5. Fisiologia de La Vid
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Transcript of 5. Fisiologia de La Vid
8/3/2019 5. Fisiologia de La Vid
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GMVMCNC@MA JK
NA WMJ
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6
GMVMCNC@MA JK NA WMJ
1% NCV FMFNCV JK NA WMJ
Ke nav tnaezav jk wmj f{nzmwajav } clzkemjav tc| i{nzmtnmfafmöe wk)
`kzazmwa. tcjkicv fcevmjk|a| q{k vk jkva||cnnae z|kv fmfncv ke g{efmöe
jkn tk|mcjc jk wmja q{k fcezkitnaicv2 {e fmfnc wmzan. {e fmfnc lmae{an }
{e fmfnc ae{an%
A- FMFNC WMZAN
Fcmefmjkezk fce na j{|afmöe jk na wmja jk na tnaeza. } fcit|kejkf{az|c gavkv jk j{|afmöe wa|malnk jktkejmkejc jk nav fcejmfmcekv ai)
lmkezankv } f{nz{|ankv%
• gavk mit|cj{fzmwa2 jkvjk kn añc jk tnaezafmöe an vk`{ejc c
zk|fk| añc%
• gavk jk t|cj{ffmöe f|kfmkezk2 jkvjk kn zk|fk| c f{a|zc añc
añc an vkxzc%
• gavk jk t|cj{ffmöe fcevzaezk2 jkn vkxzc an wm`ívmic añc%
• gavk jk t|cj{ffmöe jkf|kfmkezk2 ke ajknaezk. havza kna||aeq{k jk na tnaezafmöe%
L- FMFNC LMAE[AN
Tcjkicv fcezkitna| kn fmfnc jk na wmj fcic lmae{an vm zkekicv ke
f{keza na eaz{|ankra imxza jk nav }kiav „ec|iankv’ jk na wmj. } q{k a kx)
fktfmöe jk nav q{k q{kjae nazkezkv ke na iajk|a wmkba. vk jmgk|kefmae wk)
`kzazmwa } g|{fzégk|aikezk {e añc } vk jkva||cnnae ke kn vm`{mkezk% J{|ae)zk kn t|mik| añc na wmj avk`{|a v{ tk|keemjaj fcevzmz{}kejc } jmgk|ke)
fmaejc nav }kiav% J{|aezk kn vk`{ejc añc. nav }kiav gc|iajav kn añc
aezk|mc| kwcn{fmceae jkva||cnnaejc ncv ö|`aecv wk`kzazmwcv } g|{fzégk|cv%
Ailcv t|cfkvcv vce fcmefmjkezkv ke kn zmkitc ke {ea imvia tnaeza%
Tc| cz|a ta|zk. zailmíe kwcn{fmceae ke na wmj }kiav aezmfmtajav }
jk iajk|a wmkba. tk|c. a fcezme{afmöe. fkez|a|kicv kn kvz{jmc ke nav }k)
iav g|aefav (ec|iankv- t{kvzc q{k ke knnav vk lava na gc|iafmöe. jkva)||cnnc } t|cj{ffmöe jk na wmj%
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Fcevzmz{fmöe } jmgk|kefmafmöe jk }kiav ec|iankv
[ea }kia ec|ian tava tc| wa|mav gavkv jkvjk q{k fcimkera a gc|)
ia|vk ke na axmna jk na hcba havza q{k l|cza2 ta|anazkefma. kez|aja ke ke)
jcnazkefma. kejcnazkefma. vanmja jk kejcnazkefma } kfcnazkefma%
a- Gavk jk ta|anazkefma
J{|aezk kvza gavk na }kia c|`aemra } jmgk|kefma ncv kvlcrcv jk nav
megnc|kvfkefmav% Kvza gavk. fcimkera. tc| zí|imec ikjmc. kez|k gmeankv jk
ia}c } t|mik|cv jk b{emc. memfmaejc na jmgk|kefmafmöe. } gmeanmra hafma kn
ikv jk a`cvzc. fkvaejc na afzmwmjaj jk fcevzmz{fmöe } jmgk|kefmafmöe jk na
}kia% Ke kvzav gkfhav nav }kiav anfaerae v{ fcegc|iafmöe jkgmemzmwa }
kvzáe fcevzmz{mjav. tc| zí|imec ikjmc. tc| {ea jcfkea jk e{jcv fce v{v
kvlcrcv gcnma|kv. {e ta| jk |afmicv t|mic|jmankv. jmgk|kefmajcv a emwknjk nav |aimgmfafmcekv jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav } {e ik|mvzkic zk|imean%
J{|aezk na gavk jk ta|anazkefma na }kia zmkek fatafmjaj jk jkva)
||cnnc vm nav fcejmfmcekv ailmkezankv nk vce gawc|alnkv. vme kila|`c. tk|)
iaekfk ke kvzajc jk nazkefma a fa{va jk mehmlmfmöe tc| fc||knafmöe c ta)
|anazkefma q{k kbk|fk kn ik|mvzikc zk|imean. ncv emkzcv. nav megnc|kvfke)
fmav } nav hcbav t|kvkezkv% Kv jkfm|. zcjcv ncv ö|`aecv ke f|kfmimkezc vce
|kvtcevalnkv jk na ganza jk l|czafmöe jk nav }kiav ec|iankv q{k vk kvzáefcegc|iaejc%
l- Gavk jk kez|aja ke kejcnazkefmaNa nazkefma vk imjk ke g{efmöe jkn eòik|c jk hc|av q{k za|ja ke
l|cza| c jkvlc||a| {ea }kia t{kvza ke fcejmfmcekv ajkf{ajav jk f{nzm)
wc. <;²F } 8;+ jk h{ikjaj% Ke na gavk aezk|mc|. kvzk zmkitc kv megk|mc| a
<44 hc|av. nc q{k vm`emgmfa q{k ec ha} kgkfzcv jk gkeöikecv jk kejcna)
zkefma% Na gavk jk kez|aja ke kejcnazkefma vk fa|afzk|mra tc| kn a{ikezcjkn zmkitc jk jkvlc||k% Avé. tc| kbkitnc. ke na rcea jk L{|jkcv kez|k kn
14 jk a`cvzc } kn 1 jk vktzmkil|k. kn zmkitc ikjmc jk jkvlc||k tava jk
ikecv jk <44 hc|av a iáv jk 644 hc|av%
A ikjmja q{k awaera kvza gavk. nav }kiav wae tk|jmkejc v{ fatafm)
jaj jk jkvlc||k. jklmjc a icjmgmfafmcekv jk ncv kq{mnml|mcv e{z|mzmwc }
hc|icean% fcmefmjkezk fce na |ankezmrafmöe jkn f|kfmimkezc%
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f- Gavk jk kejcnazkefma
Nav }kiav tk|iaekfke jc|imjav tc| fa{vav mezk|eav (lanaefk
t|ciczc|kv #mehmlmjc|kv- a na t|ctma }kia. vme fatafmjaj jk jkvlc||k%
Na òemfa gc|ia jk v{tk|a| na kejcnazkefma kv af{i{naejc g|éc ‖ fcezalm)
nmrajc ke gc|ia jk hc|av)g|éc)% Na wmj kv tcfc kxm`kezk ke g|éc mewk|ean.
