Zijverden & de Moor 2014 - Het Groot Profielenboek - eBook

7/21/2019 Zijverden & de Moor 2014 - Het Groot Profielenboek - eBook

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àt

brfft

prfocaeahjfakoyscsgà bafbrdoca

vffr drgàfefbah

wcekf vdh zcnvarmah

& nfs ma iffr


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Wcmastfha \rassD haw bahardtcfh fo \ujecs`chb

Sfu dra radmchb d ouee varscfh fo t`cs jffk, ofr oraa!

]`cs jffk cs pdrt fo tà Wcmastfha a-ecjrdry wàra ifst fo fur

pujecgdtcfhs dra oueey dggasscjea ofr oraa. Ofr dggass tf ifra

oraa jffks vcsct> www.scmastfha.gfi/ecjrdry

Mfwhefdm Ouee \MO

_csct tà Wcmastfha a-ecjrdry tf jrfwsa fur a-jffks. Ofr d ichcide

oaa yfu gdh purg`dsa d oueey ouhgtcfhde \MO dhm jy mfchb sf, yfu

àep tf kaap fur ecjrdry ruhhchb.

www.scmastfha.gfi/ecjrdry


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Wcmastfha \rass

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brfft

prfocaeahjfak


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àt

brfft

prfocaeahjfakoyscsgà bafbrdoca

vffr drgàfefbah

wcekf vdh zcnvarmah

& nfs ma iffr


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W H I D \

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Ch`fumsfpbdva

_ffrwffrm 2

Cheacmchb 3

4 Jabrcppah ah tcnmskdmar 47

4.4 Ma watahsg`dppah 474.: Debaiaha prchgcpas ah ahcba tarichfefbca 414.7 ]cnmschmaechb 4?4.= Drgàfefbcsgà parcfma-chmaechb :=

: Ma ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechb vdh Hamaredhm ch àt vaem tfabapdst :1

:.4 Cheacmchb :1

:.: Fhmarvarmaechb :1:.7 ^dbwcnh ah _dh Wtddemuchah :0:.= Ma Iuemar at de. 7:

7 \eacstfgaha edhmsg`dppah 72

7.4 Cheacmchb 727.: Oeuvcdtcaea edhmsg`dppah 727.7 Bedgcdea ah oeuvcfbedgcdea dozattchbah =:7.= Afecsgà ah parcbedgcdea dozattchbah ah edhmvfriah =07.1 Jcnzfhmara oahfiahah> jraukah ah wcnst 1=

7.? \rfocaeah 11= @fefgaha edhmsg`dppah ?7

=.4 Cheacmchb ?7=.: Oeuvcdtcaea dozattchbah ?7=.7 Idrcaha dozattchbah 2 ma jdscgs 4?72.: HAH14


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_ffrwffrm

@at cmaa vffr mct jfak cs bahspcraarm mffr àt oftfgfhsuet, ma oftf vdh àt prf-ocae wddr ma vaemdrgàfeffb acbahecnk caidhm hddr `dm wceeah edtah kcnkah, iddrwddrvffr tcnm, jumbat, atgatard, fhtjrdk. Rcn `fpah mdt ma vaemdrgàfeffb iatmct jfak ch ma `dhm iaar `fuvdst àaot jcn àt fhtrdoaeah vdh ma chofridtca mcajaseftah ecbt ch àt prfocae.

Fp maza peddts wceeah wcn aah ddhtde parsfhah ah chstdhtcas jamdhkah zfhmar wcamct jfak hffct baradecsaarm `dm kuhhah wfrmah. Deearaarst uctarddrm Avd Kdrs ah\ci Demars vffr aah chspcrarahma warkfibavchb. Hdtuurecnk ffk fhza (ax-)gfeea-

bds Idrcaka vdh Mchtar, Orcamd ûcm`foo, Idrnfeach Jfuidh ah Nfp Jrcnkar vdhDMG Drgàf\rfnagtah, wddr àt cmaa vffr mct jfak cs fhtstddh. Oyscftàrdpcaâajurb ch Distarmdi wceeah wa `car jamdhkah vffr ma huttcba warkchstrugtcasah àemara ucteab fvar ma rcscgfs vdh àt warkah iat aah brfhmjffr. MddrhddstDMG Drgàf\rfnagtah, Drg`fe, ADZ]@ Chtabrdtam Drg`dafefby ah Wdxcfh vffràt jasg`ckjddr staeeah vdh oftfs ah takstah ah Gfrh vdh Wcmastfha \rass vffrzcnh vdst`fumahmàcm fi fhs prfnagt tft aah bfam achma ta jrahbah. ]ahsefttajamdhkah wa hdtuurecnk ma vaemdrgàfefbah mca fhs de vaea ndrah vdh iffca oftfsah eauka vrdbah àjjah vffrzcah.

Rcekf vdh ^cnvarmahNfs ma Iffr


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Cheacmchb

\deafbafbrdoca cs ma watahsg`dp mca zcg` jazcb`fumt iat àt ragfhstruarah vdh mafhtwckkaechb vdh àt oyscaka edhmsg`dp mffr ma tcnm. Ch vrfabar tcnmah jazfg`tahddrmwatahsg`dppars vffrde brfavas fi chzcg`t ta krcnbah ch ma fhtwckkaechb vdhàt edhmsg`dp, zfdes Nf`dhhas Ea Ordhq vdh Jarkày mca àt fhmarstddhma rfhm422< fvar aah muchprfocae ch ma zdhmarcn vdh Kdtwcnk sg`raao>

@carfi kfit àt hfb àt wddrsg`cnhecnksta vffr mdt ma fhmarsta zdhmedbah mffrfvarstrfichb fvarbavefacm, ah ma jfvahsta, mca ma tabahwffrmcba fpparvedkta marmuchah ofriarah mffr varstucvchb zf fhaah ddhba`ffbm zcnh. Mct ciiars javas-

tcbt ma hdtuur; mawcne ma fhmarsta edbah mar zwdrta zdhmsg`ceeah vfe jffiwfrtaeahzcnh, vdh mazaeoma ddrm, des mca mar mffrhah, jrddi- ah dhmara aastarbawdssah, mcahfb fp ma fpparvedkta mar muchah brfacah, ah ch ma ]waama \eddt ffk ddhbawazahwfrmah; wddruct hdtuurecnk vfebt, mdt mca sg`ceeah vffrmazah ma fpparvedkta vdhaaha vedkka àcma bawaast zcnh> ck zab vedkka àcma, mawcne mca sg`ceeah tft fp aahahd ma jfvahsta, deeah, fp àt ffb ta zcah, vedk, ah des t wdra wdtarpds ecbbah.

(Ea Ordhq vdh Jarkày, 4224, p.=0).

Qct mazaeoma parcfma stdit ma uctvchmchb vdh ma brfhmjffr, wddriaa tft brftamcapta kfh wfrmah bajffrm. Maza jfrchbah eavarmah ch mca tcnm aah sg`dt ddh baba-

vahs fp fvar ma fpjfuw ah fhtwckkaechb vdh àt edhmsg`dp. Zagahtaecnk warm aahbajrfkah brfhmjffr uct maza parcfma fp 4? iatar mcapta ddhbatrfooah jcn ma ddheabvdh ma Hffrm-ûcmecnh ta Distarmdi. Brfftsg`decba kdrtarchbah vdh ma fpjfuwvdh ma fhmarbrfhm vfhmah pds peddts vdhdo at jabch vdh ma :


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rddc, fimdt ma jfrchbah vffr fhza kddrtarchb ta fhmcap wdrah ah wa maza babavahshcat ch ma bafefbcsgà kddrt varwarkt àjjah. Jcn hdvrddb ch @ddreai jeaak mdtàt pfeeahedjfrdtfrcui ffk baah efgdtca babavahs àaot.

(Mfsscar cnmarvaem, prfvchgca ucm-@feedhm, drg`cao ZGA).

Zumc @uest `dm hftd jaha spagcdde vffr ma bafefbcsgà mcahst twaa seauvah ddhba-eabm, `ddks fp ma rastbaue vdh ma ^cnmarvaemsa strffirub, zfmdt zcn bamatdceeaarmedhmsg`dppaecnka wddrhaichbah kfhmah mfah (Ma Nfhb, 432


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baeabm `fa varsg`ceeahma ddrmkuhmcba kddrtah chofridtca bavah fvar àt drgàfef-bcsg` arobfam. Ch `ffomstuk 2 wfrmt varvfebahs ma DWJ uctbaeabm, àt samciaht-jasg`rcnvchbsystaai mdt mffr aeka vaemdrgàfeffb ifat kuhhah wfrmah tfabapdst.Ch ma eddtsta twaa `ffomstukkah wfrmt chbabddh fp ifhstarhdia, ifhstarja`dh-

maechb ah jffriat`fmah ah -tag`hcakah. @at `ffomstuk fvar ifhstarhdia ahifhstarja`dhmaechb cs uctseuctahm vdhuct prdktcsg` ffbpuht basg`ravah. _ffr aahuctbajracma dg`tarbrfhm wfrmt varwazah hddr at jfak vdh Dhtfh Arvyhgk at de.ahma _aem`dhmeacmchb Drgàfefbca, Eacmrddm 4 vdh Gdricbbaet & Wgùetah (Arvyhgkat de., :


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@ffomstuk 4

Jabrcppah ah tcnmskdmar

^fdes bajruckaecnk `dhtaart aeka watahsg`dp zcnh acbah jabrcppah, zf ffk ma oysc-sgà bafbrdoca. Ch maza pdrdbrddo wfrmah aarst ahkaea jabrcppah uctbaeabm. Mddrhdwfrmt chbabddh fp ma parcfma-chmaechb mca wfrmt ba`dhtaarm ch ma ddrmwatahsg`dp-pah. Ddh àt achm wfrmt aah fvarzcg`t baprasahtaarm wddrch ffk ma drgàfefbcsgàparcfmah zcnh fpbahfiah, zfdes maza wfrmah ba`dhtaarm ch àt Drgàfefbcsg`

Jdscs Zabcstar (Jrdhmt at de., 433:).

4.4 Ma watahsg`dppah

]cnmahs fpbrdvchbah `ffr na vddk mdt ma oyscsg` bafbrddo edhbs cs bawaast. @at csiddr zaar ma vrddb fo maza parsffh mddmwarkaecnk aah oyscsg` bafbrddo cs. Maza par-sffh kdh avahzfbfam jfmaikuhmcba, kwdrtdcrbafeffb fo `cstfrcsg` bafbrddo zcnh._ffr aah drgàfeffb cs at sfis ifacecnk at fhmarsgàcm ta idkah. Mdt wfrmt hfbaahs axtrd ifacecnk, fimdt na na jchhah ma stumca oyscsgà bafbrdoca jcnvffrjaaemkdh spagcdecsarah ch kwdrtdcrbafefbca fo bafifrofefbca. @at cs jaedhbrcnk fi na

jawust ta zcnh vdh ma varsg`ceeah tussah jcnvffrjaaem aah bafeffb, jfmaikuhmcbafo bafifrofeffb ah aah oyscsg` bafbrddo iat aah spagcdecsdtca kwdrtdcrbafefbca.Rdhhaar na aah mucmaecnk baofriueaarma vrddb àjt ah ma varsg`ceeah tussah maspagcdecstah kaht, kdh na aah jatara kauza idkah vffr ma ddrmwatahsg`dppaecnkspagcdecst mca na rddmpeaabt.

Oyscsgà bafbrdoca cs ma watahsg`dp mca zcg` jazcb`fumt iat ma jastumarchbvdh ma oyscsgà fo hdtuurkuhmcba prfgassah mca àt edhmsg`dp vfriah ah ch àtvareamah àjjah bavfrim. Ma oyscsg` bafbrddo iddkt mddrjcn bajruck vdh kahhcsuct vcar dhmara watahsg`dppah; ma bafefbca, ma jcfefbca, ma bafifrofefbca ah majfmaikuhma.

Bafefbca cs ma watahsg`dp mca ma ddrma, `ddr basg`camahcs ah ma prfgassah mca`ddr vfriah ah bavfrim àjjah, jastumaart. Jchhah ma bafefbca jastddh mcvarsaspagcdecsdtcas. Kwdrtdcrbafefbca ah patrfefbca zcnh twaa vdh mca spagcdecsdtcas mcasfis ch ma drgàfefbca wfrmah bajruckt. Ma kwdrtdcrbafeffb àaot zcg` baspagc-decsaarm ch àt Kwdrtdcr, àt deeareddtsta stukna vdh ma fhtwckkaechb vdh ma ddrma,ma eddtsta :,? icenfah nddr. Ma patrfeffb varmcapt zcg` ch ma sdiahstaeechb ah àr-kfist vdh bastaahtah.

Jfmaikuhma cs ma watahsg`dp mca zcg` jazcb`fumt iat ma sdiahstaeechb ahvfrichb vdh jfmais. Fhmar aah jfmai varstddh wa ma jfvahsta eddb vdh ma ddrm-kfrst, wddrch zcg` jfmaivfriahma prfgassah dospaeah. Maza jfmaivfriahma

prfgassah varffrzdkah vardhmarchbah ch ma sdiahstaeechb vdh ma jfmai, mca fh-


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mar dhmara zcg`tjddr wfrmah ch ma vfrichb vdh zfbahddima `frczfhtah (zca ffk`ffomstuk 1).

Ffk ma jfmaikuhma kaht varsg`ceeahma mcsgcpechas. Aah spagcdecsdtca mca jch-hah ma drgàfefbca vaae wfrmt tfabapdst cs icgrfifrofefbca. Ma icgrfifrofeffb

jastumaart jfmaiprfgassah mffr icmmae vdh secnppedtah. Jchhah ma drgàfefbcawfrmt maza iat`fma vaae bajruckt fi vrdbah fp ta efssah iat jatrakkchb tft ja-tramchb, dkkaredbah, fp`fbchbspdkkattah, stffkdgtcvctactah, ahzfvffrt. Mddrhddstkdh ma icgrfifrofeffb aah zaar zchhcba jcnmrdba eavarah ddh ma ifhctfrchb vdhvchmpeddtsah. Ma pamfeffb jastumaart vffrde ma jfmaibahasa, ma fhtstddhswcnzavdh ma jfmai. Ma kahhcs vdh ma pamfeffb kfit vffrde vdh pds jcn àt varkedrahah vffrspaeeah vdh jfmaiprfgassah mca vdh chvefam zcnh fp ma gfhsarvarchb vdhdrgàfefbcsgà vchmpeddtsah.

