Unud-1331-1981983232-Ni Kt Riska Dewi Prawita (Tesis)

8/16/2019 Unud-1331-1981983232-Ni Kt Riska Dewi Prawita (Tesis)

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THESIS

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUNPHRASE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN

OPRAH

NI KETUT RISKA DEWI PRAWITA

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2014


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THESIS

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN

PHRASE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN

OPRAH


NIM 1290161015

MASTER PROGRAM

LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2014

i


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SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN

PHRASE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN

OPRAH

Th!"! #! # $%&$"&&'() )* *+)#"(

# M#!), D-, "( T,#(!)"*( S)%."!P*!)-,#.%#) P,*-,#'/ U.##(# U(",!")


NIM 1290161015

MASTER PROGRAM

LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2014

ii


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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis was approved on October 15th, 2014

by

First Supervisor, Second Supervisor,

Prof. r. !.". Sut#iati

$eratha, %.&.

!'P 1(5(0(1)1(*40+2002

r. 'da &yu %ade Puspani,

%.u-.

!'P 1(20(11(*)022001

&c/noweded by

ead of %aster Prora- irector of

Postraduate Prora-in "inuistic epart-ent dayana niversity,

Postraduate Prora-

dayana niversity,

Prof. r. ' !yo-an Suparwa, %.u-. Prof. r. dr. &.&. 3a/aSudewi, Sp.S6 !'P 1(20+101(*50+1005 !'P1(5(02151(*5102001


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iii


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This thesis has been e7a-ined by the $oard of 87a-iners on October 15th

, 2014

$ased on the decree of 3ector of dayana niversity

!o 9 +))1:!14.4:2014

ate 9 October )th

, 2014

The $oard of 87a-iners9

;hair-an 9 Prof. r. !.". Sut#iati $eratha, %.&.

%e-bers 9 r. 'da &yu %ade Puspani, %.u-.

Prof. r. '


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PERNYATAAN EAS PLAGIAT

Saya yan bertandatanan di bawah ini9

!a-a 9 !i etut 3is/a ewi Prawita

!'% 9 12(011015

Prora- Studi9 %aister S26 "inuisti/, onsentrasi Pener#e-ahan, Prora-

Pascasar#ana, niversitas dayana=udu Tesis 9 Shifts in Transation of ;o-pe7 !oun Phrase fro- 8nish into

'ndonesian in Oprah

enan ini -enyata/an bahwa /arya i-iah tesis ini bebas paiat.

&pabia di /e-udian hari terdapat paiat daa- /arya i-iah ini, -a/a saya

bersedia -eneri-a san/si sesuai peraturan %endi/nas 3epubi/ 'ndonesia !o. 1)

tahun 2010 dan Peraturan Perundanan yan bera/u.

enpasar, 15 O/tober 2014

!i etut 3is/a ewi Prawita

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ovey hubby po, 3a/a San#aya, for the never endin co-panion and co-fort

every ti-e. ' woud aso i/e to e7press -y ratitude to -y fa-iy in enpasar,

especiay to -y rand-other and -y cousin, !i etut Susun and ' %ade =oni

=at-i/a, S.S and aso -y unce, r. rs. ' ara, %.u- for their support.

%oreover, ' woud i/e to e7press -y friendA, esa/ !yo-an &stri Pradnyani P vauabe

support and aso to her ovey parents, than/ you for bein aways

support -e.

' do reaiBe that this thesis is far fro- bein perfect. Thus, so-e

constructive criticis-s and suestions are needed to -a/e the forward report

-uch better.

enpasar, October 2014

!i etut 3is/a ewi Prawita

vii


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PERGESERAN PENER3EMAHAN FRASA NOMINA KOMPLEKS DARIAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM AHASA INDONESIA PADA

OPRAH

&bstra/

Peneitian ini -e-bahas tentan pereseran pener#e-ahan frase no-ina/o-pe/s dari bahasa 'nris /e daa- bahasa 'ndonesia pada Oprah. Tu#uan dari

peneitian ini iaah -enanaisis pereseran ter#e-ahan frasa no-ina /o-pe/s bahasa 'nris /e daa- bahasa 'ndonesia, -en#eas/an fa/tor@fa/tor yan-enentu/an pereseran ter#adi, dan -enidentifi/asi #enis penuranan,

pena-bahan, dan s/ewin infor-asinya.

ata peneitian ini dia-bi dari bu/u yan ber#udu Oprah dan diuna/an

sebaai bahasa su-ber, serta ter#e-ahan bahasa 'ndonesianya yan -e-ii/i #udu yan sa-a, Oprah, diuna/an sebaai bahasa taret. ata di/u-pu/an-eaui -etode observasi dan didu/un denan -enerap/an te/ni/ pencatatanuntu/ -ene-u/an, -enidentifi/asi, dan -en/asifi/asi/an data. ata dianaisisdenan -enerap/an -etode des/ritif /uaitatif. Penoonan dari frase no-ina/o-pe/s di#eas/an denan -enuna/an diara- pohon.

&da dua teori yan diuna/an daa- peneitian ini, yaitu teori ter#e-ahanyan di/e-ban/an oeh ;atford untu/ -enanaisis #enis pereseran daa-ter#e-ahan dan fa/tor@fa/tor yan -enentu/an pereseran ter#adi, dan didu/unoeh teori ter#e-ahan yan di/e-ban/an oeh !ida untu/ -enidentifi/asi

penuranan, pena-bahan dan s/ewin infor-asinya.

asi peneitian -enun#u//an bahwa frase no-ina /o-pe/s bahasa 'nrisdapat diter#e-ah/an /e daa- bahasa 'ndonesia daa- dua bentu/, yaitu fraseno-ina /o-pe/s dan bu/an frase no-ina /o-pe/s. Pereseran eve, pereseranstru/tur dan pereseran intra syste- terdiri dari ter#e-ahan frase no-ina/o-pe/s. Se-entara itu, pereseran /eas dan pereseran unit terdiri dariter#e-ahan bu/an frase no-ina /o-pe/s. Fa/tor yan -enentu/an pereseranter#adi yaitu fa/tor inuisti/ dan fa/tor budaya. Seain itu, ter#adinya

penuranan, pena-bahan, dan s/ewin infor-asi tida/ dapat dihindari.

ata /unci: penerjemahan, pergeseran, frase nomina kompleks, diagram pohon,

“Oprah”

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SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE FROM

ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN OPRAH

&bstract

This study focuses on the shifts in transation of co-pe7 noun phrase fro-8nish into 'ndonesian in Oprah. 't is ai-ed at anayBin the types of transationshifts of co-pe7 noun phrases, e7painin the factors causin shifts to occur, andidentifyin the types of oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation.

The data were ta/en fro- the boo/ entited Oprah which is used as thesource anuae, as we as its 'ndonesian version that has the sa-e tite, Oprah, isused as the taret anuae. The data was coected usin observation -ethod andit was supported by i-pe-entin note ta/in in order to find, identify, and

cassify the data. The data was anayBed by appyin the Cuaitative descriptive-ethod. The cateoriBation of the co-pe7 noun phrase was e7pained usin treediara-s.

There are two theories appied in this study, they are the theory of transation proposed by ;atford to anayse the types of shifts in transation and the factorscausin shifts to occur, and the theory of transation proposed by !ida to describethe types of oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation found.

The resut indicates that co-pe7 noun phrase in 8nish can be transatedinto 'ndonesian in two for-sD they are co-pe7 noun phrase and non@co-pe7noun phrase. "eve shifts, structure shifts, and intra syste- shifts consist of co-pe7 noun phrases in transation. %eanwhie, cass shifts and unit shifts

consist of non co-pe7 noun phrases in the transation. The factors causin shiftsto occur in the data were inuistic factors and cutura factors. %oreover, theoccurrence of oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation cannot be avoided.

eywords9 translation, shifts, complex noun ph

i7


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TALE OF CONTENTS

;OE83.............................................................................................................i

P3838'S'T8 T'T"8..................................................................................ii

&PP3OE&" S88T........................................................................................iiiT8 $O&3 OF 8G&%'!83.......................................................................ivP83!H&T&&! $8$&S P"&>'&T.................................................................v

&;!O


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CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF SHIFTS

IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE

FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN OPRAH 4.1Types of Shifts of ;o-pe7 !oun Phrase Occur

in the Transation of Oprah.........................................................+(

4.1.1 "eve Shifts..............................................................................................40

4.1.2 ;ateory Shifts........................................................................................4)

4.1.2.1 Structure Shifts.....................................................................................4*

4.1.2.2 ;ass Shifts...........................................................................................1

4.1.2.+ nit Shifts.............................................................................................*

4.1.2.4 'ntra Syste- Shifts................................................................................)+

4.2 Factors ;ausin Shifts to Occur and Types of "oss, >ain and S/ewin

of 'nfor-ation Found in the Transation of Oprah.............................*0

4.2.1 Factors ;ausin "eve Shifts to Occur and Types of "oss, >ainand S/ewinof 'nfor-ation Found in the Transation of Oprah……..……*0

4.2.2 Factors ;ausin ;ateory Shifts to Occur and Types of "oss, >ain

and S/ewinof 'nfor-ation Found in the Transation of Oprah..............*4

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 ;oncusions.................................................................................................((5.2 Suestions..................................................................................................101

ILIOGRAPHY.......................................................................102

APPENDIX................................................................................104

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LIST OF AREVIATIONS

&d# 9 &d#ective

&dv 9 &dverb

&P 9 &d#ective Phrase

&sp@-ar/. 9 &spect %ar/er

; 9 ;ause

;!P 9 ;o-pe7 !oun Phrase

;PP 9 ;o-pe7 Eerb Phrase

;EP 9 ;o-pe7 Preposition Phrase

9 eter-iner

! 9 !oun

! 9 !oun Phrase

P 9 Preposition

PP 9 Preposition Phrase

3; 9 3eative ;ause

3P 9 3eative Pronoun

S 9 Sentence

S" 9 Source "anuae

T" 9 Taret "anuae

E 9 Eerb

EP 9 Eerb Phrase

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 #-,*%(. *$ )h S)%.

