SPSSChapter3

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3: Graphing Data

Objectives

♦ Create histograms, box plots, stem-and-leaf plots, pie charts, bar graphs,

scatterplots, and line graphs

♦ Edit graphs using the Chart Editor

♦ Use chart templates

Frequency Distributions

Frequenc distributions plot the number of occurrences or counts for each !alue

of a !ariable" #et$s start b loo%ing at the frequenc of social problems from the data in&ppendix D" 'our !ariable and !alue labels ma be slightl different than mine

depending on ho( ou completed Exercise )"3, (hich ma ma%e our chart labelsdifferent from those displaed in this chapter"

Open appendixd.sav.

Under Graphs, select Bar.

*+** has the capabilit to create man

tpes of charts as can be seen b clic%ing on

the Graphs menu bar" Graphs can also becreated b using options a!ailable in some

dialog boxes for analses" For example,histograms can be created from the Graphsmenu or from Analyze/ Descriptive

Statistics/Frequencies" n this chapter, (e (ill

focus on the Graphs menu" &dditional options(ill be discussed throughout the boo%" ne

thing to focus on throughout this chapter is the

!arious options for editing graphs"

.e$ll begin (ith frequenc

distributions" Follo( the steps as our read

along"


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&t the next dialog box, select Simple and Summaries for groups of cases" /hen clic%

Define"

/o edit the graph, double clic% on it and the Chart Editor !ie( (ill open" /he Chart

Editor has se!eral 0enu bars and cons" /a%e a moment to re!ie( them b clic%ing on

the menus and reading the commands that appear and putting our cursor o!er theicons and reading the descriptions that appear to the bottom left hand corner"

0 chart displaed the !alue labels 12no social problems, and 2es, social problems4

rather than the numbers 5 and 6 because (e specified this earlier using Edit7ptions" /oedit !irtuall anthing on a chart, ou can double clic% it and rele!ant dialog boxes (ill

appear" #et$s tr it"

Double clic% the labels under the bars, and a dialog box (ill appear"

n the next dialog box, select the social

problems !ariable, and put it into

Category Ais b using the arro("0a%e sure ! of cases 1meaning number

of cases4 is selected for Bars "epresent,

then clic% O# " /he graph (ill appear inthe utput 8ie(er (indo("

/o edit the title, clic% in the Ais $itle box and begin tping"

li%e m labels to be capitali9ed, so $ll change it to 2*ocial+roblems in th Grade" li%e titles to be centered, so don$t

change the title ;ustification, but clic% on the arro( and loo%

at the other options" /hen, clic% %a&els to change the bar orcategor labels" &nother dialog box (ill appear"


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$d also li%e to change the ' axis to read Frequenc rather than Count and to change

the scale" /o do this, double clic% on 2Count to acti!ate the dialog box"

/o label the actual frequenc !alue inside the bars, clic% on the Bar %a&els Style conand select the stle ou li%e" Clic% O' "

/o change the color of the bars, single clic% the mouse (hen the cursor is o!er one of

the bars, then clic% the Color con"

/o change the font of axis and categor labels, clic% them once to select them, then use

the /ext icon to select different font stles and si9es as desired"

0 final frequenc distribution loo%s li%e this"


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*ocial +roblems in :th Grade

'es


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Grade point a!erage in :th grade

>"55

3"?@

3"@5

3")@

3"55

)"?@

)"@5

)")@

)"55

6"?@

6"@5

6")@

6"55

"?@

F r e q u e n c

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

*td" De! A "BC

0ean A )">C

< A BB"55

/o add a title to our chart, clic% $itle under the Chart )enu"

e!ie( our final histogram" Continue to edit it to fit our stle 1e"g", change thecolor, font, axes labels, etc4"

Stem-and-Leaf Plot

&s noted in the text, a stem-and-leaf plot is another tpe of histogram" /his

(ould be another appropriate (a to displa the G+& data" /o create a stem and leaf

plot, (e (ill not use the Graphs menu" ather, the stem-and-leaf plot is an option in the&nal9e menu" #et$s tr one together"

*elect Analyze/Descriptive Statistics/*plore"

*+** includes descripti!es as a default"f ou don$t (ant them on our

histogram, double clic% in that area,

unselect Display %egen+ in the dialog

box that appears and clic% O# "

/pe in the title of our choice" $itle and $itle0 reall mean line 6 and ) of the title" select our

$itle (ustification, and clic% O# "


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Grade point average in 9th grade Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

4.00 0 . !