Jcfefbca cs ma eaar vdh eavahma wazahs, eavahsvfriah ah eavahsvarsg`cnhsaeah.Ffk jchhah ma jcfefbca jastddh vaea spagcdecsiah. Jchhah ma drgàfefbca wfrmt

vddk bajruck baiddkt vdh pdeyhfefbca, pdeafjftdhca ah pdeafzfefbca. Ma aarsta,pdeyhfefbca, `fumt zcg` jazcb iat ma stumca hddr icgrfofsscaeah, zfdes stucoiaae(pfeeah) ah spfrah. Fp jdscs vdh pfeeah ah spfrah kdh aah pdeyhfeffb aah uctsprddkmfah fvar ma ddhkeamchb vdh àt edhmsg`dp. _ddk eavart pdeyhfefbcsg` fhmarzfakchofridtca fp fvar ma ddhwazcbàcm ah dgtcvctactah vdh iahsah ch àt edhmsg`dp.@carjcn kuh na jcnvffrjaaem mahkah ddh waeka bawdssah ar zcnh varjfuwm, fo arvaa cs ba`fumah, fo fp aah japddema efgdtca vuur cs bastffkt, fo `fut cs bakdpt,ahzfvffrts. Ma pdeafjftdhcgus fumt zcg` jazcb iat ma stumca vdh pedhtahbaiaah-sg`dppah mffr icmmae vdh idgrfofsscaeah zfdes zdmah. Mffr àt fhmarzfak vdh mapdeafjftdhcgus watah wa jcnvffrjaaem bfam wdt iahsah ch àt vareamah àjjah

babatah, waeka bawdssah iah zaeo àaot varjfuwm ah waeka bawdssah ar ch àt wcemwarmah varzdiaem. Ma pdeafzfeffb `fumt zcg` jazcb iat ma ragfhstrugtca vdhma mcarbaiaahsg`dppah uct àt vareamah. Fp jdscs vdh àt fhmarzfak vdh ma pd-eafzfeffb àjjah wa jcnvffrjaaem kahhcs fvar ma ùcsmcarah mca iahsah àjjahba`fumah ch àt vareamah ah waek wcem, vcs ah bavfbaeta ar fp àt iahu stfhm.

Bafifrofefbca jatakaht eattarecnk kahhcs vdh ma vfri vdh ma ddrma (bafs 9ddrma, ifro 9 vfri ah efbfs 9 kahhcs). Ma bafifrofefbca cs mdh ffk ma watah-sg`dp mca ma vfriah vdh àt edhmsg`dp ah ma prfgassah mca mddrjcn aah rfe spaeahfo ajjah baspaaem jastumaart. Bafifrofefbca cs aah watahsg`dp mca ch Hamaredhmhcat iaar des zaeostdhmcba fpeacmchb jastddt. Maza stumca jastddt hfb wae des aah

spagcdecsdtca jchhah ma oyscsgà bafbrdoca ah bafefbca.@cstfrcsgà bafbrdoca cs baah zaeostdhmcba stumca, iddr wfrmt zfwae jchhah ma

jfmaikuhma des jchhah ma oyscsgà bafbrdoca des dpdrta spagcdecsdtca ddhbajfmah.Ma `cstfrcsgà bafbrdoca `fumt zcg` vffrde jazcb iat ma `cstfrcsgà fhtwckkaechbvdh àt edhmsg`dp. Jaedhbrcnka jrfhhah vffr `cstfrcsg` bafbrdocsg` fhmarzfak zcnhkddrtah, drg`cavah ah kahhcs vdh ma bahasa vdh àt edhmsg`dp.


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4.: Debaiaha prchgcpas ah ahcba tarichfefbca

Ect`fefbca cs aah sdiahtrakkchb vdh ma wffrmah ect`fs, wdt bastaahta fo staahjatakaht ah efbfs, mdt vrcn vartddem kdh wfrmah des kahhcs. Ect`fefbca cs ma kahhcsvdh bastaahtah. Ma oyscsg` bafbrddo varstddt fhmar bastaahta hcat deeaah stahahiddr ffk zdhm, keac ah zaeos vaah. ^dhm ah keac wfrmah ffk wae ddhbamucm iat àtjabrcp samciaht. _aah wfrmt ddhbamucm iat àt jabrcp samahtddt. Aah samciahtjatraot idtarcdde mdt vdh aemars cs ddhbavfarm. Aah samahtddt cs fp ma peddts zaeofhtstddh, jcnvffrjaaem vaah mdt mffr aah fpaah`fpchb vdh tar peddtsa dobastfrvahpedhtddrmcb idtarcdde fhtstddt.

Ch àt debaiaah wfrmah mrca trdhspfrtiag`dhcsiah vffr samciaht fhmar-sgàcmah> wchm (afecsg`), cns (bedgcbaah) ah wdtar (oeuvcdtcae, idrcah ah edgustrcah).Oeuvcdtcae mucmt fp dozattchbah mca mffr strfiahm wdtar (rcvcarah ah jakah) juctahma chvefamsoaar vdh ma zaa zcnh bavfrim. Idrcah mucmt fp dozattchbah mca bavfrimzcnh mffr ma zaa. @at jabrcp edgustrcah wfrmt bajruckt vffr dozattchbah mca ch aahiaar zcnh bavfrim (edgus 9 iaar). Ch ma ectardtuur wfrmt àt jabrcp parc-idrcahbajruckt vffr aah rcvcaricecau mdt fhmar chvefam stddt vdh ma batcnmah. Aah marba-ecnk icecau trao na ddh ch ma ifhmchbsbajcamah (astudrcd) vdh ma Zcnh ah Idds ahjcnvffrjaaem ch ma Jcasjfsg`. Dhmara sdiahtrakkchbah mca na sfis tabahkfit zcnhoeuvcfbedgcdde ah oeuvcf-parcbedgcdde. Ma aarsta zcnh siaetwdtardozattchbah mca mcragtbakfppaem kuhhah wfrmah ddh àt edhmcns, zfdes sdhmrs ah askars (zca `ffomstuk7). Ma twaama zcnh dozattchbah mca mffr siaetwdtarstrfiah tft stdhm zcnh bakfiahtcnmahs aah cnstcnm (bedgcdde) wddrch baah edhmcns vffrkwdi, zfdes ch àt Racg`saecah(zca `carfhmar). Afecsgà dozattchbah kuhhah keciddt baraedtaarm zcnh, jcnvffrjaaem

makzdhm mdt warm bavfrim tcnmahs ma cnstcnmah. Afecsgà dozattchbah kuhhah ffk

Daaemchb 4. Fvarbdhb vdh strdhm hddr much (oftf> R. vdh ^cnvarmah).


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4?

mffr iahsaecnka chbrapah ch at edhmsg`dp wfrmah varffrzddkt, jcnvffrjaaem stuco-zdhm mdt cs bavfrim hd fhtjfsschbah.

Iat àt jabrcp ect`fbahasa wfrmt ma wcnza wddrfp àt bastaahta cs fhtstddhjamfaem. ^dhm kdh jcnvffrjaaem mffr ma wchm zcnh dobazat zfdes ch ma muchah fo

mffr àt wdtar zfdes fp àt strdhm (zca dojaaemchb 4.1


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Ch ma 42aaauw jastfhm aah `aotcba pfeaicak fvar ma fumarmfi vdh ma sg`ap-pchb, mca uctachmaecnk ch 4?1= warm jaseag`t. Ch mdt nddr warm foocgcaae vdstbastaemmdt ma ddrma wds basg`dpah fi 3 uur s ifrbahs fp :? fktfjar =


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kffestfomcfxcma (GF:). Hd àt starvah vdh àt frbdhcsia varvdet àt chstdjcaeacsftffp 4=G. Ma tcnm wddrch ma àeot vdh àt 4=G varvdet, ma zfbahddima `deowddr-matcnm, cs jakahm (gd. 124:G ch aah frbd-hcsia, cs ta jarakahah `fa edhb baeamah mdt frbdhcsia cs bastfrvah.

Ma bafefbcsgà kdeahmar cs vffr aah jaedhbrcnk maae chbamaaem fp ofsscaech`fum.@carjcn ifat hcat bamdg`t wfrmah ddh mchfsdurusjfttah ah marbaecnka, fawae mazaffk aah rfe kuhhah spaeah, iddr iaar ddh ch brfta favaaeàmah ddhwazcba icgrf-ofsscaeah zfdes stucoiaae (pfeeah). Ma chmaechb vdh ma bafefbcsgà tcnmsg`dde cs `c-rdrg`csg` vdh ddrm. Dg`taraahvfebahs wfrmah fhmarsgàcmah afh, ard, parcfm, apfg`,dbaah sujdba. Maza chmaechb cs bafg`rfhfefbcsg` vdh ddrm. Hddst maza bafg`rfhf-efbcsgà chmaechb kaht ma bafefbca ffk aah g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechb. Maza ch-maechb aaot jatrakkchb fp ma bastaahtapdkkattah mca ch maza parcfma zcnh bavfrim.Ma bafg`rfhfefbcsgà aahàcm kdh des àt wdra wfrmah bazcah des aah tcnmsaah-àcm, ma g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgà aahàcm cs àt bastaahtapdkkat mdt ch maza parcfma

cs bavfrim. Ch aah bafg`rfhfefbcsgà aahàcm `favah baah g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgàaahàmah bavfrim ta zcnh. Mct varsg`ce kfit ffk tft uctchb ch ma hddibavchb, mabafg`rfhfefbcsgà aahàmah krcnbah jcn aah fhmarvarmaechb àt vffrvfabsae vrfabfo eddt. Ma g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgà aahàmah krcnbah at vffrvfabsae jfvah fo fhmar.@at jabrcp _rfab-\eacstfgaah mucmt mus ma bafg`rfhfefbcsgà aahàcm, ma parcfmaddh. @at jabrcp Fhmar-\eacstfgaah mucmt ma g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgà aahàcm ddh,àt bastaahtapdkkat mdt ch maza parcfma cs bavfrim. Ffk ma g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgàaahàmah kahhah aah `crdrg`csgà chmaechb. Dg`taraahvfebahs wfrmah ahftài,ardtài, systai, sarcas, stdbaah sujstdbafhmarsgàcmah.

@at eddtsta afh, at \`dharfzfcgui cs ma parcfma vdh at zcg`tjdra eavah. _dhdo

maza parcfma wdrah eavahsvfriah iat `drma maeah zfdes sg`deah ah sg`cemah ddh-wazcb, wddrmffr maza idkkaecnk ofsscecsaarmah. @at \`dharfzfcgui wfrmt fp jdscsvdh eavahsvfriah chbamaaem ch mrca ards> àt \deafzfgui (àt fuma eavah), àtIasfzfgui (àt icmmah eavah) ah àt Kahfzfgui (àt ifmarha eavah). @at\deafzfgui cs ma parcfma wddrch àt eavah avfeuaart. Ch maza parcfma fhtstddhma aarsta edhmmcarah ah edhmpedhtah. @at Iasfzfgui cs ma parcfma vdh ma mc-hfsdurcrs. Ch maza parcfma mfichaarmah vdrahs ah gfhcoarah àt vabatdtcajaaem.Ch àt Iasfzfgui fhtstfhmah ffk ma zffbmcarah. Ma fvarbdhb hddr ma ùcmcbaardwfrmt bakahiarkt mffr aah idssd-axtchgtca, àt idssdde uctstarvah vdh brftabrfapah eavahsvfriah, wddrfhmar ma mchfsdurcrs. Bamdg`t wfrmt mdt maza idssd-

axtchgtca maaes wfrmt varffrzddkt mffr aah chsedb vdh h fo iaar brfta iataf-rcatah fp ddrma. @at Kahfzfgui cs ma ardwddrch ma zffbmcarah ah mus ffk maiahs tft wdsmfi kfiah. Mddrhddst cs àt Kahfzfgui ma ardvdh ma jefacahmapedhtah. @at Kahfzfgui wfrmt varmar bakahiarkt mffr aah baeacmaecnka dokfa-echb vdh ma ddrma. Maza ardwfrmt fhmarvarmaaem ch twaa parcfms,àt ]artcdcr ahàt Kwdrtdcr. Ma avfeutca vdh ma iahs vchmt brftahmaaes peddts ch ma eddtstaparcfm,àt Kwdrtdcr.

Daaemchb 4. \arcfma-chmaechb vdh àt \eacstfgaah (hddr> Jarahmsah, :


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Ea`rchbah (M)

@azarwdtar (J)

Jaevamara

Kwchtaeffcnah

Rfarmah

@dppcsjurb` (BJ) 6

@dppcsjurb` (BJ) 6

Jfxbrfva (BJ)

Dtdpuargd ]M? (W\)

Dtdpuargd ]A 3 (W\)

Midhsc (Bafrbca)

Frga (W\)


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:<

@at Kwdrtdcr cs fhmarvarmaaem ch twaa apfg`s, àt \eacstfgaah ah àt @fefgaah.@at \eacstfgaah cs àt apfg`wddrch ma iahs zcnh jaedhbrcnksta fhtwckkaechb kahtah vffr àt aarst zcnh chtrama mfat ch Aurfpd ah Hamaredhm. @at \eacstfgaah wfrmtfhmarvarmaaem ch mrca dbas> _rfab-, Icmmah- ah Eddt-\eacstfgaah. Ma fumsta rastah

vdh iahsah mca ch Hamaredhm zcnh ddhbatrfooah mdtarah uct àt Icmmah-\eacstfgaah.Ma fumsta vchmpeddts cs baeabah ch ma brchmbrfava Jaevamra ch ûcm-Ecijurb.Mddrhddst cs ch ma brfava Kwchtaeffyah jcn Zàhah aah vchmpeddts ddhbatrfooahmca mdtaart vdh vffr ma vfrichb vdh ma Qtrag`tsa àuvaerub. Ma dbaszcnh fp ùhjaurt fpbamaaem ch sujdbas. Maza sujdbas zcnh bamaochcaarm fp jdscs vdh àt var-fhmarstaema pdeafkeciddt. Ch Hffrmwast-Aurfpd wfrmah jchhah àt Icmmah- ahEddt \eacstfgaah dg`taraahvfebahs ma vfebahma g`rfhfstrdtcbrdocsgà aahàmah(atdbas) fhmarsgàcmah> Grfiarcah, Aestarcah, @festachcah, Wddecah, Aaicah ahRacg`saecah. Maza atdbas wfrmah fp jdscs vdh pfeeahch`fum hdmar fhmarvarmaaem(zca dojaaemchb 4.


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@at \eacstfgaah wfrmt bakahiarkt mffr starka wcssaechbah ch `at keciddt.CNstcnmah wfrmah dobawcssaem mffr parcfmah iat aah keciddt mdt varbaecnkjddr csiat mdt vdh vdhmddb ma mdb. Ma kfuma parcfmah wfrmah bedgcdeah bahfaim. Mawdria parcfmah wfrmah chtarbedgcdeah bahfaim. Ma chtarbedgcdeah murah mffr-

bddhs vaae kfrtar mdh ma bedgcdeah. Jchhah ma kfuma parcfmah kuhhah hfb waarkfrta wdriara ah kfumara parcfmah wfrmah bamaochcaarm. Maza wfrmah ddhbamucmiat ma tariah chtarstdmcdde ah stdmcdde. Ch dojaaemchb 4.


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jecnosae uct maza cnstcnm. Ch ma wdriara chtarstdmcdeah àjjah iahsah ch Hamaredhmbawffhm. Ahkaea jaedhbrcnka vchmpeddtsah mca vaae chofridtca àjjah fpbaeavarmfvar ma wcnza wddrfp iahsah tcnmahs ma cnstcnmah eaaomah ch Hffrmwast-Aurfpd ahHamaredhm ch àt jcnzfhmar, zcnh ddhbabavah ch dojaaemchb 4. \rajfradde, Jfradde, Dtedhtcgui, Wujjfradde ah Wujdtedhtcgui (zca dojaaemchb4.


