cg';Gwfg - np.undp.org · cg';Gwfg g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL @)&) ;a}sf nflu Gofo...

$: cg';Gwfg - np.undp.org · cg';Gwfg g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL @)&) ;a}sf nflu Gofo sf7df8f}+ cg';Gwfg ;d"x ;+of]hs M ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnf -k"j{ gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf_ cg';Gwfg$

cg';Gwfg

g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL

@)&)

;a}sf nflu Gofo

sf7df8f}+

cg';Gwfg ;d"x ;+of]hs M ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnf -k"j{ gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf_ cg';Gwfg lj1 M dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n -;xGofoflwjQmf_ cg';Gwfg lj1 M s[i0fhLlj l3ld/] -;xGofoflwjQmf_ cg';Gwfg lj1 M clwjQmf zld{nf >]i7

cg';Gwfg ;xof]uL >L xl/k|;fb /]UdL -pkGofoflwjQmf_ >L j;GtL >]i7 -clwjQmf_ >L ?kf pk|]tL -clwjQmf_ >L kjg >]i7

;Dkfbg >L s[i0f d'NdL

k|sfzs÷;jf{lwsf/ M ;a}sf nflu Gofo, sf7df8f}+ cWoog ;xof]u M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t

Gofodf kx'Fr kl/of]hgf -o'Pg8LkL_ k|sfzg ;xof]u M sfg'gL zf;g tyf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f

k|0ffnL ;anLs/0f sfo{qmd÷o'Pg8LkL k|sfzg ldlt M @)&! c;f]h k|sfzg ;+Vof M !))) kqfrf/ 7]ufgf M ;a}sf nflu Gofo, cgfdgu/, sf7df08f} j]e ;fO6 M http: // www.j4anepal.com -o; k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf l6Kk0fL, tYofÍ, JofVof Pjd\ cg';Gwfgsf ;a} kIfx?sf] lhDd]jf/L cWo]tf÷cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] xf] . Gofo If]q ;'wf/sf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf k|sflzt o; k|ltj]bgn]]] k|sfzg ;xof]uL ;+:yf sfg'gL zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f k|0ffnL ;anLs/0f sfo{qmd g]kfn÷o'Pg8LkLsf] ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ dg;fo /fVb}g ._


wGojfb

gful/ssf] hLp, wg / j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{' / ljgf

e]befj Gofosf] ;'lglZrt ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . kmf}hbf/L

Gofo k|0ffnLsf w]/} p2]Zox?dWo] ck/fwsf] lgikIf cg';Gwfg,

txlssft, cleof]hg / :jR5 k'k{If u/L ck/fwLnfO{ b08 lbg' /

kLl8tnfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug{' xf] . Gofo ;'lglZrttfsf] nlfu lgikIf

cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft u/L sfg"g cg';f/ d'2f rnfpg], cleof]hg

nufpg] / s;'/ 7x/ ePdf sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo lbg] / kLl8tnfO{

Gofo k|bfg ug]{ cflb sfo{x? dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg /

cleof]hg sfg"gL ljifo dfq geP/ k|fljlws / ;fdflhs ljifo klg

ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] nflu ck/fw ug]{n] ;hfo kfpF5 eGg] ljZj;gLo

jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf /fHon] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu /fHon] sfg"g

th'{df ug'{df dfq kof{Kt geO{ sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePsf]

5 ls 5}g / ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf / pknAw ;|f]t ;fwfgn]

;dfhdf ljBdfg ck/fwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ / j[l¢

e}/x]sf] gofF k|s[ltsf ck/fwnfO{ ljBdfg cg';Gwfg, txlssft

k|lqmof tyf k|ljlw kof{Kt 5g\ jf 5}gg eGg] af/]df ;do ;dodf

cWoog x'g' kg]{ klg csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .

oxL ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?sf] cj:yf /

o;sf] r'gf}ltsf] af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfsf]

dxz'; u/L ;a}sf nflu Gofoaf6 o; cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] xf] .

;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?sf] c;kmntfdf s] s:tf] ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?

5g\ / o;sf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf

txlssftdf s] s:tf] ;d:ofx? 5g\ eGg] af/]df cWoog u/L ;f];Fu

;DalGwt gofF sfg"gsf] th'{df ug{ / k|rlnt sfg"gdf ug'{kg]{ ;+zf]wg

;d]t ;'emfjsf] ?kdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ p2]Zon] o; cWoog u/]sf] 5 .

o;sf ;fy} cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? ;Djf]wg ul/

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf] qmddf gLltut— sfg"gL,

;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf s] s:tf ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;d]t o;

cWoogn] ;'emfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] k|:t't cWoogdf ;/sf/jfbL

kmf}hbf/L d'2f ;DjGwL sfg"g k|of]usf] cj:yf / c;kmntfsf sf/0f

klg klxrfg ul/Psf] x'gfn] tt\;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf of]hgf / k|efjsf/L

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;d]t o; cWoogn] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 5 .

ctM o; cWoog ug]{ qmddf cWoog 6f]nLsf ;+of]hssf] ?kdf

dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k''¥ofpg] lj1 k"j{ gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L

;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnf, cg';Gwfg lj1x? ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z zdf{

kf}8]n / ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fhLlj l3ld/]nfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg

rfxG5'' . cWoognfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf] nflu ;do ;dodf ljleGg

sfddf ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] cg';Gwfg ;xof]uLx? pk GofoflwjQmf >L xl/

k|;fb /]UdL, clwjQmf >L j;GtL >]i7, >L ?kf pk|]tL / >L kjg

>]i7sf] cd"No ;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f} eg] cWoog

k|ltj]bgsf] ;Dkfbg u/L ;xof]u ug{' x'g] >L s[i0f d'NdL klg

wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .

cGTodf o; cWoogsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo

ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t Gofodf kx'Fr kl/of]hgf tyf k|sfzgsf] nflu

;xof]u ug]{ sfg"gL zf;g tyf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f k|0ffnL

;jnLs/0f sfo{qmd÷o'Pgl8kL k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5f} . ;fy} o;

cg';Gwfg tyf k|sfzgnfO{ Joj:yfksLo, k|fljlws tyf cGo

cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ ;a}sf nflu Gofosf ;b:ox? tyf

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .

@)&! ebf}

;a}sf nflu Gofo

ljifo;"lr

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

kl/R5]b !

kl/ro tyf cg';Gwfg ljlw

!=! ljifo k|j]z 7

!=@ cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo 8

!=# cWoogsf] dxTj 10

!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo 10

!=% cg';Gwfg ljlw 11

!=^ cWoogsf] ;Ldf 13

!=& cWoogsf] :j?k 14

kl/R5]b @

g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cleof]hgsf] cj:yf ;DaGwdf k"j{ cWoogsf] ;dLIff

@=! g]kfndf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljZn]if0f / ;'wf/ 15

@=@ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg 16

@=# ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg 16

@=$ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^&–)^*÷@)&!–)&@ 17

@=% ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgdf k|efjsfl/tf 18

@=^ ljs[ltljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog k|ltj]bg,@)^^ 19

@=& kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ;dLIffTds ljj]rgf 21

@=* kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ?k/]vf 21

@=( g]kfndf dfgj xTof ;DjGwL sfg"g 21

@=!) g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofodf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf / ;Defjgf 22

@=!! kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf r'gf}tLx? 23

kl/R5]b #

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg;“u ;DalGwt /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yf

#=! cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yf

#=!=! ;dfgtf / ;dfg pkrf/sf] clwsf/ 25

#=!=@ lgbf]{liftf cg'dfgsf] clwsf/ 26

#=!=# uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ 27

#=!=$ oftgf lj?4sf] clwsf/ 28

#=!=% bf]efif]sf] clwsf/ 30

#=!=^ sfg"gL ;xfotfsf] clwsf/ 31

#=!=& cfk"mlj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnufOg] clwsf/ 33

#=!=* k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ 35

#=!=( kLl8tsf clwsf/ 37

#=@= ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg, cleo]fhg, Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf

#=@=! ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 38

#=@=@ sfg"gL Joj:yf 41 #=@=# sfg"gL Joj:yf / ;+zf]wg ;Gbe{df

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt ;'emfjx? 57

#=@=$ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] s]lGb|o jflif{s sfo{ ;dLIff tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd -;Dd]ng_ jf6 kfl/t k|:tfjx? 61

kl/R5]b $ ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6 ePsf JofVof

$=! cg';Gwfgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfM 66

$=@ cleof]hg ;DjGwL Joj:yf 68

$=# cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgjf/] ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o 80

$=$ kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf nflu sfg"g lgdf{0f k|of; 97

kl/R5]b– % ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rn]sf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?sf] r'gf}tL ljifos cWoog / ljZn]if0f

5.1 hfx]/L b/vf:t 106

%=@ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|ltj]bg 113

%=# 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf÷k|df0f ;+sng÷vfg tnf;L÷nfzhfFr 119

%=$= cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp / aofg 130

%=%= a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh 139

%=^ ef}lts k|df0fx? 147

%=& cg';Gwfgsf] ;du| l:ylt 153

%=* k|:tfljt /fo 160

%=( cleof]ukq 165

%=!) ;'g'jfO k|s[of 176

%=!! lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf 187

%=!@ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf 204

%=!# ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf 207

kl/R5]b–^ lnlvt k|ZgfjnL k7fO{ lnOPsf] hfgsf/L -cGtjf{tf{_ af6 k|fKt ljj/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f

^=!= Hffx]/L b/vf:t ;DaGwL sf/0fx? 222

^=@= cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 225

^=#= k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 229

^=$= 36gf:yn k|s[lt Vffgtnf;L÷nfzhFfr / ;gfvtL d'r'Nsf ;DaGwdf 232

^=% Eff}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 235

^=^ cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp tyf aofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 239

^=& a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh;DaGwL ;d:of 244

^=* cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] k|:tfljt /fo;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 247

^=( cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] cleof]ukq ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 250

^=!) cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf x'g] jofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 253

^=!! ;fIfLsf] askq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 254

^=!@ ax; k}/jL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 256

^=!#= lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 258

^=!$ k'g/fj]bgkq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? 260

^=!% ;+:yfut ;d:ofx? 263

^=!^ sfg"gL ;d:ofx? 266

kl/Rb]b–& cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ / d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx? klxrfg

&=!= cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt ePsf lgisif{x? 268

&=@ d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx?sf]] klxrfg 270

kl/R5]b–* ;'emfjx?

*=!= sfg"g th'{df / kl/dfh{g 295

*=@ gLltut Joj:yf 300

*=# ;+/rgfut Joj:yf 301

*=$= Ifdtf ljsf; 302

*=% sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ 303

cg';"rL – !

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL–! leqsf d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft, cleof]hg / bfo/L 316

cg';"rL – @

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! afx]ssf ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yf 325

cg';"rL – #

;/sf/afbL d'2fsf] c;kmntf ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf qmddf kmfOnx?sf] cWoog u/L ;+sng ug'{kg]{ tYox?sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf k|ZgfjnLx? 331

cg';"rL – $

;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx?af/] ;/sf/L jlsn, k|x/L, GofofwLz / sfg"g Joj;foLx?;Fu lnOPsf] lnlvt cGtjf{tf{sf a'Fbfut k|Zgx? 347

1

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

/fHon] uDeL/ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg u/L s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ub{5 . cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, ;f] adf]lhd s;"/ 7x/ ePdf dfq ck/fw ug]{n] ;hfo kfpg], kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg] / ;dfhn] zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf kfpg] x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf w]/} r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx? /x]sf] 5 . laut kfFr aif{sf] lhNnf txsf] ;kmntf x]bf{ ;kmntf cf};t ^(=$^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? klxrfgsf nflu k|:t't cWoog ul/Psf] xf] .

k|:t't cWoogdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg

jf/]df jf]lnPsf km};nfx?sf] cWoog, ck/fw cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg /

Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?sf ;fGble{s ljZn]if0f

tyf ;dLIff, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljj]rgf tyf

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 @)^(.%.!% b]lv @)^(.*.!% ;Dd

clGtd lgsf;f ePsf c;kmn !@^ j6f d'2fx?sf] !#! j6f laifosf]

lasNk ;lxtsf] / v'Nnf k|ZgfjnL (Closed and Open Ended

Questionnaire) tof/ ul/ cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6

km};fn ePsfx? dWo]af6 %) c;kmn km};nfx? cWoog / kmf}hbf/L

Gofo k|zf;gsf] If]qdf sfo{/t GofofwLz, ;/sf/L jsLn, k|x/L

clws[t / sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 ;'emfj k|fKt u/L cWoog / ljZn]if0f

ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd :j?k lbg] qmddf g]kfn af/

P;f]l;P;g, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz, cbfntsf pRr:t/sf

clws[tx?, ;/sf/L jsLn / k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj;foL nufotsf lj1

;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu k/fdz{ / ;'emfj lnOPsf] lyof] . cWoogsf qmddf

l;4x:t lj4fgx?sf cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx?, n]v /rgfx? h;n]

;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmntf ;DjGwL ;Gbe{ / sf/0fx? cf}NofOPsf 5g\

tL ;d]tnfO{ cWoog / ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 .

2

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgdf cleo'Qmsf dfgj clwsf/n]

ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 . kqmfp u/L k|x/L lx/f;t jf Goflos lx/f;tdf

/fVbf lghsf] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ xgg\ gx'g] u/L sfg"gL k|s[ofx?

k"/f u/]/ dfq lx/f;tdf /fVg'kb{5 / cleo'Qmx?k|lt dfgjf]lrt

Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . k|x/L lx/f;tdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf

cg';Gwfg ubf{ z/L/, cfjf; tyf kqfrf/ vfgtnf;L ubf{ jf

zf/Ll/s kl/If0f ubf{, aofg clen]v ubf{, ;gfvt ubf{ jf cGo

JolQmsf] ;gfvt u/fpFbf jf 6]lnkmf]g ;+jfb u/fpFbf dfgjf]lrt

Jojxf/ ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . lx/f;tdf /x]sf]

JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL dfGotfx?n] lgb]{lzt

u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug]{ sfo{df cg';Gwfgdf

;+nUg lgsfox? d'Votof k|x/L k|zf;g Pj+ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] klg

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;y{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?sf] c;kmntfsf

sf/0fx? s]nfpFbf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf cleo'Qm tyf kLl8tsf

dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;f] ;DaGwL ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos

x'G5 .

uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df /fHon] g} ck/fwsf]

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug{] k4ltnfO{ c+uflnPsf] klg %$ aif{

gfl3;s]sf] 5 . o; aLrdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL lasf;qmdn]

sltko k'/fgf dfGotf / k|fjwfgx?nfO{ kl/j{tg ub{} ;dofg's"n

agfpg gofF gofF sfg"gL Joj:yfx? ul/Fb} nluPsf] 5 . tyflk

;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df x'g] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo

lg?k0f ;DaGwL sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g .

;fljsdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg af/]df /x]sf] ;+o'Qm k4lt

c;kmn k|foM /x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ kl/jt{g u/L NofOPsf] :jtGq

cg';Gwfg k4ltnfO{ of] P]gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cg';Gwfgsf]

sfo{nfO{ cleof]hgaf6 cnu u/]sf] 5, t/ cleof]hg kIfsf] sfg"gL

lgoGq0fnfO{ ;dGjofTds / lgb]{zgfTds ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .

cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf z'? ;"rgf jf hfx]/Lb]lv lnP/ cg';Gwfgsf]

3

;dflKt kZrft d'2f rNg] grNg] ;DaGwL /fo ;lxt ldl;n ;/sf/L

jsLn ;dIf k]z u/]kl5 cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ;dfKt x'G5 . o:tf]

sfo{ k|x/Ln] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( -o;kl5 ;xhtfsf

nflu ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g dfq egL Psf]_ sf] kl/lwleq /xL

:jtGq / lgikIf 9+un] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] eP klg o;df hfx]/L

kZrft k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgb]{zg, ;/sf/L jsLn

;dIf aofg, dflg; 5f8g' kbf{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;xdlt nufotsf

Joj:yfaf6 cg';Gwfg sfo{ :jtGq /x]klg cleof]hgsf] lgoGq0fdf x'g]

l:ylt b]lvG5 .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! aflx/sf ;/sf/jfbL d'2f

af/]df ljleGg P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx? Psgf;sf gePsfn] cg';Gwfg

ug]{ lgsfo, cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/L, sfo{ljlw km/s km/s 5g\ . h:tf]

ls e|i6frf/ d'2fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf]

sfo{ljlw adf]lhd cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cg';Gwfg ub{5 eg] jg

d'2fdf jg P]gsf] sfo{ljlw adf]lhd slDtdf /]~h/ :t/sf cg';Gwfg

clws[tn] cg';Gwfg ub{5 . tyflk cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;fdfGot ck/fwsf]

;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng], ck/fwsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g]

AolQm;Fu ;f]wk'5, vfgtnf;L, bzL k|df0f a/fdb, d'r'Nsf, bzL

k|df0fsf] j}1flgs kl/If0f, cleo'QmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fVg], w/f}6 jf

tf/]vdf 5f8g], /fo ;lxt ;/sf/L jsLn;Fu cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u

lng], ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgb]{zg kfngf ug'{kg]{ h:tf s'/fx? ;j}df

;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ePkl5 sf] s;pk/ d'2f rnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o u/L cbfnt ;dIf cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ sfo{ g} cleof]hg xf] . ;fljsdf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L d'2f bfo/ ug]{;Ddsf] sfo{ ;/sf/L jsLn / k|x/Låf/f ;+o'Qm ?kdf x'g] u/]sf]df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L eP kZrft wf/f !#% df s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/Lsf ;dIf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{

4

x'g]5 / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf cwLgdf /lx k|of]u / kfngf ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ldlt @)^#.!).! df clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg e} ;/sf/L jsLnx?n] P]gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ / cleof]ukq ;d]t k]z ug]{ sfo{ ub}{cfPsf 5g\ .

cg';Gwfgaf6 ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf y'k|} sfg"gL Joj:yfx? lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . sltko gofF sfg"gsf] th'{df / sltko k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg kl/dfh{g / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf], sltko gLltut Joj:yfsf] cefj / cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] bIftf ljsf;sf] kf6f] / ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj, g]kfnsf] ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL k/Dk/fut /x]sf] / k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs / a}1flgs agfpg g;lsPsf], ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] lg0f{o ubf{ k|df0fsf cfwf/df d"Nof+sg u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df To;sf] k|of]u ;f] cg'?k x'g g;s]sf], ;fIfLx?sf] ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f ;d]tsf cefjdf hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t tyf ;fIfLn] ljkl/t ?kdf askq ug]{ cEof; /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx? / cj:yfx? ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;/L g} ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf, cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg k|s[ofx? h:t} k|df0f ;+sng, aofg, k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, lgb]{zg, a}1flgs kl/If0f, cleof]hg tyf cbfntL jf ;'g'jfO k|s[of / km};nf;Ddsf r/0fdf ljleGg ;d:of, q'l6 / sdhf]/L /x]sf] b]lvof] . s'g} Ps k|s[ofdf dfq ;'wf/ u/]/ c;kmntfsf] cj:yf cGt x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf] / ;du| k|s[of / r/0fdf ;'wf/ cfjZos /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf oL ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg k|s[ofdf /x]sf] sdhf]/L, q'l6, ckof{Kttf, cleof]hgsf q'l6 / km};nf tyf cbfntL k|s[ofdf /x]sf] kmfOn cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf ;d:of, sdhf]/L / q'l6sf] ;fd"lxstf :j?k d'2fdf c;kmntf x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] .

5

;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fdf xbDofb sd ePsf d'2fdf xbDofb

a9fpg] u/L sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ / ;/sf/jfbL x'g] s'g} klg d'2fdf !

aif{eGbf sd xbDofb gx'g] u/L Joj:yf, uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lx/f;tdf /fVg ;Sg] cjlw ckof{Kt /x]sf]n] of]

cjlwnfO{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf cjlwdf a9fpg] u/L sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg,

lx/f;tdf /fVg] cg'dlt lnFbf ;/sf/L jsLn dfkm{t lng] sfg"gL

Joj:yf, cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] hdfgt lbg ;Sg]

Joj:yf, ;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] th'{df h:tf sfg"gL ;'wf/

ck]lIft 5g\ . o;/L g} ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] bhf{ k|x/L ;xfos

lg/LIfs /x]sf] jt{dfg sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L Go"gtd k|x/L lg/LIfs

bhf{sf] agfpg tyf lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg txdf ck/fw cg';Gwfg /

cleof]hg kIfaLr ;dGjo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

ck/fw cg';GwfgnfO{ a}1flgsLs/0f u/fpFb} cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpg] / cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ /fHoaf6 ul/g'kg]{, cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / k'g/fj]bg gLltsf] th'{df, cg';Gwfgdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? :yfgLo :t/df ;+rfng ug]{ tyf ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{ gLlt lgdf{0f klg cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;a} lgsfo / cleof]hg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfoaLr a[xQ ?kdf ;dGjo clej[l4, g]kfn k|x/L cGtu{t ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf k|of]hgsf nflu ck/fw cg';Gwfg lgsfo -ck/fw cg';Gwfg Jo'/f]_ :yfkgf, k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf ;fwg ;DkGg k|of]uzfnfx?sf] :yfkgf u/L k/Dk/fut cg';GwfgnfO{ a}1flgs cg';Gwfg k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf nflu h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . k|efjsf/L ?kdf ck/fw cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ug{sf nflu o;df ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; klg clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

6

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{;Dkfbgdf /x]sf] sfof{GjoghGo sdhf]/L jf q'l6sf sf/0f d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf] s'/f cWoogaf6 klxrfg u/L lj:tf/df pNn]vg / ljj]rgf ul/Psf] / ;dfwfgsf ;'emfj klg k|:t't cWoogdf ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM d'2fdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf, cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg k|s[ofx? h:t} k|df0f ;+sng, aofg, k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, lgb]{zg, a}1flgs k/LIf0f, cleof]hg tyf cbfntL jf ;'g'jfO{ k|s[of / km};nf;Ddsf r/0fdf klxrfg ul/Psf ljleGg ;d:of, q'l6 / sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ u/L sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

7

kl/R5]b !

kl/ro tyf cg';Gwfg ljlw

!=! ljifo k|j]z

;dfhdf cfk/flws s[of{snfksf] z'?jftnfO{ dfgj ;dfhsf]

:yfkgf ;Fu;Fu} /fv]/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . ;dfhsf] kl/j]zn] ck/fwsf]

36gfsf] dfqfdf km/s kf/]sf] x'g ;S5 t/ ck/fw g} g36\g] eGg]

xF'b}g . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;qmd ;Fu ;Fu} gofF gofF ck/fwsf] hGd

tyf ck/fw ug]{ k|j[lQdf k[ystf Pj+ hl6ntf ylkPsf] cj:yf

b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL cg'?k ck/fw lgoGq0fdf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]

k|of]u ck]Iffs[t x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f ;dfh ck/fwsf] pTkfbg :yndf

kl/0ft xF'b} uO{ /x]sf] dx';'; eO/x]sf] 5 . ck/fw a9\b} hfFbf To;n]

c/fhstfsf] cj:yf ;[hgf ug]{ tyf sfg"gsf] zf;g / Gofo w/f;foL

x'G5 . o;}n] /fHon] uDeL/ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg u/L s;"/bf/nfO{

;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ub{5 . cbfntdf d'2f

bfo/ u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g ;f] adf]lhd s;"/ 7x/ ePdf dfq ck/fw

ug]{n] ;hfo kfpg], kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg] / ;dfhn] zflGt, ;'/Iff /

;'Joj:yf kfpg] x'G5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf] k|ltzt sd /x]sf] 5 .

s;"/bf/nfO{ kof{Kt ?kdf ;hfo gePsf] / bfo/ d'2fx? ck]Iffs[t

?kdf ;kmn gePsf]] eGg] cfd cg'e"lt /x]sf] 5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{noaf6 tof/ ePsf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf lhNnf txdf ;kmntfsf]

k|ltzt cf=j )^%.@)^^ b]lv @)^(.&) ;Dd qmdzM 72.2, 70.6,

69.2, 65.97 / ^(=#! /x]sf] / of] qmdzM cf]/fnf] nfUb} u/]sf]df ut

aif{ dfq s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] clxn]sf]

k|ltztnfO{ g} x]g]{ xf] eg] klg cf+lzs ?kdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsfnfO{

;d]t ;f] k|ltztdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . cleof]u bfjL adf]lhdsf] k"/}

k|ltjfbLpk/ k"/} bfjL g7x/]sf]nfO{ s;"/ 7x/sf] tYof+saf6 afx]s ug]{

8

xf] eg] cleof]u 7x/ ePsf] k|ltzt lgs} sd x'G5 . ;/sf/jfbL

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] c;kmntfn] /fHosf] zflGt Joj:yf / cdg rogdf

;d:of kg]{ ePsfn] ;dodf g} sf/0fx? klxrfg u/L lgbfg ug{

cfjZos x'G5 . o;}n] ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf

sf/0fx? klxrfgsf nflu lj:t[t cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf dxz'; x'Fb}

lyof] . oxL cfjZostfsf ;Gbe{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{|qmd

cGtu{t Gofodf kx'Fr kl/of]hgf (A2J) / ;a}sf nflu Gofo (J4A) aLr

;Demf}tf eO{ J4A af6 k|:t't cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .

!=@ cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrToM

kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] Ps dfq k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf]

;dfhdf cfk/flws s[ofsnfkdf lgoGq0f u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]

k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' xf] . o;sf] nflu ck/fw ug]{n] ;hfo kfpF5 eGg]

ljZj;gLo jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf /fHon] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / o:tf] ljZj;gLo

jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfaf6 dfq

;Dej x'G5 . ck/fwzf:qsf k|jt{s l;h/ a]sfl/ofn] !& cf}+

ztfJbLsf] cGTolt/ cfkm\gf] k':ts Crime and Punishment df

Punishment should be certain and swift rather than severe egL

ck/fw ug]{n] ;dodf g} lglZrt ;hfo kfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf]

k|Tofe"ltaf6 dfq ck/fw lgoGq0f eO{ ;dfhdf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt

x'G5 egL pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lyof], h'g cfh;Dd klg o; ;Gbe{df

dggof]Uo 5 .

;dfh ljsf;sf] qmd;Fu} ck/fwsf k|s[lt klg 8/nfUbf] ?kdf

lasf; x'g uO{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fx?df /fHon] g} cg';Gwfg /

cleof]hg ug{] k4ltnfO{ c+ufn]sf] xf] / o:tf] k4lt cjnDag ul/Psf]

nfdf] ;do e};s]]sf] 5 . ;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg] d'2fx?sf] cg';Gwfg,

cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf ;Gbe{df ;dfhdf a9\b} uO/x]sf]

hg;+Vofsf sf/0f k'/ftg k|s[ltsf ck/fwx? a9\b} uO{/x]sf 5g\ eg],

gofF gofF cfjZostf / cfljisf/sf sf/0f ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lasf;

9

;Fu;Fu} gofF gofF ck/fwx?sf] hGd klg x'Fb}5 . ck/fwLx?n] /fHosf]

sfg"g, lgoGq0f ;+oGq, Ifdtf / sfo{ k|s[lt x]/]/ gofF gofF tl/sfx?

ckgfpFb} hfFbf ck/fw lgoGq0f / eod'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0fdf lbgx'F

r'gf}ltx? ylkb} uPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fx?df kLl8t JolQmn]

g} pN6} d'2f v]Kg'kg]{, k|df0f h'6fpg ufx|f] kg]{, kLl8tk|lt pN6} c;'/Iff

x'g] / uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2f s]jn JolQmsf nflu dfq ge} ;dfh /

/fHosf nflu klg vt/f x'g] x'Fbf ;/sf/jfbL e} d'2f rnfpg] k4ltsf]

z'?jft ul/Psf] %$ aif{ gfl3;s]sf] 5 . o; aLrdf o:tf ck/fwsf]

lgoGq0fsf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfg"gdf ;'wf/ / ;Dj4 lgsfox?nfO{

r':t b'?:t ug]{ k|z:t k|of; ePsf / oBlk ;'wf/ k|of; hf/L g} 5 .

tyflk ljut $ aif{sf] -cf=j= )^%÷^^–^*÷^( ;Dd_

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cWoog x]bf{ rf/

aif{sf] cf}ift ;kmntf lhNnf cbfnt tkm{ ^(=$(Ü, k'g/fj]bg txdf

$@=$@Ü / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf #^=#^Ü dfq} d'2f ;kmn ePsf] b]]lvG5 .

tfd]nL / cf+lzs ;kmntfnfO{ o;af6 -lhNnf txdf_ lemSg] xf] eg]

;kmntf lgs} sd x'g] b]lvG5 .

;"rgf k|ljlw, oftfoft, ;+rf/, lj1fgsf] ljsf;;Fu} ck/fwx?

gofF ?kdf k}bf x'Fb} 5g\ / ljBdfg cj:yfdf o;nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ wf} wf}

kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . cTolws d'2fx? c;kmn eO{ ck/fwsdL{x?n] klg

;kmfO kfpg] cj:yfsf] >[hgf x'g'df kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf

cjojx?sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf s] s:tf] sdhf]/L /x]sf] 5, cg';Gwfg,

cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fdf s] s:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g, lgsfout

sdhf]/L jf sfg"gL sdhf]/L s] sf/0fn] c;kmntf a9]sf] xf],

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmntfsf sf/0f jf ;d:ofx? klxNofO{

;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf]n] o; cWoogaf6 o:tf k|s[ltsf]

d'2fdf x'g] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf ;'gjfOsf] qmddf b]lvPsf

;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ / eljiodf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] s'g

10

If]qdf s:tf] ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ xf] ;f] ;d]tsf pkfox? klxNofpg of]

cWoog ul/Psf]] xf] .

