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Morphology Chapter 1: What is morphology?

morphology study of word formation, including the ays new words are coinedin the languages of the world, and the way forms of words arevaried depending on how they're used in sentences

morpheme smallest unit of a language that has its own meaning

word one or more morphemes that can stand alone in a language a. simple(x) words words that consist of only one morpheme b. complex words

words that consist of more than one morpheme

word tokens every instance in which a word occurs in a sentence, regardlessof whether that word has occurred before or not

word types counting a word once, no matter how many times it occurs in asentence

lexemes families of words that differ only in their grammatical endings orforms (e.g. singular/plural, present/past/participle)

mental lexicon internalized dictionary that contains an enormous number ofwords that we can produce, or at least we can understand whenwe hear them

lexeme formation forming new lexemes from old ones a. can change category V > N amuse > amusement V > A impress > impressive

N > A monster > monstrous b. canadd substantial new meaning

A > A negative A happy > unhappy N > N place where N lives orphan > orphanage V > V repeat action wash > rewash

c. both change categoryand add substantial new meaning V > A able to be V'ed wash > washableN > V remove N from louse > delouse

National cultural differences: in-group or out-group (Henri Tajfel, 1982)

1. in-group positively at the centre

out-group negatively on the outside

ethnocentrism view of things in which one's own group is the center ofeverything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it

National cultural differences: positive and negative stereotyping (Scollon, Scollon and Jones, 2012)

1. negative stereotyping binaristic contrast is a negative group difference

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positive stereotyping a. solidarity fallacyfalsely combining one's own group with some other group in orderto establish common ground on one single dimension b. lumping fallacyperson makes a false grouping reference to two other groups

communication a sharing of elements of behaviour or modes of life (Cherry, 1996)

cross-cultural communication one language/cultural group compared to another

intercultural communication communication between one language/cultural group and another

truncated repertoire highly specific 'bits' of language and literacy values combined in arepertoire that reflects the fragmented and highly diverse life-

trajectories and environments of such people (Blommaert, 2010)

linguistic sign physical form (pronunciation and meaning) and 'thediscrimination' it makes in the domain of language which sustainsthe coordinator of behavior (Foley, 1997)

a. icon form in which there is a perceptible likeness between the formand the meaning

b.index

form that only derives its meaning from the context it is uttered

c. symbolentirely conventional, not linked to context nore does it bear iconicrelationship to its referent

code-switching alternating between languages within a single conversation

stylistic variation vary language from moment to moment in order to response to orre-create the context at hand

context frame around a focal event that provides the hearer with theresources for interpreting that event

contextual felicity ?

contextual update ?