Contralínea 460

7/23/2019 Contralnea 460

1/68

G__J 55; 545

b 3= J`krb =51 $?1

45 mk botudrk ci 3 mk jbvgk`drk mk 413;


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3/68


4/68

= 37 mk botudrk mk 413;

OBJ]KJGMB

44QBT

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`kmgc cjuci mk =.3 pbr ogkjtb kj ki pkrgbmb,objskoukjogc mk ic gskrgc scicrgci c ic quk sk fcobjmkjcmb c ic `cybrc mk ic pbdicogj

_CICTGB @JG@B,GL[CI CI MK 37;?

BQGJGJ

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OB@QIGOGMCMK_ OBJ]TC IB_ @CK_]TB_ ivcrb Okpkmc Jkrg

CLKJMC MK IC OBTT[QOGJ IC _GIKJOGB_C

QTGUC]G^COGJ MK J[K_]TB_ MKTKOFB_ Jcjoy Eibrks

^BJC OKTB OG_KJ, QTK_[Q[K_]B GJ]BOCDIK QK_K C

ETCOC_B_ ^sg`b Oc`cofb

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KOBJ@GOB, KI BTGLKJ MK IC OTG_G_ MK MKTKOFB_ F[@CJB

KJ @VGOB Ekrjcjmb Tbs @crtjkz

@[KT]K W MTBLC_ KJ OBIG@CNbrlk @kijmkz

OCIMKTJ W _[ FKTKJOGC MK GIKLCIGMCM, MK_K@QIKB WOBTT[QOGJ @crtj Kspcrzc Eibrks

KI CL[C W KI _CJKC@GKJ]B JB Q[KMKJ K_QKTCT C 41?1

Lkktc Luptc/GQ_

KI K_]CMB G_I@GOB W B]TC_ GJUKJOGBJK_ MK BOOGMKJ]K

Vcvgkr Ocb ]c`cyb/OO_

5

6

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36

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OBBTMGJCMBTK_

GJEBT@COGJ ^sg`b Oc`cofbzbsg`bAobjtrc igjkc .ob`.`x

KMGOGJJcjoy EibrksjcjoyAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`xOBJ]TCIJKC]Urghc Tc`rkzksbk`gAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`x\KDLbjzcib @bjtkrrbscgjebAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`xKOBJB@C@crobs Ofvkz`crobsAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`xCT]K Okogigc @crtjkzokogigcAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`xMG_KB@gluki @gjkrb`g`glcAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`xQ[DIGOGMCMNcjkt t Cidcncjkt tAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`xQTBM[OOGJIugs HucjprbmuoogbjAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`x

TKQBT]KTB_

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MKEKJ_BT MKI QKTGBMG_]Civcrb Okpkmc JkrgokpkmcjkrgAprbmgly.jkt.`xMKEKJ_BT MKI IKO]BT

Nbrlk @kikjmkz Qrkogcmbnc`kikjmkzAprbmgly.jkt.`xKMG]BTGCIG_]C_

Ecdgb DcrdbscecdgbdcrdbscocjbAl`cgi.ob`

@gluki Objofc @cibkmuocogbjAmkrkofbsfu`cjbs.brl.`x@crtj Kspcrzclcrrcsikb5Aycfbb. ob`.`xKmlcr Lbjzikz TugzkmlcrlrAprbmgly.jkt.`xTbdkrtb LcigjmblcikbjmkisurAfbt`cg i.ob`_c`uki Icrc Ugiicsc`ukiicrcvgiicAl`cgi.ob`Qcdib @botkzu`c Dcrrcljpcdib`botkzu`cAfbt`cgi.ob`Crgki JbybicjbybicrcAl`cgi.ob`Cmrgj Tc`rkzprksgmkjogc.ig`kmmfAl`cgi.ob`

C_G_]KJ]K \KDCr`cjmb ObvcrrudgcsOBTTKO]BTBotcvgb _cics

GI[_]TCMBTK_

@gluki Lcigjmb`glcigjmbpAl`cgi.ob`Mcvgm @cjrgquk`cjrgqukAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`x

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Cv. Tb Ofurudusob ;71, obibjgc Mki Ocr`kj,mkiklcogj Obybcoj, OQ 1=311, @xgob, ME

= 45 mk botudrk mk 413;


5/68

www.objtrcigjkc.ob`.`x

OBJ]KJGMB

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GJUK_]GLCOGJ

OC@QB QLT, _clcrpc y @bjscjtb igtglcj c ecvbr mk sbyc trcjsljgoc

Kivc @kjmbzc

IJKC LIBDCI Mgsputc eukrc mk ic iky pbr cr tkrrgtbrgci kj Csgc Cxki Qicsc

IJKC LIBDCI Ki kjscnk mk Tusgc mksmk ki @cr OcspgbNbrlk Qktgjcum

@crtjkz/Qrkjsc Ictgjc

IJKC LIBDCI Kstcmbs [jgmbs> cr`cs eukrc mk objtrbi Iugs Drgzukic/Qrkjsc

Ictgjc

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51

OBJ]TCIJKC. QKTGBMG_@B MK GJUK_]GLCOGJ -cb 3=, j`krb=51, mki 45 mk botudrk ci 3 ci mk jbvgk`drk mk 413;- ks ujc pudigoc-ogj sk`cjci kmgtcmc pbr Kmgtbrgci Igdkrtcm y K xprksgj, _C mk OU8Cvkjgmc Tb Ofurudusob ;71, obibjgc Mki Ocr`kj, mkiklcogj Ob-ybcoj, OQ 1=311, @xgob, ME8 tkiebjbs> ;; ;= 73 7? y ;; ;= 73 7=8www.objtrcigjkc.ob`.`x, gjebAobjtrcigjkc.ob`.`x. Kmgtbr rkspbjsc-dik> Clustj @gluki Dcmgiib Oruz. J`krb mk rkskrvc ci ttuib mk mk-rkofb mk cutbr > 1=-4113-341535=61= 11-314. J`krb m k okrtgeoc -mb mk igogtum mk ttuib> 3445=, y mk objtkjgmb> 6736. G__J> 355;-3545.Kstk j`krb sk tkr`gj mk g`prg`gr ki 4? mk bo tudrk mk 413;. Mgs-

trgdu gmc pbr ic [jgj mk Ubokcmbr ks mk @ xgob, mkspcofb mk Lib -rgc _cjtgiij, Gljcogb @crgsoci ==, obi. ]cdcocikrc, OQ 151?1, @xgob,ME, tkiebjb ;; 74 16 73.

OBJ]TCIJKCrkobjbok ki mkdkr mk vkrcogmcm y ic oiusuic mk obj-ogkjogc mk rkpbrtkrbs y crtgouigstcs. Ibs tkxtbs sbj rkspbjscdgigmcm mksus cutbrks. Ics bpgjgbjks kxprkscmcs pbr ibs cutbrks jb jkoksc-rgc`kjtk rkkncj ic pbsturc mki kmgtbr mk ic pudigocogj. Sukmc tbtci-`kjtk prbfgdgmc ic rkprbmuoogj tbtci b pcrogci mk ibs objtkjgmbs bg`lkjks mk ic pudigocogj sgj prkvgc cutbrgzcogj mk Kmgtbrgci Igdkr-

tcm y Kxprksgj, _C mk OU.

Ogrouicogj okrtgeocmc pbr Tb`cy

Fkr`gmc y Oc, _O, ebigb> 11131-TFW

CJIG_G_

QBT]CMC @gskrgc scicrgci objtgkjk ic gjcogj @crobs Ofvkz

GJ]KTJCOGBJCI Ictgjbc`rgoc> ki cluc tbmcvc jb ks pcrc tbmbs

Ogrc Tbmrlukz Oscr/Qrkjsc Ictgjc

44

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KV IGDTG_ Ic iuofc mk oicsks ivcrb Okpkmc Jkrg

QC_B C MK_JGUKI Kxglkjtk @gluki Lcigjmb

5;

55

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?= =1

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6/68

OBJ]TCQBMKT

5 45 mk botudrk mk 413;

BQGJGJ

_

g ki prksgmkjogcigs`b pkgstc sk mkspkc, cigjtkrgbr mk ib quk euk uj lrupb ob`pco-tb mk Cticobùiob c ]biuoc yc k`pkzcrbj

ics trcgogbjks. @gluki jlki Bsbrgb Ofbjl yceuk obbptcmb pbr ic jukvc kstrkiicquk `s pc-rkok picjktc Curkigb Jub @cykr. W ob`b kski ecvbrgtb mk Kjrgquk Qkc Jgktb pcrc cpbstcrpbr ic ocjmgmcturc, jb mki Qcrtgmb Tkvbiuogbjc-rgb Gjstgtuogbjci (QTG), sgjb gjmkpkjmgkjtk!, fcmkncmb kj ki oc`gjb mk ics trcgogbjksc su cjtglubprbtkotbr K`gigb Ofucykt (qugkj euk `ckstrb

mk Qkc oucjmb, kj sksgbjks pcrtgouicrks, ib prk-pcrcdc kj mkrkofb objstgtuogbjci pcrc pcscrig`pgb kj ic [jgvkrsg-

mcm Qcjc`krgocjc mkiBpus Mkg y lrcmucrskkj ic igokjogcturc kjmkrkofb).

Obj su `kikjc, suvbokogtc y sus vgsgtcs cics ksoukics pdigocs,ki jukvb y jbvctb tgtuicr mk ic _korktcrc mkKmuocogj Qdigoc (_KQ), quk sgk`prk kstuvb kjobiklgbs prgvcmbs cjtgicgobs, yc prksu`k kj suorouib mk quk Iugs Ugmklcrcy fc mkncmb mk skrki suoksbr mk cqu ki oc`dgb mk ofcquktcmk BsbrgbOfbjl, y i fc sgmb mksgljcmb ki ocdciib jklrbmk... Ociluic pcrc 4136, pbr ic igdrk, sg ks quk kiQTG yc tgkjk prkocjmgmctb y ocjmgmctb.

Citb pkrb jb lrcjmk, cutbrgtcrgc`kjtk Jub@cykr qugkrk g`picjtcr ic yc erustrcmc objtrcrrk-

ebr`c kmuoctgvc, mgskcmc pbr @kxgocjbs Qrg-`krb, mk ibs gmkiblbs OicumgbsV Lbjzikz quk,

obj ki rkstb mk ibs 33 cnustks kstruoturciks mk ibs@urct y ibs Ofuofbs, y ic kjkrltgoc quk vc mkrbjmc kj rbjmcy mk ercocsb kj ercocsb, mk`bstrc-rbj quk sgj ic pcrtgogpcogj jg ki objskjtg`gkjtbmki pukdib c trcvs mk ics objsuitcs pbpuicrks(pbpuigstcs2) gjmgtcs yc jb pukmk ki cutbrgtcrgs-`b pkgstc `bvkr c @xgob.

_cigmb Jub mk su vgokprksgmkjogc y mk ic su-oursci mk Ibs Qgjbsmkjtrb mk Ibs Qgjbs ic `cj-sgj-bogjc quk sk `cjm objstrugr pcrc csgs-

tgr mk okroc c Qkc, iblr quk ib ùmcrcj cic _KQ (ib mk Qdigoc yc sbdrc pbr kstcr kj vcsmk prgvctgzcogj ic kmuocogj mki pcs), orkykj-

mb quk, pbr s`bsgs,

ci skjtcrsk, jb yc kj icsgiic, sgjb kj ki ksorgtb-rgb quk us Nbs Ucs-objokibs, ob`b stkpukmk icjzcrsk mk iik-jb c ic sgiic k`druncmcmk Qcicogb Jcogbjci.

_ib quk Qkc jb ks ivcrb Bdrklj, obj tbmby quk su tksgs kj ic eujmc`kjtcigstc Qcjc`krgoc-jc vkrs sbdrk ki prksgmkjogcigs`b mk Bdrklj(y rkscdgbs pbrrgstcs), y pbr ksb Jub, `bzb mk

obrmkimki `kxgqukjsk, ib trck obj ki `koctk obrtbyjb mcr uj pcsb mk `s, cujquk ik fcyc cutbrgzc-mb quk sk ùkvc ob`b sg eukrc kj pcicdrcs mkMcjgki Obsb Ugiiklcs uj suspgrcjtk. Obj kstccurkbic cjmc Jub mgogkjmb quk, mk ibs cnustkskstruoturciks, ki kmuoctgvb ks ki prgjogpci pcrcQkc, qugkj cjmc fuykjmb fcogc cmkicjtk b fc-ogc ctrs mk ibs itg`bs ? cbs mk su skxkjgb eciig-

C[TKIGB J[B

CIGCJ^C_ W OB@QIGOGMCMK_

OBJ]TC IB_ @CK_]TB_

IUCTB OKQKMC JKTG,QKTGBMG_]C

Jub @cykr dusoc knkoutcr ibsmkspgmbs mk ibs `ckstrbs pcrc gr sus-tgtuykjmb ic kmuocogj pdigoc y icgocpbr ujc pcrtgouicr y octigoc


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OBJ]TCQBMKT BQGJGJ

mb mk prgjogpgb c j.

]ci vkz Qkc tgkjk quk grsk cjtks mk objoiugrpcrc ib quk euk trc`pbsc`kjtk kikotb, obj iccyumc mk _brgcjc, @bjkx, ki kjtbjoks GjstgtutbEkmkrci Kikotbrci, ic _uprk`c Obrtk mk Nustgogc

mk ic Jcogj y ki ]rgdujci Ekmkrci Kikotbrci.Ks-ouofc pcsbs y vk kspkotrbs, `gkjtrcs kj ics ociiks sk`uitgpigocj ics prbtkstcs objtrc su `ci lbdgkrjbquk cu`kjt ic pbdrkzc c ;; `giibjks, ocjokiki k`pikb y mkn c =1 `giibjks kj ic gjebr`c-igmcm sbdrkvgvgkjmb kj ki eib mk ics cotgvgmcmksmkigjoukjogciks b mk picjb kj ki jcrobtrob y

ibs ofcjlcrrbs, ob`dctgmbs stbs pbr ki pkgstc@gluki jlki @cjokrc y ibs mkslbdkrjcmbrks,kjocdkzcmbs pbr Tcecki @brkjb Uciik, LrcobTc`rkz, Lcdgjb Ou, ki Mucrtk vkrcoruzcjbXNcvgkr Mucrtk mk BofbcP, @cjuki Ukicsob (ki

lglbiofgcpcjkob) y ki btrb prkocjmgmctb, Kru-vgki vgic, tc`dgj cigcmb-o`pigok mk Jub@cykr. stk jb tknk ejby pbr ksb mkstknk, pbr sujbvctkz. W kikvcmb c su jgvki mk gjob`pktkj-ogc, jb kjoukjtrc o`b mcrsk c objbokr kjtbmb ki pcs, pbr ib quk ksoblg vgsgtcr ksoukics,quk mgvgmg kj trks zbjcs pcrc mgzquk cm`g-

jgstrcr ib quk `k kjocrl ki skbr prksgmkjtkQkc Jgktb.

Kj uj cicrmk cutbrgtcrgb mki Kstcmb sby yb,Jub mgnb c ic prkjsc kspcbic quk i y ki pkgs`bgdcj mkrkofb, tbpcrcj obj ib quk tbpcrcj. Qkrb

cfbrc mk prbjtb cjmc `uy `cjsgtb, qukrgkjmboc`dgcr su pkrsbjcigmcm mk gjokjmgcrgb trcs dc`-dcigjcs, yc quk kj iulcr mk ujc trcjscoogj mk`b-ortgoc obj ibs `ckstrbs mk ic mgsgmkjogc, kstuvbk`puncjmb `s objerbjtcogbjks y c`kjczcs. Ksmkogr quk fc kstcmb kofjmbik `s lcsbigjc ci gjokj-mgb mk Bcxcoc, @gofbcoj, @brkibs, Lukrrkrb,Ofgcpcs, Ncigsob, Qukdic, ktotkrc, `cjgbdrcjmbobj ic trcgogj pbitgoc, kofjmbik tbmcs ics ouipcsc Ofucykt. W obj ki pcvbr mk kjerkjtcr c Kidc

Kstfkr Lbrmgiib, mkn c stk ki trcdcnb suogb pcrcobjsu`cr ic vkjlcjzc mk Qkc objtrc ic kxmuk-c mki _gjmgoctb Jcogbjci mk ]rcdcncmbrks mk icKmuocogj, cfbrc skoukstrcmb obj kipcib y ic ocr-jcmcmki jukvb imkr, sbogb y o`pigok ypcrc ibquk ustkm `cjmk, Curkigb Jub @cykr.

Jub cfbrc sk fcok ki dukjb mk ic pkiouicpk-gstc. Fgzb sus oiouibs y pgmg ic ocdkzc mk su`ckstrb Ofucykt, pcrc g`picjtcr uj cnustk mk

k`pikb kj ics ics `clgstkrgciks. Dusoc knkoutcr

ibs mkspgmbs mk ibs `ckstrbs pcrc gr sustgtuykjmb(obj ki ogkrrk mk ics ksoukics jbr`ciks rurciks) ickmuocogj pdigoc y icgoc pbr ujc pcrtgouicr y

octigoc. W sbdrk ic `crofc skiic ob`pigogmcmkspcrc su picj euturgstc mk clcjmciicrskic ocjmgmc-turc prksgmkjogci, mkjtrb y eukrc mki QTG, yc qukqugkrk skr ki Drbjob GG. Jkutrcigzcmb Ugmklcrcypbr su ercocsb jkbigdkrci kobj`gob y fcdkrpkrmgmb ki QTG, ki Dcjob mk @xgob y kj ibs

rkcob`bmbs qukmcrsk obj Nbs Cjtbjgb @kcmkHurgdrkc quk pcrc jcmc sgrvk, Jub kjtrc cirkikvb obj trcgogbjks ci gjtkrgbr mki lrupb pk-gstc y fcstc obquktkcjmb obj ki Qcrtgmb CoogjJcogbjci, pbr sg qugkrkj uj prbdcmb ocjmgmctbmk mkrkofcs ci kstgib mk Mbjcim ]ru`p. Obj icdcjmkrcmk sus vgsgtcs lugcmcs c ics ksoukics, Jub@cykr, cpbmcmb ki Ocrc mk Jgb, ks ki ocdciibmkOciluic y mk ]rbycmkiOicumgb njgbr, pcrc g`-picjtcr obiklgbs quk ebr`kj jgbs dgkjob`b i,quk bdtkjlcj purb 31 y skcj sklugmbrks mk _cj

Numgtcs. [jc ocusc jb sbic`kjtk mgeogi sgjbg`pbsgdik!