lavza fce jmkr jéav fce {ea zkitk|az{|a ikjma megk|mc| a 0 ²F ta|a |ci)
tk| na kejcnazkefma%
j- Gavk jk vanmja jk kejcnazkefma
Fce ncv t|mik|cv g|écv jkn czcñc na }kia |kf{tk|a t|c`|kvmwaikezk v{
fatafmjaj jk jkvlc||k% Kvza gavk vk kxzmkejk jkvjk vktzmkil|k havza gm)
eankv jk ecwmkil|k%
k- Gavk jk kfcnazkefma[ea wkr q{k na }kia vank jk na kejcnazkefma jklke ja|vk {eav fce)
jmfmcekv jk zkitk|az{|a ajkf{ajav ta|a l|cza|% Jk ec vk| avé } halk|
g|éc. nav }kiav ec kwcn{fmceae jklmjc a q{k nav fcejmfmcekv ailmkezankv
ec vce gawc|alnkv ta|a v{ f|kfmimkezc% Nav zkitk|az{|av ikjmav jma|mav
jklke vk| v{tk|mc|kv a ncv 14 ´F jk gc|ia fcezme{a%
Kvza gavk vk kxzmkejk jkvjk ecwmkil|k)jmfmkil|k havza na l|cza)
fmöe jk nav }kiav q{k wmkek a vk|. tc| zí|imec ikjmc. kez|k gmeankv jkia|rc } t|mik|cv jk ia}c. vk`òe nav rceav%
Nav jmvzmezav gavkv tc| nav q{k tavae nav }kiav ec cf{||ke vmi{nzá)
ekaikezk ke zcjav nav }kiav jkn táitaec vmec q{k zaezc na jmgk|kefma)
fmöe fcic na mevzanafmöe jk na kejcnazkefma v{fkjke t|c`|kvmwaikezk
jkvjk nav }kiav iáv lavankv hafma nav }kiav jk |ae`c v{tk|mc|%
F- FMFNC AE[AN
Ke nav |k`mcekv zkitnajav na wmj kvzá vcikzmja a {e |mzic c fmfnc
ae{an fcevzmz{mjc tc| {e tk|mcjc jk wmja afzmwa. ke kn q{k vk jkva||cnnae
ncv ata|azcv wk`kzazmwcv } |kt|cj{fzc|kv } vk gc|iae nav }kiav. } {e tk)
|mcjc jk |ktcvc. fcmefmjkezk ke e{kvz|av nazmz{jkv. fce na kvzafmöe g|éa%
J{|aezk kn tk|mcjc jk afzmwmjaj ae{an tcjkicv jmvzme`{m| {e fmfnc wk`k)zazmwc } {e fmfnc g|{fzégk|c. ailcv vmi{nzáekcv ke kn zmkitc%
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F%1% FMFNC WK@KZAZMWC
Kn fmfnc wk`kzazmwc jk na wmj fcit|kejk jcv t|cfkvcv mitc|zaezkv2
kn jkva||cnnc jk ncv ö|`aecv wk`kzazmwcv (táitaecv. hcbav. ra|fmnncv }
|aéfkv- } kn a`cvzaimkezc% Jk kvza gc|ia. na wmj avk`{|a v{ jkva||cnnc }
t|cj{ffmöe ke {e añc } ajq{mk|k fcejmfmcekv ta|a v{tk|a| kn tk|mcjcmewk|ean k memfma| v{ afzmwmjaj ke kn fmfnc vm`{mkezk%
A) Nnc|cvAezkv jk q{k ha}a iaemgkvzafmöe an`{ea jkn fcimkerc jk na afzmwm)
jaj wk`kzazmwa. hafma kn ikv jk gkl|k|c c ia|rc. t{kjk clvk|wa|vk ke na
fkta fmk|zav kx{jafmcekv a emwkn jk nav hk|mjav jk tcja% Kvzav kiaeafmc)
ekv nnaiajav „nnc|cv’ vk t|cj{fke f{aejc na zkitk|az{|a jkn v{knc kvv{gmfmkezkikezk anza ta|a q{k kn vmvzkia |ajmfan memfmk v{ afzmwmjaj% Nav
|aéfkv fcimkerae a alvc|lk| a`{a } a||avz|ae a v{ tavc nav v{vzaefmav
q{k kef{kez|ae ke v{ |kfc||mjc havza q{k vank tc| nav hk|mjav jk tcja
kvza jmvcn{fmöe af{cva% An ec halk| eme`òe t{ezc jk jkiaeja ke na ta|zk
aí|ka. kvzav v{vzaefmav vce wk|zmjav an kxzk|mc| tc| nav òemfav vanmjav t|k)
vkezkv ke kvk icikezc. nav hk|mjav jk tcja% Na fcitcvmfmöe jk kvzcv
nnc|cv kv lávmfaikezk a`{a fce v{vzaefmav c|`áemfav } imek|ankv jmv{kn)
zav% Ec kv vawma l|{za% Kn fkvk vk jklk a na affmöe fceb{eza jk hce`cv }
lafzk|mav vat|cgmzav q{k `kek|ae `ciav q{k nnk`ae a zatcea| nav hk|mjav
jk tcja. mitmjmkejc avé na v{ vanmja% Na faezmjaj jk nnc|cv jktkejk jknwm`c| jk na tnaeza. h{ikjaj } zkitk|az{|a jkn v{knc% Ec mitnmfa jklmnmza)
imkezc. em icwmnmrafmöe. em tí|jmja jk v{vzaefmav jk |kvk|wa% T{kjke cfa)
vmcea| t|clnkiav f{aejc fake vcl|k nav }kiav. icbáejcnav } a{ikeza|
avé kn |mkv`c jk hknajav tc| nc q{k ke na tcja mewk|ean vk afcevkba hafk|
fc|zkv clnmf{cv ct{kvzcv a na ònzmia }kia% Tc| cz|a ta|zk. ha} q{k zkek|
ke f{keza q{k t{kjk jmgmf{nza| na vcnjaj{|a jk mebk|zcv ke faitc. tc| nc
q{k ke cfavmcekv fcewmkek jkfatmza| fce aezknafmöe v{gmfmkezk a na |kanm)
rafmöe jkn mebk|zc%
L) Jkvlc||kNa t|mik|a iaemgkvzafmöe wmvmlnk jk f|kfmimkezc kv kn jkvlc||k% Nav
}kiav g|aefav ata|kfmjav } jmgk|kefmajav kn añc aezk|mc| vk hmefhae jk)
lmjc an a{ikezc jkn wcn{ike jk v{v fín{nav } a na t|cnmgk|afmöe ik|mviá)
zmfa. vk vkta|ae nav kvfaiav } na lc||a vk hafk wmvmlnk% Kn fcec jk na }kia
ja n{`a| an táitaec. nav hcbav. nav megnc|kvfkefmav } ncv ra|fmnncv t|mic|)
jmankv a v{v ö|`aecv fc||kvtcejmkezkv%
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Vk fcevmjk|a q{k na fkta ha jkvlc||ajc f{aejc kn ;4+ jk nav }k)
iav hae v{tk|ajc kvzk kvzajc%
F) F|kfmimkezc jkn táitaecKn táitaec t|kvkeza {e f|kfmimkezc ke kvtkvc| } {e f|kfmimkezc
ke nce`mz{j%
F|kfmimkezc ke `|cvc|% Kv kn |kv{nzajc jkn g{efmceaimkezc jk nav
jcv fatav `kek|az|mfkv. failm{i q{k `kek|a xmnkia hafma kn mezk|mc| }
gnckia hafma kn kxzk|mc|. } gknö`kec q{k `kek|a vòlk| hafma kn kxzk|mc| }
gkncjk|imv hafma kn mezk|mc|% Kn f|kfmimkezc ke `|cvc| vk t|kvkeza zai)
lmíe ke na iajk|a jk jcv añcv } iajk|a wmkba% Kn a{ikezc |kan jk `|cvc|
vk jklk an failm{i. a na gc|iafmöe jkn xmnkia%
F|kfmimkezc ke nce`mz{j% Kn f|kfmimkezc jkn táitaec vk memfmafce kn jkvlc||k } gmeanmra iáv za|jk ö iáv zkit|aec. ke g{efmöe jk nav
fcejmfmcekv ailmkezankv. ke ta|zmf{na| jk na jmvtcemlmnmjaj héj|mfa% Ke
nav |k`mcekv fa|afzk|mrajav tc| {e tk|mcjc kvzmwan vkfc. kn f|kfmimkezc
fkva hafma ikjmajcv jk b{emc% Kn ik|mvzkic zk|imean fkva jk g{efmcea| }
ke {e zmkitc iáv c ikecv na|`c vk vkfa } fak% Ke nav rceav jcejk kn
kvz|ív héj|mfc ec vk iaemgmkvza. lmke tc| atc|zk jk a`{a jk |mk`c c nn{wma.