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vdh dg`taraahvfebahs jark, mah ah dzaeddr hddr aah baiahbm ackahjfs. Mct jaracktzcnh fptciui tcnmahs àt Dtedhtcgui. Hd àt Dtedhtcgui haait ma fivdhb vdhma jfsvabatdtca do tah buhsta vdh àcma, brds ah zabba. Maza fhtwckkaechb wfrmtmffrbddhs varkeddrm mffr dgtcvctactah vdh ma iahs, zfdes àt kdppah ah dojrdhmah

vdh jfssah tah ja`fava vdh ma edhmjfuw. Ma aarsta mucmaecnka vardhmarchb mca chàt pfeeahspagtrui peddtsvchmt des bavfeb vdh iahsaecnk `dhmaeah cs ma tarubeffp

\deafect`cgui 7


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vdh ma cap rfhm 1


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@ffomstuk :

Ma ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechb vdhHamaredhm ch àt vaem tfabapdst

:.4 Cheacmchb

Ect`fstrdtcbrdoca cs aah sdiahtrakkchb vdh ma wffrmah ect`fs (staah) ah strdtfs

(eddb). Ma ect`fstrdtcbrdoca cs ma stumca vdh ma bastaahtaedbah. @at bddt mddrjcn hcatdeeaah fi ma fpaahvfebchb vdh ma edbah, iddr ffk fi tde vdh dhmara kahiarkahmca kuhhah wfrmah fhmarsgàcmah, zfdes kdekba`deta, baeddbmàcm, ichardefbcsgàsdiahstaeechb, ahzfvffrts. Jchhah Hamaredhm zcnh ar twaa chmaechbah mca vdh ja-edhb zcnh> ma ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechb vfebahs ^dbwcnh & _dh Wtddemuchah uct4321 ah ma chmaechb vfebahs Ma Iuemar at de.uct :


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:?

Aiiaeffrm. Ma rcvarmdeah vdh ma brfta rcvcarah àjjah zcg` ffk ch ma effp vdhma tcnm varpeddtst. Ch àt Aaicah wdtarma ma Zcnh vcd àt mde vdh ma Baemarsa CNssaedo fp ma Hffrmzaa. Ch àt Icmmah-Racg`saecah, rfhm :0.


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Ma fumarmfi cs baah ect`fefbcsg` kahiark ah zfu ch aah ect`fstrdtcbrdoc-sgà chmaechb mdh ffk baah rfe ifbah spaeah. Ma chmaechb vdh ^dbwcnh & _dhWtddemuchah wcnkt `car ag`tar sfis vdh do. Ma hcauwa ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechbvdh Hamaredhm vdh Ma Iuemar at de. kaht mct prfjeaai hcat. Ma drgàfeffb chàt vaem idb ch àt debaiaah brddb bajruck idkah vdh ma chmaechb vdh ^dbwcnh& _dh Wtddemuchah. Iat hdia ch àt kustbajcam wfrmt vaae bajruck baiddkt vdhma fuma chmaechb. Nucst vffr maza rabcf cs ma fuma ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechbprfjeaidtcsg`, zfdes uct fhmarstddhm vffrjaaem jecnkt.

_ffrjaaem

]cnmahs aah fpbrdvchb ch ma baiaahta _aara cs aah prfocae ddhbatrfooah (dojaaemchb:.


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jfmai bavfrim wddrch zcg` rastah uct ma parcfma 41


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:3

]ahseftta spaaet ma rabcf wddrch ma samciahtah zcnh bavfrim aah rfe. Ch tdjae:.


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Racg`saecah

Ma rcvcardozattchbah vdh Zcnh ah Idds mca zcnh bavfrim ch maza parcfma wfrmahbarakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàya. Ma Ofridtca vdh ]wahtajavdt deeaparcbedgcdea dozattchbah ah cs wdt jatraot sdiahstaeechb varbaecnkjddr iat ma fumaraAchm`fvah Ofridtca. ]ft maza Ofridtca wfrmah ess ah makzdhm, iddr ffk efkddebavfrima iaardozattchbah barakahm. Jchhah maza Ofridtca wfrmt aah fhmarsgàcmch ahkaea edbah baiddkt. @at makzdhm wfrmt fhmarvarmaaem ch Fum Makzdhm C ahCCah Nfhb Makzdhm C ah CC. Mddrhddst wfrmah ma Qssaef Eddbah ma JauhchbahEddbfhmarsgàcmah. Ma aarsta fivdt aah mucmaecnk àrkahjdra jfmai fo vaah-pdkkat mca ma brahs tussah Nfhb Makzdhm C ah CC vfrit. Maza Qssaef Eddb wfrmtbamdtaarm ch àt Deearm. Ma twaama fivdt aah masart pdvaiahtmdt ma brahs tussahFum Makzdhm C ah CC vfrit. Maza wfrmt bamdtaarm rfhm 40.


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Idrcaha dozattchbah (wdm-, kwaemar- ah bauedozattchbah) mca zcnh bavfrim vffrgd. 42


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Zfhm 1< DM fhtstddt aah hcauwa fpahchb ch ma Deiara edbuha vcd ma _ecastrffi.@at icecau ch ma edbuha wfrmt mddrmffr vaae myhdicsgàr. Ma dozattchbah mca chmaza odsa zcnh bavfrim wfrmah barakahm tft maDeiara Dozattchbah . _dhdo at if-iaht mdt rfhm 47 idrcah, oeuvcdtcae, bedgcbaah fo samciahtah vdh efkdea àrkfist.Mddrhddst kdh aah fhmarsgàcm wfrmah baiddkt hddr parcfma wddrch ma samciah-tah zcnh bavfrim. ]ahseftta spaaet ma rabcf wddrch ma samciahtah zcnh bavfrim aahrfe. @carfhmar wfrmt aah fvarzcg`t babavah vdh ma ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà aahàmah

vdhdo àt achma vdh àt Wddecah (tdjae :.


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Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae wfrmt aah fhmarsgàcm baiddkt ch aah ddhtde Eddbpdkkattah.Ess wfrmt barakahm tft àtEddbpdkkat vdh Wg`ciiart.

Aaicah

@at Aaicah cs aah raedtcao wdria parcfma. Ch maza parcfma staab ma zaaspcabae ahjracmma ma zaa zcg` uct fvar aah brfft maae vdh Hamaredhm. Aah maae vdh ma bed-gcdea jakkahs warm fpbavuem iat idrcaha dozattchbah. Maza dozattchbah wfrmahbarakahm tft maAai Ofridtca.@at vaah mdt ch ma kustzfha warm bavfrim, hddstah jfvah ma idrcaha dozattchbah vdh ma Aai Ofridtca, wfrmt barakahm tft maOfridtca vdh Rfumahjarb.

Ma rcvcardozattchbah mca ch at Aaicah zcnh dobazat mffr ma Zcnh ah ma rcvcardozat-tchbah mca zcnh bavfrim mffr ma Idds tah hffrmah vdh Bahhap wfrmah barakahmtft ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàya. Jchhah ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàya wfrmahahkaea Eddbpdkkattah fhmarsgàcmah. Ma dozattchbah mca ma Zcnh àaot bavfrim chàt tfhbjakkah mdt at edhmcns ch at Wddecah ch àt CNssaemde dm uctbaseatah wfrmahbarakahm tft at Eddbpdkkat vdh ]waeef. Ma favar- ah kfidozattchbah mca ma Zcnhàaot bavfrim ch àt CNssaemde wfrmah barakahm tft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh utpàh.Ma rcvcardozattchbah mca tah zucmah vdh Bahhap zcnh bavfrim mffr ma Idds wfr-mah hat des ch ma vffrbddhma parcfma barakahm tft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Acnsmahvdh ma Ofridtca vdh Jaabmah.Dozattchbah vdh ma Wgàema ch âaedhm wfrmah hatdes ch ma vffrbddhma parcfma barakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Kfawdg`t.

Efkdde bavfrima dozattchbah uct maza parcfma zfdes jaakdozattchbah ah juctahma kustvedkta bavfrim `ffbvaah wfrmah barakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae.

Jchhah ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae wfrmah varmar vffr maza parcfma baah dpdrtaEddbpdkattah fhmarsgàcmah.

Racg`saecah

Ma rcvcardozattchbah mca ch àt Racg`saecah zcnh dobazat mffr ma Zcnh ah ma rc-vcardozattchbah mca zcnh bavfrim mffr ma Idds tah hffrmah vdh Bahhap wfrmahbarakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàya. Jchhah ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàyawfrmah ahkaea Eddbpdkkattah fhmarsgàcmah. @at Eddbpdkkat vdh Fgkahjurbjastddt uct mffr ma Zcnh ddhbavfarm idtarcdde ah tah maea uct oeuvcdtcae fibawarktaidrcaha dozattchbah vdh ma Aai Ofridtca. Mct eddbpdkkat kfit deeaah ch zucmwast

Hamaredhm vffr. Ma stubba keac mca ch Icmmah- ah Rast-Hamaredhm vddk ddh matfp vdh ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàya vffrkfit wfrmt barakahm tft ma Eddb vdh

Rcngàh. Maza eddb cs bamaaetaecnk ch àt @fefgaah bavfrim. Mazaeoma dozattch-bah wfrmah ch àt strffibajcam vdh ma Idds tah zucmah vdh Bahhap avahaahsbarakahm tft maza Eddb vdh Rcngàh fhmar ma Ofridtca vdh Jaabmah. Ma fvarcbarcvcardozattchbah mca tah zucmah vdh Bahhap zcnh bavfrim mffr ma Idds wfrmahhat des ch ma vffrbddhma parcfma barakahm tft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Acnsmahvdh maOfridtca vdh Jaabmah. Dozattchbah vdh ma Wgàema ch aaedhm wfrmah hat des ch mavffrbddhma parcfma barakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Kfawdg`t.


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Efkdde bavfrima dozattchbah uct maza parcfma zfdes makzdhm, ess ah dhmaraparcbedgcdea dozattchbah wfrmah barakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae. Jchhah maOfridtca vdh Jfxtae wfrmt vffr maza parcfma aah ddhtde Eddbpdkattah fhmarsgàc-mah. @at Eddbpdkkat vdh Ecaipma jatraot ocnha afecsgà dozattchbah (ess) ah

kfit fvarwabahm vffr ch ma Zfarmdeseahk. @at Eddbpdkkat vdh Jastjatraot do-zattchbah mca ch hdtta eddbtah ch ah edhbs jaakmdeah zcnh bavfrim. Iaardozattchbahah dozattchbah ch ma fvarstrfichbsvedktah vdh keacha rcvcarah wfrmah barakahmtft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh ]ceecbta. Makzdhm mdt iat hdia ch àt Icmmah- ah EddtRacg`saecah cs bavfrim wfrmt barakahm tft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Rcarmah. Juctahma rcvcarvedktah vdh Zcnh ah Idds vfrit makzdhm ch aah brfft maae vdh Hamaredhmma tfp vdh àt \eacstfgaha fpparvedk.

:.=.: @fefgaah

Ddh àt jabch vdh àt @fefgaah vardhmart àt veag`tahma rcvcarpdtrffh vdh ma Zcnhah Idds ch aah iadhmarahm rcvcarpdtrffh. Ch maza parcfma wfrmt fp ma tfp vdh maveag`tahma rcvcardozattchbah aah muhha kahiarkahma jeduwbrfaha keaceddb dobazat.Maza keac wfrmt hfb barakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Kraotahàya. Maza dozattchbahwfrmah ddhbamucm des ma Eddb vdh Rcngàh. Rddr maza dozattchbah vffrkfiahch àt mde vdh ma Idds tah zucmah vdh Bahhap wfrmah maza dozattchbah avahaahsddhbamucm des Eddb vdh Rcngàh iddr barakahm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Jaabmah.

Ma @fefgaha rcvcardozattchbah vdh ma Idds tah zucmah vdh Bahhap wfrmahbarakahm tft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Ffst-Iddredhmvdh ma Ofridtca vdh Jaabmah.Ma rcvcardozattchbah vdh Zcnh ah Idds tah hffrmah vdh Bahhap mca zcnh bavfrim

fhmar baidtcbma keciddtfistdhmcbàmah ch àt @fefgaah wfrmah barakahm tftma Ofridtca vdh Ag`taem. Ma Ofridtca vdh Ag`taem wfrmt fhmarvarmaaem ch ec-t`fbahatcsgà aahàmah. Jchhah maza Ofridtca wfrmah ma vfebahma aahàmahfhmarsgàcmah> bauedozattchbah (jammchbdozattchbah), rastbauedozattchbah, favar-dozattchbah, gravdssa-dozattchbah, kfidozattchbah, mcnkmffrjrddkdozattchbah ahmaetd-dozattchbah. Ma @fefgaha dozattchbah vdh ma Wgàema ch âaedhm wfrmah tftma Ofridtca vdh Kraakrdkbarakahm.

Ma idrcaha dozattchbah uct àt @fefgaah wfrmah barakahm tft ma Ofridtcavdh Hddemwcnk. Maza Ofridtca cs fhmarvarmaaem ch aah brfft ddhtde eddbpdkkat-tah ah edbah. Maza kuhhah wfrmah fhmarvarmaaem hddr dozattchbah bavfrim ch

ma hdjcnàcm vdh ma kust, dozattchbah bavfrim ch ma kustvedkta ah dozattchbahbavfrim ch ma Deiara edbuha. Ch ma kustzfha wfrmah strdhmdozattchbah barakahmtft at Eddbpdkkat vdh dhmvffrt. Kustmuchdozattchbah wfrmah barakahm tft atEddbpdkkat vdh Wg`ffre. Ch ma kustvedkta wfrmah ma dozattchbah bavfrim ch maparcfma vffrmdt sprdka wds vdh aah hdbahfab vfeeamcb baseftah kust barakahm tftàt Eddbpdkkat vdh Rfriar. Jchhhah at Eddbpdkkat vdh Rfriar wfrmt ma Eddb

vdh _aesahfhmarsgàcmah des ma aarsta kedstcsgà dozattchb ch ma @fefgaha kust-vedkta. Mddrhddst wfrmt jchhah mct Eddbpdkkat vdh Rfriar ma Eddb vdh Jarbahfhmarsgàcmah, aah keaceddb mca ddh ma jdscs vdh àt @fefgaha pdkkat ddhwazcb csch àt âabdt vdh Jarbah. @at Eddbpdkkat vdh Rfriar cs ddh ma jfvahzcnma vrcn-


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wae baàae jamakt iat aah pdkkat vaah mdt wfrmt barakahm tft àt @feedhmvaahEddbpdkkat vdh maOfridtca vdh Hcauwkffp. Fp mct vaahpdkkat javchmt zcg` aahtwaama pdkkat dozattchbah mdt zcg` àaot bavfrim ch ma kustvedkta. Maza dozattch-bah wfrmah barakahm tft àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Rdegàrah. Jchhah mct Eddbpdkkat

wfrmah ahkaea edbah fhmarsgàcmah mca spagcocak vffrkfiah ch fo rfhm ma Deiaraedbuha. MaDeiara Eddbzcnh dozattchbah bavfrim ch ma odsa mdt sprdka wds vdh aahbrfta jchhahzaa iat aah japarkta fpahchb hddr zaa. Ma dozattchbah zcnh bavfrimch aah jrdk edbuhdcr icecau. Ma Deiara Eddb wfrmt mffrbddhs dobamakt iat maûcmarzaa Eddb. Maza eddb cs ch aah jrdk tft zfut edbuhdcr icecau bavfrim. MaCNssaeiaar Eddbjatraot iaarjfmaidozattchbah mca ch at CNssaeiaar zcnh bavfrim.]ahseftta wfrmt jchhah mct Eddbpdkkat ma CNa Eddbfhmarsgàcmah. Maza eddb ja-stddt uct samciaht mdt cs fhtstddh jcn fvarstrfichbah vdhuct ma ûcmarzaa.

