Macro-evolutionary trendsmacro-evolutionaire trends zijn lange termijn-patronen in de evolutie van fenotypen

Williston’s law‘parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function’

Samuel Wendell Williston (1852-1918)

Mantis shrimp - Hemisquilla californiensis

antenuleantenna

second maxilla

first maxilla

maxillipedswalking legs

pleopods

uropod

mandible

Mososaurus

Horse – Equus caballus

incissors

caninesmolars

Acanthostega

Ichthyostega

Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

leg length increasesarm length much less

fore arm length decreasesleg length increases

Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

Dollo’s law‘evolution is irreversible; structures and functions once lost are not regained’

Louis Dollo (1857-1931)

Whiting et al. 2003. Nature 421: 264-267.

Phasma gigas(macropterous)

Extasoma popa(brachypterous)

Leprocaulines sp.(apterous)

Whiting et al. 2003. Nature 421: 264-267.

Werdelin 1987. J. Zool. 211: 259-266.

Lynx canadensis

Lynx lynx

Lynx thomasi

Lynx pardinus

Lynx issiodorensis

Lynx rufus

other felids

other carnivores

M2 present/absent

Collin & Cipraini 2003. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 270: 2551-2555.

Trochita calyptraeformis

Sigapatella novazealandica

Trochita calyptraeformis

Crepidula norrisiarum

Crucibulum radiatum

Bostrycapulus aculeatus

Calyptraea conica

Calyptraeidae

Collin & Cipraini 2003. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 270: 2551-2555.

Coiled / uncoiled

Trochita (coiled)

Crepidula (uncoiled)

Zegalerus andSigapatella (coiled)

20-100My

Cope’s rule‘body size of organisms in a particular evolutionary lineage tend to increase’

Edgar Drinker Cope (1840-1897)

Cope’s rule

Empirical evidence

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-0.2-0.4-0.6

0

10

20

Size increase

Freq

uenc

y

Hone et al. 2005. J. Evol. Biol. 18: 587-595.

DinosaursN=65 species pairs

+25.7%

Alroy 1998. Science 280: 731-734.

0 2 3 4 5-3-4-5

0

150

200

Change in mass (ln g)

Num

ber o

f pai

rs

-1-2 1

100

50

North American fossil mammals, late Cretaceous-late PaleoceneN=779 species pairs

+9.1%

Monroe & Bokma 2010. J. Evol. Biol. 23: 2017-2021.

0 2 4 6 8 10-24-6-8-10

60

50

40

30

20

10

dens

ity

size difference (%)

all mammals

all mammalsgradual evolution

carnivoresprimates Alroy 1998

fossil mammals

Extant mammalsN=3253 species

Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.

log1

0(fe

mur

leng

th)

Age (Mya)

Mesozoic birds

Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.

Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.

log1

0(fe

mur

leng

th)

Age (Mya)

Pygostylia Ornithothoraces

Eniantiornithes Ornithuromorpha

Butler & Goswami 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 1673-1681.

Cope’s rule

Empirical evidence Explanations

Selection for larger body size

larger body size

better prey capture ability

better defensive abilities

greater reproductive success

increased homeostasis

increased heat regulation per unit volume

increased competitive ability

increased intelligence

Kingsolver J.G. & Pfennig D.W. 2004. Evolution 58: 1608-1623.

91 estimates, 23 species

0

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

freq

uenc

y

0 1 1.5-0.5-1.15

linear selection gradient

-1 -0.5

body size

Cope’s rule

Empirical evidence Explanations

Selection for larger body size Passive drift away from a lower limit

size size

time

Cushioning boundary

passive system driven systemP(increase)>P(decrease)

Distribution of clades after 50 units

Cope’s rule

Empirical evidence Explanations

Selection for larger body size Passive drift away from a lower limit Psychological artefact