kn f|kfmimkezc t{kjk t|cnce`a|vk havza gmean jk Vktzmkil|k c fcimkercv
jk Cfz{l|k%
Kn f|kfmimkezc ec kv nmekan vmec q{k |kvtcejk a {ea V fnávmfa fce
z|kv tk|mcjcv2
1%Tk|mcjc jk afknk|afmöe nkeza jkn f|kfmimkezc% Fc||kvtcejk a na gavk jk
jkvlc||k } l|czafmöe% Fcmefmjk fce {ea v{lmja nkeza jk nav zkitk|az{|av
t|miawk|ankv% Kv {e tk|mcjc ke kn q{k anzk|eae jéav fánmjcv fce jéav g|écv
} i{} g|écv%
<% Tk|mcjc jk f|kfmimkezc |átmjc. fce {ea nm`k|a |ankezmrafmöe ke gnc|a)fmöe tc| fcitkzkefma fce ncv |afmicv% Fc||kvtcejk a {e tk|mcjc fce
zkitk|az{|av t|miawk|ankv ke avfkevc } fce na |kvk|wa héj|mfa jkn v{knc
an 144+
6% Tk|mcjc jk f|kfmimkezc |ankezmrajc q{k gmeanmra fce na ta|aja jk f|k)
fmimkezc% Kvza jmvime{fmöe jk na wkncfmjaj jkn f|kfmimkezc kvzá fa{vaja
zaezc tc| kn f|kfmimkezc jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav fcic tc| na jmvime{fmöe
jkn fcezkemjc jk a`{a ke kn v{knc%
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Gafzc|kv q{k agkfzae an f|kfmimkezc jkn táitaec2
Tcvmfmöe jk na }kia% Nav }kiav jk |ae`c v{tk|mc| l|czae aezkv ‖
af|czceéa ‖ k mehmlke tc| fc||knafmöe kn f|kfmimkezc jk ncv ö|`a)
ecv q{k vk kef{kez|k ke |ae`cv megk|mc|kv. |kv{nzaejc ke {e ikec|
jkva||cnnc jk ncv táitaecv jk kvzcv |ae`cv% Ikjmaezk zífemfav jk
f{nzmwc. fcic kn jkvt{ezk. vk hcic`kemra kn f|kfmimkezc jk na f{)lmk|za wk`kzan%
Jmvtcemlmnmjaj héj|mfa% Na ganza jk a`{a ke kn v{knc t{kjk |ankezm)
ra| c ta|a| kn f|kfmimkezc ke nce`mz{j jkn átmfk ik|mvzkiázmfc% Ta)
|a fcecfk| f{áejc fcimkera a jmvime{m| na jmvtcemlmnmjaj héj|mfa
ta|a na tnaeza. vk t{kjke knk`m| {ecv táitaecv |kt|kvkezazmwcv k
m| vm`{mkejc ke ívzcv na kwcn{fmöe jk na wkncfmjaj jk f|kfmimkezc%
F{aejc ívza jmvime{}k. } nav zkitk|az{|av vce ötzmiav kv tc| gan)za jk a`{a ke kn v{knc%
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Zkitk|az{|a% Kn fk|c wk`kzazmwc jk na wmj vk vmzòa a 14²F% Zkitk)
|az{|av megk|mc|kv a ívza t|cj{fke jk`|ajafmöe m||kwk|vmlnk jk nav
fnc|cgmnav (ke|cbkfmimkezc ke fw Lclan- } iangc|iafmöe jk hcbav%
Na zkitk|az{|a ötzmia ta|a kn f|kfmimkezc wk`kzazmwc vk vmzòa ke)
z|k ncv <<)<; ²F% Vm na l|czafmöe fcmefmjk fce anzav zkitk|az{|av
t|miawk|ankv. nc q{k v{knk m| afcitañajc fce {ea |kvk|wa jk a`{a
ke kn v{knc zczanikezk nnkea. kn f|kfmimkezc jkn táitaec kv wk|zm`m)
ecvc. } an vk| aòe nav fcekxmcekv wavf{na|kv i{} jílmnkv } ec vce
v{gmfmkezkv ta|a `a|aezmra| kn jkva||cnnc wk`kzazmwc } na jmgk|kefma)
fmöe jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav? ke kvzk icikezc na wmj t|mwmnk`ma wk`k)
zafmöe g|kezk a |kejmimkezc. t|cj{fmíejcvk {e vaf|mgmfmc jk na fcvk)
fha } ta|anmrafmöe jkn t|cfkvc jk jmgk|kefmafmöe gnc|an% Kvzk gkeö)
ikec vk fcecfk fce kn ecil|k jk gmna`k } kxzk|mc|ikezk vk iaem)
gmkvza tc| gc|iafmcekv zmtc ra|fmnncv ke jcejk vk clvk|wae {ecvt{ezcv ekf|cvajcv jcejk vk h{lmkvke jmgk|kefmajc gnc|kv%
Kn zmtc jk fcej{ffmöe% An`{eav gc|iav jk `{ma| na wk`kzafmöe ga)
wc|kfke kn jkva||cnnc ke nce`mz{j. zan kv kn favc jk fc|zmeav anzav
fce wk`kzafmöe nml|k (1%7 i - havza kn v{knc%
Ncv |k`{najc|kv jkn f|kfmimkezc%
Gafzc|kv lmözmfcv2 jktkejk jk na kxtaevmöe jk nav |aéfkv } fcncem)
rafmöe jk ívzav ke kn v{knc% Ke `kek|an. a m`{anjaj jk táitaecv tc|
ikz|c nmekan kn jkva||cnnc jk ívzcv kv ia}c| f{aezc iáv fk|fa
kvzáe nav tnaezav ke na néeka jk fktav. t{kv ikec| vk|á kn eòik|c
jk táitaecv#tnaeza } ikec| na fcitkzkefma kez|k ívzcv tc| kn
a`{a jkn v{knc } nav |kvk|wav jk na tnaeza%
Fa|`a% Kn jkva||cnnc jk ncv táitaecv kv mewk|vaikezk t|ctc|fmc)
ean a v{ eòik|c ke na fkta%
J) A`cvzaimkezcKn a`cvzaimkezc kv kn t|cfkvc tc| kn q{k kn táitaec (hk|láfkc- vk
z|aevgc|ia ke va|imkezc (nm`emgmfajc-% Kxzk|mc|ikezk vk clvk|wa {e fai)
lmc jk fcnc| jkn táitaec wk|jk. a ia||öe. jkecimeáejcvk. a ta|zm| jk
kvzk icikezc. va|imkezc%
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Fcimkera ke a`cvzc. fcmefmjmkejc fce na ta|aja jk f|kfmimkezc. }
zk|imea f{aezmzazmwaikezk ke vktzmkil|k. tk|c vm`{ke t|cj{fmíejcvk
failmcv f{anmzazmwcv. ke kn mezk|mc| jk na tnaeza. havza na faéja jk nav
hcbav% Nc q{k kxzk|mc|ikezk ec ha}a a`cvzajc ke vktzmkil|k q{kja|á vme
a`cvza| } vk tk|jk|á fce ncv t|mik|cv g|écv jkn czcñc% Ncv failmcv aeazö)
