9789088902246 - Van Wijk Et Al. 2014 - Vergeten Bandkeramiek - eBook

7/21/2019 9789088902246 - Van Wijk Et Al. 2014 - Vergeten Bandkeramiek - eBook

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Lld Gayssll dhhr al guastl

dlg`jtnjsbnl clwgdjdm jd

Dlalr`hda

chdailrhejliJvg vhd ]jki,

@ub Heirlutz

_jltlr vhd al Vl`al

vlrmltld


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Rjalstgdl _rlssH dlw mldlrhtjgd gf _uc`jsnjdm

Zgu hrl rlhajdm h fu`` vlrsjgd gf tnjs cggi, fgr frll!

Qnjs cggi js phrt gf tnl Rjalstgdl l-`jcrhry wnlrl egst gf gur

puc`jbhtjgds hrl fu``y hbblssjc`l fgr frll. Fgr hbblss tg egrl

frll cggis vjsjt; www.sjalstgdl.bge/`jcrhry

Agwd`gha Fu`` _AFVjsjt tnl Rjalstgdl l-`jcrhry tg crgwsl gur l-cggis. Fgr h ejdjeh`

fll ygu bhd purbnhsl h fu``y fudbtjgdh` _AF hda cy agjdm sg, ygu

nl`p tg illp gur `jcrhry ruddjdm.

www.sjalstgdl.bge/`jcrhry


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Rjalstgdl _rlss

chdailrhejlivlrmltld


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Lld Gayssll dhhr al guastl

dlg`jtnjsbnl clwgdjdm jd

Dlalr`hda

chdailrhejliJvg vhd ]jki,

@ub Heirlutz

_jltlr vhd al Vl`al

vlrmltld


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3?81 al jdajvjaul`l hutlurs

\jtmlmlvld aggr Rjalstgdl _rlss, @ljaldwww.sjalstgdl.bge

JRCD :=>-:?->>:?-331-6

@hy-gut & ges`hmgdtwlrp; Rjalstgdl _rlssFgtg ges`hm; E. Nleejdmh


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Jdnguasgpmhvl

Vggrwggra 8=

8. Jd`ljajdm 8:

8.8. Hhd`ljajdm ld agl`stl`` jdm 3?8.8.8. Nlt D]G Gayssll-prgklbt 3?8.8.3. _rgc`lle- ld agl`stl`` jdmld 3?8.8.2. Nlt @CI D]G-Gayssll gdalrzglisprgklbt 38

8.3. Gdalrzglisrlmjg 328.2. Gdalrzglisgpzlt ld grmhdjshtjl 328.1. _uc`jlisclrlji 318.2.1. @hdasbnhp vhd al Ehhsvh``lj 182.


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1.=. Al vlrsprljajdm vhd al Chdailrhejli =61.>. Al gdalrzglismlcjlald; nlt Mrhltnljalp`htlhu,

ld `hdms nlt Nllswhtlr =:1.>.8. Gp al Mrhltnljal >81.>.3. @hdms nlt Nllswhtlr >2

:::

.3.2. @hdhyl vuurstlld ld zjkd egml`jkil lxtrhbtjlpudtld 82.3.2.8. _rjehjrl gdtsùjtjdmld ld nl``jdmhfzlttjdmld 826

>.3.2.3. Vuurstlldlùvjue 82>>.3.2.2. Su``ld ld Rjdt-_jltlrs-Vglrld 82>>.3.2.1. Chdng`tlrmruc, Sgal Cgs ld Nggmcgs 82>>.3.2..3.2.6. Rj`lx mrldu al Nlschyl 81?>.3.1. Hdalrl vuurstlldsggrtld 81?>.3.1.8. Vhìldcurm-vuurstlld 81?>.3.1.3. M`hshbntjml Nhspldmguwsl vuurstlld 81?>.3.1.2. [lvld ]lmld vuurstlld 818>.3.1.1. Vuurstlldcrgddld, gdalrzglisvrhmld 818


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>.2. _rgaubtjlprgbls 813>.2.8. _rgaubtjlprgbls, gdalrzglisvrhmld 812>.2.3. ]lriwjkzl 811

>.1. Qypgegrfg`gmjsbnl bhtlmgrjld 816

:. Eltngajli Gayssll; stlldhdh`ysl 81:

:.8. Jd`ljajdm 81::.3. ]lriwjkzl 81::.2. Qypg`gmjl 8


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8?.88. Rtlld 8:18?.88.8. Rtlld vhd Ehhstrjbnt-Cl`varl 8:18?.88.8.8. Gdmlegajfjbllra ehtlrjhh` 8:18?.88.8.3. ]lritujmld 8:>) 8::88.8. Jd`ljajdm 8::

88.8.8. Mrglvl Cl`varl 3??88.3. Rjtulrjdm 3??

88.3.8. @jmmjdm 3??88.3.3. @hdasbnhp 3?888.3.2. Mrgdamlcruji 3?8

88.3.1. Cgale 3?888.2. Chdailrhejsbnl spgrld 3?3

88.2.8. @hdmsiuj`ld ld nujsp`hhtsld7 3?188.2.3. Lld mrhf7 3?188.2.2. Lld mrhbnt7 3?688.2.1. Vgdastld 3?=

88.1. Hhralwlri ujt al chdailrhejsbnl plrjgal 3?>88.1.8. Gvlrzjbnt hhralwlri Cl`varl 8:>> 3?>88.1.3. M`hawhdajm hhralwlri 3?>88.1.3.8. Vgre & mrgdastgf 3?>88.1.3.3. Vlrsjlrjdm 3?:88.1.2. Suwwhdajm hhralwlri 3?:

88.1.2.8. Vgre & mrgdastgf 38?88.1.2.3. Vlrsjlrjdm 38?88.> 388

88. 38188.6.8. Eltngajli 38188.6.3. Gdmlegajfjbllra ehtlrjhh` 38188.6.2. ]lritujmld 381

88.=. Gvlrjml ehtlrjh`ld 38688.>. Fhslrjdm ld ahtlrjdm; chdailrhejsbn hhralwlri 38688.:. Hhdvu``jdm gp al chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdm Al ]hh` 386

83. Ehhstrjbnt-I`jdilrs (8:>:-8::?) 38:83.8. Jd`ljajdm 38:83.3. Rjtulrjdm 33?

83.3.8. @jmmjdm 33?83.3.3. @hdasbnhp 33883.3.2. Mrgdamlcruji 33883.3.1. Cgale 333

83.2. Gpmrhvjdmseltngajli 33283.2.8. Agl`stl``jdmld 33283.2.3. Gpmrhvjdmstlhe 331


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83.2.2. ]lriwjkzl 33>81.1. Eltngajli ld gpmrhvjdm 3>>

81.1.8. Bhephmdl 8:3> 3>:

81.1.3. Rheldwlrijdm ld bgdf`jbt 3:?81.


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86.8.8. @MGM-agbueldthtjl 28186.3. Rjtulrjdm 2886.2.3. Jdvldthrjscgli SEG 28:86.2.2. Arjl iuj`ld elt vgdastld 28:

86.1. Vgdastld 23?86.


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8:. Ml`lld-\regdalrchhd (8:>3-8:>2) 2


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33.3.8. @jmmjdm 2>633.3.3. @hdasbnhp 2>633.3.2. Mrgdamlcruji 2>=

33.2. Nujsp`hhtsld 2>=33.2.8. Nujsp`hhts 8 2>:

33.1. Gvlrjml spgrld 2:?33.1.8. Rpggr 8.8 2:?33.1.3. Rpggr 8.< 2:?33.1.2. Rpggr 8.6 ld 8.82 2:8

33.1) 1?832.8. Jd`ljajdm 1?832.3. Rjtulrjdm 1?3

32.3.8. @jmmjdm 1?332.3.3. @hdasbnhp 1?232.3.2. Mrgdamlcruji 1?2

32.2. Eltngajli 1?632.1. Rpgrld 1?=32.

32.32.31.1. Dlalrzlttjdmld gp al rlbntlrglvlr vhd al Ehhs 12331.


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3=3:.8. Nlt dlalrzlttjdmssystlle vhd al Chdailrhejlilrs9lld bu`tuur`hdasbnhppl`jkil cldhalrjdm 1>=

3:.8.8. Jd`ljajdm 1>=3:.8.3. Qlrrhssld`hdasbnhp 1>:3:.8.2. Gp mglal mrgdald 1:33:.8.1. Lld chdailrhejsbnl clwgdjdmsmlsbnjlaldjs 1:6

3:.3. Hhralwlritrhajtjls plr vjdap`hhts ld rlmjg 1:>3:.3.8. Vlrml`jkijdm vhd al hhralwlrihdh`ysl vhd cljal glvlrs 1:>3:.3.3. Bnrgdg`gmjl


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3:.2. Dgd-@CI hhralwlri


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Vggrwggra

Jd dgvleclr 3?8? js nlt D]G-gdalrzglisprgklbt; Qlrum dhhr al Chdailrhejli,

vlrmltld gdalrzglild vhd al Chdailrhejlivhd sthrt mlmhhd. Du, ruje 2 khhr `htlr,js aht prgklbt tld ljdal mligeld elt al vggr`jmmldal, ujtmlcrljal puc`jbhtjl.Cjk nlt sbnrjkvld vhd nlt p`hd vhd hhdphi gp chsjs whhrvhd al sucsjajl cjk D]Gwlra hhdmlvrhhma, igdald wjk vlreglald wlì gevhdmrjki ihrwlj gds tl whbntldstgda, ehhr dh nlt gpnh`ld vhd al llrstl vgdastagzld, nlt vlrzhel`ld vhd alsphhrzhel gpmrhvjdmsagbueldthtjl ld nlt gpvrhmld vhd ajvlrsl hrbnjlvld wlrah``ldms aujal`jki aht ajt prgklbt dggjt cjddld al mlstlàl tjka ld fjdhdbjd igdwgrald ujtmlvglra. Mlùiijm wlra ahhrjd h`sdgm vggrzjld aggr mldlrluzl fjdhdbj-l`l ld prhitjsbnl gdalrstludjdm aggr nlt gdalrzgliscurlhu Hrbng` (@ljald), nltSjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald (@ljald), nlt Bldtrl Brhejqul (Ehhstrjbnt), almlelldtl Ehhstrjbnt ld al Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl vhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljald.

Dhhst ajl gdalrstludjdm nllft ajt prgklbt mlprgfjtllra vhd al nu`p ld jdzltvhd eldsld jd @jecurm ld @ljald ajl mlaurldal alzl arjl khhr (sges vll`) ljmldtjka lr jd nlccld mlstgild9 all`rhppgrtld jd ajt ljdavlrs`hm mltujmld ahhrvhd.Gdzl ahdi mhht ahhrcjk ujt dhhr; Bgrrjl Chil`s, _ltlr-Khd Cgengf, Frla Crgudld,

]je Ajkiehd, Cjrmjt Mln`ld, Hddl`gu vhd Mjkd, Ehrkgrjl al Mrggtn, Ehrkg`ljdNhhrs, Ejdkh Nleejdmh, ]je Nldarjx, Nl``h Ng``hdalr, Ha _grrljk-@yi`leh,Qhehrh al Slus, Nuuc Rbnejtz, Shf Qjeelrehds, Hddlejlil Vlrchhs, NhrryVrgeld, Klhd _jlrrl al ]hrrjegdt ld Kggst ]jkdld. [gdalr nud nu`p whs ajtprgklbt dggjt subblsvg` mlwllst!

Al njlrcjk hhdmlcgald puc`jbhtjl gevht al ujtwlrijdm vhd lld sl`lbtjl llralrlgpmrhvjdmld gp vjdap`hhtsld vhd al Chdailrhejli ajl tgt nlald gdujtmlwlritzjkd mlc`lvld. Nlt js lld iluzl ujt lld mrgtlr hhdth` chdailrhejsbnl gdalrzglild

ajl lì gp zjbn dhalrl clstualrjdm vlrajldld. ]jk ngpld ahd ggi aht ajt prgklbtlld sthrtsbngt js vggr al ujtwlrijdm vhd al gvlrjml, w` gpmlmrhvld ehhr djltmlhdh`ysllral ld mlpuc`jbllral vjdap`hhtsld.

@ub Heirlutz, _jltlr vhd al Vlàl & Jvg vhd ]jkiVggrsbngtld, slptleclr 3?81


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Nggfastui 8

Jd`ljajdm

Jvg vhd ]jki, @ub Heirlutz & _jltlr vhd al Vl`al

Nlt hrbnlg`gmjsbn gdalrzgli jd Dlalr`hda dhhr al vrglmdlg`jtnjsbnl bu`tuur vhdal @jdlhjrl Chdailrhejli gf @CI (


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8.8. Hhd`ljajdm ld agl`stl``jdm

8.8.8. Nlt D]G Gayssll-prgklbt

Jd slptleclr 3??> js nlt prgmrheeh Gayssll vhd sthrt mlmhhd, whhrjd nlt D]G-mlcjla Mllstlswltldsbnhppld, al Sjkisajldst vggr nlt Bu`turll` Lrfmgla ld nlt

Ejdjstlrjl vhd Gdalrwjks, Bu`tuur ld ]ltldsbnhp sheldwlrild. Elt ajt prg-mrheeh wgrat al wltldsbnhppl`jki vlrajlpldal gdtsùjtjdm clggma vhd hrbnlg-`gmjsbn vlàgdalrzgli aht jd al khrld 8:??-3??? js ujtmlvglra, ehhr djlt dhalrujtmlwlrit ld mlpuc`jbllra wlra ld aht nltzjk nlt dhtjgdh`l djvlhu gvlrstjkmt,nltzjk vhd cl`hdm js vggr al hhdsbnlrpjdm vhd al gdalrzglisvrhmld ld/gf lld cjk-arhml ihd `lvlrld hhd nlt sl`lbtjl- ld clsùjtvgrejdmsprgbls rgda hrbnlg`gmjsbnljdtlrvldtjls cjk rujetl`jkil jdmrlpld.= \jt al rhppgrtld Gayssll J> ld GayssllJJ:, iget dharuiil`jki al dggazhhi dhhr vgrld hbntlrsthdald jd hrbnlg`gmjsbngdalrzgli wlm tl wlrild. Gdmlvllr al nl`ft vhd al dhhr sbnhttjdm =


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Al jd ajt Gayssll-prgklbt mlsl`lbtllral gpmrhvjdmld (Qhcl` 8.8) nlccld lld hhd-zjld`jkil nglvll`nlja mlmlvlds gpml`lvlra. Gdvlrejkal`jki elt clplrijdmld h`smlvg`m vhd al gualrl gpmrhvjdmseltngajlild, vhd jdhalquhtl vlàagbueldthtjl,vhd al mlrjdml mrggttl vhd nlt gdalrzgbntl hrlhh` ld/gf al clplritl gdalrzglis-tjka (jd vll` mlvh``ld cltrlft nlt dggagpmrhvjdmld).

8.8.2. Nlt @CI D]G-Gayssll gdalrzglisprgklbt

Nlt D]G-Gayssll gdalrzglisprgklbt Qlrum dhhr al Chdailrhejli, vlrmltldgdalrzglild vhd al Chdailrhejliclnl`st al chsh`l ujtwlrijdm vhd (ggrsprgdil-`jki alrtjld) chdailrhejsbnl gpmrhvjdmld, nlt tglmhdil`jki ehild vhd al gd-alrzglismlmlvlds vggr (hhdsùjtlda) wltldsbnhppl`jki gdalrzgli zgwl` h`s vggrlld mrgtlr puc`jli, lvldh`s ilddjsgvlrarhbnt gp lld kgdmlrl mldlrhtjl gdalrzgl-ilrs (Qhcl` 8.8). Al 82 gpmrhvjdmld (Fjmuur 8.8) ajl zjkd mlsl`lbtllra vggr ajtGayssll-prgklbt zjkd lld mrllp ujt lld mrgtlr hhdth` gdujtmlwlritl gdalrzglild,ld `gpldal nlt prgklbt js al vjdap`hhts Rtljd-Rtljdalrvlà tglmlvglma. Cjk hhdvhdmvhd nlt prgklbt whrld sgeejml gpmrhvjdmld gp chsjsdjvlhu ujtmlwlrit ld mlpu-c`jbllra jd sbrjptjls gf nlleiudajml hrtjil`ld. Nlt elrldall` vhd al gdalrzgl-ild whs lbntlr dhuwl`jkis ujtmlwlrit ld lld hfsùjtldal clwlrijdm tgt lld rhppgrtgdtcrllit jd h``l mlvh``ld.

Nlt prjehjrl agl` vhd ajt prgklbt whs al vllrtjld gdalrzglild ujt tl wlrild

dhhr lld puc`jbhtjl bgdfgre nujajml sthdahhrald. Vggr al jd stualdtldsbrjptjlsclnhdalàl gpmrhvjdmld whs nlt mrggtstl all` vhd al vgdastld mlaltlrejdllra,whrld al (vlà)tlildjdmld mlajmjth`jsllra ld al spgrld ld strubturld clsbnrlvld9vggr al hdalrl gpmrhvjdmld eglstld alzl sthppld mrgtldall`s dgm wgrald mlzlt.

