Macro-evolutionary trendsmacro-evolutionaire trends zijn lange termijn-patronen in de evolutie van fenotypen
Williston’s law‘parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function’
Samuel Wendell Williston (1852-1918)
Mantis shrimp - Hemisquilla californiensis
antenuleantenna
second maxilla
first maxilla
maxillipedswalking legs
pleopods
uropod
mandible
Mososaurus
Horse – Equus caballus
incissors
caninesmolars
Acanthostega
Ichthyostega
Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.
Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.
Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.
leg length increasesarm length much less
fore arm length decreasesleg length increases
Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.
Dollo’s law‘evolution is irreversible; structures and functions once lost are not regained’
Louis Dollo (1857-1931)
Whiting et al. 2003. Nature 421: 264-267.
Phasma gigas(macropterous)
Extasoma popa(brachypterous)
Leprocaulines sp.(apterous)
Whiting et al. 2003. Nature 421: 264-267.
Werdelin 1987. J. Zool. 211: 259-266.
Lynx canadensis
Lynx lynx
Lynx thomasi
Lynx pardinus
Lynx issiodorensis
Lynx rufus
other felids
other carnivores
M2 present/absent
Collin & Cipraini 2003. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 270: 2551-2555.
Trochita calyptraeformis
Sigapatella novazealandica
Trochita calyptraeformis
Crepidula norrisiarum
Crucibulum radiatum
Bostrycapulus aculeatus
Calyptraea conica
Calyptraeidae
Collin & Cipraini 2003. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 270: 2551-2555.
Coiled / uncoiled
Trochita (coiled)
Crepidula (uncoiled)
Zegalerus andSigapatella (coiled)
20-100My
Cope’s rule‘body size of organisms in a particular evolutionary lineage tend to increase’
Edgar Drinker Cope (1840-1897)
Cope’s rule
Empirical evidence
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-0.2-0.4-0.6
0
10
20
Size increase
Freq
uenc
y
Hone et al. 2005. J. Evol. Biol. 18: 587-595.
DinosaursN=65 species pairs
+25.7%
Alroy 1998. Science 280: 731-734.
0 2 3 4 5-3-4-5
0
150
200
Change in mass (ln g)
Num
ber o
f pai
rs
-1-2 1
100
50
North American fossil mammals, late Cretaceous-late PaleoceneN=779 species pairs
+9.1%
Monroe & Bokma 2010. J. Evol. Biol. 23: 2017-2021.
0 2 4 6 8 10-24-6-8-10
60
50
40
30
20
10
dens
ity
size difference (%)
all mammals
all mammalsgradual evolution
carnivoresprimates Alroy 1998
fossil mammals
Extant mammalsN=3253 species
Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.
log1
0(fe
mur
leng
th)
Age (Mya)
Mesozoic birds
Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.
Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.
log1
0(fe
mur
leng
th)
Age (Mya)
Pygostylia Ornithothoraces
Eniantiornithes Ornithuromorpha
Butler & Goswami 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 1673-1681.
Cope’s rule
Empirical evidence Explanations
Selection for larger body size
larger body size
better prey capture ability
better defensive abilities
greater reproductive success
increased homeostasis
increased heat regulation per unit volume
increased competitive ability
increased intelligence
Kingsolver J.G. & Pfennig D.W. 2004. Evolution 58: 1608-1623.
91 estimates, 23 species
0
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
freq
uenc
y
0 1 1.5-0.5-1.15
linear selection gradient
-1 -0.5
body size
Cope’s rule
Empirical evidence Explanations
Selection for larger body size Passive drift away from a lower limit
size size
time
Cushioning boundary
passive system driven systemP(increase)>P(decrease)
Distribution of clades after 50 units
Cope’s rule
Empirical evidence Explanations
Selection for larger body size Passive drift away from a lower limit Psychological artefact
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