imfcv avcfmajcv an a`cvzaimkezc vce ncv vm`{mkezkv2 A ta|zm| jk nav fín{)
nav jkn tk|mfmfnc fcimkera a `kek|a|vk {ea fata jk fín{nav jkecimeaja
gknö`kec q{k `kek|a gkncjk|imv hafma kn mezk|mc| } vòlk| c fc|fhc hafma
kn kxzk|mc|% Kn fceb{ezc jk gknö`kec. vòlk| } gkncjk|imv vk fcecfk fce kn
ecil|k jk tk|mjk|imv% Na gc|iafmöe jk na tk|mjk|imv t|cj{fk na vkta)
|afmöe jk na ktmjk|imv. fc|zkra } gnckia t|mia|mc jkn gnckia vkf{eja|mc
} jk cz|cv knkikezcv wavf{na|kv jkn kbk t|mefmtan% Kvzcv zkbmjcv amvnajcv
ajq{mk|ke t|cezc {e zcec ia||öe } i{k|ke%
Kn t|cfkvc jkn a`cvzaimkezc kvzá avcfmajc fce kn ke`|cvaimkezc jk
nav ta|kjkv fkn{na|kv ke ncv zkbmjcv |ajmankv } fce na af{i{nafmöe jk an)
imjöe (aimnctnavzcv- ke zcjav nav fín{nav wmwav jk na iajk|a% Ikjmaezk
kvzk t|cfkvc na tnaeza tmk|jk h{ikjaj. favm {e ;4+. tc| nc q{k vk t|cj{)
fk {ea fcefkez|afmöe jk vcn{zcv. a{ikezc jk na t|kvmöe cviözmfa } jk na
|kvmvzkefma an g|éc% An t|cj{fm|vk na nm`emgmfafmöe jk ncv zkbmjcv. ha} {ea
jkvhmj|azafmöe jk ívzcv% Zailmíe vk t|cj{fk {e failmc ikzalönmfc a
emwkn jk na fkta2 ncv t|cj{fzcv jk na gczcvéezkvmv wae a jm|m`m|vk t|mefmtan)ikezk hafma ncv |afmicv gawc|kfmkejc na iaj{|afmöe g|kezk an jkva||cnnc
wk`kzazmwc%
Kn a`cvzaimkezc fcmefmjk fce na ta|aja wk`kzazmwa jk wk|aec. na
kez|aja ke kejcnazkefma jk nav }kiav ec|iankv. na iaj{|kr gmvmcnö`mfa jk
nav vkimnnav. kn kewk|c } na iaj{|afmöe jk nav la}av% T{kjk mezk||{itm|)
vk l|{vfaikezk a fa{va jk nav hknajav czcñankv t{kv t|cwcfae {ea affm)
jkezan kez|aja ke |ktcvc jk na tnaeza% Kn a`cvzaimkezc `a|aezmra na tk)|keemjaj jk nav }kiav } ke jkgmemzmwa na v{tk|wmwkefma jkn mejmwmj{c% Na
tnaeza a`cvzaja |kvmvzm|á nav labav zkitk|az{|av mewk|eankv% Nav }kiav
jk t{kjke nnk`a| a vctc|za| havza )1;²F% Na af{i{nafmöe jk v{vzaefmav
jk |kvk|wa `a|aezmra {ea l{kea l|czafmöe } kn jkva||cnnc jk ncv táita)
ecv ke nav t|mik|av gavkv jk na faitaña vm`{mkezk% T|áfzmfaikezk jkvjk
l|czafmöe a gnc|afmöe. kn táitaec vk fcitc|za fcic {e ö|`aec fcev{im)
jc|. wmwk } vk jkva||cnna a kxtkevav jk nav |kvk|wav jk na tnaeza%
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F%<% FMFNC \KT\CJ[FZC\
Kn fmfnc |kt|cj{fzc| jk na wmj fcit|kejk z|kv t|cfkvcv2
1% Memfmafmöe gnc|an
<% Gnc|afmöe. tcnmemrafmöe } gkf{ejafmöe%
6% Jkva||cnnc jk na la}a
1% Memfmafmöe gnc|an
Kn fmfnc fcitnkzc jk na memfmafmöe gnc|an j{|a t|áfzmfaikezk {e añc
eaz{|an%
a% Añc t|kfkjkezk an jkva||cnnc jk na }kia2 mej{ffmöe jk jmgk|kefmafmöe
jk megnc|kvfkefmav t|mic|jmankv fcmefmjkezk ke kn zmkitc fce nagavk jk ta|anazkefma jk nav }kiav ec|iankv% Fcmefmjk fce ncv ik)
vkv jk b{emc } b{nmc%
l% Añc t|kvkezk2 jmgk|kefmafmöe jk lczcekv gnc|ankv an fcimkerc jk na ke)
z|aja ke afzmwmjaj } jkva||cnnc jk megnc|kvfkefmav } jk ö|`aecv
gnc|ankv q{k f{nimea ke na aezkvmv% Jkvjk al|mn a b{emc at|cxmiaja)
ikezk%
Na memfmafmöe gnc|an fcit|kejk jcv gkeöikecv jmgk|kezkv2
A% Mej{ffmöe gnc|an2 Gkeöikec gmvmcnö`mfc q{k jkzk|imea na jmgk|kefmafmöe
jk {e ik|mvzkic hafma na fcevzmz{fmöe jk {ea megnc|kvfkefma%
L% Jmgk|kefmafmöe gnc|an2 Jmgk|kefmafmöe ic|gcnö`mfa jk na megnc|kvfkefma }
jk nav gnc|kv } ö|`aecv gnc|ankv%
Na memfmafmöe gnc|an hafk |kgk|kefma a na jmgk|kefmafmöe ic|gcnö`mfa
jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav } jk nav gnc|kv jkez|c jkn |afmic%
Jmgk|kefmafmöe jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav2 Zmkek n{`a| j{|aezk kn tk|mc)
jc jk ta|anazkefma jk nav }kiav% Hafma kn ikv jk b{emc fcimkera kn jkva)
||cnnc jkn t|mik| t|mic|jmc megnc|kvfkezman fce v{v |aimgmfafmcekv } a
fcezme{afmöe kn vk`{ejc% Tc| zí|imec ikjmc ec vk gc|iae iáv jk jcv%
F{aejc na }kia kez|a ke kejcnazkefma (a`cvzc- fkva na jmgk|kefmafmöe. ncv
kvlcrcv jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav anfaerae {e emwkn jk c|`aemrafmöe a emwkn
jk |aimgmfafmcekv%
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Jmgk|kefmafmöe jk nav gnc|kv2 Na memfmafmöe gnc|an vk |kkit|kejk tc)
fc aezkv jkn jkvlc||k% An`{ecv a{zc|kv t|kfmvae q{k nav gnc|kv fcimkerae
a ata|kfk| ke na lavk jk nav megnc|kvfkefmav an fcimkerc jk na kez|aja ke
wk`kzafmöe. f{aejc nav kvfaiav jk nav }kiav vk al|ke } jkbae tava| an
bcwke l|czk% A fcezme{afmöe vk jmgk|kefma|áe v{fkvmwaikezk ncv vítancv.