Nlt gdalrzgli nha vlrsbnj``ldal fhsld clmjddlda elt lld jdvldthrjshtjl vhdal gpmrhvjdmsmlmlvlds. Jd sgeejml mlvh``ld c`lli chsh`l jdfgrehtjl zgh`s vlà-agbueldthtjl gf vgdastld`jkstld djlt ellr vggrnhdald gf eglj`jki crujichhr ldeglst ujt nlt clsbnjichrl ehtlrjhh` mlrlbgdstrullra wgrald. Vlrvg`mlds wlra al

vjdap`hhts khhr ujtvglrjdm gpmrhvjdmagbueldthtjl ujtwlrijdm

Clli-Eg`ldstllm 8:=: \djvlrsjtljt @ljald \djvlrsjtljt @ljald igrt hrtjil`

L`s`gg-Rpggr`jkd 8:3:-8:2? SEG SEG igrt hrtjil`

Clrm hhd al Ehhs- _hstggr Ljkbistrhht 8::8 Nldarjx Nldarjx igrt hrtjil`

Lbnt-Hddldahh` (NVS8>2) 8:>1 \djvlrsjtl jt @l jald/SEG \djvlrsjtljt @ljald sbrjptjl, igrt hrtjil`

Ml`lld-Clrmstrhht 8:23 SEG SEG -

Ml`lld-Bldtrhh` @hcgrhtgrjue 8:>: Nldarjx Nldarjx -

Ml`lld-Rljpmldsstrhht 3??8 Vrgeld Vrgeld -

Ml`lld-\regdalrchhd 8:>2-8:>6 Nldarjx/Vrgeld Nldarjx/Vrgeld igrt hrtjil`

Ehhstrjbnt-Cl`varl 8:>> \djvlrsjtljt @ljald,

Vrgeld Vrgeld -

Ehhstr jbnt- Bhclrm 8:3> \djvlrsjtljt @ljald, Al

]hrrjegdt

\djvlrsjtljt @ljald, ajvlrsl

hehtlurs sbrjptjl, igrt hrtjil`

Ehhstrjbnt-Rjdt Bnrjstgl`p`ljd 3??? Ajkiehd Mlelldtl Ehhstrjbnt igrt hrtjil`

Rtljd-Nhvld 8:3


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Fjmuur 8.8 @jmmjdm

all`prgklbtld


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gpmrhvjdmagbueldthtjl mlajmjth`jsllra ld al vgdastld jd lld mlmlvldsclsthdajdmlvglra ld ujtmlsp`jtst dhhr vlrsbnj``ldal ehtlrjhh`bhtlmgrjld.

Qjkalds ahhrtgl cl`lmal splbjh`jstldcjklldigestld js lld egal` mlmlvldscl-sthda gpmlzlt aht vggr lìl @CI-vjdap`hhts mlcrujit ihd wgrald. Al gpmrhvjdms-mlmlvlds jd gds prgklbt zjkd bgdfgre ajt egal` clsbnrlvld. Nlt egal` zh` ggih`s chsjs ajldld vggr tgligestjm gdalrzgli ld ahhraggr h`s udjfgrel systlehtjlifudmlrld vggr nlt clsbnrjkvld vhd chdailrhejsbn hhralwlri, stlld ld vuurstlld.

8.3. Gdalrzglisrlmjg

Al vlrsbnj``ldal all`prgklbtld (h``l jd [uja-@jecurm) vgreld al chsjs vggr ajtgdalrzgli. Aggr udjfgrel hdh`ysl ld vlrs`hm`lmmjdm zjkd (al mlmlvlds vhd) alhfzgdalr`jkil vjdap`hhtsld du rhhap`llmchhr ld vlrml`jkichhr. Ahhrell js lldsydtnltjslrldal hdh`ysl egml`jki vhd al dlalrzlttjdmssystleld gp al Mrhltnljalld jd nlt mlcjla tld wlstld vhd Ehhstrjbnt. Aggr hdh`ysl vhd (spgrld, strubtu-rld ld vgdastld vhd) al vllrtjld vlrsbnj``ldal vjdap`hhtsld js du lld vg``lajmlrcllà vhd al [uja-@jecurmsl Chdailrhejli clsbnjichhr. Al mgla mlpuc`jbllral

vjdap`hhtsld L`s`gg, Ml`lld, Rjtthra ld Rtljd, whhrdhhr jd cjddld- ld cujtld`hdastllas wgrat vlrwlzld, c`jkild gdalrall` ujt tl ehild vhd lld mlcjla elt vllèllr dlalrzlttjdmld. Alzl whrld (sges) h` wl` mlilda h`s stjppld gp al ihhrt,ehhr zjkd du vggrzjld vhd bgdtlxt ld jdngua, all` vhd nlt dlalrzlttjdmldph-trggd. Nlt hsplbt vhd vlrmltld vjdap`hhtsld js vggr al mlsl`lbtllral p`liildaus vlrng`pld. Ahhraggr cjlald zjk lld sg`jal chsjs vggr vlrml`jkilda gdalrzgli,zgwl` tussld al `gbhtjls gdalr`jdm h`s, djlt gdcl`hdmrjki, elt al rllas mlildalvjdap`hhtsld cjddld Dlalr`hdas @jecurm ld jd al hhdmrldzldal dlalrzlttjdmsml-cjlald jd Aujts`hda ld Cl`mj.

8.2. Gdalrzglisgpzlt ld grmhdjshtjl

Nlt gdalrzgli js ujtmlvglra aggr lld crlla bgdsgrtjue. Dhhst al Fhbu`tljt alrHrbnlg`gmjl vhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljald ld bgeelrbjll` curlhu Hrbnlg`gmjsbnGdalrzgli @ljald CV (Hrbng`) dheld ggi twll euslh (nlt Sjkiseuslue vhdGuanlald jd @ljald ld nlt Bldtrl Brhejqul jd Ehhstrjbnt), al mlelldtlEhhstrjbnt, al Sjkisajldst vggr nlt Bu`turll` Lrfmgla (SBL) ld lld sl`lbtjl vhdsplbjh`jstld ld hehtlurhrbnlg`gmld all` hhd ajt prgklbt. Al sheldwlrijdm tussldal vlrsbnj``ldal phrtjkld js vggrcllàjm vlr`gpld ld nllft strubturld mlvgrea vggrtgligestjml sheldwlrijdm. Lld aujal`jkil agl`stl``jdm whs lld gualrl mldlrhtjlld lld kgdmlrl mldlrhtjl clrglps- ld hehtlurhrbnlg`gmld ilddjs tl `htld al`ld.Lld mgla vggrcllà ahhrvhd js lld wgrisngp ajl jd slptleclr 3?83 js mlgrmhdj-sllra whhrcjk prgflssjgdh`s ld hehtlurs elt lìhhr al tgld clsbnjichrl rlsu`thtldvhd nlt prgklbt nlccld clsprgild. Ajt js ggi tjkalds jdfgrel`l mlsprliild ldclzglild mlclura ajl mlaurldal al mlnl`l `ggptjka vhd nlt prgklbt nlccld p`hhts-mlvgdald. Dhhst al fgrel`l ljdaagl`ld js aus ggi, gdalr ellr vjh splbjh`jstldcjk-lldigestld, stuajlahmld ld lld wlcsjtl (www.Chdailrhejli.d`), lld sheldnhdmtussld al vlrsbnj``ldal phrtjkld mlbrllra. Al wltldsbnhppl`jkil rlsu`thtld zjkdcjk ujtstli lld mlvg`m vhd alzl sheldwlrijdm. Ellr jd althj` ihd njlr mldgleawgrald aht jd al sydtnlsl vll` zhild sheldigeld ajl jd nlt hdh`ytjsbnl mlall`tlmlsbnljald gdalrzgbnt wlrald. [g vgret al hhralwlrihdh`ysl lld aujal`jki ihalrvggr al hdalrl prgklbtld ld clvlstjmld cjkvggrcllà al rlsu`thtld vhd al stlld- ldvuurstlldhdh`ysl al whhrmldgeld phtrgdld. Kujst ggi aggr nlt sheldwlrild elt


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sldjgr @CI-splbjh`jstld js tlml`jkilrtjka lld mrggt rlslrvgjr hhd ilddjs hhdmlcggraaht dggjt elt alzl`fal agl`trlffldanlja ujt al `jtlrhtuur hfml`lja nha iuddldwgrald.

Al grmhdjshtjl vhd nggfahhdvrhmlr Jvg vhd ]jki js nlt bgeelrbjll` hrbnlg-`gmjsbnl curlhu Hrbng` lvldh`s al Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl vhd al \djvlrsjtljt@ljald, ajl vhd elalhhdvrhmlr @ub Heirlutz nlt Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlaldld _jltlr vhd al Vlàl js wlrizhhe cjk al Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl vhd al\djvlrsjtljt @ljald.

Al all`dlelrs hhd ajt prgklbt (jd h`fhcltjsbnl vg`mgral);

ar @.].R.]. Heirlutz (Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald, @ljald)

prgf. ar B.B. Chil`s (Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl, \djvlrsjtljt @ljald)

ars F.Q.R. Crgudld (Sjkisajldst vggr nlt Bu`turll` Lrfmgla, Helrsfggrt)

ars ]. Ajkiehd (Bldtrl Brhejqul, Ehhstrjbnt)prgf. ar H. vhd Mjkd (Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl, \djvlrsjtljt @ljald)

ar E.L.Qn. al Mrggtn (Cha Edstlrljfl`, Aujts`hda)

ars E. Nleejdmh (HSBNG@, @ljald)

jr ]._.H.E. Nldarjx (Rtljd)

ars N. Nujsehd (Sjkisajldst vggr nlt Bu`turll` Lrfmgla, Helrsfggrt)

ars @. Elurilds (HSBNG@, @ljald)

ars C. vhd Gs (Sjkisajldst vggr nlt Bu`turll` Lrfmgla, Helrsfggrt)

anr H. _grrljk-@yi`leh EH (HSBNG@, @ljald)elvr. Q. al Slus CH (EH stualdt, Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl, \djvlrsjtljt @ljald)

anr N. Rbnejtz (_gstlrng`t)

ar _. vhd al Vlàl (Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl, \djvlrsjtljt @ljald)

ars H. Vlrchhs (Rtjbntjdm @HC, @ljald)

ars N. Vrgeld (Ml`lld)

jr K._. al ]hrrjegdt (Mlu``l)

ars J.E. vhd ]jki (HSBNG@, @ljald)

anr K. ]jkdld EH (Fhbu`tljt alr Hrbnlg`gmjl, \djvlrsjtljt @ljald)

8.1. _uc`jlisclrlji

Elt puc`jlisbgeeudjbhtjl js ajrlbt cjk hhdvhdm vhd nlt prgklbt mlsthrt. Lldcl`hdmrjkil rg` whs ahhrcjk wlmml`lma vggr al wlcsjtl vhd nlt prgklbt (www.Chdailrhejli.d`) whhrjd rlmlèhtjm aggr al cltrgiild gdalrzglilrs vlrs`hmjs ml`lma vhd nud clvjdajdmld gp all`hsplbtld vhd nlt gdalrzgli. Al wlcstli

Qhcl` 8.3 _hrtjbjphdtld

Gayssll-prgklbt
http://www.bandkeramiek.nl/http://www.bandkeramiek.nl/http://www.bandkeramiek.nl/http://www.bandkeramiek.nl/


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vhd nlt prgklbt wgrat mgla clzgbnt, zgwl` vhdujt nlt cjddld- h`s nlt cujtld`hda.Ahhrell ihd lld rujelr puc`jli dhuwlr cjk al hrbnlg`gmjl vhd alzl vrglml cgl-rld wgrald cltrgiild.

Lld hdalr fhblt vhd nlt prgklbt whs lld tldtggdstl``jdm jd nlt Sjkiseusluevhd Guanlald. Aggr lld jdvlstlrjdm vhd nlt SEG igd lld hhdvhdil`jki clplri-tl prlsldthtjl ujtmrgljld tgt lld vg`whhrajml ejdjtldtggdstl``jdm jd al Euzlzhh`vhd nlt euslue (> slptleclr-3< dgvleclr 3?83). Vlrsbnj``ldal fhblttld vhd nltGayssll-gdalrzglisprgklbt wlrald mltggda, whhrgdalr nlt hrbnjlfehtlrjhh`, alhhralwlri- ld vuurstlldhdh`ysls ld ldil`l cjkzgdalrl gdtaliijdmld. Nlt mlnll`whs mlf`hdillra aggr ehtlrjhh` ujt al rjkil bg``lbtjl vhd nlt SEG ld al mrgtl eh-qulttl vhd nlt (fjbtjlvl) chdailrhejsbnl agrp L`swlj`lr ajl lld bldtrhh` l`leldtjd al tldtggdstl``jdm vgreal.82Ejaal`s pgstlrs ld al wlcsjtl vhd nlt euslue jsal tldtggdstl``jdm rujesbnggts gdalr al hhdahbnt mlcrhbnt. Al tldtggdstl``jdmjs ahd ggi mgla clzgbnt (Fjmuur 8.3). Al gpldjdm vhd al tldtggdstl``jdm vgre-8.3). Al gpldjdm vhd al tldtggdstl``jdm vgre-.3). Al gpldjdm vhd al tldtggdstl``jdm vgre-3). Al gpldjdm vhd al tldtggdstl``jdm vgre-). Al gpldjdm vhd al tldtggdstl``jdm vgre-al nlt sùjtstui vhd lld ahm whhrgp jd lld wgrisngp vhd nlt Gayssll-prgklbtal tgt ahd clnhhàl rlsu`thtld clsprgild wlrald. Vhdujt nlt Qnlreldeusluejd Nllr`ld ld Euslue nlt Ageljd jd Rjtthra iwhe al vrhhm ge al Gayssll-

tldtggdstl``jdm ggi jd alzl twll euslh tl lxpgslrld. Vhd kudj 3?82 tgt kudj 3?81(Qnlreldeuslue) ld zgelr 3?81 (Euslue nlt Ageljd) whs al tldtggdstl``jdmjd cljal euslh tl zjld.

Qld tjkal vhd nlt Gayssll-gdalrzgli js sheld elt lld hhdth` phrtdlrs mlsthrt eltnlt ehild vhd lld agbueldthjrl gvlr al Chdailrhejli (nttp;//www.egshshurus-fjè.d`/dlws/agbueldthjrl-Chdailrhejli/ ). Alzl wgrat mlfjdhdbjlra cujtld nltGayssll-prgklbt ge.

8.1-8:>


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\jtljdal`jki wgrat jd nlt hfsùjtldal all` h``l jdfgrehtjl gp lld rjk mlzlt whhr-cjk al cl`hdmrjkistl rlsu`thtld jd al sydtnlsl hhd cga igeld. Nlt mlnll` wgrathfmls`gtld elt lld Ldml`sl sheldvhttjdm plr nggfastui ge zgagldal ggi djlt-Dlalr`hdasth`jmld vgàgldal jdfgrehtjl tl cjlald. Ahhrcjk js mligzld ge al ih-alrs (nggfastui 3-:) mrgtldall` jdtlmrhh` tl vlrth`ld dlt h`s al sheldvhttjdm ldsydtnlsl.

Fjmuur 8.3 Nhdakls gp al

rum, dlrmlds hhdigeld!,

sbnggìjdalrld irjkmld ujt`lm

gvlr al ehqull vhd lld

chdailrhejsbn agrp jd nlt

Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald

jd @ljald


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All` 8

Al `hdasbnhppl`jkil, hrbnlg`gmjsbnlld eltngajsbnl ihalrs


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Nggfastui 3

Agl`- ld vrhhmstl``jdmld Gayssll

Jvg vhd ]jki & @ub Heirlutz

3.8. Jd`ljajdm

Al (djluwl) rlsu`thtld vhd al vggr ajt Gayssll-prgklbt clstuallral (dgga)gp-

mrhvjdmld vgreld lld cl`hdmrjkil hhdvu``jdm gp nlt `hdm`gpldal rlmjgdh`l gdalr-zgli vhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljald (gpmlzlt aggr prgf. ar _.K.S. Egaalrehd), geahthdalrl ujtmhdmspudtld ld eltngajlild djluwl ld cjkzgdalrl mlmlvlds gp`lvlrld.Al jdtlmrhtjl vhd gual ld kgdml, djlt- gf gdalr-mlpuc`jbllral gpmrhvjdmld eltal w` hfagldal mlpuc`jbllral gdalrzglild nlccld lld wltldsbnhppl`jkil ellr-whhral gpml`lvlra zgh`s ujt alzl puc`jbhtjl egml c`jkild.