!=# cWoogsf] dxTj

k|:t't cWoog ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmntfsf sf/0f;Fu

;DjlGwt ePsfn] ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg,

cleof]hg tyf ;'gjfO{ ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08, /fli6«o sfg"gx?,

/fli6«o sfg"gx?df /x]sf] cefj tyf Jofjxfl/s k|of]uaf/] cWoog

ul/Psf] x'Fbf o;n] g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt

gofF sfg"gsf] th'{df ug{ / k|rlnt sfg"gdf ug'{kg]{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;d]t

;xof]u k'Ug]5 . k|:t't cWoogdf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f ;DjGwL

sfg"g k|of]usf] cj:yf / c;kmntfsf sf/0f klg klxrfg ul/Psf]

x'gfn] tt\;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf of]hgf / sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ tyf o;

;DaGwdf gLlt to ug{ of]ubfg lbg]5 . o;sf ;fy} cg';Gwfg /

cleof]hg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? ;Djf]wg ug{ klg of] cg';Gwfgn] d2t

ug]{5 . o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] ;a}nfO{ ;/sf/jfbL

kmf}hbf/L d'2f ;DaGwdf ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o sfg"gL

Joj:yf Pj+ tL sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s

k|of]usf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lng ;Dej agfpg] 5 .

;dli6df o; cWoogn] kmf}hbf/L GofonfO{ Jojxf/df k|Tofe"lt ug{ w]/}

xbdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .

!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo

;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df ck/fwsf] 36gfkl5

ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ sfg"g adf]lhd

;hfo u/L kLl8tnfO{ Gofo k|flKtsf] cg'e'lt u/fpg] kIf r'gf}tLk"0f{

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k4lt / cg';Gwfgdf bIf

hgzlQmsf] k|of]u x'g g;Sg'n] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ;dofg's"n

k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ef}lts k|df0feGbf aofgdf hf]8 lbg]

cg';Gwfg k4lt xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] ljz]iftf ag]sf] 5 .

11

ck/fw cg';Gwfg /fHosf] sd k|fyldstfsf] ljifosf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf]

cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmn x'g'sf] k5fl8 cg';Gwfg

cleof]hg tyf ;'g'jfO k|s[ofdf s] s:tf] sdhf]/L /x]sf] 5 < eGg]

ljifodf cWoog ul/g' cfjZos ePsf] xF'bf d"ntM o; cg';Gwfgsf]

dfWodaf6 lgDg k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]Hg] k|of; ul/g] 5 .

!= ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yf ;dofg's"n 5g\, 5}gg\ < ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kof{Kttf tyf ltgsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < / s] s:tf] ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 <

@= ck/fwsf] ;"rgfb]lv d'2f km};nf;Dddf hfx]/L, ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng, kl/If0f, ;fIfL k|df0f / cbfntdf pkl:yltsf] cj:yf, ;fIfL pkl:ylt / jskq, kLl8tk|ltsf] Jojxf/ / ljkl/t askqsf cj:yf, k|df0f d"Nof+sgsf] cj:yf, sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kof{Kttf, cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf jf/]df cbfntsf] km};nfsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <

#= ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L] d'2f c;kmn x'g'df s] s:tf sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ <

^= d'2f c;kmntf ;DjGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf] nflu eljiodf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] If]qx? laz]ift cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf] qmddf gLltut— sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf s] s:tf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 <

!=%= cg';Gwfg ljlw M

k|:t't cWoog ;}4flGts cg';Gwfg ljlw tyf Jojxfl/s

cg';Gwfg ljlw dffkm{t k|f/lDes ;|f]tx? / uf}0f ;|f]tx? (Doctrinal

and Non Doctrinal) b'a}sf] k|of]ujf6 ;dLIff u/L ;/sf/jfbL x'g]

kmf}hbf/L d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx?sf] vf]hL tyf ;d:ofsf

;dfwfg klxNofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2f

12

c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx?sf] vf]hL tyf ;d:ofsf ;dfwfg klxNofpg]

;DaGwdf c;kmn e} clGtd ePsf d'2fx?sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf

nflu k|ZgfjnLsf] th'{df, k|Zgx? k7fO{ lnlvt ?kdf cGtjf{tf{ lng]

sfo{ / cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt tYofÍx?sf] ljZn]if0f cg';Gwfg ;d"xaf6

ul/Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg'cl3 o; ljifosf

lj1x?, GofofwLz tyf cbfntsf clws[tx?, ;/sf/L jsLn, sfg"g

Joj;foL nufot k|x/L clws[tx?;Fu cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf

u/L ;'emfj ;d]t ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt/lqmofdf ;+nUg

lj1x?sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 .

;}4flGts cg';Gwfg ljlw cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg jf/]df jf]lnPsf km};nfx?sf] cWoog ul/Psf]

5, ck/fw cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o

b:tfj]hx?sf ;fGble{s ljZn]if0f tyf ;dLIff, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs

tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] Jofjxfl/s

cWoogljlw cGtu{t dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 @)^(.%.!% b]lv

@)^(.*.!% ;Dd clGtd lgsf;f ePsf c;kmn !@^ j6f d'2fx?sf]

!#! j6f laifosf] lasNk ;lxtsf] / v'Nnf k|ZgfjnL (Closed and

Open Ended Questionnaires), ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf %) c;kmn

km};nfx? cWoog / kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] If]qdf sfo{/t

GofofwLz, ;/sf/L jsLn, k|x/L clws[t / sfg"g Joj;foL u/L &)

hgfnfO{ !& j6f laifosf] v'Nnf (Open Ended) k|ZgfjnL k7fOPsf]df

$@ hgfaf6 ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;d]t cWoog u/L ljZn]if0f

ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd :j?k lbg] qmddf g]kfn af/

P;f]l;P;g, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz, cbfntsf pRr:t/sf

clws[tx?, ;/sf/L jsLn / k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj;foL nufotsf lj1

;/f]sf/jfnfx? @^ hgf;Fu k/fdz{ / ;'emfj lnOPsf] lyof] .

vf;u/L o;eGbf cufl8 ePsf ;DjlGwt ljleGg

cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v /rgf / k|ltj]bgx?, ;DjlGwt cGt/f{li6«o

b:tfj]hx?, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfx? tyf ;jf]{Rr

13

cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 hf/L

ePsf kl/kqx? tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jflif{s

k|ltj]bgx? Pj+ o; ljifodf k|sflzt ljleGg k':tsx?sf] cWoog /

k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;xof]u lnOPsf ;fdu|Lx? kfbl6Kk0fL / ;Gbe{

;fdu|Lx?df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L] d'2f

c;kmntf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ;d"xaf6 k7fOPsf ljleGg

k|ZgfjnLx?sf] hjfkmnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|fKt pQ/x?sf] ljZn]if0f Pj+

cjnf]sg u/L lgisif{df k'luPsf] 5 . k|ZgfjnLx? cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z

ul/Psf] 5 .

o; cWoogdf cfjZostfg';f/ JofVofTds / ljZn]if0ffTds

ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;fGble{s cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx? / g]kfnsf

k|rlnt /fli6«o sfg"gx? ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6

ePsf km};nfx?nfO{ oy]i6 ?kdf cWoog / pNn]vg ul/Psf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf / /fli6«o Joj:yfsf] t'ngf u/L xfdLsxfF /x]sf

cefjx? klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efdf k]z ePsf

kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf ljw]ossf ;fGble{s Joj:yfx? pNn]v tyf

ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^= cWoogsf] ;Ldf

k|:t't cWoogdf b]xfosf ;Ldfx? /x]sf 5g\ M

k|:t't cWoog ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .

;do tyf ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttfsf] sf/0f 5flgPsf @) j6f lhNnfsf GofofwLz, ;/sf/L jsLn, k|x/L clws[t / sfg"g Joj;foL u/L &) hgfnfO{ cGtjf{tf{sf] k|ZgfjnL k7fOPsf]df $@ hgfaf6 cGtjf{tf{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL e} rn]sf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df c;kmn e} )^(.%.!% b]lv )^(.*.!% ;Dd clGtd lgsf;f ePsf !@^ j6f d'2fx?sf] z'? hfx]/Lb]lv clGtd x'Fbf;Ddsf

14

sfuhft / km};nfsf] cWoog, tYofÍ ;dflji6 / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 c;kmn ePsf %) km};nfx?df lnOPsf cfwf/x? ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|fKt pQ/x?nfO{ klg 5'§f5'§} kl/R5]bdf k[ys k[ys ?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=& cWoogsf] :j?k

o; cWoog k|ltj]bgnfO{ ljleGg * j6f kl/R5]bdf ljefhg

ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't cWoogsf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

kl/R5]b ! — k|f/lDes

o; kl/R5]bdf kl/ro, cWoogsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, cWoogsf] p2]Zo,, cg';Gwfg ljlw, cWoogsf] ;Ldf / cWoogsf] :j?k h:tf ljifox? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/R5]b @ — k"j{ cWoogsf] ;dLIff

kl/R5]b # — cg';Gwfg cleof]hg tyf Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yfx?

kl/R5]b $ — ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|efjsfl/tfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6 ePsf JofVof

kl/R5]b —% cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf Gofo lg?k0f jf/]df d'2f cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt glthf tyf ljZn]if0f

kl/R5]b ^ — cg';Gwfg cleof]hg tyf Gofo lg?k0f jf/]df ;Dj4 If]qsf lj1x?;Fu lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] ljZn]if0f

kl/R5]b& — cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ / d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx? klxrfg

kl/R5]b *— ;'emfj

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? cg';"rLx?

k|ZgfjnLx?

15

kl/R5]b @

g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cleof]hgsf] cj:yf ;DaGwdf k"j{ cWoogsf] ;dLIff

o;df ;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmntf ;DjGwL ljifodf ;fGble{s

b]lvPsf / ;f] ;DjGwdf cWoog ePsf g]kfnL ;fdu|L ;dLIff ul/Psf]

5 . tL ;fdu|Lx? cWoog ug]{ qmddf ;xof]uL /x]sf] eP klg of]

cWoog lgtfGt gofF cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{ /x]sf] 5 .

@=! g]kfndf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljZn]if0f / ;'wf/

sfg"gL cg';Gwfg tyf ;|f]t lasf; s]Gb| -;]n8{_ af6 @)%^

;fndf k|yd ;+:s/0f k|sflzt ePsf] cg';Gwfg s[ltdf kmf}hbf/L

Gofo k|zf;gleq k|j]z ug]{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx? lsg c;kmn x'G5g\\

eGg] tkm{ s]Gb|Lt eO{ d'2fx?df b]lvg] sdL sdhf]/Lsf kIfx?nfO{ Ps

Ps u/L cg';Gwfg u/]sf] kfOFb}g . pQm cg';Gwfgn] g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L

Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;du| kIfx?sf] ;'wf/sf ;DjGwdf s] s'g If]qdf s]

s:tf] ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df s:tf k|s[ltsf

;/sf/jfbL d'2f s] s:tf sf/0fn] c;kmn x'Fbf /x]5g\ eGg] vf]hd'ns

cg';Gwfg u/]sf] kfOFb}g . oBlk o; s[ltsf] cWoog ubf{ s]xL ljifodf

cg';Gwfg ug{ vf]h]sf ;Gbe{x? k|;+uj; s'g} s'g} ljifo ldNg ;S5g\

t/ cg';Gwfgsf] s]Gb|Lt ljifoj:t', cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo, cg';Gwfg

k4lt, cg';Gwfgsf tYof+s Pj+ ;fdu|Lx? / ltgsf] ljZn]if0f ljlwdf

km/s /x]sf] 5 . ;dosf] ljsf;;Fu} em08} 8]9 bzs cufl8 ePsf]

cg';Gwfg lgrf]8 ;doqmd;Fu} kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] / gofF gofF ;d:of

k}bf eO;s]sf sf/0f klg k|:t't cg';GwfgnfO{ pQm s[ltn] l;kmfl/;

u/]sf ;d:ofsf ljifodf klg yk cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

16

@=@ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg

;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmntf x'g'df cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo

lg?k0f ug]{ lgsfodWo] s'g lgsfo / To;sf kbflwsf/Lsf s] s:tf

sdhf]/Lsf sf/0faf6 c;kmntf x'Fbf] /x]5 jf cGo ljljw sf/0f klg

5g\ eGg] ljifodf glhsaf6 cg'e"lt ug]{ klxnf] lgsfo / o;sf

kbflwsf/L eg]sf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / o; cGtu{tsf

;/sf/L jsLnx? x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf km/s dt xF'b}g . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{noaf6 jif]{gL k|sflzt x'g] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?dWo] cf=j=

@)^%÷)^^—@)^(÷)&) ;Ddsf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?df cg';Gwfg ug{

vf]lhPsf] ljifosf ;Gbe{df k|fKt ;fdu|Lx?sf] cWoog ubf{

k|ltj]bgx?df ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?dWo] s] s:tf d'2fdf s] s'g sf/0f /

cfwf/af6 c;kmn x'g k'u]sf] xf] eGg] ;DjGwdf Jofjxfl/s Pj+

j:t'ut sf/0f / cfwf/x? pNn]v x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DjGwL sfg"gsf] cefjdf slt d'2fdf c;kmntf eof], xbDofb ;DjGwL sfg"gsf] cefjn] s] s:tf k|s[ltsf d'2fdf c;kmntf eof] eGg] tYofÍ ;lxt sfg"gsf] cefjsf sf/0f cfwf/ pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFb}g, sfg"gdf q'6L, ;/sf/L jsLnx?nfO{ bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ tflnd ;d]tsf] cefj, ef}lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cefj, hgzlQmsf] sdL cflb ljifosf ;d:of ;dfwfgtkm{ jif]{gL k|sflzt ePsf k|ltj]bgx?df lg/Gt/ ;'emfj s]Gb|Lt ePsf] kfOof] . k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{ d'2flkR5] c;kmntfsf sf/0f / cfwf/x?sf] cWoog u/L ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL u/]sf] kfOPg . oBlk k|ltj]bgdf To;/L pNn]v x'g ;Dej gx'g] ePsfn] ;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmn x'g'sf j:t'ut / j}1flgs sf/0fx? klxNofpg] / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;'emfpg] cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5}g, t/ k|:t't cWoog d'2f c;kmntfsf sf/0f vf]hL ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

@=# ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg

cf=j= @)^&÷)^* sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf kmf}hbf/L sfg"g

kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ sfo{bnsf ;Gbe{df kmf}hbf/L sfg"g ;'wf/ tyf

17

kl/dfh{g ;ldlt u7g ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd

k/fdz{ lbPsf] eGg];Dd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk ;/sf/jfbL

d'2fsf ;DjGwdf cGo s'g} ljz]if cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf] kfOb}g .

o;}u/L cWoogsf qmddf ljgf]b s'df/ Gof}kfg]sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn

;/sf/ k|ltjfbL ;~ho >]i7, /f]lxt klnjg cu|jfn / led;]g kl08t

;d]t ePsf] kmf}= g+= @!() sf] ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws d'2f /

cf]dsf/ e§rgsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL log} JolQm

ePsf] kmf}=g+= @!(! sf] ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws d'2fdf ;+nUg

GofofwLzx?af6 ePsf cfb]z / km};nfpk/ hfFra'em u/L cfjZos

sf/jfxLsf nflu l;kmfl/; k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] cf=j= @)^&÷)^*

;d]tsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf kfOG5 . t/ pQm k|ltj]bgdf ;/sf/jfbL

d'2f c;kmntfsf ;du| sf/0f cfwf/sf af/]df cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5}g .

cGo cfly{s jif{sf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? cWoog ubf{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf]

tYofÍ afx]s cGo ;Gbe{ vf;} pNn]v ePsf] klg kfOb}g .

@=$ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^&–)^*÷@)&!–)&@

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cWoog ubf{ o;n] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn]

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf dftxt sfof{nox?af6 ;Dkfbg

x'g'kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL st{Jo ;Dkfbg ubf{ ck/fw kLl8tn]

Gofosf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{, ck/fwLn] b08 kfPsf] x'g'kg]{, x/]s

JolQmn] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt kfpg'

kg]{, /fHosf lgsfo Pj+ kbflwsf/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfg"gL /fosf

dfWodaf6 sfg"gL zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ h:tf d"n p2]Zo /fv]sf]

b]lvg cfpF5 . o:tf cfˆgf ;f+u7lgs st{Jo s] s;/L, slxn];Dd s]

s'g ;fwg ;|f]taf6 s;/L kl/rfng u/L b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf

;dlk{t ug]{ eGg] sfo{of]hgf dfkm{t 3f]if0ff u/L nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 .

pQm k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfdf klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2f

c;kmn x'g'sf sf/0f / cfwf/x?nfO{ Go"g ug]{ pkfox?sf] vf]h

18

cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . tL vf]h cg';Gwfgn] ;du|

d'2fx?df ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ ;'wf/sf s]xL cfwf/x? lbPsf] t 5, t/

k|To]s d'2fsf] cGt/j:t'nfO{ s]nfO{ ;d:ofsf] lgrf]8 lgsfNg] u/L s'g}

cg';Gwfg ePsf] kfOFb}g . /0fgLlts of]hgfdf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?df

cg';Gwfgtkm{ of]Uo, bIf cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g'kg]{, sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf

hjfkmb]lxtf / Ps?ktf x'g'kg]{, j:t'ut / j}1flgs k|df0f ;+sng

x'g'kg]{, cg';Gwfg :jtGq / lgikIf x'g'kg]{, cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfosf

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] 5'§} ljefu x'g'kg]{, ;fwg ;|f]t kof{Kt x'g'kg]{

h:tf s'/f ;'emfOPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} cleof]hgtkm{ clt ;fgfltgf

d'2f cbfntd} k'¥ofpg' gkg]{ clwsf/sf] cefj, xr'jf cleof]hg,

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj, d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] lg0f{odf k|efjsfl/tf

gePsf], h:tf cflb OToflb ljifodf pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg ;/sf/jfbL

d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf sf/0f / cfwf/ oL o; k|sf/sf d'2fdf of] of] 5g\

egL k|i6 ;'emfj ;lxtsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL u/]sf] kfOPg . oBlk

k|ltj]bgdf To;/L pNn]v x'g ;Dej gx'g] ePsfn] ;/sf/jfbL d'2f

c;kmn x'gsf j:t'ut / j}1flgs sf/0fx? klxNofpg] / ltgsf]

;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;'emfpg] s'/f /0fgLlts of]hgfdf klg ePsf]

kfOb}g .

@=% ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgdf k|efjsfl/tf

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / g]kfn / o'gfO{6]8 :6]6\;

O{lGi6Ro'6 ckm lk;sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df gfds k|:t't cg';Gwfgd"ns

k':ts @)^( k|sflzt k':tsdf ;+u|lxt kf7\o ;fdu|Lx?n] ;/sf/jfbL

d'2fx? c;kmn x'g'sf s]xL sf/0fx? cjZo klxNofPsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk

pQm n]v Pj+ cg';GwfgfTds ;fdu|Lx?n] ;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmn

x'g'sf ;j} Jofjxfl/s / j:t'k/s Pj+ j}1flgs sf/0fx?sf] Psftkm{

vf]hL u/]sf] kfOb}g eg] csf]{tkm{ s'g d'2fdf s] s'g lgsfo jf JolQm

jf kIfsf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f s] s:tf cfwf/ sf/0fn] d'2f c;kmn x'Fbf]

/x]5 eGg]tkm{ ;d]6]sf] kfOb}g . k':tsn] w]/} xb;Dd cg';Gwfg /

cleof]hgdf ;+nUg x'g] clwsf/LaLrsf] ;'dw'/ ;DjGw sfod ug]{ tyf

19

;dGjodf g} cfkm\gf cWoognfO{ s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k':tssf]

cGtdf cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg k|lqmofsf] ;'wf/sf ;DjGwdf

cjnDag ug'{kg]{ /0fgLlt tyf ;'emfjx?n] ;/sf/jfbL d'2f ;kmn

u/fpgdf cjZo ;xof]u t k'¥ofpF5, t/ klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2f

c;kmntfsf x/]s kIfsf tYout Pj+ j:t'k/s cfwf/ k|:t't ug{

;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|:t't cWoogn] c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? klxrfg ug]{ /

;f] cfwf/df ;'emfj lbg] x'Fbf gofF cWoogsf] /x]sf] 5 .

@=^ ljs[ltljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog k|ltj]bg,@)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km"nsf]6{sf] ldlt @)^^.(.& sf] lg0f{ofg';f/

Gofokflnsf;fd' ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgoGq0fsf

pkfox¿ ;'emfpg] d'Vo p2]Zo;lxt ul7t sfo{bnn] ljs[ltljxLg

Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ug'{kg]{ bL3{sfnLg / tTsfnLg sfo{x¿

;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] !$$ k[i7 nfdf] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf

cWoog ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] Gofokflnsfsf ;du| ljifodf

cWoog u/] klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf] ;Gbe{df cfˆgf]

cWoog s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . sfg"g Joj;foL / ;/sf/L jsLnsf]

e"ldsf Goflos k|lqmofdf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 eGb} o;f] egL

Psf] 5 sL æpgLx¿sf] plrt ;xof]u ePg eg] Goflos k|lqmof g}

cj?4 x'g] l:ylt k}bf x'g ;S5 . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ Gofokflnsfsf

;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ cjojsf ?kdf lnOG5 . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] kIfsf]

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ub}{ klg Goflos k|lqmofdf ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ . ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug]{ cleof]hgdf sdhf]/L /Xof]

eg] jf cGo sfg"g Joj;foLn] k|lt/Iff ubf{ jf kIfnfO{ sfg"gL ;]jf

pknAw u/fpFbf sdhf]/L /Xof] eg] To;sf] ;Lwf c;/ Gofo

;Dkfbgdf kb{5 . t/ To:tf sdhf]/Laf6 ;DalGwt kIfn] ef]Ug'kg]{

sl7gfO{sf] bf]if klg Gofokflnsfdfly g} cfO{ kb{5 .Æ eGg] s'/fx?nfO{

hf]8 lbO{ Gofokflnsfdflysf] cf/f]knfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] u/L cWoog ePsf]

b]lvG5 .

20

k|ltj]bgdf æ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf sdhf]/L eof] eg] To;n] Gofo lg?k0fsf] sfo{ k|efljt x'G5 . To;sf] bf]if cg';Gwfg kIfsf] xf], xfd|f] ljBdfg Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ To;df Gofokflnsfsf] s'g} e"ldsf /x]sf] x'Fb}g, t/ bf]if Gofokflnsfdfly nufOG5 .Æ egL ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfnfO{ o;/L pb\w[t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf ;Gbe{df k|ltj]bgdf d"ntM cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 lgDg ljifoj:t'x?sf xsdf ;'emfj k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 .

uDeL/ ck/fwsf cleo'QmnfO{ ljb]z jf :jb]zd} :yfgxb ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg{] .

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df d'2f rnfpg]÷grnfpg] ljifodf k|x/Ln] /fo aemfpg ;Sg] ;fljssf] Joj:yfsf] pkof]lutf ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d;fdlos / Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;'wf/ u/L nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿df k'gM cg';Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hg jf k"/s cleof]hgsf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug'{kg]{ / To; k|sf/sf] lgb]{zg cbfntaf6 x'g ;Sg] u/L ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿df kl/dfh{g ul/g' kg]{ .

uDeL/ Pj+ hl6n k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ lg/Gt/ x'g'kg{] . vf;u/L ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf of] k|lqmofsf] k|f/De tTsfn ul/g' kg]{ .

pk/f]Qm cWoog cg';Gwfgn] ;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmntfsf ;Gbe{df s]xL ljifox? p7fPsf] eP tfklg s] s'g k|s[ltsf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f s] s'g sf/0fx?n] c;kmn x'g] u/]sf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df cg';Gwfg s]Gb|Lt ePsf] eg] b]lvPsf] 5}g, t/ k|:t't cWoog ;f] eGbf km/s e} ;/sf/afbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf] cWoogdf g} s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .

21

@=& kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ;dLIffTds ljj]rgf

k|fWofks dfwj k|;fb cfrfo{ / clwjQmf ab|Lk|;fb e08f/Lsf]

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf l;4fGtdf, g]kfndf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ljsf;qmd

tyf xfnsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] If]q lbgfg'lbg Jofks aGb} uPsf] l:yltdf ;fgf]

k':tsdf ;a} laifonfO{ ;d]6L cWoog ug{ cjZo ;Dej 5}g . pQm

k':tsdf ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s ljj]rgfsf ;Gbe{df lj4fg

n]vsx?n] cfkm" ;dIf pknAw ePsf b'O{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] ;Gbe{

hf]8L ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff k|i6\ofpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . t/ klg k|:t't

cg';Gwfgdf h:t} ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf cfwf/ ljGb'x?

cg';GwfgfTds lgrf]8 ;lxt k:sg / ;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmntfsf

Jofjxfl/s / j:t'k/s ljifodf s]Gb|Lt eO{ cg';GwfgfTds ;fdu|Lx?

k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf] cj:yf gx'Fbf of] cg';Gwfg ;f] eGbf km/s /x]sf]

5 .

@=* kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ?k/]vf

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf gjLgtd l;4fGtx? ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L ;'/]Gb|

e08f/Låf/f lnlvt laifosf] k':tsdf g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf]

lasf;qmdnfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . k':tsdf k|;+u cg';f/ p7]sf

ljjfbsf ljifox?nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] AofVof;Fu hf]8]/ cWoog

u/]sf] kfOP tfklg ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf c;kmntfsf cfwf/ / sf/0faf/]

laz]if cWoog ePsf] kfOb}g . k':tsfnljlwdf cfwfl/t

cg';Gwfgd'ns cWoogaf6 l;lh{t s[lt ePsf] / ;du| kmf}hbf/L

sfg"gsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ Ps} 7fpF ;d]l6Psf] sf/0f klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2f

c;kmntfsf sf/0f cfwf/af/] laz]if cWoog x'g g;Sg' :jefljs 5 .

@=( g]kfndf dfgj xTof ;DjGwL sfg"g

k|fWofks /lhteQm k|wfgfËåf/f kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf ljBfjfl/wL

ubf{ lbNnL ljZjljBfnodf k]z ul/Psf] zf]wkqdf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf

w]/} l;4fGtx?sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ePsf] 5 . oBlk ;/sf/jfbL x'g]

22

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdWo]sf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf ;Gbe{df pQm k':tssf

ljj]rgfx? ;fGble{s b]lvP klg d'2fsf] k|s[ltlkR5] b]lvg] ljljwtf Pj+

cg';Gwfg cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf ljifonfO{ cWoog u/L d'2f

c;kmntfsf cfwf/x? ;'emfpg] tkm{ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|Lt ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

k|:t't k':ts kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ;Gbe{df cWo]tfx?sf nflu kmnbfoL

eP klg o; cg';Gwfgn] k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf

pkfox?sf ljifonfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

@=!) g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofodf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf / ;Defjgf

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 af6 ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgdf k|efjsfl/tf ljifosf] k':ts ljdf]rg sfo{qmddf k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lnlvt dGtJo dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt a'n]l6gdf ;dflji6 ePsf] 5 .1 pQm n]vdf

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] lj:t[t tYofÍut cg';Gwfg x'g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ k|sflzt a'n]l6gdf æslt btf{ ePsf ph'/Lx?dWo] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ cleof]hgdf ?kfGtl/t xf]nfg\, cleof]hg ul/Psf slt d'2fx? clGtd Gofo lg?k0fsf] ljGb'df k'Ubf s;"/ sfod xf]nfg\, s;"/ sfod u/L ;hfo ef]Unfg\ ;hfo ef]u]sf dWo] sltn] k'gM s;"/ u/L ck/fw hutdf kms]{nfg / sltn] ;'wfl/Psf] hLjg ljtfO{ ;dfhdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nnfg\ o:tf cgul0ft k|Zgx? cg'Ql/t /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .Æ eGg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm Aoxf]/fn] klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2f hf] cTolws ;+Vofdf g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf 5g\ ltgsf] l:yltsf af/]df k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg x'g g;s]sf] eGg] emns lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't n]vn] g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] l:yltsf af/]df 5f]6f] ;dLIff ub}{ ;/sf/jfbL eO{ bfo/ x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf ljifodf k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfgsf] vfFrf] cf+}NofPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't n]vn] cf+}NofPsf s]xL ljifodf o; cg';Gwfgn] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

1 ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgdf k|efjsfl/tf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt a'n]l6g, k"0f{fÍ (, aif{ @, c+s #, @)^( efb|÷cflZjg, k[i7 &)

23

@=!! kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf r'gf}tLx?

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf ;"o{k|;fb

sf]O{/fnfaf6 tof/ eO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt

a'n]l6gdf ;dflji6 ePsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf r'gf}tLx? ( j6f

a'Fbfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .2 k|:t't dGtAon] kmf}hbf/L Gofo

k|zf;gsf] If]qdf k|j]z ug]{ kmf}hbf/L d'2fx? hf] clwsf+z ;/sf/jfbL

eO{ bfo/ x'G5g\\ tL ljifosf af/]df k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfgsf] vfFrf]

cf}NofPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't dGtAon] cf}NofPsf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;dfwfgsf

ljifodf o; cg';Gwfgn] j:t'ut, j}1flgs / pko'Qm ;'emfjx? cjZo

l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .

ctM pNn]lvyt s]xL g]kfnL cWoog cg';Gwfgn] ;/sf/jfbL

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf /x]sf] c;kmntfsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf]

;Dd b]lvPsf] x'gfn] k|:t't cWoogn] g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf]

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf k'kIf{df b]lvPsf ;d:of klxrfg u/L

;'wf/sf nflu l;kmfl/;x? lbg] k|of; /x]sf] 5 .

2dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt a'n]l6g, k"0f{fÍ (, aif{ @, c+s #, @)^( efb|÷cflZjg, k[i7 &( b]lv *@

24

kl/R5]b #

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yf

#=! cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yf

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgdf cleo'Qmsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifon] ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 . kqmfp k/]kl5 ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfaf6 al~rt x'G5 eGg] dfGotf k'/fgf] ePsf] 5 . xts8L nufpg], s;};Fu e]63f6 ug{ glbg], aflx/L ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 al~rt ug]{, sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ glbg], cfWoflTds Pj+ af}l4s s[ofsnfk ug{ gkfpg] nufotsf cg]sf}+ k|ltjGwx? dfgj clwsf/ ljkl/tsf] sfo{ dflgG5 . k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k4ltdf jf/bftdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfz+sfdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/L lx/f;tdf /fVbf cleo'Qmsf] klg clwsf/x? x'G5g\\ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . t/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;af6 cg';Gwfg k4ltdf cleo'Qmsf dfgjclwsf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ ljz]ifu/L /fHo kIfaf6} x'G5 eGg] oyfy{tf :jLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] /fHosf lgsfox?n] ljz]ifu/L kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf] cjlwdf dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ ul//x]sf] oyfy{tf :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 . kqmfp u/L k|x/L lx/f;t jf Goflos lx/f;tdf /fVbf lghsf] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ xgg\ gx'g] u/L sfg"gL k|s[ofx? k"/f u/]/ dfq lx/f;tdf /fVg'kb{5 / cleo'Qmx?k|lt dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . k|x/L lx/f;tdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ubf{ z/L/, cfjf; tyf kqfrf/ vfgtnf;L ubf{ jf zf/Ll/s kl/If0f ubf{, aofg clen]v ubf{, ;gfvt ubf{ jf cGo JolQmsf] ;gfvt u/fpFbf jf 6]lnkmf]g ;+jfb u/fpFbf dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL dfGotfx?n] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug]{ sfo{df cg';Gwfgdf

25

;+nUg lgsfox? d'Votof k|x/L k|zf;g Pj+ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;y{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?sf] c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? s]nfpbf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf cleo'Qm tyf kLl8tsf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;f] ;DaGwL ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

#=!=! ;dfgtf / ;dfg pkrf/sf] clwsf/

sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfgtf / sfg"gåf/f ;dfg pkrf/sf] xs kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] If]qdf /fHon] cleo'Qmpk/ ug]{ Jojxf/sf] d"ne"t dfkb08sf] ?kdf klg /x]sf] x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] 3]/fdf cfPsf JolQmx?nfO{ e]befj gul/g] l;4fGt / Gofodf ;dfg kxF'rsf] k|Tofe"lt g} kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf lglxt ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt xf] . s;"/sf] cleof]udf kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . /fHosf s'g} klg sfg"gx? kqmfp k/]sf JolQm lj?4 e]befjk"0f{ x'g' x'Fb}g / Gofostf{, sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/Lx?n] cleo'Qmlj?4 e]befjk"0f{ tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug{ xF'b}g eGg] d'Vo dfGotfn] of] Joj:yf lgb]{lzt ePsf] xf] . of] Joj:yfn] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf cleo'Qmx?dWo] klg gful/s gful/sx?, gful/s tyf u}/gful/sx?, dlxnf k'?ifx?, ljleGg If]q, hflt, hghflt, efiffefifL ;+:s[lt, wd{sf JolQmx?aLr klg e]befj ug{ gx'g] dfGotf /fVb5 .

sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfgtf cyf{t e]befj gul/g] l;4fGt ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt klg xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f ! n] ;a} dflg; hGdhft :jtGq / dof{bf Pj+ clwsf/df ;dfg 5g\\ egL ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] cfwf/ :tDe agfPsf] 5 . wf/f @ n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} x}l;otsf cfwf/df s'g} klg cfwf/df e]befj gul/g] Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] 5 . wf/f & n] sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg / ljgf e]befj sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf xsbf/ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

26

To:t} gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f @^ cg';f/ sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} JolQm ;dfg 5g\\ / s'g} e]befj lagf sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf xsbf/ x'g]5g\\ eGg] Joj:yfn] klg ;dfgtfnfO{ cfwf/:tDesf] ?kdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . JolQmsf clwsf/x?sf] klxrfgsf cfwf/ / ;'lglZrttfsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f @-!_ tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f @-@_ n] s'g} klg JolQmpk/ plNnlvt x}l;otsf cfwf/x?df s'g} k|sf/sf] e]b gu/L JolQmsf] :jLs[t clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg Pj+ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f # n] gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{ dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] ;dfg clwsf/ ;'lglZrt /xg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f $-!_ cg';f/ /fHon] l:yltsf] cfsl:dstfn] rflxPsf] dfqf;Dd k|lt1fkq cGtu{tsf] cfk\mgf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g\ ;Sg] ljz]if Joj:yf afx]s ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltaf6 klG5g g;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

#=!=@= lgbf]{liftf cg'dfgsf] clwsf/

kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cfz+sfdf kqmfp k/L cleof]u nfu]sf JolQmnfO{ cbfntaf6 bf]ifL 7x/ geP;Dd lgbf]{if dflgg' kg]{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt xf] . z+sfsf] e/df kqmfp ug]{, ;f]wk'5 ug]{, aofg u/fpg] / cleof]u nufpg] k|s[of cjnDag ubf{ kqmfp k/]sf] JolQm bf]ifL jf lgbf]{if xf] eGg] s'/fsf] 7x/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfon] ug{ ldNb}g . kqmfp k/]sf] jf lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf / k|lti7fdf cf3ft kg]{ u/L lghnfO{ lgikIf ;'g'jfO{sf] cj;/;d]t pknJw gu/fO{ Ps}rf]6L bf]ifL jf ck/fwL egL 3f]if0ff ug{ jf k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ u/fpg xF'b}g . sfg"gadf]lhd bf]ifL, ck/fwL jf s;"/bf/ egL s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfox?nfO{ dfq 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq,

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!($* sf] wf/f !!-!_ n] s;"/sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] k|To]s dflg;nfO{ p;sf] k|lt/Iffsf] nflu cfjZos ;a} k|Tofe"lt ;lxtsf] sfg"g cg';f/sf] v'nf k'k{Ifaf6 bf]ifL k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{if dflgg] clwsf/ 5 egL k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$-@_ cg';f/ kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ bf]ifL k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{if dflgg] clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt Joj:yf x]bf{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqsf] Joj:yfeGbf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] k|lt/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt / v'Nnf ?kdf ul/g] k'k{Ifsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]t bf]ifL 7x/ ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd bf]ifL 7x/ ubf{ ;d]t lghnfO{ k|lt/Iffsf] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fOof] jf u/fOPg / ;'g'jfO v'Nnf Ohnf;df ul/of] ul/Pg eGg] ljifon] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

cleo'Qm lj?4sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{if dfGg'kg]{ lgbf]{liftf cg'dfgsf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g ;do ;dodf ljleGg clwsf/L tyf lgsfox?af6 x'g] u/]sf] w]/} pbfx/0fx? kfOG5 . g]kfndf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf rf]/L 8fFsf h:tf cleof]udf cleo'Qmx? kqmfp k/]kl5 cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf g} k|x/Ln] bf]ifL 3f]if0ff u/L k|rf/ tyf k|;f/ ug]{ k|rng cleo'Qmsf] plNnlvt dfgj clwsf/sf] :ki6 pNn+3g xf] . lgbf]{liftfsf] cg'dfgsf] l;4fGt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+oGqx?sf cltl/Qm If]qLo ;lGw ;Demf}tfx?n] klg cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj tyf gful/s clwsf/ ;DaGwL clk|msg a8fkq, !(*! / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw, !(^( n] klg cleo'QmnfO{ cbfntaf6 bf]ifL 7x/ geP;Dd lgbf]{if dfGg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#=!=#= uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/

JolQmsf] lghL hLjg, cfjf; Pj+ ;DklQ lgtfGt JolQmut / uf]kgLotfsf] ljifo xf] . JolQmsf] hLjg Pj+ ;DklQ uf]kgLotfsf]

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clwsf/ cgltqmDo x'G5 . JolQmsf] JolQmut hLjgsf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] k|Zg Toltj]nf p7\b5 hj JolQm :jtGqtfaf6 alGrt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ u}/ sfg"gL ?kn] jf sfg"gL k|s[of k"/f gu/L kqmfp ug'{ jf lx/f;t jf y'gfdf /fVg' lghsf] JolQmut :jtGqtf lj?4sf] clwsf/ dflgG5 . sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f gu/L z/L/ tnf;L lng], emf]nf tyf Jofux? vf]Ng] x]g]{, 3/, 8]/f, sf]7f vfgtnf;L ug]{ / a/fdb ug]{, 6]lnkmf]g jf cGo ;+jffbx? /]s8{ ug]{, lr6\7Lkq jf kf;{nx? ;]G;/ u/L ;"rgf u|x0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? JolQmut :jtGqtf lj?4 dflgG5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !&-!_ n] s;}sf] klg lghL uf]kgLotf, kl/jf/ jf kqfrf/pk/ hyfefjL jf u}/sfg"gL x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g . ;fy} k|lti7f / Vofltdf u}/sfg"gL cf3ft k'¥ofOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] / pkwf/f -@_ n] x/]s JolQmnfO{ o:tf x:tIf]k jf cf3ft lj?4 sfg"gL ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/]/ oL clwsf/x?sf] k|of]udf b]lvg]

;d:ofx?df ;+jfb /]s8{ ug]{ (WireTapping), kqfrf/ ;]G;/ ug]{

(Censor of the Correspondence) / vfgtnf; ug]{ (Search) k|s[ofx?df ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ln] u}/sfg"gL 9+un] k|s[ofx? cjnDag ug]{, cgfjZos an k|of]u ug]{, JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ug]{ h:tf k|s[ofx? cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g ljkl/t dflgG5 .

#=!=$= oftgf lj?4sf] clwsf/

/fHosf] zflGt ;'/Iff tyf 36\g ;Sg] ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf kqmfp ug]{, vfgtnf;L lng] / lx/f;tdf /fVg] sfo{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . t/ cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf cfPsf JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg axfgfdf oftgf lbg x'Fb}g . oftgf lj?4sf] clwsf/ absolute clwsf/ xf] . JolQmnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVbf lghk|lt ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/, pknJw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfx? / lghn] k|rlnt sfg"g, cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf / cbfntsf] cfb]z adf]lhd k|fKt ug]{ xs clwsf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfox? ;+j]bgzLn x'g' cfjZos 5 . o; cy{df s'g} klg s;"/sf] cleof]udf kqmfp k/L lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmk|lt /fHon]

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dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 / lghsf] dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gL clwsf/x? xgg\ gx'g] tk{m /fHon] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/sf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ kIf lx/f;tdf /x]sf] cleo'Qmpk/ zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s oftgf lbO{ jf s'g} k|sf/n] afWotfdf kf/L k|df0fx? ;+sng ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ ;d]t cGTo ug]{ xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . of] l;4fGt cGtu{t s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] lj?4 cfk}m ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg] (Right against self incrimination) / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ r'k nfUg kfpg] clwsf/ (Right to remain silence) ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f % n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s oftgf glbOg] jf qm'/ cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo gul/g] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f & n] s;}nfO{ klg oftgf jf q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf] efuLbf/ gagfOg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . oftgf jf q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf /fHon] kfngf gu/L gx'g] bfloTjsf] ?kdf ;[hgf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGw hf/L u/]sf] 5 . pQm dxf;lGwn] oftgfnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f ug]{ nufot dfgj clwsf/sf] cleGg clwsf/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfgsf] wf/f %% sf] -!_ -v_ n] s'g} ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf JolQmsf clwsf/x? cGtu{t JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg :j?ksf] s/sfk, hah{:tL jf qf;, oftgf jf cGo s'g} :j?ksf] q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf] efuLbf/ gagfOg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .

To; cltl/Qm sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lsf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf, !(&( sf] wf/f %, cleof]hgstf{sf] e"ldsf;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, !(() sf] dfu{bz{g !^, dfgj tyf gful/s clwsf/ ;DaGwL clk|msg j8fkq !(*! sf] wf/f $, dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cd]l/sL dxf;lGw, !(^( sf] wf/f %-@_, dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw, !(%)

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sf] wf/f # n] ;d]t s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg, Goflos sf/jfxL tyf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg zf/Ll/s oftgf, q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ug{ gx'g] / To:tf] sfo{ dfgj clwsf/ lj?4sf] sfo{ dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox? ljz]if u/L ;'/IffsdL{, ;/sf/L jsLn, k|zf;lgs lgsfox?n] st{Jo lgjf{x ubf{ kqmfp k/]sf, lx/f;t jf y'gfdf /x]sf JolQmx?nfO{ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ oftgf, q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ug{ gx'g] l;4fGt ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .

#=!=%= bf]efif]sf] clwsf/

cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmn] cfk"m lj?4sf] cleof]usf] hfgsf/L kfpg'kb{5 / cfkm"dfly nfu]sf] cleof]usf] v08g ug]{ cfwf/ klg ToxL hfgsf/Laf6 ldNb5 . t;y{ pQm JolQmnfO{ To:tf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj klg xf] . cfk"m lj?4sf] cleof]u, cf/f]k jf ;hfosf] dfubfjL yfxf g} gkfO{ d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ubf{ :j]R5frf/L x'G5 . To:t} eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] ;dfhdf cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmn] cfk"m lj?4sf] cleof]u cfk"mn] a'e\mg] efiffdf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 . of] clwsf/ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt cGtu{tsf] ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf (Right to be heard) jf k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ (Right to defence) ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} s;"/sf ;DaGwdf cleof]u nufO{ ;hfo ug'{kbf{ lghsf] d'2fsf] lgikIf ;'g'jfO ug]{ / s;"/ 7x/ u/L b08 ;hfo tf]Sg] k|s[of cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO x'Fbf cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmn] ;f] cleof]u ;DaGwL s;"/df cfk\mgf] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] / cfk"m s;"/df bf]ifL gePsf] egL k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg] lghsf] clwsf/ Toltj]nf dfq ;f/e"t x'g ;Sb5, ha cleo'Qmn] cfk"m lj?4 nfu]sf] cleof]usf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ub{5 .

cleo'Qmn] k|fKt ug]{ hfgsf/L cleof]ukq nufot lghsf] lj?4 ;+sng ul/Psf] k|df0fx?sf] k|ltlnlksf] ?kdf pknJw u/fpg] / ;f] cleof]ukq lgh cleo'Qmn] a'e\mg] efiffdf cg'jfb u/L pknJw u/fpg'

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kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx?n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$-#_ -s_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lghlj?4sf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] lgwf{/0fdf k"0f{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ljleGg k|Tofe"ltsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t cfk"m lj?4sf] cleof]usf] k|s[lt tyf sf/0f lghn] a'e\mg] efiffdf t'?Gt / k"0f{ ljj/0f;fy hfgsf/L kfpg] clwsf/sf] ?kdf /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 hf/L ePsf] h'g;'s} :j?ksf] y'g5]s jf s}b ;hfo cGtu{tsf ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL l;4fGt ;+u|x, !(** sf] l;4fGt !) tyf !$ n] klg kqmfp k/]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/]s} ;dodf kqmfp ugf{sf] sf/0f / lgh lj?4sf] cleof]usf] hfgsf/L oyfzL3| lbOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} kqmfp, y'g5]s jf s}b ;hfo ug]{ lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Ln] k|of]u ug]{ efiff cleo'Qmn] kof{Kt ga'e\mg] jf gaf]Ng] ePdf lghn] a'e\mg] efiffdf kqmfp;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL k|s[ofx?af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ / cfjZos eP lgMz'Ns bf]efif]sf] ;xfotf cleo'Qmn] kfpg] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+u|xsf] l;4fGt !% n] ckjfbsf lgodsf afjh'b klg y'lgPsf] jf s}b 7]lsPsf] JolQmnfO{ aflx/L ;+;f/ / vf; u/L lghsf] kl/jf/ jf k/fdz{bftf;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ s]xL lbgeGbf a9Lsf nflu OGsf/ gul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#=!=^= sfg"gL ;xfotfsf] clwsf/

l;4fGttM sfg"gsf] c1fgtf IfDo xF'b}g eGg] xf], t/ o;sf] cy{ sfg"gsf] If]qdf sfd gu/]sf JolQmn] ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gsf] hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{5 eGg] klg gx'g ;S5 . t;y{ sfg"gsf] hfgsf/L cfk"mn] jf cfk\mgf] xsdf cfk\mgf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] k|fKt u/]sf]df ;DalGwt JolQmn] g} cfk}m hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ ljlQs} / lx/f;tdf /fVbf sfg"gL ;xfotf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . of] kqmfp kg]{ JolQmsf] clwsf/ xf] . kqmfp k/]sf JolQm jf lx/f;t jf y'gfdf /x]sf JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ / k|efjsf/L k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;d]t sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;xfotf

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pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ l;4fGt k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$-#_-3_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4sf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] lgwf{/0fdf k"0f{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t k|Tofe"ltsf] clwsf/ x'g] / To:tf] clwsf/ cGtu{t cfk\mgf] pkl:yltdf k"k{If x'g] / cfk}m jf /f]h]sf] sfg"gL ;xfotf dfk{mt k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg], sfg"gL ;xfotf gePdf o:tf] clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L kfpg], Gofosf] lxtn] cfjZos ePdf h'g;'s} dfldnfdf lghsf xsdf sfg"gL ;xfotf kfpg] / lghl;t kof{Kt >f]t ;fwg gePdf To:tf] s'g} klg dfldnfdf sfg"gL ;xfotf lgMz'Ns x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f kfl/t aGbLx?k|lt ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/sf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf] lgod !(%% sf] lgod (# n] k'k{If gul/Psf aGbL -kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] sf/0f kqmfpdf k/L jf y'lgO{ k|x/L lx/f;t jf sf/fuf/df aGbL agfOPsf t/ k'k{If e} g;sL s}b gtf]lsPsf JolQm_ sf] k|lt/Iffsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;xfotf pknJw /x]sf] 7fpFdf lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;xfotfsf nflu cfj]bg ug{, k|lt/Iffsf b[li6n] lghsf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/;Fu e]63f6 ug{ / lghnfO{ uf]Ko lgb]{zg tof/ tyf x:tfGt/0f ug{ lbOg]5 . To:t} h'g;'s} :j?ksf] y'g5]s jf s}b ;hfo cGtu{tsf ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL l;4fGt ;+u|x, !(** sf] l;4fGt g+= !* n] klg sfg"gL ;xfotf, k/fdz{, ;do, k|s[of ;DaGwdf lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5 h'g sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo, GofofwLz Pj+ sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf nflu klg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . lx/f;tdf jf y'lgPsf] JolQmsf] jflx/L ;+;f/ jf kl/jf/;Fusf] ;Dks{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ y'Gg] jf lx/f;tdf /fVg] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] nfdf] ;do;Dd OGsf/ ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf l;4fGt ;+u|xsf] l;4fGt !% n] u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfsf] csf]{ kIf x]bf{ lx/f;tdf /fVg] jf y'Gg] kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] y'lgPsf JolQmsf] aflx/L ;+;f/;Fusf] e]63f6, ;Dks{ / k/fdz{nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL ;dosf nflu OGsf/ ug{ kfpg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;} l;4fGt ;+u|xsf] l;4fGt & cg';f/ /fHon] l;4fGt ;+u|xdf plNnlvt clwsf/ / st{Josf] ljkl/t x'g] s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ sfg"gåf/f lglif4 ug'{kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]

33

eP tfklg dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltn] lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;Dks{ljxLg lx/f;tsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] ckjfbhgs

Joj:yfsf] kIfdf l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 .3

#=!=&= cfk"mlj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnufOg] clwsf/

s'g} s;"/sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] JolQmn] ;f] s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f JoQm ubf{ bjfj/lxt 9+un] :jtGq eP/ JoQm u/]sf] s'/f dfq k|df0fdf lng ;lsG5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfg ubf{ /fHosf s'g} klg lgsfon] cleo'QmnfO{ s;"/ :jLsf/ ug]{ u/L jf lghsf] OR5fljkl/t x'g] u/L aofg ug{ bjfj lbg jf afWo kfg{ x'Fb}g . cleo'Qmpk/ ul/g] dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/cGtu{t lghsf] aofg OR5fljkl/t gxf];\ eGg]tk{m ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . aofg u/fpFbf :j]R5fn] u/fpg], s'g} bjfj jf oftgf glbg] / cfk"mlj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg] ljifo cleo'Qmsf] df}g a:g] clwsf/ (Right to Remain Silence) ;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$-#_-5_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4sf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] lgwf{/0fdf cfk\mg} lj?4df k|df0f lbg jf s;"/df ;fljt x'g afWo x'g gkg]{ clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . of] clwsf/leq cleo'QmnfO{ r'k nfUg] jf ;fljt e} aofg lbg] clwsf/ klg cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G5 .

s;"/sf] k|f/lDes cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo agfpg of] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cleo'Qmsf] aofg u/fpFbfsf] cj:yfb]lv g} k|f/De x'g] of] clwsf/sf] k|of]u / cEof;df ljz]if u/L cg';Gwfg clwsf/L tyf cleof]hg clwsf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cj}wflgs tl/sfaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g x'g] u/L ;+sng ul/Psf k|df0fx? u|x0f jf

3. The Human Rights CoMittee itself has stated in its General CoMent

No. 20 on article 7 that provisions “should ... be made against

incoMunicado detention”. United Nations Compilation of General CoMents, p. 140, para. 11.

34

k|of]u ug{ OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] egL cleof]hgstf{sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, !(() sf] dfu{bz{g !^ n] lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] Joj:yfn] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf cleo'Qmsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{gdf cleof]hgstf{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

JolQmnfO{ s;"/ :jLsf/ ug{ jf bf]ifL ;fljt x'g s/ gnfUg] clwsf/ ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfg, !((* sf] wf/f %% -!_-s_ tyf @-v_ n] klg pNn]vgLo Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] k|s[ofdf bf]ifL ;fljt x'g\ jf s;"/ :jLsf/ ug{ afWo gkfl/g] / r'k nfu]/ a:g kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQmn] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf] jf r'k nfu]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq lghdfly s;"/ s/f/ ug{ jf s;"/bf/ 7x/fpg gldNg] l;4fGt;d]t ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . cleo'QmnfO{ cfk"mlj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg] / r'k nfUg] clwsf/ ljifodf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqn] u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm klg of] clwsf/sf] k6s k6s pNn+3g x'g] u/]sf] s'/f ljleGg d'2fdf ljj]rgf u/]sf] 5 .

s'g} JolQm OGsf/ x'G5 jf s]xL gjf]nL r'k nfu]/ a:b5 eg] lghsf] o:tf] Jojxf/ lghsf] lj?4 k|df0fdf lng ;lsG5 jf ;lsFb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf o"/f]k]nL cbfntn] of] lg/k]If jf k"0f{ pGd'Qm eg] x'g ;Sb}g gt lghsf] Jojxf/ lghsf] lj?4 k|df0fdf g} lng ;lsG5 lsgls d'2fdf Gofo lg?k0f ug{ oy]i6 k|df0fx?sf] cefj eO{ cleo'Qmsf] egfO{ g} k|d'v cfwf/ dfgL Goflos lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ cj:yfdf cleo'Qmn] ;j{yf r'k nfUg] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] jf gkfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n tNnf] cbfntn] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lgSof}{n ug'{kb{5 eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntaf6 To:tf] lg0f{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] / Goflos cfwf/x? klg ljrf/0fLo x'g ;Sg] wf/0ff ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

35

#=!=*= k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/

s'g} cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmn] cfk\mgf] xsdf k|lt/Iff ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 . k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t cfk"mpk/sf] cf/f]ksf] sfg"gadf]lhd v08g ug]{ tyf k|ltsf/ ug]{ clwsf/ kb{5 . k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k/fdz{ lng kfpg] clwsf/;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 . cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmn] cleof]usf] v08g jf k|ltsf/ ug{ kfPg eg] lgikIf Gofosf] p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] cleo'QmnfO{ k|lt/Iffsf] cj;/ lbg'kg]{ / To:tf] cj;/ kof{Kt ;do;lxt pknJw u/fpg'kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$-#_-v_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lghlj?4sf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ lghn] cfk\mgf] k|lt/Iffsf] tof/Lsf nflu kof{Kt ;do Pj+ ;'ljwf kfpg] / cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

o; cltl/Qm If]qLo tyf ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gx?n] klg k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ tyf cfkm\gf] sfg"g Joj;foLdfk{mt k|lt/Iff u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ ;DaGwdf ljljw Joj:yfx? u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cd]/LsL dxf;lGw, !(^( sf] wf/f *-@_-u_ n] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd k|lt/Iffsf] nflu kof{Kt ;do / cj;/ pknJw x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw, !(%) sf] wf/f ^-#_ -v_ n] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lghsf] k|lt/Iffsf] tof/Lsf] nflu kof{Kt ;do / ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} dfgj tyf gful/s clwsf/ ;DaGwL clk|msg j8fkq, !(*! sf] wf/f &-!_-u_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lghsf] ;'g'jfO x'g kfpg] clwsf/cGtu{t k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/, lghn] 5fg]sf] sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f k|lt/Iff u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ nufotsf clwsf/x?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$

36

dflysf] ;fwf/0f l6Kk0fL g+= !# df pNn]v eP cg';f/ kof{Kt ;do (Adequate time) sf] cy{ d'2fsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kg]{ s'/f xf] . t/ ;'ljwf (Facilities) sf] cy{ d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt lnvt / cGo k|df0fx? eGg] a'lemG5 h'g k|To]s d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ k|lt/Iffsf] nflu jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu ;Dks{ / k|lt/Iffsf] nflu clt g} cfjZos dflgG5 . sltko cj:yfdf cleo'Qmn] cfk}mn] k|lt/Iff ug{ g;Sg] ePdf lghn] cGo JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfonfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] tk{maf6 k|lt/Iff ug]{ JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ cfjZos ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu klg cleo'QmnfO{ pknJw u/fpg] ;'ljwfn]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .4

d'2fsf] sf/jfO{ / ;'g'jfOsf] k|s[ofdf kof{Kt ;do / ;'ljwf pknJw u/fOPg egL k/]sf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/

;ldltn] M. Steadman v. Jamaica5 df lgh cleo'Qmsf] tk{maf6

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL d'2fsf] k|f/lDes 5fgjLgsf] ;dodf pkl:yt x'g] sfg"g Joj;foL g} ePsf] / cbfntdf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO x'Fbf cleo'Qmn] jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] d'2fsf] tof/Lsf] nflu kof{Kt ;do cfjZos k/]sf] egL dfu bfjL lng g;s]sf] xF'bf k|ltjfbLsf] k|lt/Iffsf] nflu kof{Kt ;do pknJw x'g ;s]g / k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f !$-#_-v_ sf] clwsf/sf] pNn+3g eof] eGg] egfO{ pko'Qm gePsf] egL JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . olb jf:tjd} cleo'Qmsf] tk{maf6 k|lt/Iffsf] nflu kof{Kt ;do k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] egL cleo'Qmn] jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] hfgsf/L u/fPdf jf ;do dfu u/]df cbfntn] lgwf{l/t ;'g'jfOsf] ;do :ylut u/]/ eP klg ;do pknJw u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt ;d]t k|rlnt ePsf] 5 . k|lt/Iffsf] nflu kof{Kt ;dosf] dfu d'2fsf] h'g;'s} r/0fdf ug{ ;lsg] / cbfntn] klg kof{Kt ;do pknJw u/fpg'kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] s;"/sf] uDeL/tfsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLnfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;hfosf]

4. ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL ;+u|x, k[i7 g+= !@$, cg'R5]b ( .

5. ph"/L g+= %@*÷!((#, M. Steadman v. Jamaica (April 1997), UN doc. GAOR,

A/52/40 (vol. II).

37

xb ljz]if u/]/ s7f]/ b08 ;hfo h:t}M d[To'b08, cfhLjg sf/fjf;, nfdf] cjlwsf] sf/fjf; h:tf ;hfo x'g ;Sg] cleof]u nfu]sf] d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df t emg} of] clwsf/ / ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg cbfnt ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg]{ egL dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltn] ljleGg d'2fdf cfk\mgf] wf/0ff lbPsf] 5 .