Transation is the process of transferrin the -eanin of a te7t fro- the

source anuae into the taret anuae. $asicay, the te7t is reconstructed by

transatin the words fro- the source anuae into the taret anuae and is

arraned based on the structures of the sentence in the taret anuae, therefore,

the structures are suitabe with the taret anuae and certainy there wi be no

oss of -eanin.

There are severa factors that shoud be re-e-bered by the transator in order

to produce a ood transation in transatin a te7t. &s !ababan 1(((9206 states

that there are two factors in transation, they are inuistic factors that cover

words, phrases, causes and sentences and non inuistic factors coverin the

cutura /nowede on both sources and the taret anuae cutures.

8ach anuae has its own characteristics or even distinction. Therefore, the

transation fro- the source anuae into the taret anuae cannot be e7act

eCuivaents as both anuaes are widey different in structure and cutura

bac/round. The understandin of the structure and the cuture in both anuaes

is reCuired by the transator as it -a/es the transator capabe of raspin the

-eanin in the te7t accuratey and aows hi- to transfer the sa-e -eanin. &s

Einay and abernet 1((59+46 state that eCuivaence refers to cases where

anuaes describe the sa-e situation by the different styistic or structura -eans.

%eanwhie, the for- in the source anuae has a new for- or different for-

1


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2

fro- the taret anuaeD it is caed a shift. &ccordin to ;atford 1(59)+6, a

shift is the departure fro- for-a correspondence in the process of oin fro- the

source anuae to the taret anuae. 't represents so-e chanes occurrin in a

transation process. The ee-ent of the taret anuae co--ensurate with the

source anuae is aways used by the transator in order to e7press the sa-e

-essae in the taret te7t. Since every anuae has its own rues, differences in

these rues wi cause a shift.

Transation is cosey reated to the ra--atica structureD therefore, the

ra--atica structure of both anuaes shoud be /nown to et a ood

transation. One of the anuae ra--atica units is a phrase. 't is usuay

inserted into a sentence. There are severa types of phrases, such as noun phrase,

ad#ective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase. 'n this study, it focuses on

noun phrase. !oun phrase can be cateoriBed into two typesD they are si-pe noun

phrase and co-pe7 noun phrase. Si-pe noun phrase is any roup of words,

which consist of -odifier and head. ead here consists of noun itsef and pronoun.

There is a phrase oner than si-pe noun phrase, it is co-pe7 noun phrase. 'n

tota, co-pe7 noun phrase can be co-posed of four -a#or co-ponents9

deter-iners, pre-odifiers, heads, and post -odifiers.


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+

deter-iner a6, pre-odifier silent as an ad#ective6, head sigh as a noun6, and post

-odifier of relief as a prepositiona phrase6. %eanwhie, the taret anuae

which is ad#ective phrase has the constitution of ad#ective (lega) and prepositiona

phrase consistin of prepositiona (secara) and adverb (diam-diam). There is an

occurrence of transation shift in this e7a-pe in which the co-pe7 noun phrase

in the source anuae is transated into ad#ective phrase in the taret anuae. &

source anuae unit is substituted by a ower@in@ran/ taret anuae unit.

Therefore, it is na-ey unit shift based on the theory proposed by ;atford 1(56.

&ccordin to ;atford, unit shift is the chane in ran/.

Shift is a hue pheno-enon when the transator is sti confused in

differentiatin the word order of head words and aso the chane in a part of

speech. &s stated in the previous e7a-pe, in a co-pe7 noun phrase which is

transated into ad#ective phrase the chane in ran/ ta/es pace. 3eated to the

e7panation above, this topic is interestin to be discussed as /nown that shifts

so-eti-e occur in the process of transation and the -eanin of the -essae is

acceptabe because of transation eCuivaence.

't -ay e7ist in a variety of for-s, such as bioraphies, short stories, or noves.

'n this study, the bioraphy entited Oprah, as we as its 'ndonesian transation

that has the sa-e tite, Oprah, are chosen as the data. $ioraphy is a narrative te7t

which is a story reatin /ey facts or events with a personJs ife written by another

person who certainy has infor-ation or cutura vaue to the taret readers. There

are -any /inds of narrative te7t anayBed but bioraphy is not incuded. 'n this

case, bioraphy is chosen as the data as it is rarey anayBed by the researcher,


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whereas the fiure in the bioraphy is very popuar and certainy there are -any

transation shifts of co-pe7 noun phrases found in the bioraphy. Therefore,

so-e reevant probe-s of the shifts in this research are anayBed.

1.2 P,*+&'! *$ )h S)%.

$ased on the bac/round of the study above, there are so-e probe-s that

can be for-uated as foows9

1.


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accordance with the theories used in this study by reatin the data to the

theoretica fra-ewor/, in order to co-e to a necessary concusion. The -ain

theory of transation used in this present study is proposed by ;atford in his boo/

entited !inguistic "heor# of "ranslation 1(56 to identify the shifts in

transation and e7pain the factors causin shifts to occur. The supportin theory

of transation identifyin the oss, ain and s/ewin of infor-ation is proposed by

!ida in "heor# and $ractice of "ranslation 1()56.


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW/ CONCEPTS/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL

2.1 L"),#)%, R"8

There are severa wor/s, such as theses, a #ourna artice, an internationa

#ourna artice and a research report reated to the topic and probe-s in this study

which are reviewed. The wor/s are considered reevant to the ob#ect of this study.

Suhaia 20106 discusses about the unit shifts of 8nish 'ndonesian

transation in the nove of "he "ale of the "hree %rothers by 3owin. This thesis

focuses on the pattern of unit shifts in nove. The purpose of this research is aso to fiure out what

are the factors that

cause or affect each unit shift. The theory of unit shifts used in this research is

based on the transation shift theory deveoped by ;atford. This research is

conducted upon unit, a short story is written by 3owin, "he "ale of the "hree

%rothers and its 'ndonesian transation, &isah "iga 'audara, which is transated

by &ndriana and Srisanti.

The -ethodooy used in this research is Cuaitative -ethod. The research is

acco-pished by readin and co-parin the 8nish te7t and the 'ndonesian te7t.

Then the data was co-pared where unit shifts fro- the source te7t to the taret

te7t occurred. The data was cassified accordin to each unit and the patterns of

the shifts were found after bein the cassification. The patterns of unit shit found

in the transation of "he "ale of the "hree %rothers to &isah "iga 'audara are the

shifts fro- -orphe-e to word, the shifts fro- word to phrase, the shifts fro-

)


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*

phrase to word, the shifts fro- phrase to cause, the shifts fro- cause to word, the

shifts fro- phrase to word, and the shifts fro- cause to sentence. This study aso

cassified the factors that caused or affected each unit shift in the unit of anaysis,

whether because of e7ica aspects or ra--atica aspects. The anaysis is based

on the theory of transation proposed by "arson that there are characteristics of

anuae that affect transation and they cause transation shift to occur.

This thesis has so-e si-iarities to this study in that it was focused on the

transation shifts and the theory used in both studies is the sa-e theory, which is

proposed by ;atford 1(56. &nother si-iarity between these studies is the

techniCue of coectin dataD both e-poyed note ta/in techniCue. There are

severa staes, such as readin the 8nish te7t and the 'ndonesian te7t, notin

down, cassifyin and then anayBin the data based on the probe-s of the study

reated to the theories.

The difference between this thesis and this study is that the data source

was a nove, -eanwhie in the present study bioraphy is chosen as data source.

The unit shifts proposed by ;atford 1(56 were discussed in the present study D it

is certainy different fro- his study in which a types of shifts proposed by

;atford 1(56 were discussed. The patterns of this thesis were focused on

-orphe-e to word, shifts fro- word to phrase, shifts fro- phrase to word, shifts

fro- phrase to cause, shifts fro- cause to word, and shift fro- cause to

sentence -eanwhie this study is -erey focused on the shifts fro- phrase to word

or to cause.


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(

The second thesis reated to shifts in transation is written by Susana 201+6.

't is entited IShifts in Transation

3eference to 'tee o*s %iograph#A. This thesis ofisshift focusedin the bioraphy of =obs, the

reason why shifts in transation occur in this bioraphy, and the process of shift in transation of

the bioraphy of =obs into 'ndonesian. "oss, ain and s/ewin of infor-ation are aso anayBed in

this thesis. The -ain theory of transation is proposed by ;atford 1(56 for anayBin transation

shifts and it is supported by uir/ 1(*56 to e7pain the prepositiona phrases and !ida 1(46 to

describe the techniCues of ad#ust-ents. Observation -ethod and note ta/in techniCue were

appied to coect the data. 3eadin the whoe shifts of ocative prepositiona phrase in 8nish

and 'ndonesian bioraphy was the first step of coetin the data. The ne7t step was cassifyin

the data into appropriate cateories. 'n case of anayBin the data, the transationa -ethod was

used to co-pare the eCuivaence of one anuae with another anuae.