Ahdizjk nlt Vlrarhm vhd Vh`ltth (Eh`th) ld al ahhrujt vggrtv`gljldal egdu-eldtldwlt wgrat al Chdailrhejli gpdjluw gp al ihhrt mlzlt, wgrald gpmrh-vjdmld ujtmlvglra, ld tlrrljdld whhrjd dlalrzlttjdmld vhd alzl bu`tuur vlrwhbntwgrald, gp mlelldtl`jki djvlhu p`hdg`gmjsbn clsbnlrea. Dlt h`s jd al khrld zls-tjm vhd al vgrjml lluw wgrat `gihh` lld mrgtl hrbnlg`gmjsbnl whhral tglmlsbnrl-vld hhd al Chdailrhejli ld wgrat zl`fs jd ldil`l mlvh``ld lld mlelldtl`jkil

@jecurmsl jaldtjtljt lrell mlhssgbjllra. Gdahdis alzl nlrdjluwal jdtlrlssl ldcjdajdm js al rg` vhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljald njlrjd vggrh`sdgm clplrit; dhmldglmh``l chdailrhejsbnl splbjh`jstld zjkd mlpldsjgdllra (nglwl` vggr`gpjm dgm wl`hbtjlf) ehhr lr js (dgm) mlld hbhalejsbnl gpvg`mjdm. Lld vllrtjm khhr aurldalgdalrzglistrhajtjl ld al cjkngrldal ilddjs arljmld vlr`grld tl mhhd. Kujst jd lldtjka whhrjd al Chdailrhejli h`s cl`hdmrjki vggr al nlaldahhmsl @jecurmsl jald-tjtljt wgrat hhdmlelrit, lld whre pg`jtjli i`jehht wgrat mlsbnhpld, ld zg alehhtsbnhppl`jkil rl`lvhdtjl tgldllet, ehm al hrbnlg`gmjl djlt hbntlrc`jkvld.Aggr jd ajt prgklbt lld sheldwlrijdmsvlrchda hhd tl mhhd tussld gual gdalr-zglilrs ld lld kgdmlrl mldlrhtjl js gvlrarhbnt vhd alsiudajmnlja mlstjeu`llra.Dhhst nlt ujtwlrild vhd al ajvlrsl gdalrzglild js nlt gds jdzjlds ejdstlds zg

cl`hdmrjki aht ilddjsgvlrarhbnt p`hhtsvjdat. Alzl bgecjdhtjl vhd gdalrzglilrs(prgflssjgdh`s ld hehtlurs) vhd nlt llrstl uur ajl jd ellralrl gf ejdalrl ehtlcltrgiild zjkd mlwllst cjk mldgleal mrgtl gpmrhvjdmld elt kgdml gdalrzglilrsujt al djluwl mldlrhtjl, `hht nlt fudaheldtl`l cl`hdm vhd ajt prgklbt zjld.

Al ggrsprgdil`jkil agl`- ld vrhhmstl``jdmld ujt al hhdvrhhm igeld njlrgdalr,vlrsprlja gvlr al vlrsbnj``ldal nggfastuiild, hhd cga. Al ujtwlrijdm vhd algpmrhvjdmld vgret al chsjs vggr lld hdh`ysl gp dlalrzlttjdmsdjvlhu, ujtmlvglraaggr al splbjh`jstld ld nggfa- ld elalhhdvrhmlrs. Ahhrcjk js vggrh` hhdahbnt


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clstlla hhd vlrsbnj``ld ld gvlrlldigestld tussld al vlrsbnj``ldal ehtlrjhh`bge-p`lxld lvldh`s al pgtldtjl vggr (hhdvu``lda) sydtnltjslrlda gdalrzgli.

3.3. Agl`stl``jdm

Al cl`hdmrjkistl agl`stl``jdm cjddld nlt prgklbt whs al chsh`l ujtwlrijdm vhd

vllrtjld chdailrhejsbnl vjdap`hhtsld. Al vggrdhhestl crgd ahhrvggr whs alvlàagbueldthtjl gp chsjs whhrvhd al gdalrsbnljald spgrld ld strubturld lvld-h`s nlt vgdastehtlrjhh` igdald wgrald mlhdh`ysllra. Al ujtwlrijdm js mlsp`jtstjd lld jdvldthrjshtjl-, lld vgdastvlrwlrijdm/hdh`ysl- ld lld rhppgrthmlfhsl. Alzlfhsld nlccld ellr tjka jd cls`hm mldgeld ahd ggrsprgdil`jki mlp`hda, ehhral mlwgddld jdfgrehtjl nllft lld aujal`jkil ellrwhhral cjddld nlt prgklbt._rgc`lehtjsbn whs vggrh` nlt gdtcrlild gf nlt eglj`jki tl nlr`ljald zjkd vhd alggrsprgdil`jkil agbueldthtjl vggr ldil`l vjdap`hhtsld, ahhrcjk spllàl al vhhiujtlld`gpldal eltngajli vhd gdalrzgli ld vlrs`hm`lmmjdm lld rg`. Ggi whrld vhdldil`l gpmrhvjdmld aggr h``lr`lj pg`jtjlil egtjvhtjls jd nlt vlr`lald al vgdastldgvlr sges wl` arjl gf vjlr `gbhtjls vlrallà mlrhhit, lì elt lld ljmld jdvldthrjs

ld alpgt. Nlt gp`gssld vhd alzl puzzl` elt gdtcrlildal stuikls whs zllr tjkarg-vlda, whhraggr vlrtrhmjdm gdvlrejkal`jki wlra9 hhd al hdalrl zjkal vgret nlt lldrlbntvhhrajmjdm vhd ajt gdalrzgli; alzl gpmrhvjdmld, vggrh` ujt al pjgdjlrskhrldvhd al Dlalr`hdasl hrbnlg`gmjl, zjkd du ahdizjk ajt Gayssll-prgklbt gdts`gtld.

Lld twllal agl`stl``jdm cltrgf al ilddjsgvlrarhbnt vhd al gual gdalrzgl-ilrs gp lld kgdmlrl mldlrhtjl. Alzl nllft vggrh` jd al jdvldthrjshtjl- ld hdh`ysl-fhsl p`hhtsmlvgdald whhrjd al sldjgr splbjh`jstld cjddld nlt prgklbt dhuw nlccldsheldmlwlrit elt kgdmlrl gdalrzglilrs ld hbtjlf nud ilddjs gvlrmlarhmld. Dhhstalzl rlmu`jlrl, frlquldtl bgdthbtegeldtld zjkd ggi ldil`l splbjh`jstld cjklld-igestld cl`lma. [g zjkd cjkvggrcllà Heirlutz, Vhd ]jki ld Al Slus lld hhdthàhmld jd al Ljfl` tl mhst mlwllst ge ell tl `gpld ld nl`pld cjk al altlrejdhtjlvhd vuurstlld gdalr clml`ljajdm vhd ar E. al Mrggtn. Al hhralwlrialtlrejdhtjl

nllft jd @ljald p`hhtsmlvgdald gdalr `ljajdm vhd ar _. vhd al Vlàl whhrcjk vhhimlzheld`jki hhralwlri js mlaltlrejdllra. Al gvlrarhbnt, kujst vhd al vhhi djltclsbnrlvld idgwngwvhd al splbjh`jstld nllft lld aujal`jkil ellrwhhral cjddldnlt prgklbt ld vggr tgligestjm gdalrzgli mlvgrea.

Aggr lld c`gm (www.Chdailrhejli.d`) js nlt puc`jli gp al nggmtl mlngualdvhd al vgralrjdmld vhd nlt prgklbt.

3.2. Vrhhmstl``jdmld

Al gdalrzglild ajl wlrald ujtmlvglra aggr gf jd sheldwlrijdm elt al\djvlrsjtljt @ljald zjkd vlrrjbnt cjddld al wltldsbnhppl`jkil ihalrs vhd nlt rlmj-gdh`l gdalrzgli dhhr al Chdailrhejli ld nlt Dlg`jtnjshtjlprgbls jd @jecurm. Ajtrlmjgdhh` gdalrzgli `ggpt sjdas 8:1: (gpmrhvjdm Rjtthra-Emr. B`hlssldstrhht)8,whhrdh vhd al dlalrzlttjdmld Rtljd-Illrldalrilriwlm (8:63-8:62) ld L`s`gg-Igg`wlm (8:-8:66) mrgtl al`ld gpmlmrhvld wlrald, ld nha h`s nggmtlpudt algpmrhvjdm vhd nlt mrhfvlà jd L`s`gg (8:6=-8:6>).3Suje twjdtjm khhr `htlr vg`maldgm Ml`lld-Khdsiheplrvlà (8::?-8::8)2, ehhr vlralr c`lvld mrgtl dlalrzlt-

8 Egaalrehd 8:/


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tjdmsgpmrhvjdmld ujt. Jd nlt ihalr vhd al ajvlrsl gdalrzglild wlritld stualdtldld prgegvldaj hhd al hdh`ysl ld puc`jbhtjl vhd al mlmlvlds, jd llrstl jdsthdtjlgdalr `ljajdm vhd prgf. ar _.K.S. Egaalrehd ld dh ajlds lelrjthht prgf. ar @._.@guwl Iggjkehds.1Al gpmrhvjdm ruje cujtld nlt `ssmlcjla (ld ahhrell cujtldnlt vlrgdalrstl`al vlstjmjdmsmlcjla vhd al Chdailrhejli) jd Lbnt-Hddldahh`vgreal al hhd`ggp dhhr nlt Ehhsah`prgklbt.


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Nggfastui 2

@hdasbnhppl`jki ihalr

Jvg vhd ]jki

2.8. Jd`ljajdm

Vhdhf nlt egeldt aht al Chdailrhejli h`s lld zl`fsthdajml hrbnlg`gmjsbnl lldnlja

nlrilda wlra, js alzl gd`gsehil`jki vlrcgdald mlwllst elt al `sscgales vhdEjaald- ld ]lst-Lurgph. Jd Dlalr`hda js nlt vggrigeld vhd al Chdailrhejliclplrit tgt lld mlcjla vhd gdmlvllr 2? cjk 8? ie jd [uja-@jecurm9 al dggr-al`jkil mrlds `jmt kujst tld dggrald vhd Rjtthra. Jdejaal`s js clilda aht @CI-dlalrzlttjdmld djlt clplrit zjkd tgt al `ssmrgdald, ehhr aht zjk ggi ahhrcujtldvggrigeld, vggrh` jd rjvjlrah`ld9 jd Dlalr`hda cjkvggrcllà jd nlt Ehhsah` gpal `hhmtlrrhssld whhr `ss ld i`lj zjkd hfmlzlt. Alzl mrgdald zu``ld djlt h`tjka ml-vrjkwhhra zjkd mlc`lvld vhd gvlrstrgejdmld whhraggr hhd al `hdacguw gp wht wltlmldwggrajm hhdaujald h`s Gual Sjvjlri`ljmrgdald egml`jki hdalrl ljsld eglstvgàgld ahd gp al `ss. Al aydhejli vhd al dlg`jtnjsbnl Ehhs js lbntlr djltmlnll` aujal`jki ld dgm vg`gp jd gdalrzgli. Ggi gp al zhdamrgdald tld dggraldvhd al `ss zjkd chdailrhejsbnl vgdastld mlahhd, ajl lvldwl` djlt hhd plreh-

dldtl clwgdjdm iuddld wgrald tglmlsbnrlvld. Al zhdamrgdald, vhd guasnlr(d ml`jkitjkajm elt al Chdailrhejli) wggd- ld khbntmlcjla vhd elsg`jtnjsbnl

khmlrs/vlrzhel`hhrs, wlrald c`jkichhr wl` mlxp`gjtllra ehhr djlt clwggda aggrchdailrhejsbnl cglrld. Nltzl`fal ihd mlzlma wgrald vhd nlt @jecurmsl nluvl`-`hda jd nlt ggstl`jki all` vhd [uja-@jecurm, whdt nglwl` elt `ss clalit, zjkdahhr mlld chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdmld clilda.

Nlt `hdasbnhp js jd al =? lluwld dh al Chdailrhejli aggr zgwl` eldsl`jkijdmrjkpld h`s dhtuur`jkil prgblssld cjkdh gdnlrildchhr vlrhdalra. [l`fs jdajld jdmlahbntld vggrzjld vhd lld hdalrl vlmlthtjl, ihd ld ehm nlt nujajml `hdasbnhpdjlt rlprlsldthtjlf mlstlà wgrald vggr lld vrglmdlg`jtnjsbnl gemlvjdm.

Al vjdap`hhtsld ajl vggr ajt Gayssll-prgklbt zjkd clsbnrlvld, clvjdald zjbn

jd vlrsbnj``ldal `hdasbnhppld; al alizhdamrgdald jd Ejaald-@jecurm, al `hhm-tlrrhssld jd al Ehhsvh``lj ld al ejaald- ld nggmtlrhssld rlbnts ld `jdis vhd alEhhs. Jd al vg`mldal phrhmrhfld wgrald al mlg`gmjsbnl gpcguw ld al `hdasbnhp-pl`jkil ildelrild vhd [uja-@jecurm clsbnrlvld.

2.3. Mlg`gmjsbnl gpcguw vhd [uja-@jecurm

[uja-@jecurm js mlg`gmjsbn mlzjld lld gvlrmhdmsmlcjla. Jd nlt zujald mrldst nlthhd al ujt`gplrs vhd al Ljfl` ld al Hralddld (al zgmldhheal sbnjlrv`hitl), tlr-wjk` nlt jd dggral`jkil rjbntjdm gvlrmhht jd al Cldlaldrjkdsl @hhmv`hitl ld nlt


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Fjmuur 2.8 Gvlrzjbnt hr-

bnlg`gmjsbnl ld mlg`gmjsbnl

plrjgald


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Dggrazllcliild9 nlt nllft mlaurldal zllr hdml tjka gdalr jdv`gla mlsthhd vhd wjs-sl`ldal tlitgdjsbnl ld hdalrl mlg`gmjsbnl prgblssld ld hfzlttjdmsgesthdajmnlald.

Al gdalrmrgda vhd nlt nujajml `ss`hdasbnhp vhd [uja-@jecurm js mrgtld-all`s aggr al Ehhs mlvgrea jd ld tussld al jkstjkald. Aggr al vggrtaurldalhfwjssl`jdm vhd ldlrzjkas al slajeldthtjl vhd mrjda (mlaurldal al igual plrjg-ald) ld hdalrzjkas jdsdjkajdm aggr al Ehhs ld zjkrjvjlrld (mlaurldal al whrelplrjgald), gdtstgda jd [uja-@jecurm lld trhpsmlwjks phtrggd vhd rjvjlrtlrrhssld.

2.3.8. Al Ehhstlrrhssld

Al Ehhs nllft vrjkwl` gvlr mlnll` [uja-@jecurm lld aji phiilt mrjda hfmlzlt gpal ihìstldld gdalrmrgda jd nlt zujald ld al tlrtjhjrl hfzlttjdmld jd nlt dggrald.Al nggmstl ld guastl tlrrhssld vhd al Ehhs clvjdald zjbn jd nlt zujaggstld vhd[uja-@jecurm9 zjk nlccld lld vrglm-p`ljstgbldl gualrage. Aggraht nlt mlcjlagdalr jdv`gla vhd al tlitgdjli ldjmszjds ihdtlàl ge lld []-DG hs, vlrsbnggfal Ehhs dhhr zjkd nujajml cla. Ngl vlralr dhhr nlt dggrawlstld, ngl kgdmlr ld`hmlr ahhrge al tlrrhssld, whhrcjk al kgdmstl tlrrhssld gdejaal``jki `hdms al nuj-ajml Ehhs `jmmld (Fjmuur 2.3). Ajvlrsl i`ljdlrl ld mrgtlrl zjkrjvjlrld vhd al Ehhsnlccld zjbn jd al Ehhstlrrhssld jdmlsdlald (cjkvggrcllà al Ml`lld, al Mlu`ld al Klilr) dhaht al Ehhstlrrhssld whrld mlvgrea. Al clliah`ld ld clild zjkdh`tjka kgdmlr ahd al tlrrhssld vhd al Ehhs whhrjd zjk `jmmld.

2.3.3. @sshfzlttjdmld

Jd [uja-@jecurm js gp mrgtl sbnhh` tjkalds al `hhtstl twll jkstjkald (Rhh`jld ld]ljbnsl`jld) `ss aggr al wjda hfmlzlt. Njlraggr js nlt gdalr`jmmldal, trhpsmlwjk-zl tlrrhssldrl`jf mrgtldall`s mlehsillra. Al elt `ss clalitl tlrrhssld zjkd hhdnlt ljdal vhd nlt _`ljstgblld ld jd nlt Ng`gblld vlralr gdalr jdv`gla mligeldvhd cgalevgrejdm ld lrgsjl. Al vhd ggrsprgdm ihìrjkil `ss js cjk nlt prgblsvhd cgalevgrejdm tgt gp lld ajlptl vhd gdmlvllr 3 tgt 2 e gdtihìt, whhrdhaggr jdtlrdl vlrwlrjdm al mrgda vlrcrujda js. I`ljall`tkls zjkd aggr aggrsjkpl`ldarlmldwhtlr ujtmlspglà (`lssjvhml) ld gp lld ajlplr djvlhu mlhbbueu`llra, whhr-aggr lld zgmldhheal Ct-ngrjzgdt js mlvgrea. Nlt zg gdtsthdl cgaletypl nlltcrjimrgda.

Al ah`ld jd ajt mlcjla zjkd gp aggrsdlal vll`h` hsyeeltrjsbn vhdwlml zg-mldhheal ml`jfùbtjl8 gdalr plrjm`hbjh`l gesthdajmnlald jd al JKstjkald; tlmld-gvlr lìhhr ml`lmld ah`whdald whreald ld aggjald jd vlrsbnj``ldal ehtl gp,whhraggr al ah`ld ujtljdal`jki lld hsyeeltrjsbnl vgre irlmld. Vll` ah`ld zjkdtlmldwggrajm djlt ellr plrehdldt whtlrvglrlda ld wgrald ahhrge argml ah`ldgf arggmah`ld mldglea.