MCUGM

@C

JTGS[K


8/68


CLKJMC MK IC OBTT[QOGJBQGJGJ

Ics csbogcogbjks pdigob prgvcmcs (CQQ) y ibs prbyko-tbs mk prkstcogj mk skrvgogbs (QQ_) sbj ksquk`csquk fcj okmgmb skrvgogbs objsgmkrcmbs pdigobs fcs-tc fcok 31 cbs, kjtrk ibs ouciks fcy cilujbs quk g`pigocjic obdkrturc mk mkrkofbs (ob`b scium y kmuocogj).

Fcstc cfbrc, su mgsorkogbjcigmcm fc lcrcjtgzcmb ic cu-skjogc mk bpbsgogj sbogci. Ks cs ob`b supukstbs fbspgtcikspdigobs sbj objstrugmbs y mkspus `cjkncmbs kj su tbtcig-mcm pbr k`prkscrgbs. Ib `gs`b bourrk obj ujgvkrsgmcmks,prgsgbjks mk `xg`c sklurgmcm y ocrrktkrcs.

Mctbs mk ic _korktcrc mk Fcogkjmc y Ormgtb Qdigobgjmgocj quk kjtrk ibs `s rkogkjtks prbykotbs mk CQQ skkjoukjtrc ic objstruoogj y bpkrcogj mki jukvb FbspgtciLkjkrci Mbotbr Lbjzcib Ocstckmc, kj ki Mgstrgtb Ekmkrci,ouyb obstb csokjmkr c 7;5 giibjks ?11 gi pksbs. stk skkmgeocr kj ki `gs`b prkmgb quk ki cjtglub, udgocmb kj

]ictkibiob, y quk ks prbpgkmcm mki Gjstgtutb mk _klurgmcmy _krvgogbs _bogciks mk ibs ]rcdcncmbrks mki Kstcmb. Mgofbjbsbob`gb tkjmr ujc ocpcogmcm mk 341 oc`cs y 46 kspk-ogcigmcmks, pkrb yc jb skr mki tbmb pdigob.

Kj ki ocsb mk ibs QQ_ kstj ics ocrrktkrcs quk mkdk-rc objstrugr y bpkrcr ic _korktcrc mk Ob`ujgocogbjks y]rcjspbrtks (_O]), pkrb quk fc okmgmb c ic gjgogctgvc prg-vcmc @gtic-kjtrbjquk ]kfucjtkpko GG (obj obstb mk 5 gi5=? `giibjks mk pksbs)8 Jukvb Jkocxc-vgic Oc`cofb (4`gi 4;; `giibjks mk pksbs)8 Sukrtcrb-Grcpuctb (3 `gi


9/68

Ki Lbdgkrjb mki prksgmkjtk Kjrgquk Qkc

Jgktb rkobjbog mksmk ki gjgogb mk su

cm`gjgstrcogj quk kj @xgob kxgstk ujc

rkcigmcm quk icstg`c ci pcs y quk tgkjk quk

vkr obj ic ocrkjogc cig`kjtcrgc mk ci `k-

jbs ujbs < `giibjks mk `kxgocjbs quk sk

kjouktrcj kj pbdrkzc kxtrk`c.

Qbr kiib, ki Lbdgkrjb mk ic Tkpdigoc

icjz ic Oruzcmc Jcogbjci Objtrc ki Fc`-

drk, kstrctklgc mk pbitgoc sbogci mk jukvc

lkjkrcogj quk pkr`gtg kj sib trks cbs

rkmuogr ki j`krb mk pkrsbjcs quk pcmk-

ocj ocrkjogc cig`kjtcrgc.

Mkjtrb mk mgofc pbitgoc sbogci, ki Qrb-

lrc`c mk Cdcstb _bogci mk Ikofk Igobjsc

ks uj prblrc`c oicvk kj ki ob`dctk mk ic

pbdrkzc cig`kjtcrgc, tkjgkjmb ob`b bdnktg-vb mbtcr c ics ec`gigcs quk `s ib jkoksgtcj

mk ikofk ebrtgocmc mk `uy citc ocigmcm

ci s dcnb prkogb, y obj kiib ob`dctgr ic

mksjutrgogj gjecjtgi clumc.

Cotuci`kjtk Igobjsc dkjkogc c `s

mk 5 giibjks trksogkjtcs gi pkrsbjcs,

kjtrk unkrks k`dcrczcmcs, unkrks kj

pkrgbmb mk icotcjogc, jgbs y cmuitbs c-

ybrks. Obj kstcs coogbjks sbogciks, ki prk-

sgmkjtk Kjrgquk Qkc Jgktb, kmgcjtk ic

_korktcrc mk Mkscrrbiib _bogci, mk`ukstrc

su ob`prb`gsb mk cdctgr ki fc`drk y ki

rkzclb cig`kjtgogb quk cekotc c giibjks mk

pkrsbjcs kj jukstrb pcs.

_klj ibs rksuitcmbs bdtkjgmbs mki

kstumgb rkcigzcmb pbr ki Gjstgtutb Jcogbjci

mk _cium Qdigoc, kj botudrk mk 413= ibs

jgbs quk objsu`gkrbj ikofk Igobjsc

ciocjzcrbj 4.5 okjt`ktrbs s mk kstc-

turc,


10/68


^BJC OKTBBQGJGJ

Ics kxpkotctgvcs mk scocrib mki `crcs`b kj

quk ib mkncrbj 34 cbs mk pcjgs`b sk ks-

eu`crbj. Ki rklrksb mki prgs`b c ic Qrksg-

mkjogc mk ic Tkpdigoc jb pusb j ci ob`pcmrcz-lb jg sgljgo ic rkcjumcogj mk ibs kseukrzbs pbrprbeksgbjcigzcr ibs skrvgogbs kj ki brlcjgs`b mkgjtkiglkjogc ogvgi mki Kstcmb `kxgocjb> ki Okjtrb

mk Gjvkstglcogj y _klurgmcm Jcogbjci (Ogskj).Ic `cybrc mk ibs oucmrbs quk sk ebr`crbj kj

ki gjogpgkjtk pkrgbmb mk prbeksgbjcigzcogj obj quksk eujm ic gjstgtuogj kj 3767, y ibs 3; cbs sud-sglugkjtks, fby trcdcnc kj ic gjgogctgvc prgvcmc, lb-dgkrjbs ibociks b pbr su oukjtc, jb pcrc ki Kstcmb.

Mk 411; c ic ekofc fcj mksicmb ogjob mgrkotb-rks, ujb mk ibs ouciks rkpgtg kj ki ocrlb kj pkrgb-

mbs mgstgjtbs (Nucj Mb`gjlb Ipkz Dugtrj). Kjkstbs cbs, ic mkigjoukjogc brlcjgzcmc grru`pgkj ibs fblcrks `kxgocjbs8 ic `cc prbfgncmc kjkstk pcs sk objvgrtg kj ic s kxgtbsc mki ujmb8pbr mkokjcs mk giks, ics ec`gigcs sk mksgjtklrcrbj,

yc skc pbr mkscpcrgogbjks, csksgjctbs b mkspiczc-`gkjtb mk cilujbs mk sus `gk`drbs8 ics `ukrtksvgbikjtcs su`crbj `s mk 3;1 `gi, y ibs jklbogbssk vgjgkrbj cdcnb kj ics rklgbjks mbjmk ic mkigj-

oukjogc usurp ic pbtkstcm mki Kstcmb.Kj tbmb kstk tgk`pb, ics `ccs pkjktrcrbj ics

kstruoturcs ludkrjc`kjtciks mk ibs trks pbmkrks ymk ibs trks jgvkiks mk lbdgkrjb. Eujogbjcrgbs iboc-

iks y ekmkrciks sk cigcrbj obj ocpbs mki jcrobtr-ob y oblbdkrjcrbj (y oblbdgkrjcj) rklgbjks mkipcs. Su `s ctkjtcmb objtrc ic sklurgmcm mkic jcogj quk ki kjqugstc`gkjtb mk ibs `cbsbskj ics kstruoturcs mk ibs pbmkrks Knkoutgvb, Iklgs-ictgvb y Numgogci2 Su `cybr c`kjczc ci Kstcmb

`kxgocjb quk ic quk sk ob`ktk objtrc ics ec`gigcs

quk dusocj ebrncrsk mgljc y iklci`kjtk ujc vgmc`knbr2

W ki kjocrlcmb ebr`ci`kjtk mk prbtklkr c ic

jcogj, ki Ogskj, mjmk kstuvb2]bmb vgkjk c oukjtb pbrquk prkogsc`kjtk

kstk rlcjb mksobjokjtrcmb mk ic _korktcrc mkLbdkrjcogj ks mk ibs gjtbocmbs pbr ics tgnkrcsmk ic _korktcrc mk Fcogkjmc y Ormgtb Qdigob(_FOQ). @gkjtrcs prblrc`cs kjtkrbs sk eusgbjcjb mkscpcrkokj y sk cjujogc quk pcrc 4135 ki lcs-tb prblrc`cdik c pksbs obrrgkjtks skr `kjbr kj317 `gi `giibjks mk pksbs ci mki prkskjtk cb, icprbpukstc mki lbdgkrjb mk Kjrgquk Qkc Jgktb ksquk ki Ogskj prkskrvk su prksupukstb gjtcotb, uj

prksupukstb quk mk 411; c ic ekofc orkog kj 65;pbr ogkjtb kj tr`gjbs jb`gjciks.

Bogci`kjtk skrj ibs mgputcmbs ekmkrciksqugkjks tkjlcj ic itg`c pcicdrc ci rkspkotb, oucj-mb cprukdkj kj ibs prxg`bs mcs ki Qrksupukstbmk Klrksbs mk ic Ekmkrcogj pcrc ki knkrogogb socimk 4135. _gj k`dcrlb, kj ki mbou`kjtb Oc`dgbskj ic kstruoturc prblrc`tgoc 413;-4135 sk kstcdikok

quk ki `bjtb pcrc ki cpcrtcmb _krvgogbs mk Gjtk-iglkjogc pcrc ic _klurgmcm Jcogbjci mki prxg`bcb prblrc`c quk knkrok kxoiusgvc`kjtk ki Og-

skj csokjmkr c < `gi 535 `giibjks 3?= `gi 6


11/68


^BJC OKTB BQGJGJ

csokjmg c 6 Okrrcjmb icDrkofc mk ic Kmuocogj @kmgc _upkrgbr pcrc ibs

Nvkjks Gjmlkjcs mk @gofbcoj, kjocdkzcmb pbric mbotbrc Dkrtfc Mg`cs Fucouz, ks jcigstc kj kiQrk`gb Lbdgkrjb y Lkstgj Iboci 413;. _k trctcmk uj rkobjbog`gkjtb c ic Ksoukic Qrkpcrctbrgc

Gjmlkjc Gjtkrouiturci mk _cjtc Ek mk ic Iclujc,@gofbcoj. Kxpkrtbs rkobjbogkrbj ic ocigmcm mkkstc prbpukstc kmuoctgvc mk ocrotkr cutjb`b kgjmlkjc, c objtrcobrrgkjtk, pbr ogkrtb, mk ic vg-sgj mk ic iic`cmc rkebr`c kmuoctgvc Lrcogcsc `g mgrkotbr pbr skr `ckstrb y pbr su objcjzc.W lrcogcs, ikotbr, ikotbrc, pbr ic `grcmc ortgoc ykxglkjtk. ^bjc okrbdusocr iiklcr ci kpgokjtrb mktk`cs mk gjtkrs sbogci y pbpuicr.

MCUGM

@CJTGS[K


12/68


CT]O[IBBQGJGJ

_kbr ^kgm Tccm Fusskgj, Citb Ob`gsgbjc-mb mk ic Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jg-mcs pcrc ibs Mkrkofbs Fu`cjbs>

[jc pcrtk sustcjtgvc mk ic orgsgs lkjkrcigzcmcquk vgvg`bs cfbrc ks pbr ki `bmkib kobj`g-ob vglkjtk kj @xgob y quk cmk`s c`kjczcic vgmc mk ics prxg`cs lkjkrcogbjks. Ki `bmkibkobj`gob cotuci kst clumgzcjmb ics objmg-ogbjks quk cekotcj c lrcjmks obikotgvbs oc`-pksgjbs, gjmlkjcs y pbdicogbjks urdcjcs. Icprgvctgzcogj mk rkoursbs jcturciks kstrctlgobs,ibs pcotbs ob`krogciks quk fcj mksrkluicmb ictgkrrc, cs ob`b ki mkspbnb mki cluc, ics skivcs y

dbsquks. Ic rkebr`c kjkrltgoc y ic Iky @gjk-rc sbj clrcvcjtks quk yc kstj cekotcjmb ki pc-trg`bjgb y ic vgmc mk ogkjtbs mk obùjgmcmks ykstj bocsgbjcjmb objgotbs sbogbc`dgkjtciks,

rkprksgj pbitgoc y mkspbnb mk ibs dgkjks c susprbpgktcrgbs y kngmbs kj su `cybrc pbdrks.

Ibs `klcprbykotbs b lrcjmks prbykotbs mkmkscrrbiib tgkjkj lrcvks g`pcotbs kj ib c`dgkjtci

y kj ib sbogci. Ic `gjkrc kxtkjsgvc, kiercohgjl, icorkcogj mk prkscs, coukmuotbs, tkr`bkiotrgocs,lcsbmuotbs, prbykotbs ocrrktkrbs, turstgobs, pcr-quks kigobs, sgk`drc mk sbyc y `cz trcjsljgobssbj knk`pib mk ic mkvcstcogj mk lrcjmks rklgb-jks.

Ic rkcigzcogj mk kstcs bdrcs sk rkcigzc sgj icobjsuitc c ibs pukdibs gjmlkjcs y obùjgmcmkskqugpcrcdiks, ob`b mkdgkrc fcokrib, mk coukrmbobj ki Objvkjgb357 mk ic Brlcjgzcogj Gjtkrjc-ogbjci mki ]rcdcnb. Ic rkogkjtk objsuitc mk Nuofg-

tj, Bcxcoc, ic ouci prktkjmk skr `bmkib, tuvbkjbr`ks grrkluicrgmcmks. ]bmbs ibs prgjogpgbseukrbj vgbikjtcmbs y jci`kjtk mgofc objsuitc euk

ujc sgùicogj.Oucjmb ibs pukdibs cekotcmbs prkskjtcj ibs

rkoursbs nurmgobs, stbs ik sbj jklcmbs sgj crlu-`kjtbs suogkjtks (jb sk ob`prukdc ic cekotcogj

b jb fcy gjtkrs ikltg`b). C pkscr mk kxgstgr skj-tkjogcs quk ics c`pcrcj b iks btbrlcj ic suspkj-sgj mk cotgvgmcmks, sklj ib mgotcmb pbr nukoks,ics obùjgmcmks sk kjerkjtcj c quk stcs rksbiu-ogbjks jb sk ou`picj b fcj tkjgmb lrcjmks mg-ouitcmks pcrc iblrcr quk sk ou`picj, yc quk sbj

ics k`prkscs y ics `gs`cs cutbrgmcmks qugkjksgjou`pikj obj kiics8 y cujquk ockj kj mkscoctb,jb fcy `cybrks scjogbjks. Ic rcz mk tbmb kstb ksquk jb kxgstk ic gjmkpkjmkjogc numgogci.

Qbr knk`pib, ki pukdib ycqug oukjtc obj rk-sbiutgvbs mk ic _uprk`c Obrtk mk Nustgogc mk icJcogj quk suspkjmkj ic objstruoogj mki Couk-muotb Gjmkpkjmkjogc. _gj k`dcrlb, y c pkscr mkquk kstk prbykotb jb oukjtc obj ic `cjgekstcogjmki g`pcotb c`dgkjtci, sk iikv c ocdb.

Obj kstb skpbjk kj nuklbic vgmc `gs`c mk icsobùjgmcmks, c qugkjks iks ujk uj vjouib kspgrg-tuci obj ic tgkrrc. stc jb ks ujc `krocjoc ob`bprktkjmkj fcokrib vkr> ki tkrrgtbrgb ks objokdgmbob`b cilb ùy prbeujmb, kj ki quk sk og`gkjtcjsus rkicogbjks, sus vcibrks y ouiturc8 ibs kspcogbssbj pcrtk mk su obs`bvgsgj quk ibs ujk obj suscjokstrbs y ks ki iklcmb pcrc ics lkjkrcogbjks eu-turcs.

EKTJCJMB TB_ @CT]JK^,_KOTK]CTGB KNKO[]GUB MK IC TKM JCOGBJCI MK BTLC-

JG_@B_ OGUGIK_ ]BMB_ IB_ MKTKOFB_ QCTC ]BMC_ W ]BMB_

KOBJ@GOB, KI BTGLKJ MK IC OTG_G_

MK MKTKOFB_ F[@CJB_

KJ @VGOB


13/68


CT]O[IB BQGJGJ

Ics objskoukjogcs mk kstcs pbitgocs ocrkjtksmk pkrspkotgvc mk sustkjtcdgigmcm sbj ki mkspiczc-`gkjtb mk obùjgmcmks, ic prmgmc mk sus dgkjks,mkrrc`ks mk sustcjogcs txgocs, ki rgkslb mk cilu-jcs kspkogks cjg`ciks y vklktciks mk mkscpcrkokr,

ic mkstruoogj kobilgoc, ic mkebrkstcogj, ic krb-sgj mki sukib, ic mkskrtgocogj, ic kxpibtcogj mkrkoursbs jcturciks y ic objtc`gjcogj mki cluc yki cgrk. Cmk`s mk ic cekotcogj c ibs mkrkofbs cic scium, ic cig`kjtcogj, ic vgvgkjmc, ic ouiturc, ci`kmgb c`dgkjtk y obj kiib ic cekotcogj mkvcstc-mbrc mk ujc `cybr pbdrkzc.