ncv tízancv. kn aej|cfkc } kn `mekfkc. gmeanmraejc fce na iaj{|afmöe jkn
`|aec jk tcnke } jkn öw{nc% J{|aezk kvzk tk|mcjc q{k wa jkvjk kn jkvlc)
||k a na aezkvmv. nav megnc|kvfkefmav wae `|aj{anikezk a{ikezaejc jk za)
iañc. a{ikezc q{k vk t|cvk`{m|á at|cxmiajaikezk havza kn kewk|c%
<% Gnc|afmöe. tcnmemrafmöe } gkf{ejafmöe
Gnc|afmöe
Na gnc|afmöe fcimkera fce na atk|z{|a jk na fc|cna tc| v{ lavk. nm)
lk|áejcvk ncv fmefc tízancv q{k q{kjae {emjcv tc| v{ kxz|kimjaj } vce
t|c}kfzajcv tc| na jmvzkevmöe jk ncv gmnaikezcv kvzaimeankv. nmlk|aejc
nav aezk|av. kn kvzmnc } kn kvzm`ia% A wkfkv. vk t|cj{fk na tcnmemrafmöe }
gkf{ejafmöe vme q{k ha}a halmjc faéja jk na fanmtz|a? kvzk gkeöikec. jk)
ecimeajc fnkmvzc`aima. vk t|cj{fk halmz{anikezk ke ncv fw Lafc lnaef
} fw Vhm|ar tk|c fce kvfava g|kf{kefma ke cz|cv f{nzmwa|kv. fcmefmjmkejc
fce gnc|afmcekv hòikjav% Na gnc|afmöe j{|a {ecv 14)1; jéav tc| zí|imecikjmc. an|kjkjc| jk ikjmajcv jk b{emc. } kvzá gawc|kfmja tc| zkitk|az{)
|av jk <4)<; ´F } zmkitc vkfc% Vk fcevmjk|a tnkea gnc|afmöe f{aejc hae
nmlk|ajc na fanmtz|a kn 0;+ jk nav gnc|kv } gmean jk gnc|afmöe. f{aejc zcjav
hae almk|zc%
Tcnmemrafmöe
Fcmefmjmkejc fce na faéja jk na fanmtz|a vk t|cj{fk na jkhmvfkefmance`mz{jmean k mez|c|va jk nav aezk|av q{k nmlk|ae {ea e{lk jk `|aecv jk
tcnke vcl|k kn kvzm`ia jk na gnc|% Kn z|aevtc|zk jkn tcnke vk nnkwa a zí|im)
ec a z|awív jkn am|k (tcnmemrafmöe aekiögmna-. vmkejc na t|ctma t|c}kffmöe
jk ncv `|aecv jk tcnke tc| na aezk|a. an vk| vaf{jmja tc| na fanmtz|a. kn
ikfaemvic t|mefmtan jk z|aevtc|zk. vm lmke t{kjk vk| jkvtnarajc tc| kn
wmkezc } kwkez{anikezk tc| an`òe mevkfzc% Na tcnmemrafmöe t{kjk vk| anö)
`aia kxmvzmkejc {e anzc tc|fkezabk jk a{zc`aima. tk|c ec nnk`a an 144+%
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Gkf{ejafmöe } f{abajc
F{aejc kn `|aec jk tcnke fak vcl|k kn kvzm`ia q{kja ajhk|mjc a ín.
`k|imea } fcimkera a kimzm| kn z{lc tcnéemfc a nc na|`c jkn kvzmnc. awae)
raejc hafma kn cwa|mc. havza anfaera| kn öw{nc% A nc na|`c jkn z|a}kfzc jkn
z{lc tcnéemfc. kn eòfnkc wk`kzazmwc jkn `|aec jk tcnke jk`kek|a } kn `a)ikzc vk jmwmjk ke jcv. jk icjc q{k f{aejc kn z{lc tcnéemfc anfaera kn
öw{nc wae jcv eòfnkcv `aiízmfcv% F{aejc ncv `aikzcv anfaerae kn vafc
kil|mcea|mc. {ec jk knncv vk g{vmcea fce na ccvgk|a. gc|iaejc {e eòfnkc
jmtncmjk q{k c|m`mea|á kn kil|möe. kn cz|c vk {ek a ncv eòfnkcv tcna|kv.
jaejc n{`a| a {e zkbmjc z|mtncmjk. kn anlòike% Na gnc| fcimkera a z|aevgc|)
ia|vk ke g|{zc% Vk jkecimea f{abajc a na z|aevgc|iafmöe jkn cwa|mc ke
g|{zc% Na gkf{ejafmöe avé t|cj{fmja vk jkecimea gkf{ejafmöe ec|ian%
A wkfkv vk t|cj{fk {ea gkf{ejafmöe ec|ian tk|c tcvzk|mc|ikezk
ha} alc|zc jkn kil|möe% Ke kvzk favc. nav la}av t|kvkezae ke v{ jkva||c)
nnc {ecv |{jmikezcv vkimeankv q{k ec vce tk|fktzmlnkv tc| kn fcev{im)
jc|% Vk jmfk q{k nav la}av fa|kfke jk vkimnna. vce atm|keav% Kvzk zmtc jk
atm|kemjaj vk jkecimea vzkecvtk|imfa (vzkecv 9 vkimnna kvtk|ia 9 vk)
imnna- c V{nzaemea tc| t|cj{fm|vk jk gc|ia eaz{|an ke kn fw V{nzaemea%
Cz|c zmtc jk atm|kemjaj kv na t|cj{fmja tc| ta|zkecfa|tma% Ke
kvzk favc ec ha} gkf{ejafmöe. ta|kfk vk| q{k na vcna t|kvkefma jkn `|aecjk tcnke ke kn kvzm`ia kvzmi{na na i{nzmtnmfafmöe jk nav fín{nav jkn cwa)
|mc% Kn |kv{nzajc kv {e g|{zc vme vkimnnav% Zailmíe vk nk jkecimea atm|k)
emjaj Fc|mezmaea. tc| t|cj{fm|vk eaz{|anikezk ke kn fw Fc|mezc ek`|c%
Ke {e |afmic t{kjk halk| la}av ta|zkecfá|tmfav. ncfanmrajav fciòe)
ikezk ke nav anav% Kvza ta|zkecfa|tma kv affmjkezan. ec agkfza a zcjc kn
|afmic. } vk jkecimea imnnk|aejabk% Nav la}av imnnk|aejajav fcitnk)
zae v{ iaj{|afmöe%
Tc| ònzmic. ke {e |afmic t{kjk halk| la}av wk|jkv q{k ec iaj{)|ae% Kvzav la}av q{kjae tkq{kñav. wk|jkv } j{|av } ec iaj{|ae% Kn tc|)
fkezabk jk f{abajc kv {e jazc i{} wa|malnk jk {e f{nzmwa| a cz|c. jktke)
jk jkn zaiañc jkn |afmic% Ncv f{nzmwa|kv jk |afmic `|aejk. fce {eav
1;44 gnc|kv tc| |afmic. t{kjk zkek| {e f{abajc ec|ian jkn 1;)<4+imkez|av q{k ke f{nzmwa|kv jk |afmicv tkq{kñcv. fce {eav 144)<44 gnc)
|kv tc| |afmic c ikecv. kn tc|fkezabk jk f{abajc ec|ian |ceja kn :4)
74+% F{aejc kn f{abajc kv aec|ianikezk labc vk halna jk fc||mimkezc%
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6% Jkva||cnnc } iaj{|afmöe jk na la}a
Ke ncv f{nzmwa|kv fce vkimnna. kn f|kfmimkezc jk na la}a vk memfma z|av
na tcnmemrafmöe } gkf{ejafmöe% Kvzk t|cfkvc zmkek n{`a| jkez|c jk nav <)6
vkiaeav z|av na gnc|afmöe% Vk jmfk q{k kn g|{zc ha f{abajc } ncv kgkfzcv
meikjmazcv vce kn fcimkerc jk na jmwmvmöe fkn{na| jk nav ta|kjkv jkn cwa)|mc } na ec gc|iafmöe jk na fata jk alvfmvmöe ke na lavk jkn tkjmfknc% Nav
gnc|kv ec gkf{ejajav c ncv g|{zcv ian f{abajcv fake%
1% Jkva||cnnc jk na la}a
Na kwcn{fmöe jk na la}a na tcjkicv jmwmjm| ke wa|mav kzatav azke)
jmkejc a v{ avtkfzc kxzk|mc| } a ncv failmcv mezk|ecv ke v{ fcitcvmfmöe2
1% Gavk M c gavk jk la}a wk|jk.