2.3.2. Clli- ld arggmah`ld

Jd al clli- ld arggmah`ld iuddld al (sges eltlrs ajiil) phiilttld mrgda ajlvhd ngmlrl al`ld wlra hfmlspglà (bg`ùvjue) hrbnlg`gmjsbnl vjdap`hhtsld hfali-ild ajl ahhraggr mgla mlbgdslrvllra, ehhr eglj`jki gf jd nlt mlnll` djlt hhd nltgpplrv`hi trhbllrchhr zjkd.3\jt vgdastehtlrjhh` hfigestjm ujt al bg`ùvjh c`jkit

8 Nlt nl``jdmhfwhhrts v`gljld vhd mlseg`tld jks vlreldma elt cgaleehtlrjhh`.3 [jl cjkvggrcllà rlbldt gdalrzgli tl Rjtthra-Gahphrijdm whhr chdailrhejsbnl vgdastld jd sjtugp

lld gual cgscgale wlrald hhdmltrgld (Nlresld jd vggrclrljajdm).


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8????e?

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

Ehhs

Ml`lld

Mlu`

Nggmtlrrhs

Nggmtlrrhs

Ejaaldtlrrhs

Ejaaldtlrrhs

@hhmtlrrhs

@hhmtlrrhs

\r

Klilr

Fjmuur 2.3 Gpdhel Hbtull`

Nggmtlclsthda Dlalr`hda (HND)

vhd nlt rl`jf vhd [uja-@jecurm. Al

Gayssll-vjdap`hhtsld sthhd hhdml-

mlvld. Aujal`jki zjkd al vlrsbnj`-

`ldal Ehhstlrrhssld nlrildchhr


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aht alzl jd ngml ehtl mlrl`htllra zjkd hhd gdtmjddjdmsfhsld vhd al `ssp`htlhus.Alzl gdtmjddjdmld ahtlrld ujt nlt dlg`jtnjbue, al `htl jkzlrtjka ld al Sgeljdsltjka, ld ggi ujt al vg``l ejaal`lluwld ld `htlrl plrjgald.

Argml ah`ld zjkd djlt h`tjka (plrehdldt) arggm, zjk iuddld lld tjkal`jki wh-tlrhfvglrldal fudbtjl nlccld. Vhdhf nlt pudt aht plrehdldtl crgddld jd lldarggmah` vggrigeld sprllit eld vhd lld clliah`. Vhhi zjkd lr i`ljdl pgl`tkls jdal nl``jdmld, ajl vrjkwl` bgdtjdu whtlr vglrld. Egml`jki zjkd sgeejml pgl`tklsmlmrhvld vggr arjdiwhtlrvggrzjldjdm ehhr hdalrl zjkd dhtuur`jki gdtsthhd. @htlrzjkd aggr trhdspgrt vhd eldsld ld vll, zgwl` h`s aggr whtlrhfvglr al hhdwlzjmlargml ah`ld ujtmls`ltld; ng``l wlmld ld mruccld igeld vll` vggr. V`glamrhvldzjkd mlmrhvld whtlrmhdmld gf mlihdh`jsllral clild, vhhi tlr gdt`hstjdm vhd hdalrlclild. Mruccld2 gf mrhbntld zjkd `gih`l cldhejdmld vhd ajlp ujtmls`ltld ng``lwlmld.

2.3.1. Lrgsjl

Dhhst nlt dhtuur`jkil prgbls vhd slajeldthtjl -nlt hfzlttld vhd slajeldt aggral Ehhs, zjkrjvjlrld ld clild- nllft gdalr jdv`gla vhd al elds gp mrgtl sbnhh`bg`ùvjuevgrejdm p`hhtsmlvgdald. @ss js cjkzgdalr mlvgl`jm vggr lrgsjl, ld aggrgdtmjddjdm vhd al `ssp`htlhus ld `htlr ggi vhd al nl``jdmld, igd al `ss djlt ellraggr al vlmlthtjl wgrald vhstmlnguald. Cjk (nlftjml) rlmldvh` vjdat gpplrv`hiijmlhfstrgejdm p`hhts ld wgrald `ssall`tkls aggr nlt whtlr ellmldgeld. Vggrh` jdnlt vggr- ld dhkhhr h`s al hiilrs igrt tlvgrld mlp`glma ld jdmlzhhja zjkd, js almlvgl`jmnlja vggr lrgsjl zllr mrggt. Geaht lrgsjlclplrildal ehhtrlml`ld jd nltvlr`lald zllr clplrit whrld, zjkd mrgtl nglvll`nlald `ss vhd al p`htlhus ld alnl``jdmld wlmmlspglà ld gp `hmlr tlrrljd hfmlzlt. Ajt slbudahjrl hfmlzlttl slaj-eldt wgrat bg`ùvjue mldglea9 al vgrejdm lrvhd js zllr stlri mlrl`htllra hhd algdtmjddjdm vhd nlt mlcjla.

Jd [uja-@jecurm zjkd twll mrgtl fhsld vhd bg`ùvjuevgrejdm clilda, al

llrstl nhdmt sheld elt al gdtmjddjdm vhd nlt mlcjla tjkalds al Sgeljdsl Qjkald al twllal elt al mrggtsbnh`jml gdtcgssjdmld jd al vg``l ejaal`lluwld. 1

]hhrsbnjkd`jki nllft lr ggi jd prl-Sgeljdsl plrjgald bg`ùvjuevgrejdm p`hhts-mlnha, h` zh` ajt gp vll` i`ljdlrl sbnhh` mlclura zjkd, geaht al gdtmjddjdmldvll` i`ljdsbnh`jmlr whrld. Jd rlbldtlrl tjkald nllft lr aggr sbnhh`vlrmrgtjdm jd al`hdacguw ujtmlcrlja lrgsjl p`hhtsmlnha.

Al ehtl vhd lrgsjl js nlrildchhr gp al cgaleihhrt aggr nlt gdalrsbnlja tus-sld rhalcrjimrgdald ld clrmcrjimrgdald. Shalcrjimrgdald zjkd vg``lajm jdthbtlcgales ld clrmcrjimrgdald mlall`tl`jki mlrgallral cgales. Nl``jdmld wgraldgp al cgaleihhrt gdalrvlrallà jd lld zlsth` nl``jdmi`hssld, vhrjrlda vhd v`hi(nl``jdm ?-3%), gvlr zwhi nl``lda (3--86%), ld vrjk stlj` (86-3


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gpplrv`hitl. Gdtnggfajdm vhd nlt cgaleprgfjl` ihd ahhrdhhst jd rlbldtlrl tjkaldggi aggr ajlpp`glmld nlccld p`hhtsmlvgdald. Aggr al gdtnggfajdm -nlt vlr-awjkdld vhd nlt ggrsprgdil`jkil gpplrv`hi- js al bgdslrvlrjdm vhd hrbnlg`gmjsbnlwhhrald stlri hhdmlthst9 vggrh` vgdastld ajl gp nlt tgldeh`jml ehhjvlà nlccldml`lmld lvldh`s gdajlpl spgrld zjkd vlrawldld. Ehhr geaht cjk clrmcrjimrgdalds`lbnts lld all` vhd al ggrsprgdil`jkil cgale wlm js (al Ct-ngrjzgdt zh` dgmhhdwlzjm zjkd), iuddld ajlplrl spgrld h`s phh`spgrld, whtlrputtld gf mrhbntlddgm jd nlt gpmrhvjdmsv`hi zjbntchhr zjkd. Gvlrjmlds js vrjkwl` mlld ldil` stuiklmrgdagpplrv`hi nl`lehh` v`hi jd [uja-@jecurm ld aus zh` nlt grjmjdl`l gpplrv`hivrjkwl` dlrmlds vg``lajm jdthbt zjkd.

2.3.Jd nlt dlg`jtnjbue vlrhdalral wljdjm hhd aljdejaal`s ujtmlstrlitl mleldmal (`jdald-ljild)cgssld. Nlt cllà aht vggr alzltjka ujt al pg``ldajhmrheeld:dhhr vgrld iget js aht al p`htlhus ajbnt clcgst wh-rld. Al cgssld clstgdald vggrdhel`jki ujt `jdal whhrdhhst jd i`ljdlrl hhdth``ldgdalr hdalrl lji, nhzl`hhr, ls ld jlp vggriwheld. @ggfcgs iget tlmldwggrajm jd

alzl sheldstl``jdm cjkdh djlt ellr vggr. Al lji nllft jdejaal`s (rl`htjlf) vll` tlr-rljd mlwgddld, tlrwjk` al `jdal vrjkwl` js vlrawldld. Ejdstlds lld mlall`tl`jkilvlri`hrjdm js aht al `jdal nlt clst mrgljt jd mlcjlald ajl ggi mlsbnjit zjkd vggr`hdacguw, whhraggr alzl cggesggrt p`hhts nllft egltld ehild vggr hiilr`hda.8?

6 Vhd ]jki 3??:.= Vlrml`jki cjkvggrcllà Vhd ]jki & Vhd Nggf 3?? Clrldasld 3??>9 Crjdiileplr lt h`. 3??9 Chil`s 3??:.8? Jcja.


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Lld gpvh``lda vlrsbnjkdsl` jd nlt pg``ldsplbtrue (Fjmuur 2.1) js aht wllmcrll

ld mrhdld nud jdtrlal agld vhdhf al twllal nl`ft vhd nlt Ht`hdtjbue. Ahhrdhdllet nlt hhdall` vhd al mrhssld, mrhdld ld irujald tgl, h`s mlvg`m vhd al jd-trgaubtjl vhd `hdacguw aggr al Chdailrhejlilrs. Aggr nlt ihppld vhd nltmleldmal `jdald-ljildcgs gdtstgdald gpld tlrrljdld elt mrhssld ld irujahbn-tjmld. Nlt h`mleldl vlmlthtjlcllà js rlal`jki clilda nglwl` gdaujal`jki js nglajbnt al vlmlthtjl whs; lld ajbntclmrglja glrcgs elt nlr ld alr lld gpld p`li jdnlt `hdasbnhp88, f lld ellr gpld, phrihbntjm `hdasbnhp.83

Al vggrilur vhd al chdailrhejsbnl cglrld mjdm ujt dhhr al rl`htjlf v`hiilejaaldtlrrhssld zgh`s alzl cjkvggrcllà jd nlt Mrhltnljal mlcjla ld gp al Bhclrmvggriwheld (ld -igeld)9 ahhr `jmmld al mrggtstl bgdbldtrhtjls chdailrhejsbnldlalrzlttjdmld. Al nggm- ld `hhmtlrhssld `jkild ahhrldtlmld phs jd al `hhtstl fhsl

vhd al Chdailrhejli clwggda mlrhhit.82

Al clwgdjdm bgdbldtrllral zjbn `hdmsal clli- ld arggmah`ld, ld al tlrrhsrhdald81whhr (vlrs) whtlr ujt al nl``jdm trhagf jd al ah`cgale gpwlàl.8.82 Al Mrggtn 3??=c.81 Vhd ]jki & Vhd Nggf 3??.8< Vhd [jkvlrald 3??69 Vhd ]jki & Vhd Nggf 3??


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ildelri vhd al rhda`gbhtjls js aht zjk mrldzld hhd vlrsbnj``ldal lbg`gmjsbnl zgdlswhhraggr nlt egml`jki whs ge vhdujt d vlrc`jkfp`hhts vlrsbnj``ldal `hdasbnhp-pl`jkil zgdls tl lxp`gjtlrld.86 Alzl vlrsbnj``ldal `hdasbnhppl`jki zgdls gdalr-sbnljaald zjbn ggi aggr vlrsbnj``ld jd vlmlthtjl. Al `sscgales gp al p`htlhuswhrld ggrsprgdil`jki cgscgales (Rbnwhrzlral-cgale) ajl zjbn `htlr (vlreglal-`jki d al Chdailrhejli) zjbn tgt rhalcrjimrgdald gdtwjiilàld.

Bldtrhh` gp al tlrrhssld `jkit, vggr zgvlr wl du wltld, ejdalr gf mlld chda-ilrhejsbnl clwgdjdm tl zjkd mlwllst. Alzl mlall`tls whrld vlreglal`jki ejdalrhttrhbtjlf geaht mlld dhtuur`jkil whtlrcrgddld cjddld nhdaclrlji `hmld tlrwjk`nlt mrgdawhtlrdjvlhu ellsth` ellr ahd 8? e gdalr ehhjvlà `hm. Alsgdahdiswhrld al v`hiil, vrubntchrl p`htlhus wl` mlsbnjit vggr hiilrcguw zgh`s zjk gginlald tld ahml dgm stllas zllr jd trli zjkd h`s `hdacguwmlcjlald. Nlt js ahhrgedjlt gdaldichhr aht jd alzl tgt du tgl hrbnlg`gmjsbn `lml mlcjlald tgbn ldil`ldlalrzlttjdmld tl vlrwhbntld zjkd. Aggraht ahhr tlmldwggrajm wljdjm wgrat ml-cguwa (whhraggr wljdjm hrbnlg`gmjsbn gdalrzgbnt eglt wgrald), c`jkft ajt vggr-`gpjm lld gpld vrhhm.

Nglwl` vlrgdalrstlà wgrat aht al khmlrs-vlrzhel`hhrs vhd nlt elsg`jtnj-bue h` jdmrlpld jd nlt `hdasbnhp aggr gpld p`liild tl brlrld, whrld nlt alChdailrhejlilrs, al llrstl cglrld, ajl al `ssp`htlhus gdtmgddld. Dhhst al gdt-mjddjdmld ajl dgajm whrld vggr al cguw vhd al dlalrzlttjdmld, wlra lvldlldscgs mlihpt ld vlralrgp lvldtull` hfmlcrhda, tld clnglvl vhd al (i`ljdsbnh`jml)`hdacguw.8=Al i`ljdsbnh`jmnlja vhd al hiilrcguw c`jkit gdalr ellr ujt al hdh`y-

86 Vhd ]jki & Vhd Nggf 3??


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sl vhd hiilrgdirujald whhrcjk rl`htjlf vll` sbnhauwejddldal p`hdtld zjkd mlvgd-ald. Vg`mlds al nujajml jdzjbntld wlrald alzl hiilrs `hdmaurjm mlcrujit, zgdalrcrhhi`jmmjdm. Egml`jki wlrald al hiilrs ggi clelst.8>Qglmlvglma eglt wgraldaht al ggrsprgdil`jkil cgales hhdzjld`jki lldvguajmlr tl clwlrild whrld ahd almlalmrhallral `sscgales ajl tnhds rlstld.

Gdalrzgli jd Ejaald-Lurgph `jkit lr gp tl wjkzld aht aggr al Chdailrhejliclelstjdm vhd al hiilrs js tglmlphst. Lxplrjeldtl`l hrbnlg`gmjl tggdt ahhrdhhsthhd aht nlt ggi egml`jki whs nlt cgs wllr tl `htld gpsbnjltld gp gual hiilrs lddh vlr`ggp vhd khrld hf tl crhdald whhrcjk al hs al vrubntchhrnlja tlrumcrldmtzgaht gpdjluw igd wgrald mlhiilra.8:Gdaujal`jki js gf alzl zgmldhheal zwlt-`hdacguw(`hahdmcguw, Crhdargaudmschu gf s`hsn-hda-curd tlbndjli) ggi aggr alChdailrhejlilrs js tglmlphst. Eld ihd zjbn vggrstl``ld aht cjk lld llrstl gdtmjd-djdm wl` al`ld vhd nlt cgs zjkd hfmlcrhda.3?Gp alzl ehdjlr wlra ujtljdal`jki lldhhdlldmls`gtld mgral` cguw`hda `hdms al rhdald vhd al Mrhltnljal ld al Bhclrmjd mlcruji mldgeld.

Nlt vll wlra egml`jki djlt h``lld mlwlja jd al clcgstl clliah`ld ld dh alggmst gp al hiilrs, ehhr whhrsbnjkd`jki ggi, jd lld trhdsnuehdbl-systlle, gp

al vlralr wlm ml`lmld zhdamrgdald, zgh`s jd nlt strggemlcjla vhd al Sglr. 38Nltvll wlra s wjdtlrs cjkmlvglra elt mlarggma c`ha`ggf.33Al bldtrh`l al`ld vhd altlrrhssld c`lvld vlreglal`jki clcgst. Dh al Chdailrhejli dhe al dlalrzlttjdms-arui hf ld zu``ld al cgssld zjbn nlccld nlrstl`a.

2.1. @hdasbnhp vhd al Ehhsvh``lj

Nlt `hdasbnhp vhd al Ehhsvh``lj ildt lld hdalrl mldlsl ahd aht vhd al `ssp`h-tlhus (Fjmuur 2. Cgmhhra lt h`. 3??=.8: Nlrrehddlt h`.3??=.3? Nlrrehdd lt h`. 3??=.38 Chil`s 8:>39 Crgudld 8:>69 Al Mrggtn 3??=c.33 Ih`js & Elurlrs-Ch`il 8::=9 @djdm 3???.32 _hu`jssld 8:=2.