Cjtk kstb ics obùjgmcmks sk fcj brlcjgzcmbpcrc prbtklkr su tkrrgtbrgb y obj kiib ic vgmc mk icslkjkrcogbjks euturcs8 sgj k`dcrlb, ic rkspukstcmk ics cutbrgmcmks fc sgmb objmkjcr c ic oroki cibs imkrks mk ibs pukdibs, numgogcigzcr ic iuofc objrmkjks mk cprkfkjsgj y prb`bvkr ibs ctcquks cics pkrsbjcs mkekjsbrcs.

Ics objskoukjogcs pcrc qugkjks sk fcj bpuks-tb ci scqukb fc sgmb uj ob`dctk gjokscjtk. Qbrknk`pib kj ic zbjc jcfuc mk ic obstc `gofbcocjcfcj csksgjcmb c `s mk ?4 pkrsbjcs gjmlkjcs,kjtrk kiibs uj jgb mk 34 cbs, kstk itg`b csk-sgjcmb pbr uj objvby `gigtcr. Cs kj btrcs rklgb-jks. Cmk`s, cjtk ic eukrzc obj ic quk fc surlgmbki org`kj brlcjgzcmb kj ibs itg`bs cbs, kstbslrupbs mkigjoukjogciks, kj objjgvkjogc obj cu-

tbrgmcmks, fcj mkspbncmb mk dgkjks obùjks kjìtgpiks rklgbjks.Ic mbou`kjtcogj mki Ob`gt Okrkzb rkpbr-

tc quk mk nujgb mk 413= c `cyb mk 413; sk rklgs-trcrbj ==6 kvkjtbs mk clrksgbjks objtrc 4=6 pkr-sbjcs mkekjsbrcs, =< brlcjgzcogbjks y ?; obùjg-mcmks. Kstb rkknc uj cu`kjtb objstcjtk murcjtk

ibs itg`bs cbs. Ics clrksgbjks kj ki pkrgbmb mkKjrgquk Qkc Jgktb fcj orkogmb mk `cjkrc cicr-`cjtk. Cmk`s fcj surlgmb vcrgcs gjgogctgvcs mkiky quk prktkjmkj iklcigzcr ic rkprksgj pbitgocpcrc objtrbicr ouciqugkr tgpb mk mgsgmkjogc. Kjkstk objtkxtb, ics k`prkscs prgvcmcs sk fcj objs-tgtugmb kj clrksbrks erkoukjtks mk ics pkrsbjcsmkekjsbrcs mk ic tgkrrc y ki tkrrgtbrgb, nujtb objics cutbrgmcmks y ibs ocogquks ibociks y rklgbjciks.

Qbr btrb icmb, ic obsgocogj mk ic vgmc fu`cjc

fc tkjgmb objskoukjogcs ouiturciks tkrrgdiks. @-xgob boupc ki iulcr 35 kj ic gjogmkjogc mk fb`g-

ogmgbs objtrc ùnkrks c jgvki ùjmgci. _klj ujgjebr`k sbdrkEk gjgogmgb kj @xgob, kicdbrcmb pbric Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jgmcs-@unkrks,ibs ocsbs mk ek`gjgogmgb kj ki pcs fcj rklgstrcmbuj cu`kjtb sbstkjgmb mksmk 411 kj 4134 y 413? sk csksgjcrbjci `kjbs c ? `gi 674 ùnkrks kj ki pcs. Cmk`s,ujc mk ocmc trks pkrsbjcs mkscpcrkogmcs ks ùnkr

y ocsg ic gtcm mk kiics ks `kjbr mk kmcm.Ic rkspukstc cjtk ibs kekotbs mki `bmkib kob-

j`gob fc sgmb ic knkouogj mk prblrc`cs sbogc-iks quk jb fcj cpbrtcmb oc`dgbs sustcjogciks,puks kstc`bs kj ibs `gs`bs jgvkiks mk pbdrkzcquk fcok 41 cbs. Kstbs prblrc`cs csgstkjogciksmgvgmkj y orkcj mkpkjmkjogc y, pbr sg eukrc pbob,sbj utgigzcmbs ob`b prbpclcjmc y `cjgpuicogjpbitgoc.

Qbr btrb icmb, ob`b objskoukjogc mk ujc pb-itgoc quk ecvbrkok ic mksglucimcm, jbs kjobjtrc-`bs obj pbrokjtcnks mk pbdrkzc ùy sg`gicr qukic mk fcok 41 cbs (=5.4 pbr ogkjtb, y kj kxtrk`c

pbdrkzc 7.; pbr ogkjtb). Mbjmk sbic`kjtk ibsjb pbdrks y jb vuijkrcdik ks mk sib ki 41.; pbrogkjtb mk ic pbdicogj. Kstb tgkjk su kxpigocogjkj quk ibs dkjkogbs mki gjsuogkjtk orkog`gkjtb

kobj`gob sk rkknc kj uj rkmuogmb pbrokjtcnkmk ic pbdicogj. Ki 31 pbr ogkjtb `s rgob pbskkki 5= pbr ogkjtb mk tbmc ic rgqukzc mki pcs8 ibs35 `kxgocjbs `s rgobs couùicj 3=4 `gi 711`giibjks mk micrks. Ic mksglucimcm fc sgljgoc-mb quk `giibjks mk fblcrks sk kjoukjtrkj objgjlrksbs quk jb oudrkj ics jkoksgmcmks `jg`cs,`gkjtrcs ibs fb`drks `s rgobs sk kjoukjtrkj kjkstc pbsgogj obj dcsk kj mkspbncr c ics obùjg-mcmks mk sus dgkjks y rkoursbs `s prkogcmbs.

Mkjujogc`bs quk kstk `bmkib kobj`g-ob trckr `s ùkrtk, mkspbnb y rgkslb pcrc icsprxg`cs mocmcs mk sklugr cs. (Qcrtgogpcogj mk

ic Tkm Jcogbjci mk Brlcjgs`bs Ogvgiks mk Mkrk-ofbs Fu`cjbs ]bmbs ibs Mkrkofbs pcrc ]bmcs y]bmbs kj ki `crob mk ic vgsgtc mki Citb Ob`gsgb-jcmb mk ic Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jgmcspcrc ibs Mkrkofbs Fu`cjbs mki ; ci < mk botudrkmk 413;)


14/68

3= 45 mk botudrk mk 413;

CT]O[IBBQGJGJ

O

big`c ks uj pkqukb kstcmb mk ic Tkpdig-

oc esgoc y pbdicogbjci`kjtk, kj ki ouci

su ujgvkrsgmcm ks mk lrcj g`pbrtcjogc.

Ib `gs`b pcrc coblkr b mkscrrbiicr cotgvgmcmks

(fcok cbs sk eujm ic otkmrc @cjuki Dukjmc y

sk kekotucrbj sksgbjks cokroc mk ibs oc`dgbs quk,

tbmcvc, jkoksgtc ki mkrkofb c ic gjebr`cogj, pbr

knk`pib) quk pcrc prbykotcr c mgvkrsbs pbitgobs,

ibs ouciks fcj iiklcmb, gjoiusb, ci lbdgkrjb mki ks-

tcmb. Mk ibs `s g`pbrtcjtks kj ibs itg`bs tgk`-

pbs fc sgmb Ekrjcjmb @brkjb Qkc, quk kjocdk-

z ki Knkoutgvb iboci mk 377< c 411?.

Ksk gjmgvgmub euk prg`krb mgrglkjtk kstumgcj-

tgi mk ic ujgvkrsgmcm

obig`kjsk, iuklb rkotbry jci`kjtk `cjmctc-

rgb. Qkrb jb sk orkc quk

fcok 34 cbs, ci tkr-

`gjcr su kjob`gkjmc,

sk euk c lbzcr mk sus

`giibjks, sgjb quk obj-

tgju fcogkjmb mk ics suycs, ib `gs`b gjffluykjmb

kj ics suoksgbjks mk su tkrrub quk iikvcjmb c

ocdb trc`pcs kj btrbs kstcmbs, y vcrgbs gjebr`c-

mbrks mgokj quk iglcmb c lrupbs `cbsbs.

Ki suoksbr mk @brkjb euk Lustcvb Uzqukz,

qugkj pcrtgogp kj mbs kikoogbjks, yc quk kj ic prg-

`krc sk ik mksoudrg uj ercumk `bju`kjtci. Kj

ic sglugkjtk iblr ki trgujeb, pkrb ik mur pbob, yc

quk kj 411; ic cvgbjktc kj ic quk vgcncdc kstcii y

jb fudb, ob`b ks rkluicr kj jukstrb pcs, ujc gj-

vkstglcogj c ebjmb, jb bdstcjtk quk obj ki kjtbj-

oksldkrvgcncdcj skgs pkrsbjcs `s. Tkobrmk`bs

ki ocsb mk Nucj Oc`gib @burgb.

Mkspus sk kjou`dr kj ki pbmkr _givkrgb Oc-

vczbs, ki ouci euk uitg`cmb c tgrbs kj 4131. _u kspb-

sc, Gmcigc L`kz Qg`kjtki, cous c Ekrjcjmb @b-

rkjb mk kstcr mktrs mk ksk jukvb `cljgogmgb. [j

sbdrgjb mk kstk itg`b, _cùki Tbmrlukz @brk-

jb, euk g`pigocmb kj ki csujtb, pkrb ki ocsb jb pcs

c `cybrks, jb bdstcjtk quk pbob tgk`pb mkspus

csksgjcrbj c Ibrkjc Uzqukz y Okogigc Tbofc

Uzqukz, fkr`cjc y sbdrgjc mki ogtcmb _givkrgb.

Ic ùkrtk gdc rbmcjmb pbr tbmbs ibs oc`gjbs

quk objmuocj c uj sgtgb mbjmk uj vbioj y ujc

picyc fkr`bsc sbj rkekrkjtks kj ic fgstbrgc `kxg-

ocjc.

Jb sk orkc quk icbpkrcogj pbitgoc mk

@brkjb Qkc krc jg-

oc`kjtk kj Obig`c,

obj ujc pbdicogj mk

711 gi pkrsbjcs. ]c`-

dgj ki prgstc fcoc mk

ics suycsib `gs`b kj Ncigsob y Jcycrgt mbjmk gj-

ffluy kj kikoogbjks ibociks y ekmkrciks quk kj @g-

ofbcoj. Kj ic tgkrrc mk ibs Ormkjcs objtrgduy

c`pigc`kjtk pcrc quk iiklcrc Ecustb Uciiknb, ki

kxlbdkrjcmbr quk utgigzcdc c su fgnb Tbmrglb

(ki Lkrdkr) pcrc tkjkr rkicogbjks y coukrmbs obj

_krvcjmb L`kz, ic ]utc(imkr mk ibs ortkiks Ic

Ec`gigc @gofbcocjc y Ibs Ocdciikrbs ]k`pic-

rgbs). W rkobrmk`bs quk ci njgbr sk ik kjocroki

pkrb scig trcs pclcr ujc grrgsbrgc ùitc mk ;1? vbtbs8 b

`knbr mgofb> .136 pbr ogkjtb mki

tbtci (b quk fc trcmb ujc obj-

trbvkrsgc kikotbrci quk tbmcvc jb sk rksukivk, c pk-

scr quk ic tb`c mk pbsksgj ks ki 3 mk jbvgk`drk).

Kiib euk cs pbrquk Qkrcitc, quk krc sudskorktc-

rgb mk Obùjgocogbjks y ]rcjspbrtks y uy iglcmb

c Iugs Ugmklcrcy, ki pbmkrbsb skorktcrgb ekmkrci mkFcogkjmc y Ormgtb Qdigob, jb kst rkicogbjcmb

obj ibs lrupbs pbitgobs mk Obig`c.

Kj kstk objtkxtb, ki 3? mk botudrk, kj ki rkstcu-

rcjtk Ibs Jcrcjnbs, Ekrjcjmb @brkjb Qkc euk

dcikcmb pbr mbs gjmgvgmubs. _kgs g`pcotbs ib mknc-

rbj `ci fkrgmb. Ki lbdkrjcmbr @crgb Cjlugcjb,

iglcmb c ic votg`c, rkgtkr gluci quk fcok cbs quk

sk cpigocrtbmb ki pksb mk ic ikyy sk cprkfkjmkr c ibs

rkspbjscdiks8 ci pcrkokr yc kstj gmkjtgocmbs (sgo

kjvknkogmb quk fc ksouofcmb ib gs`b mksmk fcok

= mocmcs).

Jb mkdk`bs bivgmcr quk @cjzcjgiib ks uj

pukrtb mbjmk ic obocjc y ics cjektc`gjcs sk kj-

vcj pbr `bjtbjks c Kstcmbs [jgmbs, jb bdstcjtk

quk fcycj kxgstgmb bpkrctgvbs pcrc g`pkmgrib.

W quk fcok tgk`pb ibs fkr`cjbs Ucikjogc, Nbs mk

Nkss, Cmj y Iugs, krcj objsgmkrcmbs ibs rkyks

mki orgstcikj @xgob. Kiibs kstj mksmk fcok tgk`pb

rkoiugmbs kj Kstcmbs [jgmbs, pkrb ki jklbogb objtg-

jc, fby c`pigcmb c @gofbcoj, Jcycrgt y Ncigsob.

Kj Obig`c, mbjmk fcy sgtgbs gjorkdiks ob`b ki

pukdib mk Ob`cic, quk ks ki rkvkrsb mk ic `kmciic

mk ib quk jbs mksorgdk Nucj Tuieb kjKi iicjb kj iic-`cs, ic rkicogj jcrobs-ujgvkrsgmcm-prgs`b fc trc-

mb ujc sgtucogj mksecvbrcdik pcrc tbmc ic kjtgmcm

y kstcmbs vkogjbs.

Nbs Iugs Qrkogcmb, ki pcjgstc quk sk kjerkjt

c Gljcogb Qkrcitc, mgok quk ks jkokscrgc ic ctrco-

ogj mki ctkjtcmb pbr ic Qrbourcmurc Lkjkrci mk

ic Tkpdigoc. _cdk`bs mk ic gjbpkrcjogc mk ksc

gjstgtuogj, cujquk mksmk iuklb ks `knbr quk ics

gjvkstglcogbjks kj ic ùitgogtcmc kjtgmcm, mbjmk

ibs ocpbs mk ics mrblcs y ibs pbitgobs fcj orkcmb uj

kjtrc`cmb sgjluicr.

Kj ic ocrgocturc mkiEgslj (Ic Nbrjcmc, 3= mk

botudrk mk 413;) kjobjtrc`bs ic oicvk mk ib quk

pcmkok`bs cotuci`kjtk> sg cilugkj `ctc uj

pkrgbmgstc, ks pbrquk ki gjebr`cmbr tkjc jkxbs

obj ibs jcrobtrcocjtks8 sg ks ki ocsb mk uj pbi-

tgob, jcmgk scdk jcmc (sgoquk sk rcsoc ic ocdkzc

pcrc mkncr pcscr).

MCUGM

@CJTGS[K


16/68


CT]O[IBBQGJGJ

OCIMKTJ W _[ FKTKJOGC MK GIKLCIGMCM,

_

kgs cbs fcj trcjsourrgmb mksmk cquki 33 mk

botudrk mk 4117, kj quk mk `cjkrc gikltg-

`c tbmc ic eukrzc mki Kstcmb euk utgigzcmc

pcrc pkrpktrcr ujc mk ics `s kvgmkjtks clrksgb-

jks c ic oicsk trcdcncmbrc kj jukstrb pcs. Kj ki

`s mksocdkiicmb mk ibs sgjskjtgmbs, ki cutbjb`-

drcmb prksgmkjtk mki k`pikb icjz c ic ociik c

== `gi trcdcncmbrks mki _gjmgoctb @kxgocjb mk

Kikotrgogstcs (_@K), sgj `s tr`gtk quk ic k`g-

sgj cutbrgtcrgc mk uj mkorktb mk kxtgjogj mk ic

k`prksc pdigoc Iuz y Eukrzc mki Okjtrb.

Ob`b fby ib rkobjbokj cilujbs mk ibs prb-

tclbjgstcs mki ctkjtcmb ci kstcmb mk mkrkofb, ki

lbdgkrjb pcjgstc jujoc tuvb kj `kjtk cnustcrsk

c ibs ojbjks nurmgobs pcrc vkjtgicr cjtk ibs trg-dujciks ibs mkrkofbs icdbrciks mk ibs sgjmgocigstcs

mkspkmgmbs8 `kjbs cj, pbjkr c mgsousgj mk ic

pbdicogj y mk ibs kxpkrtbs kj ki tk`c mki sko-

tbr kiotrgob ics supukstcs ocusciks objtkjgmcs kj

ic crdgtrcrgc mkogsgj. Ki mgiblb, quk ks ic `s

vcigbsc fkrrc`gkjtc pcrc ciocjzcr y objskjsucr

coukrmbs kj uj pcs rkci`kjtk mk`bortgob, euk

kxoiugmb pbr Ekigpk Ocimkrj Fgjbnbsc ob`b ujb

`s mk sus kxoksbs ob`ktgmbs c ib icrlb mk su sk-

xkjgb.

Ki kxskorktcrgb mki ]rcdcnb y Qrkvgsgj _bogci,

fby skjcmbr mk ic Tkpdigoc, Ncvgkr Ibzcjb Cicr-

oj, cokptc kj uj rkogkjtk crtouib pudigocmb kj

Ki [jgvkrsciquk ki kjoudgkrtb lbipk objtrc ki _gj-

mgoctb @kxgocjb mk Kikotrgogstcs sk prkpcr obj

ki `cybr mk ibs sglgibs sk`cjcs cjtks mk su knkou-

ogj, y pbjmkrc quk ic tb`c mk ics gjstcicogbjks

mk ic pcrckstctci sk fgzb `kmgcjtk uj bpkrctgvb

g`pkocdik mgskcmb y knkoutcmb pbr ki kjtbjoks

skorktcrgb mk _klurgmcm Qdigoc Lkjcrb Lcroc

Iujc, sgj jgjlj tgpb mk kjerkjtc`gkjtb y sgj jk-

oksgmcm mk utgigzcr ic Eukrzc pdigoc.