9.00 " . 00000#$$$

"0.00 " . %%%!!!!!

"4.00 # . 000000######$4

#0.00 # . %%%%%%!!!!!!!!!!

".00 $ . 0000000000000###$4

"".00 $ . %%%%%%!!!!! #.00 4 . 00

Stem 'idth( ".00

)ach leaf( " ca*e+*,


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88N =

Grade point a!erage

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0


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Bar Graphs

&nother (a to !isuall compare the data from different groups is a bar chart"

#et$s create one from the same example as abo!e so (e can compare them"

*elect Bar under Graphs"

dropped out of high school

dropped out of highdid not drop out

0 e a n G r a d e p o i n t a ! e r a g e i n : t h g r a d e

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.9


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designs, (hich are discussed in Chapter 6?" /his time, (e$ll graph the mean grade point

a!erage based on both gender and (hether or not the student ultimatel dropped out"

*elect Bar from the Graphs menu"

*elect Clustere+ and Summaries for groups of cases3 then clic% Define.

Double clic% on the graph to acti!ate the Chart Editor" .hen there are multiple

independent !ariables, ou ha!e to decide (hich one should be displaed on the x axis

and (hich one should be used as the categories" Fortunatel, ou can shift them bac%and forth and decide (hich !ie( is better" /o do so, clic% $ranspose Data in the

Series menu as illustrated belo("

/a%e a moment to !ie( the ne( laout illustrated on the follo(ing page" +ersonall, preferred the first graph (ith drop out status on the = axis" *o, clic%

Series/$ranspose again to return it to the first laout"

*elect Bars "epresent Othersummary function, and select

G+&" 0ean (ill be the defaultsummar" *elect dropped out of

high school for the Category Aisand gender for the Cluster"*elect $itles from this dialog box

and tpe 2G+& b Gender and

Dropout *tatus" /hen clic% O# "


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GPA by Gender and Drop Out Statu

!e"a#e $ean Grade po"a#e $ean Grade po%n

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.6

dropped out o! &%'&

d%d not drop out

dropped out o! &%'&


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Line Graphs

#ine graphs can be used also to displa mean differences" #ine graphs are mostcommonl used to displa mean differences o!er time or conditions" /he can also beused to displa mean differences bet(een groups" #et$s ma%e a simple line graph (ith

one independent !ariable"

*elect #ine from the Graphs menu"

/hen select Simple and Summaries for groups of cases" Clic% Define"

Double clic% on the graph to acti!ate the Chart Editor" /hen clic% on the %ine Style

icon" Change the stle and (eight of the line to suit our stle and clic% Apply" 0

line graph follo(s"

dropped out of high school

dropped out of highdid not drop out

0 e

a n G r a d e p o i n t a ! e r a g e i n : t h g r a d e

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.9

*elect Other summary function under

%ine "epresents, then select G+& as the

-aria&le" 0ean is the default option"*elect dropped out of school for the

Category Ais" /hen, clic% O# "

Edit our graph 1e"g", add a title,

change the labels and scale, etc4 as

illustrated pre!iousl"


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&s (ith the bar graph, a line graph can also be used to displa interacti!e effects"

#et$s create the same graph (e did abo!e illustrating mean G+& based on both gender

and drop out status"

*elect %ine from the Graphs menu"

*elect )ultiple and Summaries for groups of cases and clic% Define"

Double clic% the graph to acti!ate the Chart Editor" &s before, ou can $ranspose the

+ata through the Series menu if ou (ant, but li%e the present laout"


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GPA by Drop Out Statu and Gender