There are so-e si-iarities between this thesis and this study. The first one

is that these studies focus on the types of shifts proposed by ;atford 1(56 and

the types of oss, ain and s/ewin of infor-ation proposed by !ida 1()56. 'n

both studies, Cuaitative -ethod is appied to anayBe the data. The ast si-iarity

is that the data was ta/en fro- the bioraphy. 'n this case, there is aso a

difference between these studies. 't can be seen fro- the structure of ra--atica

pattern in which ocative prepositiona phrase was discussed in the thesis and

co-pe7 noun phrase is focused in this present study. ;o-pe7 noun phrase is


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certainy very interestin to be discussed because it is oner than si-pe noun

phrase that consists of -odifier and head.

%ahasari 20126 in @barhertheory thesisusedinanayBinentited the transation shift of the

8nish noun phrases into 'ndonesian with reference to

"he "+ilight: e+ oon. The ob#ectives of the research were to cassify the types

of transation shifts and to describe why shifts occured in the transation of the

8nish noun phrase into 'ndonesian. There are so-e theories appied in this study,

such as the theory of transation proposed by ;atford 1(56 which was used to

anayse the types of shifts in transation found in the nove, the theory of

transation proposed by !ida 1()56 was used to describe the types of oss and

ain of infor-ation and it was supported by the theory proposed by 3adford

1(**6 to co-pare the 8nish noun phrase and its 'ndonesian transation. The data

was coected by readin, note ta/in, and co-parin the source anuae and the

taret anuae. The data was anayBed usin the tree diara- which has the

function to cateoriBe the 8nish noun phrase.

This present study is reevant to this study since it focused on the transation

shifts proposed by ;atford 1(56. There are so-e si-iarities between this thesis

and this present study as can be seen fro- the theories appied to anayBe the

probe-s and the tree diara- used to cateoriBe the syntactic structure.

%eanwhie, the differences between this thesis and this present study are the data

source and the theory of the tree diara-s. The data source in this thesis was ta/en

fro- the nove whereas in this study it is ta/en fro- the bioraphy. Further-ore,

the theory of the tree diara- in this thesis is proposed by 3adford


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1(**6, -eanwhie, the theory of tree diara- in this study is proposed by

;ho-s/y 20026. This thesis ives usefu contribution to the types of shifts in

transation and the types of oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation appied in the

transation wor/.

Farro/h 20116, in her artice entit

Persian Transation of 8nish ;o-pe7 Sentences with wh@ Subordinate ;au anayses the

eCuivaence and shifts in for- and -eanin in the Persian transation

of 8nish co-pe7 sentences with wh@subordinate causes. 't is focused on the

sub#ects, ob#ects and predicates of causes. The -ain purpose of this research is to

find the types of eCuivaence and shifts in the Persian transation of 8nish

co-pe7 sentences with wh@subordinate causes. 8nish fictions and their Persian

transations werre chosen as the data source which invoves two noves, they are

"he Old an and the 'ea nove written by e-inway, and nimal arm nove

written by Orwe.

This artice uses a Cuaitative descriptive -ethod. The data is cassified

into two cateoriesD they are the eCuivaence and shifts. The eCuivaence is

subcateoriBed into for-a and dyna-ic eCuivaences based on the theory

proposed by !ida. 'n this research, transation shifts are deveoped by ;atford in

which the cateories shifts are cassified into four types, they are structure shifts,

cass shifts, unit shifts and intra@syste- shifts.

This artice has so-e si-iarities to this present study in reard to the

techniCue used. escriptive Cuaitative -ethod is the -ethod used in this artice


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and this study. The ast si-iarity is the -ain theory of transation that is appied

in this artice and this thesis is proposed by ;atford 1(56.

There are so-e differences between her artice and this studyD the first is

the taret anuae in both studies, the taret anuae in this artice is Persian,

-eanwhie in this present study the taret anuae is 'ndonesian. The second one

is the data source in both studies, a nove is used as the data source in this artice

-eanwhie in this present study a bioraphy is used. The ast difference between

these studies is the co-pe7 sentence with wh@subordinate causes in transation

shifts is discussed in this artice, -eanwhie the co-pe7 noun phrase is discussed

in the present study. The transation theory proposed by !ida 1(46 is used in

both studiesD however, the discussion in each study is different. The theory of

transation proposed by !ida 1(46 in this #ourna used to anayBe the

eCuivaence is subcateoriBed into for-a and dyna-ic eCuivaence in a noveD

-eanwhie, the theory of transation proposed by !ida 1(46 in this study is used

to anayBe the oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation in a bioraphy. Shifts and

eCuivaence in transation have a very cose reationshipD therefore, this paper wi

ive a contribution to the anaysis of the data in this writin as findin the

eCuivaence and shifts in co-pe7 sentence. The co-pe7 sentence has a wider

structure than the co-pe7 noun phrases. The co-pe7 noun phrase is used

because it is -ore specific.

The internationa #ourna artice revi Shifts in Transation of ;hidren?s "it artice discusses

the types of structura shifts in iterary transation fro- 8nish


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1+

into Persian and their sinificant roes in co-pensation and e7picitation of

-eanin. The ai- of this research is to shed so-e iht on the process of

structura shifts throuh co-parative anaysis of the structure between te7ts

written in 8nish which is transated into Persian. 'n this research, story boo/s

written in 8nish for chidren and sa-pe of transation in Persian are used as the

data source. & structures are anayBed -anuay and the sa-pes of structura

shifts are identified under additions, o-issions, arrane-ents, passive voices and

tenses.

The -ain theory of transation used in this research is proposed by ;atford

1(56. ;atford cassified two /inds of shifts, na-ey eve shifts and cateory

shifts. ;ateory shifts invove structura shifts, cass shifts, unit shifts and intra@

syste- shifts. The -a#ority of optiona shifts ta/in pace in transation can be

attributed to the differences between the oriina writer and the transator as two

te7t procedures. owever, the i-pacts of these differences are usuay suppressed

by the iterary nor- of the T" and the nor-s of the transation activity itsef. 't is

true that the -ain tas/ of the transator is to transfer the -essae of the S" te7t

into the receptor anuae, but findin absoute eCuivaence is a-ost i-possibe

to be actuaiBed. The pheno-enon of structura shifts is a positive conseCuence of

the transator?s effortencebetween twotodifferentestabishanuae eC syste-s, S" and T".

This internationa #ourna artice is reevant to this study since it focused on

the theory proposed by ;atford. The differences of these studies are the data

source and the taret anuae. The data source of this artice is the story boo/s


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14

for chidren in 8nish which are transated into PersianD -eanwhie, the data

source of this study is a bioraphy of 8nish which is transated into 'ndonesian.

't wi ive a contribution to the anaysis in this writin as findin the theory of

shifts in transation proposed by ;atford 1(56.

One research report reated to shifts in transation is written by &ndini 200)6.

't is entited ITransation o/reater!oeShiftsbySteeAFound.

This research ai-s at identifyin the /inds of transation shifts found in the nove

o /reater by Stee and its transation0ang"erkasihA byin 'nd

idayat. The principe in transation is the sa-eness in -eanin in the S" and the

T". One of difficuties in transation is reated to idio-atic e7pression because

each of the anuae e7presses its own cuture where it is used Tar#ana, 2000926.

&nother one is noun phrase. Soe-arno 2000916, says that the difficuty in

transation is not ony the vocabuary but aso the structure.

'n this case, transation shoud find the cosest eCuivaence and it refers to the

transation shifts per-itted as far as it does not chane the -eanin in the T". 't is

the reason why the research on transation shifts is conducted. &s far as transation

shifts are concerned, the -ain theory of transation in this research is proposed by

;atford 1(56. ;atford cassified the types of shifts in transation into two types,

na-ey eve shifts and cateory shifts divided into structure shifts, cass shifts,

unit shifts and intra@syste- shifts. This research is i-ited to structure shifts. The

techniCue of coectin the data is note ta/inD -eanwhie, the techniCue of

anayBin the data is the interactive data anaysis. &ccordin to Sutopo 20029 (6,


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15

there are three steps in this -odeD they are reduction of data, presentation of data,

and drawin concusion or verification.

&s transation shifts are often appied in transation, this research wi ive

contribution to the for- transation shifts in 8nish transated into 'ndonesian

proposed by ;atford 1(56. owever, it is different fro- this study which is

i-ited to structure shifts -eanwhie this study focuses on a types of shifts in

transation based on the theory of transation proposed by ;atford 1(56. $y

reviewin research report, this study appies the appropriate theory to answer the

research probe-, that is, the theory of transation proposed by ;atford 1(56.

22 C*(7)!

There are so-e i-portant concepts reated to the study. The concepts in this

study are based on severa ideas proposed by the e7perts in the fied of transation

eCuivaence, the concept of noun phrase and its transation eCuivaence and the

concept of tree diara-.

221 T,#(!)"*( E%"#&(

8Cuivaence is a centra concept in transation theory. Einay and arbenet

view eCuivaence@oriented transation is a procedure which Jrepicates the sa-e

situation as in the oriina, whist usin co-petey different wordinJ ibid.9+426.

They aso suest that, if this procedure is appied durin the transation process,

it can -aintain the styistic i-pact of the source anuae in the taret anuae.