#=!=( kLl8tsf clwsf/

kLl8tn] cfk"mn] ef]Ug'k/]sf] Ifltsf lgldQ /fli6«o sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ pgLx?nfO{ Gofosf] ;+oGq / tbf?s k'g?4f/sf] kx'Fr kfpg, ck/fwL jf ltgsf] sfo{Jojxf/sf nflu lhDd]jf/ t];|f kIfn] kLl8t, ltgsf kl/jf/ jf cfl>tx?nfO{ :jR5 ?kdf k|ltk"/0f jf xhf{gf k|bfg ug'{kg]{, kLl8tsf nflu Ifltk"lt{sf lgldQ /fli6«o sf]ifsf] :yfkgf, ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/ / ;xfotf kfpg] u/L kLl8tsf

clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf6 ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|of; ePsf]n]

kLl8tsf clwsf/x? klg kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] cfwf/e"t laifosf] ?kdf /x]sfn] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf ;Gbe{df b[li6ut ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=@ ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg, cleo]fhg, Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf

sfg"gsf] ;jf{]kl/tf sfg"gL /fHosf] ckl/xfo{ tTj xf] . /fHodf zflGt, ;'/Iff, cdgr}g sfod /fVg / eod'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;zQm kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . /fHon] Psftkm{ gful/ssf] xs, clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg{] x'G5 eg] csf{]tkm{ s;}n] s'g} cfk/flws sfo{ u/]df To;sf] cg';Gwfg u/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL rnfO{ zflGt / Goflos ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{kg{] x'G5 . /fHon] cfˆgf oL bfloTj / st{Jo lgjf{x kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL dfkm{t ub{5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;zQm 9Ëaf6 ;+rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfg"g

6= ck/fw / clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u kLl8tsf nflu Gofo;DaGwL cfwf/e"t

l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ffkq, !(*%

38

lgdf{0f u/L ;dfhn] cjfl~5t 7fg]sf sfo{nfO{ ck/fwsf] >]0fLdf /fv]sf] x'G5 / To:tf]] sfo{ ug{] JolQmnfO{ /fHo;+oGqsf] k|of]u u/L ck/fw cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf Gofo lg?k0f u/L bl08t ug'{ /fHosf] d'Vo st{Jo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf] ;du| nIo g} kLl8tnfO{ /fxt / ;"/Iff tyf ck/fwLnfO{ bl08t ug'{ /x]sf] x'Fbf g]kfndf klg oL sfo{nfO{ sfg"gL bfo/faf6 kl/rfng ub{} ;du| kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;+rfng ul/b} cfPsf] nfdf] ;do e};s]sf] 5 .

o; qmddf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df /fHon] g} ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug{] k4ltnfO{ c+uflnPsf] klg %$ aif{ gfl3;s]sf] 5 . o; aLrdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL lasf;qmdn] sltko k'/fgf dfGotf / k|fjwfgx?nfO{ kl/j{tg ub{} ;dofg's"n agfpg gofF gofF sfg"gL Joj:yfx? ul/Fb} nluPsf] 5 . tyflk ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df x'g] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g / ;kmntfsf] k|ltzt 36\b} u}/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf o; kl/R5]bdf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL laBdfg ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf, ;/sf/jfbL e} d'2f rnfpg'kg{] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, cg';Gwfg txlssft / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] k|ltj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljifox? jf/]df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@=! ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

#=@=!=! ;+j}wflgs lasf;qmd

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs lasf;qmddf la=;+= @))$ ;fnsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ a}wflgs sfg"g, @))$, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g lawfg @))&, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( ;Dd cfOk'Ubf kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xsnfO{ ;+j}wflgs xssf ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] lyPg . ck/fw / cleof]hg ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] k|Zgdf plNnlvt ;+ljwfgx?df s'g} pNn]v ePsf] kfO+{b}g . s]jn /fHosf k|d'v

39

sfg"g ;Nnfxsf/ (Chief Legal Advisor) sf] ?kdf dfq} dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ /flvPsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg jf cGo sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{' dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] st{Jo x'g]57 eGg] pNn]v ePsfn]

cleof]hgfTds sfo{x? ;+j}wflgs sfo{sf] x}l;otdf ge} sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] sfo{sf] x}l;otdf ;Dkfbg ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L Gofo lg?k0fsf sfo{ ;Gbe{df cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q jf/]df s]jn ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q jf/]df pNn]v ub{} ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf]

;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]8 eGg] jfx]s

cGo txsf cbfntsf] jf/]df s]xL pNn]v ePsf] kfO+{b}g .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( nfO{ vf/]h u/L hf/L ePsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df df}lns xs cGtu{t kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!) df ;fljssf] k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/sf] cnfjf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] dftxtsf clws[tx?af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g], s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/Lsf ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{

x'g]59 eGg] pNn]v u/]/ Oltxf;d} klxnf]k6s dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{

;+j}wflgs ?kd} k|d'v cleof]hgstf{ (Chief Prosecutor) sf] ?kdf cleof]hgfTds sfo{sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . dxfGofoflwjQmfn] cfkm"nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

tf]lsPsf] zt{sf cwLgdf /lx ;'DkGg ;Sg]10 Joj:yf /x] adf]lhd ;a}

;/sf/L jsLnx?n] ;f]xL Joj:yf adf]lhd k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t cleof]hgfTds sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L k|fKt u/L k|of]u ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L Gofo lg?k0ftkm{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf jf/]df 7 g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg, @)!(, wf/f *) 8 g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg, @)!(, wf/f &) 9 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg, @)$&, wf/f !!) -@_ 10 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg, @)$&, wf/f !!) -%_

40

pNn]v ub{} logsf] cnfjf ;jf{]Rr cbfnt dftxtsf cGo cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf, Joj:yf / To:tf] k|To]s cbfntsf] clwsf/

If]qsf] lgwf{/0f sfg"gåf/f ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof]11 .

#=@=!=@ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfO{ vf/]h u/L hf/L ePsf] o; ;+ljwfgn] ;fljssf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xsnfO{ kl/j{tg ub{} df}lns xs cGtu{t g} wf/f @$ df Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df kqmfp k/]sf JolQmx?nfO{ sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf g/flvg], sfg"g Joj;foL /fVg kfpg], @$ 306feGbf a9L d'2f x]g{] clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z j]u/ y'gfdf /fVg gkfpg], sfg"gdf ;hfo gePsf] jf s;"/ ubf{ ePsf] eGbf a9L ;hfo ug{ gkfpg], Ps} JolQmnfO{ Pp6} s;'/df b'O{k6s d'2f rnfpg gkfpg,] cfˆgf] la?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg], cfkm" lj?4sf] sf/jfxLjf/] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs /xg] :jR5 ;'g'jfO{, lgz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] s'g} cleof]u nufOPsf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;'/bf/ dflgg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

;fljsdf em}+ k|d'v sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf cnfjf k|d'v cleof]hgstf{sf] ?kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ of] ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] dftxtsf clws[tx?af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g] / o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv jfx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/

dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]512 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !#% df

pNn]v ePsf jfx]s cGo sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] cfˆgf] sfd,

11 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg, @)$&, wf/f *( 12 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^#, wf/f !#% -@_

41

st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /lx k|of]u / kfngf ug{]

u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] Joj:yf13ul/Psf] 5 . o;

cg';f/ ldlt @)^#.!).! df dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ / cGo clwsf/ klg k|of]u ug{ kfpg] zt{x? pNn]v u/L g]kfn

/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .14 ;+ljwfg

jdf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|fKt cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{ g} k|Tofof]hg u/L ;f] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] x'gfn] ;a} ;/sf/L jsLnx? o; cy{df ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf 5g\ .

Gofo lg?k0f ;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)! n] ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx? /xg] / vf; lsl;d jf k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ sfg"gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf

u/]sf] 5 .15 o; cg';f/ e|i6frf/ / /fHo la?4sf d'2f x]g{] laz]if

cbfnt, k|zf;sLo d'2f x]g{] k|zf;sLo cbfnt, a}b]lzs /f]huf/ d'2f x]g{] a}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f, >d ljjfb x]g{] >d cbfnt, C0f c;'nL ljjfb x]g{] C0f c;'nL Gofoflws/0f, /fh:j ;DjGwL d'2f x]g{] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f u7g e} sfo{/t 5g\ . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt, cGo cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox?sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf

sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g]16 ;fljssf] Joj:yfnfO{ o;df klg lg/Gt/tf

lbPsf] 5 .

#=@=@ sfg"gL Joj:yfM

#=@=@=! ljutsf] k[i7e"ld

;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ;DaGwL sfo{x?nfO{ ;+j}wflgs ?kd} Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP klg cg';Gwfg sfo{ 13 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^#, wf/f !#% -$_ / -^_ 14 x]g'{xf]; cg';"rL, g]kfn /fhkq @)^#.!).! 15 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^#, wf/f !)) 16 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^#, wf/f !)

42

eg] sfg"gL bfo/faf6 Jojl:yt x'Fb}cfPsf] ;fljssf] Joj:yf xfn;Dd oyfjt g} /x]]sf] 5 . ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?df cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ;j{k|yd @)!& ;fndf hf/L ePsf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& åf/f z'?jft eO{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)!* / ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@* åf/f sfo{ljlwut JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& cGj]if0ffTds k4lt -Inquisitorial System_ af6 al9 k|efljt /x]sf] lyof] . o;n] cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLn / k|x/Ln] ;+o'Qm ?kdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;+o'Qm ?kdf cleof]hg ug]{ -Joint

Investigation and Prosecution_ k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] x'Fbf ;+o'Qm lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f pQ/bfloTj s;n] lng] eGg] ;d:ofx? k}bf ePsf lyP . km]l/ ;/sf/L jsLn / k|x/LaLr cleof]hg ug]{ s'/fdf /fo aflemPdf GofofwLzn] s'g} Pssf] /fonfO{ ;b/ u/]df ;f] /fo dfGo x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . Psftkm{ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf cg';f/sf] k[ystf / :jtGqtf g/xg], Psfk;df dgd'6fj / cljZjf; /xg], /fo aflemPsf] cj:yfdf ;fd~h:o u/fpg] ;+oGqsf] cefj pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ cj:yfsf] cefj nufotsf ;d:of /x]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ cg';GwfgfTds tyf cleof]hgfTds sfo{df GofofwLzx?sf] ;+nUgtfn] GofofwLzn] cg';GwfgnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{, tfd]nLdf n}hfg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ h:tf sfo{af6 :jtGq / lgikIf Gofok|lt g} cfz+sfx? plAemg uPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f sfo{x?df cfzfltt ;kmntfsf] cg'e"lt gx'Fbf / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] cleof]hgsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ lbPkl5 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& vf/]h u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

#=@=@=@ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$(

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;du| ;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]hgfTds e"ldsfsf] af/]df :ki6 ?kdf o;n] Joj:yf u/]sf] ePklg cg';"rL ! leqsf

43

d'2fdf eg] k|x/Ln] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

#=@=@=# ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg txlssft

;fljsdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg af/]df /x]sf] ;+o'Qm k4lt c;kmn k|foM /x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ kl/jt{g u/L NofOPsf] :jtGq cg';Gwfg k4ltnfO{ of] P]gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{nfO{ cleof]hgaf6 cnu u/]sf] 5, t/ cleof]hg kIfsf] sfg"gL lgoGq0fnfO{ ;dGjofTds / lgb]{zgfTds ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf z'? ;"rgf jf hfx]/Lb]lv lnP/ cg';Gwfgsf] ;dflKt kZrft d'2f rNg] grNg] ;DaGwL /fo ;lxt ldl;n ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf k]z u/]kl5 cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ;dfKt x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{ k|x/Ln] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( -o;kl5 ;xhtfsf nflu ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g dfq egL Psf]_ sf] kl/lwleq /xL :jtGq / lgikIf 9+un] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ePklg o;df hfx]/L kZrft k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgb]{zg, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf aofg, dflg; 5f8g' kbf{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;xdlt nufotsf Joj:yfaf6 cg';Gwfg sfo{ :jtGq /x]klg cleof]hgsf] lgoGq0fdf x'g] l:ylt b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g adf]lhd x'g] ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft d'ntM # lsl;dsf kfOG5 . ltgLx? x'g\M

!= cg';"rL ! df k/]sf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg txlssft -;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf # b]lv bkmf !^ ;Ddsf] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] k|s[of_

@= cg';"rL ! df gk/]sf t/ ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg txlssft -;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf #! / ;DjlGwt P]gdf ;/sf/jfbL x'g] egL tf]lsPsf d'2fdf ;DjlGwt P]gdf tf]lsPsf] k|s[of_

#= cg';"rL @ df k/]sf ;/sf/jfbL b]jfgL d'2f jf cg';"rL @ df gk/]sf t/ ;/sf/jfbL jf ;/sf/sf] ;/f]sf/ ePsf] jf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf d'2fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg txlssft -;/sf/L

44

d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf @@ adf]lhd ul/g] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] k|s[of_

#=@=@=#=! cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf cg';Gwfg txlssft

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df k/]sf d'2fdf k|x/Låf/f x'g] cg';Gwfg txlssftnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M

s= k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg r/0fM

hfx]/L b/vf:tM s'g} ck/fw ePsf], eO/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] b]Vg], yfxf kfpg], cg'ej ug]{, hfGg] AolQmn] To:tf] ck/fw af/] k|x/L ;dIf lbg] ;"rgf g} hfx]/L b/vf:t xf] . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g adf]lhd To:tf]] ;"rgf lnlvt jf df}lvs ?kdf glhssf] k|x/L sfof{nodf lbg ;lsG5 . hfx]/L b/vf:tdf ;s];Dd ck/fw ePsf] jf eO/x]sf] jf x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf] ldlt, ;do, / 7fpF, ck/fw ug]{sf] gfd, 7]ufgf / x'lnof, ck/fw;Fu ;DjlGwt ;a'b k|df0f, ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / ck/fw;Fu

;DjlGwt cGo ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .17 nfdf]

;dokl5 lbPsf] hfx]/L k|ltj]bg ljZj;gLo dflgGg .18

o;nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf sfg"gn] /fv]sf] 5 . k|x/L sfof{non] o;/L hfx]/L b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf df}lvs ?kdf k|fKt ePdf lnvt agfO{ / cfkm\g} ;|f]tåf/f k|fKt ePdf klg btf{ ug'{kb{5 . ;f] k|x/L sfof{non] btf{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]df dflyNnf] k|x/L sfof{nodf jf k|=lh=c= ;dIf lbg ;lsg] / ;f] sfof{non]

;f] Aoxf]/f hgfO{ btf{ ug{ k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .19

36gf:yn, k|df0f ;'/Iff / ck/fwL lgu/fgLM o;df ck/fw ePsf], eO/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] hfgsf/L kfPdf k|df0fsf] nf]k jf gfz x'g glbg] Joj:yf ug]{, 36gf:ynsf] ;'/Iff ug]{, ck/fwL pDsg, efUg

17 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf # 18 sGtnfn lj ggLnfn, g]sfk @)@^, k[i7 !!( 19 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf #

45

gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ kb{5 . cfjZos b]lvPdf cGo k|x/L sfof{no;Fu ;xof]u dfUg jf cGo k|x/L sfof{nosf] If]qflwsf/df uO{ ;DjlGwt k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cGo k|x/L sfof{no If]qleqsf] ck/fw ePdf ;DjlGwt

k|x/L sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 .20

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgM ck/fwsf] txlssft ug'{k"j{ eP u/]sf] sfo{ ljj/0f / cj ug]{ txlssft ;DjGwL s'/f v'nfO{ ;/sf/L jsLn sxfFF k7fpg'kg]{ k|ltj]bg g} k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg xf] . o;df txlssft ug'{k"j{ cj ug]{ sfo{ v'nfO{ ;/sf/L jsLn sxfF k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] txlssft ug'{kg]{ ljifodf

lgb]{zg lbg ;Sb5 .21

v= lj:t[t cg';Gwfg txlssft r/0fM

o;df cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]Sg] sfo{b]lv d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg]

/fo;Ddsf] sfo{ kb{5g\ .22 o; cGtu{t k|x/L -cg';Gwfg

clws[t_ n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{dfM

slDtdf k|=;=lg= bhf{sf] cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]Sg]

ck/fw ePsf] 7fpFsf] ljj/0f, ;f] 7fpFsf] j:t'l:ylt tyf ck/fw jf ck/fwL;Fu To;sf] ;DjGw / kfOPdf cGo s'/f v'nfO{ txlssft ug'{kg]{ . j:t'l:ylt af/]sf] d'r'Nsf tof/ ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ s'/fsf] kmf]6f] lng], sAhf ug]{ -bkmf &_

d'r'Nsfx?sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ slDtdf @ hgf :yfgLo JolQm / :yfgLo lgsfosf k|ltlglw jf s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] Ps hgf sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ -bkmf *_

20 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf $ / % 21 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf ^ 22 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf & b]lv bkmf !&

46

;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf ;DjlGwt cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng] / z+sf:kb AolQm jf hfgsf/L x'g ;Sg] AolQm;Fu k|x/Ln] a'lem sfuh ug]{ -bkmf (_

bzL k|df0f ePsf] dgfl;j sf/0f e} z+sf nfu]df To:tf] AolQm jf :yfgsf] vfgtnf;L lng ;Sg], dlxnfsf] tnf;L dlxnf sd{rf/Låf/f g} ug]{, cGo sfof{non] cg'/f]w u/]df klg vfgtnf;L lnO{ d'r'Nsf ul/lbgkg]{, vfgtnf;L d'r'Nsf @ k|lt tof/ ug'{kg]{, bzL k|df0f a/fdb ug'kg]{ eP e/kfO{ lbP/ dfq} n}hfg'kg]{, c=a+=!!^, !!&, !&@ g+= nfO{ Wofg lbg] -bkmf !)_

Hofg d'2fdf nfz hfFr ug'{kg]{ ePdf slDtdf k|=gf=lg= n] ;j} ljj/0f v'nfO{ d'r'Nsf ug'{kg]{, z+sf:kb l:yltdf zj kl/If0f u/fpg k7fpg'kg]{, nfz xsjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ -bkmf !!_

lrlsT;såf/f jf k|of]uzfnfdf /ut jf ljo{ OToflbsf] j}1flgs hfFr u/fpg] -bkmf !@_, cfjZos b]lvP laz]if1sf] /fo lng] -bkmf !#_

dgfl;j sf/0f ePdf kqmfp ul/Psf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf lbO{ kqmfp ug{ ;Sg], an k|of]u ug{kg]{ ePdf ug{ ;Sg], s'g} bzL km]nf k/]df d'r'Nsf u/L a/fdb ug{ ;Sg] -bkmf !$_

kqmfp k/]sf] AolQmnfO{ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s @$ 306feGbf a9L y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg], ;f] ;doleq txlssft ;DkGg x'g g;s]df cbfntsf] cg'dlt lnP/ Ps} k6s jf k6s k6s u/L al9df @% lbg;Dd y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg], -s]xL P]gdf 5'§} Joj:yf 5, h:tf]ls nfu" cf}ifwdf () lbg_, To:tf] AolQmn] zf/Ll/s hfFrsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] -bkmf !%_

47

bzL k|df0f ePdf slDtdf k|=;=lg=n] ;gfvt u/fpg], -bkmf !^_ c=a+=!&# g+=nfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ .

txlssft ub}{ hf+bf lx/f;tdf /fVg'gkg]{ b]lvPdf cj:yf cg';f/ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;xdlt lnP/ k|x/Ln] 5f8g ;Sg] -bkmf @!_

cg';Gwfg ;dfKt ePkl5 d'2f rnfpg], grnfpg] /fo ;lxt k|x/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf ldl;n k7fpg'kg]{, ;/sf/L jsLnn] pko'Qm ;+em]df lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] -bkmf !&_

u= cg';Gwfg txlssft kZrftsf] r/0fM

o; r/0fleq lgDg sfo{ ;d]6g ;lsG5M

;/sf/L jsLnn] yk k|df0f a'em\g jf ;f]wk'5 ug{ lgb]{zg lbPdf ;f] sfo{ k"/f ug]{

;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df bzL, k|df0f / ldl;n ;'/lIft /fVg]

;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df k|x/Ln] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L hfx]/jfnfnfO{ lbg'kg]{

#=@=@=#=@ cg';"rL ! aflx/sf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';GwfgM

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! aflx/sf ;/sf/jfbL d'2f af/]df ljleGg P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx? Psgf;sf gePsfn] cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo, cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/L, sfo{ljlw km/s km/s 5g\ . h:tf]sL e|i6frf/ d'2fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] sfo{ljlw adf]lhd cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cg';Gwfg ub{5g eg] jg d'2fdf jg P]gsf] sfo{ljlw adf]lhd slDtdf /]~h/ :t/sf cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cg';Gwfg ub{5g . tyflk cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;fdfGot ck/fwsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng], ck/fwsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g] AolQm;Fu ;f]wk'5, vfgtnf;L, bzL k|df0f a/fdb,

48

d'r'Nsf, bzL k|df0fsf] j}1flgs kl/If0f, cleo'QmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fVg], w/f}6 jf tf/]vdf 5f8g], /fo ;lxt ;/sf/L jsLn;Fu cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u lng], ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgb]{zg kfngf ug'{kg]{ h:tf s'/fx? ;j}df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

#=@=@=#=# ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gdfcg';Gwfg clwsf/L tf]Sg] ;DjGwdf lgDg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5M

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df k/]sf d'2fdf sDtLdf k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfsåf/f, Hofg d'2fsf] nfz hfFr nufotsf sfo{df k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfsåf/f / cGo s]xL d'2fdf lg/LIfs jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] clws[t

cg';"rL ! df gk/]sf t/ ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fdf To:tf] P]gdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L -h:tf] jg d'2fdf slDtdf /]~h/, vfB ck/fwdf vfB k|ljwL tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf vfB lgl/Ifs===_

To:tf] P]gdf gtf]lsPsf] ePdf ;DalGwt sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v

#=@=@=$ ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cleof]hg

;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ePkl5 sf] s;pk/ d'2f rnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o u/L ;Ifd cbfnt ;dIf cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ sfo{ g} cleof]hg xf] . ;fljsdf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L d'2f bfo/ ug]{;Ddsf] sfo{ ;/sf/L jsLn / k|x/Låf/f ;+o'Qm ?kdf x'g] u/]sf]df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L eP kZrft wf/f !#% df s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/Lsf ;dIf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] cfk¥gf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf cwLgdf /lx k|of]u / kfngf ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf eP adf]lhd

49

ldlt @)^#.!).! df clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg e} ;/sf/L jsLnx?n] P]gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ / cleof]ukq ;d]t k]z ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

#=@=@=$=! cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtx?M

;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dodf k|ltkflbt x'Fb} cfPsf lgDg l;4fGtx? Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .

sfg"gsf] c1fgtf IfDo gx'g]

tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;+hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt ;+hfosf] efuL gx'g]

sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s y'gfdf /fVg / d'2f rnfpg gkfOg]

cleof]usf cfwf/x? :ki6 x'g'kg]{ / To;sf] hfgsf/L cleo'QmnfO{ lbg'kg]{

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] kZrftbzL{ c;/ gx'g]

Pp6f s;'/df Ps k6seGbf jl9 d'2f rnfpg / ;hfo ug{ gldNg]

ck/fwL;Fu} ck/fw dg]{

;Ifd clwsf/Laf6 cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{

clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmåf/f g} cleof]hg ug{'kg]{

xbDofb, If]qflwsf/sf] kfngf x'g'kg]{, ;Ifd cbfntdf dfq d'2f bfo/ ug{'kg]{

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ug{ gx'g]

:jR5 / zL3| ;'g'jfOsf] dd{ / dfGotfsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{

sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;Nnfx lng rfx]df ;f] s'/faf6 jlGrt ug{ gx'g]

kLl8tsf] clwsf/k|lt uDeL/ / ;r]t x'g'kg]{

50

afnaflnsf cleo'Qm ePsf]df ltgLx?sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf Wofg lbg]

dg;fo ;DaGwL Joj:yf / s7f]/ cfk/flws bfloTj x'g] ck/fwdf To;sf] ckjfb h:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{

cleo'Qmsf] ck/fwdf ePsf] ;+nUgtf cg'?ksf] cleof]hg x'g'kg]{

#=@=@=$=@ ;/sf/ g} jfbL e} d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ sf/0f

laZjJofkL ?kdf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf ;/sf/n] g} d'2f cg';Gwfg ug]{ / d'2f rnfpg] k4ltnfO{ g]kfndf klg lgDg cfwf/jf6 cjnDag ub}{cfPsf] kfOG5M

;dfhdf ck/fw lgoGq0f u/L ;d'lrt zflGt Joj:yf / eod'Qm ;dfh sfod ug]{ /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L ePsf] x'Fbf

ck/fwsf bf]ifLnfO{ b08 lbO{ ;dfhdf zflGt sfod ug]{ /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj /x]sfn] k"/f ug{

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ul/g] cg';Gwfgaf6 tYoo'Qm k|df0f ;+sng ug{ JolQmaf6 eGbf ;/n / ;xh x'g] ePsf]n]

JolQmn] cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rnfpg sl7g e} ;dfhdf bf]ifL / ck/fwLx?n] pGd'lQm kfpg g;Sg] l:ylt agfpg

;dfhdf 36g] uDeL/ ck/fwsf] /fHoåf/f ;d'lrt cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rnfpFbf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstf, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfdf ljsf; x'g] ePsf]n]

kLl8t JolQmsf] tkm{af6 ;/sf/n] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ePsf]n] pgLx?dfly cfly{s Aooef/ gkg]{ u/fpg

Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;xhtf jgfpg

;/sf/n] /fHodf ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ ljifodf k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f Joj:yf sfod ug{

cGt/f{li6«o k|s[ltsf ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{

kof{Kt / oyf]lrt k|df0f ;+sng x'g], tbg'?k d'2f bfo/ x'g] ePsf]n] em'7f d'2f ug]{ k|j[lQ lg?T;flxt x'g] ePsfn]

51

/fHo lj?4 ;+rflnt ultljlwnfO{ lgolGqt ug{

/fHo / hgtfsf :jfy{ / rfxgfx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{

#=@=@=$=# cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/L

;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg] k[ys k[ys d'2fx?df k[ys k[ys sfg"gx?n] cleof]hg clwsf/L tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DjGwdf d"ne"t ?kdf /x]sf sfg"gL Joj:yf o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df k/]sf d'2fdf bkmf

!&-@_ adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o u/L, d'2f

rnfpg] lg0f{o ePdf bkmf !* adf]lhd cleof]ukq k]z ug]{

sfo{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] dfq ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5,

;f]xL P]gsf] cg';"rL @ df k/]sf d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug{

tf]lsPsf ;Djlwt lgsfon] ug]{ / cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ sfo{ eg]

;/sf/L jsLnn] ug]{ Joj:yf 5,

;f]xL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! / @ df k/]sf afx]ssf d'2fdf, d'2f

rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/

;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ dfq 5 eg] cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ sfo{

tf]lsPsf ;DjlGwt lgsfon] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .

#=@=@=$=$ d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb / If]qflwsf/M

;/sf/jfbL d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L

;DjGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5M23

;/sf/jfbL d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;DjlGwt P]gdf g} pNn]v ul/G5,

P]gsf xbDofbleq / d'2f x]g{ tf]lsPsf] cbfnt jf s'g} lgsfo ;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug'{k5{,

23 x]g'{xf]; cg';"rL=======

52

s'g} ck/fwdf xbDofb tf]lsPsf] /x]g5 eg] c=a+= #^ g+ adf]lhd hlxn];'s} bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] x'G5,

d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L gtf]lsPsf]df Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* cg';f/ ;DjlGwt lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=@=@=$=% ;/sf/L jsLnsf] d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !&-!_ jd]flhd

cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ljf6 cg';Gwfg k"/f u/L d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]

k|of]hgsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf /fo ;lxtsf] ldl;n k7fpg'

kb{5 . o;/L ldl;n k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !#% -@_ / -^_ adf]lhd k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf

cwLgdf /lx d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L

d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !& -@_ df ul/Psf] o; Joj:yf cg';f/ d'2f

rNg] lg0f{o ePdf bkmf !*-!_ ad]flhd ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfnt jf

d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf cleof]ukq k]z ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn]

d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf

lgsf;fsf] nflu k7fpg' kb{5 . k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6

d'2f rnfpg] b]v]df lg0f{o u/L lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf

k7fpg' k5{ / d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o pko'Qm g} b]lv ;b/ u/]df

dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf clGtd lgsf;fsf] nflu k]z ug{'kg{] u/L

clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn]

d'2fdf rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 d'2f

rnfpg' kg{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .24

;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ;Gbe{sf]

dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] k|df0f k|fKt geP;Dd lg0f{o gug{] / lg0f{o ubf{

k|df0fsf] kof{Kttfsf] cfwf/df (Sufficient Evidence Principle) df

24 x]g'{xf];\ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;DjGwL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;"rgf, g]kfn /fhkq 2063.10.1

53

d'2f rnfpg' kg{], cGoyf d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o ug'{kg{] bfloTj /x]sf]

5 . d'2f rNg] jf grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'Vo

?kn] lgDg kfFr lsl;dsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g\ M

pknJw ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg] u/L lg0f{o ug]{,

kof{Kt ;a"b k|df0f gePsf] sf/0f d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{,

pknJw ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/af6 s]xL k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf d'2f rnfpg] / s]xLsf] xsdf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{,

d'2f kl/jt{g u/L rnfpg], csf]{ lgsfodf k7fpg], kLl8tn] g} d'2f rnfpg] cj:yf,

cfTdxTof, eljtJo h:tf k|s[ltsf k|ltjfbL gx'g] d'2fx? / jf/bftaf6 st{Jo b]lvPsf t/ k|ltjfbL v'Ng gcfPsf d'2fx?df sf]xL s;}pk/ d'2f grnfpg] /fo ePsf]df lgsf;fsf] nflu k'g/fj]bg txsf] sfo{ ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf ldl;n k7fO{ lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug]{ .