Efkdea dozattchbah mca zcnh bavfrim ch àt @fefgaah wfrmah barakahm tft maOfridtca vdh Hcauwkffp(frbdhcsgà dozattchbah) ah ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae(fva-

rcba dozattchbah). Jchhah ma Ofridtca vdh Hcauwkffp wfrmah twaa Eddbpdkkattahfhmarsgàcmah, àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Brcahmtsvaah ah àt @feedhmvaahEddbpdkkat. @at aarsta javdt de àt vaah mdt cs fhtstddh juctah ma chvefamsoaarvdh ma kustvaahifardssah ah wfrmt hcat varmar fhmarvarmaaem. @at @feedhmvaahEddbpdkkat jatraot vaah mdt ma fhmarecbbahma idrcaha dozattchbah domakt ah/fowfrmt dobamakt mffr idrcaha dozattchbah. Jchhah àt @feedhmvaah Eddbpdkkatwfrmah twaa Edbah fhmarsgàcmah, ma Jdscsvaah Eddbah ma Oeavfiaar Eddb. MaJdscsvaah Eddb jatraot vaah mdt mcragt fp ma \eacstfgaha fhmarbrfhm cs baeabah ahwfrmt dobamakt iat idrcaha dozattchbah. Jchhah ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtaewfrmahmrca Eddbpdkkattah fhmarsgàcmah> àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Kfftwcnk, Wchbrdvah ah

Maewcnhah. @at Eddbpdkkat vdh Kfftwcnkjatraot stucozdhmdozattchbah. Ma aarstamffr ma iahs varffrzddkta stucozdhmah zcnh de fhtstddh ch àt Iasfect`cgui. @atEddbpdkkat vdh Wchbrdvah jatraot dozattchbah mca zcnh bavfrim ch ma jaakmd-eah. @at Eddbpdkkat vdh Maewcnhah jastddt uct zdhm mdt vdhuct ma jammchbahvdh àt veag`tahma rcvcarsystaai cs fpbawddcm tft rcvcarmuch ch àt jabch vdh àt@fefgaah.


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Efk

dde

O.v.Hcauwkffp

Ep.v.

Brcahmtsvaah

@feedhmvaahEp.

OeavfiaarE.

JdscsvaahE.

O.v.

Rfumahjarb

O.v.Jfxtae

Ep.v.K

fftwcnk

Ep.v.

Wchbrdvah

Ep.v.

Maewcnhah

O.v.Jfxtae

Ep.v.R

carmah

Ep.v.]

ceecbta

Ep.v.J

ast

Ep.v.E

caipma

O.v.Jfxtae

O.v.Jfxtae

Ep.v.

Wg`ciiart

Idrca

h

edbuha

O.v.Hddemwcnk

Ep.v.

Rdegàrah

CNssaeiaarE.

CNaE.

ûcmarzaaE.

DeiaraE.

Ep.v.R

friar

_aesahE.

JarbahE.

kustvedkta

O.v.Hddem

wcnk

Ep.R

degàrah

Ep.R

friar

kust

O.v.Hddemwcnk

Ep.W

g`ffre

Ep.^

dhmvffrt

AaiO.

Oeuvcdtcae

Wgàema

O.v.Kraakrdk

O.v

.Kfawdg`t

O.v

.Kfawdg`t

O.v

.Kfawdg`t

Idds

O.v.Jaabmah

Ep.v.F

fst-Iddredhm

RygàhE.

O.v.Jaabmah

Ep.v.A

cnsmah

RygàhE.

O.v.Jaabmah

Ep.v.A

cnsmah

O.v.Jaabmah

Ep.v.A

cnsmah

Zcnhfo

Z

cnhahIdds

O.v.

Ag`taem

O.v.

Kraotahàya

RygàhE.

O.v.

Kraotahàya

Ep.v.Fgkahjurb

RygàhE.

O.v.

Kraotahàya

Ep.v.]waeef

Ep.v.ûtpàh

O.v.

Kraotahàya

Ep.v.Raee

O.v.

Wtarksae

Bedgcbaah

O.v.Mrahtà

Ep.v.B

catah

BdssaetaE.

Ep.v.Q

ctmdi

Ep.v.W

g`ddrsjarbah

@f

efgaah

Racg`saecah

Aa

icah

Wd

decah

]djae:.FhmarvarmaechbvdhmaOfri

dtcasvdhdoàtachmvdhàtWddecah

pardozachbsicecauahparcfmagfhofrimachmaechbvdhMaIuemaratd

e.: Ma Bdhs, :


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Aestarcah

]uhhaemdeah

Zcnh

I

dds

Racg`saecah

Zcnh _rfab-Racg`saecah

Zcnh Icmmah-

Racg`saecah

Zcnh Icmmah-

Eddt-Racg`saecah

Idds

Zcnh

GrfiarcahEddt-]cbecah

Idds

Jdetcsgà

rcvcarah

ZcnhIdds

Daaemchb 7. _araahvfumcbma pdeafbafbrdsgà kddrtah vffr = tcnmstdppah ch àt\eacstfgaah (bawcnzcbm hddr> Ma Bdhs, :


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=<

zat (dojaaemchb 7.


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=4

Daaemchb 7. _ffrjaaemah vdh `amahmddbsa veag`tahma rcvcarah ch Dedskd (oftfs> N.

ma Iffr).

d

j


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=:

Bueparjarb ecbt, dobarfhm brchm ddhtraooah. _aae vdh mct brchm aaot mazaeoma sdiah-staeechb des `at brchm ch ma `ucmcba Iddsjammchb ah cs dokfistcb uct ma Drmahhah.

7.7 Bedgcdea ah oeuvcfbedgcdea dozattchbah

Bamurahma at Aestarcah (=21.


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=7

Wtuwwdeeah

Ma jakahmsta bedgcdea edhmsg`dppah zcnh ma `fba stuwwdeeah vdh ma Qtrag`tsa@auvaerub, ma _aeuwa, àt Ifhtoaredhm, ma àuvaes tussah Iffk ah Hcniabahah ma àuvaes ch Fvarcnssae. Ma stuwwdeeah jastddh vaaede uct fumara oeuvcdtcaeasamciahtah mca mffr àt cns zcnh fpbamuwm. Mct àaot vffrde peddtsbavfhmah fpma efgdtcas wddr ma `carjfvah bahfaima cnstfhbah edbah. Maza tfhbah àjjah ffkbrfta, mcapa bedgcdea jakkahs (fo tfhbjakkahs) uctbaseatah, fhmar dhmara tar ffbtavdh Distarmdi, ma Baemarsa _deeac ah àt mde vdh ma Baemarsa CNssae. Ma brfftstastuwwde cs mca vdh ma ffstaecnka _aeuwa. Maza cs iaar mdh 1< kcefiatar edhb ahpeddtsaecnk ruci 4


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==

Daaemchb 7. @at kdrdktarcstcaka

raecorcnka stuwwdeedhmsg`dp vdh

ma \fsjdhk (_aeuwa). Ma mdeah

zcnh fhtstddh mffr siaetwdtar

ah stfhmah brftahmaaes mrffb.

]abahwffrmcb zcnh za àeaidde hcat

iaar wdtarvfarahm ah wfrmah mdh

ffk mrfba mdeah bahfaim (oftf>

mradistcia.gfi).

Daaemchb 7. Bapeffcma ah

sgàaobastaema fuma rcvcardozachbah

ch aah stuwwde jcn Drhài (oftf> N.ma Iffr).


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=1

Maza stuwwdeeah jastddh brftahmaaes uct fumara oeuvcdtcaea dozattchbah vdh maZcnh ah ma Jdetcsgà rcvcarah. Mffr ma stuwahma warkchb vdh àt cns zcnh ma ffr-sprfhkaecnk `frczfhtdde dobazatta zdhm- ah brchmdozattchbah bapeffcm ah sgàaoba-staem (dojaaemchb 7.


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=?

Mruiechs zcnh dpdrta, edhbbarakta edhmvfriah iat aah stfipa kdht ah aahbaeacmaecnk doefpahma kdht mca fhtstddh fhmar `at cns (dojaaemchb 7.


49/262

=2

Askar

kattea `fea

kdia tarrds

stuwwde

stuwwde

brfhmifraha

siaetwdtariaarsiaetwdtar

siaetwdtardozattchbah

kdia tarrds

bedgcdea parcfma

pfst-bedgcdea parcfma

]arubtrakkahma beatsnar

Askar

Achmifraha

Mruiechs

Brfhmifraha

Wiaetwdtarvedkta

Daaemchb 7. Wg`aidtcsg`a fvarzcg`tah vdh dozachbah ah edhmsg`dpsvfriah mca baraedtaarm wfrmahddh beatsnars ah cnsjamakkchb (bawcnzcbm hddr> www.mcbcsg`ffe.he, www.bfv.hs.gd ah www.bafefby.upri.amu).

j

g


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=0

Ch Hamaredhm kfiah marbaecnka tarrdssah vffr hdjcn Qmmae ah ma Eauvahuisa Jaakah ch `at ffstah vdh `at edhm jcn @fetah.

Mffmcnsbdtahfo kattea `feaszcnh maprassca mca zcnh fhtstddh hd tarubtrakkahvdh ma cnskdp, wddrjcn peddtsaecnk hfb aah jefk cns dg`tarjeaao (dojaaemchb 7.


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=3

mffr ma wchm cs dobazat, iddr edtar vddk mffr strfiahm wdtar cs varpeddtst ah fp-

hcauw cs dobazat (oeuvcf-afecsgà ah oeuvcf-parcbedgcdea samciahtah).Ch aah oeuvcf-afecsg` icecau wfrmt dowcssaeahm samciaht dobazat mffr ma wchm

ah mffr aah rcvcar, `carjcn vchmt mdh varspfaechb peddts vdh àt mffr ma wchm do-bazatta samciaht. Ch ma wchtar vchmt vaaede afecsgà samciahtdtca peddts, wddrhdar tcnmahs àt vffrnddr ah ch ma zfiar varspfaechb vdh ma aarmar dobazatta afecsgàsamciahtah peddtsvchmt. Oeuvcfparcbedgcdea dozattchbah zcnh samciahtah mca iatsiaetwdtar baraedtaarm wfrmah. Ch àt ocnha makzdhm cs sfis sprdka vdh aah zaarocnha baeddbmàcm. Aah marbaecnka baeddbmàcm cs typarahm vffr aah hcvaf-afecsgìcecau, aah icecau wddrch baecnktcnmcb zdhm ah shaauw fo cns mffr ma wchm wfrmtdobazat.

]abahwffrmcb wfrmah ma dozattchbah ag`tar deeaidde tft ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtaebarakahm, tarwcne vffràah àt Nfhb Makzdhm tft ma Ofridtca vdh ]wahta ja`ffrmaah àt Fum Makzdhm tft ma Ofridtca vdh Achm`fvah (Huahah Brfap) warm bara-kahm. Ch àt makzdhm àaot tcnmahs àt @fefgaah jfmaivfrichb peddtsbavfhmahwddrjcn vaaede aah pfmzfejfmai cs fhtstddh. Do`dhkaecnk vdh ma ect`fefbca ah mabrfhmwdtargfhmctcas zde mct aah ifmarpfmzfe, aah vaempfmzfe fo aah `ddrpfmzfezcnh (zca `ffomstuk 1.:.1).

Hddst jfvahbahfaima dozattchbah kuhhah ch prfocaeah iat samciahtah vdh maOfridtca vdh Jfxtae ffk muhha brchmshfartnas wfrmah ddhbatrfooah. Maza eddbnas,mca fvar brftara dostdhmah ifacecnk zcnh ta varvfebah, jatraooah vddk zfbahddimamasart pdvaiahts. Ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh zaar kfuma gfhmctcas tcnmahs ma eddtsta cnstcnmrasuetaarma ch aah pffewfastcnh, aah kdea, fhjabrfacma vedkta wddr ma wchm vrcn spae`dm. Fp brfta sg`dde vfhm varstucvchb peddts vdh zdhm. @carjcn zcnh ma jakahmamakzdhmedhmvfriah fhtstddh. Ma varstucvchbah `dmmah ag`tar ffk tft bavfeb mdtpeddtsaecnk maridta vaae zdhm warm varstfvah, mdt ar ddh àt fpparvedk deeaah iddr(ocnh) brchm fvarjeaao, mct wfrmt aah zfbahddim masart pdvaiaht fo maoedtcahcvadubahfaim. Jchhah ma fuma ect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechb warmah marbaecnka brchm-shfartnas/maoedtcahcvadus barakahm tft ma Eddb vdh Jauhchbah, iddr vdhwaba majaparkta mckta, ma ifacecnka mdtarchb ah ma ifacecnka edtardea gfrraedtca cs ma Eddbvdh Jauhchbah hcat iaar fpbahfiah ch ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae.

Hddi Dozattchbsicecau Jakahm des

Eddbpdkkat vdh Kfftwcnk Afecsg` Wtucozdhm (ffk at nfhba icmmaeaauwsa

stucozdhm vdet carfhmar)

Eddbpdkkat vdh Wchbrdvah Oeuvcdtcae ah vaah Dozattchbah ch ma jaakmdeah

Eddbpdkkat vdh Maewcnhah Afecsg` ZcvcarmuchahEddbpdkkat vdh Rcarmah Afecsg` Nfhb Makzdhm

Eddbpdkkat vdh Ecaipma ^dhmcba ess, arwarkt mffr strfiahm wdtar Fum Makzdhm ah Jrdjdhtsa Eaai

Eddbpdkkat vdh Jast Fvarstrfichbseaai, dobawcssaem iat zdhmcba

afecsgà ah jaakdozattchbah

Jrdjdhtsa Eaai

Eddbpdkkat vdh Wg`ciiart Afecsg` Ma ess ch ucm-Ecijurb

]djae 7. _araahvfumcbma fhmarvarmaechb vdh ma afecsgà ah uvcf-afecsgà dozachbah vdh ma Ofridtca

vdh Jfxtae, gfhofri Wg`fkkar (:


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Ch àt makzdhm kfh ffk hfb waar uctjedzchb peddtsvchmah, wddrjcn àt zdhmtft ddh ma brfhmwdtarspcabae fo aah keaccb hcvadu warm wabbajedzah. Mffr aah`fbar wfrmahma brfhmwdtarstdhm tcnmahs àt @fefgaah fhtstfhmah keacha iaar-tnas, vahhah bahfaim. Ch vaae vahhah àaot edtar, ch àt @fefgaah, vaahbrfac

peddtsbavfhmah.@at pdkkat Nfhb Makzdhm cs ch varsg`ceeahma odsah dobazat. Iat hdia ch ma catswdriara parcfmah vdh àt Eddt Bedgcdde (Jeechb ah Deearm) vfhm ar baah samc-iahtdtca peddts ah kfh peddtsaecnk ahcba jfmaivfrichb tft fhtwckkaechb kfiah.Maza eddtbedgcdea jfmais wfrmah rabaeidtcb ch jfrchbah ah prfocaeah àrkahm.Maza jfmais wfrmah vddk àrkahm ddh ahcba ùiuschspfaechb, ma ddhwazcbàcmvdh futskffe ah ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh kavarbrddobdhbah. Ma jakahmsta eddtbedgcdeajfmai cs ma Eddb vdh Qssaef. Ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh `futskffe ch mct jfmaihcvaduwfrmt wae aahs baraedtaarm ddh brfta jfsjrdhmah mca fhtstfhmah hd uctjdrstchbvdh ma Eddgàr Waa vuekddh ch ma Acooae. Chmcah ch jfrchbah fo prfocaeah aah jf-

maihcvadu ch àt makzdhm wfrmt ddhbatrfooah, ifat iah vffrzcg`tcb zcnh iat àtjahfaiah vdh maza jfmai. ^fhmar mdtarchb cs àt oactaecnk hcat ifbaecnk fi aahhddi ddh maza jfmai ta bavah. Ch maza jabrdvah jfmais kuhhah eddt-pdeafect`c-sgà vchmpeddtsah wfrmah ddhbatrfooah.