'n transation the e-phasis is on the cosest natura eCuivaence as stated by


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1

;atford 1(59206. ;atford writes that te7ts in different anuaes can be

eCuivaent in different derees fuy or partiay eCuivaent6, in respect of

different eves of presentation eCuivaent in respect of conte7t, se-antics,

ra--ar, e7is, etc6, and at different ran/s word@for@word, phrase@for@phrase,

sentence@for@sentence. The two anuaes are widey different in structure and

cutura bac/roundD therefore, it needs eCuivaence as a reation that hods

between a source anuae te7t and taret anuae te7t in order to et the

sa-eness and si-iarity resut in both anuaes.

;atford?s -ode of eCuivaence 1(592)6

1. For-a correspondence is any taret anuae cateory unit, cass,

ee-ent of structure, etc6 which can be said to occupy as neary as possibe

the Isa-eA pace in the Iecono-y of source anuae cateory occupies in the S". For

e7a-pe9 transatin an

ad#ective into an ad#ective.

2. Te7tua 8Cuivaence is any taret anuae te7t or portion of te7t which is

observed on a particuar occasion to be the eCuivaent of a iven S" te7t or

portion of te7t. For e7a-pe9 transatin ad#ective into an adverbia phrase

2.2.2 N*%( Ph,#! #(. I)! T,#(!)"*( E%"#&(

3adford 1(**91)16 states that a phrase, as a part of ra--atica sentences,

consists of a roup of words. 't is assu-ed that sentences are structured not ony

out of words beonin to various words eve cateories, but aso out of phrases

beonin to the correspondin set of phrasa cateories. 8nish noun phrase is


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1)

co-pared with the 'ndonesian eCuivaence. 'n co-parison of both noun phrases, it

is found that there are si-iarities and differences in ra--atica syste-,

particuary in word order between 8nish and 'ndonesian noun phrase. These are

e7a-pes of 8nish noun phrases and their 'ndonesian eCuivaences. The words

underined are their noun heads.

1) !ew cars L -obi@-obi baru

2) Hour -edicine L Obat-u

The wordscarsandmedicineIA are the head words and caed -odifierscars.and

medicineTheAwordsintheI e7a-pes i-portant. Those words are caed the center or head of the

noun phrase. Fro-

those e7a-pes, it can be seen that -odifiers in 8nish noun phrase co-e before

the noun head, whereas in the 'ndonesian they co-e after the noun head. These

e7a-pes are si-pe noun phrase consistin of -odifiers and heads. There is a

phrase oner than si-pe noun phrase, it is co-pe7 noun phrase.

=ust i/e a word, phrases have aso so-e cateories, e.. noun phrase,

adverbia phrase and prepositiona phrase. !oun phrase is the e7tension of noun.

&ccordin to uir/ and >renbaun 1(*5912+56, the si-pe noun phrase can be

e7panded with -odifier and noun. There is a phrase oner than si-pe noun

phrase, it is co-pe7 noun phrases. 'n tota, co-pe7 noun phrase can be

co-posed of four -a#or co-ponents9

eter-iner M Pre-odifiers Mead !oun M Post -odifiers


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1*

& noun phrases incude a head, whie deter-iner, pre-odifiers, and post

-odifiers are optiona. This can be iustrated in the foowin co-pe7 noun

phrase9

eter-iner Pre-odifiers ead !oun6 Post -odifiers

industriay advanced countries

a s-a wooden bo7 that he owned

a -ar/et syste- that has no i-perfection

the new trainin coee for teachers

;o-pe7 noun phrase is the structure of the ra--ar patterns to be studied

by a researcher. ;o-pe7 noun phrase itsef is used as the structure@specific

patterns of ra--ar, therefore, the supportin theory needs to discuss it. The

theory proposed by uir/ and >renbaun 1(*56 is appied to discuss co-pe7

noun phrases. This theory is particuary reevant to the data in this study.

22: T, D"#-,#'

&ccordin to ;ho-s/y 20029 2)6, inuistic description on the syntactic

eve is for-uated in ter-s of constituent anaysis parsin6. Parsin is the

approach used to divide the words of a sentence into phrases defined as words

cosey associated with one another syntacticay6. The tree diara- can be used to

show such Ion distanceA ra--atica r diara- cannot separate out the two potentia -eanins.

ierarchica structures

are eneray depicted in a tree diara-. 't -a/es easier to see the parts and

subparts of a sentence.


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1(

& tree diara- is a for-a representation of sentence structure with

syntactic cateories provided 't is aso referred to as a phrase -a/er or a

constituent structure tree6. These up@side@down ItreesA discose t spea/ersJ syntactic /nowede9

1. The inear structure of the sentence i.e. the order of words in the

sentences6D

2. The hierarchica structure of the sentence what cateory is above what

other cateories and what are its i--ediate constituents6D

3. The e7ica cateory of each word what cass of words each e7ica ite-

at the botto- beons to6.

'n transfor-ationa enerative ra--ar, tree diara-s and phrase structure

rues are cosey reated. Phrase structure trees are beieved to be enerated by

phrase structure rues. There shoud be no discrepancies between the two. &

sentence has a syntactic structure, and there is a way of representin syntactic

structure by tree diara-, as e7e-pified as foows.

S"T9 ' breathed a silent sigh of relief.

T"T9 &/u bernafas lega secara diam-diam


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20

Tree diara-9

S"9 T"9

!P &P

!P &P &dv

&d# !P &d# P

! PP

& sient sih of reief ea secara dia-@dia-

&bbreviation9 !PL!oun Phrase, &PL&d#ective Phrase, Leter-iner,

&d#L&d#ective, &dvL&dverb, !L!oun, PLPrepositiona6

The diara-s such as the e7a-pe above provide a visua representation of

cateory constituent structure of a phrase. The e7a-pe is a co-pe7 noun phrase

in 8nish that consists of deter-iner a6, pre-odifier silent as an ad#ective6,

head sigh as a noun6, and post -odifier of relief as a prepositiona phrase6 and it

is based on the theory proposed by uir/ and >renbaun 1(*56. %eanwhie the

taret anuae which is the ad#ective phrase has the constitution of ad#ective

lega6, and prepositiona phrase consistin of preposition secara6 and adverb

diam-diam6. $ased on the roe of the ad#ective phrase, &wi, et.a, 200+92**6,

states that the word cass of lega is ad#ective ivin infor-ation on the noun as

attributive and the prepositiona phrase secara diam-diam that consists of

preposition (secara) raises to a reationship of -eanin and adverb (diam-diam).

There is an occurrence of transation shifts in this e7a-pe in which the co-pe7

noun phrase in the source te7t is transated into ad#ective phrase in the taret te7t.


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21

& source anuae unit is substituted by a ower@in@ran/ taret anuae unit. The

type of shifts is na-ey unit shifts accordin to the theory of transation proposed

by ;atford 1(56.

2: Th*,)"#& F,#'8*,

There are two i-portant theories reated to the study. Those theories are proposed

by ;atford 1(56 is appied to anayBe shifts in transation and factors causin

shift to occur and !ida 1()56 is appied to e7pain the types of oss, ain, and

s/ewin of infor-ation found in the transation of Oprah.

2:1 T,#(!)"*( Sh"$)

%unday states that N& shift is said to transation eCuivaent other than the for-a correspondent

occurs for a source anuae Transationee-ent?shiftsare.s-a inuistic chanes occurrin in

transation of the source anuae into the taret anuae. Einay and arbenet

carried out a co-parative styistic anaysis to describe transation shifts thouh the

ter- Nshift? which was !inguisticfirst"heor#usedof by

"ranslation 1(56.

&ccordin to ;atford 1(59)+6, 1'hifts2 isthedeparture fro- for-a

correspondence in the process of oin fro- the S" to the T". Shifts in transation

are /nown as those chanes which occur or -ay occur in the process of

transation. They resut, -ost of the ti-e, fro- the atte-pt to dea with the

syste-ic differences between the source anuae and the taret anuae


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22

3outede 8ncycopedia of Transation Studies 1((*9 226. The notion

Ntransation shifts?yorindirecty investiatedhasbeenbyevery theoristdirect who has ever

-entioned inuistic transation in their studies, since the process of transation itsef -ay

be rearded as a transfor-ation when a syste- of certain

code is substituted with another by preservin identica co--unication function,

reportin the sa-e -essae and its functiona do-inance. owever, the -ost

pro-inent na-e in this fied is ;atford 1(56.

;atford is the first schoar to use t

Transation? 1(56. e uses it to refer to th between the source anuae and the tar fro- for-a

correspondence in the process of oin fro- the source anuae to

the taret anuaeA 1(59)+6. Shifts within the ra--atica and e7ica eves, and their

investiation is therefore pursued within

or beyond the boundaries of the sentence as an upper ran/. e i-its his theory of

shifts to te7tua eCuivaence. 'n other words, he sees that shifts tend to occur when

there is no for-a correspondence between two inuistic codes. These shifts are

seen as those utterances of transation which can be identified as te7tua

eCuivaents between source te7t and taret te7t utterances. ;atford divides shifts

into two cateories, such as eve shifts and cateory shifts.

2:11 L& Sh"$)!

Shift of eve is when a source anuae ite- at one inuistic eve has a

taret anuae transation eCuivaent at a different eve. 't incudes shifts fro-


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2+

ra--ar to e7is and vice@versa. ;atford ibid6 points out that, cases of shifts

fro- ra--ar to e7is are Cuite freCuent in transation between anuaes. The

e7a-pe of eve shifts in the beinnin that both $er-an?s and Ste--er?s where the ebrew

earners shifted -ost of the ra--atica ties pronouns,

de-onstratives, deictic e7pression, etc...6, are used to refer to entities and events

in the source te7t, into e7ica ter-s in the taret anuae. For e7a-pe9

Source "anuae Taret "anuae

She is eatin 3ia sedang makan

'n this transation, there is a shift fro- ra--ar to e7is in which the patterns to

*e 4 5-ing ra--ar6 in the source anuae te7t is transated into e7icon sedang

in the taret anuae.