;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fdf cleof]hg (Prosecution) ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/sf] ;+j}wflgs bfo/f lgs} km/flsnf] / dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLn dfq o:tf] kbflwsf/L xf] h;n] d'n'sel/sf ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fx? -e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2f afx]s_ sf] cleof]hg ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ / cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f rNg] jf grNg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o cleof]hgstf{x?sf] Aofj;flos clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 !((( / cleof]hgstf{sf] e""ldsf ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g (Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors) n] :jtGq / lgikIf 9Ëjf6 x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .

#=@=@=$=^ cleof]ukqdf v'nfpg'kg{] s'/f

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]u kq (Charge-sheet) d'2f

k|:t'ltsf] k|yd / cfwf/e"t lnvt xf] . h;/L b]jfgL d'2fdf

54

lkm/fbkqaf6 d'2f ;'gjfOsf] k|lqmof k|f/De x'G5, To;}u/L kmf}hbf/L

d'2fdf cleof]ukqaf6 k|f/De x'G5 . ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf jfbL

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{jf6 ;/sf/L jsLnåf/f nufOPsf] cf/f]k,

cleo'Qmx?pk/ ul/Psf] dfubfjL / ;f] k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/ k|df0fx?

;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] k|f/lDes lnvt g} cleof]ukq xf] . ;/sf/L d'2f

;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf !* df bkmf !&-@_ jdf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o

u/]kl5 ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 lgDg s'/f v'nfO{ cleof]u kq k]z ug'{kg]{

:ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .

cleo'Qmsf] k"/f gfd, y/ / jtg

ck/fw ;DjGwL ;"rgfsf] Aoxf]/f / ljj/0f

cleo'Qmpk/ nufOPsf] cleof]u / tt\ ;jGwL ljj/0f

;DalGwt sfg"g, cleo'QmnfO{ x'g'kg]{ ;hfo

ck/fwaf6 Iflt k'u]sf] AolQmnfO{ Iflt e/fpg'kg]{ eP ;f] Ifltk"lt{ /sd

ck/fwsf] s'g} gfdfs/0f ePsf] eP ;f] gfd, geP :ki6 a'em\g ;lsg] ck/fwsf tTjx?

k6s] ljj/0f jf yk ;hfo x'g'kg]{ eP ;f] Joxf]/f

s'g} ck/fwdf d'2f rnfpg'cl3 ;/sf/sf] s'g} :jLs[lt rflxg] ePdf ;f] :jLs[lt

cg';Gwfg qmddf km]nf k/]sf bzL, k|df0f / kqmfp k/]sf cleo'Qmx? eP bflvn ug'{kg]{

d'2f clGtdtfsf] l;4fGt, (Finality of Prosecution), bf]xf]/f]

vt/fsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of Double Jeopardy) tyf laBdfg sfg"gL

Joj:yf jdf]lhd ;fdfGot Ps k6s cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/Pkl5 k'gM

ltg} cleo'Qmx? lj?4 ;f]xL s;"/df csf]{ cleof]ukq jf ;+zf]lwt

cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;lsb}g . ;+slnt ;a"b k|df0faf6 d'2f rNg]

kof{Kt k|df0f b]lvPdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! jf

55

cg';"rL–@ cGtu{tsf] d'2f eP ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukq

tof/ u/L Dofbleq} ;DjlGwt cbfntdf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

#=@=@=$=& cleof]u kq bfo/ ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

;/sf/L jsLnn] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf !&-@_ adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/L cleof]u kq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L jf cbfnt ;dIf k]z u/]kl5 lgDg sfo{x? ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

cleof]ukq bfo/ u/]kl5 pkl:yt ePsf cleo'Qmsf] xsdf jofg u/fpbf pkl:yt x'g] / jx; k}/jL ug]{ .

y'gfdf /fVg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] tyf sf/0f / cfwf/ ljBdfg /x]sf]df w/f}6 jf tf/]vdf 5'6]df d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !& g+= / !@$ -u_ g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg lbg] .

cfkm\gf ;fIfLx?nfO{ cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg] / ;fIfL kl/If0fdf efu lng] .

d'2f c;kmn ePsf] t/ ;kmn x'g'kg]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f ljBdfg ePdf k'g/fj]bg÷k'g/fjnf]sg÷bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpg k'g/fj]bgkq÷lgj]bg k]z ug]{ .

s'g} kLl8t jf hfx]/jfnfsf] ph'/Laf6 d'2f rn]sf]dfkl5 ;f] ph'/Lsf] ljkl/t jskq u/]df cbfntdf e"m6f] -Perjury_ df ;hfo u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2f s]xL cj:yfdf ldnfkq / lkmtf{ x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf o:tf] lg0f{o eOcfPdf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

jblgotk"j{s cleof]hg u/]df jf cg';Gwfg u/]df ljefuLo

sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] tkm{sf] sfof{Gjog .25

#=@=@=% ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%%

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( hf/L ePkl5 ;f] P]gsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ ;fljssf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL

25;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf #$s

56

lgodfjnL, @)!* nfO{ vf/]h ub}{ of] lgodfjnL hf/L ePsf] xf] . of] lgodfjnLn] vf; u/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg af/]df P]gn] u/]sf] k|fjwfgx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ a9L ;xh / :ki6 ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, 9fFrf, k|s[of / bfloTjnfO{ o;n] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . Gofo lg?k0f ug]{ lgsfox?sf nflu eg] cf–cfkm\g} lgodfjnLx? /x]sfn] tLgj6} txsf cbfntsf lgodfjnLx?sf sfo{ljlw nfu" x'G5g\ . o; lgodfjnLn] u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ljlwut k|fjwfgx? lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M–

ck/fwsf] ;"rgf / btf{

txlssft -vfgtnf;L, nfz hfFr tyf zj kl/If0f, kqmfp, lx/f;t, bzL ;gfvt, lx/f;taf6 5f8\g' kbf{sf] k|s[of_ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] bfo/L / tTkZrft k|fKt k|df0f

;/sf/L kIfsf] ujfxsf] pkl:ylt

e/L e/fpm

Dofb, gSsn, k|df0fsf] ;'/Iff

;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf, sfoljlw ;DaGwL ljleGg d'r'Nsf tyf sfuhsf] 9fFrf

#=@=@=^ ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,@)%%

;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / cleof]hgdWo] cleof]hgfTds sfo{nfO{ Jo:yfkg ug{ ;fljssf] ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@* nfO{ vf/]h u/L ag]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{, k'g/fj]bg, k'g/fjnf]sg jf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg lbFbfsf] sfo{ljlw, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ dftxtsf lgsfox?sf] tkm{af6 ul/g] k|lt/Iff, cbfntaf6 Otnfogfdf jf ;"rgf tfd]n ePkl5sf] sf/jfxL, k|lt/Iff Jo:yfkg nufotsf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .

57

#=@=@=& Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*

Gofo lg?k0fsf ;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]

clwsf/ If]q af/]df lj:t[t pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfkgf clwsf/ If]q, nufotsf ljifodf sfg"g

adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* n] lhNnf tyf

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] :yfkgf, clwsf/ If]q, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt tyf

k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf, ;fws hfx]/L,

k'g/fjnf]sg, d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{, ldnfkq, cbfntsf] cjx]ngf, ;'gjfO

;DaGwL Joj:yf, lg/LIf0f tyf d"Nof+sg, k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf

cbfntsf] l/6 ;DaGwL If]qflwsf/ nufotsf ljifodf pNn]v u/]sf]

5 . ;+ljwfgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf] clwsf/ If]qsf ljifodf of]

P]g, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL /x]sf 5g\ eg]

k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf xsdf eg] o; P]g / k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*, lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( n] yk

sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=# sfg"gL Joj:yf / ;+zf]wg ;Gbe{df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt ;'emfjx?

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ;Gbe{df

laBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfx? sltko cToGt cJofjxfl/s /x]sf 5g\ .

logdf ;+zf]wg cfjZos b]lvG5 . sltko gofF gofF ck/fwx?nfO{

ck/fwLs/0f ug{ sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos b]lvFb} cfPsf] 5 . sltko

sfg"gx? lgdf{0f e} nfu" g} x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] sltko sfg"g o'uLg

kl/k|]Iodf c;fGble{s / cy{xLg e};s]sf 5g\ . kmf}hbf/L Gofo

k|zf;gdf cleof]hg ;DaGwL clGtd lhDd]jf/ / g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf

/x]]sf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] x}l;otdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non]

aif{]gL cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf laBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf

sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ cf}+NofpFb} ul/g'kg]{ sfg"g ;+zf]wg jf lgdf{0fsf

s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ k|:t't ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

58

sfof{non] k|:t't u/]sf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf

jf/]df l;kmfl/; / ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . 26

;+j}wflgs Joj:yftkm{

s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g] cGt/f{li6«o k|rng /x]sf] / tTsfn k|rlnt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] cleof]hgsf] k"0f{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#%-@_ sf] Joj:yfn] d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] clwsf/nfO{ s]xL ;+s'lrt u/]sf] kfOG5 . cleof]hg ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfdf /xg] u/L gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ;+ljwfgdf g} dxfGofoflwjQmf / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] kb / sfo{sf] :ki6 pNn]v x'g] u/L Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 .

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#% df Joj:yf eP afx]ssf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ ljleGg sfg"gx¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf]n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xhtf Nofpg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f

;/sf/L jsLn / ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"xdf sfo{/t sfd{rf/Lx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{ k|s[lt / sfo{af]em cGo lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{ eGbf km/s tyf Jofj;flos, ;+j]bgzLn / leGg k|s[ltsf] 5 . o;/L leGg k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{] ;/sf/L jsLn tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cnUu} ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfsf nflu 5'§} sfg"gaf6 Jojl:yt x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L jsLnx¿nfO{ cGo

26dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^&.^*

59

lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;/x g} ;fdfGo Joj:yfx¿af6 ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] ;]jf zt{ Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd klg ;/sf/L jsLnx¿ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodaf6 g} lgodg eO/x]sf] x'Fbf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog x'g' cfjZos 5 .

ck/fw ;+lxtf, kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw kfl/t u/L nfu" ug]{

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0f ck/fwsf] :j¿k, k|s[lt, ck/fwLn] ck/fw ug{ k|of]u ug]{ k|ljlw / ;fwgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{df b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ jt{dfg d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yfaf6 dfq ;Dej 5}g . o;sf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ck/fw ;+lxtf, kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf ;d]tsf] ljw]osnfO{ kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf ljsl;t gjLgtd cjwf/0ffx¿ / Jofjxfl/stf ;d]t x]/L ljw]osdf ;+zf]wg u/L oyfzL3| kfl/t u/]/ nfu" ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

xbDofb ;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"g ;DaGwdf

xfn;Dd xbDofb ;DaGwL 5'§} / PsLs[t sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . xbDofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf ljleGg sfg"gdf 5l/P/ /x]sf]n] ;/sf/jfbL d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb ;DaGwdf låljwf / cGof}n pTkGg eO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ pTkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm ljifosf] uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L g]kfn sfg"g cfof]un] 5'§} xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn ;d]t u/fP/ k]z u/]sf] eP klg xfn;Dd pQm d:of}bf Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 kfl/t x'g / nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM To;tkm{ cfjZos k|lqmof z'? ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

;fIfL ;+/If0f tyf kLl8t /fxt / ;xof]u ;DaGwdf

kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cg';Gwfg sfo{b]lv Gofo ;Dkfbg tyf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f;Dd kLl8tsf] ;xof]u / ;xeflutf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . o;sf] lgldQ ck/fwaf6 kLl8t ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ Gofosf] cg'e"lt u/fpg pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff,

60

k'g:yf{kgf tyf Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf u/L kLl8t :jo+nfO{ klg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k4ltdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg] k4lt ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . ;kmn x'g g;s]sf clwsf+z kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿ ;fIfL pkl:yt gePsf], pkl:yt eP/ klg askq gu/]sf] jf k|lts"n -Hostile_ askq u/]sf] sf/0f c;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0fdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;fIfLx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;Sg' / ;fIfLnfO{ lbg] ;'ljwf ;DaGwL Joj:yf kof{Kt gx'g' tyf ePsf] Joj:yf sfg"gdf dfq ;Lldt x'g' cflb sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ . d'2fsf ;fIfLnfO{ cbfntn] vf]h]sf avt pkl:yt u/fpg kLl8t / ;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff, kLl8tsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljifodf kof{Kt Wofg gk'Ubf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ ;fIfL ;+/If0f tyf kLl8t ;xof]u ;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos 5 .

;dod} ;fIfL pkl:yt u/fpg] / askq ;DaGwdf

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;kmntf ;fIfLsf] cbfntdf pkl:ylt / df}sfdf ;+slnt ;a"b k|df0f cg's"nsf] askqdf lge{/ ub{5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd askq x'g g;Sbf ;fIfLn] cfkm"n] b]v] hfg]sf s'/fx¿ la;{g ;Sg], ck/fwLk|lt IfdfzLn efjgfsf] ljsf; e} ;To–tYo askq ug{ hfu?s gx'g] tyf c:yfoL 7]ufgf ePsf ;fIfLx¿kl5 km]nf kfg{ g;lsg], sfo{ tyf k]zf cflbsf sf/0faf6 cbfntdf lgoldt ;dodf pkl:yt u/fO{ askq u/fpg g;lsPsf] x'Fbf d'2fdf c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf kl5 pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] jf u/fpg g;lsg] t/, dxTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t nufotsf cGo ;/sf/L ;fIfLnfO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ubf{s} cj:yfdf pkl:yt u/fpg ;lsg] / cleof]hg kIfaf6 ;f] sf/0f bzf{O{ pkl:yt u/fOPsf ;fIfLnfO{ tTsfn} a'em\g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf ;f] cg's"nsf] ;+zf]wg x'g' cfjZos 5 .

61

#=@=$ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] s]lGb«o jflif{s sfo{ ;dLIff tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd -;Dd]ng_ jf6 kfl/t k|:tfjx?

k|To]s aif{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] If]qLo ;dLIff tyf s]lGb|o jflif{s ;dLIff x'g] ub{5 / cGTodf k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] ljutsf If]qLo ;dLIff tyf tTkZrftsf] s]lGb|o jflif{s ;dLIff sfo{qmdx?df kfl/t u/]sf ut tLg aif{sf k|ltj]bgdf lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf jf/]df l;kmf/Lz / ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf]

kfOG5 .27

#=@=$=! ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] s]lGb«o jflif{s sfo{ ;dLIff tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd sf7df8f}+—@)^& af6 kfl/t k|:tfj

1= ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{, o;n] k|bfg ug{] ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]gsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] j[lQ ljsf; x'g]u/L clGtd ¿k k|bfg ug{ / ljw]os kf; u/fpg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] kxn ug{],

2= kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknJw u/fpg kLl8t /fxt sf]if;DjGwL cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf cg'/f]w ug{],

3= ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{non] k|bfg ug{] ;]jfdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu tTsfn ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL / ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wgsf a'Fbf ;d]t /fvL g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{],

27 ;|f]tM dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] s]lGb|o jflif{s ;Dd]ngjf6 kfl/t k|:tfjx? @)^& b]lv @)^(, cg';Gwfg zfvf,dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no .

62

4= ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx?df xbDofb sfod ubf{ lhNnf GofoflwjQmfn] lg0f{o u/L clGtd lgsf;f eO{ cfpbf d'2f bfo/ ug{ xbDofbsf] ;dfKt eO{ ;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] ;DjGwdf d'2f rNg] grNg] clGtd lg0f{o eO{ kmfOn k|fKt ePsf] ldltaf6 !% lbgsf] xbDofb sfod x'g]u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:tfj k7fpg],

5= ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cf+lzs lg0f{o ul/Psf]df yk k|ltjfbLpk/ d'2f rnfpg kg{] b]lv ljz]if cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 lg0f{o ePdf k"/s cleof]ukq k]z ug{;Sg] Joj:yfsf nflu ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:tfj k7fpg],

6= k|zf;sLo cbfntn] u/]sf lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ;DalGwt sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:tfj k7fpg] .

#=@=$=@ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] s]lGb|o jflif{s sfo{ ;dLIff tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd t]nsf]6 -eQmk'/_–@)^* af6 kfl/t k|:tfjx¿

1= g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf ;/sf/jfbL d'2f lkmtf{ ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿ ljjflbt x'g] u/]sf / To;n] b08xLgtf a9fPsf] eGg] cfd u'gf;f] /x]sf] x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /fo clgjfo{ ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . d'2f lkmtf{ ;DjGwdf :ki6 sfg"g th'{df ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ .

2= kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cg';Gwfg sfo{b]lv Gofo ;Dkfbg tyf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f;Dd kLl8tsf] ;lqmo ;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf] lgldQ ck/fwaf6 kLl8t ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ Gofosf] cg'e"lt u/fpg pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff, k'g:yf{kgf tyf Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf u/L kLl8t :jo+nfO{ klg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k4ltdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg] k4lt ljsf; ul/g' k5{ . ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf

63

;fIfLx¿sf] cg'kl:yltsf] sf/0f d'2fdf c;kmntf x'g] u/]sf]n] oyfzL3| ;fIfLx¿sf] ;+/If0f gLlt nufotsf k|efjsf/L Joj:yf x'g / kLl8t ;fIfLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg kLl8t /fxt sf]if ;lxtsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{'kg{] .

3= /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( cGtu{tsf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ug{] clwsf/ lgs'~hsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tf, s;"/ Pj+ ;hfo cg';f/ k|:t't If]qflwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf #!-!_ adf]lhd lhNnf cbfntnfO{ tf]Sg / pQm P]gdf d'2fdf Dofb yk ;DaGwL Joj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] ljz]if kxn ug]{ .

4= ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos / k|efjsf/L agfpg ut jif{sf] s]lGb|o ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t ePsf] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DjGwL P]gsf] d:of}bfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L oyfzL3| g]kfn ;/sf/ dfkm{t Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ .

#=@=$=# ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] s]lGb|o jflif{s sfo{ ;dLIff tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd t]nsf]6 -eQmk'/_–@)^( af6 kfl/t k|:tfjx¿

1= ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;]jf Jofj;flos Pj+ ljz]if1 ;]jf ePsf]n] ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ 5'§} ljlzi6Ls[t ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] txut Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v u/L lghx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;'lawf tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ 5'§} sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ug]{ u/L efjL ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/g' kg{],

2= ;+ljwfgn] g} dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf]] clVtof/L g} gePsf / Gofo lg?k0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|lt/Iff ug]{ lhDd]jf/L gePsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 sfg"gL /fo lng] lbg] cEof;sf] sf/0f ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox¿df sfg"gL q'l6 /xg] u/]sf] / To:tf lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ cbfntdf k/]sf

64

l/6 lgj]bgdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|lt/Iff ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePsfn] ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 dfq sfg"gL /fo lng] Joj:yf ug{ k|rlnt sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnL / sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] ljz]if kxn ug]{,

3= d'n'sL P]g ckx/0f ug{] tyf z/L/ aGws lng]sf] dxn cGtu{tsf] s;"/df d'NtjLsf] Joj:yf ug{ tyf cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] dxnsf] ($ g+= df jf/]06 hf/L x'g] d'2fx¿sf] ;"rLdf ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws ;DaGwL d'2f ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg x'g'kg]{,

4= g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rNg] d'2fx¿df cg';Gwfg ug{] cjlw dfq pNn]v ePsf] / sltko d'2fdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6 cg';Gwfg k"/f gePsf] cfwf/df clGtd ;dodf dfq cleof]hg ;DaGwL lg0f{osf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf d'2f k]z x'g] u/]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ d'2fsf] tYo, ;a'b k|df0f d"Nof+sg u/L d'2f rNg] jf grNg] lg0f{o ug{ ;do cefj eO{ cleof]hgdf ;d:of /xg] u/]sf]n] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf nflu y'gfdf /fVg] cjlw k[ys ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] .

5= ;fIfLsf] askq tTsfn} ug{], k|lts"n askq ug{] ;fIfLnfO{ s8f ;hfo x'g]] / ;fIfLx¿sf] ;'/Iff, ;+/If0fsf nflu kLl8t tyf ;fIfLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{, ;'lawf, ;'/Iff cflbsf nflu kLl8t /fxt sf]if ;lxtsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ kxn ug{] .

#=@=$=$ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] s]lGb|o jflif{s sfo{ ;dLIff tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd -w'lnv]n @)&!_ af6 kfl/t k|:tfjx¿

!= ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, k|lt:kwL{, cfslif{t / dof{lbt agfpg ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] d:of}bfnfO{ d"t{ ?k k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy xfn dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno dfk{mt cufl8 a9fPsf] ljw]ossf]

65

d:of}bfnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z u/L kfl/t ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 ;zQm ?kdf cfjZos kxn ug{],

@= ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwdf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;xhLs/0f tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu If]qLo:t/df ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug]{ / lhNnf:t/df ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{] k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/L jsLn, k|x/L k|d'v, cg';Gwfg clws[t tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg cGo lgsfox?sf aLrdf lgoldt ?kdf 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof ug{]],

#= cleof]hg k4ltk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; sfod x'g cleof]hgdf Ps ?ktf cfjZos x'G5 . cleof]hg ;DaGwL :ki6 gLlt / dfu{bz{gsf] cefjdf Ps} k|sf/sf cfk/flws sfo{x?df klg km/s km/s lsl;dsf] cleof]hg x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 cleof]hg ;DaGwL gLlt / dfu{bz{g to u/L nfu" ug{'kg{],

66

kl/R5]b $

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf ;jf]{Rr

cbfntjf6 ePsf JofVof

$=! cg';Gwfgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfM

$=!=! ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo

g]kfndf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( adf]lhd cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf k|x/LnfO{ cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . ;fljsdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm cg';Gwfg / ;+o'Qm cleof]hg k4ltnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{df s]xL ckjfb jfx]s :jtGq 9+un] sfo{ ug{ k|x/LnfO{ ;Ifd jgfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L cg';"rL ! jfx]ssf g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df tTtt\ lgsfox?nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . h:tf] jg P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/df To;} sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln], /fh:j r'xfj6 tyf ljb]zL ljlgdosf] s;"/df /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf sd{rf/Ln], ;DklQ ;'l4s/0f ck/fwdf ;DklQ ;'l4s/0f ljefusf sd{rf/L, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/df To;} sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cGo P]g cGtu{tsf s;"/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] klg ;f] P]gdf n]lvP jfx]ssf s;"/df ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] sfo{ljlwnfO{ Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

$=!=@ cg';Gwfg ;DjGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|efjsfl/tf

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]kl5 ;/sf/L jsLn sxfF k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{, z+lst JolQmsf] jofg ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf u/fpg], z+lst JolQmnfO{ aLrdf 5f8\g' k/]df ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf jfx]s ;a} cg';Gwfg sfo{ k|x/Ln] ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . cg';"rL ! jflx/sf

67

d'2fdf eg] cg';Gwfg u/]/ Ps}rf]6L d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{osf nflu ;DjlGwt lgsfosf cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ldl;n k7fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf] ;dflKtkl5 cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] /fo ;lxt d'2f lg0f{osf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnsxfF k7fPkl5 ;fIfL pkl:yltsf nflu n]lvPsf]df pkl:yt u/fpg n]Vg] afx]s cg';Gwfg lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg ePsf] 7fGg] cg';Gwfg lgsfox?sf] k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . t/ cg';Gwfg cleof]hgs} Ps lx:;f ePsfn] d'2f clGtd geP;Dd pgLx?sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f x'Fb}x'Fb}g . k|x/L cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] z'?cftb]lv clGtd;Ddsf] sfo{nfO{ lgDg tflnsfn] :ki6 kfb{5M28 .

tflnsf g+=!

24 hrs without order consent (sec. 15.1)

Maximum 25 days with Consent of court (15.4)

Police should justify the reason

Can Release with consent of DGA

Send to Register

SpotSecurity

Search & Seizure

Crime Scene

Arrest Sec 4

If not Upper Police officeOr

Chief District Office

Information of crime

Formalize/FIR (Sec. 3)

Registration

If not, can go writ Jurisdiction to appellate

/S.C

Preliminarily Report to District Govt. Attorneys' Office (sec. 6)

Direction to police by DGA (Sec 6.2)

Completions of Investigation File send to DGA with Opinion

Sec. 17.1

Keep Safe of evidence

Police Detention

28 s[i0fhLjL l3ld/], g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg Pj+

k|:tfljt sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfM cj;/, ;d:of / r'gf}ltx?, kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL g]kfnL sfg"gzf:q, k|sfzs dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no -@)^(_ k[i7 #&^

68

laBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ cg';Gwfg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ s] k"0f{ :jtGq sfo{ xf] < jf cleof]hgfTds sfo{sf] Ps lx:;f ePsf]n] ;du| cleof]hgleqsf] Pp6f lx:;f xf] < eGg] låljwfsf] aLrdf g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf k|Zg pl7/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ bjfj jf /fhg}lts x:tIf]kjf6 ljns'n :jtGq /xg'kg]{ k|Tofe"ltsf ?kdf lng'kg]{ eP klg cleof]hg clwsf/Lsf] lgb]{zg tyf lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ uP/ :jtGqtf k|fKt x'g' xF'b}g eGg]] ljZjJofkL dfGotf 5 . jt{dfg cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfdf cleo'QmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fVg] cg'dlt lnFbf ;/sf/L jsLn dfkm{t ug]{ s'/fnfO{ sfg"gdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvFb}g .

$.@ cleof]hg ;DjGwL Joj:yf

$=@=! cleof]hg Ps kl/ro

cleof]hg s] xf] eGg] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ Process of submitting a formal charge sheet against an offenders with specific accusation before the competent court on behalf of the state on the ground of

admissible evidences collected by the competent body egLPsf] kfOG5 . cleof]hgsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo s;"/af6 kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / s;"/bf/nfO{ b08 lbnfO{ ;dfhdf sfg"g / Joj:yf sfod ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . j]nfot, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, hfkfg, hd{gL, l;+ufk'/df cleo'Qmsf] k|df0f kl/If0f (Evidential test or sufficient evidence) / ;fj{hlgs lxt (Public Interest) sf cfwf/df cleof]hg x'G5 .

g]kfndf Sufficient Evidence Principle nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .29

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L eP kZrft wf/f !#% n] cleof]hgsf] k"0f{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmf / lgh dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ k|bfg ub{} o;df s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/Lsf ;dIf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/

29s[i0fhLjL l3ld/],ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf b]lvPsf ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of /

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] a'n]l6g, k"0ff{+s *, aif{ @, c+s @, k[i7 &#

69

;+ljwfgdf cGoyf pNn]v ePsf]df afx]s dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g] / dxfGofoflwjQmfn] cfk\mgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfngf ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf eP adf]lhd clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg e} ;/sf/L jsLnx?n] P]gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ / cleof]ukq ;d]t k]z ug]{ sfo{ ub}{cfPsf 5g\ .

$.2. 2 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf !&-!_ jd]flhd cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ljf6 cg';Gwfg k"/f u/L d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf /fo ;lxtsf] ldl;n k7fPsf]df ;/sf/L jsLnjf6 d'2f rNg] lg0f{o ePdf bkmf !*-!_ ad]flhd ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfnt jf d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf cleof]u kq k]z ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf lgsf;fsf] nflu k7fpg' kb{5 . k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 d'2f rnfpg] b]v]df lg0f{o u/L lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k7fpg' k5{ / d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o pko'Qm g} b]lv ;b/ u/]df dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf clGtd lgsf;fsf] nflu k]z ug{'kg{] u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2fdf rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 d'2f rnfpg' kg{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnsf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] k|of]hgsf cleof]hgfTds sfo{x? tnsf] tflnsfjf6 :ki6 x'G5 . 30

30 s[i0fhLjL l3ld/], g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg Pj+ k|:tfljt sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfM cj;/, ;d:of / r'gf}ltx?, kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL g]kfnL sfg"gzf:q, k|sfzs dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no -@)^(_ k[i7 #&^

70

tflnsf @

AGA for confirmation

AGA for Final Decision

If not confirm

If not confirm

DGA can give direction (sec. 6.2)

Request on police Observation of fileStatement of accusedPolice + DGA

Partial Prosecution Decision not to Prosecute

Further Investigation

Investigation

Supreme Court

Completion

Charge SheetFinal

Remand on Custody/ Bail (Presence of accused)

If not satisfy application to appellate Court

Examination of Witness

Final Hearing

Preliminary Report by police (Sec. 6.1)

Decision Prosecute

Final Decision

;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ;Gbe{sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] k|df0f k|fKt geP;Dd lg0f{o gug{] / lg0f{o ubf{ k|df0fsf] kof{Kttfsf] cfwf/df (Sufficient Evidence Principle) df d'2f rnfpg' kg{], cGoyf d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o ug'{kg{] bfloTj /x]sf]

71

5 . g]kfndf laut !) aif{sf] d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o x]bf{ a9Ldf %=$Ü / ut aif{ @)^(.&) df )=!*Ü dfq} d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . () k|ltzteGbf a9L ;kmn cleof]hg ePsf hfkfg nufotsf ljleGg d'n'ssf] tYof+snfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] tYof+s Hofb} Go"g xf] .

tflnsf #

S.No. Fiscal year Cases reported to GA Prosecuted Cases Percent Not Prosecuted Percent 1 2003/04 6145 6072 98.81 73 1.182 2004/05 6566 6513 99.19 53 0.813 2005/06 5599 5497 98.17 102 1.824 2006/07 8195 7749 94.46 446 5.445 2007/08 8295 8093 97.57 202 2.436 2008/09 9805 9649 98.41 156 1.597 2009/2010 11847 11796 98.73 151 1.278 2010/11 14684 14200 96.7 484 3.39 2011/12 17117 16551 97 566 310 2012/13 16666 16636 99.82 30 0.18

t'ngfTds ?kdf x]bf{ g]kfndf cleof]hgstf{x?n] d'2f grnfpg] ;+Vof cGo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf / d'2f ;kmntfsf] k|ltztnfO{ t'ngf u/L x]bf{ Hofb} Go"g b]lvPsf] / ;/sf/L jsLnn] 7"nf] bfjL lnP/ / h:tf] k|df0f eP klg d'2f rNg] lg0f{o ug{] kl/kf6L /xgfn] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf k|Zg p7]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf a}1flgs k|df0fsf] k|of]u / laz]if1sf] kl/If0f ug{] sfo{ Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnn] &#Ü d'2fdf xb};Dd ;hfosf] dfu bfjL

lng] u/]sf] ;]n8{n] u/]]sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .31

$=@=#= g]kfndf cleof]hg k|efjsfl/tf (Efficiency) sf] l:ylt

g]kfndf lkmtnf] cg';Gwfg / o:tf] cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df cTolws d'2f cyf{t ((=*@Ü d'2f rnfOg] / w]/} d'2fdf 7"nf] bfjL lng] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgdf kof{Kt k|df0f gePdf c? k|df0f ;+sng ug{, a'‰g'kg{] s'/f 5'6]df k"0f{ u/fpg / ;du| d'2fdf 31 Analysis and Reform of the Criminal Justice System in Nepal

(CeLRRd), Kathmandu, 1999, at 103.

