hdgrfogmd gh f`g dgzgohrocftohe d``r dg tond fggh vgrjhdgrdg. Dg strjtoerjaog vjh Ugst-Arogsg lr`hs-

tondsotgs os dus ggh gssghtomg oha`rkjtoglr`h v``r dg studog hjjr dg dyhjkogb vjhhgdgrzgttohestgrrgohgh. Fgt vgrdoght djjr`k jjhlgvgmohe k tondghs vgmdwgrb nuostdg `vgrshondohegh e`gd tg d`cukghtgrgh.

Jlstrjct

Oh tfg :?59s mjreg scjmg gxcjvjto`hs wgrg cjrrogd ut hgjr tfg vommjeg a L`vghbjrspgmoh tfg rgeo`h `a Ugst Arosoj (tfg Hgtfgrmjhds), bh`wh js tfg sotg L`vghbjrspgm-FgtQjmbng. Jmk`st :7 fj `a jh gxtghsovg Lr`hzg Jeg sgttmgkght sotg wjs gxcjvjtgd.K`st `a tfg agjturgs, ohcmudohe tfg f`usg pmjhs, djtg t` tfg Koddmg Lr`hzg Jeg (c.

:799-:999 LC).

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fg rgsumts a tfg gxcjvjto`hs fjvg hgvgr lggh tf`r`uefmy jhjmysgd. Hgvgrtfgmgss,s`kg dgvgm`pkghts c`hcgrhohe Lr`hzg Jeg sgttmgkght dyhjkocs wgrg pulmosfgd.A`r gxjkpmg, tfg sfjpg `a tfg f`usg dotcf jhd mghetf `a f`usgs sggk t` fjvgcfjhegd c`hsostghtmy `vgr tokg.

Oh tfos jrtocmg tfg kjoh cfjrjctgrostocs `a tfg f`usg pmjhs `a L`vghbjrspgm-FgtQjmbng jrg doscussgd. fg prgsghcg `a kjhy `vgrmjppohe agjturgs jhd kumto-pfjsgdf`usg sotgs, kjbg ot p`ssolmg t` jhjmysg tfg tfg dgvgm`pkght a f`usgs vgr tokg. Otsggks tfjt tfg Ugstarosojh Lr`hzg Jeg f`usgs sf`w j vjrogty `a cfjrjctgrostocs, lutup tomm h`w, ot fjs h`t lggh p`ssolmg t` sgg jhy c`hvohcohe cfr`h`m`eocjm cfjhegs.

7

7 mjhdscjpg rgc`hstructo`h, fuhtohe, Lr`hzg Jeg, Ugst Arosoj

Ohtr`ductog

Njcft gh vossgron oh dg prgfost`rog w`rdgh egzogh jms ggh lgmjheronb `hdgrdggm vjhfgt lgstjjh t`t gh kgt fgt mjjt-hg`motfocuk. Oh fgt pjmg`motfocuk zonh dg ggrstgv``rlggmdgh tg h`gkgh vjh jctogvg njcft `p er`awomd, lonv``rlggmd oh Scfhohegh(Qjh B`mascf`tgh

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oh dg jhjmysg, `kdjt dgzg ggh tg m`bjjm lggmd egvgh. ^g rgprgsghtgrgh k`egmonbjmmggh vgegtjtog p dg hgdgrzgttohe, tgrwonm fgt d`gm vjh dg tgrrgstroscfg mjhdscfjps-rgc`hstructog fgt hjtuurmonbg mjhdscfjp luotgh dg hgdgrzgttohe os.