2:12 C#)-*, Sh"$)!

;ateory shifts refer to unbounded and ran/@bounded transation. The first

bein appro7i-atey nor-a or free transation in which source anuae and

taret anuae eCuivaents are up at whatever ran/ is appropriate. 't is cear that

cateory shift is unbounded, which -iht be nor-a of free transation, depends

on what ran/ is appropriate. 't incudes structure shifts, cass shifts, unit shifts, and

intra@syste- shifts.


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24

a. S),%)%, Sh"$)!

"anuaes e7hibit a considerabe a-ount of differences both in the

reaiBation of si-iar structures e7istin in these anuaes and in the type of

structures e7istin in each anuae. Structures, where one ee-ent is typicay

obiatory whie other ee-ents are optiona, an aree-ent between the head and

its -odifiers, are usuay observed in so-e anuaes, for instance, the case of

nu-ber and ender aree-ent between noun and ad#ective in the &rabic no-ina

roup. owever, anuaes vary so widey in the restrictions they assin to this

aree-ent. 'n the 8nish no-ina roup, for instance, this aree-ent is observed

between artices and nouns but overoo/ed between nouns and ad#ectives. $y

contrast, &rabic see/s such aree-ent in both cases. This is a potentia area of

structura shifts in transation. &nother type of dependency reations is that of the

e7cusion reation which is usefu for definin so-e ra--atica casses such as

the verbs of state in 8nish which do not aree with au7iiaries for the

proressive aspect, and proper nouns whi

For e7a-pe9


Od -an !aki-laki tua

IOd -anA in the source anuae te7t i

-an6. %eanwhie in the taret anuae it beco-es laki-laki tua which is

constructed of head laki-laki6 M -odifier tua6.


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2

5

b. C!! Sh"$)!

& cass shift -eans the roupin of the constituents of a unit accordin to the

way they operate in the structure of another unit ne7t hiher in ran/. 'n other

words, a cass refers to any set of ite-s havin the sa-e possibiities of operation

in the structure of a particuar unit. ;ass shift occurs when the transation

eCuivaence of a source anuae ite- is a -e-ber of a different cass fro- the

oriina ite-. 't is a chane in word cass. ;atford defines cass shifts foowin

aiday?stion definiIthat roupin of -e-bers of by operation in the structure

of the uni 20049456. Structure shifts entai cass dependence of cass on structureA

;atford, 1(5911(6. For


& poite s-ie "ersen#um sopan

'n this e7a-pe, 8nish noun phrase a polite smile is transated into

'ndonesian verb phrase tersen#um sopan. ;ass shift can be identified fro- the

chane of noun phrase into verb phrase.

c. I(),#;S!)' Sh"$)!


40/125

& syste- refers to the cosed nu-ber of ee-ents a-on which a choice

-ust be -ade. 'n fact, the ter-s avaiabe in each syste- in one anuae can

show funda-enta differences fro- the ter-s of the sa-e syste- in another

anuae. This can be considered a -a#or source of shifts at this eve of

anuae description. 'n other words, intra syste- shifts refer to those chanes

that occur


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2

internay within a syste-. The eCuivaence is said to occur at a non correspondin

ter- in the taret anuae syste-. & anuaes have their syste-s of nu-ber,

dei7is, artices, etc. intra@syste- shifts happen when a ter- is sinuar in the

source te7t and its te7tua eCuivaent is pura, or vice versa a chane in nu-ber

even thouh the anuaes have the sa-e nu-ber syste-6. 't is worth notin here

that the transator is co-peed to be bound by the source anuae chosen by the

writerD otherwise, her:his perfor-ance is destined to be

erroneous. For e7a-pe9

Source "anuae

Trousers

The word of trousers in the source anuae is a pura for-. 't is transated into

celana in the taret anuae in a sinuar for-.

d. U(") Sh"$)!

The descriptive units of the ra--ar of any anuae are arraned into

-eaninfu stretches or patterns. One sine instance of these patterns is caed

unit. nit shifts occur when transation eCuivaent of a source te7t unit at one ran/

is a unit at a different ran/ in the taret anuae. 't incudes shifts fro-

-orphe-e to a word, word to phrase, cause to sentence, and vice versa. For

e7a-pe9 a phrase into a word

Source "anuae

The ord

Taret "anuae

"uhan

Taret "anuae

6elana


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2)

There are so-e factors causin transation shifts to occur. ;atford 1(59(+6

studied that there are two factors which affected the eCuivaence of transation

shifts. They are inuistic and cutura factors. These two factors brouht two

eCuivaents. They are inuistic and cutura eCuivaents. This findin of ;aford is

very sinificant because it consists of both i-portant approaches toward

eCuivaence, na-ey, inuistic and cutura approaches. e states that inuistic

factors are those which e7ist at the eves of concrete for- and abstract -eanin

of any chun/ of anuae. 'n addition, cutura factors are those factors that cannot

be seen at the eve of for- or -eanin of anuae, however, they e7ist a-on

the bac/round of -ind of spea/ers and writers of source anuae.

Shift in transation is the core probe- in this studyD therefore, the theory of

shift in transation is essentia to be discussed. This sphere refers to the first and

second probe-sD those are identifyin the types of shift in transation on the data

source and e7pain the factors causin transation shifts to occur. The theory

appied to this study which is -ost reevant to the data is the theory of transation

proposed by ;atford 1(56.

2:2 L*!!/ G#"( #(. S8"(- *$ I($*,'#)"*(

&ccordin to !ida 1()592)6, Ia type oss of infor-ation, 26 ain of infor-at states that a

transator shoud have ood /nowede of the anuaes and cutures.

The inuistic /nowede that shoud be -astered incudes -orphooy, e7is,

synta7, and se-antics whie cutura /nowede shoud be sufficienty possessed


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2*

as the bac/round of the user of these anuaes. &s a -atter of fact, it is very

difficut to find the e7ica eCuivaent between the taret anuae cuture and the

source anuae cuture since they are very different fro- each other. The e7ica

-eanin of the two anuaes is not e7acty the sa-e. There is a tendency of oss,

ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation.

2:21 L*!! *$ I($*,'#)"*(

$a/er 1((29 406 refers to oss as o-ission of a e7ica ite- due to

ra--atica or se-antic patterns of the receptor anuae. 'f the -eanin

conveyed by a particuar ite- or e7pression is not vita enouh to the deveop-ent

of the te7t to #ustify distractin the reader with enthy e7panations, transators

can and often do si-py o-it transatin the word or e7pression in Cuestion. There

are cases where o-ission is reCuired to avoid redundancy and aw/wardness !ida,

1()59 22*6 and this stratey is particuary appied if the source anuae tends to

be a redundant anuae.

The cateory of pura in 8nish is both -orphooicay conditioned e..

chid:chidren, -ouse:-ice6, and phonooicay conditioned e.. boo/:boo/s,

bo7:bo7es, pen:pens6. 'n so-e circu-stances, a pura noun is aso preceded by a

deter-iner showin puraity so-e boo/s or three pens6. 'f the JdoubeJ

e7pression of such cateory is refected in 'ndonesian, redundancy wi occur. 't is

by convention that the cateory of pura in 'ndonesian is e7icay for-ed by

repetition of the noun *uku-*uku boo/@boo/6 or by addin a noun Cuantifier such

as *e*erapa so-e6 or tiga three6.


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2(

Once a iven noun is in the pura for-, the Cuantifier has to be deeted. On

the other hand, once there e7ists a Cuantifier denotin puraity, the noun in

Cuestion shoud be in the sinuar for- or the repetition of the noun shoud be

avoided e.. three boo/s6. 'n the e7a-pe, the noun phrase three *ooks is

transated into 'ndonesian, tiga *uku. The repetition of the noun is avoided since

the puraity can be denoted by the Cuantifier tia6D therefore, the pura for- is

transated in the sinuar for-.

2:22 G#"( *$ I($*,'#)"*(

'nfor-ation which is not present in the source anuae te7t -ay be added to

the taret anuae te7t. &ccordin to !ew-ar/ 1(**9 (16, infor-ation added to

the transation is nor-ay cutura accountin for the differences between the

source anuae and the taret anuae cuture6, technica reatin to the topic6,

or inuistic e7painin wayward use of words6. The additiona infor-ation -ay

be put in the te7t e.. by puttin it in brac/ets6 or out of the te7t e.. by usin a

footnote or annotation6.

>ain of infor-ation for specification purposes is aso reCuired if a-biuity

occurs in the receptor anuae for-ation and if the fact that reater specificity

-ay be reCuired so as to avoid -iseadin reference !ida, 1()59 22)6. 't -ay

aso be reCuired due to the shift of voice and the ateration of word casses to

avoid -isinterpretation. There are so-e e7a-pes of ain of infor-ation occurin

in the process of transation. First, the 8nish sentence is in the active voice, 7 cut

m# finger , whereas its 'ndonesian transation is in the passive voice, jari sa#a


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+0

tersa#at oleh pisau. The addition of infor-ation, oleh pisau in the taret anuae,

is needed if the 'ndonesian native spea/er -eans that he or she did it by accident.