72

;kmntfsf] nflu ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbg'kg{]df s]jn !=&(Ü d'2fdf dfq lgb]{zg lbg] u/]af6 ;du| ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|efjsfl/tf b]lvg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . To;df klg cg';Gwfgsf nflu lx/f;tdf /fv]/ cg';Gwfg ug{] Dofb ;dfKt gxF'b} h;/L eP klg cg';Gwfg kIfaf6 d'2f k]z ug{] / ;/sf/L jsLnn] h;/L klg d'2f 6]sfpg] k/Dk/f /x]]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg k"/f gePdf lx/f;taf6 zlÍtnfO{ 5f8]/ cg';Gwfg hf/L /fvL cg';GwfgnfO{ k"0f{ u/]/ dfq} d'2f lg0f{o ug'{kg{]df cleof]hgdf ;+nUg ;/sf/L jsLnx?n] o; kl/kf6LnfO{ lasf; gu/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug{] DofbnfO{ g} xbDofb ;/x h;/L eP klg @% lbgleq d'2f lg0f{o ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . csf]{tkm{ nufgL / k|ltkmnsf] l;4fGt jdf]lhd x]bf{ klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{af]em / /fHosf] nufgL klg Hofb} Go"g b]lvG5 h'g o:tf] /x]sf]

kfOG5 .32

tflnsf g+= $

sfof{no ;/sf/L jsLn ;+Vof ;Dkflbt sfo{ k|lt ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{ af]em s}lkmot

d= Gof= sf= 25 13592 543.68k'=;=j=sf= – !^ 82 24654 300.66lh=;=j=sf= – &% 178 113296 636.49hDdf 285 151542 531.73

tflnsf g+= %

sfof{no d'2f, l/6sf] tyf lgj]bgsf] s'n nut

tna tyf eQfdf vr{ ePsf] /sd ?=

k|lt d'2f vr{ /sd ?= s}lkmot

d= Gof= sf= 7992 22,488,450.00 2,813.87k'=;=j=sf= – !^ 13066 43,874,513.72 3,357.91lh=;=j=sf= – &% 32560 91,556,916.45 2,811.94

hDdf 53618 157,919,880.17 2,945.28

$=@=#=! lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 ;DkfbLt sfo{ cj:yfM

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt d'2f, cGo P]gdf cg';"rL ! df k/]sf] dflgg]5 egL pNn]v ePsf d'2f

32dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cf=j= @)^(.)&) sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&), k[i7 @#

73

/ g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] egL P]gdf pNn]v ePsf d'2fdf cleof]hgsf] sfo{ ug]{ z'? / d'Vo lgsfo g} lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no xf] . hfx]/L b/vf:t33 k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bg34 lbg'kg{], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 d'2fdf a'‰g'kg{]

b]lvPsf jf ug'{kg{] cg';Gwfg cfjZos b]lvPsf tYofTds jf sfg"gL kIfdf ug'{kg{] sfo{ vf]nL lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg], k|ltjfbLsf] aofg u/fpg], aofgaf6 v'Ng cfpg] tYofTds cfwf/df cg';Gwfg cl3 a9fpg k'gMlgb{]zg lbg], cg';Gwfg k"/f ePdf /fo ;lxt k|fKt ePsf] ldl;n cWoog ubf{ k'gM cg';Gwfg ug'{kg{] b]lvPdf k'gM cg';Gwfg ug{ jf k|fKt Dofbleq cg';Gwfg ;dfKt gx'g] / Tolts} d'2f bfo/ ug{ k|df0f kof{Kt gePdf cg';Gwfg hf/L /fVg lgb{]zg lbg], k|x/Ln] cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu lgb{]zgsf nflu n]vL k7fPdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg], cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf d'2f rnfpg] kof{Kt cfwf/ / k|df0f b]lvPdf d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/L cleof]u kq k]z ug{] / k|df0f gk'Ug] b]lvPdf k|df0f / cfwf/ gePsf z+lstsf xsdf d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o ug{] nufotsf sfo{ lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf ;/sf/L jsLn -lhNnf GofoflwjQmf jf ;xfos lhNnf GofoflwjQmf_ af6 x'g] ub{5 .

k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf / ckof{Kttfsf] kl/If0f k|df0fsf] jhg (Gravity) sf] d"NofÍg, k|df0fsf] k|s[lt laz]ifsf] ljZn]if0f tyf cfwf/ s'g rfFlx k|df0f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5 / s'g rfFlx sd dxTjk"0f{ 5, sfo{ljlwut ?kdf s'g sfg"g ;Ddt 5 / s'g rfxL q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] sfg"g ;Ddt agfpg' kb{5, s;/L sfg"g ;Ddt x'g ;S5, ;+efJo afFsL k|df0fx?, k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;do, nfut, kl/>d, hgzlQm, k|ljlw, dfWod h:tf ;j{kIfLo s'/fx?sf] d"NofÍg / kl/If0f ug{] sfd lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] x'g] / of] Hofb} uxg tyf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ e} cleof]hgsf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xg] x'G5 . jf:tjdf cfhsf] o'uLg

33;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf # 34;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$(, bkmf ^

74

;fk]Iftfdf a9b} uPsf ck/fwsf] goFf gofF >+[vnfdf /f]syfd k|wfg sfo{df (Preventive measures) /fHosf k|x/L nufotsf cGo lgsfosf] e"ldsf /xg] eP klg ck/fw 3l6t ePkl5 lgoGq0f l;nl;nfdf s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo, kLl8tnfO{ /fxt / ;dfhnfO{ cfZj:t agfpgdf cleof]hgsf] vDaf (Pillar) eg]s} lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn ePsf]n] ck/fw lgoGq0fk|ltsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntf pgLx?s} ;Ifdtf, ;Lk, of]Uotf, cg'ej, g]t[Tj u'0fdf e/ kb{5 . o;}n] ;du| cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] :j?k / cj:yfnfO{ lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox?af6 ;Dkflbt x'g] sfdaf6 dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljut $ aif{df lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nojf6 ;Dkflbt sfo{df k|fKt ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf] cj:yf o:tf] /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= ^

lh=;=j=sf=

cf=j=

d'2fsf] gfd

nut km5\of}6 afFsL s;'/ 7x/ k|ltztdf

utaif{ o;aif{ hDdf s;'/ 7x/sfod

;kmfO cGo hDdf

2065/066 kmf}hbf/L 5024 5259 10283 3696 1405 18 5119 5164 72.2

2066/067 ,, 5105 6392 11497 4169 1589 148 5906 5591 70.6

2067/068 ,, 5910 6884 12794 4990 2088 133 7211 5583 69.2

2068/069 ,, 5558 8851 14409 5405 2564 224 8193 6216 65.97

2069/070 ,, 6058 8886 14944 4831 2032 107 6970 7974 69.31

cf};t 4618.2 1936 126 6680 6106 69.46

ljut kfFr jif{sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f x]bf{ lhNnf :t/df t'ngfTds ?kdf d'2f ;a}eGbf a9L cfly{s jif{ )^(÷)&) df ***^ yfg d'2f btf{ ePsf]] b]lvG5 . d'2f bfo/L ;+Vof ut jif{x?df lg/Gt/ j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljut kfFr jif{df ;a}eGbf sd d'2fsf] nut cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ df %@%( /x]sf] lyof] . ljut kfFr

75

jif{sf] d'2fsf] km5\of}{6 t'ngfTds ?kdf cWoog ubf{ klg cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ df ;a} eGbf sd %!!( / cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^( df ;a}eGbf a9L *!(# d'2fx¿ km5\of}{6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . km5\of}{6 ePsf d'2fx¿ dWo] s;"/ 7x/ ePsf d'2fx¿sf] ljj/0f x]bf{ ljut kfFr jif{sf] cjlwdf ;a}eGbf a9L cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^( df %$)% d'2fdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] kfOG5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ df #^(^ d'2fdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|fKt ;kmntf tkm{ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;kmntf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df &@=@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;j}eGbf sd cf=j=@)^*.^( df ^%=(& k|ltzt /x]sf] / kfFr aif{sf] ;kmntf cf};t ^(=$^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

10283

11497

12794

1440914944

51195906

7211

8193

6970

51645591 5583

6216

7974

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/70

lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] ljj/0f

nut km5\of}6 afFsL

76

$=@=#=@ k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 ;DkfbLt sfo{ cj:yfM

cleof]hgsf] bf];|f] txsf] lgsfosf ?kd0f g]kfndf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /x]sf :yfgdf Ps k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no /xg] k|fjwfg /x] adf]lhd xfn !^ j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /x]sf] tTtt\ :yfgdf !^ j6f k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g\ . k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf /xg] k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLnx? k|ToIf ?kdf d'2f rnfpg], cf+lzs ?kdf grnfpg] cleof]ukq k]z ug]{, jofg askq h:tf sfo{df k|ToIf ;+nUg x'g] Joj:yf 5}g . s]jn lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 d'2f grnfpg] u/L lgsf;fsf] nflu k|fKt ePsf d'2fx? grnfpg] lg0f{o dgfl;a gb]lv rnfpg' kg]{ b]v]df k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 lhNnfsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L d'2f rnfpg k7fpg ;Sg] / lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lg0f{o dgfl;a b]v]df lg0f{o lgsf;fsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cGo sfd st{Jodf lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{df k'g/fj]bgkq k]z ug]{, k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{ gb]lvPdf lgsf;fsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fpg], k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ug]{ jf k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{df d:of}bf ;lxt / ug'{kg]{ gb]v]df /fo k|:tfj dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fpg], d'2fdf axz ug]{, k|lt/Iff ug]{, cfˆgf] If]qsf sfof{nox?nfO{ sfg"gL /fo k/fdz{ dfu e} cfPdf /fo k|bfg ug]{ nufotsf /x]sf 5g\ . ljut $ aif{df k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox?jf6 ;Dkflbt sfo{df k|fKt ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf] glthf cj:yf o:tf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

77

tflnsf–&

k'=;=j=sf

cf=j=

d'2fsf] gfd

nut km5\of}{6 afFsL s;'/ 7x/ k|ltztdf

utaif{ o;aif{ hDdf s;'/ sfod

;kmfOcGo hDdf

2065/066 kmf}hbf/L 1314 2302 3616 776 1061 0 1837 1779 42.2

2066/067 ,, 1490 2838 4328 910 1382 37 2329 1999 39.1

2067/068 ,, 2017 3014 5031 1258 1566 25 2849 2182 44.2

2068/069 ,, 2191 4734 6925 1571 1969 14 3554 3371 44.2

2069/070 ,, 3368 4984 8352 1804 2227 12 4043 4309 44.62

cf};t 1264 1641 18 2922 2728 42.9

plNnlvt kfFr aif{sf] tYofÍ x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf jf ljkIfaf6 k'g/fj]bgkq k]z u/]sf d'2fdf ;a}eGbf a9L km5of{}6 ;+Vof cf=a= @)^(.)&) df $#)( j6f /x]sf]df ;a}eGbf sd cf=j= @)^%.^^ df !*#& j6f /x]sf] lyof] . k|fKt ;kmntf tkm{ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;kmntf cf=j= cf=j=@)^(.)&) df $$=^@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;j}eGbf sd cf=j=@)^^.^& df #(=! k|ltzt /x]sf] / kfFr aif{sf] ;kmntf cf};t $@=( k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf cfwfeGbf a9L d'2f c;kmn /x]sf] 5 h'g lrGtfhgs dfGg ;lsG5 .

78

$=@=#=# dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cj:yfM

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf g} d'Vo cleof]hgstf{ x'g], dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+ljwfgt k|fKt clwsf/ cfkm" dftxtsf clws[tx?nfO{ k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u ug]{u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sfn] dxfGofoflwjQmfjf6 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] ;Ldfleq /lx lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 k'g/fj]bg

79

;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no / k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpg k7fPsf lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg ug{ k7fPsf k'g/fj]bgkqx? jf ljkIfaf6 btf{ ePsf k'g/fj]bgkq jf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpg k]z ePsf lgj]bgkqx?df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 axz x'g] ub{5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|:t't ePsf d'2fdf ;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf] ljut rf/ aif{sf] tYofÍ o:tf] /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf–*

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no

cf=j=

d'2fsf] gfd

nut km5\of}{6 afFsL s;'/ 7x/ k|ltztdf

utaif{ o;aif{ hDdf s;'/ sfod

;kmfO cGo hDdf

2065/066 kmf}hbf/L 2295 833 3128 306 498 0 804 2324 38.06

2066/067 ,, 2049 435 2484 342 423 1 766 1718 44.65

2067/068 ,, 1718 745 2463 347 362 639 1348 1115 25.74

2068/069 ,, 1074 545 1619 81 119 19 219 1400 36.99

2069/070 ,, 1400 613 2013 88 122 8 218 1795 40.37

cf};t 232.8 304.8 133.4 671 1670.4 37.16

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePsf d'2fx?sf] plNnlvt kfFr aif{sf] tYofÍ cWoog ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L d'2f cf=j= @)^&.^* df !#$* :yfg km5of}{6 ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd cf=j= @)^(.&) df @!* yfg km5of}{6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;kmntftkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L cf=j= @)^^.^& df $$=^% k|ltzt ;kmn / ;a}eGbf sd cf=j= @)^&.^* df @%=&$ k|ltzt ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . kfFr aif{sf] cf};t ;kmntf hDdf #&=!^ k|ltzt b]lvFbf ;kmntfsf] k|ltzt em08} ! ltxfOdf em/]sf]] b]lvG5 h'g cem} lrGtfhgs ljifo xf] .

80

$=# cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgjf/] ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o

;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] clGtd JofVof ug{] / /fHodf laBdfg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ xfSg] /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ cË ;jf{]Rr cbfnt xf] . ;du| kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g dfkm{t kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ xfSg] l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg jf/]df xfn;Dd ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] s}og l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . vf; u/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f ;/sf/jfbL d'2fx? clwsf+zt c;kmn x'Fb} cfPsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg lgsfo, logsf] sfd sf/jfxL, q'l6k"0f{ cj:yf, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgb{]zg ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 alb| axfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]u35 ePsf] tyf g/]Gb| axfb'/ rGb lj?4 dw';'bg

e§/fO{ ePsf] d'2fdf36 e|i6frf/sf] ljifo afx]s d'2f rnfpg] jf

grnfpg] ljifodf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] egL ;fljssf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!) -xfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#%_ df Jojl:yt ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf cleof]hg clGtdtfsf] l;4fGt (Finality Of Prosecution) nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ yk JofVof ePsf] lyof] .

t/ ;'GtnL wfdL lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no

ePsf] d'2f37tyf /f]S;fgf vft'g lj= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no

ePsf] d'2fdf38dxfGofoflwjQmf / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnx?af6 d'2f

rnfpg] ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t x]g{ ;lsg] eGg] JofVof ePsf] 5 . d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] 35 ab|L axfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t, g]=sf=k=@)%* c° %,^,k[

@#( 36 dw';'bg e§6/fO{ lj?4 g/]Gb| axfb'/ rGb, g]sfk @)%(, lg=g+= &@!k[= @!) 37 ;'GtnL wfdL -zfx_ lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t g]=sf=k= @)^* lg=g+=

*%$!, k[i7 !!@ 38 /f]S;fgf vft'g la?4 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, @)^% ;fnsf] WO–))#*, lg0f{o ldlt

@)^(.@.!^

81

JofVof u/]sf] l;4fGt sfg"g ;/x ;a}n] kfng ug'{kg{] kl/k|]Iodf oxfF cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL / Jofjxfl/s ;Gbe{df ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] dxTjk"0f{ JofVofx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] Jofj;flos pGd'lQm

s'g} clws[tn] cfkm\gf] thljhL clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf]df ablgot jf :j]R5frfl/tf b]lvPsf] 5}g eg] cfof]un] o; P]g cGtu{t sf/jfxL rnfpg ldNb}g . dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;bfzok"j{s cfkm\gf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L u/]sf To:tf sfo{pk/ k|Zg ug]{ s;}sf] clwsf/ /xb}g . To; ;DaGwdf lghnfO{ Jofj;flos pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/Psf]

x'G5 . 39

;/sf/L jsLnsf] Jofj;flos pGd'lQm / d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] clwsf/

;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] plNnlvt sfd sf/jfxL ;Dkfbg ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] Pp6f Jofj;flos JolQmn] e}m+ d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] / rnfpFbf s] s;/L s'g sfg"gL cfwf/df a'Fbfdf rnfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] To:tf Jofj;flos sfo{x?df lghnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmf / ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% adf]lhdsf ljefuLo k|d'vx? afx]s c? s;}sf] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zg /xg ;Sg] klg b]lvg cfpFb}g . Jofj;flos cfr/0fsf] kl/lwleq /xL c;n lgotaf6 ul/Psf] To:tf sfo{x?df ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ Jofj;flos pGd'lQm k|fKt gx'g] eGg] cy{ ug{ Gofo tyf sfg"g ;Ddt

x'g] b]lvFb}g . 40

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft e};s]kl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, 39ab|L axfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t, ;=c=a'= @)%*, k"0ff{° @!$,

k[= @

40dw';'bg e§/fO{ lj?4 g/]Gb| axfb'/ rGb, g]sfk @)%(, lg=g+= &@! k[= @!)

82

@)$& sf] wf/f !!) / ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] clGtd lg0f{o ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 lg0f{o eO{ df}sfdf bfo/ eO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] d'2f q'l6k"0f{ jf ckof{Kt ePsf] egL of] o:tf] ck/fwdf cd's P]g cGtu{t bfaf lnO{ of] o:tf] d'2f bfo/ ug'{ eGg sfg"gtM ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvg] .41

dxfGofoflwjQmfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;/sf/L lgsfosf] nflu dfq clGtd x'g ;Sb5 . wf/f !#% n] dxfGoflwjQmfnfO{ plNnlvt clwsf/, lbPsf] eP tfklg wf/f !#% n] wf/f !)& sf] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ jf s6f}tL ug{ jf lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ æo; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'{Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'+uf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5Æ eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cGtu{t k"0f{ Gofosf] lgldQ o; cbfntn] s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ Judicial Review ug{;Sg] .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ cg';f/ o; cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf ghL/ x'G5 / To:tf] ghL/ ;j} c8\8f cbfntn] dfGg s/ nfU5 . o; Ohnf;n] klg o; Ohnfzsf] ;+VofeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] u/]sf] km};nf ;dfg ljjfbsf] ljifo 5 eg] dfGg s/ nfU5 . t/ olb ljjfbsf] ljifo km/s 5 eg] a[xQk"0f{ Ohnf;s} eP klg / olb km};nf Per Incuriam 5 eg] sd ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] klg Per Incuriam km};nf gdfGg ;Sg] .

41b]j zfSo lj= sf=lh=c= ;d]t, ;=c=a'= @)%$, k"0ff{° !@!, k[ #(

83

clGtd cj:yf;Dd ;/sf/jf6} kLl8tsf] tkm{jf6 d'2fdf k|lt/Iff nufotsf] sfd ul/G5 . kLl8tsf] x}l;ot ujfxdf ;Lldt x'G5 . xfd|f] k|0ffnLdf kLl8tn] cfkm} d'2f rnfpg ;Qm}g . kLl8t /fHojf6 Jojl:yt ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLndf e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tn] cfk"m kLl8t ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] cfk"mdf ePsf] k|df0f ;lxt k|x/Ldf ph"/ ubf{ k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f grnfpFbf Tof] cj:yfdf kLl8t Gofo kfpg] df}lns xsjf6 jl~rt x'g k'Ug] . 42

ck/fw ug{]nfO{ ;hfo ug{] / cGofodf k/]sfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg' /fHo Joj:yfsf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] . wf/f !#%-@_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] o; cbfntsf] wf/f !)&-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qnfO{ ;Lldt jf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . ;'GtnL wfdLsf] d'2fdf wf/f !#%-@_ n] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ s;}pk/ ;/sf/jfbL eO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ lbPsf] kfOG5 tfklg of] clwsf/n] wf/f !)& / #@ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/ / ;f] adf]lhd ePsf] lg0f{osf] Review x'g ;Sg] / wf/f !#%-@_ n] ;Ddflgt ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] Jurisdiction nfO{ Exiled ug{ g;Sg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] ;d]taf6 lg0f{o ug{] clGtd clwsf/ /x]sf] eP klg ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u To:tf] clwsf/stf{sf] :j]R5f (Pleasure) df lge{/ geO{ lgikIf cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] lgisif{df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . cg';Gwfgaf6 z+lst bf]ifL b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf s]jn dxfGofoflwQmfsf] rfxgfsf] sf/0faf6 dfq d'2f grNg] lg0f{o x'g

;S5 egL pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cy{ ug'{ dgfl;j gx'g] . 43

cleof]hg kIfn]] tYok/s 9+un] klxrfg u/L cleof]u nufpg'kg]{

cleof]hg kIfn] cfkm"n] cleof]u nufPsf] JolQmsf] tYok/s 9+un] klxrfg u/L cleof]u nufpg' p;sf] st{Jo tyf bfloTjsf]

42 ;'GtnL wfdL -zfx_ lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t g]=sf=k= @)^* lg=g+=

*%$!, k[i7 !!@

43 /f]S;fgf vft'g la?4 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no @)^% ;fnsf] WO–))#*, lg0f{o ldlt @)^(.@.!^

84

;Ldfleq kb{5 . x/]s cleo'Qmsf] afa'sf] gfd, :ki6 7]ufgf -j8f g+=, 6f]n, 3/ g+= cflb_, pd]/ v'nfO{ cleof]u nufpg' cleof]hg kIfsf] d"ne"t st{Jo x'g] . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf j:t'ut 9+un] s;"/bf/sf] klxrfg gu/L cleof]u k]z u/]sf], hfx]/L tyf cleof]u plNnlvt 7]ufgf tyf pd]/ km/s ePsf] k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf], JolQm g} km/s egL ;k|df0f lhsL/ lnPsf]df cbfntaf6 ;d]t k'k{Ifsf] qmddf ;gfvt u/fO{ k'li6 gu/]sf] l:yltdf s]jn gfd ldn]sf] cfwf/df dfq

s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofpg gldNg] .44

d'Vo jf/bftnfO{ lnP/ Ps k6s cleof]u nufO;s]kl5 ;f];Fu ;DalGwt ;xfos 36gfx¿sf] cfwf/df k6sk6s u/L bf];|f] jf t];|f] d'2f rnfpg gldNg]

Pp6f JolQmnfO{ lghsf] 3/af6 nu]/ cGoq st} s'6kL6 / xTof u/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] Pp6} jf/bftsf] lg/Gt/tfdf ul/Psf] sfo{ x'G5 . ckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/L/ aGws lng]sf] dxnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ ckx/0f ul/Psf] jf aGws agfOPsf] JolQmsf] xTof ul/Psf] 5 eg] Tof] xTofsf] s;"/df kl/0ft x'g] / Hofg;DaGwLsf] dxn cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf]df lgotsf ;fy} sfo{sf] kl/0ffd / kl/0ffdsf] ck]Iff (Result of action and expectation of the result) cToGt dxTjk"0f{ tTjx¿ x'g\ . o; cg';f/ Pp6} kl/0ffdsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] / Pp6} kl/0ffd lg:sg] u/L ul/Psf] sfo{ jf sfo{x¿ k|f/Deb]lv cGt;Dd Pp6} jf/bftsf] ljleGg r/0fdf ul/P tfklg ltgnfO{ cnu–cnu jf/bftsf] ?kdf (Part-Part) geO{ kl/0ffdd"ns Pp6} sfo{sf] ;du|tfdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] Pp6} jf/bft dfGg' kg]{ .

qmda4 ?kdf ePsf 36gfx¿sf] Pp6} jf/bftpk/ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd cleof]ukq bfo/ u/L ;hfo eO{ ;f] e'Qmfg ;d]t eO;s]kl5 st{Jo Hofg d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 # jif{sf] cGt/fndf k'gM ;f]xL jf/bftnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ dflg; ckx/0f / 44g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= h;dfg lnDj" ;d]t g]sfk @)^(, lg=g+= *&%* c+s !, k[i7 *^

85

aGwstkm{ k'gM cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ / d'2f rnfpg d'n'sL P]g c=a+= &# g+= n] gldNg] . cleof]u nflu;s]sf] JolQmn] / cleof]u bfo/ ug]{ kIfn] bfo/ ePsf] cleof]udf x'g] Goflos lg0f{osf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 7x/] Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= cg';f/ ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo xf];\ cGoyf cleo'Qmpk/ cs}{ d'2f rnfpg] eGg gldNg] . Pp6f d'Vo jf/bftnfO{ lnP/ Ps k6s cleof]u nufO;s]kl5 ;f];Fu ;DalGwt ;xfos 36gfx¿sf] cfwf/df k6sk6s u/L bf];|f] jf t];|f] d'2f rnfpg gldNg] . st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf nfu]sf] s}b e'Qmfg ul/;s]kl5 st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf lbPs} hfx]/L b/vf:tdf ckx/0f eGg] zAb k/]sf] cfwf/df k'gM z/L/ ckx/0ftkm{ d'2f bfo/ ug'{ / To;df k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf /fVg] nufotsf sfdsf/jfxLx¿ cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] &# g+= / g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$-^_ ;d]tsf] ljkl/t x'g] .45

cbfntn] cleof]hgstf{ h:tf] eO{ cleof]hg ;DaGwL cd's lgb]{zg jf cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg]

d'2f grnfPsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgn] :jtGq ?kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] lgsfonfO{ d'2f rnfpg grnfpg clGtd clwsf/ lbPsf]df cbfntn] cleof]hgstf{ h:tf] eO{ cleof]hg ;DaGwL cd's lgb]{zg jf cfb]z hf/L ubf{ lgikIf ;'g'jfO x'g g;Sg] eGb} d'2f rnfpg' eGg gldNg] eGg] Principle nfO{ k'gM :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 -k|:t't d'2fsf] km};nf

;'GtnL wfdLsf] d'2fdf cfb]z e};s]kl5 ePsf] xf]_ . 46

d'2f btf{ ug]{ gug]{ ;DaGwdf :jLs[lt lng] sfo{ljlw

d'2f btf{ ug]{ gug]{ ;DaGwdf :jLs[lt lng] sfo{ljlw gtf]s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfo{ljlw lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 g} lgwf{/0f /

45 uf]ljGbaxfb'/ a6fnf æhLljtÆsf] xsdf >LdtL ;'lgtf s'df/L uf}td -a6fnf_lj?4 k|wfgdGqL

tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, g]sfk @)^* lg=g+= *^#*, c+s ^,k[i7 !)%$

46 lblnk s'df/ ofbo lj= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u g]=sf=k=, @)^&, c+s !), k[= !&#%

86

sfof{Gjog x'g] dfGg'kg]{ . d'2f bfo/ ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] clwsf/L / d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/L Ps} JolQm jf sfof{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf tyf b'a} sfo{sf] kl/0ffd Ps} x'g] b]lvPsfn] cfkm}n] cfkm};Fu :jLs[lt lng' k5{ eGg gldNg] . d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ubf{sf] lg0f{odf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ :jLs[lt ck|ToIf ?kdf lgxLt (Indirectly Implied) /x]sfn] d'2f bfo/ ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] clwsf/L / d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/L Ps} JolQm /x]sf] / d'2f rnfpg :jLs[lt lbg] clwsf/Laf6 g} d'2f bfo/ ePsf] cj:yfdf sfnf] ahf/ tyf cGo s]xL ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)#@ sf] bkmf !$-!_ adf]lhd :jLs[lt

glnPsf] cfwf/df dfq cleof]u vf/]h ug{ gldNg] . 47

;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] clwsf/ sfg"gn] lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ lj;{g gx'g]

36gf jf/bftsf] ;Totf cg';Gwfg k|lqmofaf6} :yflkt x'g] x'Fbf jf/bftsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] r/0faf6 cnu ug{ g;lsg] . s;}pk/ s'g} s;"/sf] cf/f]k nufO{ kqmfp u/L lx/f;tdf /fVg' / lghx¿sf] aofg n]Vg'n] cg';Gwfg e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] x'g ;Sb}g . cf/f]k nufPkl5 ;f]sf] ;Totfsf] kl/If0f cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf x'g' h?/L x'G5 . cf/f]k jf:tljs eP gePtkm{ df}sf cg';Gwfgs} r/0fdf ljrf/ ul/g' kg]{ . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd s'g} ck/fwsf] txlssft z'? ug'{eGbf klxn] txlssft ug]{ k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] txlssft ug]{ s'/fx¿ v'nfO{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf ck/fw ;DaGwL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{ / pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd To:tf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] txlssftsf] ;DaGwdf txlssft ug]{ k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] . sfg"gL Joj:yfdf afWofTds ?kdf st{Jo gtf]s]sf] cj:yf eP klg lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Ln] pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ lgliqmotfsf] ?kdf lng ldNg] xF'b}g . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';GwfgnfO{

47g]kfn ;/sf/ lj ;'/]z s'df/ ldQn,g]=sf=k=@)^* cs+ % lg0f{o g+= *^@^, k[= **%

87

alnof], e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg ;DalGwt k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] clwsf/ sfg"gn] lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ lj;{g

gx'g] .48

b'O{j6f jf/bft 36fPsf ;DaGwdf ;f]lx jvt d'2f grnfO{kl5 y'gfdf /fVg gx'g]

cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lgj]bsn] b'O{ j6f jf/bft 36fPsf] s'/f 7uL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf yfxf ePsf], ;f] b'j} jf/bft 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf pltj]nf g} cg';Gwfg e} d'2f bfo/ ePsf] eP ;a}eGbf 7"nf] snddf dfq ;hfo x'g] b08 ;hfosf] $! g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL jvt d'2f grnfO{ xfn cfP/ kqmfp u/L lhNnf cbfntsf] cg'dltaf6 cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf /fv]sf] y'gfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd y'gfdf /fv]sf] eGg gldNg] . cfkm\g} lx/f;tdf /x]sf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL avt e"m¶f gful/stf sLt]{ d'2fdf cg';Gwfg gu/L xfn cfP/ 7uL d'2faf6 ;kmfO kfO{ 5'l6hfg] ePkZrft dfq cg';Gwfgsf] nflu egL k|j[Q efjgf /fvL y'gfdf /fv]sf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"g / Gofo;+ut eGg gldNg] . -k|:t't km};nfn] Right to Fair Trial tyf Personal liberty sf] sensitivity nfO{ Hofb} uDeL/ ?kdf lnPsf] / without Due Process s;}sf] Personal liberty curtail ug{ gkfOg] / Due Process sf] gfpdf unjust, unfair procedure impose ug{ gkfpg]

u/L lgoGq0f nufPsf] kfOG5 _ . 49

cleo'QmnfO{ afWo u/L hjfkm lng g;lsg]

cleo'Qmn] cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfLL x'g s/ gnfUg] clwsf/ kl/Tofu -Wave_ gu/L Tof] clwsf/ k|of]u u/]df cbfnt jf Prosecution n] To;sf] pN6f] jf ljkl/t cy{ ul/ cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf s]xL hjfkm glbPsfn] lgbf{]if dfGg gldNg] xF'bf pN6f] cy{ ul/ bf]ifLL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] .