7.=.: \arcbedgcdea edhmvfriah

]cnmahs ma bedgcdea parcfmah wds ma baicmmaema nddrtaipardtuur vaea ideah edbarmdh ma ucmcba baicmmaema nddrtaipardtuur. Des bavfeb vdh maza edba taipardturahwds ma jfmai vffr brfta maeah vdh àt nddr javrfrah. Deeaah tcnmahs ma zfiar

fhtmffcma ma jfvahbrfhm. Ma gfhtchu javrfrah fhmarbrfhm wfrmt paridorfstbahfaim. Fhmar chvefam vdh ma edba taipardturah ah ma paridhaht javrfrahfhmarbrfhm zcnh mcvarsa kdrdktarcstcaka edhmvfriah ah/fo jfmaivarsg`cnhsaeahfhtstddh mca rabaeidtcb ch prfocaeah wfrmah ddhbatrfooah. Maza jfmaivarsg`cnhsa-eah wfrmah parcbedgcdea varsg`cnhsaeah bahfaim. @carfhmar zde aah ddhtde vdh mazavarsg`cnhsaeah wfrmah jasg`ravah.

Aah zaar kdrdktarcstcak edhmsg`dppaecnk oahfiaah mdt tcnmahs ma kfumsta parcf-mah vdh iat hdia àt Racg`saecah fp brfta sg`dde cs bavfrim cs ma pchbf. \chbfszcnh jfevfricba àuvaes mca ch parcbedgcdea bajcamah vffrkfiah. \chbfs fhtstddhfhmar chvefam vdh aah brfacahma cnskarh. Maza cnskarh brfact mffr ddhtrakkchb

vdh brfhmwdtar. Maza cnskarh jecnot gfhtchua fhmarbrfhms ah cs dobamakt mffr aaheddb javrfrah jfmaiidtarcdde. Qctachmaecnk wfrmt ma àuvae ta brfft ah kdh majfvahkdht fpahsgàurah, wddrmffr àt cns jefft kfit ta ecbbah. _arvfebahs siaetma cnskarh ah becnmt àt domakkahma jfmaiidtarcdde do. Hdmdt ma cnskarh vfeeamcbcs dobasifetah jecnot aah maprassca fvar, ma pchbfruha. Zfhmfi ma rdhmah vdh mamaprassca jecnot aah wde dg`tar jastddhma uct àt dobabeamah jfmaiidtarcdde, marchbwde. Ch ma maprassca kfit wdtar ta stddh ah vchmt vfrichb vdh vaah peddts.Iat hdia fp àt kaceaaipedtadu ch Mrahtà zcnh hfb ma hfmcba rastdhtah vdhpchbfs ddhwazcb. Ma jakahmsta brfta pchbfruha ch Hamaredhm cs àt Qmmaeariaar.\chbfruhas vfrimah ch àt vareamah ddhtrakkaecnka vastcbchbspeddtsah vffr hf-

idmcsgà baiaahsg`dppah. ]abahwffrmcb kfiah pchbfs hfb vaae vffr ch àt


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(suj-)drgtcsgà hffrmah vdh Gdhdmd. Jcn àt peddtsna ]uktfydktuk javchmt zcg` mavarifamaecnk iaast jakahma àmahmddbsa pchbf (dojaaemchb 7.

mradistcia).


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1:

Daaemchb 7. ]waa vffrjaaemah vdh ofsscaea cnswcbbah ch uvcdtcaea samciahtah (Racg`saecah) ch `at ffstah

vdh Muctsedhm (oftfs> N. ma Iffr).

Daaemchb 7.4 Brfftsg`decba gryfturjdtcas ch

uvcdtcaea samciahtah (Racg`saecah) ch `at ffstahvdh Muctsedhm (oftf> N. ma Iffr).


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bah ch brfvar samciaht cs aah baicmmaema nddrtaipardtuur vdh ichmar mdh -0Ghfmcb. @at fpahjrakah vdh ma brfhm bajaurt jcn taipardturah vdh -:


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1=

rag`t fp ma (brftara) jaakmdeah ecbbah. Maza mdeah zcnh ffk tabahwffrmcb hfb zaarbfam àrkahjddr ch àt edhmsg`dp ah wfrmah mrfba mdeah bahfaim.

Hddst ma @fefgaha samciahtdtca, mca jastddt uct dozattchb vdh samciaht mffrmcvarsa keacha rcvcartnas ah jakah, àaot fhmar chvefam vdh ma iahs fp brfta sg`dde

gfeeuvcuivfrichb peddtsba`dm. Ess cs vdh ffrsprfhb aah zaar vrug`tjddr samciaht,iddr cs ffk jcnzfhmar bavfaecb vffr arfsca. Mffr fhtbchhchb vdh ma esspedtadusah edtar ffk ma àeechbah kfh ma ess hcat iaar mffr ma wfrtaes vdh ma vabatdtcawfrmah vdstba`fumah. Jcn (àotcba) rabahvde vchmt vffrde fpparvedkkcba dostrfichbpeddts ah wfrmah ma essmaaetnas baidkkaecnk mffr àt wdtar iaabahfiah. _ffrdech àt vffrnddr des ma dkkars hat zcnh bapefabm ah chbazddcm, cs ma bavfaecbàcmvffr arfsca zaar brfft. Fimdt arfscajaparkahma iddtrabaeah iat hdia tcnmahs maZfiachsa ]cnm ah ma Icmmaeaauwah zaar japarkt wdrah, zcnh brfta `favaaeàmahess vdh ma pedtadus ah vffrde ma oeduwara àeechbah (`car ecbt aah jamucmahm mck-kar pdkkat ess mdh fp ma stacea àeechbah) wabbaspfaem ah fp edbar baeabah maeah

dobazat. Mct ardobazatta samciaht wfrmt gfeeuvcuibahfaim. Gfeeuvcuivfrichbcs zaar stark baraedtaarm ddh ma fhtbchhchb vdh àt bajcam. Ch ûcm-Ecijurb zcnhch camar bavde twaa brfta odsah vdh gfeeuvcuivfrichb jakahm. Ma aarsta brfta odsavdh gfeeuvcuivfrichb `dhbt sdiah iat ma fhtbchhchb vdh àt bajcam tcnmahs maZfiachsa ]cnm. Ma twaama brfta odsa vdh gfeeuvcuivfrichb `dhbt sdiah iat mabrfftsg`decba fhtjfsschbah tcnmahs ma _feea Icmmaeaauwah (go. Ma Iffr, :


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_ahef Weahk (Ma Iuemar at de., : `p>//dkjrach.nfuwwaj.he ah www.cvh.he).


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1?

jabfhhah zcg` tavahs ch ta shcnmah. Mddrjcn cs ch icmmah-Ecijurb at zfbahddima`ffbtarrds bavfrim, Mct `ffbtarrds ecbt zfh :< tft :1 iatar jfvah àt ùcmcbaIddsmde ah wfrmt iat hdia bakahiarkt mffr ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh aah brfta stace-rdhm. @at `ffbtarrds iat ma Icmmah-\eacstfgaha dozattchbah vdh ma Ofridtca vdh

Wtarksae cs bamurahma àt eddtsta maae vdh àt \eacstfgaah dobamakt iat aah muhhaeddb makzdhm (Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae). Ch maza stacerdhm àaot fp brfta sg`dde wch-hchb vdh zdhm, brchm ah keac peddtsbavfhmah. Zagahtaecnk jffm ma ddheab vdh mahcauwa shaewab D2= aah uctstakahma ifbaecnkàcm fi ma oeuvcdtcaea dozattchbahvdh ma Ofridtca vdh Wtarksae ta jastumarah.

Ch fhmarstddhma oftfs zcnh dozattchbah vdh veag`tahma rcvcarah zcg`tjddr. âjastddh `car brftahmaaes uct strffircjjaes ah fpvueechbah vdh keacha, fhmcapabauetnas mca kahiarkahm zcnh vffr veag`tahma rcvcarah (dojaaemchb 7. Dozachbah vdh veag`tahma rcvcarah vdh ma Ofridtca vdh Wtarksae (oftfs> N . ma Iffr ).


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Gfeeuvcui ch ûcm-Ecijurb - Iaarssah

@at gfeeuvcui cs ch dojaaemchb 7.47 zcg`tjddr des aah zaar `fifbaah bakeaurmpdkkat samciaht. Ma Jt `frczfht cs ma eddb fhmar àt gfeeuvcui iat aah kdrdk-tarcstcaka rfastjrucha keaur ah vaea ecg`tarbakeaurma strugturah. Ch mct bavde àaotàeechbarfsca ch aarsta chstdhtca vffr dotfppchb vdh at ffrsprfhkaecnka jfmaiprf-ocae bazfrbm. Mddrjcn zcnh fpparvedktavchmpeddtsah ah ma ffrsprfhkaecnk ddhwazcbavfhmsteddb varmwahah. Ch ma ess kfiah brfhmspfrah ag`tar wae vddk tft ch ma Jt`frczfht vffr. Arfsca vdh ma tfp vdh ma jfmai `faot ar mus hcat vffr ta zfrbah mdtma kdhs fp àt ddhtraooah vdh drgàfefbcsgà spfrah keach cs. Ma ddhwazcbàcm vdhaah Jt `frczfht ch aah jfmaiprfocae cs aah mucmaecnka ddhwcnzchb mdt ma ffrsprfh-kaecnka jfmaifpjfuw vffr aah brfft maae chtdgt cs ah mddriaa kdhsrcnk cs vffr àtddhtraooah vdh drgàfefbcsgà rastah.

Gfeeuvcui kdh ar ffk vffr zfrbah mdt drgàfefbcsgà hcvadus wfrmah dobamaktah mddriaa bfam wfrmah bagfhsarvaarm. Mct wds fhmar dhmara àt bavde jcn maIftta vdh Acnsmah. @at gfeeuvcui ch ûcm-Ecijurb cs ch mcvarsa parcfmah dobazat.

Daaemchb 7.47> \dkkat gfeeuvcui mdt arfscao fp aah Jt `frczfht ecbt(oftf> DMG Drgàf\rfnagtah).


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Ch odsah mdt ar mffr ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh vaae jabrfacchb wachcb gfeeuvcuivfrichbpeddtsvfhm, kfh mffr stdjcecsdtca vdh àt edhmsg`dp ahcba jfmaivfrichb ch àtgfeeuvcui fptramah. Bamurahma maza parcfmah vdh stdjcecsdtca wds àt gfeeuvcui-hcvadu ch prchgcpa ffk waar basg`ckt vffr axpefctdtca. Mct zde iat hdia baemah

vffr ma oeduwa àeechbah. Mus ffk ch pdkkattah gfeeuvcui ifat rakahchb wfrmahba`fumah iat ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh drgàfefbcsgà spfrah. Ch ûcm-Ecijurb zue-eah maza spfrah ch àt gfeeuvcui vaaede baraedtaarm zcnh ddh ma Icmmaeaauwah.

Jcn àt ddhtraooah vdh vfhmstidtarcdde ch gfeeuvcui ifat detcnm vffrzcg`tcbwfrmah fibabddh iat ma chtarpratdtca `carvdh. Qctarddrm cs ma kdhs brfft mdt àtidtarcdde `car mffr varspfaechb tarag`t cs bakfiah ah mus hcat ch aah drgàfefbc-sgà gfhtaxt bapeddtst kdh wfrmah. _fhmstah uct àt gfeeuvcui kuhhah ffk hcatwfrmah bajruckt vffr ma mdtarchb vdh àt masjatraooahma pdkkat gfeeuvcui. _ffrma mdtarchb vdh gfeeuvcui kdh jatar ma FWE iat`fma wfrmah bajruckt.

\arcbedgcdea varsg`cnhsaeah (zca ffk dojaaemchbah 7. DMG Drgàf\rfnagtah).


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kah zcnh keacha gryfturjdta strugturah zcg`tjddr mca chvfeutcas wfrmah bahfaim.Ma vfri ddh ma echkarzcnma cs ifbaecnk àt rastdht vdh aah adrt` ùiifgk (zcapdrdbrddo 7.=.:). Fp maza efgdtca cs àt hcvadu wddrch zcg` ifbaecnk vchmpeddtsahuct àt Eddt-\deafect`cgui javchmah mffr parcbedgcdea prfgassah varstffrm. Mffr

maza hdtuurecnka varstfrchbah cs ma chofridtcawddrma vdh aah avahtuaea vchmpeddtseddb ah zcnh ar varmar baah ddhkhfpchbspuhtah vffr varmar fhmarzfak.

Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae

Ch dojaaemchb 7.41 zcnh fhmar aah dhtrfpfbaah mak ah aah eddb iat vaae jcfturjdtcastark varvfrima, hcat-afecsgà dozattchbah vdh ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae zcg`tjddr.@at pdkkat makzdhm (Eddbpdkkat vdh Rcarmah) cs `car seag`ts àae muh ddhwazcbfo vfeeamcb fpbahfiah ch àt dhtrfpfbaha mak. Ch àt prfocae zcnh baah hdtuurecnkajfmai`frczfhtah arkahjddr. Ma varvfrichbah ch ma hcat-afecsgà dozattchbah vdhma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae zcnh ag`tar hdtuurecnk vdh ddrm. Mffrmdt maza dozattchbahzcnh bavfrim ch zaar kfuma fistdhmcbàmah ah seag`ts vffr japarkta tcnm ddh àtfpparvedk àjjah baeabah àaot seag`ts ch japarkta idta jfmaivfrichb peddtsba-vfhmah. @at cs mddrfi edstcb fi ch maza dozattchbah aah vffridecb fpparvedk ddhta wcnzah, zakar des ar, zfdes ch jfvahstddhm vffrjaaem, mffr jcfturjdtca ffk hfbaahs varstfrchb àaot peddtsbavfhmah.

Dojaaemchb 7.4? eddt aah dobatfpt makzdhmprfocae zcah, mddrhddst cs mct aah orddcvffrjaaem vdh ma varsg`ceeahma samciahtah mca tft ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae ja`f-rah. _dh aah ffrsprfhkaecnk ddhwazcb pfmzfeprfocae ch àt makzdhm cs seag`ts hfb

Daaemchb 7.41> Wtark varvfrima

hcat-afecsgà dozachbah vdh ma

Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae ta Jddrea-

@artfb/Jddrea-Hdssdu (oftf> DMGDrgàf\rfnagtah).


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?<

Daaemchb 7.4?> \rfae iat

varsg`ceeahma samciahtah ja`f-

rahma tft ma Ofridtca vdh Jfxtae

hdjcn Icaref, Hffrm-Jrdjdht (oftf>

Drg`fe).