Ib quk ki mkekjsbr mk Ocimkrj sgluk kjou-

drgkjmb ks quk ki bpkrctgvb g`pkocdik jb euk

sgjb ujc rkprksgj qugrrlgoc`kjtk knkoutcmc c

trcvs mk uj gjusuci mkspigkluk mk `giks mk kik-

`kjtbs mk ics mgvkrscs obrpbrcogbjks pbigogciks y

ocstrkjsks, quk ktrciiktc kj cjb kxpuiscrbj mk

sus okjtrbs mk trcdcnb c ibs `gk`drbs mki _@K>

ujc mk ics `s vcigkjtksmkogsgbjks mki prksgmkjtk

mki k`pikb.

Ibs sbs`cs mk cykr k`pgkzcj c mks`brb-

jcrsk. W c ic mgstcjogc rkscitc ic ob`pigogmcm mkikjtbjoks skorktcrgb mki ]rcdcnb obj ic gikltg`c

`kmgmc puks c pkscr mk quk kj su `b`kjtb Nc-

vgkr Ibzcjb r` ic rkvgsgj objtrcotuci kjtrk

Iuz y Eukrzc mki Okjtrb y ki _gjmgoctb @kxgocjb

mk Kikotrgogstcs, obj vglkjogc mki 35 mk `crzb mk

4116 ci 35 mk `crzb mk 4131, y cvci gluci`kj-

tk uj objvkjgb mk prbmuotgvgmcm mbjmk i `gs`b

rkmcot ic Oiusuic Mog`c Qrg`krc, rkekrkjtk c

ic objoksgj mk ujc rkm pdigoc mk tkikob`ujg-

ocogbjks quk pkr`gtgkrc ic bpkrcogj mk ic drc

ptgoc csbogcmc obj ki cjofb mk dcjmc mk ic rkm

mk `kmgcjc y dcnc tkjsgj kj `ctkrgci mk obdrk,

pcrc drgjmcr ki skrvgogb mk vbz, mctbs k g`clkj

c ic sbogkmcm, ki iic`cmb trgpik picy, c dcnb obstb,

ki eujogbjcrgb bouit mkigdkrcmc`kjtk kstc gjebr-

`cogj ci pukdib mk @xgob kj botudrk mk 4117.

Mk fkofb, kstc objoksgj fudgkrc objtrgdugmb c

ebrtcikokr ics jcjzcs mk Iuz y Eukrzc, kofcj-

MK_K@QIKB W OBTT[QOGJ

@CT]J K_QCT^C EIBTK_,_KOTK]CTGB LKJKTCI MKI _GJMGOC]B @KVGOCJB MK

KIKO]TGOG_]C_


17/68


CT]O[IB BQGJGJ

mb cdcnb ki crlu`kjtb su supukstc gjvgcdgigmcm

jcjogkrc.

Ocdk rkobrmcr quk ob`b pcrtk mk ic ocmkjc

mk clrksgbjks, Ibzcjb Cicroj jkl sk`cjcs cj-

tks mk ic cob`ktgmc kj objtrc mki _@K ic ]b`c

mk Jbtc c su Ob`gt Okjtrci, kikotb mk`bortgoc-`kjtk pcrc ki pkrgbmb 4117-4133, crlu`kjtcjmb

quk fudb ercumk kikotbrci, objmkjcjmb ci sgjmg-

octb c ic cjuicogj mki prboksb y rkpbsgogj mki

`gs`b. _k rkcigzcrbj jukvcs kikoogbjks gjtkrjcs

mbjmk sk rctgo ki cpbyb ujjg`k mk ibs `gk`-

drbs mki _@K c sus rkprkskjtcjtks, pbr ib quk c

Ibzcjb jb ik qukm mk btrc quk kjtrklcr ic mkjb-

`gjcmc ]b`c mk Jbtc c @crtj Kspcrzc Eibrks

ob`b skorktcrgb lkjkrci, y mk`s `gk`drbs mki

ob`gt, gs`bs quk kj tr`gjbs mk ib kstcdikogmb

kj ic Iky Ekmkrci mki ]rcdcnb (IE]), rkprkskjtcj

ki gjtkrs obikotgvb mk ibs clrk`gcmbs ci _gjmgoctb

@kxgocjb mk Kikotrgogstcs.

Kstc ikltg`c rkprkskjtcogj rctgocmc pbr ic

mk`borcogc gjtkrjc mki

_@K, sk fc fkofb vc-

ikr kj tbmbs ibs nugogbs

sbstkjgmbs pbr ic br-

lcjgzcogj pcrc kvgtcr

ic mgsbiuogj ebrzcmc

mk jukstrb sgjmgoctb,

`cjtkjgkjmb ic vglkj-

ogc mk su rklgstrb jcogbjci mk gjmustrgc y prkskr-vcjmb jukstrb mkrkofb ci trcdcnb. Fcj trcsourrg-

mb 5 cbs mk crmucs iuofcs y mk objstcjtks igtglgbs

cjtk ibs trgdujciks, quk pksk c fcdkrjbs mcmb ic

rczj kj skptgk`drk mk 4134 rkobjbogkjmb ic

bdiglcogj mki lbdgkrjb ekmkrci c csu`grsk ob`b

pctrj sustgtutb y bdigljmbib c rkobjbokr juks-

trbs mkrkofbs y prkstcogbjks mk iky, ibs `gjgstrbs

mk ic _uprk`c Obrtk mk Nustgogc mk ic Jcogj mk-

ogmgkrbj skpuitcr ic iklcigmcm y ki kstcmb mk mkrk-

ofb ci rkvbocr ic mkogsgj c jukstrb ecvbr kj su

sksgj mki ?3 mk kjkrb mk 413?.

]rcs okrrcrsk ibs oc`gjbs nurmgobs, ic jgoc

vc quk qukm cdgkrtc pcrc rksbivkr ki objfflgotb

euk ic bpogj pbitgoc, `gs`c quk tuvb su pujtb

mk cpbyb kj ki icumb mk ic Nujtc Ekmkrci mk Obj-

ogigcogj y Crdgtrcnk, objtkjgmb kj ki kxpkmgkjtk

4?7/4117 kj mbjmk sk kstcdikog quk, pcrc pbmkr

objoiugr ics rkicogbjks gjmgvgmuciks y obikotgvcs,

sk objmkj ci _krvgogb mk Kjcnkjcogj y Cm`g-

jgstrcogj mk Dgkjks c csu`grsk ob`b igqugmcmbr

obj ic bdiglcogj mk gmkjtgocr y oucjtgocr ibs

`bjtbs mk ics igqugmcogbjks gjmgvgmuciks y obiko-

tgvcs.

_bdrk kstk tkjbr csb` ujc mk ics grrkluicrg-mcmks surlgmcs c rcz mki giklci mkorktb k`gtgmb pbr

Ocimkrj, puks `gkjtrcs kj ki `gs`b ki kxprksg-

mkjtk skci quk krcj 61 `gi `giibjks mk pksbs ic

ocjtgmcm quk obrrkspbjmc c ibs trcdcncmbrks, ocdk

prklujtcrsk cfbrc> mjmk mkn ki kx`cjmctcrgb

ksbs rkoursbs b o`b euk quk ibs mkscpcrkog2

Qbr kstc rczj, y pcrc kvgtcr quk sk objvgr-

tgkrcj kj mkumc pdigoc pbr ic quk tkjmrcj quk

pclcr tbmbs ibs kxgocjbs, y mkjtrb mki `crob mk

ic rkebr`c kjkrltgoc, mbjmk sk objtk`pic quk ic

lkjkrcogj mk kjkrlc, su`gjgstrb mk prbmuotbs y

skrvgogbs ob`b sbj ics edrgocs y tciikrks mkncrbj

mk skr cotgvgmcmks kxoiusgvcs mki Kstcmb, sk objork-

t ic bpogj pcrc quk `kmgcjtk ic pcrtgogpcogj

mk mgstgjtcs mkpkjmkj-

ogcs mki lbdgkrjb, y pbr

ic vc mki mgiblb, sk

ciocjzcrc uj coukrmb

iklci quk fc pkr`gtgmb

ic kjtrklc, ki usb y kx-

pibtcogj mk ics picjtcs

quk ebr`crbj pcrtk mk

ic gjerckstruoturc mk Iuz y Eukrzc mki Okjtrb,pcrc cfbrc pbmkr lkjkrcr kikotrgogmcm c trcvs mk

ujc jukvc k`prksc mk lkjkrcogj mkjb`gjcmc

Ejgx, objstgtugmc kjtrk ki _@K y ic r`c @btc

Kjlgi, c`j mk ujc obbpkrctgvc mkjb`gjcmc IE

mki Okjtrb, `gs`c quk pkr`gtgr quk mkjtrb mk

kstbs mbs ksquk`cs mk bpkrcogj sk `ctkrgcigok ic

cjsgcmc rkgjskrogj icdbrci mk ibs kikotrgogstcs quk

jb cokptcrbj su igqugmcogj, ic supukstc pcjcokc

quk bekrtcrbj, ob`b `krbigobs mk ekrgc, tcjtb Ek-

igpk Ocimkrj ob`b ki kxprgstc Ncvgkr Ibzcjb kj

4117.

Ibs kikotrgogstcs mki _@K, pcrc mkslrcogc mk

ibs cutbrgtcrgbs y rkprksbrks pcjgstcs, sglukj kj

pgk y obj `grcs c uj cikjtcmbr euturb. Ki nugogb

mk ic fgstbrgc jg qu fcdicr sk fk kjocrlcmb mk

kjvgcr c qugkjks ctkjtcrbj objtrc ic oicsk trcdc-

ncmbrc y ibs gjtkrksks mk ic jcogj ci sgtgb quk iks

obrrkspbjmk> ki dcsurkrb mk ibs mkskofbs pbitgobs.

Ic k`prksc Ejgx y ic obbpkrctg-vc IE mki Okjtrb pkr`gtgrj ic rkgj-skrogj icdbrci mk ibs kikotrgogstcs mki_@K quk jb cokptcrbj su igqugmcogj

o j


18/68


CT]O[IBBQGJGJ

Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jgmcs,

Jukvc Wbrh, Kstcmbs [jgmbs. Ibs juk-

vbs Bdnktgvbs mk Mkscrrbiib _bstkjgdik

(BM_), cobrmcmbs kj skptgk`drk pbr ibs `gk`-

drbs mk ic Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jgmcs

(BJ[), kstj tbmbs gjtkrrkicogbjcmbs, ob`b yc

sk fc mgofb kj rkgtkrcmcs bpbrtujgmcmks. Qkrb ks

kj ki bdnktgvb 5, Lcrcjtgzcr ic mgspbjgdgigmcm y ic

lkstgj sbstkjgdik mki cluc y ki scjkc`gkjtb pcrc

tbmbs, ki quk ks `s kvgmkjtk.

Ki cluc uyk kj tbmc ic clkjmc mk mkscrrbiib

fcogc 41?1, y ki scjkc`gkjtb y ic fglgkjk sbstgk-

jkj tbmb pbsgdik iblrb mkrgvcmb mki cooksb ci i-

qugmb vgtci.

_g jb ou`pig`bs

obj ki bdnktgvb 5, jb obj-orktcrk`bs ibs btrbs 35

bdnktgvbs y 357 `ktcs.

Ibs cvcjoks kj kmuoc-

ogj, scium, mksgluci-

mcm y pbdrkzc kxtrk`c

mkpkjmkj mk o`b rgj-

mc`bs kj `ctkrgc mk cluc y scjkc`gkjtb.

Fcok ujbs cbs, ic BJ[ mkoicr quk ki cooksb

ci cluc y ci scjkc`gkjtb krc uj mkrkofb fu`cjb

dsgob. Qkrb kj ic cotucigmcm, 55? `giibjks mk pkr-

sbjcs ocrkokj mk cooksb cmkoucmb ci cluc pbtcdik

y 4 gi =11 giibjks jb tgkjkj rktrktks.

Kj ki Ebjmb Gjtkrjcogbjci mk K`krlkjogc mk

ics Jcogbjks [jgmcs pcrc ic Gjecjogc ([JGOKE,

pbr su sglic kj gjlis) kstc`bs pcrtgouicr`kjtk

prkboupcmbs pbr ics jgcs y ibs jgbs, cekotcmbs

kj ebr`c mksprbpbrogbjcmc pbr ic ecitc mk cook-

sb c ksbs skrvgogbs dsgobs. Cekotc su scium. Ics

kjekr`kmcmks mkrgvcmcs mki cluc y ic ecitc mk sc-

jkc`gkjtb sbj ujc mk ics prgjogpciks ocuscs mk

ùkrtk kj `kjbrks mk ; cbs. _gj rktrktks, ogkjtbs

mk kiibs sk kjekr`cj y ùkrkj tbmbs ibs mcs pbr

ocuscs kvgtcdiks, kj kspkogci mkdgmb c ic mgcrrkc y

c btrcs kjekr`kmcmks trcjs`gtgmcs pbr vc brci-ek-

oci. Cekotc su kmuocogj. Kj ùofcs obùjgmc-

mks, ics jgcs jb vcj c ic ksoukic pbrquk sbj ics

kjocrlcmcs mk gr c dusocr cluc, pbrquk jb tgkjkj

uj kspcogb sklurb pcrc uscr oucjmb kstj `kjs-

trucjmb, pbrquk tgkjkj quk cyumcr c sus `cmrks

c ougmcr mk ibs kjekr`bs, c `kjumb c ocusc mki

cluc objtc`gjcmc. Cekotc su sgtucogj jutrgogbjci

y su mkscrrbiib. Fcy ocmc vkz `s prukdcs mk ibs

vjouibs mgrkotbs kjtrk

ic ecitc mk cluc pbtcdiky scjkc`gkjtb y ic ci-

jutrgogj orjgoc. Cirk-

mkmbr mk 3;7 `giibjks

mk jgcs y jgbs kj ki

ùjmb tgkjkj rktrcsb

kj ki orkog`gkjtb (dcnc

kstcturc pcrc ic kmcm), ujc objmgogj quk ocusc

mcbs esgobs y obljgtgvbs grrkvkrsgdiks. Ics obj-

skoukjogcs mki rktrcsb kj ki orkog`gkjtb jb sib

gjogmkj kj ic pkrsbjc cekotcmc, sgjb quk pukmkj

mgs`gjugr kj ebr`c sgljgoctgvc ic ocpcogmcm mk

cprkjmgzcnk y ics pbsgdgigmcmks euturcs mk lcjcr-

sk ic vgmc mk vcrgcs lkjkrcogbjks y cs pkrnumgocr

ic kobjb`c iboci y jcogbjci. Cekotc ic glucimcm

y ic kqugmcm. [jc mk ics prgjogpciks `ktcs mk ibs

jukvbs BM_ ks ic mk rkmuogr ics mksglucimcmks.

Jukvc kvgmkjogc mki Dcjob @ujmgci ùkstrc quk

gjvkrtgr kj cluc y scjkc`gkjtb pcrc 41 pbr ogkjtb

LKK]C TCB L[Q]C,_[DMGTKO]BTC KNKO[]GUC MKI [JGOKE/GQ_

KI CL[C W KI _CJKC@GKJ]B

JB Q[KMKJ K_QKTCT C 41?1

[jbs 55? giibjks mk pkrsbjcs ocrk-okj mk cooksb cmkoucmb ci cluc pbtcdiky 4 gi =11 giibjks jb tgkjkj rktrktks.Ogkjtbs mk gjecjtks ùkrkj pbr kiibb


19/68


CT]O[IB BQGJGJ

mk ic pbdicogj s pbdrk lkjkrc lrcjmks rmgtbs

kobj`gobs, `s quk gjvkrtgr kj btrbs qugjtgiks y,

cs, tgkjk ic ocpcogmcm mk rkmuogr ics mksglucimcmkssbogciks.

Jukstrbs mctbs mk ibs =; pcsks kj mkscrrbiib

`ukstrcj quk kj sgktk mk ocmc 31 fblcrks, ki pksb

mk gr c dusocr cluc ib ocrlcj ics `unkrks y ics

jgcs, pbr ib quk `knbrcr ki cooksb ci rkoursb obj-

trgdugr c ic glucimcm mk ljkrb.

[jc rkujgj rkcigzcmc kj ki `crob mki


20/68


CT]O[IBBQGJGJ

Ki 31 mk botudrk pcscmb fudb ujc lrcj `c-jgekstcogj kj Cjhcrc, ]urquc. @giks mkpkrsbjcs rkobrrgkrbj ic ogumcm objmkjcj-mb ctkjtcmbs fcdgmbs y kxglgkjmb ic pcz. K`pkrb,ujc lrcj kxpibsgj prbvbocmc pbr mbs tkrrbrgstcssugogmcs mkn 7; `ukrtbs y 4=; fkrgmbs> ki pkbrctkjtcmb mk ic fgstbrgc bmkrjc mk ]urquc.

Ki lbdgkrjb turob cprbvkof ki ctcquk pcrccouscr c ics gigogcs hurmcs mki Qcrtgmb mk ibs ]rc-dcncmbrks mk Hurmgstj (QHH), obj ics quk kstkj objfflgotb, pkrb eukjtks mk ic sklurgmcm mki Ks-

tcmb gjmgocrbj mksmk ki prgjogpgb quk ic `cscorkcpujtcdc ci eujmc`kjtcigstc y scjlugjcrgb KstcmbGsi`gob. Qkrb tc`dgjfcy btrcs rkspbjscdgig-

mcmks y ouipcdgigmcmksmki ctkjtcmb mk Cjhcrcy mk btrbs.

Cujquk pukmk pc-rkokr ic trc`c outrk mkujc pkiouic `kmgborkmk skrgk D, fcy kvgmkj-ogcs pcrc cr`cr quk ibs pcsks s mkscrrbiicmbs

mk Boogmkjtk sbj tc`dgj rkspbjscdiks mk ic dcr-dcrgk gsi`gob-eujmc`kjtcigstc. Fcy mgvkrsbs b-mbs mk skr ouipcdik> jb csksgjc sib qugkj cprgktcki lctgiib. Ki mkrkofb pkjci kstcdikok ki lrcmb mkrkspbjscdgigmcm kj ic ob`gsgj mk mkigtbs. Kj ibsor`kjks fcy cutbrks gjtkikotuciks, gjmuotbrks,knkoutbrks, o`pigoks jkokscrgbs, o`pigoks y kj-oudrgmbrks. Mk kscs rkspbjscdgigmcmks pbr or`k-jks tkrrbrgstcs, cilujcs obrrkspbjmkj c lbdgkrjbsboogmkjtciks.