Q``r dg rgc`hstructog vjh dg prjbtonb vjh njcft gh vossgron gh fgt eglruob vjh

womdg dogrgh fgl ob kg egrocft `p wgmbg ljsospr`cgssgh gr tgh er`hdsmje jjh fgtnjegh moeegh, dog hogt pgr dgaohotog vgrjhdgrd f`gvgh zonh d``r dg tond fggh. Fogrlonos v``rhjkgmonb eglruob egkjjbt vjh fgt egdrje vjh dg jjhegtr`aagh womdg dogrgh,wjjrvjh w`rdt jjhegh`kgh djt dot hogt vgrjhdgrd os sohds dg lr`hstond. ^`wgmv``rtpmjhtohesegdrje, z`jms lonv``rlggmd dg pjjo v``r vos gh lr`hst v``r z``e-dogrgh, jms koerjtogegdrje fgllgh vggm oha`rkjtog `pegmgvgrd `vgr dg sgoz`ghs-egl`hdghfgod vjh njcft gh vossgron. Djjrhjjst fgllgh shonsp`rgh `p l`ttgh ``bjjhwonzohegh egmgvgrd v``r lgpjjmdg vjhesttgcfhogbgh gh k`egmonb eglruob vjhwomdg dogrgh.

\gsumtjtgh

Mjhdscfjpsrgc`hstructog> jqujtoscf

Dg jqujtoscfg mjhdscfjpsrgc`hstructog os, z`jms egzged, egljsggrd `p voss``rtgh.Jalggmdohe < eggat ggh `vgrzocft vjh dg wjtgrtypgh gh kjxokjmg z`utt`mgrjhtogsvjh dg voss``rtgh vjh zgs sotgs. Jjh dg voss``rtgh os duodgmonb tg zogh djt gr r`hddg lr`hstondsotgs oh Ugst-Arogsmjhd ggh vgrscfgodghfgod jjh wjtgrtypgh egwggst os.Oh fgt ``stgh vjh Ugst-Arogsmjhd zonh vggm ohdocjtogs v``r stomstjjhd gh `pgh wjtgr,wgmbg vgrljhd zummgh f`udgh kgt fgt lgstjjh vjh er`tg kgrgh tgh ``stgh vjh dg

sotgs (Q`s

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Jggmdohe < @vgrzocft vjh dg v``rbgur v``r wjtgrtypgh (j) gh kjxokjmg z`u`mgrjhtog (l)

vjh vos oh dg lr`hstond (hjjr> Q`s j;mjhezjjk str`kghd t`t stomstjjhd

wjtgr, l;`pgh wjtgr, c;shgmstr`kghd wjtgr, d;c`hhgctog kgt dg zgg, g;`pgh zgg, a;eggh spgco-

gbg v``rbgur.

Aoeurg < @vgrvogw `a tfg wjtgr typg prgagrghcg (j) jhd kjxokuk sjmohoty t`mgrjhcg (l) `a sf

oh tfg Lr`hzg Jeg (jatgr> Q`s j;sm`w k`vohe t` stjehjht wjtgr, l;`pgh

wjtgr, c;ajst `wohe wjtgr, d;c`hhgcto`h wotf tfg sgj, g;`pgh sgj, a;h` spgcoc prgagrghcg.

j

l

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67

Jggmdohe 3 @vgrzocft vjh dg v``rbgur v``r jjhwgzoefgod vjh wjtgr gh kjtg vjh lgscfut-

tohe v``r v`egms (j) gh er`tg z``edogrgh (l) oh dg lr`hstond (hjjr> Q`s

j;erjsmjhd, l;struobegwjs, c;l`kgh, d;wgtmjhds, g;bust.

Aoeurg 3 @vgrvogw `a tfg prgagrghcg `a lords (j) jhd mjreg kjkkjms (l) oh tfg Lr`hzg Jeg a`r

prgsghcg `a wjtgr jhd jk`uht `a c`vgr (jatgr> Q`s j;erjssmjhd, l;sfruls,

c;trggs, d;wgtmjhds, g;c`jst.

