Oriëntatie op CIWhoorcollege 6:

Computercommunicatie

Gisela Redeker

voor deze presentatie heb ik dankbaar gebruik gemaakt van materiaal van prof.dr. John Bateman (Universität Bremen)

Person

Computer

PersonPerson Computer

Human-computer interaction(b.v. tekstverwerking, database)

Computer als gereedschap

Wat is computercommunicatie?

Computer-mediated communication(b.v. e-mail, websites)

Computer als medium

Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?

• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats

• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes

• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen

• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen

E- versus face-to-face discussie

In your reply to David’s message at 21-Jan-2000 09:21:12 you said “that sucks”, but this is not what you said at 21-Jan-2000 09:20:30 to Pete.

“Hey, you just told Pete it was OK.”

Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?

• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats

• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes

• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen

• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen

Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?

• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats

• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes

• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen

• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen

Wat maakt computercommunicatie speciaal?

• onafhankelijk van tijd en plaats

• aanpasbaar aan verschillende behoeftes

• aanpasbaar voor diverse doelgroepen

• te hergebruiken voor andere doelen

Information systems

Data DataComputer

Person

Person

Person

Pers

on

Example: the Dartbio information system:Artist Biographical Data

Authors

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

Automatic and Semi-automatic

information extraction

Data

StructuredKnowledge

Base

User

User InterfaceInformation

Retrieval

Visualisationand Natural Language Generation

Example: the ILEX system:Interactive Web-based Museum Explorer

(University of Edinburgh)

MuseumCurators

Form-basedinformation

inputinterface

Data

StructuredKnowledge

Base

Visualisationand Natural Language Generation

User

Web -br ow

s er

InformationRequestHandler

University of EdinburghILEX System startup page

Automatic webpage generation from an annotated data base

Development of information presentation

From text to multimedia...

gannets

Plumage white,save the wing quills,which are dark brown, not black as usually stated.The fledgling blackish-slate, spotted white.Immature till the third or fourth year,and recognized by the dark brown,chiefly on the back, wings, and tail,which colour diminishes season by seasontill at maturity reduced to the brown of the wing quills.

ADULT: White, black wing-tips,yellow nape.

JUVENILE: Grey,gradually becoming white over 5 years.

The plumage is white with a tinge of buff on the head and neckand dark brown, almost black, wing-tips.Immatures are first dusky all over,later piebald or white sprinkled with dark spots.

1924

1972

1996

Redistribution ofInformation acrossmodalities andacross time

Integrating Words and PicturesStudies show that designers must help readers:• search for the information they want in prose

and graphics,• make sense of it once they find it,• construct a coherent interpretation of the

prose and of the graphics,• generate connections between the words and

the pictures

‘Rhetoric’ for organising information

• something that is perceived as necessary for good document design: and particularly web design and online interaction...

• but how to systematise and teach it?

The GEM project:‘Genre and Multimodality’

(http://www.gem.stir.ac.uk)

Stages in Analysis• Content analysis: what ‘facts’ are being

communicated?• Layout analysis:

– what layout elements are there`?– what is their hierarchical structure?

• Rhetorical analysis: what is the RST structure?

• Does the layout support the rhetoric?

Relation between content, rhetorical organisation and layout

• examine the page layout

• examine the rhetorical structure of the information as presented

• look for interrelationships

Tekststructuur

The artic explorerwears lots of warmclothes to protecthim from the cold

elaboration

windproof top

balaclava

woolen underclothing

trousers

bootsmittens

‘material’

joint

Lay-out

Lay-out en tekststructuur

G

pagina

A B C D E F

Content Analysis

quality of vision how the eye workswhere it is quality of hearingfunction of ear spots appearance of ear spotsappearance of coat function of appearance of coatfunction of canine teeth function of molarsfunction of claws behaviour of claws when walking

RST analysis

Tiger: pic body parts

Tiger: mouth(pic)

canines molars

elaboration

elaboration

back of ears(pic)

white spotsfunction

backgroundhearingcoat

purpose

functionof stripes eyes

means

coating

claws(pic)

claws retract why

purpose

attributes

weightheight

dietlength

maturityseason

lifespanyoung

gestationbodytail

relationships comparisons

elaboration

background background

joint

joint

joint

joint

Lay-out

Layout tekststructuur

A

A1 A2 A3 A6 A7 A8A4 A5 A9

a a a a a ab b b b b b

DrawingIntermediateCaptionTextblock

eyes ears coat mouth teeth claws

Types of element:

Symbolic Authoringe.g., Drafter project http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/drafter

Agile project http://www.itri.brighton/projects/agile

• Symbolic authoring allows a ‘writer’ to produce texts via a specification of the texts’ intended meaning rather than directly as text

• A text generation component then converts these specifications into natural texts

• Advantages: – the text generation component can produce a

variety of texts from the same information– e.g., variations in style and selected language– non-variation can be enforced, e.g., terminology

New Technologies and CMC

• New technologies (such as Natural Language Processing) are changing the role that the computer can take on when mediating information

• There are already significant applications where information presentation is largely taken over...