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\jt al llralrl vgdastld ld nlt dgm gpldal gdalrzgli jd nlt Mrldsehhsmlcjla,wgrat aujal`jki aht ajt mlcjla mlxp`gjtllra wlra mlaurldal nlt mlnl`l dlg`jtnj-bue9 ajt jd tlmldstl``jdm tgt llralrl jalld aht jd nlt Ehhsah` cjkdh mlld (dlg`j-tnjsbnl) clwgdjdm egml`jki whs, ahdwl` aht alzl djlt ellr tlrum tl vjdald zguzjkd aggraht nlt elhdalrld vhd al Ehhs al spgrld gpmlrujea nllft.

Gp nlt `hhmtlrrhs (Qlrrhs vhd Mljstjdmld) zjkd jdejaal`s ellralrl chdailrh-ejsbnl vjdap`hhtsld clilda zgh`s tl Rtljd-Dhttldngvld31, Rtljd-Nhvld, Jttlrld-Rtlrildclrm3

Gpelril`jki js aht al vjdap`hhtsld jdnlt Ehhsah` cltrliil`jki `hht jd al chdailrhejsbnl slquldtjl ahtlrld.

2.1.3= Arldtn jd vggrclrljajdm.3> Heirlutz 3??19 Crgudld & Sldsjdi 3??6.3: Vhd alr Mhhuw 3??>.

Fjmuur 2.< Al stlj`rhda whhr

nlt ejaaldtlrrhs wgrat gdalr-

crgild aggr nlt Ehhsah`. Al

chdailrhejsbnl vjdap`hhtsld

vhd al Bhclrm `jmmldal cgvld

`hdms alzl stlj`rhda (gpdhel

8:82 vhdujt nlt zujaggstld

rjbntjdm Rellrehhs mlzjld,

ujt Vhd Chrld 8:86, h. 8)


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dlg`jtnjbue (whhrgdalr spgrld vhd lld strubtuur vhd al Ejbnl`sclrm bu`tuur).2?Nlt Vggrstlrvl`a js zujal`jkilr ml`lmld gp lld ujt`gplr vhd nlt nggmtlrrhs vhdIgdjdmscgsbn ld ijkit ujt gvlr nlt V`ggtclliah`.28 Al cgale js zhdalrjm eltrlstld vhd `ss. Gp ldil`l p`hhtsld ahmzgget mrjda. Mlaurldal nlt Ht`hdtjbuewhrld al zhdamrgdald ajbnt clcgst, elt lld ljild-`jdalcgs ld jlpldcgs. Jd gpldal`ld vhd nlt cgs ld `hdms strggepkls iwheld ggi nhzl`hhr ld ls vggr. Jd nlt dht-tlrl Sglrah` zh` al vlmlthtjl lld ellr gpld ihrhitlr nlccld mlnha whhrjd vgbnt-ejddldal sggrtld zgh`s wj`m ld l`s vggriwheld.23Al vlmlthtjl gp nlt nggmtlrrhszh` vggrdhel`jki mlagejdllra zjkd aggr lji ld `jdal, zgh`s gp al `ssp`htlhus.

2? Vlrnhrt & ]hds`llcld 8::89 Vlrnhrt 3???.28 Crgudld 8:>


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Nggfastui 1

Hrbnlg`gmjsbn ld njstgrjsbn ihalr

Jvg vhd ]jki, _jltlr vhd al Vlàl & @ub Heirlutz

1.8. Gdalrzglismlsbnjlaldjs vhd al Chdailrhejli

Al llrstl gp sbnrjft mlstlàl vgdast vhd chdailrhejsbn ehtlrjhh`, ajl gvlrjmlds

djlt h`s zgahdjm nlrilda js, sthht whhrsbnjkd`jki gp dhhe vhd Bhsjejr \chmnsujt Ehhstrjbnt, jd al `htl zlvldtjmlr khrld vhd al 8:l lluw. \chmns nha stldldajssl`s jd al gemlvjdm vhd Ehhstrjbnt mlvgdald8 tlrwjk` njk gp zgli whs dhhrellrglvlr- gf phh`cguwdlalrzlttjdmld hhd al Ehhs, zgh`s clmjd 8:llluw jd al[wjtslrsl elrld whrld hhdmltrgffld. Njk nlrildal jdalrahha al prlnjstgrjsbnlgualrage vhd al ajssl`s9 cgvldajld elldal njk hhd al vglt vhd al Bhclrm hhd alglvlr vhd al Ehhs, lld ellr- (gf cltlr mlzlma Ehhs-)glvlrdlalrzlttjdm tl nlccldmlvgdald.3Vhd zjkd vgdastld zjkd g.h. cldld ld ngutld wlritujmld, ajlr`jki cgt,ldjm hhralwlri (ggrtkls) clwhhra mlc`lvld, ehhr gpelril`jki mldglm mlld vuur-stlld. Aggr nlt mlcrli hhd bgdtlxt jdfgrehtjl c`jkft al jdfgrehtjlwhhral vhd alzlvgdast clplrit. Al clseltld hhralwlrild pgt elt mlihrtlàl gf mlmg`fal rhda ajljd al puc`jbhtjl vhd \chmns wgrat mldglea aglt aldild hhd lld `hhtdlg`jtnjsbnl

gf zl`fs `hhtprlnjstgrjsbnl ahtlrjdm. Ahhrell c`jkft nlt s`lbnts lld jdtrjmlrldalvgdastelàjdm.

Nglwl` al Chdailrhejli h` ljda dlmldtjldal lluw mlalfjdjllra js h`s lld hf-zgdalr`jkil hrbnlg`gmjsbnl bu`tuur, nllft nlt tgt 8:3< mlauura llr nlt vggrigeldlrvhd ggi jd Dlalr`hda wlra nlrilda. Dgm ahtzl`fal khhr wlra lld gpmrhvjdm gpal Bhclrm ujtmlvglra aggr ar Ng`wlrah vhd nlt Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald,ajl al hhdwlzjmnlja vhd al @CI jd Dlalr`hda h` vggrsplà nha jd al lvldlldsjd 8:3< vlrsbnldld twllal arui vhd zjkd Dlalr`hdas Vrglmstl Mlsbnjlaldjs. Algpmrhvjdmld wlrald, zjk nlt sueejlr, jd 8:3= mlpuc`jbllra jd al Aujtsl Clrjbntlalr Sejsbn-Mlrehdjsbnld Igeejssjgd, whhrell al wjkalrl hrbnlg`gmjsbnl wlrlàilddjs igd dleld vhd alzl vgdastld.2Jd ahtzl`fal clrjbnt wlra tlr`ggps vlrelà

aht jd Rtljd, gp al hdalrl Ehhsglvlr, jd 8:36 aggr Slegubnheps (lvldlldsvhd nlt SEG) cjk nlt gpmrhvld vhd lld Sgeljds vj``hbgep`lx lld hhdth` @CI-iuj`ld (nutigeeld) whs hhdmltrgffld; al llrstl chdailrhejsbnl spgrld gp alMrhltnljal.

8 Rprldmlr 8:1>9 Mggsslds iget lbntlr al llr tgl h`s llrstl h`s zgahdjm spgrld ld vgdastld vhd alChdailrhejli tl nlccld hhdmltrgld ld nlrilda (zjl gdalr).

3 \chmns 8>>1.2 Ng`wlrah 8:3=.


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Ahhrell whs al igml` aggr al ilri, whdt jd al vg`mldal khrld agild gvlrh`gp al Mrhltnljal (Clli, L`s`gg, Ml`lld, Rjtthra, Rtljd) chdailrhejsbnl vgdastldgp ld wlrald ellr gf ejdalr i`ljdsbnh`jml gpmrhvjdmld mlahhd aggr hehtlurhr-bnlg`gmld zgh`s al hrtsld Clbilrs & Clbilrs ld phstggr Ildmld. Ggi vhdujtprgflssjgdl`l ngli whs lr cl`hdmstl``jdm; vggrh` Ng`wlrah, Slegubnheps ldCursbn (vhdujt nlt Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald) ld ggi Vhd Mjffld (vhdujt nltCjg`gmjsbn-Hrbnlg`gmjsbn Jdstjtuut tl Mrgdjdmld) mrglvld dhhr al @CI. Dh alggr`gm irllm nlt gdalrzgli dhhr al chdailrhejsbnl bu`tuur lld stlril jepu`s eltal mrgtlrl dlalrzlttjdmsgdalrzglijdmld aggr Egaalrehd tl L`s`gg (8:


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wlra cjk Clli lld all` vhd lld i`ljdl, `hht-chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdm gdalr-zgbnt gp nlt Mlvlrjilrvl`a,Nlt Mldggtsbnhp stjbnttl lld euslue jd Ehhstrjbnt ld nhahrbnlg`gmjsbn gdalrzgli tld agl` dhhr vggrcll`a vhd nlt Jdstjtut Hrbng`gmjqul@jmlgjs tl @uji (gpmlrjbnt 8>


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aggr al `lald zl`f, al gpmrhvjdm whs lld sgbjhh` ld sheldcjdalda lvldleldt.8?Jdal clmjdkhrld vhd nlt @jecurms Mldggtsbnhp wlra djlt zl`f mlmrhvld ld mjdm alcltrgiildnlja vhd nlt Mldggtsbnhp djlt vlralr ahd aht nlt ldjml hehtlurhrbnl-g`gmld gdalr zjkd `lald tlàl. [g zgu nlt tgt jd nlt clmjd vhd al twjdtjmstl lluwc`jkvld. ]l` wlra khhr`jkis mlà clstlla hhd hhdigpld vggr nlt euslue, ehhr djlthhd al fjdhdbjlrjdm vhd gpmrhvjdmld.88

Al rjkishrbnjvhrjs ld elalgprjbntlr vhd nlt @MGM, K.K. Nhclts, mlàt h`s pjg-djlr vhd nlt hrbnlg`gmjsbn gdalrzgli jd @jecurm jd al twllal nl`ft vhd al dlmld-tjldal lluw.83Dh nlt gvlr`jkald vhd Nhclts jd 8>:2 auural nlt tgt 8:?= vggrahtjd al plrsggd vhd Mggsslds (8>6:-8:22) wllr lld hrbnlg`ggm jd nlt clstuurzjttjdm dhe. Mggsslds whs tgld `lrhhr tl Sgàub9 `htlr zgu njk dgm mlelldtlhr-bnjvhrjs vhd Ehhstrjbnt ld ujtljdal`jki, zgh`s Nhclts, rjkishrbnjvhrjs vhd @jecurmwgrald. Jd 8:3? wlra njk tlvlds bgdslrvhtgr vhd nlt euslue jd Ehhstrjbnt. 8 2Mggsslds nha mglal bgdthbtld elt Ng`wlrah vhd nlt SEG. Jd 8:?= puc`jbllr-ald zjk sheld al gpmrhvjdm vhd al Sgeljdsl nglvl cjk al Nljngf tl Vhìldcurm.Vhdhf 8:?= wlra nlt Mldggtsbnhp vjh Ng`wlrah ld Mggsslds ajrlbt cltrgiild

cjk gpmrhvjdmld jd @jecurm ld clmjddlda jd 8:8: vlrirllm nlt Mldggtsbnhprjkissucsjajl vggr nlt vlrrjbntld vhd gpmrhvjdmld, vll`h` jd sheldwlrijdm elt nltSjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald. Al vgdastld wlrald tussld al euslh jd Ehhstrjbntld @ljald vlrallà.

Lld hdalr vggr al hrbnlg`gmjl vhd @jecurm cl`hdmrjki plrsggd whs agitlrN.K. Clbilrs (8>63-8:


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vjh al jkzlrtjka ld al Sgeljdsl tjka tgt al ejaal`lluwld. Vhdhf 8:23 wlra njkmlng`pld aggr zjkd zggd M.K. Clbilrs.81Al irggd gp nlt wlri vhd vhalr ld zggdClbilrs whs nlt cgli Vggrmlsbnjlaldjs vhd [uja-@jecurm, aht jd 8:1? vlrsbnlld.

Gp chsjs vhd al bgrrlspgdaldtjl tussld al @jecurmlrs (g.h. Clbilrs,Mggsslds, Ildmld ld Djkst) ld al gpmrhvlrs vhd nlt SEG (Cursbn, Ng`wlrah ldSlegubnheps), iuddld wl gds lld cllà vgreld vhd ngl alstjkas al gpmrhvjd-mld vggrh` aggr nlt SEG wlrald ujtmlvglra. Mggsslds whs almldl ajl Ng`wlrahhttldallral gp vgdastld gf mrgtl wlrild zgh`s nlt mrhvld vhd nlt Ku`jhdhihdhh`.Ng`wlrah clzgbnt ahd sheld elt Mggsslds al tlrrljdld ld ehhitl hfsprhildelt al ljmldhhrs. Ellsth` wlra, h`s clilda whs whhr ld whddllr lr aggr nlt

SEG gpmlmrhvld zgu wgrald, `gihh` lld hhdth` wlri`jlald vggr 2 muàld plr ahmjdmlnuura aggr Mggsslds, Ildmld, Djkst, Clbilrs gf nud vggrmrhvlr Khdsld. Alhssjstldtld vhd Ng`wlrah (Slegubnheps ld `htlr ajlds gpvg`mlr Cursbn) rljsaldsheld elt vggrmrhvlrs h`s Cgsbn ld Rbng`tld ujt @ljald hf dhhr nlt zujald geal gpmrhvjdmld gp tl sthrtld. Slegubnheps ld Cursbn clrjbnttld ellsth` plrcrjlfihhrt gvlr al vgralrjdmld jd nlt vlà ld clajsbussjllrald ahhrjd ajvlrsl prg-c`leld zgh`s nlt ml`jkitjkajml vggrigeld vhd vlrsbnj``ldal bu`tuurplrjgald gpalzl`fal `gbhtjl (1.3.


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mlzheld`jki hrtjil`8

8< Ajt wlra ujtljdal`jki Ng wlrah & Slegubnheps 8:3>.86 Vg`ujt; Guanljaiudajml Elalall`jdmld ujt nlt Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald tl @ljald .8= Mggsslds whs dhel`jki ggi al hrbnjlvld vhd Sglregda ld @uji hhd nlt nlrjdvldthrjsld9 lld (tl)

mrggt ihrwlj.8> Al crjlf js gpmldgeld jd Jd elegrjhe Ar. K.].N. Mggsslds, Vggrzjttlr vhd @jecurms Mlsbnjla-

ld Guanljaiudajm Mldggtsbnhp. : dgv. 8:22. Gvlrarui _uc`jbhtjgds Qgel @^^ (8:21). C`. = v`.


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Nglwl` tjkalds al pjgdjlrskhrld ellralrl, djlt h``lld chdailrhejsbnl, gd-alrzglild aggr cgvldsthhdal plrsgdld ggi gp hdalrl p`hhtsld zjkd ujtmlvglra,nlccld vg`mlds al crjlvld al vgdastld gp al Bhclrm h`tjka bldtrhh` mlsthhd jdnud aldild mlaurldal alzl plrjgal.

1.3.3. Al llrstl chdailrhejsbnl vgdastld

Sl`lvhdt vggr nlt chdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli jd Dlalr`hda whs aht Ng`wlrah-al `htlrl ajrlbtlur vhd nlt SEG- gp ujtdgajmjdm vhd al Cl`mjsbnl hrbnlg`gmld

Kgslpn Nheh`-Dhdarjd ld Klhd Rlrvhjs jd 8:31 lld gpmrhvjdm jd al cuurt vhd@uji cjkwggdal vhd lld alr vl`l typjsbnl dlg`jtnjsbnl fgdas al bhchdl Ytglmlwl-zld hhd nlt Geh`jld, al Cl`mjsbnl dhhe vhd al ChdailrhejliU. Nle whs tl vgrldcl`ggfa al vggrwlrpld cjk ajl gpmrhvjdm mlvgdald wlrald tl egmld elaldleldvggr nlt Euslue. Njk iwhe tnujs elt vuurstlldld wlritujmld ld cjkzgdalr eggjlsbnlrvld vhd z.m. chdablrhejli, zggh`s ajl jd gds `hda dgmdjlt mlvgdald js ld tgtausvlr ggi jd gds Euslue gdtcrhi.8:

Egml`jki gdalr al jdarui vhd aht ujtsthpkl sbnrllf Ng`wlrah jd al tgld gpsthpl` sthhdal 3larui vhd Dlalr`hdas Vrglmstl Mlsbnjlaldjs;

... lld ... clsbnhvjdm wl`il eld ajl alr Chdailrhejli gf wl` Agdhuiu`tuurp`llmt tl dgleld... Dhhr nlt ]lstld js zjk ... hhd ald Sjkd stlri vlrtlmldwggrajma,kh zjk dhalrt gdzl mrldzld tgt zllr dhcjk. ... nlt zgu gds djlt vlrwgdalrld , h`s zjkzjbn dgm lldehh` jd nlt nluvl``hda vhd @jecurm `jlt vjdald.3?