(%'& S)&oo# Drop Out Statu

Dropped outD%d not drop out

$ e a n G P A % n

9 t & G r a d e

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.6

Gender

$a#e

*e"a#e

Scatterplots

*catterplots are tpicall used to !isuali9e relationships bet(een continuous!ariables" n &ppendix D, it ma%es sense to expect a positi!e association bet(een I andG+&" #et$s create this scatterplot together"

*elect Scatter under Graphs"

*elect Simple and clic% Define"

/picall, the dependent !ariable is placedon the ' axis and the independent on the =

axis" &lthough (e cannot pro!e causalit

in this instance, theoreticall it ma%es moresense that I contributes to G+& rather thanthe re!erse" *o, select grade point a!erage

for the 4 Ais and I score for the 5 Ais,

then clic% O# " /he scatterplot (ill appear"


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,I score

140130120110100908070

G r a d e p o i n t a ! e r a g e

i n : t h g r a d e

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

ased on the graph, it appears that G+& and I are positi!el correlated" f

course, (e (ould calculate the correlation coefficient to confirm this statisticall"

Pie Charts

&lthough not discussed in the text 1because the are lo(l, useless, misleading,

and despicable things4, pie charts can be an sill (a to describe categorical or nominal!ariables b displaing the frequenc or percent of cases that fit each categor" +ie

Charts are attracti!e because the are easil understood b most people" #et$s tr one to

illustrate the gender composition of the sample in &ppendix D" 1+lease, God, don$t let her

tr to sho( them ho( to ma%e 3-dimensional onesJJ4

*elect 1ie in the Graphs menu"

*elect Summaries for groups of cases, then clic% Define"

/he pie chart (ill appear" Double clic% it to acti!ate the Chart Editor"

Edit the graph to suit our stle

1e"g", change the font, colors, labels

etc4"

For Slices "epresent select 6 of cases"For Define Slices &y, select gender"

/hen clic% O# "


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First, let$s add labels that sho( the percent of males and females" /o do this, select

Chart/Options"

Edit the colors of the pie slices" /o do this, single clic% on the male area of the pie, then

clic% the Fill 1attern icon" *elect the pattern of our choice and clic% Apply" Follo(

the same steps for the female portion of the pie"

37.5+

62.5+

female

male

Chart Templates

f ou do a lot of graphing and de!elop a stle ou particularl li%e, ou can sa!eit as a template for future graphs" /his can sa!e a lot of time editing"

.hen ou ha!e created a graph ou reall li%e, in Chart Editor select File/Save chart

template and sa!e the file (ith a name that ma%es sense to ou 1e"g", interaction bar

graph, simple bar graph, etc4" /he file extension for chart templates is "sct"

Under labels, %eep $et selected if ou (ant it to sa0ale and Female" Clic% *+it tet if ou (ant to

change the labels" *elect 1ercents, then clic%

Format" /hen !ie( the !arious positions and selectthe one of our choice" (ill select Outsi+e" /hen

clic% Continue and O# "

&dd a title to our chart using

Chart/Options/$itle asabo!e"

/he next time ou are creating a similar

graph, select 7se chart specificationfrom3 then clic% File in the Define dialog box. *elect the appropriate template3 clic#

Open3 continue defining our graph and

clic% O#.


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*it *+**" /here is no need to sa!e the Data file since (e ha!e not changed it" t isup to ou to decide if ou (ould li%e to sa!e the output file for future reference" f

ou sa!e it, ma%e sure ou gi!e it a name that ma%es senseJ

&s ou can see, *+** is capable of creating man different chart tpes, and each

tpe has man options" n addition, charts can be created from the Graphs menu and

from the &nal9e menu" Further, charts can be edited tremendousl after the are createdusing the Chart Editor" encourage ou to complete the follo(ing exercises and tr out

se!eral different options along the (a-e!en those that (ere not co!ered in this chapter"

/his (ill increase our comfort (ith *+** and clarif our o(n graphing preferences"

Exercises

Each of the follo(ing exercises is based on the data in appendixd.sav"

6" Create a histogram for &DD*C"

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