Tkobrmk`bs quk ki Kstcmb Gsi`gob ks uj mks-

pgcmcmb lrupb tkrrbrgstc mk `gigogcs quk mgokj skrygfcmgstcs sujks, sk cutbjb`drcj Ocigectb mk tb-mbs ibs `usui`cjks y boupcj `gigtcr`kjtk cilu-jcs ogumcmks mk _grgc. _k brlcjgz kj 411? ob`blrupb cr`cmb kj ic rdgtc mk Ci Sckmc pcrcob`dctgr ic gjvcsgj kstcmujgmkjsk mk Grch. Qkrbpcrcmngoc`kjtk Kstcmbs [jgmbs fc cpbycmb c CiSckmc mksmk sus gjgogbs. Bsc`c dgj Icmkj, euj-mcmbr mk Ci Sckmc, euk rkoiutcmb y kjtrkjcmb pbric Clkjogc Okjtrci mk Gjtkiglkjogc (OGC, pbr susglic kj gjlis) kstcmujgmkjsk kj 37


21/68


CT]O[IB BQGJGJ

okjtrbs mk mktkjogj skorktbs mki Kstcmb Gsi`g-ob, mbjmk kjogkrrcj c ogumcmcjbs sgrgbs pbr eu-`cr oglcrrgiibs, tkjkr skxb eukrc mki `ctrg`bjgbb sg`pik`kjtk pkrtkjkokr c uj lrupb quk jb skcki Kstcmb Gsi`gob. ]c`dgj fcj mktkjgmb c mbok-jcs mk pkrgbmgstcs kxtrcjnkrbs y c trcdcncmbrks mkbrlcjgzcogbjks fu`cjgtcrgcs.

Ki ocjcmgkjsk @gofki Ofbssumbvshy, mgrkotbrmki Okjtrb mk Gjvkstglcogj mk ic Libdcigzcogjkj @bjtrkci, fc rkobpgicmb mbokjcs mk kvgmkjogcsquk `ukstrcj quk ki Kstcmb Gsi`gob euk orkcmb

obj ic obicdbrcogj y jcjogc-ogj mk ic OGC, mki Gjstgtutb mkGjtkiglkjogc y Bpkrcogbjks Ks-pkogciks gsrcki y ki @G5 drgtjg-ob, s ibs skrvgogbs mk kspgbjcnk

pchgstcjks y mk Crcdgc _cumgtc.Qbr su pcrtk, ic Brlcjgzcogjmki ]rctcmb mki Ctijtgob Jbrtk

y ki Kstcmb @cybr mki Knrogtbmk ]urquc fcj obicdbrcmb kjobjtrctcr b fcj g`puiscmb icobjtrctcogj mk `krokjcrgbspcrc ki Kstcmb Gsi`gob mksmk`crzb mk 4133, oucjmb k`pk-z ic lukrrc mk _grgc. _bimcmbsmk Eukrzcs Kspkogciks drgtjgocs

y clkjtks mk kspgbjcnk boogmkj-tciks fcj kjtrkjcmb c rkdkimks

ygfcmgstcs kj _grgc, gjoiusb kj icutgigzcogj mk cr`cs qu`gocs.

]bmb k`pkz, sklj Ofbs-sumbvshy y btrbs cutbrks, obj ibsctkjtcmbs mk Jukvc Wbrh, Kstc-mbs [jgmbs. Cquki drutci ctcquktkrrbrgstc mki 33 mk skptgk`drkmk 4113 prbpbrogbj ic nustg-ocogj pcrc igdrcr ujc lukrrccdgkrtc objtrc Celcjgstj, kj-

tbjoks objsgmkrcmb pctrbogjc-mbr mki tkrrbrgs`b mk Ci Sckmcob`b ocsus dkiig. W pcrc skjtcrics dcsks mk ic iic`cmc lukrrclibdci objtrc ki tkrrbrgs`b qukfby mgok igdrcrsk kj _grgc. Qkrb,qugjks sbj ibs tkrrbrgstcs kjksc lukrrc2 Qbr btrc pcrtk, y ks

`uofb `s prkboupcjtk, ibs ob`pbjkjtks mk ksclukrrc tgkjkj mkrgvcogbjks kj lrcj pcrtk mki uj-mb y sbj ujc kspcmc mk Mc`boikspcrc ics igdkrtcmks

y mkrkofbs mk ic `cybrc mk ic lkjtk. Kj ergoc,sgj gr s iknbs.

Ki tkrrbrgs`b ks uj trk`kjmb czbtk pkrb, ob`bfc mgofb Jbc` Ofb`shy, fcy ujc `cjkrc skj-ogiic mk cocdcr obj ki tkrrbrgs`b, jb mki tbmb, pkrbs kj lrcj pcrtk, y ks mkncr mk skr pcrtk mki `gs-`b. Kj Boogmkjtk sk fc rkourrgmb ci tkrrbrgs`bpcrc ob`dctgr ki tkrrbrgs`b.

MCUGM

@CJTGS[K


22/68


QBT]CMCCJIG_G_


@G_KTGC_CICTGCIOBJ]GKJK

IC GJEICOGJ

QBT]CMCCJIG_G_


23/68


QBT]CMC CJIG_G_

Kjtrk 4113 y skptgk`drk

mk 413;, ki cu`kjtb ci

scicrgb `jg`b euk mk sib?1 okjtcvbs mgcrgbs ocmc

cb, kj tr`gjbs rkciks.

Ic gjecogj kmgc cjuci

mk =.3 pbr ogkjtb kj ki

pkrgbmb, objskoukjogc

mk ic `gskrgc scicrgci c ic

quk sk fc objmkjcmb c ic

`cybrc mk ic pbdicogj

Kjtrk 4113 y skptgk`drk mk 413;, ic gjfflc-

ogj `kmgc cjuci prblrc`cmc kj @xgobeuk mk ?.6 pbr ogkjtb. Ic ciocjzcmc euk mk=.3 pbr ogkjtb.

Ki cu`kjtb `kmgb cjuci mki scicrgb `jg`beuk mk =.5 pbr ogkjtb, kqugvcikjtk c 4.46 pksbsmgcrgbs `s ocmc cb. _u mgekrkjogc obj ic gj-fflcogj kspkrcmc krc mk 1.6 pujtbs pbrokjtucikscjuciks. Mksobjtjmbsk ki kekotb mk ibs prkogbs, kiscicrgb `jg`b rkci fudgkrc bdtkjgmb ujc lcjcj-ogc `kmgc cjuci mk 3.4 pbr ogkjtb, kqugvcikjtk c


24/68

4= 45 mk botudrk mk 413;

QBT]CMCCJIG_G_

euk mk =.; y su mgekrkjogc obj ki cu`kjtb jb`g-jci mk mgofb scicrgb `jg`b ocy c 1.3 pujtbspbrokjtuciks cjuciks. Mkfflcotcmb obj ic ocjcstc,su cu`kjtb rkci cjuci sk rkmunb ci `jg`b> 1.3pbr ogkjtb8 5 okjtcvbs rkciks mgcrgbs ocmc cb8 71

okjtcvbs couùicmbs cmgogbjciks kj ib quk vc mkisglib.Ic lkjkrbsgmcm mk ibs lbdgkrjbs y ibs k`prksc-

rgbs ks ujc giusgj kstcmstgocgjsuitcjtk`kjtk obj`bvk-mbrc.

Ki cjtkrgbr knkrogogb ks-tcmstgob mksvkic ic lrbskrcùjgffiokjogc nugogbsc yrkspbjscdik mk ic mgsogpig-jc `bjktcrgc y ffisoci jkb-igdkrci. Mk ic jgoc scigmckobj`goc y pbitgoc vgc-dik pcrc Clustj Ocrstkjslbdkrjcmbr mki Dcjob mk @xgob (Dcjxgob),Iugs Ugmklcrcy skorktcrgb mk Fcogkjmc y Or-mgtb Qdigob, Kjrgquk Qkc Jgktb prksgmkjtkmk ic Tkpdigoc, ibs pcjgstcs y prgstcs, quk mg-eogi`kjtk pukmk lkjkrcr prksgbjks gjfflcogbjcrgcs,pkrturdcogbjks `corbkobj`gocs, prmgmcs kj ictcsc mk lcjcjogc y dkjkffiogbs c ibs pcupkrgzcmbscscicrgcmbs.

Kj tbmb ocsb, pbmrc mkogrsk quk ics skoukics

kstcdgigzcmbrcs sbdrk ibs scicrgbs jb fcj sgmb cpc-rkjtk`kjtk mrc`tgocs. Mk ibs ;;.? `giibjks mk`kxgocjbs ouybs gjlrksbs jb iks pkr`gtkj sctgs-ecokr sus jkoksgmcmks dsgocs mk sudsgstkjogc, kj413= sklj ic objtcdgigmcm bffiogci, ocsg 4 `g-iibjks `s quk 4134, sib ujcs < `gi pkrsbjcsfcj sgmb kjocrokicmcs y knk`picr`kjtk ocstglcmcsobj pkjcs mk fcstc 31 cbs, pbr mkmgocrsk ci rbdbecìgob, ks mkogr, pbr fc`drk. Tkprkskjtcj ujcdclctkic kstcmstgoc. Ki rkstb sbj pbdrks, `gskrc-diks, `kmgbs ùkrtbs mk fc`drk, pkrb fbjrcmbs,

pbr objvgoogj b ecitc mk orkctgvgmcm k`prkscrgci.Ukjturbsc`kjtk, ib cjtkrgbr jb ks ki ocsb mk ickigtk pbitgob-k`prkscrgci.

Jg mki lbdkrjcmbr jg mk ibs ouctrb sudlbdkr-jcmbrks mki Dcjxgob (rk`k`dkrc ibs ogjob ibdgtbsmk 37?5). _us bmkstcs rkùjkrcogbjks, ic gjfflcogj ks,sgk`prk y kj tbmb b`kjtb, uj ekj`kjb bjk-

tcrgb, ic mgsogpigjc k`pgkzcc rkjmgr sus erutbs.

Qbitgoc`bjktcrgc

C pcrtgr mk 4113, oucj-mb ki Dcjxgob cpigo ic ks-trctklgc dcscmc kj bdnktgvbsmk gjfflcogj (ib quk sgljg-

ffioc quk ic pbitgoc `bjktcrgc sk cjoic kj ki ob`-prb`gsb mk quk cpigocr sus fkrrc`gkjtcs pcrcciocjzcr ibs bdnktgvbs cjujogcmbs), ic gjfflcogjocy c uj mlgtb.

Mbs cbs mkspus, ibs prkogbs tkjmgkrbj c crc-cric ktc cjuci mk ? pbr ogkjtb, +/-3 pujtb pbr-okjtuci, ffincmc kj 3777 pcrc 411?. Kj 4116, objibs oc`dgbs kj ic tcsc bdnktgvb, sk prktkjmk gjfflugrsbdrk ics kxpkotctgvcs mki pdigob y, obj stk y

btrbs gjstru`kjtbs, sbdrk ic kvbiuogj euturc mkic gjfflcogjQcrc csb`drb mki g`pkrtrrgtb dcjob okjtrci

sk scdk quk ibs tojgobs rkofczcj ki cpicusb e-ogi> sbj fflk`tgobs jb crrkdctcmbs, `ks c `ks, kjtrk`crzb y skptgk`drk mk 413;, ic tcsc cjucigzcmc mkic gjfflcogj fc dcncmb sgstk`tgoc`kjtk mk ?.3=pbr ogkjtb c 4.;4 pbr ogkjtb, udgojmbsk kj ki`crlkj gjekrgbr mk ic `ktc, kj su jgvki `s dcnbmksmk 37


25/68


QBT]CMC CJIG_G_

rc qugsgkrbj rkvgvgrib, pbr `kmgb mk su ercocscmbprblrc`c `bjktcrgstc-fktkrbmbxb mk kstcdgigzc-

ogj> ic pcrgmcm oc`dgcrgc (`corbmkvciucogbjkscjujogcmcs), ouyc sbdrkvciucogj rkci cou`uicmc(4; pbr ogkjtb kj jbvgk`drk mk 377=), sbstkjgmctk`pbrci`kjtk pbr ibs pcrcjbgobs fflunbs mk ocpgtcikspkouictgvbs, sgrvk ob`b cjoicmksgjfflcogbjcrgc.

Ki rksuitcmb mki mkscstrk icrvcmb kj ics kjtrc-cs mki scigjgs`by fkrkmcmb ci zkmgiigs`b, quk eukgjocpcz mk rksbivkr ki kjgl`c obj ic eulc mk ic`cjcmcmk ocpgtciks kspkouictgvbs kj ic sklujmc`gtcm mk ksk cb, euk ic `corbmkvciucogj mk ;4pbr ogkjtb kjtrk mgogk`drk mk 377= y `crzb mk

377;.Cs sk gjgog ic krc mkscstrcmc mki cutjb`bdcjob okjtrci, gjgogci`kjtk cm`gjgstrcmb pbr@cjokrc, ki gtc`gtc pctrgcroc k`dik`tgob mk ibsOfgoclb Dbysy prg`kr lbdkrjcmbr mk ksk gjstgtutb,c qugkj Nbs Ipkz Qbrtgiib mkspgmg kj 3764, cou-sjmbib mk mksikcitcm, y sustgtuyjmbib pbr Ocr-ibs ]kiib @cocs, prbdcdik`kjtk ki jgob mgrkotbr

mgljb quk fc tkjgmb ksc gjstgtuogj kj su fgstbrgc.Ksc trclkmgc rkpgtg ic fgstbrgc mk ibs mkscrrb-

iigstcs mkskstcdgigzcmbrks. stbs ffincrbj ic pcrgmcmkj 34.;1 pksbs pbr micr mk cqukiibs cbs, kj37;=8 okrrcrbj su ogoib fgstrgob obj ujc sbdrkvc-iucogj mk ?; pbr ogkjtb kj 37


26/68


QBT]CMCCJIG_G_

OKOGIGC

@CT]JK^W34?TE

pkjmkrj mk ic rkoupkrcogj mk su pbmkr mk ob`-prc pkrmgmb, `krokm c ujc skjogiic rczj> sk jbks ki bdnktgvb mk ic pbitgoc `bjktcrgc. ]c`pbobki orkog`gkjtb kobj`gob. Ic prgbrgmcm ks ic dcncgjfflcogj. Ic prbpukstc mk pbitgoc kobj`goc pcrc

4135-4136 kjvgcmc ci Objlrksb mk ic [jgj ks ictcsc mk ? pbr ogkjtb cjuci. Cirkmkmbr mk kiic lgrcjics mk`s `ktcs.

Ki objtrbi mk ic gjfflcogj rkqugkrk ujc skvkrccustkrgmcm kj ib quk rkstc mki pkgs`b.

Kj 4135, ki lcstb prblrc`cdik rkci prbykotcmbsk mkspib`cr ;.7 pbr ogkjtb. Mk pbr s, kj 413;,yc suerg ic tgnkrcvgmklcrycjc. _kr ic pkbr rkmuo-ogj kj ibs itg`bs 3? cbs. _ib kj 411= y 4131fcdc rktrbokmgmb 1.3 pbr ogkjtb y 1.4 pbr ogkjtb,rkspkotgvc`kjtk. Qkrb jb skr uj cb kxokpogbjci,mkdgmb c ibs kjbrks gjlrksbs pktrbikrbs kspkrcmbsy ic mkogsgj mk ciocjzcr ki kqugigdrgb ffisoci okrb kj413 ic `ktc cjucimk prkogbs, ic prbmuotgvgmcm y ic ob`pktgtgvgmcm8ic ctrcoogj mk ic gjvkrsgj kxtrcjnkrc quk kxglkibs dcnbs scicrgbs ob`b ibs cotuciks8 ic objtrcrrk-ebr c icdbrci mk 4134, quk lcrcjtgzc iklci`kjtkic pkr`cjkjogc mk ibs trcdcncmbrks ob`b pbdrks,prkocrgbs y fflkxgdiks8 ibs citbs rmgtbs pcrc ctrckry `cjtkjkr ki ocpgtci kspkouictgvb. Qrkvcikokr ic

drgscsb ibs vkjmcvciksmk ibs ocpgtciks kspkouictgvbs.Qbmrc mkogrsk quk kj 413; ocsg sk iiklc c ic gj-

fflcogj oucsg objtrbicmc, quk, c mkogr mki sudlbdkr-

jcmbr @cjuki _jofkz, lkjkrc uj kjtbrjb ecvb-rcdik pcrc ki orkog`gkjtb, ic rkmuoogj mk ics tcscsmk gjtkrs y pcrc quk ics ec`gigcs pukmcj tb`cr`knbrks mkogsgbjks sbdrk ic ob`prc mk uj cutb`-vgi b ujc ocsc, y ics k`prkscs sbdrk oujmb y oujtbgjvkrtgr, cdrgr jklbogbs y orkcr k`pikbs.

_g ks quk sus scicrgbs sk ib pkr`gtkj. Qbrquksus euturbs cu`kjtbs, ob`b fcstc cfbrc, jb mk-


27/68


QBT]CMC CJIG_G_

rkjtcdgigmcm ffijcjogkrc sbdrk ic prbmuotgvc (vkrlrffiocs 3 y 4).

C `kmgcmbs mk botudrk pcscmb, kj ic obj`k-`brcogj mki 71 cjgvkrscrgb mki Dcjxgob, Ugmklc-rcy sk uecj pbrquk ki scicrgb rkci orkog 3.? pbr

ogkjtb mk kjkrb c skptgk`drk, ib quk rkprkskjtc ki`cybr orkog`gkjtb mki pbmkr cmqugsgtgvb mk ibs trc-dcncmbrks mksmk 41138 kxcit ic dcnc mk ic gjfflcogj,ic rkmuoogj mki mksk`pikb cdgkrtb kj clbstb (=.56pbr ogkjtb), udgojmbsk kj ibs jgvkiks prkvgbs c icorgsgs mk 41168 ki cu`kjtb mki objsu`b8 y pbr icorkcogj mk pbob `s mk 3.5 `giibjks mk k`pikbsebr`ciks murcjtk pkgs`b.

_cicrgb, gluci ci mk 37;?