Vggr nlt Gayssll-prgklbt zjkd wl gp zgli mlmhhd dhhr al plrsggd ajl jdDlalr`hda chdailrhejsbnl vgdastld gf spgrld (nutigeeld gffgdas al bhchdl)nlt llrst h`s zgahdjm nlrildal. Hfmhhdal gp al hrbnjlvld vhd nlt SEG iget lldhhdth` gdalrzglilrs vhd nlt llrstl uur jd hhdelrijdm vggr al lrlprjks, wl``jbnt lxhlqug; K.N. Ng`wlrah, vhd nlt SEG jd @ljald elt zjkd vggrspl``jdm ujt 8:3


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wlritujmld, wlrald aggr al ajrlbtlur jr Ehrrls vhd al mrglvl hhd phstggr Ildmldvhd al Bhclrm-phrgbnjl mltggda. Nglwl` djlt prlbjls wltldal wht nle mltggdawlra, clslftl alzl aht al vgdastld djlt h``lahhms whrld ehhr whhrsbnjkd`jki prl-njstgrjsbn vhd gualrage. Njk dhe al vgdastld ell ld `jlt zl h`s mlcrujil`jkihhd Mggsslds zjld ajl ellr vlrsthda vhd guanlald nha. ]hhrsbnjkd`jki jd sh-eldsprhhi elt Ng`wlrah, elt wjl Mggsslds lld zllr mglal rl`htjl nha, wlra lldhhdth` vgdastld nlrilda h`s zjkdal Chdailrhejli. Jd lld i`ljd hrtjil`tkl jd nlttjkasbnrjft vhd nlt @jecurms Mlsbnjla- ld Guanljaiudajm Mldggtsbnhp wlra jdalbleclr 8:3< rubntchhrnlja hhd al vgdast mlmlvld.33Hhd Mggsslds iget ausjd jlalr mlvh` al llr tgl h`s llrstl jd Dlalr`hda al Chdailrhejlibu`tuur jd aruivlrel`a tl nlccld.

Ajl crjlf vhd Mggsslds (8-88-8:3


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vgdastld iwheld ujt zgmldhheal nutigeeld, vll`h` vgdastrjkil hfvhìuj`ld gfphh`spgrld ajl ahtllrald jd nlt dlg`jtnjbue, al jkzlrtjka, al Sgeljdsl tjka gf alejaal`lluwld. Al tlre nutige wlra ljmld`jki vggr lì mrgtlr spggr mlcrujit,phhìuj`ld wlrald dhuwl`jkis nlrilda gf h`s zgahdjm cldglea. Nutigeeld wh-rld zllr cl`hdmrjki hhdmlzjld zl ellsth` eggjl vgdastld cl`ggfald whhrell alajvlrsl bg``lbtjls igdald wgrald hhdmlvuà. Slmjstrhtjl vhd alzl vgdastld stgdavhhi gp nlt twllal p`hd whhraggr vhhi djlt ellr hbntlrnhhà ihd wgrald ujtwlìl bgdtlxt zl igeld.

Nlt zwhhrtlpudt vhd nlt hrbnlg`gmjsbn gdalrzgli gp al Bhclrm cjk Ehhstrjbnt

`jmt nggfazhil`jki gp twll plrjgals; nlt ejaald-ph`lg`jtnjbue ld nlt vrglm-dlg`j-tnjbue (@jdlhjrl Chdailrhejli, @CI). Vggr nlt ejaald-ph`lg`jtnjbue irllm nltBhclrm p`htlhu gdalr ellr aggr al hhd`lm vhd al [uja-]j``lesvhhrt jd nlt clmjdvhd al 8:l lluw clildanlja h`s vjdap`hhts vhd fgssjl`ld. Clrglea js al vgdastvhd lld du vlr`grld mlrhhitl ihhi vhd lld elds(hbntjml) jd 8>32, ajl zl`fs al hhd-ahbnt trgi vhd al clildal Ldml`sl mlg`ggm Bnhr`ls @yl``. 31Rystlehtjsbn gdalr-zgli dhhr ph`lg`jtnjsbnl vjdap`hhtsld gp al Bhclrm `jlt lbntlr tgt nlt ljda vhd al3?llluw gp zjbn whbntld tgld lld hhdth` ejaaldph`lg`jtnjsbnl vuurstlldbgdbld-trhtjls jd al Cl`varlmrglvl wlrald gdalrzgbnt aggr al \djvlrsjtljt vhd @ljald.Gvlrjmlds zjkd gp tldejdstl vjlr `gbhtjls jd al gemlvjdm vhd al Bhclrm spgrldujt al gual stlldtjka hhdmltrgffld; Ehhstrjbnt-Cl`varl, Vlàwlzl`t-Nllswhtlr,

Ilssl`t-Gp al Rbnhds ld Ilssl`t-mrglvl Dl`jssld.Ahhrdhhst wlrald gp al Bhclrm hhd nlt clmjd vhd al 3? l lluw cl`hdmrjkilvgdastld ujt nlt vrglm-dlg`jtnjbue mlahhd, al llrstl hhdtggdchrl rlstld vhd alchdailrhejsbnl bu`tuur gp Dlalr`hdas mrgdamlcjla. Alzl whrld jd 8:3< al hhd-`ljajdm vggr al gpmrhvjdmsbhephmdls vhd nlt Sjkiseuslue vhd Guanlald gdalr`ljajdm vhd Ng`wlrah jd al khrld o3? ld o2? vhd al vgrjml lluw. 3


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Nlt gdalrzgli aggr nlt SEG rjbnttl zjbn gp twll `gbhtjls. Qlr nggmtl vhdal sp`jtsjdm vhd al Crussl`slwlm ld al _gstchhd wlra nlt mrhbntldsystlle vhdlld zgmldhhea Lrawlrivlrilda whhrcjk s`lbnts lld clplritl nglvll`nlja vgdast-ehtlrjhh` wlra vlrzhel`a, ahtlrlda zgwl` ujt al @CI h`s ujt nlt ejaald- ld/gf`htl dlg`jtnjbue whhraggr al bu`turl`l tglwjkzjdm vhd nlt mrhbntldsystlle djltgdgestgtl`jki vhststhht. Aujal`jki js wl` aht zjbn jd al ajrlbtl dhcjknlja vhd nltmrhbntldsystlle iuj`ld clvgdald elt chdailrhejsbn vgdastehtlrjhh`, ehhr lr

wlrald ggi spgrld ujt `htlrl plrjgald mlvgdald. Gdmlvllr


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1.3.1. Nutigeeld

Al gdalrzglilrs jd al pjgdjlrskhrld mlcrujild jd nud crjlvld ld gpmrhvjdms-vlrs`hmld stl`slèhtjm nlt wggra nutigeeld9 lld vlrth`jdm vhd nlt AujtslMrucldwgndudmld ld nlt Frhdsl fgdas al bhchdl. Njlrell wgrat mlaglà gp almrgtlrl hrbnlg`gmjsbnl mrgdaspgrld, ellsth` mlvuà elt vgdastld. Nglwl` alzl

cldhejdm vggr spgrld ujt vlrsbnj``ldal hrbnlg`gmjsbnl plrjgald wlra mlcrujit, jszl vggrh` mhdmchhr vggr chdailrhejsbnl spgrld.Jd al pjgdjlrskhrld wlra ujtsùjtlda elt al sphal mlmrhvld, ellsth` jd seh``l

strgild vhd >? be tgt sges 3 e crlla, wht lld zllr clplrit zjbnt gp`lvlrt. Alzlzjkd h`s zglis`luvld ge nlt euurwlri vhd Sgeljdsl vj``hs gf ejaal`lluwsl ihs-tl`ld gp tl spgrld vlreglal`jki halquhht, vggr ejdalr sucsthdtj`l rlstld zlilrdjlt. Ggi wlra sges lld i`ljd v`hi hhdml`lma whddllr lld llralrl cgrjdm agdilrlhhral nha hhdmltggda jd al ajlptl. Jd cljal mlvh``ld (s`luvld, cgrjdmld) whs zjbntgp gdalr`jdml sheldnhdm jd mrgtlrl strubturld vrjkwl` gdegml`jki. Vggr wht cl-trlft nlt @CI-gdalrzgli jd Dlalr`hda js llrst jd 8:


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Dhhr hhd`ljajdm vhd al phh`mhhtkls eglt ji \ tgbn dgm lvld vlrtl``ld, wht Ar.vhd Mjld ejk ahhrgetrldt zlj cjk ejkd clzgli hhd Mrgdjdmld. ]ggral`jki zljalnjk; Hhd phh`mhhtkls ml`ggf ji djlt, ehhr Ar. Clbilrs nha zjbn njlrjd zgg vlr-rhddt, aht ji nle djlt wj`al tlmldsprlild, whhrsbnjkd`jki ge zjkd zgg igstchrlld tllrl vrjldasbnhp djlt tl vlr`jlzld.

Nlt ml`ggf jd al nutigeeld vhd al @CI whs z stlri, aht zl`fs vhd al llr-stl mrggtsbnh`jml, v`hialiildal gpmrhvjdm vhd lld @CI-dlalrzlttjdm jd I`d-@jdaldtnh` (cjk Ilu`ld jd Aujts`hda, 8:3:-8:21), al nujsp`httlmrgdald wlraldclsbnrlvld h`s ggmst-sbnurld (Lrdtlsbnludl). Alzl zguald zjkd mlmrglpllra

jd d agrpsnl`ft, elt al cjkclngrldal iuj`wgdjdmld jd al hdalrl nl`ft vhd aldlalrzlttjdm.2?Cutt`lr, al gpmrhvlr, nha aus w` (n)lrilda aht al hhdmltrgffldmrgdaspgrld cgvldmrgdasl mlcguwstrubturld rlprlsldtllrald. Aht alzl cg-vldmrgdasl strubturld djlt vggr clwgdjdm ehhr vggr gps`hm wlrald mlcrujitphstl wl``jbnt cltlr jd al tjkasmllst. Vrgeld stl`t aht al rl`htjlvl ahtlrjdm lldcjkigeldal fhbtgr whs ajl al Mrucldwgndudmtnlgrjl p`husjcl` ehhitl. Cutt`lrp`hhtstl al Chdailrhejli hhd nlt clmjd vhd nlt Ejaald-Lurgplls Dlg`jtnjbue.Lld bnrgdg`gmjsbnl pgsjtjl ajl egml`jki nllft cjkmlarhmld hhd al hbblpthtjl vhdal prjejtjlvl chdailrhejsbnl wggdwjkzl.28

Elriwhhrajm js aht jd al clplritl vlrzhel`jdm Dlalr`hdasl puc`jbhtjls ajlgp al @CI cltrliijdm nlccld ujt al khrld 8:26-8:


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Aht alzl`fal iudajml cguwlrs Yvhd al `hdml, rlbntnglijml sbnurldU alzls`lbnts h`s clarjkfsmlcguwld gf sbnurld mlcrujit nlccld, tlrwjk` zl zl`f ld nud nl`l

mrglp jd gdrlml`ehtjml, egaalrjml ng`ld jd al mrgda nujsald, js gdvggrstl`chhr.]jk zu``ld alrnh`vl al rlbntnglijml mlcguwld vggrthhd h`s nud wggdnujzldclsbnguwld.23

Alzl fudaheldtl`l nlrjdtlrprlthtjl wlra ggi tld gdzldt gvlrmldgeld dh alllrstl dhggr`gmsl gpmrhvjdmld (L`s`gg, 8:


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Dhaht al chdailrhejsbnl nujzld lldehh` h`s zgahdjm whrld nlrilda, wlraldalzl, chshh` aggr ]htlrcg`i ld ujtmlwlrit aggr Egaalrehd, jd lld typg`gmjlgdalrmlcrhbnt, whhraggr lld systlehtjsbnl clsbnrjkvjdm vhd lld dlalrzlttjdm eg-ml`jki wlra.2=Jdajld eld vhdujt alzl mlahbntld cjkvggrcll`a llralrl whhrdlejd-mld vhd Clbilrs clijkit js tl zjld aht njk al`ld vhd ejdstlds twll chdailrhejsbnlnujsp`httlmrgdald jd zjkd gpmrhvjdm nllft mlnha ehhr djlt nllft nlrilda (Fjmuur1.>).

1.3.


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c`lli tjkalds gdalrzgli aht rlstld vhd vlrsbnj``ldal plrjgald dhhst ld aggr l`-ihhr vggriwheld. Aht `hhtstl js cjkvggrcllà ggi Ng`wlrah gpmlvh``ld, whdt njksbnrjkft lrgvlr dhaht njk al gpmrhvjdmld cjk al nhvld vhd Rtljd nllft mlpuc`j-bllra.2>Njk clsbnrjkft ahhr aht nlt dhhst lìhhr vggrigeld vhd arjl vlrsbnj``ldalbu`turld (Agdhu-, Mlrehhdsbnl @h Qdl ld Sgeljdsl bu`tuur) aggr nle ldSlegubnheps js mlbgdsthtllra cjk gpmrhvjdmld vhd nutigeeld zgwl` gp alBhclrm h`s cjk Rtljd. Njk stl`t aht ggi cjk th` vhd gpmrhvjdmld jd al Ljfl` alzl`falcl`hdmrjkil whhrdlejdmld zjkd mlahhd. Njlrujt zgu vg`mld aht

mltrguw hhd zjkd vggrgpmlzlttl prhlnjstgrjsbnl bnrgdg`gmjl, sprllit eld ahhr-cjk h`tjka vhd lld gplldvg`mjdm vhd vlrsbnj``ldal iu`tuurplrjgald gp alzl`faldcgale

Aus arjl vlrsbnj``ldal bu`turld nlccld hbntlrlldvg`mlda gp alzl`falp`li mlwggda ld zjkd du wllr tlrummlvgdald. Ehhr ujt al hhdtlildjdmld vhdSlegubnheps (alzl whs jdejaal`s gvlr`lald zgdalr aht njk zjkd gpmrhvjdmld jdRtljd nha iuddld puc`jblrld) elldal Ng`wlrah zl`fs gp tl ehild aht jd ellr-alrl spgrld, vggrh` al nutigeeld, vgdastld hfigestjm vhd al arjl vlrsbnj``ldal

bu`turld whrld tlrummlvgdald. Alzl sbnjkdchrl ml`jkitjkajmnlja vhd vgdastld jdmls`gtld bgdtlxt gdt`gitl nle zl`fs al vg`mldal ujtsprhhi;

Vggr nle, wjld al prhlnjstgrjsbnl bnrgdg`gmjl dgm mlld gdhhdvlbntchhrml`ggfshrtjil` mlwgrald js, js ajt zlilr lld mlwjbntjm fljt, ge rlildjdm elal tlnguald.2:

Ng`wlrah nlrildt aht ajt aus lld prgc`lle js, ehhr mhht lr djlt vlralr gp jd,ld zg c`lvld zgwl` al gpvg`mjdm vhd alzl bu`turld h`s ajl arjl ej``lddjh gvlr-ljda. Hbntlrhf tlrlbnt, ujtlrhhra, ehhr eltngag`gmjsbn dgmh` hhdvlbntchhr. Nlt`jkit, h`sgf nlt vlrgdalrstlàl prjejtjlvl ihrhitlr vhd al @CI lld vrglml ahtlrjdmdggazhil`jki ehhitl -nglzllr ahhr ggi lld djlt nlrildal bjril`rlaldlrjdm hhd tld

mrgdas`hm `hm. _rgc`lle whs ahhrdhhst dgm aht Ng`wlrah zjbn chsllral gp al hhd-tlildjdmld vhd Slegubnheps ajl al mlwggdtl nha dhuwl`jkis jlts tl agbueld-tlrld, whhraggr nlt dh zjkd agga eglj`jki whs zjkd clvjdajdmld tl rlbgdstrulrld.

Al vggr al nhda `jmmldal vlri`hrjdm vggr nlt vggrigeld vhd vgdastld vhd alarjl plrjgald jd nltzl`fal spggr, js al zgmldgleal dhzhivu``jdm. Dhaht lld iuj` jsgpmlvuà, c`jkft `hdml tjka dgm lld i`ljdl alprlssjl gf alui jd al mrgda geaht al`gssl mrgda whhrell al iuj` js mlvuà `hdmzhhe jdi`jdit. Alzl alprlssjl vu`t zjbnelt h``lr`lj ehtlrjhh` hfigestjm ujt al ajrlbtl gemlvjdm vhd nlt spggr. [g ihdnlt aht lluwld `htlr dgm ehtlrjhh` jd al cgvldstl vu``jdm vhd lld spggr tlrlbnt-iget. Jdajld njlrhhd djlt vgàgldal hhdahbnt wgrat clstlla, ihd ajt prgc`leldgp`lvlrld. Lld twllal vlri`hrjdm (ajl al llrstl djlt ujtsùjt) js aht jd lld kgdmlrlplrjgal lld djluwl iuj` jd nlt ggrsprgdil`jkil, gualrl spggr js mlmrhvld whhrjd

wllr vgdastld zjkd tlrlbnt mligeld.Hfmhhda gp lld hrtjil`tkl vhd dgm mlld twll c`hazjkald tlist whhrjd njk vlrs`hm

aglt vhd nlt gpmrhvld vhd twll nutigeeld jd Ml`lld, ljda 8:23, js Cursbn alldjml vhd al njlr mldgleal hrbnlg`gmld, ajl irjtjsbn stgda tlmldgvlr al mlàldalprlnjstgrjsbnl bnrgdg`gmjl.1?Jd ajl tlist elàt njk nlt vggrigeld vhd al mlcruj-

2> Ng`wlrah 8:3>, GESG@ :.2: Ng`wlrah 8:3>, GESG@ :.1? Cursbn 8:2=.