&nother e7a-pe is 7 am *roke that is transated uang sa#a ha*is. 'n this e7a-pe,

the transator added a direct reference to -oney in the taret anuae, whereas in

the source anuae mone# is i-pied ob#ect. Thus, the reader of the 'ndonesian

version does not have to -a/e any inferences and ain of infor-ation has

occurred in an effort to carify the -eanin.

2:2: S8"(- *$ I($*,'#)"*(

&ccordin to !ida 1()5922)6, s/ewin of infor-ation -eans the transation

of ite-s fro- the source anuae which is not the e7act eCuivaence in the taret

anuae. For e7a-pe9

S"9 I&re you seepy, =ohnKA T"9 IToon perhati/an, =ohnA

There is no e7act eCuivaent fro- the source anuae into the taret

anuae, but the -eanin of the source anuae is actuay ohn is hoped to pa#

attention and respect to someone8something . 't is not e7act eCuivaent in the taret

anuae due to the rea situation of the conte7t is when the student does not pay

attention to the teacher, therefore, the teacher has to ad-onish hi- by usin the

interroative sentence. Therefore, it can be concuded that the for- and -eanin

that are chaned in the taret anuae is possibe to be done, as on as, the

-eanin of the taret anuae refers to the rea conte7t of the source anuae.


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+1

24 R!#,h M*.&

The basic theories appied in this study are iustrated in the research -ode

to show the reationship of the topic, probe-s, and theoretica fra-ewor/ in order

to et the findins.


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+2

Sh"$) "( T,#(!)"*( *$ C*'7&< N*%(

Ph,#! $,*' E(-&"!h "()* I(.*(!"#( "(

Oprah

SL TL8!>"'S, '!O!8S'&!

1.


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FINDINGS


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++

This study is entited IShifts in Tra

8nish into 'ndonesian in OprahA. There are three probe- are the types of shifts in transation of

co-pe7 noun phrase in the transation of

Oprah, the factors causin shifts to occur in transation itsef and the types of oss,

ain and s/ewin of infor-ation found in the transation of Oprah. 'n this case, it

used so-e theories to anayse those probe-s above, in which, the first probe-

and the second probe- were anayBed by appyin the theory of transation

proposed by ;atford, whereas, the third probe- was anayBed by appyin the

theory of transation proposed by !ida.

This study appies the Cuaitative approach in which the data was anayBed

descriptivey. The -ain data source was ta/en fro- the boo/ entited Oprah and

its 'ndonesian transation that has the sa-e tite, Oprah. The -ethod used in this

study is observation -ethod. There were severa staes. The first step was readin

both 8nish bioraphy and its 'ndonesian version thorouhy to find out the

sentences which contain the shift in transation of co-pe7 noun phrases. The ne7t

step was ta/in notes of the various shifts in transation of co-pe7 noun phrase

fro- 8nish into 'ndonesian occurin in Oprah. The various shifts in transation

of co-pe7 noun phrase were cassified into appropriate cateories and the ast

step was cassifyin and anayBin the data into appropriate cateories based on

the theories.

The -ethod used to anayBe the data is the Cuaitative descriptive -ethod.

&fter bein coected, the data was isted in parae between the source anuae

and the taret anuae. Then, the co-pe7 noun phrases found in the source


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+4

anuae was co-pared with their 'ndonesian transations. The ne7t step was

identifyin and anayBin the data by appyin the theory of transation proposed

;atford 1(56 to identify the shifts in transation and the factors deter-inin

shifts. &fter anayBin the shifts in transation of co-pe7 noun phrase, it focused

on the oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation occurrin in the data for which the

theory of transation proposed by !ida 1()56 was used. Tree diara- of syntactic

structure and descriptive for- were used to present the data anaysis. Finay, fro-

those a anaysis, the findins of the study can be found and for-uated.


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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3esearch -ethod sinifies the -ethod which is appied by the researcher in

conductin the research Sudaryanto, 1((+6. The research -ethod in this study is

focused on so-e aspects, na-ey9 research approach, data source, -ethod and

techniCue of coectin data, -ethod and techniCue of anayBin data, and -ethod

and techniCue of presentin the data.

:1 R!#,h A77,*#h

This study appies the Cuaitative approach in which the data was anayBed

descriptivey. The cateoriBation of co-pe7 noun phrase was showed usin the

tree diara-s. Shifts in transation and factors causin shifts to occur were

anayBed usin the theory proposed by ;atford 1(56. Shift consists of two types,

na-ey eve shifts and cateory shifts in this study. This study is very i-portant

when there is a tendency to oss, ain and s/ewin of infor-ation.

:2 D#)# S*%,

The -ain data in this thesis was ta/en fro- the bioraphy entited Oprah

which is written by itty eey and was pubished in 2010, as we as the

'ndonesian version that has the sa-e tite, Oprah, which is transated by 3ina

$untaran and was pubished in 2011. 't is about the ife story of Oprah. Oprah


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+

;o-pe7 personaity, Oprah


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+)

of co-pe7 noun phrases. & e7a-pes which were cateoriBed as co-pe7 noun

phrases in the source anuae and their 'ndonesian transations were underined,

noted down and then ta/en as data for the anaysis. The ast step was cassifyin

the data into appropriate cateories and anayBin the data based on the probe-

of the study and reated to theories.

3.4 M)h*. #(. Th("% *$ A(#&="(- D#)#

The -ethod used to anayBe the data in this study is Cuaitative descriptive

-ethod proposed by #a#asudar-a 1((+6. 't is a -ethod that is ai-ed to describe

the data syste-aticay, factuay, and accuratey the characteristics and

correations that occur a-on the pheno-enon.

&s far as the techniCue of anayBin the data is concerned, the data was

anayBed throuh severa staes. &fter bein coected, the data was isted in

parae between the source anuae and the taret anuae. Then, the co-pe7

noun phrases found in the source anuae were co-pared with their 'ndonesian

transations. The ne7t step was identifyin and anayBin the data by appyin the

theories proposed by ;atford 1(56. &fter anayBin the shifts in transation of

co-pe7 noun phrase and the factors causin shifts to occur, it was focused on the

oss, ain, and s/ewin of infor-ation occurrin in the data for which the theory

proposed by !ida 1()56 was used.


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+*

:5 M)h*. #(. Th("% *$ P,!()"(- D#)#

The resut of the anaysis is presented in for-a and infor-a -ethod as

proposed by Sudaryanto 1((+6. e states that there are two -ethods of

presentin the anayBed dataD they are infor-a and for-a -ethods. The infor-a

-ethod refers to the -ethod of presentin the anayBed data usin words, -eanin

that the findins can be described usin word, natura anuae, whie the for-a

-ethod refers to the presentation of the anayBed data usin sy-bos, diara-s,

fiures and tabes.

This study beons to the Cuaitative descriptive -ethodD therefore, it is

presented in the for- of description in both 8nish as the source anuae and

'ndonesian as the taret anuae. The anaysis of the syntactic structure of

co-pe7 noun phrase is presented usin for-a -ethod, which is in the tree

diara- proposed by ;ho-s/y 20026 in order to anayBe the co-pe7 noun

phrases occurrin in the source anuae and co-pared with the syntactic

structure of co-pe7 noun phrases in their 'ndonesian transations.


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CHAPTER IV

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE FROMENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN OPRAH

The foowin section is concerned with the anaysis of shift in transation of

co-pe7 noun phrase, the factors causin shift to occur and oss, ain and s/ewin

of infor-ation found in 8nish and 'ndonesian transation. The anaysis is based

on the theory of transation proposed by ;atford 1(56 in !inguistic "heor# of

"ranslation and !ida 1()56 in !anguage 'tructure and "ranslation. The e7a-pes

containin co-pe7 noun phrases were ta/en fro- the boo/ entited

Oprah which is written by eey 20106 and its 'ndonesian transation that has the

sa-e tite, Oprah, which is transated by $untaran 20116. The discussion invoves

eve shifts and cateory shifts. This study uses the tree diara- to cateoriBe the

phrase, in which its theory is proposed by ;ho-s/y 20026.

41 T7! *$ Sh"$)! *$ C*'7&< N*%( Ph,#! O%, "( )h T,#(!)"*( *$

Oprah

&s stated in the previous chapter tha correspondence in the process of oin fro- the source

anuae to the taret

anuae ;atford, 1(59)+6. Shifts occur when the source anuae te7t is

transated into different ra--atica or phonooica for- in the taret anuae

te7t. ;atford states that there are two -a#or types of shifts, they are eve shifts and

cateory shifts.

+(


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40

411 L& Sh"$)!

Shift of eve is when a S" ite- at one inuistic eve has a T" transation

eCuivaent at a different eve. 't incudes shifts fro- ra--ar to e7is and vice@

versa. ;atford ibid6 points out that, cases of shifts fro- ra--ar to e7is are Cuite

freCuent in transation between anuaes. The foowin are the e7a-pes of eve

shift found in the transation of Oprah.

Q 4@1 R

S"9 attie %ae was wor/in for the "eonards then they were the richest white people in oscius/o and the -ade sure that Oprah had everythin their own itte irs had.

T"9 9attie ae saat itu *ekerja untuk &eluarga !eonard-mereka orang kulit putih terkaya di &osciusko dan mereka memastikan Oprah pun#a

segalan#a #ang dimiliki anak-anak perempuan mereka sendiri.data 16

;!P in the S"9 the richest white people Pre-od. 1 Pre-od.2 ead

;!P in the T"9 orang kulit putih terkaya

ead Post -od.1 Post -od.2

SL> TL>

!P !P

!P !P &d#

&d# !P N !P

the &d# N ter/aya

richest *,#(- /uit putih

white 7*7&


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41

$y oo/in at the tree diara- above, it can be said that co-pe7 noun phrase

in the source anuae has the constituents of deter-iner the as the artice6,

pre-odifiers richest and +hite as ad#ectives6, and head people as a noun6. 't is

transated into 'ndonesian, orang kulit putih terka#a, that consists of head orang

as a noun6, and post -odifiers kulit putih is a noun phrase and terka#a as

ad#ectives6.