_g cilb mkdk rkobjbokrsk c Ocrstkjs ks su sgjok-rgmcm> su mgspbsgogj pbr scorgffiocr ibs scicrgbs cjtkic gjfflcogj.

Kj oc`dgb, Ugmklcrcy ks uj cljbtiblb, kj subdsksgj mk objvkrtgrsk kj ki euturb prksgmkjtk mk@xgob.

Tbdkrt Qrbotbr, prbeksbr kstcmujgmkjsk mk fgs-tbrgc mk ic ogkjogc kj ic [jgvkrsgmcm mk _tcjebrm,cou ki jkbiblgs`b cljbtbiblc pcrc mksorgdgro`b c trcvs mki k`pikb mk mctbs gjkxcotbs b kj-lcbsbs sk gjmuok ic gljbrcjogc y ki kjlcb.

Su rkprkskjtc ujc `knbrc mk 3.5 pbr ogkjtbkj ibs scicrgbs2[j coogmkjtk, mkdgmb c ujc `kjbr gjfflcogj

gjkspkrcmc obj rkicogj c ic prkvgstc, ic ouci, pbrogkrtb, rkfflknc ibs sjtb`cs rkoksgvbs mk ic kobjb-`c. Jb ks ujc objskoukjogc ilgoc mk ujc pbitgocpdigoc mkigdkrcmc. @kmgmb pbr ibs prkogbs ci obj-su`gmbr sib sk rkoupkr 1.3 kj prb`kmgb kj 413?y 413=. Mkfflcotcmb pbr ic ocjcstc dsgoc, pkrmg 1.6pbr ogkjtb. Kj 413?-413; ic kmgc euk ecvbrcdik ciscicrgb kj 1.5 pbr ogkjtb.

Su sgljgffiocj ujbs oucjtbs okjtcvbs s sg cigjgogb mki pkgs`b 3 pksb rkci mk 37


28/68


QBT]CMCCJIG_G_

mk Kstcmb y mk `krocmb, ibs trcdcncmbrks objtrgdu-ykj c ic mksgjfflcogj.

@cjuki _jofkz ffiibsbec> Obj gjfflcogbjks ci-tcs ics kobjb`cs tgkjmkj c orkokr `kjbs XyP sukik

gjork`kjtcrsk su vbictgigmcm, ib quk bsourkokics sk-ciks mk ibs prkogbs rkictgvbs y cu`kjtc ic gjokrtg-mu`drk mki pdigob. Oucjmb fcy kstcdgigmcm mkprkogbs, ic kobjb`c pukmk kxpcjmgrsk mk ebr`csbstkjgmc.

Kjtrk 411? y 413; ic gjfflcogj `kmgc fc sgmbmk =.3 pbr ogkjtb kj prb`kmgb cjuci, cirkmkmbr mkic ktc mk ? pbr ogkjtb, +/-3 pujtb pbrokjtuci. _gj

k`dcrlb ki orkog`gkjtb `kmgb cpkjcs fc sgmb 4.;pbr ogkjtb.

Nbskpf _tgligtz fc orgtgocmb pbr gjtgi ic `bmcmk ics ktcs mk prkogbs y ibs rgkslbs rkoksgvbs mk icsdcncs gjfflcogbjks.

Qbpuigs`b

]gkjkj rczbjks kstcmstgocs ibs tkojorctcs mkiDcjob mk @xgob pcrc skjtgrsk sbrprkjmgmbs pbr ickvbiuogj mk ic gjfflcogj murcjtk ki cb kj oursb.

C ibs quk sk iks fc bsourkogmb ic rkcigmcm ks cibs pkgstcs. C ocmc rctb, fciobjks mk ic gjfflcogj(_tgligtz mgxgt) cmvgkrtkj sbdrk ic octstrbek quk rk-prkskjtcrc quk kilkjgb mk ibs prkogbs sk ksocpk mk icdbtkiic, ob`b mgrc grjgoc`kjtk ki Qrk`gb Jbdkimk Kobjb`c 4113, Nbskpf _tgligtz, kj su trcdcnbOkjtrci dcjhgjl gj c mk`borctgo sbogkty, mk 3776.

_gk`prk fcj objnurcmb ibs obstbs mk uj jgvkikikvcmb mk ibs prkogbs y ics mgffiouitcmks pcrc rks-tcdikokr su kstcdgigmcm> sus kekotbs jbogvbs sbdrk icprbmuotgvgmcm y ic ob`pktgtgvgmcm mk ics k`prkscsy ic kobjb c, ki orkog`gkjtb y ki k pikb, ki pbmkrmk ob`prc mk ic pbdicogj y su jgvki mk vgmc.

Oucjmb pukmkj, y pcrc nustgffiocr ic brtbmbxgcjkbigdkrci mk ic pbitgoc `bjktcrgc rkstrgotgvc y iccustkrgmcm ffisoci quk fc prgvcmb kjtrk 376? y 413;,

y quk sk cjtkjmr fcstc 4136, clgtcj ki kspcjtcnbmk ic gjkstcdgigmcm mk prkogbs mrc`tgoc. Ob`bib fgzb @cjuki _jofkz, mki Dcjxgob g`pukstbob`b sudlbdkrjcmbr pbr Ekigpk Ocimkrj y, cjtks,kmuocmb pbr ic `cmrczc `bjktcrgstc mk Ofgoclb,kj 4131, ci rk`k`brcr ksc ecsk rklgstrcmc kjtrk37


29/68


QBT]CMC CJIG_G_

kiibs `gs`bs cpigocj, ib quk kqugvcik uj kiblgb cs `gs`bs> ic custkrgmcm kstcdgigzcmbrc jkbigdkrci,quk ocstglcj ci objsu`b y ic gjvkrsgj prbmuotgvcc trcvs mk ic objtkjogj mk ibs scicrgbs rkciks, mkilctb pdigob y ics citcs tcscs mk gjtkrs. Kj bpbsg-

ogj ci pbpuigs`b quk, kxtrcc`kjtk, Qkc Jgktbrkogkjtk`kjtk sk fc mkmgocmb c k`dkstgr, objeu-sc y mkskjtbjcmc`kjtk (sgj mkffijgr ki objokptb)8oruzcmc c ic quk, kj uj cotb rkfflknb sbigmcrgb, prk-sgmkjogcdik, gluci`kjtk mgeusb, sk su` Ugmklcrcy,ocigffiojmbib mk vkjmkmbr mk kspkngs`bs, cujqukrkobjbog quk pbr supukstc`kjtk rkcigstc, pbr jbtrcjsgtcr pbr ki tkrrkjb s cpicumgmb, ic brtbmbxgckstcdgigzcmbrc jb ks ics `s pbpuicr.

Clustj Ocrstkjs y ibs tkojorctcs mki dcjobokjtrci scdkj quk, kj rkcigmcm, ic pbitgoc ffisoci, ic`bjktcrgc y ic kobj`goc sbj cjtgpbpuicrks.

Tkourmksk quk kj clbstb mk 413= Ocrstkjssk lcj ic rkpuisc mki pb-puicofb ci bpbjkrsk, tcncj-tk`kjtk, ci gluci quk QkcJgktb, Ugmklcrcy y ki k`-prkscrgcmb, c ic prbpukstcmki pbpuigstc lbdgkrjbocpgtcigjb pcrc quk, kj cotbmk nustgogc sbogci, sk kikvcrcki scicrgb `jg`b jb`gjcikj 4? pbr ogkjtb kj 413;, y

3;= pbr ogkjtb cou`uicmbfcstc 41368 4< pbr ogkjtbkj prb`kmgb cjuci (mk 5< pksbs mgcrgbs c 3


30/68

GJ]KTJCOGBJCI

?1 45 mk botudrk mk 413;

CJIG_G_

KI CL[C ]BMCUCJB K_ QCTC ]BMB_IC]GJBC@TGOC

OGTC TBMTL[K^ O_CT/QTKJ_C IC]GJC

Kj C`rgoc Ictgjc ?= `giibjks mk pkrsbjcs jb tgkjkj cooksb ci cluc pbtcdik.Ki rktb mk ibs lbdgkrjbs ks mgstrgdugr ki iqugmb, puks ic rklgj oukjtc obj

lrcjmks `cjcjtgciks, rbs ocumcibsbs, skivcs y dbsquks. C trcvs mki OCE skobjstruyk ic gjerckstruoturc pcrc iikvcr ki cluc mbjmk sk jkoksgtc. Qkrb jb

tbmbs ibs pcsks oc`gjcj kj ksk skjtgmb

OKOGIGC

@CT]JK^W34?TE

GJ]KTJCOGBJCI


CJIG_G_


31/68


GJ]KTJCOGBJCI CJIG_G_

Ic Fcdcjc, Oudc. _g dgkj Ictgjbc-

`rgoc ou`pig ibs Bdnktgvbs mkMkscrrbiib mki @gikjgb kj ctkrgc mk

cluc pbtcdik ci iblrcr ujc obdkrturc dcs-

tcjtk citc kj ic `cybrc mk ibs pcsks, iiklcr

ci itg`b skl`kjtb mk ic pbdicogj objstgtu-

yk ki iblrb `s mgeogi y obstbsb.

]cjtb ks cs quk cotuci`kjtk cj `s

mk ?= `giibjks mk pkrsbjcs kj ic rklgj jb

tgkjkj cooksb ci cluc pbtcdik y s mk 315

`giibjks jb mgspbjkj mk gjstcicogbjks `k-

nbrcmcs mk scjkc`gkjtb, sklj mctbs mk ic

Ob`gsgj Kobj`goc pcrc C`rgoc Ictgjc

y ki Ocrgdk (Okpci) y ki Dcjob mk Mkscrrbiib

mk C`rgoc Ictgjc (Obrpbrcogj Cjmgjc mk

Eb`kjtb, OCE).

Ci pbskkr ic `cybr mgspbjgdgigmcm prb-

`kmgb mk cluc mki ùjmb, cirkmkmbr mk 4=

`gi =11 `ktrbs odgobs pbr pkrsbjc, ic rk-

lgj kst bdiglcmc c rksbivkr ic mgspbjgdgig-

mcm y ic sklurgmcm mki cluc, y pbr supukstb

ki cotuci pctrj mk su usb sbstkjgdik.

_bdrk ki csujtb, ki OCE objsgmkrc ujc

`ktc rkcigstc iblrcr ic obdkrturc ujgvkrsci

mki cluc y scjkc`gkjtb pcrc 41?1, y objeckj quk tkjmr g`pcotbs mk gjoiusgj y kqug-

mcm kj ic sbogkmcm ictgjbc`krgocjc.

Ki vgokprksgmkjtk obrpbrctgvb mk Mksc-

rrbiib _bogci y C`dgkjtci mk ksk kjtk k`g-

sbr, Nbs Ocrrkrcs, csklur rkogkjtk`kjtk

quk kiib skr pbsgdik sg sk gjvgkrtk ki 1.?

pbr ogkjtb mki prbmuotb gjtkrjb drutb kj

jukvcs gjerckstruoturcs y sk objtgjc obj ic

gjvkrsgj cjuci quk yc sk iikvc c ocdb.

Qcrc ki mgrkotgvb, ki rktb kj C`rgoc Ic-

tgjc ks iiklcr c ibs skotbrks `s pbdrks, pbr-

quk ics pcrtks `s cob`bmcmcs yc tgkjkj

cluc mk dukjc ocigmcm, y quk ics obùjg-

mcmks gjoiuykjtks sustgtuycj c ics skl`kj-

tcmcs kj ics quk ic ocigmcm mk ibs skrvgogbs

vcrcj kj eujogj mki kstctus sbogci.

Mk cf quk ibs kseukrzbs mkdkj mgrglgrsk

c ics zbjcs `crlgjciks, rurciks k gjmlkjcs,

ci objsgmkrcrics ic pcrtk pbdicogbjci `s

vuijkrcdik mk ic rklgj kj kstk cspkotb, sb-drk ic dcsk mk quk ki 61 pbr ogkjtb mk ic

pbdicogj vgvk kj zbjcs urdcjcs `gkjtrcs

quk ki 41 rkstcjtk rksgmk kj rkcs rurciks.

Kj kscs ogercs sbdrkscik quk kjtrk ki 4;

y ki ;1 pbr ogkjtb mk ibs quk sk kjoukjtrcj

kj ogumcmks vgvkj kj dcrrgcmcs b ecvkics

sgj ibs skrvgogbs mk cluc y ciocjtcrgiicmb, pbr

ib quk sk objvgkrtkj nujtb c ibs fcdgtcjtks

cekotcmbs mki oc`pb kj ki skotbr prgbrgtcrgb

mk gjtkrvkjogj, cpujt Ocrrkrcs.

Ucik rkobrmcr quk C`rgoc Ictgjc mks-

tcoc pbr skr ic rklgj s mksgluci mki uj-

mb y, pbr ib tcjtb, ks ic quk prkskjtc ic pkbr

mgstrgduogj mk gjlrksbs. Kj ibs itg`bs

cbs, jb bdstcjtk, fc iblrcmb, kj lkjkrci,

uj prblrksb objsgmkrcdik kj `ctkrgc mk

kobjb`c y kstcdgigmcm pbitgoc, y cvcjoks

kj ic iuofc objtrc ic pbdrkzc.

Qkrb cj, y pksk c sus ocumcibsbs rbs,

kspksbs dbsquks y skivcs, ic rklgj ictgjbc-

`krgocjc pcmkok ic ksocskz mki prkogcmb

iqugmb, ib ouci, sklj orgtkrgbs kspkogcigzc-

mbs, pukmk objvkrtgrsk kj ocusc mk objgo-tbs kj uj euturb.

_gj k`dcrlb, cuj obj ksc c`kjczc quk

pukmk skr rkci b jb, ùofbs lbdgkrjbs jb

mkscrrbiicj pbitgocs pcrc ecvbrkokr ic mgs-

trgduogj kj zbjcs mk mgeogi cooksb8 ks mk-

ogr, rklgbjks `bjtcbscs b ùy vcstcs quk

g`pigocj citbs obstbs kj ic ecdrgocogj mk

gjerckstruoturcs y scjkc`gkjtb.

Kj objoiusgj, c ic ecitc mk vbiujtcm

pbitgoc sk su`c ic lkblrcec, bpgjcj ibs

cjcigstcs.

Tkoursbs fmrgobs `ci

mgstrgdugmbs

Ic bekrtc jcturci mk cluc sk mgstrgduyk

mksgluci`kjtk kj ki kspcogb y kj ki tgk`pb,


32/68

GJ]KTJCOGBJCI


CJIG_G_

y kj ùofbs ocsbs jb obgjogmk obj ic mk-

`cjmc. Kjtrk ibs ocsbs `s rkprkskjtctgvbs

sk kjoukjtrc Qkr, mbjmk `s mki ;1 pbrogkjtb mk ic pbdicogj sk ibocigzc kj ic vkr-

tgkjtk pcoffioc, y sib oukjtc obj ki 3.6 pbr

ogkjtb mk ic mgspbjgdgigmcm fmrgoc mki pcs.

Btrb tcjtb bourrk kj Okjtrbc`rgoc>

mbs tkrogbs mk ic pbdicogj sk udgocj kj ics

oukjocs mki Qcoffiob, fcogc mbjmk uyk sib

ki ?1 pbr ogkjtb mk ics clucs supkrffiogciks.

Csg`gs`b, ocsg ki 4; pbr ogkjtb mki tkrrg-

tbrgb mk ic rklgj sk oicsgffioc ob`b rgmb b sk-

`grgmb, quk gjoiuyk zbjcs ob`b ic Qctclb-

jgc (Crlkjtgjc), ic Qujc (Crlkjtgjc, Dbigvgc,

Ofgik y Qkr), ki Ofcob (Crlkjtgjc, Dbigvgc y

Qcrclucy), ki mksgkrtb obstkrb (Ofgik y Qkr),

ki mksgkrtb sbjbrkjsk (@xgob), ki Jbrkstk mk

Drcsgi y ki sk`gmksgkrtb mk Ukjkzukic.

W cujquk ic mkjsgmcm mk pbdicogj ks

dcnc kj ob`pcrcogj obj btrcs rklgbjks mki

ùjmb, ics mk`cjmcs mki prkogcmb iqugmb

cu`kjtcj objsgmkrcdik`kjtk, y kj bocsgb-

jks sk gjork`kjtcj mk `cjkrc ùy obj-

okjtrcmc kj ki kspcogb.

Mk cf quk ki prblrksb sbogbkobj`g-

ob quk kst kxpkrg`kjtjmbsk kj ic rklgjpicjtkc c ibs lbdgkrjbs lcrcjtgzcr ic sklu-

rgmcm fmrgoc.

Obj ksc urlkjogc, kj ic itg`c mocmc

vcrgbs pcsks mk C`rgoc Ictgjc y ki Ocrg-

dk fcj prbùilcmb jukvcs ikyks mk clucs b

rkebr`cmb ics kxgstkjtks. Qkrb, prkboupc ic

ecitc mk kffiocogc b gjbpkrcjogc mk uofbs mk

ibs prkokptbs iklciks cprbdcmbs.

Tgocrmb _jofkz, ci erkjtk mk ic Mgvg-

sgj mk Tkoursbs Jcturciks k Gjerckstruotu-

rc mk ic Okpci, bpgjc quk ic rklgj tgkjk

cjtk s ki mksceb mk ic lkstgj mk kstk rkour-

sb, ic ocigmcm mk ibs skrvgogbs, ki clbtc`gkj-

tb mk ics eukjtks, ic objtc`gjcogj mk ics

oukjocs y ibs kekotbs mki oc`dgb oig`tgob.

_klj mctbs bffiogciks, kj ibs itg`bs 4;

cbs ic obdkrturc mk cluc pbtcdik pcs mk

6; c ocsg 7; pbr ogkjtb, `gkjtrcs quk ki skr-

vgogb mk scjkc gkjtb sudg mk 5< c 6? pbr

ogkjtb.

Kjtrk ibs pcsks quk prbùilcrbj juk-vcs iklgsicogbjks b rkebr`crbj ics kxgstkjtks

ffilurcj Koucmbr, Fbjmurcs, Jgocrcluc, Qc-

rclucy, Qkr, Ukjkzukic y vcrgcs prbvgjogcs

mk Crlkjtgjc. Btrbs kstj kj ksk oc`gjb,

ob`b Ofgik, Obstc Tgoc, Ki _civcmbr, Luc-

tk`cic, @xgob y Tkpdigoc Mb`gjgocjc.