Daaemchb 7.42> Chtdgta `ddrmpfmzfe ch makzdhm hdjcn Icaref, Hffrm-Jrdjdht (oftf> Drg`fe).


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?4

aah JG `frczfht ddhwazcb. Fhmar àt makzdhm vdh àt Eddbpdkkat vdh Rcarmahjavchmt zcg` aah `frczfhtdde baeddbm pdkkat oeuvcfparcbedgcdea dozattchbah. @carchzcnh twaa hcvadus iat keachsg`decba gryfturjdtcas ta fhmarsgàcmah. Ch ma oeuvcfpa-rcbedgcdea dozattchbah cs baah jfmaivfrichb zcg`tjddr. Ma kdhs fp àt ddhtraooah

vdh drgàfefbcsgà rastah ch àt makzdhm cs `car barchb. Ar àaot aah ddhzcahecnkadotfppchb peddtsbavfhmah ah àt ffrsprfhkaecnka fpparvedk ah vfhmsthcvadu cs`carjcn vfeeamcb varmwahah.

Daaemchb 7.40> Makzdhm iat aah chtdgta pfmzfe, stucozdhm iat jfmaivfrichb ah aah mckdhtrfpfbaah mak hdjcn Icaref, Hffrm-Jrdjdht (oftf> Drg`fe).


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Ch dojaaemchb 7.42 ah 7.40 cs aah vfeeamcb chtdgt makzdhmprfocae ta zcah iatmddrch aah ddrmpfmzfe. Ch dojaaemchb 7.42 cs maza pfmzfe dobamakt iat aah mck dh-trfpfbaah mak. Ch dojaaemchb 7.40 cs ma pfmzfe dobamakt iat aah muh pdkkat pdk-katna stucozdhm wddrch ahcba jfmaivfrichb aaot peddtsbavfhmah. @at stucozdhm cs

dobamakt iat aah mck dhtrfpfbaah mak. @at ddhjrahbah vdh àt dhtrfpfbaha makàaot `car hcat vffr aah varstfrchb vdh fhmarecbbahm makzdhm fo stucozdhm bazfrbm.@carmffr cs ffk ma drgàfefbcsgà gfhtaxt vfeeamcb chtdgt bajeavah.

Fi chzcg`t ta krcnbah ch ma fhtwckkaechb vdh àt edhmsg`dp (fhmar chvefamvdh ma iahs) jcamt àt prfocae ch dojaaemchb 7.40 iaarmara ifbaecnkàmah. Fima dozattchb vdh àt makzdhm ah àt fhtstddh vdh àt asmak ta mdtarah kdh maFWE mdtarchbstag`hcak wfrmah bajruckt ah ddh ma `dhm vdh pfeeahdhdeysas kdhchzcg`t varkrabah ch ma fhtwckkaechb vdh àt edhmsg`dp ah ma chvefam vdh ma iahsmddrfp.


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?7

@ffomstuk =

@fefgaha edhmsg`dppah

=.4 Cheacmchb

Ch mct `ffomstuk wfrmah ma edhmsg`dppah ja`dhmaem mca fhmar chvefam vdh mazaa, rcvcarah ah stcnbchb vdh ma brfhmwdtarspcabae ch ma eddtsta 4


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?=

Eabahmd

rcvcarbaue

jammchbdozattchbah

kfidozattchbah

Daaemchb =. Zcvcartypah vdh echks hddr rag`ts veag`tahm, iadhmarahm ah dhdstfifsarahm

(hddr> Jarahmsah & Wtfut`diar, : veag`tahm; g> dhdstfifsarahm (oftfs>Mradistcia).

d

g

j


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?1

eddb wdtar kdh àt zdhm uct ma rcvcarjammchb wfrmah bajedzah ah wfrmah muchahbavfrim. Maza muchah wfrmah ch Hamaredhm ddhbamucm iat àt jabrcp rcvcarmuch,wdhhaar aah rcvcarmuch ch àt ùcmcba edhmsg`dp hfb zcg`tjddr cs des aah var`fbchbspraakt iah vdh aah mfhk.

@at veag`tahma rcvcartypa kwdi debaiaah vffr bamurahma àt achma vdh maeddtsta cnstcnm, ch àt Eddt-Racg`saecah. ]cnmahs àt wdriara Deearm-chtarstdmcdde,warm àt majcat vdh ma rcvcarah rabaeidtcbar. @at wdtar warm ch maza parcfma doba-vfarm vcd `ffombaueah mca aah iadhmarahm kdrdktar krabah. Bamurahma parcfmasvdh `ffbwdtar trdm ma rcvcar juctah zcnh jammchb ah fvarstrffima ma vffrid-ecba rcvcarvedkta. Fp maza idhcar warmah favar- ah kfidozattchbah fp ma brfvajammchbdozattchbah vdh ma veag`tahma rcvcarah dobazat. Ma rcvcarkeac, mca ch mazaparcfma warm dobazat, wfrmt vddk ma eaaieddb bahfaim. Maza eddb javdt brfvazdhmkfrraes. Mct zdhm cs chbawddcm vdhuct ma s wchtars mrffbecbbahma rcvcarjam-mchbah fo cs mffr jcfturjdtca ch ma rcvcarkeac tarag`t bakfiah. Hd àt Deearm-ch-

tarstdmcdde warm àt keciddt fphcauw kfumar ah kraab àt rcvcarpdtrffh waar aahveag`tahm kdrdktar.

Ch àt _rfab-@fefgaah (4


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??

Mct samciaht jecnot ch ma rcvcarjammchb. @at ocnhara samciaht wfrmt mddrahtabahmffr àt turjueahta wdtar ch suspahsca bajrdg`t ah hddr àt fhmarbaefpah bajcambavfarm. Ch mct bajcam haait ma strffishaeàcm vdh at wdtar shae do des bavfeb vdhma barchba mcapta ah ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh vabatdtca. @at brfosta samciaht (starkscetcba tft stark zdhmcba keac) wfrmt dobazat vedk hddst ma jammchb, fp ma favarsvdh ma rcvcar, wddr zcg` aah favarwde fhtwckkaet. Maza favarwde wfrmt jcn aekafvarstrfichb varmar fpba`ffbm ah vfrit aah edhbbarakta rub ch àt edhmsg`dp.@at ocnhara samciaht (idtcb tft zwdk scetcba keac) wfrmt varmar ma rcvcarvedkta ch ba-trdhspfrtaarm. Ma eddbbaeabah rcvcarvedkta dg`tar ma favarwdeeah cs àt kfibajcamvdh ma rcvcar. Des àt wdtarpace ch ma rcvcar zdkt wfrmt àt wdtar ch maza vedkta mffrma mrffbvdeeahma favarwdeeah vdh ma rcvcar dobashamah. Ch mct stdbharahma wdtarkdh àt ocnha samciaht uctachmaecnk jazchkah. Ma eddbsta maeah vdh àt kfibajcamzcnh zaar hdt, ffk ch parcfmah mdt ar baah fvarstrfichbah fptramah. Fp maza peddt-

sah kdh vaahvfrichb bddh fptramah.Aah dhdstfifsarahm rcvcarsystaai wfrmt bakahiarkt mffr iaarmara fhmar-echb varjfhmah baueah mca kfibajcamah fiseuctah. Ma chmcvcmuaea baueah vdhaah dhdstfifsarahm rcvcarsystaai kuhhah rag`t, iadhmarahm ah veag`tahm zcnh._aaede jastddh dhdstfifsarahma rcvcarsystaiah uct rag`ta baueah (dojaaemchb=.


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?2

ifsarahm rcvcarsystaai tramah rabaeidtcb dvuescas (strffibfrmaevareabbchbah) fpah kfiah gravdssa-dozattchbah vaaevuemcb vffr.

_dhdo àt Icmmah-Hafect`cgui tft ddh àt achm vdh ma Icmmah-Jrfhstcnm csàt rcvcarpdtrffh fvarwabahm dhdstfifsarahm. Ch maza parcfma cs sprdka vdh aah

brfta idta vdh stdjcectact ch àt rcvcarpdtrffh ah zcnh uctbastrakta aezahjrfakjfssahtft fhtwckkaechb bakfiah, mca àt ddhtde ah ma fivdhb vdh ma dvuescas japarkah.Des bavfeb vdh iahsaecnka chbrapah ch àt dg`taredhm, fhtjfsschb tah ja`fava vdhdkkarjfuw ah ifbaecnk `futskffewchhchb, haiah ma pcakdovfarah ch ddhtde iddrvffrde fivdhb vdhdo gcrgd 44 Wict` at de. 4303).


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?0

dozattchbah mca fp maza idhcar fhtstddh wfrmah favarwdemffrjrddkdozattchbah fogravdssadozattchbah bahfaim. Gravdssadozattchbah kahhah vaae varsg`ceeahma var-sg`cnhchbsvfriah ah varsg`ceeah stark ch ect`fefbca, ifrofefbca ah samciahtfef-bca. Kahiarkahm vffr gravdssadozattchbah cs mdt des ar baueah ddhwazcb zcnh, maza

zcg` vartdkkah vcd aah fhrabaeidtcb pdtrffh ah mffmefpah ch àt kfibajcam. Chsfiicba bavdeeah brfacah gravdssabaueah uct tft `ffombaueah mca zcg` strffido-wddrts waar ddhseuctah jcn ma jastddhma baue. Ch mdt bavde wfrmt basprfkah vdh aahstrffibfrmaevareabbchb fo dvuesca.

Ch àt debaiaah wfrmah mrca sffrtah gravdssas fhmarsgàcmah stdba4, : ah 7(dojaaemchb =.


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?3

Des aah strffibfrmaevareabbchb (dvuesca) peddtsvchmt, varecast ma rcvcardristrffidowddrts zcnh wdtarvfarahma ouhgtca. Ma dobashamah fo varedtah rcvcarjam-mchb, ma rastbaue, wfrmt brftahmaaes fpbavuem ah cs vaae sideear mdh ma ffrsprfh-kaecnka rcvcarjammchb. Ch ma fvarbajeavah eddbta stddt iaastde wae wdtar, iddr maza

secjt baeacmaecnk ddh mcg`t. Aah rastbaue jecnot iaastde des aah edhbbarakta maprasscach at edhmsg`dp zcg`tjddr. Ma favarwdeeah vdh aah varedtah rcvcardri jecnvah mddr-ahtabah àrkahjddr des rubbah ch àt edhmsg`dp. Ch àt bajcam rfhmfi ma varedtahrcvcardri haait ma avcbàcm vdh ma fvarstrfichbah do. Ma wdtarùcs`fumchb kdhmusmdhcb vardhmarah mdt zcg` aah paridhaht vabatdtcamak fhtwckkaet ah zcg` chma fhmarecbbahma samciahtah aah jfmai jabcht ta vfriah.

Ch àt debaiaah wfrmah vcar vfriah vdh dvuescas fhmarsgàcmah> hfmdea, rdh-mfi, efkdea ah rabcfhdea dvuesca (raspagtcavaecnk dojaaemchb =.


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Ch ma ndrah 3< vdh ma vfrcba aauw cs mct ifmae maochctcao varedtah ah varvdhbahmffr aah ifmae wddrch dhmara odgtfrah aah rfe spaeah ch ma kustfhtwckkaechb. Maect`fstrdtcbrdocsgà chmaechb cs fhmar dhmara àrzcah fp jdscs vdh mct vardhmarmakustfhtwckkaechbsifmae. Ch àt hcauwa kustfhtwckkaechbsifmae cs uctjfuw fo

dojrddk vdh ma kust hfb staams do`dhkaecnk vdh oeugtudtcas ch samciahtddhvfar ahma raedtcava zaaspcabaestcnbchb. Mddrhddst spaeah efkdea odgtfrah aah rfe, zfdes madggfiifmdtcarucita, batcn-dsyiiatrca, batcnmaprcsid ah batcnmabfeo.

Ma fivdhb vdh ma dggfiifmdtcarucita (ma jarbchbsgdpdgctact vdh aah idrcahjakkah) cs vdh brfft jaedhb fo arfsca mdh wae samciahtdtca peddtsvchmt. Aah brfftddhtde odgtfrah cs vdh chvefam fp ma dggfiifmdtcarucita. _ffr àt Hamaredhmsakustbajcam cs ma \eacstfgaha bafifrofefbca vdh brfft jaedhb ah hdtuurecnk ma ra-edtcava zaaspcabaestcnbchb. Mddr wddr ch ma fhmarbrfhm rcvcarmdeah ddhwazcb zcnhjastddt aah raedtcao brfta dggfiifmdtcarucita. Des ma dggfiifmdtcarucita keac-har cs mdh ma fivdhb vdh ma samciahtddhvfar vchmt fpvueechb peddts (rabrassca).

Rdhhaar ma samciahtddhvfar keachar cs mdh ma dggfiifmdtcarucita vchmt arfscapeddts (trdhsbrassca).

Aah twaama odgtfr vdh jaedhb cs ma batcn-dsyiiatrca. @at batcn edhbs maHamaredhmsa kust stcnbt shaeear mdh mdt àt mddet. Ma vefamstrfichb edhmchwddrtscs mddrmffr starkar mdh ma ajstrfichb edhmdowddrts. Ch prchgcpa vchmt mddrmffr

Daaemchb =. Wgàidtcsgà waarbdva vdh àt kfijarbchbsaagt (hddr>

_dh mar Wpak 433=, p.4=).

Batcnmahbajcam

Kustecnh

I@R

IWE

I@R

IWE

I@R

IWE

Idxcidde kfijarbchbsaooagt

Baicmmaem kfijarbchbsaooagt

Baah kfijarbchbsaooagt


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2:

Daaemchb =. @at _armrfhkah Edhm vdh Wdaotchb`a, vffrjaaem vdh aah wdm-kwaemar edhm-

sg`dp (oftf> `ps>//jaaemjdhk.rws.he, Zcnkswdtarstddt / Nffp vdh @fumt).

DDDDDDDDD

D'D'D'D'D'D'D'D'D'

444444444

:::::::::777777777

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4


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27

aah zdhmtrdhspfrt peddts vdhuct ma zaa vcd ma zaabdtah hddr àt batcnmajakkah. Maidta vdh dsyiiatrca wfrmt jahvefam mffr ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh wdmpedtah chàt batcnmajakkah. Mffr ma ddhwazcbàcm vdh wdmpedtah wfrmt ma vefamstrfichbedhmchwddrts vartrddbm. Ma ajstrfichb haait jcn aah tfahdia vdh àt fpparvedk

wdmpedtah nucst tfa. @at hattf-samciahttrdhspfrt haait mus do wdhhaar àt fppar-vedk wdmpedtah tfahaait. Ch axtraia bavdeeah kdh zaeos aah hattf-samciahttrdhs-pfrt ch zaawddrtsa rcg`tchb fptramah.

Aah marma odgtfr mca vdh jaedhb cs vffr ma fhtwckkaechb vdh aah batcnmajakkahcs àt batcnmahprcsid. @at batcnmahprcsid cs àt varsg`ce ch wdtarvfeuia tussaheddb- ah `ffbwdtar. Ma hdtta mffrshaa vdh àt zaabdt (bauemcapta x bauejraamta)cs japdeahm vffr ma `favaaeàcm chkfiahm ah uctbddhm zaawdtar. Rdhhaar àtbatcnmahprcsid hcat ch avahwcg`t cs iat ma dggfifmdtcarucita, kuhhah ar twaamchbah bajaurah>

Jcn vefam kfit iaar wdtar jchhah mdh àt batcnmajakkah kdh jarbah àtwdtar ch àt batcnmajakkah stuwt mdh fp tft jfvah baicmmaem `ffbwdtar.