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Mjhdscfjpsrgc`hstructog> tgrrgstroscf

Fgt tgrrgstroscf mjhdscfjp os egrgc`hstruggrd `p ljsos vjh dg fjlotjtv``rbgur vjhv`egm- gh er`tg z``edogrs``rtgh (Jalggmdohe 3j gh 3l). Jalggmdohe 3j gh l mjtghggh egvjroggrdg `kegvohe zogh, oh dg v`rk vjh wgtmjhds, erjsmjhd, struobegwjs ghl`kgh, gvghjms ohdocjtogs v``r bust, lon Scfjegh. Fgt os duodgmonb djt kghsgh er`tgohvm`gd fgllgh egfjd `p fgt lggmd vjh Jalggmdohe 3jl d``r dg sgmgctog vjh lg-pjjmdg dogrs``rtgh l`vgh jhdgrgh. Dot os kgt hjkg e`gd zocftljjr oh F``ew`ud,wjjr jmmggh wjtgrv`egms zonh egvjhegh, tgrwonm dg er`tg z``edogrgh (Jalggmdohe 3l)mjtgh zogh djt gr wgm dgegmonb struobgh gh l`kgh wjrgh r`hd F``ew`ud, wjjr ``bv`egms egvjhegh b`hdgh w`rdgh.

Dg vgrscfommghdg dogrer`gpgh egvgh gmb ggh lgpgrbtg f`gvggmfgod oha`rkjtog`vgr dg `kegvohe. Q`egms `vgrlrueegh vmogeghd er`tg jastjhdgh gh egvgh gghkohdgr m`bjjm lggmd djh er`tg z``edogrgh, dog `p fuh lgurt wggr jmmggh ogts zge-egh `vgr lgscfuttohe dog zon h`doe fgllgh v``r lgscfgrkohe tgegh prgdjt`rgh`a nuost v``r dg njcft `p pr``odogrgh. Fgt os dus vjh er``t lgmjhe `k kggrdgrgdogrer`gpgh (pr`xogs) tg eglruobgh `k c`hcmusogs tg trgbbgh `vgr dg jjhwgzoegmjhdscfjpstypgh r`hd ggh hgdgrzgttohe. Dg jjhwgzoefgod vjh mjhdscfjppgh os fgtghoeg djt dg tjjrtdojerjkkgh ohdocgrgh. D``r kghsgmonbg sgmgctog, e`gd zocftljjr

Tjxj Hgdgrmjhdsg hjjk sotgs

Er`tg z``edogrgh

L`vghbjrspgm

Ghbfuozgh

Kgdgklmob

Ugstw`ud

F``ew`ud

Scfjegh

Jhdonb

F``ebjrspgm

^wjjedonb

^wjjedonb-``st

@`stw`ud

argq

Cjst`r lgr lgvgr x x x - - x x x - x - 5

Jmcgs jmcgs gmjhd x x x - - x - x - x - 1

Cjprg`mus cjprg`mus rgg x - x - x - x x x - x 1

Qumpgs vumpgs v`s x - x - x x - x x - - 7

Cgrvus gmjpfus gdgmfgrt x x x - - - x - - x - 7

Sus scr`aj womd zwonh - x x - - - x - x - - 4

Mgpus gur`pjgus fjjs x - x - - - - - - x 3

Mutrj mutrj `ttgr - - x - - x x - - - - 3

Cgrvus gmjpfus/Jmcgs

jmcgs

gdgmfgrt/gmjhd x - - - x - - - - - - Cjklrodeg Whovgrsoty Yrgss.

Lrojrd, N., :?5 mgs fjcfgs d`uommg jrk`rocjohgs dgs rgommorgs(M`org-Jtmjhtoqug), (gxcgrt ar`k> C`hers Yrfost`roqug dg Arjhcg, VOV sgsso`h,

Juvgrehg, :?1?). Oss`uduh> Mjl`urgur, ::5-:

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:96

Kjmm`ry, N.Y. jhd Jdjks, D.Z. (gds.) :??5. Jsf, oh> Ghcycm`pgdoj `a Ohd`-Gur`pgjh cumturg.M`hd`h> Aotzr`y Dgjrl`rh Yulmosfgrs, 3

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:9?

Sjkghegsk`mtgh gh `hlruobljjrGgh dgp`sotog vjh dg rgstgh vjh ggh pr`ductogpr`cgs

tg Dgvghtgr-Lrohbergvgh0

Sok`hg Lm`` & \`y vjh K`uscf

rgaw``rdgh> vr`geg onzgrtond, vgrsohtgrd jjrdgwgrb, rotugmg dgp`sotog, Dgvghtgr,@vgronssgm

Bgyw`rds> Gjrmy Or`h Jeg, lurht p`ttgry, rotujm dgp`soto`h, Dgvghtgr, @vgronssgm

Ohmgodohe

Oh fgt v``rnjjr vjh

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:::

f`utsb``m gh vgrlrjhdg erjjhb`rrgms jjhegtr`aagh.