Jb bdstcjtk, ùofcs mk kscs ikyks mk

cluc sk qukmcj kj `krcs mkoicrcogbjks,

sgj trcmuoogj kekotgvc kj ibs cpcrctbs ks-

tctciks, kj ibs picjks fgmrbilgobs b kj ic

pukstc kj `crofc mk prbykotbs mk lkstgj,

gjmgo _jofkz.

Qbr ksb ic clkjmc pcrc ki mkscrrbiib mks-

pus mk 413; y ibs Bdnktgvbs mk Mkscrrbiib

_bstkjgdik rkictgvbs c ibs rkoursbs fmrgobs

picjtkcj lcrcjtgzcr ic mgspbjgdgigmcm mk

cluc y su brmkjcogj sbstkjgdik y ki scjkc-

`gkjtb pcrc tbmbs.

Ics skgs `ktcs csbogcmcs kstcdikokj ki

cooksb ujgvkrsci y kqugtctgvb ci cluc pbtc-

dik y ci scjkc`gkjtb, ki `knbrc`gkjtb mk ic

ocigmcm mki cluc, ic utgigzcogj kffiogkjtk mk

ibs rkoursbs, ic brmkjcogj gjtklrcmc mk ibsrkoursbs fmrgobs, y ic prbtkoogj y rkstcdik-

og`gkjtb mk ibs kobsgstk`cs rkicogbjcmbs obj

ki cluc.

_klj ic Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks

[jgmcs, ic mk`cjmc mk cluc sk gjork`kj-

tcrc kj uj ;; pbr ogkjtb pcrc 41;1, prgj-

ogpci`kjtk mkdgmb c ic orkogkjtk urdcjgzc-

ogj kj ibs pcsks kj mkscrrbiib.

Kj ksk `gs`b pkrgbmb, ic pbdicogj mk

C`rgoc Ictgjc sk prkv iikluk c ibs


33/68


34/68

?= 45 mk botudrk mk 413;

GJUK_]GLCOGJ OC@QB

IG]GLCJ CECUBT MK _BWC

]TCJ_LJGOC

QLT, _CLCTQC W @BJ_CJ]B


35/68


GJUK_]GLCOGJOC@QB

Kj ic _klujmc _cic mk ic

_uprk`c Obrtk sk mkdctk

ic iklcigmcm mki ouitgvb mksbyc trcjsljgoc kj `s

mk 4;? `gi fkotrkcs mki

oc`pb kxgocjb. @bjscjtb

cou`uic =6 pkr`gsbs, pksk

ci rkofczb mk gjmlkjcs,

oc`pksgjbs y cpgouitbrks

Ic cutbrgzcogj btbrlcmc kj 4134 c @bjscj-tb Ob`krogci, _C mk OU, pcrc ic sgk`drc mksbyc lkjtgoc`kjtk `bmgffiocmc sbdrk 4;?

`gi ;11 fkotrkcs mki oc`pb `kxgocjb rklgstrcsgktk c`pcrbs.

Iuklb mk ? cbs mk igtglgb, ic _klujmc _cicmk ic _uprk`c Obrtk mk Nustgogc mk ic Jcogjmkogmgr sbdrk ibs rkoursbs mk c`pcrb kj rk-vgsgj 4=3/413;, 4


36/68


GJUK_]GLCOGJ OC@QB

sk rksukivc ki nugogb mk c`pcrb, ob`b ujc `k-mgmc prkocutbrgc prbvgsgbjci, ci ciklcr quk kj ocsbmk ob`piktcrsk ic sgk`drc kstcrc`bs cjtk mcbsquk pbmrcj skr mk g`pbsgdik rkpcrcogj, kxpigoc cObjtrcijkcNbrlk Ekrjjmkz.

Kj 413=, ki Nuzlcmb _klujmb mk Mgstrgtb mkikstcmb mk Oc`pkofk btbrl ujc rksbiuogj ecvbrc-dik mki c`pcrb _k mkdg fcdkr kekotucmb ic objsuitcquk kstcdikok ki Objvkjgb 357 mk ic BrlcjgzcogjGjtkrjcogbjci mki ]rcdcnb. Tkprkskjtc ujc bdig-lcogj rkobjbogmc kj ki Crtouib 4 mk ic Objstgtuogj

XQbitgoc mk ibs Kstcmbs [jgmbs @kxgocjbsP. Icscutbrgmcmks mkdgkrbj fcdkr objsuitcmb c ics ob-`ujgmcmks gjmlkjcs, eujmc`kjtci`kjtk c ics qukvcj c skr cekotcmcs pbr ki pkr`gsb.

Clrklc quk ic objsuitc mkdg sklugr prbtbobibs,ob`b mbtcr mk gjebr`cogj c ics ob`ujgmcmks cj-tks mk ic tb`c mk mkogsgj y fcokrsk c trcvs mk suscutbrgmcmks trcmgogbjciks, kj su ikjluc y pbr ujccutbrgmcm mgstgjtc c ic quk prktkjmk iikvcr c ocdbki prbykotb.

_k ik pgmg ci nukz quk brmkjcrc ki citb c icsgk`drc mk sbyc XtrcjsljgocP fcstc kj tcjtb jb


37/68


GJUK_]GLCOGJOC@QB

ofb mki pukdib `cyc c skr objsuitcmb y c mkogmgrsbdrk ibs prbykotbs quk sk cpigocj kj sus obùjg-mcmks y tkrrgtbrgbs.

Qksk c quk ic mk`cjmc euk prkskjtcmc jg-oc`kjtk pbr mbs obùjgmcmks mki ùjgogpgb mk

Fbipkofj, ki nukz, ci mkig`gtcr ki ciocjok mk icskjtkjogc, mktkr`gj quk ibs kekotbs mk ic `gs`ccpigocdcj c tbmbs ibs ùjgogpgbs cekotcmbs pbr kipkr`gsb, obj ib ouci ki pkr`gsb qukm ocjokicmbkj tbmb ki kstcmb mk Oc`pkofk.

Kj objskoukjogc, sk bdigl c ic _clcrpc c lc-rcjtgzcr quk jb sk sk`drcr sbyc trcjsljgoc kjki kstcmb.

Mk rkcotgvcr mgofb pkr`gsb kj ic kjtgmcm, ic_korktcrc mkdc ou`pigr obj mbs rkqugsgtbs gjmgs-pkjscdiks> uj jukvb mgotc`kj mk g`pcotb c`dgkj-

tci quk objsgmkrk ics bpgjgbjks mk ic Objcdgb, icObjcjp y ki cfbrc Gjstgtutb Jcogbjci mk Kobiblcy Oc`dgb Oig`tgob8 y uj prboksb mk objsuitc ig-drk, prkvgc k gjebr`cmc kj tbmcs ics obùjgmcmks`cycs cskjtcmcs kj ibs ùjgogpgbs cekotcmbs pbrki pkr`gsb. Kstb mk objebr`gmcm obj ibs `s citbskstjmcrks mk prbtkoogj kj ctkrgc mk mkrkofbs fu-`cjbs y mkrkofbs mk ibs pukdibs brglgjcrgbs.

34?TE

Jb bdstcjtk, ics skjtkjogcs eukrbj g`puljc-mcs pbr ic _clcrpc, ic Qrbourcmurc Lkjkrci mk icTkpdigoc y ic ùitgjcogbjci mk clrbqu`gobs ydgbtkojbiblc @bjscjtb, pbr ib quk ibs ocsbs skrj


38/68


GJUK_]GLCOGJ OC@QB

34?TE


39/68


GJUK_]GLCOGJOC@QB

rksukitbs kj ic _uprk`c Obrtk mk Nustgogc mk ic Jc-ogj.

Mk coukrmb obj Ekrjjmkz, ic k`prksc y icsmkpkjmkjogcs mk lbdgkrjb crlu`kjtcrbj, kjtrkbtrcs obscs, quk jb fcdc rgkslb y quk ki ligebsctb

sk utgigzc sgk`prk.Cujquk ibs c`pcrbs sglukj kj oursb, jb fcyg`pkmg`kjtb pcrc ic sgk`drc mk sbyc trcjsljgocc ksocic ob`krogci kj jgjlujb mk ibs sgktk kstcmbsquk ob`prkjmkj ic pbiglbjci cutbrgzcmc.

]cj sib kj Oc`pkofk, murcjtk 413? sk fcjmkebrkstcmb `s mk ?6 `gi fkotrkcs mk skivc pcrcic sgk`drc mk sbyc trcjsljgoc, mkjujogc IkymgQkof, gjtklrcjtk mki Obikotgvb Cpobic Ofkjkrbkj Fbpkiofj, Oc`pkofk.

Kj ic itg`c mocmc, ics cutbrgmcmks kxgocjcsfcj btbrlcmb c QFG @xgob, Dcykr y @bjscjtb,=6 pkr`gsbs pcrc ic sgk`drc pgibtb, kxpkrg`kjtci yc ksocic ob`krogci mk sbyc lkjtgoc`kjtk `bmgffi-ocmc kj ki pcs.

Ki s lrcjmk mk kiibs, sbigogtcmb pbr @bjscj-tb, sk objokmg kj 4134. _k trctc mk 4;? `gi ;11fkotrkcs kj Oc`pkofk, Ofgcpcs, Sugjtcjc Tbb,Wuoctj, ]c`cuigpcs, _cj Iugs Qbtbs y Ukrcoruz.

Qcrc ic rkcigzcogj mk kstk trcdcnb sk sbigogt kj-trkvgstc obj ic _clcrpc y ic _k`crjct, qukc trcvsmk sus bffiogjcs mk Ob`ujgocogj mgnkrbj c kstk sk-`cjcrgb quk ki vbokrb kj ki tk`c ks ic Ob`gsgjGjtkrskorktcrgci mk Dgbsklurgmcm mk ibs Brlcjgs-`bs Lkjtgoc`kjtk @bmgffiocmbs8 tc`dgj sk sb-igogt kjtrkvgstc obj @bjscjtb @xgob, sgj quk ciogkrrk mk kmgogj sk bdtuvgkrc rkspukstc.

Ki 41 mk `crzb mk 413;, uj lrupb mk 3< kxpkrtbs mk33 pcsks mk ic Clkjogc Gjtkrjcogbjci pcrc ic Gjvkstg-lcogj sbdrk ki Ojokr (GCTO, pbr su sglic kj gjlis),mk ic Brlcjgzcogj @ujmgci mk ic _cium, pudigo kj icrkvgstc ogkjtffioc k Icjokt Bjobiblyibs rksuitcmbsmk ic kvciucogj mki pbtkjogci ocjokrlkjb mk ogjobpiclugogmcs brlcjbebsebrcmbs y fkrdgogmcs> tktrcoibr-vgjebs, pcrctgj, cictgj, mgczgjj y ligebsctb.

Obj dcsk kj kstumgbs mk kxpbsgogj, kj su `cyb-

rc clrobics, kj Kstcmbs [jgmbs, Ocjcm y _ukogc,ibs ogjob piclugogmcs kvciucmbs sk oicsgffiocrbj ob`bprbdcdiks y pbsgdiks ocrogjlkjbs pcrc ibs skrks fu-`cjbs. Ki lrupb mk ic Brlcjgzcogj @ujmgci mk ic_cium kjobjtr cmk`s suffiogkjtks kvgmkjogcs mk mc-bs ci CMJ y mcbs orb`bs`gobs kj oiuics fu`c-jcs gj vgtrb.

Qcrc ki fkrdgogmc ligebsctb, fcy prukdcs objvgj-okjtks mk quk pukmk ocuscr ojokr kj cjg`ciks mkicdbrctbrgb y fcy prukdcs ig`gtcmcs mk ocrogjblkjgog-mcm kj fu`cjbs. ]c`dgj ocus mcb ci CMJ orb-`bs`gob y c ics oiuics fu`cjcs.

Mkscrrbiicmb y pctkjtcmb pbr @bjscjtb kj 37BTLCJG^COGJ

@[JMGCI MK IC _CI[M

34?TE

Kj Oc`pkofk sk

mkebrkstcrbj `s mk ?6`gi fkotrkcs mk skivckj 413? pcrc ic sgk`drc

mk sbyc trcjsljgoc>Ikymg Qkof, gjtklrcjtkmki Obikotgvb Cpobic

Ofkjkrb kj Fbpkiofj j


40/68

=1 45 mk botudrk mk 413;

GJUK_]GLCOGJ IJKC LIBDCI

MG_Q[]CE[KTC MK IC IKWQBT @CT ]KTTG]BTGCI KJ C_GC


41/68


GJUK_]GLCOGJIJKC LIBDCI

@kmgcjtk gsics crtg ogciksy prkskjogc `gigtcr,

Ofgjc, ]cgwj, Egigpgjcs yUgktjc` kjtrk btrbs skmgsputcj mk ecotb ki `crmk ksc rklgj csgtgoc. Kik`dcncmbr mk Ncpj kj

@xgob iic`c c ibs pcsksgjvbiuorcmbs c kvgtcr cotbs

ujgictkrciks

O

fgjc, ]cgwj, Egigpgjcs, Ugktjc`, kjtrkbtrbs pcsks, cjtgkjkj uj igtglgb cdgkrtb

sbdrk ki @cr mki _ur mk Ofgjc cokroc mksus ebr`cogbjks gjsuicrks. Kstk igtglgb fgstrgobsgluk tkjscjmb ics rkicogbjks gjtkrjcogbjcikskjtrk vkogjbs y cotbrks kxtrcrrklgbjciks. Ofgjcrkoic`c ic ijkc mk 33 pujtbs (kikvkj-mcsfkm igjk)sbdrk ki `cr, `gkjtrcs quk ic oukstgj nurmgocgjtkrjcogbjci sgluk pkjmgkjtk mk rksbivkrsk objsus vkogjbs.

Ki ? mk skptgk`drk mk 413; sk okikdr kj Qk-hj, ocpgtci mk ic Tkpdigoc Qbpuicr Ofgjc, ic


42/68



Qkjf, Tkgjb mk Oc`dbyc, rkcffir`c ic vbiujtcmXmk ibs lbdgkrjbs mk ibs Kstcmbs `gk`drbs mkic Csbogcogj mk Jcogbjks mki _umkstk Csgtgob(CJ_C) y mki lbdgkrjb mk ic Tkpdigoc Qbpuicr

OfgjcP pcrc objsbigmcr y mkscrrbiicr ic c`gstcm yic obbpkrcogj kxgstkjtk kjtrk ibs pukdibs y lb-dgkrjbs obj vgstcs c prb`bvkr ujc csbogcogj mkdukjc vkogjmcm y objfficjzc ùtuc brgkjtcmcs cisglib VVG.

Kj kjtrkvgstc obj Objtrcijkc, ki gjvkstglcmbrmki okjtrb sukob _tbohfbi` Gjtkrjctgbjci QkcokTkskcrof Gjstgtutk (_GQTG), @ctfgku Muoftki,sbstgkjk quk ic ijkc mk jukvk pujtbs euk kjrkcigmcm mk 33 pujtbs quk mkspus sk objvgrtgkj ujc ijkc mk jukvk W quk mksmk ki cb pc-

scmb, pcrc skr prkogsbs, ks ujc ijkc mk 31 pujtbs,pbrquk Ofgjc cmgogbj uj pujtb ctrsmk ]cg-wj. _klj ki gjvkstglcmbr, sk `cjtgkjk ob`bujc ijkc mk jukvk pujtbs pbrquk gjtklrc tbmb ki@cr mki _ur mk Ofgjc y obrrkspbjmk c ic pbsgogjmki Hub`gjtcjl (Qcrtgmb Jcogbjcigstc Ofgjb),rktb`cmc mkspus pbr ibs obùjgstcs. Kxgstgrcuj prbdik`c mk mkffijgogj, mbjmk jb qukmcrc

oicrb sg kstc ijkc mkffijk ics zbjcs tkrrgtbrgciksmk Ofgjc b sg ks ujc ijkc quk mkffijk ic zbjc kjki gjtkrgbr mk ic ouci tbmcs ics gsics sbj ofgjcs,ob`b kspkogffioc ki gjvkstglcmbr Muoftki.

Ki obbrmgjcmbr mki Qrblrc`c mk Kstumgbs mk

Csgc Qcoffiob mki Gjstgtutb ]kojbilgob Cutjb-`b mk @xgob (G]C@), [igsks Lrcjcmbs Sugrbz,cffir`c kj kjtrkvgstc obj Objtrcijkcquk nurmgoc-`kjtk ibs ofgjbs fcj tkjgmb ùofb ougmcmb mk jb`cjgekstcrsk tbtci`kjtk sbdrk kstb. _klj pcrkok,kxgstk uj objskjsb kjtrk cocm`gobs ofgjbs mkquk kstcs ijkcs `crocj ics clucs fgstrgocs mkOfgjc kj ki `cr.

Cffir`c quk ib quk rkoic`c bffiogci`kjtk Ofgjcsbj tbmcs ics gsics y tbmcs ics ebr`cogbjks gjsuicrksquk kstj mkjtrb mk ksc erbjtkrc mk kstcs jukvk i-jkcs kjtrkobrtcmcs, ib ouci g`pigoc quk mgofc ijkcrkprkskjtk ujc erbjtkrc kj ki skjtgmb kstrgotb.