Jcn vefam kfit ichmar wdtar jchhah mdh àt batcnmajakkah kdh jarbah àtwdtar ch àt batcnmajakkah hcvaeeaart tft baicmmaem zaahcvadu (IWE).

Aah vareddbma fpparvedktawdtarstdhm des bavfeb vdh mct iag`dhcsia, wfrmt ddhba-mucm iat àt jabrcp kfijarbchbsaooagt (zca dojaaemchb =.


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2=

Ma kwaemars wfrmah mffrshamah mffr krakah. Edhbs maza krakah wfrmt brfvarsamciaht dobazat, wdhhaar ma krakah jcn fpkfiahm tcn juctah `uh favars tramah.Maza favars ecbbah mddrmffr vdh hdtura raedtcao `ffb ch `at edhmsg`dp. Ch dojaae-mchb =.

Mcnkstrd & Hcgfedy, :


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Ch at batcnmajakkah vdrcaart at zfutba`deta vdh at wdtar vdh peddts tft peddts.

Ffk ch ma tcnm cs maza brdmcht mffrefpahm ddh vardhmarchb fhmaràvcb. Fp kfrtadostdhm vdh aekddr kuhhah vfeeamcba zfatwdtaricecaus ah zfutwdtaricecaus vffr-kfiah. Aah iffc vffrjaaem vdh aah zfatwdtaricecau ch aah varmar zfut- ah jrdk-wdtaricecau cs ma zfbahddima seuotarpeds, aah zfatwdtarpeds fp aah kwaemar mcawfrmt bavfam mffr rabahwdtar. Ch astudrcd kuhhah `ffb fpbasecjma kwaemar- fofavarwdeeah maeah vdh ma batcnmahedbuha dosgàriah tabah aah mcragta tfavfar vdhzaawdtar. Mct typa edhmsg`dp krcnbt zf hu ah mdh, jcnvffrjaaem tcnmahs aah stfri-vefam, aah tfavefam ddh zfut- fo jrdkwdtar. Weag`ts wachcb sffrtah zcnh jastdhmtabah wcssaechbah vdh àt zfutba`deta, aah batcnmahedbuha kahiarkt zcg` mdh ffkmffr aah zaar aahzcnmcba sffrtahdria vabatdtca.

Rdhhaar bamurahma aah edhbara parcfma (ahkaea tcahtdeeah tft `fhmarmah ndrah)baah fo seag`ts zaar wachcb samciahtdtca peddtsvchmt, fhtwckkaeah zcg` zfwae fp makwaemar des fp ma kraakrub jfmais iat aah mucmaecnka D-`frczfht. Maza jfmaisjecnvah paridhaht zcg`tjddr des aah brcnza vabatdtca`frczfht (dojaaemchb =.4:).

Aah jcnzfhmara peddts jcn ma kustedhmsg`dppah wfrmt chbahfiah mffr ma zfba-hddima seuotar. M Weuotar fp ]axae cs ma typaefgdtca vffr mct edhmsg`dpstypa. Aahseuotar cs aah fpahchb ch ma kust fp aah peddts wddr baah rcvcar uctifhm ch ma zaa.Iat dhmara wffrmah, aah fpahchb ch ma kust wddrjcn baah sprdka cs vdh aah astud-rcui. _dhmddb ma mdb jastddh ar twaa vdh marbaecnka fpahchbah ch ma Hamaredhmsakustecnh, Ma Weuotar fp ]axae ah Ma Karo tussah Jarbah ddh âa ah Wg`ffre. Maeddtsta cs mfaejawust mffr iahsah ddhbaeabm. Ma aarsta cs fhjamfaem fhtstddh desbavfeb vdh iahsaecnk `dhmaeah, àt ddheabbah vdh aah stucomcnk tah ja`fava vdhedhmddhwchhchb. Ch àt vareamah zcnh marbaecnka edhmsg`dppah vdh hdtura fhtstddhah varmwahah. Jakahma vffrjaaemah vdh aah marbaecnk edhmsg`dp zcnh Ma Bdhtaejcn Mah @ddb ah ma kustfpahchb jcn _aara fp Rdegàrah mca de ch ma ndrah 2< warmjasg`ravah mffr _dh Zuiiaeah. Weuotaredhmsg`dppah kahiarkah zcg` mffrmdtma fpahchb bamurahma aah raedtcao edhba parcfma (ahkaea aauwah) stdjcae cs. Ch aahseuotaredhmsg`dp cs sprdka vdh zaar mcg`t jcn aekddr baeabah zfat, jrdk ah zfutwdtaricecaus. Maza brfta varsg`ceeah ch sdechctact fp kfrta dostdhm vdh aekddr eacmt tft aah`fba jcfmcvarsctact. Ma `fba chtarha myhdicak vdh mct edhmsg`dp eacmt ffk tft aah`fba jcfefbcsgà prfmugtcvctact. Weuotaredhmsg`dppah zcnh mdh ffk zaar ddhtrakka-

Daaemchb =.44> Idrcaha batcnmakrakah jcn Dju M`djc (oftf> \. Wg`feea).


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ecnka edhmsg`dppah bawaast vffr ma iahs. @at fhmarzfak Kdhsah fp ma Kwaemar

(Mcnkstrd & ^ucm`foo, : Jfmai`frczfhtah ch aah kwaemar (oftf>

DMG Drg`af\rfnagtah).


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aah fhmarsgàcm baiddkt tussah eddbvaah ah `ffbvaah. Aah eddbvaah wfrmt ch àtdebaiaah bavfam mffr brfhmwdtar ah aah `ffbvaah mffr rabahwdtar. @ffbvaahkdh mddrmffr uctbrfacah tft var (iatars) jfvah ma brfhmwdtarspcabae, vdhmddr mahddi `bvaah. Jcnvffrjaaem vffr ma `ffbvahah ch Rast-Orcasedhm wfrmt ch ma

ectardtuur aah ffrsprfhkaecnka mckta vdh ruci 7 iatar bahfaim.Jcn àt samciaht vaah wfrmt fhmarsgàcm baiddkt ch ma samciahtah my, by-ttnd ah matrctus. My cs aah haarsedb vdh zaar ocnh varmaaema frbdhcsgà stfo wddrchmffrbddhs baah idgrfsgfpcsg` zcg`tjdra pedhtahrastah ddhwazcb zcnh. My wfrmtbavfrim ch vfamsaedria iaartnas. Byttnd kahiarkt zcg` avahaahs mffr aah ocnhavarmaechb. Byttnd jastddt vddk uct aah haarsedb vdh debah ah ocnh varmaaema rastahvdh pedhtah. Byttnd kdh kdekrcnk zcnh ah àaot sfis aah baaejrucha fo brfaha keaurah ecnkt aah jaatna fp sg`fahsiaar. Byttnd fhtstddt wdhhaar sprdka cs vdh aah raed-tcao brfta wdtarmcapta ah aah vfamsaercnk icecau. Matrctus cs fphcauw dobazat frbd-hcsg` idtarcdde. Iat hdia ch àt vffridecb ûcmarzaabajcam kfiah uctbastrakta

bajcamah iat matrctusdozattchbah vffr mca zcnh fhtstddh mffr dosedb vdh eddb- fo`ffbvaah.

_aah kdh wfrmah chbamaaem fp jdscs vdh ma vfamsaercnkmfi vdh àt icecau._famsaercnka icecaus javdttah vaae fpbaefsta ichardeah zfdes kdecui, hctrddt ahofsoddt ah kfiah vffr ch jrdk ah zfat wdtar. Marbaecnka icecaus wfrmah autrffobahfaim. Icecaus mca ichmar vfamsaercnk zcnh wfrmah iasftrffo bahfaim. Mazakfiah vffr ch zfat wdtar. _famsaedria icecaus wddrch zaar wachcb fpbaefsta ic-hardea stfooah vffrkfiah wfrmah fecbftrffo bahfaim. Mct jatraot avahaahs zfatwdtar icecaus. _aae fecbftrfoa icecaus wfrmah mffr rabahwdtar bavfam. Eddbvaah,mdt wfrmt bavfam mffr brfhmwdtar cs fvar àt debaiaah vfamsaercnk. @ffbvaah,

mdt wfrmt bavfam mffr rabahwdtar, cs mddrahtabah mffrbddhs vfamsaedri. Jakahmaeddbvaahsffrtah zcnh rcatvaah, zabbavaah ah jrfakvaah. Ma eddtsta jastddt ch fhs kec-iddt fvarwabahm uct aezah. Ma jakahmsta ffbvaahvfriar cs vaahifs. Do`dhkaecnkvdh ma vfamsaercnkmfi ah wdtarmcapta cs aah fpaahvfebchb vdh vaahtypah (suggas-scaraaks) ta fhmarsgàcmah. Aah vaae vffrkfiahma fpaahvfebchb ch vfamsaercnkaicecaus cs byttnd, matrctus, rcatvaah, zabbavaah, jrfakvaah. Ch vfamsaedria icecauskdh ma fpaahvfebchb my, matrctus, zabbavaah, vaahifsvaah wfrmah ddhbatrfooah.Jchhah aek vdh maza vaahtypah kuhhah waar fhmarvarmaechbah wfrmah baiddkt.

Rdhhaar vaah wfrmt fhtwdtarm fxcmaart àt frbdhcsgà stfo, traamt iddcvaem-mdechb fp ah fhtstddt aah stavcba tfpeddb. Maza tfpeddb cs vrug`tjddr ah mddrmffr

ddhtrakkaecnk vffr ma iahs. _dhdo ma CNzartcnm, iddr ifbaecnk ffk de aarmar, cs àtRast-Hamaredhmsa vaahbajcam chtahscao baxpefctaarm mffr ma iahs. Ma ûcm-,Ffst- ah Hffrm-Hamaredhmsa `ffbvahah zcnh avahaahs baxpefctaarm mffr maiahs. Qct maza vahah kahhah wcn ag`tar baah rastah vdh jawfhchb. Rae zcnh uctmaza bajcamah khuppaewabah, acecbmfiiah, mapfsctcas ah hdtuurecnk ma jarfaimavaahecnkah jakahm.

Ch vaahbajcamah kuhhah iarah fhtstddh. Maza iarah wfrmah ffk wae ddh-bamucm iat ma hddi vaahpeds. Rdhhaar aah marbaecnk iaar vfemfahma fivdhbàaot kdh mct zcg` mffr bfeoarfsca uctjracmah. Fhmar dhmara ch àt vffridecbaûcmarzaabajcam àjjah ch ma parcfma Eddt-Hafect`cgui tft ch ma Zfiachsa ]cnm

brfta iarah jastddh. Mffr dosedb vdh vaah ddh ma favars vdh marbaecnka iarah fht-


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stddt aah samciaht vdh pedhtahrastah. Rdhhaar marbaecnk samciaht jazchkt spraaktiah vdh matrctus. Ch ma Zfiachsa ]cnm zcnh marbaecnka iarah keaurrcnk jasg`ravahmffr \echcus ma Fumara (zca àt gctddt ch pdrdbrddo 4.7).

Aah eddtsta edhmsg`dpsvfri mca typarahm cs vffr (vffridecba) vaahbajcamah cs

aah mffr tfamfah vdh ma iahs fhtstddh oahfiaah, ma zfbahddima mdecabdtah foifarharchbskuceah. Maza kfiah vffr ch àt baàea Rast-Hamaredhmsa kustbajcam._ddk wfrmah maza keacha fhtbrdvchbah vdh vaah ch varjdhm bajrdg`t iat zfutwch-hchb (Eaahmars, :


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vffr ma aha fo ma dhmara varkedrchb cs zaar ifacecnk ta eavarah. Gfhgeusca cs mdt iahtar peddtsa vdh maza kuceah vaah wab àaot babrdvah. @at rasuetddt zcnh brfta ddh-aahbaseftah gfipeaxah wddr àt ffrsprfhkaecnka edhmsg`dp hcat iaar ch tdgt cs. Chaah eug`toftf vdh Iatz uct Rast-Orcasedhm cs aah kraakrub ta zcah (wct dobatakahm)wddrch aah brfft ddhtde mdecabdtah ta zcah cs des mfhkara veakkah (dojaaemchb =.47).Dojaaemchb =.4= baaot aah jaaem vdh aah jfarahkuceahgfipeax ch ma @acmsgà \aae.Ch dojaaemchb =.41 cs aah vaahrastdht ch aah varbrdvah vaahbajcam zcg`tjddr ch àtfpbrdvchbvedk aah warkput.

=.1 Jfmaivfrichb

_dhdo àt ifiaht mdt aah bajcam wachcb samciaht iaar fhtvdhbt kdh zcg` aahich fo iaar paridhaht vabatdtcamak fhtwckkaeah. Ch bajcamah zfdes kfibajcamah,wddr paridhaht wdtar stddt, fhtwckkaeah zcg` zfbahddima dqudtcsgà (hdtta) jf-mais, tarwcne fp ma raedtcao `fba ah mrfba brfhmah zfdes ma strffirub fo kraakrubtarrastrcsgà (mrfba) jfmais tft fhtwckkaechb kuhhah kfiah.

]cnmahs ma fhtwckkaechb vdh aah jfmai vchmah varsg`ceeahma prfgassah peddtsmca vdh jaedhb zcnh vffr drgàfefbcsg` ah bafefbcsg` fhmarzfak. Des bavfeb vdhjcfturjdtca (variahbchb vdh jfmaiidtarcdde mffr icrgf-frbdhcsiah, wfaemca-

rah, atg.) varmwcnht ch ma effp mar tcnm ma ffrsprfhkaecnka samciahtdcra baeddbm-àcm. Mddrhddst vchmah aah ddhtde fhfikaarjdra jfmaigàicsgà vardhmarchbahpeddts, zfdes varedbchb vdh ma zuurbrddm, uct- ah chspfaeah vdh iatdeah wddrfhmarcnzar ah idhbddh, chspfaechb vdh frbdhcsgà stfo, atg. @carmffr fhtwckkaet zcgàah vabatdtca`frczfht. Ma mckta vdh ma fhtwckkaema vabatdtca`frczfht cs fhmar dh-mara do`dhkaecnk vdh vabatdtcatypa, fhmarbrfhm, tcnmsmuur ah samciahtdtcashaeàcm.Rdhhaar mffr àrhcauwma samciahtdtca aah achma kfit ddh ma jfmaifhtwckka-echb jecnot ma fhtwckkaema jfmai`frczfht ch aah mwdrsmffrshama zcg`tjddr des aahmfhkar(jeduw)brcnza eddb. Maza eddb wfrmt ffk wae vabatdtca`frczfht fo edkeddbbahfaim.

Daaemchb =.41> _aahrast ch aah varvaahm bajcam. (oftf> DMG Drgàf\rfnagtah).