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il`jkil chdailrhejsbnl vgdastld sheld elt ahhrvhd stlri vlrsbnj``lda zhdai`lu-rjm hhralwlri, aht njk gdejaal``jki h`s alr [gdldclbnlriu`tur hdmlnrjm nlrildt(du; al I`giclilrbu`tuur). Njk nha llralr mrhfnluvl`s vhd al Clilrbu`tuur gpml-mrhvld jd Rwh`eld, cldggrald Sglregda. Al Ml`lldalr sbnlrvld zjkd lvldwl`mlld bnt I`giclilrhhralwlri, zg sbnrjkft njk, lr zjkd s`lbnts ldil`l tlbndjsbnl l`l-eldtld ld albgrhtjlegtjlvld gvlrmldgeld; vgd Frleald dhbn jnrle Mlsbnehbi

mldalrt uda uemlhrcljtlt. Geaht alzl sbnlrvld gvlrh` jd al iuj`vu``jdmld vggr-iwheld, eglt ml`jkitjkajmnlja elt al lbntl chdailrhejsbnl sbnlrvld hhdmldg-eld wgrald. Vhd ajl `hhtstl sbnlrvld clngrld lr ldil`l cjk al h``lrkgdmstl vhdajl bu`tuur18 ld ahtlrld zg al nl`l iuj`jdngua. Ahhrge wlra aggr Cursbn nltljdal vhd al Chdailrhejli ml`jkitjkajm elt nlt gptrlald vhd al Clilrbu`tuur gp3???-8>?? v. Bnr. mlstl`a (nlt ljdal vhd al Chdailrhejli whs aggr Cutt`lr dgmmlsbnht gp 3


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...ehhr tgbn cld ji mltrgld aggr wht ml getrldt nlt @jecurmsbn prgvjdbjh-`jsel sbnrjkft. Nllft eld du jd h` ajl khrld dgm djlt mlelrit, aht ji djlt al cgl`wlmnhh`, ehhr h``lld zgrm aht mlld Qgdjls16ld hdalrl splbjh`jtljtld al zhhi vlr-idgljld. ]llt eld du dgm djlt aht wht gds euslue cltrlft, wjk h``lld lld i`ljdlrlprlsldthtjlvl bg``lbtjl wldsbnld ld al vgdastld jd al prgvjdbjl wj``ld htld7 Nltjs wl` trlurjm aht al eldsbnld gp ajt pudt zgg nhra`llrsbn zjkd...Ji clmrjkp zllr

mgla aht ml jd alzl lld eglj`jkil pgsjtjl nlct h`s lldjml ajl zjlt whhr nlt fljtl`jkige mhht. Ji vggr ejk ihd djlt hdalrs agld h`s zgrmld aht wjk jd alzl`fal rjbntjdmwhhrjd wl h`tjka nlccld mlwlrit (du h` 3? khhr), vggrtmhhd

Mggsslds `jlt ahhrgp gp 8< dgvleclr wlalrge wltld aht nle nlt clirgepldsthdapudt aht sgeejmld jd @jecurm tld hhdzjld vhd nlt guanljaiudajm gdalr-zgli jddheld, lrm njdalral;

Agbn wjk zu``ld ald egla djlt vlr`jlzld ld ald wlm c`jkvld clwhdal`ld ajldwjk ald kujstld hbntld. [gdalr @ljald zguald wjk tnhds djlt zggvll` wltld vhdnlt guastl vlr`lald alr prgvjdbjl.1=

Cjddld nlt Gayssll-prgklbt iuddld wl bgdsthtlrld aht jdalrahha vgdastld

vhd ajvlrsl vjdap`hhtsld gvlr ellralrl bg``lbtjls zjkd vlrsprlja, ld aht aggr nltujt lìhhr nh`ld lrvhd vll` prgc`leld zjkd gdtsthhd. Vhd aht all` vhd al vgdastldaht jd @jecurm js mlc`lvld, js al ggrsprgdil`jkil agbueldthtjl jd vll` mlvh``ldvlr`grld mlmhhd. Al wltldsbnhppl`jkil whhral js ahhraggr claujalda vlrejd-alra, al euslh`l djlt.

Al ujtlld`gpldal vlrwhbntjdmld vlrstggrald h` vhdhf nlt clmjd jd Bhclrm,ehhr vggrh` ld jd tgldleldal ehtl tjkalds al gpmrhvjdmld jd Rtljd (8:36-8:3>),al rl`htjls tussld al `gih`l, @jecurmsl hehtlur Clbilrs ld al h``gbntgdl clrglpsSlegubnheps, `htlr ggi elt Ng`wlrah. Dgm jd 8:36 ld 8:3= mrglvld Ng`wlrah,Slegubnheps ld Clbilrs mlzheld`jki Chdailrhejli gp jd Rtljd9 lr iwhe zl`fslld mlzheld`jkil puc`jbhtjl1>, ehhr mhhdal al gpmrhvjdmld vlrzuurald al vlrngu-

ajdmld stllas ellr.Lld vggrcllà; Ng`wlrah jd lld crjlf hhd Mggsslds, 33 khduhrj 8:3=;

... Aht Ar. SYlegubnhepsU gvlrjmlds djlt lrm vlrruit js vhd nlt gptrlald vhdAr. CYlbilrsUtjkalds zjkd gpmrhvjdm js ejk vgìgeld clmrjkpl`jki. H``l vggrwlr-

pld wlrald lldvguajm lìld ahm gdalr zjkd dlus wlmmlnhhà, vrhhm \ zl`f lldshf jd nglvlr ahd lld slrjlus gdalrzgli egml`jki js. [l`fs gdzl crhvl, trguwl vggr-wlrilr Cgsbn whs cujtld zjbnzl`f tgld ji nle dh al @jecurmsbnl bhephmdl vggrnlt llrst hhdtrgf, geaht Ar. C. nle fljtl`jki vggr lld ajlf nha ujtmlehhit...

Aggraht Slegubnheps ljda 8:3= gvlr`lla, c`llf alzl iwlstjl zgdalr vlrvg`m,ehhr vhd ldjml mlzheld`jkil gdalrdlejdmld vhd @jecurmsl hehtlurs ld nltSEG iwhe jd alzl ld al vg`mldal mldlrhtjl djlts ellr. Jd fljtl vh`t vlrvg`mlds

nlt chdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli jd @jecurm jd twll vrjkwl` gdhfnhdil`jkil strgeldujtlld, lld @ljasl ld lld @jecurmsl. J`ùstrhtjlf ahhrvggr js al vg`mldal dgga-irllt jd al @jecurmlr Iglrjlrdhhr hhd`ljajdm vhd nlt gdalrzgli vhd Clbilrs jdRtljd ld vhd nlt SEG jd L`s`gg;1:

16 Mlaglà wgrat gp Qgdjl Khdssld elt wjl Clbilrs vll` sheldwlritl (Vlddlr 3??2).1= Vlddlr 3??2.1> Ng`wlrah & Slegubnheps 8:3>, whhrjd Clbilrs al vgdastclsbnrjkvjdm vggr zjkd rlildjdm dllet.1: @jecurmlr Iglrjlr3?-8?-8:3>.


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Vlr`lald wlli nlccld wl h`hre mlc`hzld, aht jd @jecurm ellralrl wlrild wlr-ald ujtmlvglra gp tlrrljdld, whhrvhd eld elt nll` vll` mrgda egbnt vlrgdalr-stl``ld, aht zl prhlnjstgrjsbnl vjdap`hhtsld whrld, zgdalr aht c`jkichhr alsiud-ajm tglzjbnt ahhrcjk dggajm wlra mlhbnt. Lld phhr ahmld `htlr whs lld hssjstldtvhd nlt Guanljaiudajm Euslue vhd @ljald cjk al spggrwlmwlrild hhd al `jkdRjtthra-Ehhstrjbnt gdalr L`s`gg hhdwlzjm ld `jlt ahhr lld nutige `llmwlrpld,

c`jkichhr vhd alzl`fal iu`tuur h`s ar. Clbilrs lr gdalr RQLJD ld L@R@GG,_hstggr Ildmld tl L@R@GG ld BHCLSM nhaald mlvgdald. YUAlzl wllizjkd wl mltujml mlwllst vhd nlt gpmrhvld vhd lldjml nutigeeld gdalr RQLJD.]l zhmld ahhr mrggtl ld i`ljdl pjilttld sthhd, wl zhmld al vjdap`hhts prlbjlsujtmleltld ld jd ihhrt mlcrhbnt, wl zhmld al gpplrv`hitl fgtgmrhfllrld ld ahdujtlrst vggrzjbntjm lld aggrsdll ehild vhd al igeeld, ld alzl ujteltld, wlzhmld jlalrld iùjt hhral, ajl ujt al nuttld mlwgrpld wlra, kdehild ld gd-alrzglild, wl zhmld dhuwilurjm, h`s t whrld elt al `gupl, al gemlvjdm alrigeeld gp phh`mhtld gdalrzglild, nlt i`ljdstl stuikl clld wlra dgm clwhhra.Vlrml`jki ahhrell nlt gdalrzgli vhd ald @ljasbnld hssjstldt. Aggr lldjml hrclj-alrs wlra al hhrawgdjdm jd t m`gch`l llmmlwgrpld, al stlldld ld sbnlrvld, ajl lrujtiwheld wlrald jd ijstkls mlahhd ld ellmldgeld. Aht js h``ls. Ld aht igst trjki -prhbtjsbn igstld t ajl twll ijstkls sbnlrvld- tgbn ejdstlds vjkftjm muàld. H`seld ajl twll eltngald llds vlrml`jkit, eglt eld zjbn hfvrhmld; [jkd ajl mrhvlrsjd Rtljd du vhd gtkl mltjit gf ehhit eld lr zjbn jd @ljald djlt lld clltkl h` tl ml-ehiil`jki vhdhf 7 Y U]hhrge zgu t njlr jd @jecurm djlt dlt zgg iuddld zjkdh`s jd Mrgdjdmld, whhr al ajrlbtlur vhd nlt hrbnlg`gmjsbn cjg`gmjsbn euslue, ar.vhd Mjld, elt rjkismlàld al gdalrzglijdmld `ljat7

Lrm hhrajm js gvlrjmlds al clsbnrjkvjdm aggr Clbilrs vhd nlt Bhclrm-gdalrzgli;


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Cl`hdmwliildalr js al vrhhm gf alzl gdejd iwhdtjtljt ld iwh`jtljt vhd nltgdalrzgli cldv`gla nllft -ld nlt hdtwggra js igrt; vlreglal`jki djlt, whdtNg`wlrah (ld Slegubnheps ld Cursbn) zgwl` h`s Clbilrs c`jkvld mrhvld vg`mldsal mlàldal sthdahhrald.

1.2. Al mguald khrld (8:1:-8:=?)

1.2.8. Ljdal vhd nlt pjgdjlrld

Dh al Qwllal ]lrlàggr`gm nllft al wlrlà lld djluw mlzjbnt mlirlmld ld zjkddjluwl ihalrs gdtsthhd. Aht mlàt ggi vggr nlt chdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli jdDlalr`hda. Vggr al ggr`gm stgda nlt gdalrzgli vggrh` jd nlt `jbnt vhd al nut-igeeld ld i`ljdsbnh`jm gdalrzgli. Dh al ggr`gm iget lld plrjgal whhrcjk mrgtlv`hiild wgrald gpldml`lma ld al chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdmld `hdmzhhe nudmlnljeld prjks mlvld; al nujzld.

F.B. Cursbn, al gpvg`mlr vhd Slegubnheps, vlrtlmldwggrajmt vhdhf 8:3>nlt SEG/@ljasl @CI-gdalrzgli jd nlt @jecurmsl, cujtld al gpmrhvjdmld jd

Bhclrm mrhhft njk gp vlrsbnj``ldal p`hhtsld gp al Mrhltnljal; jd Rtljd, Ml`lld ldL`s`gg. Elt nlt gvlr`jkald vhd Mggsslds jd 8:22 js vggr nlt SEG lld cl`hdmrjkibgdthbt vggr nlt gdalrzgli jd @jecurm vlr`grld mlmhhd. Gdahdis al pgmjdmldvhd Khdssld (zjl njlrcgvld), dllet nlt hhdth` gdalrzglild hf ld vglrt nlt SEG dh8:26 mlld chdailrhejsbnl gpmrhvjdmld jd @jecurm ellr ujt. Al Chdailrhejligp al Bhclrm nllft al chdailrhejsbnl nhussl mldjtjllra ld ujtljdal`jki zjkd ahhrggi al `hhtstl sphald aggr nlt SEG jd al mrgda mlstgild. H``lld vhalr ld zggdClbilrs c`jkvld gvlr ld mrhvld aggr. Nlt rlsu`tllrt ujtljdal`jki jd lld puc`jbhtjl


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Eudstlrs mlvg`ma. Dh al agga vhd Clbilrs sr jd 8:


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al`chrl sbng`jlr cjk nlt gdalrzgli gp Qnjld Cudalr cltrgiild, ihd zjbn lld ldhdalr dgm `lvldajm nlrjddlrld.

Ji egbnt ajl zgelr 81 ahmld (ji whs tgld 8=) ellnl`pld cjk nlt gdalrzgli vhdal @CI hhd nlt Rthaswlmsil. Hfmlcllà YFjmuur 1.88Uzjkd _.K.S. Egaalrehd ldal vlàtlbndjbj A. al Cglr ld B. vhd Auyd (SGC), Er. Ihnd, lld ngml Jdajr

gf _hijsthdj ajl lld sthml jlp cjk al SGC - njk jkscllral h``lld tussld al puttld ldzlj djlts. Vggrts, aldi ji, Khd, hhdmlstlà vjh AV] gf AHB], lld syephtjlilRjtthralr elt lld arhdiprgc`lle ajl al sbnlrvld whstl ld (7) njl`p elt nlt gpel-tld cjk nlt tlildld vhd v`hiild ld prgl`ld. Mlwlrit wlra - dgm mlnll` zgdalrehbnjdls - elt puttld zg crlla aht al wlrip`glm (elt chtsld elt `hdml stl`ld)al mrgda vhdujt nlt ejaald dgm kujst dhhst al put genggm igd wlrpld. Eld`lmal al puttld ge ld ge hhd; put-stgrt-put-stgrt, ahd h``ls wllr ajbnt mlmggja ldhdalrsge. Lr whs lld fgrsl p`glm wlril`gzld hhd nlt wlri (g.`.v. lld Nljalejk-chhs), w.g. vl`ld vhd al Rl`fihdt (Qaalrd), aht tgld lvld Dlalr`hdas whs.68

Sgda ajl tjka iwheld chdailrhejsbnl vgdastelàjdmld djlt h``lld ujt L`s`ggld Rjtthra, ehhr ggi ujt Ml`lld, g.h. vhd al ahhr wggdhbntjml hehtlurhrbnlg-`ggm Hdar ]rtn. Jd nlt cjkzgdalr cjk nlt sthtjgd Ml`lld-Ggst ld cjk al Iùjswlrald clmjd khrld


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1.2.2. _rgflssgr vhd al Chdailrhejli

Al gpmrhvjdmld hhd al ggstrhda vhd al Mrhltnljal jd Rjtthra ld Ml`lld whrldujtljdal`jki vggr Egaalrehd lld sprjdmp`hdi dhhr gdalrzgli hhd al wlstl`jkilzjkal cjk al agrpld L`s`gg ld Rtljd, whhr lvldllds mrgtl jdfrhstrubturl`l cguw-wlrild gp sthpl` stgdald. Jd khduhrj 8: wlra gdalr zjkd `ljajdm al llrstl vhd

lld hhdth` mrgtl gpmrhvjdmsbhephmdls (mlall`tl`jki ggi dggagpmrhvjdmld vggrhf-mhhda hhd nujzldcguw) jd L`s`gg mlsthrt. Vhalr ld zggd Clbilrs nhaald h` vggral ggr`gm, jd al khrld 2?, vll` gdalrzgli mlahhd `hdms al Igg`wlm whhrcjk jdtgthh` 3< nutigeeld whrld gpmlmrhvld.6> Nlt gdalrzgli vhd Egaalrehd jdL`s`gg (jdejaal`s jd 8:62 h`s nggm`lrhhr prlnjstgrjl hhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljaldhhdmlstlà) auural ujtljdal`jki tgt 8:6= whhrdh jd 8:=? alzl gpmrhvjdmld wlrald

6> Clbilrs & Clbilrs 8:1?, 8?2-88?.

Fjmuur 1.88 ]lri jd ujt-1.88 ]lri jd ujt-.88 ]lri jd ujt-88 ]lri jd ujt-]lri jd ujt-

vglrjdm gp nlt Rthaswlmsil.

B. vhd Auyd ld A. al Cglr

ehild lld v`hitlildjdm (`jdis)

ld Egaalrehd ld Ihnd cjk

al put (rlbnts) (fgtgs K.H.