<% Gavk MM c jk ta|aja jkn f|kfmimkezc }6% Gavk MMM c jk iaj{|afmöe%
1% Gavk M c gavk jk la}a wk|jk
Kvza gavk ala|fa jkvjk kn f{abajc havza q{k vk |ankezmra. } ta|a. kn
t|mik| f|kfmimkezc jk na la}a% Vk fa|afzk|mra tc| {e f|kfmimkezc jk nav
fatav jk fín{nav iáv kxzk|mc|kv jkn cwa|mc ) tk|mfa|tmc ) } jk na vkimnna%
Kv {ea gavk jk mezkeva afzmwmjaj |kvtm|azc|ma% An gmean jk kvza gavk nav vk)
imnnav anfaerae v{ zaiañc jkgmemzmwc } nav la}av anfaerae kez|k kn :4)74+ jk v{ zaiañc gmean } ajq{mk|ke v{ gc|ia jkgmemzmwa% Na j{|afmöe jk
kvza kzata cvfmna kez|k :4 ) 74 jéav ke f{nzmwa|kv fce vkimnnav% Ke {ea t|m)
ik|a kzata kn f|kfmimkezc jk na la}a kv jklmjc a vönc a i{nzmtnmfafmöe
fkn{na| } ke {ea kzata iáv awaeraja vk jklk zaezc a i{nzmtnmfafmöe fkn{)
na| fcic a jmvzkevmöe c a`|aejaimkezc fkn{na|% [ea wkr gmeanmraja kvza
kzata ec hal|á iáv f|kfmimkezc jk na la}a tc| i{nzmtnmfafmöe fkn{na|. }
tc| zaezc. ke kvza kzata q{kja fcejmfmceajc kn eòik|c jk fín{nav q{k
zkej|á na g{z{|a la}a } avé. v{ zaiañc tczkefman% J{|aezk kvza t|mik|agavk na la}a wk|jk } j{|a af{i{na áfmjcv c|`áemfcv. za|zá|mfc } iánmfc.
g{ejaikezanikezk. anfaeraejc v{ fcezkemjc iáxmic ke kewk|c% Kn áfmjc
za|zá|mfc vk vmezkzmra ke nav hcbav böwkekv lmke mn{imeajav imkez|av q{k
kn áfmjc iánmfc vk vmezkzmra ke nav hcbav aj{nzav vcil|kajav% Vk fcitc|za
fcic {e ö|`aec wk|jk. fnc|cgénmfc } |kanmra gczcvéezkvmv a{eq{k nav zavav
jk avmimnafmöe jk FC< vce i{} labav zaezc a na kvfava mn{imeafmöe q{k
nnk`a a na rcea jk |afmicv fcic a na laba jkevmjaj kvzciázmfa ke v{ ktm)
jk|imv%
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<% Gavk MM c jk ta|aja jkn f|kfmimkezc
Kvza kzata vk fa|afzk|mra tc| {ea |ankezmrafmöe memfman } ta|aja
tcvzk|mc| jkn f|kfmimkezc jkn hcnnkbc } tc| na iaj{|afmöe gmvmcnö`mfa jk
nav vkimnnav% An gmean jk kvza kzata vk t|cj{fk kn kewk|c c failmc jk fcnc|
jk na la}a? kv {e failmc l|{vfc a emwkn jk la}a tk|c q{k vk kvfancea kewa|mcv jéav a emwkn jk {e |afmic% A emwkn jk ta|fkna. kvza kzata t{kjk j{)
|a| kez|k 8 ‖ 1; jéav% Kn fcezkemjc jk áfmjcv anfaera v{ iáxmic% Na afzmwm)
jaj |kvtm|azc|ma jkf|kfk% Na la}a vm`{k vmkejc {e ö|`aec wk|jk. a{eq{k
kn fcezkemjc fnc|cgénmfc } v{ afzmwmjaj gczcvmezízmfa wae jmvime{}kejc% Ke
na la}a vk t|cj{fk {ea ta|aja ke na véezkvmv jk v{vzaefmav jkn f|kfmimke)
zc }. vmi{nzáekaikezk. {e a{ikezc jkn fcezkemjc jk áfmjc alvfévmfc%
6% Gavk MMM c jk iaj{|afmöe
Kn memfmc jk kvza kzata kvzá ia|faja tc| kn |kmemfmc jkn f|kfmimkezc
jk na la}a. kn memfmc jkn failmc jk fcnc| ‖ kewk|c ) } kn alnaejaimkezc jk
na la}a% V{ j{|afmöe kv i{} wa|malnk. kez|k 6; } 74 jéav. jktkejmkejc jk
ncv f{nzmwa|kv. fa|afzk|évzmfav fnmiázmfav jk na kvzafmöe } clbkzmwcv jk na
fcvkfha% Kv t|clalnk q{k kn |kmemfmc jkn f|kfmimkezc ke na gavk MMM vk jkla
a {e mef|kikezc jkn z{|`c| fkn{na|. an `|ajmkezk jk tczkefman héj|mfc ta|a
alvc|lk| a`{a } a {e mef|kikezc ke na kxzkevmlmnmjaj jk nav ta|kjkv fkn{)
na|kv% Na af{i{nafmöe jk aròfa|kv fcennkwa {e mef|kikezc jkn tczkefmancviözmfc (jklmjc a na t|kvkefma jk vcn{zcv- ke na la}a? kvzc mitnmfa q{k
na jmgk|kefma jk tczkefman héj|mfc kez|k kn jk vawma l|{za } kn jk nav fín{)
nav jkn tk|mfa|tmc a{ikeza ke kewk|c } jk kvzk icjc na kxtaevmöe fkn{na|
vk t|cj{fk tc|q{k ha} {e a{ikezc jk na g{k|ra fcej{fkezk a fatza|
a`{a% Ke kewk|c vk t|cj{fke {ea vk|mk jk failmcv ke nav ta|kjkv fkn{na)
|kv f{}c |kv{nzajc kv kn alnaejaimkezc jk na la}a% Nav ta|kjkv fkn{na|kv
vk hafke iáv gmeav } ha} {e a{ikezc jk na afzmwmjaj jk kermiav q{k jk)
`|ajae nav ta|kjkv fkn{na|kv fcic na fkn{nava } na tcnm`anafz{|ceava% Nafatafmjaj jk kxtaevmöe jk na la}a kvzá nmimzaja tc| na fatafmjaj jk kx)
taevmöe jk nav fín{nav jkn hcnnkbc ‖ ktmfa|tmc )% Nav fín{nav jk na t{nta ‖
ikvcfa|tmc ‖ vce fatafkv jk jmvzkejk|vk iáv q{k nav fín{nav jkn hcnnkbc.