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Aah dhmar jaedhbrcnk prfgas mdt fptraamt des bavfeb vdh jfmaivfrichb cs zdk-kchb. ^dkkchb jastddt uct vcar varsg`ceeahma gfipfhahtah; zattchb, chkechkchb,krcip (rcnpchb) ah fxcmdtca. âttchb cs àt prfgas wddrjcn aah jfmaieddb wfrmtvarmcg`t ah ch mckta dohaait des bavfeb vdh aah jaedstchb, jcnvffrjaaem ma vfr-

ichb vdh hcauw samciaht. Chkechkchb cs aah prfgas wddrjcn aah jfmaieddb wfrmtvarmcg`t ah sdiahbamrukt des bavfeb vdh zcnh acbah bawcg`t, jcnvffrjaaem mffrfhtwdtarchb. _aredbchb vdh àt brfhmwdtarhcvadu bddt bapddrm iat aah varedbchbvdh ma fpwddrtsa mruk. @carmffr haait ma mruk vdh ma jfvahbrfhm fp ma fh-marbrfhm tfa. Krcip cs aah prfgas wddrjcn ma jfvahbrfhm ch mckta dohaait desbavfeb vdh vfg`tfhttrakkchb ah bawdsbrfac. Fxcmdtca cs aah prfgas mdt ch ùiauzaah vahcba brfhmah fptraamt, wddrjcn frbdhcsgà stfo mffr jfmaijdgtarch wfrmtdobajrfkah, wddrmffr idtarcdde varmwcnht (ch ma vfri vdh GF :) ah àt iddcvaemzdkt (dojaaemchb =.4?).

^dkkchb cs aah gfhtchu prfgas zfedhb ma varsg`ceeahma pdrdiatars ddh vardh-

marchb fhmaràvcb zcnh, zfdes àt bavde cs jcn samciahtddhvfar ah brfhmwdtaroeug-tudtcas. Hd aah jfvahstrffisa doshcnmchb vardhmarah maza pdrdiatars ah staet zcgàah hcauw avahwcg`t ch. Rdhhaar ma gfhmctcas baecnk jecnvah cs àt prfgas vdhzdkkchb hd aah parcfma vdh gcrgd 7< nddr vfetffcm (maza wddrma cs bajdsaarm fp aahedjfrdtfrcuisctudtca). Ma jaedhbrcnksta pdrdiatars zcnh ma sdiahmrukjddràcm vdhma fhmarbrfhm ah àt ba`deta frbdhcsgà stfo. _aah cs jatar sdiahmrukjddr mdhkeac, mdt waar jatar sdiahmrukjddr cs mdh zdhm. Krcip spaaet uctseuctahm aah rfech keacjfmais ah ifarcba jfmais. Fxcmdtca spaaet deeaah aah rfe wdhhaar ar sprdkacs vdh aah raedtcao brfta gfipfhaht frbdhcsgà stfo.

Daaemchb =.4?> @at aagt vdh fxcmdtca fp aah ùiusrcnk prfae (oftf> DMG Drgàf\rfnagtah).


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=.? \rfocaeah

=.?.4 Ma rastbaue

^fdes `carvffr jasg`ravah, kfiah rastbaueah zfwae ch idrcaha, parc-idrcaha desoeuvcdtcaea edhmsg`dppah vffr. Ma oftf `carfhmar cs h vdh ma vaea mwdrsmffrsha-mah mca tcnmahs drg`afefbscg` fhmarzfak zcnh baiddkt mffr ma rastbaueah vdh ma@aemdiiar strffirub (dojaaemchb =.42). Maza rastbaue wds wdtarvfarahm ch maZfiachsa ]cnm. Ch maza rastbaue warmah fhmar dhmara twaa bfam bagfhsarvaarmaZfiachsa sg`apah ddhbatrfooah. Zastbaueah varsg`ceeah mffrbddhs stark vdh ae-

Daaemchb =.42> Zastbaue @aemdiiar strffirub jcn aah fpbrdvchb ch Qtrag`t (Oftf> Mcahst

Wtdmsfhtwckkaechb, Wtamahjfuw ah Ifhuiahtah ]adi Arobfam, baiaahta Qtrag`t).

Daaemchb =.40> Zastbaue vdh ma Gfeuijcd rcvar j cn eddb wdtar (oftf> D. Idkdska).


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kddr ch fpvueechb. Ch ma cmadea fistdhmcbàcm vfrit zcg` ddh ma jdscs vdh aahrastbaue aah byttnd. Mct cs aah mcapwdtardozattchb mca jastddt uct ma haarsedb vdhmffm pedhtddrmcb ah mcarecnk idtarcdde, zfdes maza mffrbddhs ffk ch jrama seftahah vddrtah fhtstddt. Aah pdkkat byttnd wfrmt edhbzddi bavfrim ah kaht mddrmffr

vddk aah brfta tcnmsmcapta. Rdhhaar ma wdtarmcapta dohaait kdh vaahvfrichb fp-tramah. _ddk jabcht mct iat rcat- fo zabbavaah ah achmcbt ma frbdhcsgà fpvueechbiat aah jrfakvaah. Maza fpvueechb bddt mffrbddhs zaar shae. Ch Hamaredhm cs vffrtwaa rastbaueah ma samciahtdtcashaeàcm vdh ma rastbauedozattchbah japddem. Ch hsctudtca kfh fp jdscs vdh ddrmawarktypfefbcsgà mdtarchbah ah 4=G-mdtarchbah masamciahtdtcashaeàcm fp 4 gi par nddr wfrmah vdstbastaem (Fum`fo, Mcnkstrd &_ar`favah, : E. vdh mar Iacn, DMG Drgàf\rfnagtah).


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Maza vfrit ma zwdrta eddb ddh ma tfp vdh ma rastbauevueechb. Fbahsg`cnhecnk vfritmaza zwdrta eddb aah aahàcm iat ma mfhkara eddb ch ma rast vdh àt prfocae. _ddkwfrmt aah marbaecnka eddb des h vabatdtca`frczfht fo edkeddb waarbabavah. Hcatscs ag`tar ichmar wddr. Juctah ma rastbaue fhtstddt aah jfmai fp àt ifiaht mdt

ar sprdka cs vdh aah paridhaht vabatdtcamak, de tcnmahs ma achmodsa vdh ma rcvcar. Marastbaue ifat zcg` mdh hfb vfeeamcb fpvueeah.Hddst fpvueechb mffr pedhtahbrfac vchmt fpvueechb peddts mffr àt chzdk-

kah vdh ma wdtarvarzdmcbma favar ah des bavfeb vdh samciahtdtca jcn `ffbwdtar.Rdhhaar aah favar wdtarvarzdmcbm cs, kdh maza des àt wdra chzdkkah. Marbaecnkachzdkkchbah (scma chvdmchb jdrs) zcnh ch àt fpbrdvchbsvedk sfis bfam àrkahjddr(zca dojaaemchb =.43). Ch maza hdtta favarzfhas wfrmah mckwcnes mffr vaa vartrdptaedbah wddrbahfiah (zca dojaaemchb =.:


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staams ocnhar (keaccbar). Ma tfp vdh favardozattchbah cs mffrbddhs vfeeamcb ba`fif-bahcsaarm mffr jcfturjdtca, wddrmffr ma baeddbmàcm vrcnwae vfeeamcb varmwahah

kdh zcnh. Rdhhaar ma tfp vdh aah favar chtdgt cs, zfdes ch dojaaemchb =.:7, zcnhmffrbddhs mucmaecnka spfrah vdh jfmaivfrichb zcg`tjddr. ^fdes ddhbabavah csvaaede sprdka vdh `fifbahcsdtca. Mddrhddst cs vddk sprdka vdh ahcba fhtkdekchb,àtbaah iat aah 4< % @Ge fpefsschb raedtcao aahvfumcb ch at vaem cs vdst ta staeeah.]ahseftta cs vddk sprdka vdh aah ddhrcnkchb iat frbdhcsgà stfo, wddrmffr aah muc-maecnk arkahjdra D-`frczfht ddhwazcb cs. _ddk wfrmt bamdg`t mdt maza frczfhtahaah mfhkara keaur àjjah, ag`tar mct cs deeaah àt bavde ch hamarzattchbstarrachahwddr maza `frczfhtah raedtcao vaae `futskffe javdttah. Juctah hamarzattchbstarrac-hah zcnh maza vabatdtca`frczfhtah vddk ecg`tbrcns bakeaurm, zfdes fp dojaaemchb =.:7bfam zcg`tjddr cs. Ch ma jffr wfrmah mct sffrt `frczfhtah vddk seag`t àrkahm. Ch

àt prfocae zcnh marbaecnka `frczfhtah ag`tar bfam àrkahjddr.

Daaemchb =.::> Jammchbdozachbah ch aah kraak (oftf> R. vdh ^cnvarmah).

Daaemchb =.:4> Jammchbdozachbah (oftf> N. ma Iffr ).


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=.?.= Ma kfi

Kfidozattchbah kfiah vffr iat àea varsg`ceeahma varsg`cnhchbsvfriah (dojaae-mchb =.:=). Kfiiah kuhhah uct barcnpta keac jastddh, iddr ffk uct vrcnwae fh-

barcnpta keac, vahcba keac ah zaeos vaah. Ch sfiicba kfiiah, iat hdia ch àtwastaecnk maae vdh Hamaredhm, kfiah zaeos `ffbvahah vffr.

Ma kfi wfrmt mffrbddhs bazcah des aah drgàfefbcsg` wachcb chtarassdht ba-jcam. @at tabahmaae cs ag`tar wddr. Nucst kfiiah jcamah jcnvffrjaaem aah zaarbfama ifbaecnkàcm vffr àt idkah vdh pdeafbafbrdocsgà ragfhstrugtcas. Fhmardhmara ma stumcas vdh Zfiiart Wtaahjaak hddr ma bahasa vdh àt edhmsg`dp ch mafibavchb vdh ma vchmpeddts Ma @frmah jcn Rcnk jcn Muurstama ah ma vchmpeddts@cah jcn Mfmawddrm bavah aah bfama chmruk vdh ma ifbaecnkàmah mca fhmarzfakch kfibajcamah tah ja`fava vdh drgàfefbcsg` fhmarzfak jcamah. Kfiiah war-mah wddr ifbaecnk mffr ma iahs baxpefctaarm ah javdttah dhmara vchmpeddtstypahmdh hamarzattchbstarrachah. Maza zcnh ifacecnkar fpspffrjddr, iddr jcamah tfg`sfis varrdssahma chzcg`tah ch ma axpefctdtca vdh àt edhmsg`dp mffr ma iahs (do-jaaemchb =.:1).

Mffrmdt kfiah rastbauedozattchbah vaae frbdhcsgà stfo javdttah ah mffrbddhsaah ffb pargahtdba eutui, zcnh maza dozattchbah bavfaecb vffr zwae ah krcip. Iathdia ch ma tfp vdh mct typa dozattchbah wfrmah hfbde aahs krcipsgàurah ddh-batrfooah. Jcn àt jaifhstarah vffr mdtarchbmfaeachmah ah icecauragfhstrugtcascs àt jaedhbrcnk `car fp ta eattah. \feeah ah idgrfrastah kuhhah mffr mct prfgasvdh zwae ah krcip aahvfumcb wfrmah varpeddtst ch àt prfocae. Mddrhddst kdh ecg`tmffrmrchbah ch ma jfmai, wddrmffr mct typa dozattchbah wdhhaar maza scet ah fozdhm javdttah hcat basg`ckt zcnh vffr jcnvffrjaaem FWE-mdtarchbah.

Daaemchb =.:7 ]waa oftfs vdh aah pdkkat favardozachbah ch Fmcnk (oftf A. Jefi, DMG

Drgàf\rfnagtah).


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Daaemchb =.:1> Zastdht vdh aah `futskffeiacear ch aah kfibajcam jcn Baemaridesah (oftf>

DMG Drg`af\rfnagtah).

Daaemchb =.:=> Oftf jfvah> gravdssadozachbah (D) dobamakt iat vahcba (J) ah keaccba (G) kfidozachbah (oftf>

DMG Drg`af\rfnagtah). Oftf fhmar> D gravdssa ch Gdhdmd (oftf> D. Idkdska), J kfibajcam ch Mfhdu-maetd (oftf> @.Raarts) ah G kfibajcam ch Mfhdu-maetd (oftf> @. Raarts).


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Do`dhkaecnk vdh ma idta vdh rcnpchb zcnh kfidozattchbah idkkaecnk sdiahmruk-jddr. Wpfrah vdh vartrdppchb mffr mcarah ah iahsah zcnh ch kfidozattchbah, zakarwdhhaar sprdka cs vdh aah `ffb eutuiba`deta, bfam zcg`tjddr (dojaaemchb =.:?).

=.?.1 Ma gravdssa

Gravdsadozattchbah zcnh ch àt vaem mffrbddhs ifacecnk des zfmdhcb ta àrkahhah.Gravdssadozattchbah kuhhah ch vaea varsg`ceeahma vfriah vffrkfiah zfdes ch pd-rdbrddo =.:.: cs jasg`ravah. Iat hdia ma gravdssas mca zcnh bavfrim des aah spedyecnkah ch àt vaem hfbde aahs fp aah bawfha favar. _ddk cs sprdka vdh aah `f-rczfhtdea baeddbmàcm, aah ochchb upwdrms saquahtca ah àaot zcg` ch ma tfp vdhma gravdssadozattchb aah jfmai bavfrim. Wfis, iddr hcat detcnm zcnh marbaecnkaspedys des àt wdra bastdpaem. Iaarmara spedys iat ch aeka tfp aah àrkahjdra

vabatdtca`frczfht kfiah mdh fp aekddr bastdpaem vffr (dojaaemchb =.:2D). Aahiffc vffrjaaem vdh aah marbaecnka vfri vdh bastdpaema spedys cs ma vchmpeddtsKastarah Ecahmah wddr zcg` fp aekddr, basgàcmah mffr gravdssadozattchbah vchm-peddtsah uct àt Hafect`cgui, _rfaba Jrfhstcnm, Icmmah-Jrfhstcnm ah ma Zfiachsa]cnm javchmah.

Gravdssadozattchbah wddrjcn sprdka cs vdh mucmaecnk fhtwckkaema baueah kfiahffk rabaeidtcb vffr (dojaaemchb =.:2G ah =.:3). Ma gravdssa wddrfp ma vchmpeddtsBaemaridesah @fhmsbaiat cs basctuaarm cs mddr aah mucmaecnk vffrjaaem vdh. Jcnmaza vchmpeddts wds sprdka vdh aah baprfhfhgaarma baue mca varsg`ceeahma ideahbaradgtcvaarm cs bawaast. Ch ma jcnja`frahma spedywarmah fp varsg`ceeahma mcaptas

rastah vdh jawfhchb ddhbatrfooah uct ma CNzartcnm ah ma Zfiachsa ]cnm. Ma rastbauezaeo wds jcnzfhmar rcnk ddh vfhmstidtarcdde. _dhuct drgàfefbcsg` ffbpuht zcnhgravdssdozattchbah chtarassdht, fimdt maza dozattchbah ch varbaecnkchb iat strffi-bfrmaes vddk raedtcao kfrt ddh àt fpparvedk àjjah baeabah ah ar fp aah babavahifiaht hcauw samciaht fvaràah cs dobazat. Ma gfhsarvarchb ch mct typa dozat-tchbah cs mdh ffk fvar àt debaiaah jcnzfhmar bfam.

Wfis vchmt ddh ma jdscs vdh ma gravdssa arfsca vdh àt fhmarecbbahma edhmsg`dppeddts. Aah iffc vffrjaaem mddrvdh cs ma Jrfhstcnm hamarzattchb vdh ma aarmarbahfaima vchmpeddts Ma @frmah. Hcat deeaah jcn gravdssadozattchbah, iddr ffk

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