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::3

egh r`hd dg 39-35 ck. Dot eggat jjh djt fgt `k er`tg p`ttgh ejjt kgt ggh er`tg`pghohe z`jms lon v``rrjjdp`ttgh.

Q``r ggh djtgrohe vjh fgt jjrdgwgrb oh dg buom zonh wg jjhegwgzgh `p twggeodsjrtgajctgh.4Fgt typg bh`llgm``r os ggrdgr jjhegtr`aagh oh C`mkscfjtg oh ggh

buom dog oh dg mjtg ajsg vjh dg vr`geg onzgrtond os tg djtgrgh (zgsdg gguw v``r Cfr.).7

@`b os fgt jjhegtr`aagh oh Gpsg oh ggh erja uot dg vr`geg onzgrtond (Fgrksgh

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::1

``b f`utsb``m jjhwgzoe wjs (Ugo-Bhoe

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::6

U``rd vjh djhb

Ygtgr vjh dgh Lr`gbg wommgh wg erjje lgdjhbgh v``r zonh ghtf`usojstg rgjctog hjjrjjhmgodohe vjh dg mgzohe tondghs dg Kgtjjmtondghdje

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: fgterjavgmd vjh dg vohdpmjjts @`stgrf`ut-

C`htrgogGgh ggrstg jjhzgt t`t syhtfgsg vjh vggrtoe njjr`hdgrz`gb

Fjhs B``pkjhscfjp

rgaw``rdgh> erjavgmd, crgkjtogerjvgh, onzgrtond, @`stgrf`ut, H``rd-Lrjljht

Bgyw`rds> urhaogmd, crgkjto`h erjvgs, Or`h Jeg, @`stgrf`ut, H``rd-Lrjljht

Ohmgodohe

gh wgstgh vjh dg bgrh vjh @`stgrf`ut gh tgh zuodgh vjh dg bgrh vjh Dgh F`ut

moet dg hoguwl`uwwonb Dg C`htrgog. Dg C`htrgog os ggh vjh dg hoguwl`uw-wonbgh lohhgh dg fgr`htwobbgmohe vjh Qrjcfgmgh. Dg ruoktgmonbg pmjhv`rkoher`hd`k Qrjcfgmgh lge`h oh :??7 gh jcftgrgghv`meghs wgrdgh jm Qrjcfgmgh

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:

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:

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: fgt ejjt `k ggh bmgohg sgmgctog djt jms ggh `hdgrdggm vjh ggh

pjrs pr` t`t`rotuggm w`rdt eghtgrprgtggrd (Qgsgmbj & Mgkkgrs

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:

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:

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:39

Aoeurg:@vgrvogw`atfggxcjvjtgdpjrt`atfgurhgmdjttfgFsghf`,l

urojm1jhd:9jrgfoef-

moeftgd,jhdohtfgohsgrt(t`pmgat)tfgm`cjto`h`aEr`gslggbohtfgHgtfgrmjhdsossf`wh(s`urcg>

JDCJrcfg`Yr`ngct

gh).

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:33

Aoeurg 4 Tfg tfrgg spgjrfgjds

ar`k lurojm 1 (jl`vg) jhd tf`sg

ar`k lurojm :9 (lgm`w) (s`urcg>

JDC Jrcfg`Yr`ngctgh).

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:37

Sotg

Lurojmh`

Spgjrfgjds

@tfgrlurojme``d

s

Dgcgjsgd

Djtg

\gagrghcg

Huklgr

Sfjpg

Eghdgrjhdjeg

DjrpLosscf`pswge

-

3

Trojheumjr

Wrhjhdf`rsgfjrhgss

\gkjohsm`st

1tfcghturyLC

B``o:?63,:??-