]c`dgj fcj prbokmgmb c ic objstruoogj mkgsics crtgffiogciks sbdrk crrkogeks b tkrrkjbs tk`-pbrci`kjtk su`krlgmbs. Ic objstruoogj mk gj-erckstruoturc `gigtcr, pukrtbs, pgstcs mk ctkrrgzcnky rkoic`cogj mk tkrrkjb ci `cr sbj cotuci`kjtkiikvcmcs c ocdb mk ebr`c cotgvc pbr ics EukrzcsCr`cmcs ofgjcs, cujquk tc`dgj pbr btrcs jc-

ogbjks, ob`b Ugktjc`, @cicsgc b Egigpgjcs, co-tuci`kjtk b kj ki pcscmb.Ki 47 mk cdrgi 413;, ki vbokrb mk prkjsc mki

@gjgstkrgb mk Tkicogbjks Kxtkrgbrks, Fbjl Ikg,mgb ujc objekrkjogc c kmgbs mbjmk sbstuvb qukcilujbs pcsks mk ic CJ_C, ob`b Egigpgjcs yUgktjc`, fcj kstcmb iikvcjmb c ocdb objstruo-ogbjks c lrcj ksocic kj ebr`cogbjks `crtg`cs

Ofgjc jb sib fc objstrugmbgsics crtgogciks sbdrk crrkogeksb tkrrkjbs tk`pbrci`kjtk

su`krlgmbs8 tc`dgj,gjerckstruoturc `gigtcr,

pukrtbs y pgstcs mk ctkrrgzcnk rgz k

Ki gjvkstglcmbr [igsks Lrcjcmbs Sugrbz> nurmgoc`kjtk, ibs ofgjbs fcj tkjgmb ùofb ougmcmb mk jb`cjgekstcrsk tbtci`kjtk sbdrk ics ijkcs quk `crocj ics clucs fgstrgocs mk Ofgjc kj ki `cr

CVKIQIC_C


43/68



ofgjcs mk Jcjsfc, giklci`kjtk tb`cmcs pbrkiibs. Tkoic`cogj giklci `csgvc kst kj `cr-ofc, uj ckrbpukrtb y btrcs kstruoturcs ffincs ks-tj sgkjmb objstrugmcs XP. Ugktjc` tc`dgjfc iikvcmb c ocdb rkoic`cogj mk tgkrrc sbdrk 41

ebr`cogbjks `crtg`cs mk ics Gsics Jcjsfc mkOfgjc XP. Ofgjc kst `uy prkboupcmc sbdrkkstb y ffir`k`kjtk bpukstc c ics cotgvgmcmks gik-lciks cjtks `kjogbjcmcs, urlgkjmb c ibs pcsksgjvbiuorcmbs mk okscr gj`kmgctc`kjtk tbmcs icsmkoicrcogbjks y coogbjks quk trcjslrkmcj ic sb-dkrcjc, ibs mkrkofbs y ibs gjtkrksks ofgjbs.

Ic ijkc mk jukvk pujtbs (cujquk fby kj mcsbj mk fkofb 31) euk pukstc kj protgoc mksmkcjtks mki kstciigmb mk ic Lukrrc Ogvgi ofgjc>mksmk 37=< ic Tkpdigoc mk Ofgjc (fby rkmu-ogmb mk ecotb c ic gsic mk Ebr`bsc) krc ic tgtuicrmk objtrbicr tbmb uj kspcogb `crtg`b quk krcrkprkskjtcmb pbr ki kjtbjoks Hub`gjtcjl mkOfgcjl Hcg-_fkh, ob`b ic ijkc mk jukvk puj-tbs, mkrgvcmc c su vkz mk ic ijkc mk 33 pujtbs(kikvkj-mcsfkm igjk).

Ki `ckstrb kj kstumgbs mk Csgc y ergoc pbrKi Obiklgb mk @xgob, [igsks Lrcjcmbs, cffir`cquk Xibs ofgjbsP bffiogci`kjtk rkobjbokj XqukPtbmcs ics ebr`cogbjks gjsuicrks quk kstj mkj-trb mk Xic ijkc mk jukvk pujtbsP sbj tkrrgtbrgbgjcigkjcdik mk Ofgjc. Kstc rkc quk ob`prkjmk

ic lrcj `cybrc mk ics gsics mki @cr mki _ur mkOfgjc euk prg`krb mkskofcmc pbr ki lbdgkrjbob`ujgstc ofgjb, fcstc su cmbpogj tcrmc, ob`bobpgc ocrdjmk ic mk`cjmc mk ]cgwj.

]cgwj rkogkjtk`kjtk pudigo ic Mkoicrc-ogj mk ic Gjgogctgvc mk Qcz mki @cr mki _ur mkOfgjc mki 45 mk `cyb mk 413;. Ogtc cs> XKiPlbdgkrjb mk ic Tkpdigoc mk Ofgjc X]cgwjP rkg-tkrc quk tcjtb mksmk ic pkrspkotgvc mk ic fgstbrgc,lkblrcec b iky gjtkrjcogbjci, ics gsics JcjsfcX_prctiyP, _fgsfc XQcrcokisbP, ics gsics Ofujlsfc

X@cooiksffikim DcjhP y ics gsics ]ujlsfc XQrctcsP,cs ob`b sus clucs ogroujmcjtks, sbj pcrtk gjfk-rkjtk mki tkrrgtbrgb y mk ics clucs mk ic Tkpdigocmk Ofgjc. Ic Tkpdigoc mk Ofgjc lbzc mk tbmbssus mkrkofbs sbdrk kiics mk coukrmb obj ic iky gj-tkrjcogbjci. Kstb ks gjmgsoutgdik.

Ugktjc`, Egigpgjcs, Drujg, Gjmbjksgc y @c-icsgc, pbr su icmb, rkoic`cj su pcrtk obrrkspbj- OK

OGIGC

@CT]JK^W34?TE


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== 45 mk botudrk mk 413;


mgkjtk mk `cr tkrrgtbrgci y mk zbjc kobj`gockxoiusgvc, mkjtrb mk ibs tr`gjbs mk ic Objvkj-ogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jgmcs sbdrk ki Mkrkofbmk ic @cr ([JOIB_, pbr su sglic kj gjlis) mk3764. [igsks Lrcjcmbs clrklc quk ci `kjbs

mksmk 3764 fcstc ic ekofc tbmbs ibs pcsks qukrkoic`cj kspcogb `crtg`b kj vcrgcs pcrtks, gj-oiuykjmb ki @cr mki _ur mk Ofgjc, sk sbstgkjkjkj ic Brlcjgzcogj mk ics Jcogbjks [jgmcs y ic]krokrc Objekrkjogc sbdrk ki Mkrkofb mki @cr,quk iks btbrlc kspcogb `crtg`b mk 34 `giicsjutgocs mk `cr tkrrgtbrgci y btrcs 34 mk zbjcobjtgluc y fcstc 411 `giics jutgocs mk ^bjcKobj`goc Kxoiusgvc.

Kj pcrcikib mk sus rkspkotgvcs rkgvgjmgocogb-jks jcogbjciks, tbmbs ibs pcsks sbj sgljctcrgbsmk ic Mkoicrcogj mk Objmuotc mk 4114, quk ks-tcdikog uj stctu qubgjtkrgjb, kj ki `crob mk ics

pitgocs kjtrk ic CJ_C obj Ofgjc. Jb bdstcjtkquk Egigpgjcs fcyc gjgogcmb ujc mk`cjmc iklciobjtrc ic Tkpdigoc Qbpuicr Ofgjc pbr ic boupc-ogj `gigtcr mk _ocrdbrbulf _fbci, quk ks rkoic-`cmc kj ki `crob mki @cr mki Kstk mk Egigpgjcs

y quk fby mc kst cm`gjgstrcmb pbr Qkhj y ycjb pbr @cjgic. Ic prbeksbrc kj mkrkofb mk ic[jgvkrsgmcm Cjfuco @xgob Jbrtk, OctfkrgjkQrctg, cffir`c quk oucjmb tkjk`bs ksk tgpb mkobstcs okrrcmcs mbjmk fcy `uofsg`cs erbjtkrcsquk obgjogmkj kj uj crob rkmuogmb, sgk`prk, kjouciqugkr pcrtk mki `ujmb, vc`bs c tkjkr prb-dik`cs pcrc mktkr`gjcr qu prbpbrogbjks mk qukspcogbs `crtg`bs ik obrrkspbjmk c ocmc pcs.

Kstb ks mk prg`kr brmkj kj ujc vcstc zbjc`crtg`c rgoc kj rkoursbs kjkrltgobs y pcsb mkujc g`pbrtcjtk pcrtk mki ob`krogb `crtg`b ycrkb gjtkrjcogbjci. Ci rkspkotb, ki `gjgstrb mk

Ki objnujtb mk gsics mk Mgcbyu, Mgcbyutcg y_kjhchu (MM_) ks uj crofgpgiclb rkoic`cmbpbr Ofgjc y cm`gjgstrcmb pbr Ncpj mksmk icffir`c mki ]rctcmb mk _fg`bjbskhg, mk 367=, quksgljgffio ic mkrrbtc mk Ofgjc y ic prmgmc tkrrgtb-

rgci g`pbrtcjtk, ci okmkr, kj ki crtouib 4, ercoogjd, ic gsic mk Ebr`bsc Xcotuci`kjtk ]cgwjP, nuj-tb obj tbmcs ics gsics pkrtkjkogkjtks c ic susbmgofcgsic mk Ebr`bsc. Kj kstk skjtgmb, ics gsics sbj mk-pkjmgkjtks mk ic prbvgjogc mk ]cgwj, cujquk jbkst `kjogbjcmb kxpiogtc`kjtk kj ki tkxtb.

Kstcmbs [jgmbs boup ic zbjc mksmk 37=; yic cm`gjgstr ob`b uj ffimkgob`gsb (trustkksfgp)fcstc jukvb brmkj, quk jb ik euk mkvukitb cmk-`s mk ics zbjcs `kjogbjcmcs c Ofgjc mkspusmk ic boupcogj ncpbjksc, sgjb quk pcscrbj c `c-jbs mk ibs jgpbjks mgrkotc`kjtk, qukmcjmb icsgsics _kjhchu-Mgcbyutcg eukrc mk kstk coukrmb, ydcnb cm`gjgstrcogj mgrkotc mk Kstcmbs [jgmbs,fcstc su pbstkrgbr rkstgtuogj c Ncpj kj 37


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Tkicogbjks Kxtkrgbrks mk Egigpgjcs, Cidkrt Ek-rrkrbs mki Tbscrgb, mkoicr kj ki `crob mk ic 31Ou`drk Csgc-Kurbpc, ki 3< mk botudrk mk 413=,quk Egigpgjcs sbstgkjk quk ki kstcmb mk mkrkofbtgkjk quk skr uj ffir`k eujmc`kjtb pcrc ic rk-

sbiuogj mk igtglgbs y pcrc pcsks quk jb sbj tcjeukrtks ob`b btrbs.Ki mgrkotbr mk ic [jgmcm mki _GQTG kj Ofgjc,

ki mbotbr Muoftki, sbstgkjk kj kjtrkvgstc quk ibsofgjbs fcj objsbigmcmb su prkskjogc mksmk 413=objstruykjmb vcrgcs gsics crtgffiogciks y tkjgkjmbujc prkskjogc `uofb `s g`pbrtcjtk pbr pcrtkmk sus lucrmcobstcs, gjoiusb obj ic @crgjc, rk-ebrzcjmb ic cm`gjgstrcogj ofgjc sbdrk ics gsics.Kj rkcigmcm su pbitgoc ks prktkjmkr quk Ofgjcyc cm`gjgstrc kstc zbjc, y kst mk fkofb obj-sbigmcjmb su cm`gjgstrcogj. Ic rkogkjtk mkog-sgj mk tkjkr ujc cm`gjgstrcogj mk ecotb mk

Qujtbs, ffir`cmb kjtrk ki objsknkrb mk Kstcmbofgjb, Wcjl Ngkofg, y ki objsknkrb mk _klurgmcmJcogbjci ncpbjs, _fbtcrb Wcofg, kj Qkhj, ki< mk jbvgk`drk mk 413=, mbjmk ics mbs pcrtks,kj ki objtkxtb mk ic Ou`drk mk ic ObbpkrcogjKobj`goc Csgc-Qcoffiob, sk pusgkrbj mk coukr-mb kj ib sglugkjtk>

3. Ics mbs pcrtks cffir`cj rkgtkrcr ibs prgjog-pgbs mki Ob`ujgocmb Objnujtb Ofgjc-Ncpjmk 37 k`dcncmbr Cjlugcjb Tbof

CVKIQIC_C


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Ofgjc mksmk ic ogumcm mk _cjsfc sbdrk ic gsicmk \bbmy (Wbjlxgjl) prktkjmk objsbigmcr kj icprotgoc ic cm`gjgstrcogj sbdrk ksk tkrrgtbrgb.

_gj k`dcrlb ]cgwj, pbr su icmb, tgkjk prk-skjogc kj ki gsibtk mk ]cgpgjl (Gtu ]cdb), y objuj tc`dgj eukrtk objtgjlkjtk `gigtcr obicdbrckj kstc ijkc kjtkrc`kjtk obj Qkhj, kj ic `k-mgmc quk kstk itg`b ib objsgmkrc jcmc `kjbsquk pcrtk mk su tkrrgtbrgb jcogbjci, cujquk kj icprotgoc skcj mbs cm`gjgstrcogj skpcrcmcs. Kstcobicdbrcogj togtc, quk vgkjk c ebrtcikokr gjmg-

rkotc`kjtk ic pbsgogj mk ic Tkpdigoc QbpuicrOfgjc, ks ujc kstrctklgc s pcrc gr crocjmb kitkrrkjb obj fkofbs objsu`cmbs, ecgts coob`pigs,quk eukrcj vkjtcnbsbs c sus gjtkrksks.

_gj k`dcrlb, ic cigcjzc mk Kstcmbs [jg-mbs tc`dgj sk fc gjtkjsgffiocmb obj ]cgwj,Ugktjc` y Egigpgjcs, pcsks quk oukjtcj obj kirkspcimb pbitgob, sg jb `gigtcr, mk ic eukrzc kx-

trcobjtgjkjtci, mksmk Bhgjcwc, Ncpj, y cjtg-luc`kjtk Oicrh y _udgo Dcy, Egigpgjcs.

Ics Gsics _prctiy

Ics Gsics _prctiy sbj uj lrupb mk gsics y crrk-ogeks quk sbj bdnktb mk rkoic`cogj yuxtcpukstckjtrk vcrgcs jcogbjks, quk ob`pgtkj pbr ki obj-trbi y ic kxpibtcogj mk gsics jcturciks ob`b crtg-ffiogciks y quk fby mgsk`gjcj ic zbjc, jb sib pbrpcrtk mk ic Ofgjc ob`ujgstc, sgjb mk ic `gs`c

]cgwj, @cicsgc b Ugktjc`. Ic orkcogj mk ob-ibjgcs tk`pbrciks kj ibs tkrrgtbrgbs vgkjk ob`bcrlu`kjtb tgi c ic fbrc mk prkskjtcr ki ocsb mkic rkoic`cogj kj oursb, mcmb quk sk tgkjk prk-skjogc fu`cjc.

Jb bdstcjtk, sbj ujc `gjbrc kstcs gsics cr-tgffiogciks, objsgmkrcmcs gsics sklj ki mkrkofb mki`cr gjtkrjcogbjci, pukstb quk sbj ujc orkcogj

Ics Gsics _prctiy sbj bdnktb mk rkoic`cogj yuxtcpukstc kjtrk Ofgjc, ]cgwj, @cicsgc y Ugktjc`, pcsks quk ob`pgtkj pbr ki objtrbi y ic kxpibtcogj tcjtb mk gsics jcturciks ob`bcrtgogciks mgsk`gjcmcs kj ic zbjc


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kx jgfgib mksmk crrkogeks sk`gsu`krlgmbs, qukfby sbj prkskjtcmbs kj ibs fkofbs ob`b gsics.

_klj ki mbotbr [igsks Lrcjcmbs, mksmk kipujtb mk vgstc mk ic iky gjtkrjcogbjci, ujc gsictgkjk quk skr fu`cjc`kjtk fcdgtcdik mk ebr`c

jcturci XP quk skc sustkjtcdik ic vgmc, quk skcujc ebr`cogj jcturci y quk skc cptc pcrc qukfcdgtkj pkrsbjcs cf. Ic objstruoogj kj cilu-jcs gsics y crrkogeks cm`gjgstrcmbs pbr ibs ofgjbs,ob`b ki crrkogek @gsofgke b Egkry Orbss qukkstj sgkjmb objvkrtgmbs kj dcsks y ckrbpukrtbs`gigtcrks b ic citkrcogj mk ibs crrkogeks jctu-rciks `kmgcjtk ki rkiikjb mk crkjc y objofcs, sgjk`dcrlb, jb objstgtuyk ujc dcsk pcrc rkoic`cruj pbtkjogci `cr tkrrgtbrgci jg zbjc kobj`goc.

Ics Gsics _prctiy tgkjkj kj rkcigmcm pbocsgsics kj tr`gjbs iklciks, mkjtrb mk ics quk ]cg-wj objtrbic ic `s g`pbrtcjtk> ic gsic ]cgpgjl(Gtu Cdc), ob`b gjmgoc ki mbotbr Muoftki kjkjtrkvgstc. Ic lrcj pcrtk mk ics mk`s ebr`c-ogbjks sbj crrkogeks, mgeogi`kjtk fcdgtcdiks,cujquk sgj iulcr c mumc eukrbj uscmcs pbr pks-ocmbrks kj ic fgstbrgc pcscmc, tcjtb mk Ugktjc`ob`b mk Ofgjc, sgj quk kiib kstcdikzoc mkrkofbssbdrk ics `gs`cs.

Ki crrkogek mk _ocrdbrbulf _fbci kj igtglgbobj Egigpgjcs ks icpujtc mk icjzccotuci`kjtk mkic prkskjogc `gigtcr ofgjc. _klj ki gjvkstglcmbr

prgjogpci kj Qkhj mki Gjstgtutb Gjtkrjcogbjci mkics Gjvkstglcogbjks mk ic Qcz mk Kstbobi`b, kicocm`gob ercjos @ctfgku Muoftki, Ofgjc fckstcmb boupcjmb uj crrkogek quk kstuvb objtrb-icmb cjtkrgbr`kjtk pbr ics Egigpgjcs. _u mb`gjgby ic kxoiusgj mk ibs pksocmbrks ffiigpgjbs mk kstcsclucs y ic prbfgdgogj mk ic kjtrcmc mk jcvbsffiigpgjbs sbj fby kj mc ki pujtb mk mgsobrmgc kj-trk c`dcs jcogbjks.

Kstcs `gs`cs gsics sbj ki bdnktb kj s mk icmk`cjmc iklci prb`bvgmc erkjtk c ic Obrtk mk

Crdgtrcnk mk ic Fcyc, mbjmk Ofgjc sk fc jklcmbc pcrtgogpcr, dcscmb kj ic jb objebr`gmcm mk ibkstgpuicmb pbr ki Omglb mk Dukjc Objmu

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