t{jmkejc |aba|vk nav la}av vm na jmgk|kefma jk fatafmjaj jk jmvzkevmöe kv
i{} `|aejk%
An fcimkerc jk gavk MMM vk mezk||{itk na fci{emfafmöe kez|k ncv
wavcv jk xmnkia q{k anmikezae na la}a } ívza } na òemfa fci{emfafmöe q{k
q{kja vce ncv wavcv jk gnckia%
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<% LMCQ[ÉIMFA JK NA WMJ
A `|aejkv |av`cv na tnaeza jk wmj kv jk zmtc F6 } fcic zan |kanmra
g{efmceanikezk ncv t|cfkvcv fci{ekv ikzalönmfcv. aealönmfcv. jk |kvtm)
|afmöe. gczcvéezkvmv. alvc|fmöe. z|aevtm|afmöe } z|avncfafmöe t|ctmcv jk
kvzk zmtc jk tnaezav%
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Na gczcvéezkvmv kv na g{efmöe ikjmaezk na f{an vk t|cj{fke ncv fa|)
lchmj|azcv. q{k |kt|kvkezae na lavk jk na „t|cj{fzmwmjaj’. a ta|zm| jkknncv vk t|cj{fm|áe (ke vkezmjc aitnmc- na kjmgmfafmöe } af{i{nafmöe jk
nav jmvzmezav ta|zkv jk na tnaeza (kvz|{fz{|av wk`kzankv havza fcit{kvzcv
a|ciázmfcv jk na {wa- } kn iaezkemimkezc jk na tnaeza (kek|`éa ekfkva|ma
ta|a ncv jmvzmezcv t|cfkvcv-%
% Ncv aròfa|kv vce na lavk jk zcjav nav fajkeav ikzalönmfav
% Na gczcvéezkvmv zmkek fcic v{vz|azc g{ejaikezan kn FC< } fcic
g{kezk jk kek|`éa ta|a |kanmra| nav |kaffmcekv jk véezkvmv jk ncv
HFH c|`áemfcv a ta|zm| jkn FC< mec|`áemfc. na n{r%
Na tnaeza {zmnmra kek|`éa jk na |ajmafmöe vcna| ta|a fcewk|zm|na ke
kek|`éa q{éimfa ta|a |kj{fm| nav icníf{nav jk FC< } t|cj{fm| HFH% eFC<
/ <fH<C (fce n{r } fnc|cgmna- jae n{`a| a (FH<C-e / eC< / eH<C%
Kn t|cfkvc gczcvmezízmfc t{kjk vkta|a|vk ke jcv |kaffmcekv2 n{im)
ecva } cvf{|a%
a% N{imecva% Na kek|`éa n{imecva. gczcekv. vce fatz{|ajcv tc| nav
icníf{nav jk fnc|cgmna t|kvkezk ke ncv fnc|ctnavzcv (cz|cv tm`ikezcv. fc)
ic fa|czkecmjkv } xaezcgmnav zailmíe t{kjke alvc|lk| kek|`éa- } z|aev)
gk|mja a ncv gczcvmvzkiav% Kn gn{bc jk knkfz|cekv. a z|awív jk ncv gczcvmvzk)
iav M } MM ja fcic |kv{nzajc na gc|iafmöe jk AZT } EAJTH ekfkva|mavta|a na avmimnafmöe jk FC<% Kvzcv knkfz|cekv. q{k nnk`ae an gczcvmvzkia MM
jmwmjke na icníf{na jk a`{a } vk t|cj{fk cxé`kec icnkf{na|. fcic t|c)
j{fzc jk kvza |kaffmöe%
l% Cvf{|a (TF\ c fmfnc jk Fanwme2 Thczcv}ezhkvmv Fa|lce \kj{fzmce-
Na kek|`éa fatz{|aja kv {zmnmraja ta|a |kj{fm| kn FC< a fa|lchmj|azcv (8
gczcekv tc| icníf{na jk FC<-% [zmnmra na kek|`éa q{éimfa AZT } EAJTH%
Nav |kaffmcekv cvf{|av cf{||ke vcnc vm ha} v{imemvz|c jk AZT } EAJTH.vme kila|`c. kn v{imemvz|c `kek|ajc tc| nav |kaffmcekv ecfz{|eav iae)
zmkek kn TF\ i{} tcfc zmkitc (tcfcv vk`{ejcv- jkvt{ív jk tcek| nav
tnaezav ke cvf{|mjaj% TF\ g{efmcea ke kvz|kfha fceb{efmöe fce nav |kaf)
fmcekv n{imecvav%
AZT2 Ajkecvme z|mgcvgazc
EAJTH2 Emfczmeaimja ajkemea jme{fnközmjc gcvgazc
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Kvq{kia jkn ikzalcnmvic jk na wmj%
A emwkn jk nav hcbav ncv aròfa|kv gc|iajcv tc| gczcvéezkvmv ( χv-
vce. c aniafkeajcv ke nav ta|zkv wmwafkv (iajk|a } |aéfkv- } ke ncv g|{)
zcv. c {zmnmrajcv ta|a na |kvtm|afmöe (|kvt%- } ta|a na véezkvmv jk áfmjcv
c|`áemfcv (af%za|zá|mfc. iánmfc. féz|mfc-. jk áfmjcv aimeajcv fce kn emz|ö)`kec alvc|lmjc tc| nav |aéfkv. jk tcnmgkecnkv (iazk|mav fcnc|aezkv } zaem)
ecv-. jk nétmjcv. } jk nav v{vzaefmav jk f|kfmimkezc% A emwkn jk nav |aéfkv kn
a`{a } ncv knkikezcv imek|ankv alvc|lmjcv kim`|ae hafma nav ta|zkv aí)
|kav? nav |kvk|wav jk animjöe af{i{najav vce {zmnmrajav ta|a na |kvtm|a)
fmöe jk nav |aéfkv. ta|a na gal|mfafmöe jk áfmjc féz|mfc. jk fmzcq{memeav }
{ea `|ae ta|zk im`|a hafma ncv táitaecv ke f|kfmimkezc%
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6% IAJ[\AFMCE JK NA [WA ] VÉEZKVMV JK V[V FCITCEKEZKV
J{|aezk na iaj{|afmöe na fcefkez|afmöe jk aròfa|kv a{ikeza%
Havza kn fcimkerc jk na iaj{|afmöe ncv t|mefmtankv fkez|cv jk jkiaeja
jk t|cj{fzcv jk na gczcvéezkvmv vce ncv átmfkv jk ncv táitaecv ke f|kfm)
imkezc imkez|av q{k a ta|zm| jk kewk|c vk t|cj{fk {e failmc ke na jm)
|kffmöe jk ncv avmimnajcv tavaejc a vk| nav la}av tavae a vk| ncv t|mefm)
tankv v{imjk|cv% Memfmanikezk vk t|cj{fk {ea af{i{nafmöe i{} |átmja
jk aròfa|kv t|cfkjkezkv jk nav jk |kvk|wav fcic jk na afzmwmjaj gczc)
vmezízmfa jk nav hcbav% Tcvzk|mc|ikezk vk |ankezmra } kn a{ikezc jk na af{)
i{nafmöe jk ncv aròfa|kv ke na la}a jktkejk kxfn{vmwaikezk jk ncv t|c)
j{fzcv jk na gczcvéezkvmv jk nav hcbav t|öxmiav a ncv |afmicv% Kn z|aevtc|)
zk jk aròfa|kv jkez|c jk na tnaeza vk |kanmra ke gc|ia jk vafa|cva tk|c vk
af{i{nae ke na la}a ke gc|ia jk aròfa|kv vmitnkv `n{fcva } g|{fzcva%
Kwcn{fmöe jk ncv áfmjcv c|`áemfcvNcv áfmjcv za|zá|mfc } iánmfc |kt|kvkezae kn =4+ jkn zczan jk áfm)
jcv t|kvkezkv ke na la}a% B{vzc aezkv jk memfma|vk na iaj{|afmöe vk anfae)
rae ncv ia}c|kv fcezkemjcv jk áfmjcv ke na la}a% Tcvzk|mc|ikezk. j{|ae)
zk na iaj{|afmöe ec ha} af{i{nafmöe jk áfmjcv } na afmjkr zczan ‖ kxt|k)
vaja ke ` jk áfmjc za|zá|mfc#N jk icvzc ‖ jmvime{}k. kvza jmvime{fmöe vkjklk |kanikezk a na tí|jmja jk áfmjc iánmfc tc| jmwk|vav |{zav2
A- Jmn{fmöe. fcic fcevkf{kefma jkn a{ikezc jk wcn{ike jk nav la}av%
L- Jkvfcitcvmfmöe an vk| {zmnmrajc fcic v{vz|azc jk na |kvtm|afmöe
fkn{na| ta|a clzkefmöe jk kek|`éa%
F- Z|aevgc|iafmöe jk áfmjc iánmfc ke `n{fcva. t|cfkvc q{k vk jkec)