48 g]kfn ;/sf/ lj wf}nfb]jL lai6, g]=sf=k= @)^*, cs+*, lg0f{o g+= *^^*, k[= !#&^ 49 dl0fs'df/ /fO{sf] xsdf P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d tkm{af6 gfgLafa' vqL lj dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/

;d]t g]=sf=k= @)^^ k'; c+s ( lg0f{o g+= *@@!, k[ !$*#

88

cbfntdf cleof]u kq bfo/ ePkl5 d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf klg cleo'Qmn] cfˆgf] df}g /xg] jf Guilty Plea jf Not Guilty Plea lng] xs pkef]u ug{ ;S5 . p;nfO{ afWo u/L hjfkm lng g;lsg] . k|ltjfbLn] k|df0fsf] ef/ axg ub{}df /fHoåf/f bf]ifL 7fg]/ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ cy{ ug{ gldNg] . dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf ( ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cy{ ug{ ldn]g l/6 vf/]hx'g] .- k|:t't km};nfn]Burden of Proof ljz]if cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLpk/ /fVb}df lghsf] Right to Silence jf Right against Self Incrimination df

adverse affect ub}{g eGg] l;4fGt :yflkt u/]sf] 5_ .50

/fHon] :j]R5frf/L 9+un] oftgf lbg g;Sg]

ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf jf y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ /fHon] pRr dof{bf / pRr g}ltstf sfod u/L Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] gfpFdf jf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ;DkGg x}l;otsf] clwsf/Lsf] gfddf /fHon] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf / dfgj clwsf/sf] Go"gtd dfGotf jf ;Ldf gf3L s;}nfO{ klg s'g} k|sf/sf] oftgf lbg g;Sg] . /fHon] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu df}lns xsdf lgoGq0f ug{;S5 eGb}df /fHon] :j]R5frf/L 9+un] oftgf lbg ;Sg]

xf]Og . /fHosf] o:tf] clwsf/ plrt, lgikIf / dgfl;j x'g'kg]{]{ . 51

;/sf/L jsLn / cGo lgsfoaLrsf] ;dGjo

k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/s} k'g/fj]bg xf], dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no

jf ;f] cGtu{tsf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] dfq} k'g/fj]bg dfGg

ldNb}g . cfkm}n] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgaf6 Gofo k|fKt ug'{cl3 g}

k'g/fj]bgsf] glthfnfO{ lg/y{s jf k|efljt ug]{ lx;fan] ;/sf/sf]

csf]{ c+un] s}b ldGxf ubf{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf] cfkm\g} k'g/fj]bgsf]

50 gLnd kf}8]n ;d]t lj= k|wfg dGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;d]t g]=sf=k= @)^&, c+s

!) lg=g+= *$&#, k[= !^$! 51 clwjQmf /fh]Gb| l3ld/] ;d]tla?4 ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/

;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^^ c;f/ cs+ # lg0f{o g+ *!)! k[= $%@

89

cf}lrTodf k|Zg v8f ul/lbPsf] 5 . s}b ldGxf g} lbg] nIf xf] eg]

ePsf] ;hfodf k'g/fj]bg ug'{sf] k|of]hg b]lvGg . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6

Pp6f lgsfon] k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ dftxtsf] csf]{

lgsfon] ;f] k'g/fj]bg larf/fwLg cj:yfdf y'g'jfnfO{ d'Qm ul/lbg]

o:tf] sfo{n] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf / o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf

;d]t k|ToIf c;/t k/]sf] 5 g}, o:tf sfo{n] a9fjf kfpb} uPdf

Goflos sfd sf/jfxLsf laZj;gLotfdf ;d]t cfFr k'¥ofpg] x'G5 .

s}b dfkmL ldGxf lbg] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ d'2f clGtd eP gePsf]

;DaGwdf u[x dGqfnon] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no jf ;DalGwt

;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no ;d]t;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo u/]/ dfq sfg"g

cg's"n lg0f{o ug'{ / cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxL tyf km};nfnfO{ k|efljt

t'Nofpg] u/L o:tf] unt sfd sf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg' egL u[x

dGqfnosf gfpdf cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . 52

cg';Gwfg ;fljltd'vL x'g gx'g]

xfd|f] jt{dfg cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] o:t} cj:yfnfO{

dWogh/ u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Hofg d'2fdf ;fljltnfO{ cleof]u k'i6L

ug]{ Ps dfq cfwf/ agfOof] eg] To;n] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0fnLdf y'k}|

hl6ntfx?nfO{ hGd lbG5 . To;}n] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg kIfaf6

bfjL k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu cGo k|df0fx?sf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0fdf

eGbf cleo'QmnfO{ ;fljlt jofg lbg afWo kfl/g] ;DefjgfnfO{ jn

k|bfg ug]{ x'Fbf jf:tljs ck/fwL pDsg] ===lj8Djgfk"0f{ cj:yf klg

cfpg ;S5 eGg] JofVof u/L cg';GwfgnfO{ Material Based x'g'kg]{

tkm{ cf}+NofPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf Autopsy report / cg';Gwfg

tyf cbfntdf ;d]t ePsf] ;fljlt jofgnfO{ ;d]t Corroborative

test sf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg u/L jskq gug]{ ljif]if1sf] Report k|df0f

gnfUg] eGg] km};nf ePsf] 5 . 53

52 g]kfn ;/sf/ lj s[i0faxfb'/ nfdf, g]=sf=k, @)^% c+s !) k[i7 !@)* 53 k[YaL axfb'/ v8\sf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ g]=sf=k=, @)^&, c+s *, k[= !#@!

90

clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] aofg / k|df0fsf] u|fx\otf

ck/fw cg';Gwfgstf{ ;dIf ePsf] ;fljlt dfqsf cfwf/df

Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNg ldNb}g . t/ Tof] ;fljlt cGo k|df0faf6 ;To

/x]sf] :yflkt x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L ;dIf

ePsf] eGg] dfq cfwf/df k|df0f z"Go lnvtsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{

Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . k|x/L ;fljltsf] k'li6 ug]{ cGo k|df0f :jtGq x'g\ jf

xf]Ogg\ / tL s] s;/L ;+slnt eP eGg] k|Zgdf eg] cbfntn]

;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy ;ts{ x'g'kg]{ . k|x/L ;dIf ePsf] sfuhn] s'g}

k|dfl0fs dxTj /fVb}g eGg ;lsGg . k|df0fsf] dxTj ;+Vofdf xf]Og

cfˆgf] u'0fjQfdf lge{/ /xG5 . k|df0f eGg] s'/f k|s[ltn] xf]Og, cfˆgf]

ljZj;gLotfsf cfwf/df d"NoflÍt x'g] . 54

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;+nUg lgsfodf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{

xfd|f] Investigation / Prosecution k|0ffnLdf institutional ?kd}

reform ug'{kg]{ s'/f ljleGg Report, Seminar tyf cWoogx?n] b]vfP

tfklg cfwf/e't ?kdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu Jojl:yt ;/sf/L kxn

yflnPsf] gb]lvPkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] a[xb ljj]rgf u/L o;/L

lgb]{zg hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 M

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf sdL cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{sf] nfk/jfxL, uNtL, ab\lgot cflb s'g}sf] klg :yfg x'g xF'b}g . olb x'G5 eg] ;/sf/n] To;sf] lhDdf lng'kg]{ .

/fHon] k|To]s lhNnfdf kLl8t dlxnfsf] nflu Ps Counseling Centre sf] qmdzM Joj:yf ub}{ hfg'kg]{ .

ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ 5'6\6} k|x/L ;+u7gsf] u7g gu/L jt{dfg k|x/L ;+u7gaf6 g} cg';Gwfg x'g] xf] eg] k|x/Lsf] klxnf] Wofg zflGt sfod ug]{ tkm{ hfg] x'Fbf ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;Gtf]ifhgs

54z]if /O{z cfnd lj g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k= @)^& h]7 cs+ @ lg0f{o g+= *#!*, k[= @*%

91

gx'g ;S5===To;}n] jt{dfg Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf ;DaGwdf 5'§} k|x/L ;+u7gsf] u7g x'g'kg]{ .

k|To]s lhNnf cbfntn] hjh{:tL s/0fL d'2fdf kLl8t / kLl8tnfO{ Accompany ug]{ JolQm, jfbL Pj+ kLl8tsf ;fIfL Pj+

k|ltjfbL kIfsf] nflu 5'§} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug'kg]{ . 55

cleof]hg kIfn] tYok/s 9+un] klxrfg u/L cleof]u nufpg' kg]{

cleof]hg kIfn] cfkm"n] cleof]u nufPsf] JolQmsf] tYok/s 9+un] klxrfg u/L cleof]u nufpg' p;sf] st{Jo tyf bfloTjsf] ;Ldfleq kb{5 . x/]s cleo'Qmsf] afa'sf] gfd, :ki6 7]ufgf -j8f g+=, 6f]n, 3/ g+= cflb_, pd]/ v'nfO{ cleof]u nufpg' cleof]hg kIfsf] d"ne"t st{Jo x'g] .56

hfx]/L csf6\o / :jtGq k|df0f gx'g]

hfx]/L 36gfsf ljifodf lbOg] ;"rgfsf] Ps dfWod xf] . o;n] k|df0f ;+sngdf ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5, :jo+n] ;fy{stf k|fKt ub}{g . of] cfkm}df csf6\o / :jtGq k|df0f gx'g] . hfx]/L b/vf:t :jo+df ;'gL ;'gfO{ (Hearsay) sygdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] tyf ;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fn kZrft btf{ ePsf] x'Fbf Tof] 36gfsf] ;Totf jf jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t geO{ s;}nfO{ km;fpg] p2]Zoaf6 ;'lgof]lht tj/af6 clek|]l/t e}lbPsf] egL z+sf ug]{ kof{Kt 7fpF b]lvg] . cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg kIf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x gu/L ePsf] q'l6sf] cbfntn] ;"Id ?kdf s]nfP/ Gofo k|bfg ug{' g} jf:tljs Gofo x'g] .57

d'2f lkmtf{ hyfefjL ug{ ldNb}g

o clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfGofoflwjQmf / Gofokflnsf ;a} ;+j}wflgs cËx¿ ePsf]n] oL cËx¿sf] sfd sf/jfxLx¿ ;+ljwfg / ;f]adf]lhd ag]sf sfg"gdf Jojl:yt

55Hof]lt nD;fn lj= k|wfgdlGq tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, g]=sf=k=, @)^&, c+s !!, k[= !()# 56 s'df/L lnDa"sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 h;dfg lnDa", g]sfk @)^( c+s !, k[i7 *$ 57 gGbfb]jL hf]zL lj hL= s'Gbfsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/, g]sfk @)^( c+s !, k[i7 !#)

92

Joj:yfx¿ / ltgdf cGt/lgxLt efjgfx¿af6 cg'k|fl0ft x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/LcGtu{t ul/Psf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xh} lg/y{s agfpg s'g} klg jxfgfdf ldNb}g . csf]{ zAbdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 cg';Gwfg gug{, cleof]hg u/]sf] d'2fnfO{ Gofosf] laGb"df k'Ug glbg, Gofo ul/Psf] s'/fdf sfof{Gjog x'gaf6 /f]Sg ldNb}g . x/]s cË ;+j}wflgs k4ltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ eg] ltgnfO{ sfg"g / ljj]s;+ut 9+un] u/]sf] sfo{df cg'lrt x:tIf]kaf6 arfpg' klg ;+j}wflgs k4lt sfof{Gjog ug]{ b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ x'g] .

o ;+ljwfg adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t d'2f cleof]hg nufpg] tyf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( cGtu{t d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k|lqmofaLr s] slt ;fd~h:otf 5 egL gx]g]{ / b'O{ e"ldsfaLrsf] ;fy{stf vf]hL gug]{ xf] eg] d'2f rnfpg] / lkmtf{ lng] s'/f ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] ljlzi6 cfjZostf cg';f/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'sf] ;§f s]6fs]6Lsf] v]nf}gf h:tf] x'g uO{ sfg"gL /fHosf] ceLi6 ;xh} k/f:t x'g;Sg] hf]lvd l;h{gf x'g hfg] .

o kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]hg nufpg] jf gnufpg] clGtd clwsf/ jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] eP klg ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]df ;f] cleof]hgn] ;fy{stf u'dfpg] / sfo{kflnsfsf] lg0f{on] k|wfgtf k|fKt ug{;Sg] l:ylt cfpg] .

o cleof]Qmfsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/nfO{ g} ;+s'rg jf k/f:t x'g] u/L lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{onfO{ k|wfgtf lbg gldNg] x'gfn] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /fonfO{ ;d'lrt :yfg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 Tof] g} ;+j}wflgs x'g] .

o kLl8tsf] hfx]/Ldf d'2f rnfpg], kLl8t cfkm}Fn] d'2f rnfpg klg gldNg] / kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 rnfOPsf] d'2fdf Gofosf] clGtd laGb";Dd Gofosf] vf]hL gu/Lsg d'2f g} aLraLrdf /fhgLlts jf cGo ;f}bf u/L bfjL g} kl/Tofu ug]{ xf] jf ug{

93

lbg] xf] eg] kLl8t / /fHoaLrsf] ;DaGw d}lqk"0f{ / Gofok"0f{ x'g g;Sg] .

o d'2f rnfpFbf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd rnfpg], clg lkmtf{ eg] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ug]{ xf] / Gofo / sfg"gsf] tTjsf] cfjZostf gb]vfpg] xf] eg] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL r/d /fhgLlts/0fsf] l;sf/ x'g;Sg] .

o sfg"g axfn /xg], t/ sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog eg] /fhgLlts JolQm ;+nUg eP Ps 9+un] / c?df km/s 9+un] ug{ ldNb}g . Tof] ;dfgtf, Gofo / ljj]ssf] dfkb08af6 ;d]t ldNb}g . j:t'tM /fhgLlts d'2f, /fhgLlts ;xdlt jf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ ;+nUg ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df s;"/sf] bfloTjaf6 d'lQm lbg] cd]3 c:qsf] ?kdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] k|of]u ug{ lbg gldNg] .58

:j]R5f lj?4sf] aofg xf] egL k|dfl0ft u/fpg ;Sg'kg]{

d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] cj:yfdf k|x/Laf6 u}/sfg"gL an k|of]u u/L :j]R5flj?4sf] aofg k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf To:tf] aofg k|df0f u|fx\o x'Fb}g, t/ To:tf] aofg :j]R5flj?4 ePsf] egL ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-#_ sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd cbfntdf lgj]bg lbO{ :j]R5flj?4sf] aofg xf] egL k|dfl0ft u/fpg g;s]sf] l:yltdf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] aofgnfO{ :j]R5f ljkl/tsf] aofg eGg ldNb}g . To:tf] aofg k|df0fdf lng ldNg] .59

lx/f;tdf g/fvL cg';Gwfg x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf lx/f;tdf /fVg' cf}lrTok"0f{ gx'g]

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt

s'g} ck/fwdf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu kqmfp k/]sf JolQmnfO{ y'gfd} /fvL

txlssft ug'{kg]{ cj:yf :ki6 pNn]v u/]/ dfq k|x/L sfof{non]

58 uf]kL axfb'/ e08f/L lj k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t g]sfk @)^( c+s #, k[i7 $$@ 59 /l~ht /fo lj g]kfn ;/sf/,g]sfk @)&) c+s %, k[i7 ^*!

94

lx/f;tdf /fVg] cg'dlt dfu ug'{kg]{ / cbfntn] klg cg'dlt lbg

;Sg] . kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf g/fVbf cg';Gwfg

txlssft g} cj?4 x'g hfg] jf cg';Gwfg txlssftdf k|lts"n

k|efj kg]{, kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmn] cfkm"lj?4 nfUg] ;a"b k|df0fdf

x:tIf]k u/L gi6 ug{ ;Sg] / lghn] ;dfhdf k'gM ck/fw ug{;Sg]

cj:yf b]lvPdf y'gfd} /fv]/ txlssft ug'{kg]{ . k|x/L lx/f;tdf

g/fvL cg';Gwfg x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg' cf}lrTok"0f{

gb]lvg] .60

OGsf/L jofg / sf/jfxLdf r"krfk a:g] xs

o ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf v8f ePsf d'r'Nsfx¿df k|fdfl0fs zlQm

x'G5 . ltgdf JoQm tYon] ck/fwsf] j:t'l:ylt atfpF5g\ .

JolQmn] em"7f] af]Ng ;Sb5 t/ j:t'l:ylto'Qm tYon] slxNo}

em"7f] af]Nb}g .

o b'O{ ljkl/t vfnsf cleJolQm ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf]df cbfntn]

:jtGq k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g] sygnfO{ k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] ;flatL / cbfnt ;dIfsf]

OGsf/LdWo] s'gnfO{ k|df0fdf u|x0f ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df s'g syg

cGo k|df0faf6 ;dly{t x'G5 eGg] s'/f g} cbfntn] lgisif{

lgsfNg] cfwf/ xf] . clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf JoQm u/]sf

s'/f k|df0f z"Go x'g] xf]Ogg\ . gt k|ltjfbLx¿sf] cbfnt

;dIfsf] OGsf/L g} csf6\o k|df0f dflgg] xf] .

o cbfnt;dIf OGsf/L ubf{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf s] s'g

sf/0f / s;/L ;flat agfOof] eGg] s'/fsf xsdf JoQm u/]sf]

s'/fdf cbfntn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-@_

n] Joj:yf u/]sf eo, qf;, k|nf]eg ;d]tsf cj:yf b]lvPdf

cleo'Qmsf] cbfntafx]s cGoq JoQm u/]sf] s'/f k|df0f gnfUg]

x'G5 . cleo'Qmn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf s'g} s'/f JoQm

60 /fdk|j]z ;fx ;d]t lj?4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g ;d]t g]sfk @)&) c+s $, k[i7 $*#

95

ubf{sf] cj:yfsf] ;r]ttf, oftgf, wDsL / k|nf]eg lbPsf] lyPg

eGg] k|Tofe"lt k|dfl0ft ug'{kb{5 . t/, oL cj:yfsf] lhsL/ /

cfwf/ eg] ldl;naf6 b]lvg'kg]{ .

o d'2fsf] Ps kIf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cfˆgf]

ljkIfnfO{ sAhfdf /fvL JoQm u/fOPsf cleJolQmnfO{ cbfntn]

;xh} ljZjf; u/L k|df0fsf] ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ gx'g] eGg] g}

k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-@_ sf] cfzo ePsfn] pQm bkmfsf]

kl/kfngs} ;Gbe{df Dofb yksf nflu cbfntdf k]z ul/Fbf

cleo'QmnfO{ ;z/L/ GofofwLz;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{, To;

a]nf;Dd v8f ePsf lnvtdf cbfntn] 5fk nufO{ lbg] /

cleo'Qm;Fu ;f]wk'5 ubf{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Pdf tTsfn} 3f

hfFr jf :jf:Yo kl/If0f u/fpg c:ktfn k7fOg] sfo{ljlw

;'lglZrt\ 5 . cbfntafx]s cGoq cleo'Qmn] JoQm u/]sf s'/f

k|df0fdf u|x0f ubf{ ;ts{tf ckgfpg' kg]{ .

o cGo :jtGq k|df0fn] k'li6 u/]sf] cj:yf / clwsf/k|fKt

clwsf/L;dIfsf] cfˆgf] syg O{R5flj?4sf] xf] egL lnPsf]

lhsL/nfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ gb]vfOPsf] cj:yfdf ;f]

syg k|df0fz"Go x'G5 eGg g;lsg] .

o lgM;Gb]x kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% n]

k|df0fsf] ef/ jfbLdf /xg] s'/f xf] . k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{

cfk"mlj?4sf] sf/jfxLdf r"krfk a:g] xs cjZo 5 . t/, r"k

ga;L cfˆgf] ;kmfOdf tYo JoQm ug]{ JolQmsf bfloTj klg

;f]xL k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf @&-!_ åf/f clelglZrt\ 5g\ .

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] sygnfO{ OGsf/ ul/Psf]

cj:yfdf To;sf cfwf/ / sf/0f klg JoQm ug'{ kb}{g eGg]

k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% sf] dg;fo xf]Og .61

61 g]kfn ;/sf/ lj¿4 adaxfb'/ a:g]t ;d]t, g]sfk @)&) c+s ^, k[i7 &&&

96

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] l;kmfl/; / d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg]

ljifodf lg0fo ug{] clGtd clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] x'g] xf] . t/

dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn‹g jf b'?T;fxg ug{] JolQmpk/ d'2f rnfpg

cfjZos ePdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/L

k7fPkl5 dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;f] ljifodf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]

egL lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] eGg] xf]Og . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -

@_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{] cfof]usf]

clwsf/nfO{ lgik|efjL x'g] u/L wf/f !#% sf] pkwf/f -@_ åf/f

dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|fKt d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] egL lg0f{o ug{]

clwsf/sf] k|of]u x'g ;S5 egL JofVof ug{] xf] eg] wf/f !#@ sf]

pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ k|fKt

clwsf/sf] cf}lrTo g} g/xg] .62

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf cleof]hgstf{n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo k"/f ug'{kg]{

o kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg /fHosf] :jljj]sLo

ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g} ;Qm}g . x/]s s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg u/L sfg""g

adf]lhd Gofo lbg] lbnfpg] /fHosf] cfwf/e"t sfg"gL bfloTj

;d]]t xf] . s;"/sf] sfo{ x'g] t/ cg'';Gwfg g} gug]{ jf u/]]klg

c;kmn cg'';Gwfg ug{] jf glthfdf k'¥ofpg g;Sg] eg]sf]

sfg"gL /fHosf c;kmntfsf Bf]ts pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . ;kmn

cg''';Gwfg u/L :jR5 / j}w cleof]hg ug{' / Gofosf] clGtd

laGb'df k'¥ofpg', sfg"g sfof{Gjog lgsfosf cfwf/e"t

pQ/bfloTjsf s'/fx¿ x'g\ .

o cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg gu/]sf] jf k|ToIf jf k/f]If 9Ën]

cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg ug{ OGsf/ u/L b08xLgtfnfO{ k||>o

lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] To:tf] x/]s 36gfsf] ;fj{hlgs sfg"gdf

62 cf]dk|sfz cof{n ;d]t lj /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;d]t, g]sfk @)&) c+s &, k[i7

*$#

97

kl/0ffdx¿ x''G5g\ / cbfntn] klg ;++ljwfg / Gofosf dfGo

l;4fGtx¿sf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg lqmofzLn ug{

u/fpg afWo ug]{ hf] rflxg] cfjZos clwsf/ /fv]sf] x''G5,

To;f] ug'{ p;sf] st{Jo klg x'g] .

o tf]]lsPsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf cleof]hgstf{n] cfkm\gf]

st{Jo k"/f gu/L Gofo k/flht x'G5 jf kLl8tn] pkrf/

gkfPsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] To;df kLl8ts} pQ/bfloTjdf

lghL cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf] j}slNks dfu{;d]t k|z:t

ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . Gofosf] dfu{ Psfw s'g} clwsf/L jf

;++:yfsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0faf6 cj¿4 x'g' / pkfoljxLg

cj:yfdf 5f]8\g g;lsg] .63

$=$ kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf nflu sfg"g lgdf{0f k|of;

g]kfnsf] laBdfg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL k'/ftgjfbL,

sfo{ljlwut ?kdf Hofb} emGeml6nf] / l9nf;':tLk"0f{ /x]sf] / lgoGq0f

;+oGq klg ck|efjsf/L /x]sf sf/0f ;du| kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL /

o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g

c;kmn k|fo ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;'wf/sf nflu nueu tLg bzsb]lv

k|of; x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . la=;+= @)$) ;fnsf] zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf]

k|ltj]bgn] klg o;nfO{ cf}+NofPsf] 5 eg] @)%* ;fnb]lv kmf}hbf/L

sfg"g, sfo{ljlw sfg"g / kmf}hbf/L s;'/df ;hfo tf]Sg] 5'§} sfg"gL

Joj:yf ug'{kg{] ;Gbe{nfO{ p7fpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf nflu ;Dj4

P]gx?nfO{ vf/]hL, ;+zf]wg jf gofF Joj:yf ug{sf] nflu

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf @)%* ;fndf ul7t sfo{bnn]

l;kmfl/;x? u/]sf] lyof] . o; kZrft klg ;'wf/sf k|of;x? hf/L

/x]sf]] kl/k|]Iodf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf]

63 dfwjs'df/ a:g]t ;d]t lj k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, g]sfk @)&)

c+s (, k[i7 !!)!

98

;+of]hsTjdf @)^% ;fndf ul7t sfo{bnn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf # j6f

ljw]osx? la=;= @)^& ;fndf Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k|:t't eO{

larf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf Joj:yflksf–;+;b la36g ePsf] lyof] .

tTkZrft @)&) d+l;/ % df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg

kZrft ul7t Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] klg xfn;Dd cfTd;ft ul/

k|s[ofdf nu]sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5}g .

d'n'ssf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;'wf/

u/L ;dofg's"n agfpgsf nflu k]z ePsf law]osx?df ck/fw

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg laBdfg ;/sf/L d'2f

;DaGwL P]g, @)$( vf/]h u/L kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL

sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{sf nflu kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf

k]z ul/Psf] xf] . ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfx?nfO{ vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg u/L

hf/L ug{ nfluPsf oL tLgj6f law]osx?dWo] ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf

cleof]hg jf/]df kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf kl/jt{gsf/L

Joj:yf jf/]df oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

$=$=! s;"/ cg';Gwfg ;DaGwdf ul/Psf gofF Joj:yfM

ljBdfg Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ o; kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw

;+lxtfdf ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;DaGwdf lgDg dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf u/]sf]

kfOG5M

s;"/sf] b/vf:t jf ;"rgf k|x/L sfof{nodf lbg'kg{] / hfx]/L

b/vf:t btf{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]df k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;dIf /

k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L g} cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ePdf If]qLo

k|zf;s jf u[x dGqfnodf ph'/L lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

k|df0f nf]k jf gf; x'g glbg] Joj:yf . s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt

k|fKt bzL lhDdf lng g;lsg]df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lhDdf lbg

;lsg] . s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf] j:t' ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{

tTsfn lkmtf{ ug'{kg{] .