Chiilr)

Fjmuur 1.83 Gvlrzjbnt gvlr

nlt gpmrhvjdmtlrrljd vhd

Ml`lld-al Iùjs. Gp al hbntlr-

mrgda nlt Ml`lldclliah` ld alspggrchhd. Gp al vggrmrgda

al V] ilvlr vhd al gpmrhvlrs

(]htlrcgì 8:


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mlpuc`jbllra.6: Jd tgthh` wlra cjkdh 2,< nh gpmlmrhvld, hhdvhdil`jki mlnll` eltal nhda, ehhr dh ldjm lxplrjeldtlrld ggi elt clnu`p vhd lld mrhhfehbnjdl vggrnlt hfmrhvld vhd al cgvldmrgda. Qjkalds alzl gpmrhvjdmld wlra lld cl`hdmrjkiall` vhd al dlalrzlttjdm ld nlt lrcjk clngrldal mrhfvlà vrjkml`lma. Nlt mrhfvlàwlra elt clnu`p vhd @ljasl stualdtld (whhrgdalr Bgrrjl Chil`s =?) gpmlmrhvld.=8

Qjkalds al gpmrhvjdmld jd L`s`gg alla zjbn ggi al ihds vggr mrgtl v`hiild tlgdalrzglild jd nlt dhcjkml`lmld Rtljd. Al chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdm ajl zjbntlr nggmtl vhd al Illrldalrilriwlm clvgda whs llralr ggi h` gdalrzgbnt aggral nlrld Clbilrs ld stgda tgt al gpmrhvjdmld jd Rjtthra clilda h`s al clst gpml-mrhvld chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdm vhd Dlalr`hda.=3Jd 8:63 wlra Egaalrehdaggr phtlr Eudstlrs gp al nggmtl mlstlà vhd al egml`jkinlja ggi njlr gdalrzglitl vlrrjbntld. Qjkalds twll bhephmdls jd 8:63 ld 8:62 wlrald jd tgthh` 1: nujs-p`httlmrgdald gpmlmrhvld. Al rlsu`thtld vhd cljal gpmrhvjdmld wlrald jd lldjdtlrdhtjgdhh` tggdhhdmlvldal puc`jbhtjl gp gvlrzjbntl`jkil wjkzl mlprlsldtllra,dgm stllas lld sthdahhrawlri gvlr al Chdailrhejli.

L`s`gg ld Rtljd vgreald nlt nggmtlpudt vhd nlt chdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli aggrEgaalrehd jd Dlalr`hda ld whrld al sthrt vggr nlt dlg`jtnjsbnl gdalrzglisprg-

mrheeh vhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljald aht zjbn rjbnttl gp al Ejaald-Lurgplsl @CI.Nlt zgu tgt 8::? aurld vggr wllr lld mrggtsbnh`jml chdailrhejsbnl gpmrhvjdmjd Dlalr`hda zgu p`hhtsvjdald (Fjmuur 1.81)-gdalrzgli aht gvlrjmlds cujtld nltihalr vhd alzl Gayssll vh`t, lvldh`s Egaalrehds gpmrhvjdmld.

1.1. Al brjsjskhrld (8:=?-8:::)

1.1.8. Jd lìl stha ld agrp lld hehtlur

Jd al khrld zlvldtjm ld thbntjm wlra nlt, h`tnhds jd nlt vlà, stj``lr rgda alChdailrhejli geaht Egaalrehd jdtussld zjkd gdalrzglistlrrljd dhhr [uja-Aujts`hda vlr`lma nha, gp zgli dhhr al guastl fhsl vhd al Chdailrhejli ajl

jd Dlalr`hda djlt vggriget. Jd @jecurm mlclural jd nlt vlà wljdjm ellr ahdhf ld tgl lld vgdastbgdtrg`l gf lld i`ljdsbnh`jml dggagpmrhvjdm. ]` wlra jd-ngual`jki nlt Dlalr`hdasl @CI-ehtlrjhh` vlralr ujtmlwlrit. [g iwhe lld llrstlsgbjh`l jdi`lurjdm vhd al @CI aggr Vhd al Vlàl vggrt ujt al clwlrijdm vhd nltehtlrjhh` ujt al dlalrzlttjdm ld nlt mrhfvlà vhd L`s`gg=2, tlrwjk` al vuurstlld-stuajls vhd nltzl`fal ld hdalr ehtlrjhh` aggr Al Mrggtn=1 al jdzjbntld gp nltsgbjg-lbgdgejsbnl v`hi vhd al @CI vlrajlptld. Ajt whs lld hhdwjdst vggr nltchdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli aht vggrajld vggrh` clplrit c`llf tgt nlt clsbnrjkvldvhd al vlrsbnj``ldal vgdastbhtlmgrjld ld nujsp`httlmrgdald.

]hhr nlt vlàgdalrzgli hhd al Dlalr`hdasl Chdailrhejli prhitjsbn stjìwhe tl `jmmld, wlra gp al Hàldngvldlr _`httl (tussld Hild ld Ilu`ld jd nlt

Aujtsl Sjkd`hda) jd ajl khrld gdalr `ljajdm vhd prgf. ar K. @djdm nlt prgklbtAjl dlg`jtnjsbnl Clsjlaùdmsmlsbnjbntl alr Hàldngvldlr _`httl ujtmlvglra, whhr-

6: Egaalrehd 8:=?.=? [jk ehhitl vggr nhhr prgegtjl mlcruji vhd al rlsu`thtld vhd nlt gdalrzgli jd L`s`gg; Chil`s 8:=>.=8 Vr alzl tjka wlra vggrdhel`jki mlmrhvld elt al nu`p vhd `ggdwlrilrs. H``lld M`hsclrmld stgda lr

ge clilda aht njk ggi sheld elt stualdtld mrglf (plrsggd`jkil elalal`jdm prgf. ar Q. ]htlrcgì).=3 Egaalrehd 8:=?, ==.=2 Vhd al Vlàl 8:=:.=1 Al Mrggtn 8::1.


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ell nlt Dlalr`hdasl gdalrzgli jd sbnhh` ld hecjtjl wlra gvlrv`lumlà. =3.

Fjmuur 1.82 Nlt mlcruji vhd

lld mrhhfehbnjdl gf chmmlr

ge al cgvldmrgda wlm tl

mrhvld tjkalds nlt gdalrzgli

jd L`s`gg jd 8:. Hhdsùjtlda

wlra nlt v`hi elt chtsld aggr

`ggdhrcljalrs gpmlsbnhhfa

Fjmuur 1.81 Gpmrhvjdmld gp

nlt Khdsiheplrvlà jd Ml`lld9

elt mrgtl mrhhfehbnjdls ld

lld `lmlr vhd stualdtld (ajh K.

_huptjt)


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Hehtlurs c`lvld w` hbtjlf9 zjk trhald jd al vgltspgrld vhd vhalr ld zggdClbilrs, phstggr Ildmld, phtlr Eudstlrs ld Hdar ]rtn. Vhdujt Rjtthra ldMl`lld whrld aht Nhrry Vrgeld, Khd Rùjks, Lrjb vhd Mll` ld `htlr ggi Sjls vhdAggrd, vhdujt Rtljd ld L`s`gg njlàld ]je Nldarjx ld _jlt _jkplrs lld ggmkl jdnlt zlj`, jd Clli whrld aht vggrh` Khbi Hussles, N. vhd Vlld ld _hu` Elddldsld vhdujt Ehhstrjbnt ld Mlu``l Klhd _jlrrl al ]hrrjegdt ld ]je Ajkiehd(alzl `hhtstl js clrglps hrbnlg`ggm, ld bgdslrvhtgr hrbnlg`gmjl cjk al MlelldtlEhhstrjbnt). Dhtuur`jki whrld lr ggi hehtlurs ajl vggrdhel`jki al vlàld ihrtllr-ald=6ehhr cgvldmldgleal nlrld jdsplbtllrald ahhrdhhst ggi cguwwlrizhhenl-ald ld prgcllrald zgvll` egml`jki hrbnlg`gmjsbnl rlstld tl rlaald. Gpelril`jkijs aht lr ujtmlcrlja gdalr`jdm bgdthbt mlnguald wlra, ld aht zjk lìhhr cjkstgdaldzgarh nlt rlaajdmswlri ellr tjka jd cls`hm dhe ahd aggr d mrglp igd wgraldgpmlcrhbnt. Mlng`pld aggr fhej`jl, vrjldald ld `lald vhd nlleiudalvlrldjmjd-mld wlra eldjm chdailrhejsbn spggr gp alzl wjkzl mlagbueldtllra. Vhdujt algvlrnlja fudmllral al prgvjdbjhh` hrbnlg`ggm (llrst K.N.F. C`glelrs, ]. ]j``les,`htlr N. Rtglpilr ld I. vhd alr Mrhhf) h`s clvglma mlzhm. Fgds Ngrchbn whs nudhssjstldt, njk aggrirujstl @jecurm ge cguwp`hhtsld tl jdsplbtlrld ld whs nltllrstl hhdsprllipudt vggr al hehtlurhrbnlg`gmld, njk bgdtrg`llral ld rlmjstrllral

th``gzl vgdastelàjdmld9 zjkd pldsjgdlrjdm js aggr vll` hehtlurs h`s lld mlejslrvhrld.

=6 Ajt mlclural vggrdhel`jki vhdhf 8:6? tgld al elbnhdjsbnl `hdacguw zjkd jdtrlal alla ld hiilrsehbnjdhh` (ajlplr) wlrald mlp`glma whhraggr spgrld wlrald mlrhhit ld nud jdngua gvlr al hiilrsvlrsprlja.

Fjmuur 1.8< Hehtlurs ld

prgflssjgdh`s jd mlsprli

tjkalds nlt prglfs`luvldgdalr-

zgli tl Clli-Slejmjusstrhht

jd 3??


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1.1.3. Dggagdalrzgli

Jd alzl plrjgal zjkd th` vhd dggagdalrzglild ujtmlvglra ld wlrald ggi mrgtlrltlrrljdld aggr hehtlurhrbnlg`gmld gdalrzgbnt. Ql dgleld vh`t gdalr hdalrl lldmrgtl chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdm jd Ml`lld-Nhlsslàlrvlà ]lst (8:==-8:=:)ajl js gdalrzgbnt aggr Lrjb vhd Mll`, ]je Nldarjx, Khd Rùjks ld Nhrry Vrgeld.

Ahhrcjk wlrald, dhhst vgdastld ld spgrld, ggi arjl chdailrhejsbnl mrhvldhhdmltrgffld.== Ld vhd al mrhvld clvhttl @jecurmlr hhralwlri. Alzl dggagp-mrhvjdm js, gp al mrhvld dh, djlt mlpuc`jbllra. Gp ajlzl`fal ehdjlr vlrmjdm nltlld chdailrhejsbn dlalrzlttjdmstlrrljd hhd al Rhdalrcgut`hhd jd L`s`gg, gdalr-zgbnt aggr ]je Nldarjx sheld elt al nlleiudalvlrldjmjdm vhd L`s`gg=>, ehhrs`lbnts mlall`tl`jki mlpuc`jbllra jd hfwhbntjdm vhd lld mrggtsbnh`jmlr hdh`ysl.=:I`ljdsbnh`jm gdalrzgli vgda nlt ellstl p`hhts h`s wlmbudlttld ld `ljajdms`luvldwlrald mldsplbtllra ld hrbnlg`gmjsbnl rlstld vggr al mrhhfehbnjdls ujt wlraldmlrla. Ldil`l vhd alzl gdalrzglild zjkd tld clnglvl vhd ajt Gayssll-prgklbtdhalr mlhdh`ysllra. Vhd al gdclilda mlc`lvld dggagdalrzglild egltld zlilrajl jd Ml`lld-_htlrsvlà>?9 Rtljd-Nljnujs>8, ld Rtljd-Nljalihepwlm>3 vlrelàwgrald. Al ellstl rlaajdmsgplrhtjls wlrald hhd al prgvjdbjhh` hrbnlg`ggm gfal SGC mlelà ld vll` dggagdalrzglild `gihh` mlpuc`jbllra jd Al Ehhsmguw,

Hrbnlg`gmjl jd @jecurmgf alHrbnlg`gmjsbnl Irgdjli vhd @jecurm jd al_uc`jbhtjgdsal `h Rgbjt Njstgrjqul lt Hrbng`gmjqul ahds `l @jecgurm, vll`h` h`s vgdastelàjd-mld ld sges jd ujtmlcrljalrl hrtjil`ld.

1.1.2. Brjsjs

Eld ihd zjbn hfvrhmld whhrge lr vhdujt al _rgvjdbjl @jecurm, al Sjkisajldst vggrnlt Guanljaiudajm Cgalegdalrzgli ld al (@ljasl) udjvlrsjtljt zg wljdjm gdalr-stludjdm whs jd alzl tjka. H`s llrstl ggrzhhi ajldt al g`jl- ld lbgdgejsbnl brjsjsvhd al khrld 8:=:-8:>< mldglea tl wgrald whhraggr ggi gvlrnlald fjdhdbjll`mltrgffld wlrald ld cuamlttld vggr hrbnlg`gmjsbn gdalrzgli sbnhhrs whrld. Lldtwllal ggrzhhi whs aht lr sjepl`wlm ejdalr cl`hdmstl``jdm vhdujt alzl ajldstldwhs vggr nlt chdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli aht aggr tglagld vhd Egaalrehd ellrahd 3? khhr vg`gp jd cllà mlwllst whs. Ml`ljal`jki wlra al wltldsbnhppl`jkil fg-bus vlr`lma dhhr hdalrl gdalrzglismlcjlald ld -plrjgald (cjkvggrcllà nlt `hda-sbnhps- ld dlalrzlttjdmsgdalrzgli rgdage Gss ld nlt _jgdjlrprgklbt jd al mrglvlCl`varl). Egaalrehd `jlt lbntlr lld mldlrhtjl hehtlurhrbnlg`gmld hbntlr ajlaggrargdmld whrld vhd al egml`jkinlald vhd nlt chdailrhejsbn gdalrzgli ldal dggazhhi chdailrhejsbnl rlstld vlj`jm tl stl``ld9 zjk vglàld zjbn aggr al hf-dleldal hhdahbnt jd al igu sthhd. Ajt njlà gvlrjmlds djlt jd aht lr jd nlt mlnll`mlld cl`hdmstl``jdm whs vggr nud vgdastld. Bgrrjl Chil`s, Ehrkgrjl al Mrggtnld _jltlr vhd al Vlàl rljsald vhhi hf dhhr al @jecurmsl hehtlurs ge vgdastld

tl altlrejdlrld ld cguwald vrjldasbnhppl`jkil chdald gp. Nud wlritlrrljdldnhaald lbntlr dgm ehhr vggr lld i`ljd all` rhhiv`hiild elt nlt chdailrhejsbngdalrzgli gf zjk whrld sheld elt g.h. Egaalrehd wlrizhhe gp gpmrhvjdmld jd

== Vrgeld 8:>3.=> Nldarjx 8::89 Nldarjx 8::39 Nldarjx 8::=9 Nldarjx 8:::.=: _lrsggd`jkil elalal`jdm ]. Nldarjx.>? Vrgeld 3?88.>8 Nldarjx 8:::9 Nldarjx 3??3.>3 Nldarjx 8:::9 Vhd ]jki lt h`. 3?83.


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Aujts`hda (cjkvggrcllà tl Njldnlje).>2 R`lbnts ldil`l i`ljdsbnh`jml gpmrhvjd-mld wlrald dgm aggr nlt _rlnjstgrjsbn Jdstjtuut @ljald (J_@) ujtmlvglra zgh`s tlClli-Eg`ldstllm>1, Lbnt-Hddldahh`>6 Gdalr clml`ljajdm vhdaht Jdstjtuut wlrald ggi dgm chdailrhejsbnl gpmrhvjdmld aggr stualdtld ldhehtlurs ujtmlvglra tl Ehhstrjbnt-Cl`varl ld Ehhstrjbnt-I`jdilrs.

Al hbhalejsbnl tlrumngualdanlja vlrhdalral wllr jd ajrlbtl cltrgiildnljatgld jd 8::?-:8 vhdwlml sthasujtcrljajdm gp nlt Khdsiheplrvlà jd Ml`lld lldvrjkwl` bgep`llt dlalrzlttjdmstlrrljd gpmlmrhvld igd wgrald9 ujtwlrijdm ld pu-c`jbhtjl `jltld lbntlr dgm ruje lld alblddjue gp zjbn whbntld. >=Jd 3??? wlra

cjk Clli lld all` vhd lld i`ljdl, `hht-chdailrhejsbnl dlalrzlttjdm gdalrzgbnt,vggrhfmhhda hhd al hhd`lm vhd lld clarjkvldtlrrljd gp nlt Mlvlrjilrvlà>>, ldjd ahtzl`fal khhr vgdald twll dggagdalrzglild p`hhts jd al dlalrzlttjdm vhdRjtthra.>:@hhtstmldgleal vjlr gpmrhvjdmld wlrald h``l ujtmlvglra gdalr al v`hmvhd al \djvlrsjtljt @ljald jd sheldwlrijdm elt `gih`l hrbnlg`gmld whhrgdalrelt dhel N. Vrgeld.

1.2 Egaalrehd 8:==.>1 Mrgldldajki 8:>?.>< Crgud

9789088902246 - Van Wijk Et Al. 2014 - Vergeten Bandkeramiek - eBook

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