imea `n{fcekc`íekvmv% Na faezmjaj jk áfmjc iánmfc z|aevgc|iajc
ke `n{fcva ec kxfkjk kn ;+ jkn áfmjc iánmfc af{i{najc ke na la}a%
Af{i{nafmöe jk v{vzaefmav emz|c`keajavNa af{i{nafmöe jk emz|ö`kec ke na la}a vk |kanmra wéa xmnkia } wéa
gnckia% Ke nav la}av wk|jkv kn fazmöe EH :/ v{tcek iáv jkn ;4+ jk nav
v{vzaefmav emz|c`keajav% J{|aezk na iaj{|afmöe kn fcezkemjc jk emz|ö`k)
ec zczan ke kn icvzc a{ikeza a{eq{k kn fcezkemjc jk EH :/ jkf|kfk
imkez|av q{k na g|affmöe c|`áemfa a{ikeza (aimecáfmjcv. t|mefmtanikezk
} ke i{fha ikec| faezmjaj t|czkéeav-%
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An gmean jk na iaj{|afmöe na g|affmöe jk aimecáfmjcv |kt|kvkeza
iáv jkn ;4+ jkn emz|ö`kec zczan jkn icvzc% Ncv aimecáfmjcv iáv al{e)
jaezkv vce a|`memea } t|cnmea mef|kikezáejcvk v{ fcezkemjc jk < a 7 wk)
fkv j{|aezk na iaj{|afmöe% Na af{i{nafmöe jk aimecáfmjcv zmkek n{`a|
ke kn tk|mfa|tmc jkn g|{zc ke gc|ia jk aimecáfmjcv } ke nav vkimnnav% Kn
icvzc clzkemjc jk na {wa iaj{|a atkeav fcezmkek kn <4+ jkn emz|ö`kec
zczan jk na la}a% Kn fcezkemjc jk t|czkéeav vcn{lnkv anfaera v{ iáxmic
aezkv jk na iaj{|kr fcitnkza ta|a n{k`c jmvime{m| an gmean jk na iaj{|a)
fmöe%
Kwcn{fmöe jkn fcezkemjc jk fcit{kvzcv gkeönmfcvNcv fcit{kvzcv gkeönmfcv jk nav {wav vce ncv gnawcekv. gnawcecmjkv
(mefn{}kejc ncv aezcfmaecv- } zaemecv% Ncv gnawcecmjkv vk af{i{nae ke
nav fín{nav jkn hcnnkbc imkez|av q{k ncv ec gnawcecmjkv vk af{i{nae ke navfín{nav jk na t{nta%
Ke f{nzmwa|kv zmezcv ncv aezcfmaecv vce ncv |kvtcevalnkv jkn fcnc|
f{}c fcezkemjc vk af{i{na ke nav fín{nav jk na ktmjk|imv jkn g|{zc } vönc
ke an`{ecv f{nzmwa|kv vk af{i{nae zailmíe ke nav fín{nav jk na t{nta? vce
ncv f{nzmwa|kv fcecfmjcv fcic wa|mkjajkv zmezc|k|av. {e kbkitnc kv na
@a|eafha zmezc|k|a fcecfmja zailmíe fcic Anmfaezk Lc{vfhkz% Ha} {ea
kvz|kfha |knafmöe kez|k na af{i{nafmöe jk aròfa|kv ke la}a } na jk aezc)
fmaecv% Ta|kfk vk| q{k na t|kvkefma jk aròfa| ke na la}a afzòa fcic jk)vkefajkeaezk jkn t|cfkvc jk af{i{nafmöe jk aezcfmaecv } jk cz|cv fci)
t{kvzcv gkeönmfcv% Na véezkvmv jk aezcfmaecv kv fcezme{a jkvjk kewk|c a
iaj{|kr } ke an`{eav fcejmfmcekv zmkek n{`a| ke nav t|mik|av gavkv jkn
tk|mcjc jk iaj{|afmöe%
Ncv zaemecv vk af{i{nae j{|aezk na gavk M jk jkva||cnnc jk na la}a%
J{|aezk gavk MMM ncv zaemecv jk na vkimnna jmvime{}ke fcevmjk|alnkikezk
a nc na|`c jk na iaj{|afmöe imkez|av q{k ncv jk ncv hcnnkbcv t{kjke iae)
zkek|vk% Kvzáe t|kvkezkv ke kn hcnnkbc } ke na vkimnna } t|áfzmfaikezk a{)vkezkv ke na t{nta% Vce |kvtcevalnkv jkn aia|`c| } avz|me`kefma jk ncv
wmecv zmezcv } jk na kvzalmnmjaj jkn fcnc| ke wmecv zmezcv%
Kwcn{fmöe jk ncv fcit{kvzcv wcnázmnkvNcv fcit{kvzcv a|ciázmfcv vk vmezkzmrae ke na la}a ke na ònzmia
kzata jk na iaj{|afmöe } v{ ncfanmrafmöe q{kja |kvz|me`mja ke nav fín{nav
jk na ktmjk|imv (hcnnkbc-% V{ af{i{nafmöe ec kvzá kvz|kfhaikezk |knafmc)
eaja fce na fcefkez|afmöe jk aròfa|kv%
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Af{i{nafmöe jk v{vzaefmav imek|ankv
Na {wa vk ke|mq{kfk ke tczavmc j{|aezk na iaj{|afmöe. knkikezc
q{k vk z|avncfa } af{i{na ke na la}a wéa gnckia% Kn tH jkn icvzc jktkejk
jkn fcezkemjc jk áfmjc za|zá|mfc } jk O/ ke kn icvzc vk`òe na |knafmöe2
tH 9 g °
Na ia}c| ta|zk jk ncv fazmcekv vk z|avncfae wéa xmnkia } v{ af{i{)
nafmöe ke na la}a jktkejk jk na zava jk z|aevtm|afmöe% Na mezkevmjaj
z|aevtm|azc|ma jmvime{}k i{fhc jkvt{ív jkn kewk|c } b{ezc fce na mezk)
||{tfmöe jk na fci{emfafmöe wma xmnkia zmkek fcic |kv{nzajc {ea jmvim)
e{fmöe tc| jmn{fmöe jkn fcezkemjc jk fazmcekv q{k vk z|avncfae wéa xmnk)
ia. fcic fanfmc } ia`ekvmc% Ncv cnm`cknkikezcv rmef. fcl|k. iae`aekvc.
kzf% zailmíe zmkejke a jmvime{m| a nc na|`c jk na iaj{|afmöe%
Véezkvmv } im`|afmöe jk ncv ikzalcnmzcv j{|aezk kn f|kfmimkezc jk ncv
táitaecv } jk nav {wav wk|jkv%
Ncv hcbav aj{nzav t|cj{fke tc| gczcvéezkvmv (χv- aròfa|kv jk ncv
q{k {ea ta|zk kv {zmnmraja ta|a na |kvtm|afmöe (\- } cz|a g|affmöe im`|a
hafma ncv ö|`aecv ke f|kfmimkezc (hcbav böwkekv. megnc|kvfkefmav } {wav
wk|jkv-% A emwkn jk kvzcv ö|`aecv ke f|kfmimkezc ha} {e fcev{ic jk arò)fa|kv tc| |kvtm|afmöe v{tk|mc| a na t|cj{ffmöe tc| gczcvéezkvmv. ncv zkbm)
jcv vce |mfcv ke a`{a } zmkeke {ea jílmn t|kvmöe cviözmfa (t%c%-. tc| nc
q{k vk t|cj{fk {ea im`|afmöe jk ncv aròfa|kv jk ncv ö|`aecv t|cj{fzc)
|kv (hcbav- c jk ncv ö|`aecv jk aniafkeaimkezc (ta|zkv wmwafkv-? kvzcv
ö|`aecv böwkekv knalc|ae áfmjc iánmfc (AI-. q{k tk|iaekfk ke kn imv)
ic n{`a| } kvtkfmanikezk ke nav {wav wk|jkv. } áfmjc za|zá|mfc (AZ-. q{k
im`|a hafma nav |aéfkv? gmeanikezk áfmjc féz|mfc q{k kv vmezkzmrajc a emwkn
jk nav |aéfkv%
Véezkvmv } im`|afmöe jk ncv ikzalcnmzcv j{|aezk na iaj{|afmöe%
Kn fcezkemjc ke aròfa|kv jk na {wa a{ikeza tc| im`|afmöe t|cfk)
jkezk jk nav hcbav aj{nzav } tc| z|aevgc|iafmöe jkn áfmjc iánmfc% Na afm)
jkr jmvime{}k tc| jmn{fmöe jklmja a na nnk`aja jk a`{a. tc| z|aevgc|ia)
fmöe jkn áfmjc iánmfc ke aròfa|kv } tc| fcil{vzmöe |kvtm|azc|ma? kn tc|)
fkezabk jk áfmjc za|zá|mfc tk|iaekfk favm kvzalnk fce a{ikezc jkvt{ív
jk nav nn{wmav } jmvime{fmöe j{|aezk ncv tk|écjcv vkfcv%
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KVQ[KIA JK NCV FMFNCV JK NA WMJ