There is a chane of ra--atica unit in the source anuae to a e7ica unit

in the taret anuae as can be identified fro- the word richest that has a function

as an ad#ective in the source anuae. 'n 8nish ra--ar, richest is an ad#ective

that is a reuar for- for the superative ad#ective. The basic word of richets is rich,

and its co-parative is richer . Those words are co-parabe in the reater and esser

deree. Those words are transated into 'ndonesian, ka#a, le*ih ka#a, and terka#a.

'f we want to say that so-eone or so-ethin has -ore of a Cuaity than any other,

the prefi7 ter- or paling is put before the ad#ective, such as the e7a-pe terka#a.

&ccordin to the theory of transation proposed by ;atford, it is caed eve shift

that is the chane in the irreuar richest Ain for 8nish intoterka#aA aine7is'ndonesianI.

Q 4@2 R

S"9 She had even then an e7traordinary sense of sef@confidence, an eeriecomprehension of what was expected of her as a budding televisionstar .

T"9 $ah/an saat itu dia sudah punya rasa percaya diri yan uar biasa,sebuah pemahaman menakutkan tentang apa yang diharapkan padadirinya sebagai bintang televisi yang sedang berkembang.data +6


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42

;!P in the S"9 an eerie comprehension of what was expected

Pre-od. ead Post -od.

;!P in the T"9

sebuah pemahaman menakutkan tentang apa yang

ead Post -od.1 diharapkan pada dirinya..Post -od. 2

SL> TL>

!P 3;

!P PP 3P

&d# !P !P P

an N PP !P &d# apa yang

eerie P 3; N tentan

*'7,h(!"*( -ena/ut/an

of sebuah 7'#h#'#(

what was e7pected.

;o-pe7 noun phrases can be viewed fro- the tree diara-s above. ;o-pe7

noun phrase in 8nish is cateoriBed by deter-iner an as the artice6, pre-odifier

eerie as an ad#ective6, head comprehension as a noun6, and post -odifier of

+hat +as expected of her as a *udding teleision star as a co-pe7 prepositiona

phrase6. %eanwhie, 'ndonesian co-pe7 noun phrase has the constituents of a

noun phrase se*uah pemahaman menakutkan6, and a co-pe7 prepositiona

phrase tentang apa #ang diharapkan pada dirin#a se*agai *intang teleisi #ang

sedang *erkem*ang 6.


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4+

&s stated in the previous e7a-pe, reative cause is inserted in the co-pe7

noun phrase. 3eative cause in the source anuae is the passive voice, +hat +as

expected and its 'ndonesian transation is apa #ang diharapkan. ere, the tense

used in the reative cause is si-pe past in passive voice as can be identified fro-

the au7iiary +as and verb in the past participe expected , and those are transated

into 'ndonesian usin the prefi7 di- and the suffi7 @kan to -a/e passive verb in

'ndonesian, diharapkan. $ased on the e7panation above, it can be indicated that

eve shift occurs in the transation in which there is a chane fro- ra--ar to

e7is.

On the other hand, eve shift can be identified fro- the e7istence of noun

phrase a *udding teleision star inserted in the co-pe7 prepositiona phrase, it is

cateoriBed into the ra--atica ite- a 4 5ing 4 noun transated into 'ndonesian

usin the e7ica ite-s #ang sedang , *intang teleisi #ang sedang *erkem*ang .

The intended -eanin is a teleision star +ho is *udding #ust i/e a sleeping man

which is supposed to -ean a man +ho is sleeping rather than a man +ho sleeps6.

&ccordin to ;atford, the type of shifts in the transation above is caed eve shift

that a source anuae ite- at one inuistic eve has a taret anuae transation

eCuivaent at a different eve.

Q 4@+ R

S"9 She e7ercised with -anic fitness uru 3ichard Si--ons, danced withethnic dancers, and interviewed a prostitute who had killed a client .

T"9 3ia *erolahraga dengan sang mania ke*ugaran ichard 'immons,menari dengan penari etnik dan me+a+ancarai pelacur yang telahmembunuh seorang pelanggannya.

data (6


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44

;!P in the S"9 a prostitute who had killed a client


;!P in the T"9 pelacur yang telah membunuh seorang pelanggannya


SL> TL>

!P !P

!P !P !

N 3; EP

a 3P EP 3; E pe0anannya

7,*!)")%) &u7EP NP seoran3P &sp.%r/r

who E !P N -e-bunuh

had ! yan teah

/ied 7%,

a cient

'n the e7a-pe above, it can be seen that shift occurs in the process of

transation. ;o-pe7 noun phrase in 8nish consists of deter-iner a6, head

prostitute as a noun6, and post -odifiers +ho had killed as a reative cause and a

client as a prepositiona phrase6. %eanwhie, its 'ndonesian transation pelacur

#ang telah mem*unuh seorang pelanggann#a can be cateoriBed into a head

pelacur as a noun6, and post -odifiers #ang telah mem*unuh as a reative cause

and seorang pelanggann#a as a prepositiona phrase6.


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45

$ased on the e7panation above, there is a shift occurin in the transation, and

it can be identified fro- the occurrence of reative cause in both anuaes. 't

consists of the reative pronoun +ho6 and the au7iiary had 6 M past participe

killed 6. Eiewed fro- the verb in the reative cause, it can be identified that the

tense used is past perfect tense which the au7iiary had 6 is foowed by the past

participe killed 6. Therefore, it is transated into telah mem*unuh in 'ndonesian.

&ccordin to the theory of transation proposed by ;atford, the type of shift

occurin in the transation is na-ey eve shift which is a chane in ra--atica

unithad /iIed”in the source anuaetelah-e-bunuhAtoine7icathe taret anuae.

Q 4@4 R

S"9 't was a carefully managed event and the ocation or conte7t was

upper@-ost in her -ind.

"!: 9al itu merupakan peristiwa yang dikelola dengan cermat dan #ang

terpenting *agi 3iana adalah lokasi atau konteksn#a.

data 2+6

;!P in the S"9 a carefully managed event

Pre-od.1 Pre-od.2 ead

;!P in the T"9 peristiwa yang dikelola dengan cermat



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4

SL> TL>

!P &P

!P PP &d#

&dv !P EP P

a E N 3; E cer-at

carefuy NP 3P denan

-anaed () N yan di/eoa

7,"!)"8#

The e7a-pe above shows that those phrases are co-pe7 noun phrases.

8nish co-pe7 noun phrase in the source anuae has the construction of

deter-iner a as the artice6, pre-odifiers carefull# as an adverb and managed as

a verb that is -odifyin the noun eent 6, and head eent as a noun6. %eanwhie,

its 'ndonesian transation is peristi+a #ang dikelola dengan cermat which can be

cateoriBed into a noun peristi+a6, a reative cause #ang dikelola6, and a

prepositiona phrase dengan cermat 6. 'n this e7a-pe, eve shift occurs in the

reative cause in both anuaes.

$ased on the e7panation above, there is a shift occurin in the transation, and

it can be identified fro- the occurrence of reative cause in both anuaes.

3eative cause in the source anuae is -anaed. &ccordin to uir/ and

>renbaun 1(*59 104*6, reative causes eneray function as restrictive or non@

restrictive -odifiers of noun phrases and are therefore functionay parae to

attributive ad#ectives. %eanwhie, in 'ndonesian ra--ar, the cause is preceded

by #ang and is caed a reative cause. 0ang in/s the reative cause to the


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4)

precedin noun, the head noun of the phr in 8nish &wi, 200+924)6.

ere, the reative pronoun is o-itted and it is possibe. 't that shoud b

+as managed A. 't consists of that 6, au7iiarythe +asreative6andthe pro

verb managed 6. Eiewed fro- the verb in the reative cause, it can be identified

that the tense used is si-pe past tense in passive voice which the au7iiary is +as

and then it is foowed by the verb in the past participe. 'n 8nish ra--ar, it is

so-eti-es possibe to o-it the reative pronoun when it is the ob#ect. 'n the

sentence above, the reative pronoun is the ob#ect. The -ost obvious feature of this

type of reduced cause is that the reative pronoun is eft out and the verb foowin

the noun aways ends in past participe repacin passive verbs. Therefore, it is

transated into #ang dikelola in 'ndonesian.

&ccordin to the theory of transation proposed by ;atford, the type of shift

occurin in the transation is na-ey eve shift which is a chane in ra--atica

unitmanaged IA in the source anuae #angdikelolaAintoth7icatar anuae.

412 C#)-*, Sh"$)!

&ccordin to ;atford 1(59 )56, cateory shifts refer to unbounded and ran/@

bounded transation. The first bein appro7i-atey nor-a or free transation in

which source anuae and taret anuae eCuivaents are up at whatever ran/ is

appropriate. 't is cear that cateory shift is unbound, which -iht be nor-a of


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4*

free transation, dependin on what ran/ is appropriate. 't incudes structure shift,

cass shift, unit shift, and intra@syste- shift.

4121 S),%)%, Sh"$)!

These are a-onst the -ost freCuent cateory shifts at a ran/s in transationD

they occur in phonooica and raphooica transation as we as in tota

transation. Structure shift is the chane of ra--atica position of source anuae

in its transation in taret anuae. The foowin 8nish@'ndonesian instance is

an e7a-pe of structure shift found in the biinua boo/s entited

Oprah.

Q 4@5 R

S"9 ITheythebest werelocalnews team in &-erica,A said


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4(

SL> TL>

!P !P

!P !P &d#

&d# !P !P !

the ! !P N ! terbai/

best ! N o/a

oca )"' berita

news )#'

;o-pe7 noun phrase consists of deter-iner, pre-odifier, head, and post

-odifier as can be seen in the source anuae that co-pe7 noun phrase has the

constitution of deter-iner a as the artice6, pre-odifier *est local ne+s as a noun

phrase6, and head team as a noun6. This phrase is transated into 'ndonesian, tim

*erita lokal ter*aik , which can be cateoriBed into a noun phrase tim *erita lokal 6,

and an ad#ective (ter*aik 6. $ased on the e7panation above, it is /nown that there

is an occurrence of transation shift in this e7a-pe in which the ra--atica

structure in the source anuae is chaned in the taret anuae.

't can be drawn usin the thenu-bers,16,*est th

26, local +6, ne+s 46, and team 56, -eanwhie in the taret anuae, it can be

drawn i/e tim ( 56, *erita 46, lokal +6, and ter*aik 46. This structure can be seen

fro- the e7a-pe described usin the arrows. The positions of words between the

source anuae and the taret anuae are not the sa-e. 'n the source anuae,

the word (team) is paced at the bac/ whereas the transation of tea- in 'ndonesian

tim6 is paced in front of the -odifier. Tea- ti-6 is the head of the co-pe7 noun


66/125

50

phrase in the e7a-pe. $ased on theory of transation proposed by ;atford 1(56,

the type of transation shifts in the e7a-pe is na-ey structure shift that is the

chane of the position of word structure in both anuaes without chanin the

-eanin of the -essae of the source anuae.

Q 4@ R

S"9 avin created %ornin 87chane di ;eveand, Ohio, the highest-rated local morning program in the country and the te-pate for

&$;?s >ood %ornin &-erica, $a/er?s in $ati-ore.

T"9 'etelah menciptakan orning


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51

SL> TL>

!P &P

!P &P &d#

&d# !P 3; &dv

the E !P !P E tini

hihest ! !P !P ! pain

rated ! N N ! berperin/at

oca 0o/a0

-ornin 7,*-,#' 7,*-,#' pai

'n the e7a-pe above, the 8nish co-pe7thehighest noun-rated phras

local morning programA is transated into the 'ndon

I program pagi lokal *erperingkat paling tinggiA, thus, there is a s the process of transation,

na-ey, structure shifts. 't is the ra--atica chane

between the structure of the source anuae and that of the taret anuae.

This transation has the sa-e techniCue as the previous e7a-pe. 8nish

co-pe7 noun phrase can be cassified usin nu-bers, na-ey, the 16, highest-

rated 26, local +6, morning 46, and program 56. The positions of these nu-bers

in the taret anuae are chaned, such as program 56, pagi 46, lokal +6,

*erperingkat paling tinggi 26. The chane of the position structures in both

anuaes can be seen fro- the e7a-pe drawn usin the arrows. &ccordin to the

transation theory of transation proposed by ;atford, the type shifts of this

e7a-pe is structure shift that chanes ra--aticay between the structure of the

source anuae and the taret anuae.


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52

Q 4@) R

S"9 Her grandmother"s hadsmall onaobeenwoodenchopped shac down for firewood, andthe outhouse had disappeared into decades of underbrush.

T"9 #ubuk kayu kecil neneknya sudah lama diro*ohkan dan dijadikanka#u *akar dan outhousen#a telah diku*ur di*a+ah semak *elukar

selama *erpuluh-puluh tahun.data 126

;!P in the S"9 Her grandmothesmallwoodenr"s shack

Pre-od.1 Pre-od.2 ,ead

;!P in the T"9 #ubuk kayu

keci

l neneknya

ead Post -od.1 Post -od.2 Post -od.+

SL> TL> !P !P

!P &P !

! !P !P &d#

her &d# !P N &d# nene/nya

rand-other?s&d#N /eci

s-a00 -%+% /ayu

wooden !h#

't is showed that structure shift which is a chane in position of words in the

transation without chanin the word cass and the -eanin of the -essae of the

source anuae occurs in the e7a-pe above. 8nish co-pe7 noun phrase has

the constituents of deter-iner her grandmother2sasenitivefunction i/e a


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5+

possessive deter-iner her6 and a enit

small +ooden as an ad#ective phrase6, and head shack as a noun6. 't is transated

into 'ndonesian a co-pe7 noun phrase, gu*uk ka#u kecil nenekn#a that can be

cateoriBed as a noun gu*uk 6, ad#ectives ka#u and kecil 6, and a noun nenekn#a6.

$y oo/in at the cateoriBation of those phrases, it can be seen that the positions of he

words in both anuaes chane. 't can be e7pained by usin the nu-bersD therefore, the

source anuae is 16 her grandmother2s,26 small,+6 +ooden, and 46 shack , -eanwhie, its

'ndonesian transation is 46 gu*uk, +6 ka#u, 26 kecil , 16 nenekn#a. $ased on the

e7panation above, it is /nown that structure shift occurs in the transation in which the

positions of the words between both anuaes are not the sa-e.

Q 4@* R

S"9 I' thin/ the first weweretraditional toputheron women" the cover, and we had her on-any ti-es. eey, 20109 2046

T"9 “enurut sa#a,ma$alahkamiwanita tradisional adalah pertama yan-enaruh fotonya disa-pu depan dan kami sering melakukann#a.data 146

;!P in the S"9 the first traditional women"smaga%ine

1 2 Pre-od.2 Pre-od.+ ead

;!P in the T"9 ma$alah wanita tradisional pertama



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SL> TL>

!P &P

!P !P &d#

&d# !P ! P &d#

the &d# !P N ! perta-a

first ! N tradisiona

traditiona '#?#h wanita

wo-en?s'#-#="(

The structure shift can be seen in this transation in which there is the chane

of ra--atica structure in the taret anuae without chanin the -eanin of

-essae of the source anuae. The co-pe7 noun phrase in the source anuae

is constituted by a deter-iner a as the artice6, a pre-odifier first traditional

+omen2sasanoun phrase6, and a head maga=ine as a noun6. %eanwhie, the

co-pe7 noun phrase in the taret anuae consists of nouns majalah and

+anita6, ad#ectives tradisional and pertama6. The position of words in the source

anuae and the taret anuae is not the sa-e. 'n spite of different position, the

-eanin of the -essae in the source anuae does not chane in the taret

anuae.

Q 4@( R

S"9 'n the hope of eneratin -ore bo-bs sweeps, Oprah boo/ed her first celebrityinterview with the woman.

T"9 %erharap akan memicu peringkat tinggi lagi di minggu peringkat *ulan e*ruari >?@@, Oprah melakukan wawancara selebritinya yang

pertama dengan wanita.

data 156


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55

;!P in the S"9 her first celebrity interview with the woman

1 2 Pre-od. ead Post -od.

;!P in the T"9 wawancara selebritinya yang pertama dengan wanita


SL> TL>

!P !P

!P PP !

&d# !P &P P

her ! !P 3; &d# wanita

first N PP !P 3P denan

ceebrity P !P N ! perta-a

"(),"8 ! yan

with 8#8#(#,# seebritinya

the wo-an

$y oo/in at the e7a-pe above, it can be seen that a shift occurs in the

process of transation. &ccordin to the theory of transation proposed by ;atford,

it is caed a structure shift in which the positions of words in both anuaes are

not the sa-e. The co-pe7 noun phrase in the source anuae has the constituents

of a deter-iner her as a possessive deter-iner6, pre-odifier first cele*rit# as a

noun phrase6, head interie+ as a noun6, and post -odifier +ith the +oman as a

prepositiona phrase6. %eanwhie, the co-pe7 noun phrase in the taret anuae


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consists of a noun phrase +a+ancara sele*ritin#a6, a reative cause #ang

pertama6, and a prepositiona phrase dengan +anita6. 't is caed a structure shift

since the positions of the head and -odifier in the source anuae and the taret

anuae chane in which the head of the co-pe7 noun phrase in the source

anuae is at the bac/, whereas the head of the co-pe7 noun phrase in the taret

anuae is in front of -odifier.

Q 4@10 R

S"9 She brouht the same high moral fervor to the making of &eloved. T"9 Oprah mem*a+a semangat moral tinggi yang sama ke dalam

pembuatan &eloved.

data 216

;!P in the S"9 the same high moral fervor to the making..

Pre-od.1 Pre-od.2 Pre-od.+ ,ead Post -od.

;!P in the T"9 semangat moraltinggi yang sama ke dalam ..

ead Post -od.1 Post -od.2 Post -od.+ Post -od.4


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SL> TL>

!P !P

!P &P PP

&d# !P 3; &d#

the &d# !P !P 3P /e daa-...

sa-e ! !P !P &d# sa-a

hih N P N ! yan

-ora tini

$,*, !'#(-#) -ora

to the -a/in of $eoved

'n the e7a-pe above, it is showed that structure shift occurs in this

transation. The 8nish co-pe7 noun phrase has the constituents of a deter-iner

a6, pre-odifier same high moral as an ad#ective phrase6, head feror as a noun6,

and

Unud-1331-1981983232-Ni Kt Riska Dewi Prawita (Tesis)

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