99

slDtdf k|=gf=lg= bhf{sf] / nfu" cf}ifw, dfgj a]rlavg, lab]zL

lalgdo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] s;"/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L tf]s]sf]

d'2fdf eg] slDtdf k|x/L lg/LIfs cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g] .

Ps} jf/bftsf rNg ;Sg] ;a} d'2f Ps} k6s cg';Gwfg

ug'{kg{]] .

cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ug'{kg{] ePdf kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L ug{]

cg'dltsf] nflu d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf k]z u/L cg'dtL

lng'kg{] .

s;"/bf/ pDsg] efUg] jf bzL k|df0fx? gi6 ug{] ;Defjgf

ePdf tTsfn} h?/L kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L u/L kqmfp u/L

:jLs[tLsf nflu k]z ug{ ;lsg] .

s'g} sfof{nodf cg';"rL ! jf @ sf] ck/fw ePdf ;DalGwt

k|x/L jf sfof{no k|d'v jf clwsf/Ln] kqmfp ug{ ;Sg] .

ck/fwsf] ;"rgf kZrft k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ug'{kg{] ;f] sf]

k|ltj]bg # lbgleq ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ k7fpg' kg{] .

k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg] . ;f]

sf] kfngf ug'{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g] .

hfx]/L b/vf:t jf ;"rgf e|dk"0f{, em'¶f jf sfNklgs eO{

cg';Gwfg ug'{ cfjZos gePdf jf lg/y{s b]lvPdf ;/sf/L

jsLn sfof{nodf k|ltj]bg k7fO{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] tfd]nLdf

/fVg ;Sg] .

s'g} s;"/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L cg';Gwfg ug{ tfn'sjfnf clwsf/Ln]

jf k|x/L dxflg/LIfsn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k/fdz{ lnO{ laz]if1

;d]t /x]sf] cg';Gwfg 6f]nL u7g ug{ ;lsg] .

lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] kl/ro v'Ng] sfuhL clen]v tof/

ug'{kg{] . cfjZostf cg';f/ t:jL/ jf cf+}7fsf] 5fk lng

;Sg] .

100

kqmfp k/]sf] @$ 306fleq Dofb yksf nflu k]z ug'{kg{] /

a9Ldf @% lbgsf] Dofb x'g] . Dofb dfUbf cfwf/ / sf/0f

x'g'kg{] .

uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf yk #% lbg;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg

;lsg] .

& dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] ue{jtL dlxnf, gfjfns / &% aif{

gf3]sf] JolQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] krf{ v8f u/L tf/]vdf

/fvL cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsg] .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;xdlt lnP/ jf ;Dej gePsf] sf/0f

v'nfPsf] krf{ v8f u/L cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] xflh/ hdfgLdf

jf w/f}6df 5f8\g ;Sg] . tf]lsPsf] tf/]vdf xflh/ gu/fPdf %

xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] .

cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf aofg lng] /

;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ cfjZos k|Zg ;f]Wg] clwsf/ x'g] .

s'g} JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s c:j:ytfsf] sf/0fn] pkl:yt x'g

g;Sg] jf JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] pkl:yt u/fpg

cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] >Job[io ;Djfb -lel8of] sGkm/]G;_ sf]

dfWodaf6 aofg lng jf ;f]wk'5 ug{;Sg] .

z+lstn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg'kg{] t/ s;'/sf] cleof]u

nfUg ;Sg] lsl;dsf] hjfkm lbg s/ gnfUg] .

vfgtnf;Ldf hfg] sd{rf/Ln] ;DalGwt JolQmn] rfx]df cfˆgf]

tnf;L ug{ lbg'kg{] / vfgtnf;L ug{ kfpg] cflwsf/Lstf{sf]

kl/rokq b]vfpg' kg{] .

cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] l8=Pg=P= nufotsf] ef}lts kl/If0f

u/fpg ;Sg] .

lx/f;tdf oftgf lbPsf] b]lvPdf pkrf/ u/fO{ lghnfO{

cGtl/d /fxt pknAw u/fpg / oftgf lbg]nfO{ laefuLo

101

sf/jfxL ug{ cbfntn] ;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{nonfO{ cfb]z

lbg'kg{] .

cg';Gwfg ug{] k|x/L clws[tn] clen]v ug{ k|x/L 8fo/L

/fVg'kg{] o:tf] 8fo/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ;/sf/L jsLn jf

cbfntn] lemsfO{ x]g{ ;Sg] .

cg';Gwfgsf] ;Gbe{df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] cfjZos hfgsf/L

lng ;Sg] / cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf laefuLo k|d'vnfO{ lgb{]zg

lbg ;Sg] .

alx{If]qLo clwsf/sf] Joj:yf / k|fKt sfuhft g]kfnLdf cg'jfb

ug{] Joj:yf .

cg';Gwfg ;dfKt ePkl5 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;Ssn

ldl;n ;fy ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg{] .

$=$=@ cleof]hg ;DjGwdf ul/Psf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf

ck/fw cg';Gwfg kZrft cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg

k|ltj]bg ;lxt ;Ssn ldl;n ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg{]

/ tTkZrft cleof]hg ;Gbe{df lgDg dxTjk"0f{ gofF Joj:yf sfo{ljlw

;+lxtfdf ;d]l6Psf] 5M

d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ldl;n

cWoog ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] yk ;j'b k|df0f ;+sng ug{ jf

s'g} JolQm;Fu yk ;f]wk'5 ug{ cfjZos b]v]df To:tf] ;j'b

k|df0f ;+sng u/L k7fpg jf To:tf] JolQm;Fu ;f]wk"5 u/L

k7fpg jf cg';Gwfg hf/L /fVg cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{

lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] . ;/sf/L jsLnn] s;"/sf] yk cg';Gwfg ug{

lgb{]zg lbPdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] To:tf] lgb]{zg k|fKt ePsf]

ldltn] kGw| lbgleq yk cg';Gwfg k"/f ul/;Sg'kg]{ .

plNnlvt cjlwleq yk cg';Gwfg k"/f x'g g;Sg] eGg]

cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ nfu]df / s'g} JolQm lx/f;tdf /x]sf]

102

ePdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ dfyj/ JolQmsf]

hdfgL lnO{ jf glnO{ tf/]vdf /fVg ;Sg] .

d'2f rNg] kof{Kt k|df0f b]lvPdf cleof]ukq tof/ u/L

cbfntdf k]z ug'{kg]{

cleof]u;Fu ;DalGwt bzL k|df0f dfq cbfntdf k]z ug{'kg{] .

d'2f rnfpg tTsfn ;+slnt ;j'b k|df0f kof{Kt geO{ ;/sf/L

jsLnn] d'2f grNg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df To:tf] s;"/df s'g} JolQmsf]

lghL ;DklQ jf ljuf] xflg gf]S;fgL ;DjGwL b]jfgL bfloTjsf

ljifo ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;f]sf]

;"rgf hfx]/jfnf jf To:tf] s;"/af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ ;DalGwt

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L dfk{mt lbg'kg]{ .

To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq ;DjlGwt

JolQmn] d'2f bfo/ ug{ rfx]df cg';"rL–$ cGtu{tsf] s;"/ ;/x

ph'/ ug{;Sg] .

cg';Gwfg ubf{ PseGbf a9L JolQmpk/ cg';Gwfg ePsf] t/

To:tf JolQm dWo] s'g} JolQmsf] xsdf dfq d'2f rnfOPsf]

cj:yfdf / g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] eO{ cg';Gwfg ePsf] t/ ;f]

d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL eO rNg;Sg] cj:yf geO{ cGo sfg"g

cGtu{t d'2f rNg ;Sg] lg0f{o ePdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt

k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{nodf t'?Gt k7fpg' kg]{ .

s'g} s;"/sf] cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ To:tf] s;"/sf]

cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPdf ;f] jfkt To:tf] cleo'QmnfO{

sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf 5"6 x'g To:tf] clwsf/Ln] ;/sf/L

jsLn ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] / ;/sf/L jsLnn] To:tf]

cleo'QmnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf 5"6 lbg k|:tfj u/L zt{ ;lxtsf]

dfubfjL lnO{ cleof]u kq bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] .

103

km/s jofg lbPdf jf k|lts"n k|df0f lbPdf jf cfk\mgf] s;"/

OGsf/ u/]df jf Goflos sf/jflxdf ;xof]u gk'¥ofPdf k|:tfj

ul/Psf] 5'6 ;hfo /2 u/L yk ;hfosf] dfu u/L cbfntdf

lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ / To:tf] lgj]bg ;f]xL cleof]u kqsf] cleGg

c+u x'g] .

;fgfltgf s;"/df d'2f bfo/ ug'{ Jofjxfl/s gePsf] jf

;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ vf; c;/ gkg]{ b]lvPsf] cleof]hgstf{nfO{

nfu]df cleof]hgstf{n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ To:tf]

JolQm lj?4 d'2f bfo/ gug]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] .

d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o ug'[{ cl3 cleof]hgstf{n] s;"/sf] ljuf]

hkmt ug'{kg]{ / hkmt ul/Psf] ljuf] s;"/af6 kLl8t ePsf]

JolQm /x]5 eg] lghnfO{ / gePdf sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt

kLl8t /fxt sf]ifdf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ .

d'2f bfo/ gul/Psf]df To:tf] JolQmn] ;f] ldltaf6 tLg jif{leq

s'g} s;"/ u/]df lghnfO{ klxn] u/]sf] s;"/sf] ;hfo ;d]t yk

x'g] .

lg0f{opk/ lrQ gj'e\mg] kLl8t kIfn] cfk\mgf] tk{maf6 d'2f bfo/

ug{ ;Sg] . To:tf] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] sfg"g adf]lhdsf]

xbDofb k|f/De ePsf] dflgg] .

s'g} d'2f cbfntdf bfo/ e};s]kl5 ;f] d'2fdf cGo

cleo'Qmx?pk/ ;d]t bfjL lng kg]{ ePdf jf d'2f bfo/ eO{

cleo'Qm sfod eO{ ;s]sf JolQmpk/ yk cleof]u nufpg' kg]{

b]lvPdf yk cg';Gwfg ug{ nufO{ cGo yk cleo'Qmsf] xsdf

;d]t yk bfjL lnO{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] .

cbfntdf Psk6s bfo/ e};s]sf] d'2fdf yk k|df0f k]mnf k/L

klxn] lnPsf] dfu bfjL ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] :jLs[tL lnO{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLnn]

cleof]ukqdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;DalGwt cbfntdf sf/0f v'nfO{

104

lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg] . dgfl;j b]lvP lgj]bg ad]flhd dfu bfjL

;+zf]wg ug{] cfb]z ;DalGwt cbfntn] lbg ;Sg] .

cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'2fsf] cleof]ukqdf ;fgfltgf q'l6 eO{

;Rofpg k/]df ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;DalGwt lhNnf

cbfnt ;dIf ;f]sf] sf/0f v'nfO{ lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] . cbfntn]

lgj]bg hfFra'em ubf{ dgfl;j 7x/fPdf To:tf] q'l6 ;Rofpg

cfb]z lbg ;Sg] .

ablgotk"j{s cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg u/]sf] s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf

k/]sf] ph'/Lsf] cg';Gwfg # ;b:oLo ;ldltn] ug]{ . ;ldltn]

cg';Gwfg ubf{ To;/L ablgotk"j{s cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg

u/]sf] b]lvPdf ;f] ;DaGwdf d'2f rnfpg ;DalGwt ;/sf/L

jsLnsf] sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg] Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

105

kl/R5]b– %

;/sf/jfbL e} rn]sf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?sf] r'gf}tL ljifos cWoog / ljZn]if0f

g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL e} rn]sf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?sf] k|d'v

r'gf}tLsf] ?kddf o;sf] c;kmntfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . c;kmntfsf

sf/0fx? klxNofpg] l;nl;nfdf cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|fKt o; jf/]sf

n]vx?, jf}l4s ;fdu|L, k':ts, 5nkmnsf lgisif{x? kof{Kt b]lvFb}gg\ .

oL ;fdu|Lx?sf] cWoogaf6 Pp6f jf}l4s lgisif{ lgsfNg ;xof]u k'Ug]

b]lvG5 t/ tL s'/fx? oyfy{ tYofÍjf6 k|fKt / k'li6 ePsf]

b]lvFbb]lvFb}g . o;cl3 kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;'wf/sf l;nl;nfdf ePsf

ljleGg cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bgx? a[xb ?kdf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg

/ Gofo lg?k0fsf laifoj:t'nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;d]6g] k|s[ltsf ge}

k|ltlglwd'ns b]lvPsfn] la:t[t cg';Gwfg u/L ulx/fOdf k'u]/ /

oyfy{ tYofÍ k|flKtjf6 k'li6 xf]; eGg] x]t'n] ;/sf/jfbL e} rn]sf t/

c;kmn ePsf d'2fx?sf] ldl;n cWoog u/]/ lgsflnPsf] lgrf]8 g}

oyfy{df jt{dfgdf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf ;d:ofx?

klxNofpg pko'Qm x'g] cg';Gwfg ;d"xsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 .

To;}n] c;kmn ePsf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?sf]

cWoogsf nflu cg';Gwfg ;d"xn] @)^( ;fn efb| !% b]lv d+l;/ !%

;Dd dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 clGtd sf/jfxL ;dfkg e} 6'Ëf]

nfu]sf c;kmn d'2fx?sf] cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . ldl;n cWoogsf

nflu !#! j6f ax'kIfLo tYofÍsf] lgwf{l/t k|ZgfjnL (Structured

Question jf Closed) / To;leq b]lvPsf dxTjk"0f{ ljZn]if0fjf6 k|fKt

x'g] cGo s'/f klg g5'6"g\ eGg] p2]Zon] s]xL v'nf k|ZgfjnL (Non-

Structured Questionnaire jf Open Ended Questionnaire) agfP/

tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lgwf{l/t ;doleq !@^ j6f c;kmn

d'2fx? k|fKt e} cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6

106

ePsf c;kmn %) j6f km};nfx?sf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0f jf/]df

cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s k|Zg ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] k|df0f

;+sng, sfuhft lgdf{0f, d'r'Nsfsf] a}wflgstf, lgwf{l/t sfo{ljlwsf]

kfngf eP gePsf], cleof]hg lg0f{o, cleof]hgfTds sfd sf/jfxL,

aofg, jskq, Dofb tfd]nL, km};nf nufotsf ax'cfoflds /

;j{kIfLo sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]6g] p2]Zon] to ul/Psf lyP / lgwf{l/t

p2]Zo adf]lhd tYofÍ ;+sng ePsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ

/ ;f]sf] ef/nfO{ ;+VofTds / k|ltzt b'a} b[li6n] oxfF ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]

5 . c;kmn d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthf o:tf] /x]sf] 5 .

5.1 hfx]/L b/vf:t

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf # n] ck/fwsf ;"rgfnfO{

dxTjk"0f{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 / o;/L lbOg] lnlvtj4 ul/Psf]

;"rgfnfO{ hfx]/L b/vf:t egL G5 . w]/} d'2fx?df kLl8t cfkm}

hfx]/jfnf x'g] x'Fbf ;f] cj:yfdf lghsf] egfO{ / cGo JolQmn] hfx]/L

b/vf:t lbPsf]df lgh 36gfsf] k|ToIfbzL{ ePdf lghsf] egfO{ klg

k|ToIf jf k|fylds k|df0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg]

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] z'?jft g} hfx]/L b/vf:t jf hfx]/L b/vf:t ;/xsf]

dfGotf k|fKt k|ltj]bgaf6 x'g] x'Fbf d'2fsf] cfwf/e"t vDjf (Basic

Foundation) sf] ?kdf hfx]/L b/vf:t /x]sf] x'G5 . ;xL, oyfy{k/s,

l;nl;n]jf/, ;dodf k/]sf] / k|df0fof]Uo 9Ësf] k|:t'lt :j?k k]z

ePsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tn] pko'Qm / 7f]; k|df0fsf] ?k wf/0f u/]/ d'2f

;kmntfdf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf k]z ePsf] x'G5 eg] ;txL, xr'jf,

c;fGble{s sygsf] pNn]vg, Psfk;df la/f]wfefifk"0f{ 9Ëaf6 k|:t't

ul/Psf] hfx]/L b/vf:t s]jn ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t jf cljZj;gLo sygsf]

?kdf k|df0f d"NofÍgsf] bfo/fdf /x]sf] x'g hfG5 . To;}n] hfx]/L

b/vf:t ;DaGwsf ljleGg kf6f]x?df !$ j6f k|Zg jgfO{ tYofÍ

;+sng ul/Psf]df o:tf] glthf k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

107

5.1.1 ck/fw 36]sf] slt ;dodf hfx]/L b/vf{:t k/]sf] 5 <

;/sf/jfbL e} rNg] d'2fx?df -o;kl5 d'2f dfq egL Psf] 5_

hfx]/L b/vf:t l9nf] k/]sf sf/0f k|df0f nf]k x'g] / To;sf] glthf

d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sltko km};nfdf l9nf] hfx]/L k/]sf]n]

hfx]/L b/vf:t laZj;gLo gePsf] egL ;kmfO lbPsf] kfOG5 . s'g}

km};nfdf ck/fw 3l6t ePsf] ! lbgkl5 k/]sf] hfx]/L cljZj;gLo

/x]sf] egL ;kmfO klg lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|:t't k|Zgdf

cWoog ul/Psf] !@^ d'2f dWo] *) d'2f cyf{t\ ^#Ü d'2fdf ck/fw

36]sf] tLg lbgleq, !% j6f cyf{t !@Ü d'2fdf ck/fw 36]sf] rf/

lbgb]lv ! xKtfleq / #! j6f cyf{t @%Ü d'2fdf ck/fw 36]sf] !

xKtfkl5 hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] kfOof] .

5.1.2 hfx]/L b/vf:t jf ;"rgf s;af6 k/]sf] 5 <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL adf]lhd ck/fw

3l6t ePsf] yfxf kfpg] hf];'s}n] hfx]/L b/vf:t lbg;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

kLl8t cfkm}n] ef]u]sf] kL8fsf] ljifodf lbPsf] jf k|ToIfbzL{ cfkm}n]

lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] k|fdfl0fs dxTj jl9 /xG5 eg] c?n] eg]sf]

;'g]/ jf a'em]/ lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] dxTj sd /xG5 . k|:t't

k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df !@^ d'2fdWo] #* j6f cyf{t #@Ü d'2fdf kLl8t

cfkm}n] @& j6f cyf{t @#Ü d'2fdf kLl8tsf cfkmGtn], $$ j6fdf

cyf{t #&Ü d'2fdf k|x/L÷jg ;'/IffsdL{n], !) j6fdf cyf{t *Ü

d'2fdf cGo -JolQm jf ;+3;+:yf_ n] hfx]/L b/vf:t lbPsf] kfOG5 .

108

5.1.3 hfx]/L b/vf:t s;/L k|fKt eof] <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf

lnlvt ?kdf / df}lvs b'j} ?kdf lbg ;lsg] t/ df}lvs ?kdf

lbPsf]df eg] k|x/Ln] To;nfO{ lnlkj4 u/fO{ lnvtsf ?kdf ;lx5fk

u/fO{ btf{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . cGo k|s[of -h:tf] x'nfs, ˆofS;===_

af6 lbPsf]df eg] ;gfvt u/fpg'kb{5 . hfx]/L b/vf:t s;/L k|fKt

eof] eGg] s'/f klg ljZj;gLotf / k|fdfl0fs d"Nosf] s;Ldf dxTjk"0f{

/xg] s'/f ePsfn] ;f] ljifo cWoog ubf{ s'n !@^ d'2fdWo] !@%

d'2fdf lnlvt ?kdf hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] / ! j6fdf df}lvs hfx]/L

lbO{ k|x/Ln] lnlkj4 u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

5.1.4 hfx]/L b/vf:t lbg] JolQmsf] ck/fwsf] af/]df s:tf] 1fg 5<

hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] k|fdfl0fs d"Nof+sgsf ;Gbe{df To:tf] hfx]/L

lbg] JolQmnfO{ 36gfsf] af/]df s] s:tf] hfgsf/L /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f

dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . dxTjk"0f{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf 36gfsf] af/]df b]Vg], ef]Ug]

jf hfGg] JolQmn] lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf cfwf/df ck/fw /

ck/fwLsf] af/]df olsg jf k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 / d'2f ;kmn x'G5

eg] ck/fwsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L g} gePsf] jf xNsf hfgsf/L ePsf]

JolQmn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df x'g] cg';Gwfg xNsf / q'l6k"0f{ x'g

uO{ d'2f c;kmn x'g] ub{5 . hfx]/L b/vf:t lbg] JolQmsf] af/]df

cWoog ubf{ #% j6f cyf{t @*Ü d'2fdf kLl8t cfkm}n] hfx]/L lbPsf]

b]lvPsf] 5 eg] %@ j6f cyf{t $!Ü d'2fdf ck/fwsf] k|ToIfbzL{n], #&

109

j6fdf cyf{t @(Ü d'2fdf ck/fwsf] af/]df cGo JolQmaf6 ;'g]sf]

e/df lbPsf] / @ j6f cyf{t @Ü d'2fdf sfuh÷tYoaf6 v'n]sf]

cfwf/df hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

5.1.5 hfx]/L b/vf:tdf ;"rgf lgZrofTds k|s[ltsf 5g\ jf cfz+sfsf cfwf/df JoQm u/]sf] 5 <

lgZrofTds jf s'g} ck/fw k|dfl0ft ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g] 7f]; k|df0fsf cfwf/df lbOPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tn] dxTjk"0f{ k|df0fsf] ?kwf/0f ub{5 eg] z+sf jf cfz+sfsf e/df lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tn] s'g} k|df0f k|flKtsf] nflu ;"rgfsf] ?kdf ;xof]uL k|df0fsf] e"ldsf dfq v]n]sf] x'G5 . oyfy{df lgZrofTds jf 7f]; hfgsf/L ePsf] JolQmn] hfx]/L lbP klg n]vfOdf z+sf jf cfz+sfsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L hfx]/L lbPdf klg To:tf] hfx]/L Joxf]/fn] lgZrofTds k|df0fsf] ?k lng ;Qm}g . kmn:j?k d'2f c;kmn x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f d'2fdf (* j6f cyf{t &*Ü d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] ;"rgf Joxf]/f lgZrofTds b]lvPsf] 5, !* j6f cyf{t !$Ü d'2fdf z+sfsf] cfwf/df ;"rgf lbOPsf] 5 / !) j6f cyf{t *Ü d'2fdf cleo'Qmsf] af/]df s'g} pNn]v g} gePsf] b]lvG5 .

110

5.1.6 hfx]/L k/]sf] slt ;doleq k|x/Låf/f cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf] 5<

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf ;Gbe{df ;"rgfsf] 7"nf] dxTj

/x]sf] 5 . ck/fwsf] ;"rgf jf hfx]/L b/vf:t hlt l56f] k|fKt eof]

k|df0f ;'/Iff / ;+sngdf Tolt g} d2t k'U5 / cg';Gwfg laZj;gLo

klg x'G5 . t/ hfx]/L b/vf:t l9nf] k/]df jf l56f] hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]

klg cg';Gwfg l9nfO{ ePdf dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f nf]k x'g], gfz x'g] jf

km]/abn x'g hfG5 . To;}n] cg';Gwfgstf{n] ck/fwsf] ;"rgf k|fKt

u/]sf] slt ;doleq cg';Gwfg z'? u¥of] eGg] s'/f ;du| d'2f

;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf] sf/0f aGg uPsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt k|Zg

;Gbe{df cWoog ubf{ !@^ j6f d'2fdf &# j6f cyf{t\ ^)Ü d'2fdf

36gfsf] hfgsf/L ePs} lbgdf, #! j6f cyf{t @^Ü d'2fdf @–#

lbgleqdf, ^ j6f cyf{t %Ü d'2fdf $ b]lv & lbg;Dddf / !! j6f

cyf{t (Ü d'2fdf & lbgkl5 cg';Gwfg z'? u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

plNnlvt dWo] ! j6f d'2f ! dlxgfkl5, ! j6f d'2f @ dlxgfkl5 / @

j6f d'2f # dlxgfkl5 dfq d'2f cg';Gwfg z'? u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=!=& hfx]/jfnf / kLl8tsf] egfO{ Ps cfk;df aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf sltko cj:yfdf kLl8t /

hfx]/jfnf Ps} JolQm x'G5g\\ eg] sltko cj:yfdf cGo JolQmn] klg

hfx]/L b/vf:t lbg] ub{5g\ . s'g} k|ToIfbzL{ b]Vg] hfGg] jf 36gfsf]

af/]df yfxf kfpg] JolQmn] ck/fwsf] af/]df hfx]/L b/vf:t lbPsf]df

of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf kLl8tnfO{ klg

111

sfuh u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 / kLl8tsf] egfO{ d'2fdf dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

hfx]/L b/vf:t / kLl8tsf] egfO{ Psfk;df ldNbf]h'Nbf] ePsf]

cj:yfdf b'j} k|df0fsf] tfbfTDotf ldNg uO{ d'2f ;kmn x'G5 eg]

Psfk;df jflemPdf cljZj;gLo e} k|df0f u|x0fof]Uo gx'g] cj:yf

ePsf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] &# j6f cyf{t **Ü d'2fdf

hfx]/jfnf / kLl8tsf] egfO{ gjflemPsf] b]lvof], ( j6f cyf{t !!Ü

d'2fdf jflemPsf] b]lvof] eg] ! j6f cyf{t !Ü d'2fdf Joxf]/f 3l6jl9

b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=!=* hfx]/L b/vf:t ;DjGwdf /x]sf q'l6x? jf k|f;+lus s'/fx? s'g} s'/f b]lvPsf] eP s] s] 5g\<

hfx]/L b/vf:t ;DaGwL ;d:of j:t'lgi6 ?kdf klxrfg ug{sf

nflu d'2fsf kmfOnx?sf] cWoog ubf{ hfx]/L b/vf:tdf b]xfo

adf]lhdsf q'l6x? /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf q'l6x?n] d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf k|efj kfg]{ x'g ;S5 .

Hffx]/L l/tk"j{ssf] 9fFrfdf gePsf] .

Hffx]/Ldf ls6fgL Joxf]/f gePsf] .

5'§f5'§} 36gf / 5'§} dflg;nfO{ b'O{ cnu cnu hfx]/L lnO{ Ps} ldl;ndf /fvL hfx]/L b/vf:tx?nfO{ ;Fu} cg';Gwfg u/]sf] .

Rff]/L ePsf] ;Gb{edf kLl8tsf] s] slt wgdfn nu] eGg] ljuf]

pNn]v x'g g;s]sf]

112

Dff}lvs hfx]/L ! xKtfleq, ls6fgL hfx]/L % dlxgfkl5 /

ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]kl5 dfq cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf] b]lvPsf] .

l9nf hfx]/L ug]{ k|j[lQ .

cleo'Qm sf] x'g eGg] s'g} gfd, y/, jtg z'? hfx]/Ldf ls6fg

geO{ x'lnof /x]sf] hfx]/L kg]{ t/kl5 ls6fgL ug]{ u/]sf] .

Hffx]/Ldf s;"/sf] k|s[lt v'nfpg] tkm{ Wofg gk'u]sf] .

k|fKt ePsf k|df0fsf] ;j} sfuhft ;+nUg ug]{ gul/Psf] .

hfx]/L b/vf:tjf6 8fFsf ug]{ / kLl8taLr k'j{ l/;OjL -C0f

lnPsf]_ /x]sf] b]lvg] .

a}+sdf hDdf ug]{ r]s s] s;/L sf] s; dfkm{t rf]/L eP/ hDdf

ePsf] eGg] tYo pNn]v ug{ ;lsg]df klg hfx]/Ldf pNn]v

gePsf] .

hfx]/L b/vf:tdf ck/fw ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd, y/ pNn]v gu/L

hfx]/L kl/;s]kl5 w]/}kl5 k|i6 b]lvg] u/L ylkPsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] k|i6 klxrfg gePsf], cleo'Qmn] s] s:tf] xltof/

lnPsf] eGg] tYo gePsf] .

k|ltj]bgdf s] s'g cj:yfdf s'g JolQmjf6 slt kl/df0fdf nfu"

cf}ifw j/fdb ePsf] xf] eGg] jf/]df k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

cltzof]lQm ljuf] bfjL .

cGo JolQmjf6 ;'g]sf] e/df hfx]/L .

Kf6s k6s hfx]/L lbg', hfx]/Ldf 36gfsf] tYout Joxf]/f /

JolQm km/s kfg{' .

cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp / jofg 36gf:yndf p;} lbg ePsf] t/

Hffx]/L b/vf:t s;"/ ePsf] ef]lnkN6 btf{ ePsf] .

113

kLl8tsf] sfuh Joxf]/f / hfx]/Ldf km/s / jl9 Joxf]/f

n]lvPsf] .

36gfsf jf/]df cGo JolQmjf6 ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] cfwf/ pNn]v

ePsf] .

9'Ífn] v'§fdf nfUof] eGg] hfx]/L, 6«ofS6/sf] 6fo/n] lsr]sf] eGg]

kLl8tsf] egfO{ /lx Psfk;df aflemPsf] .

Hffx]/L cyf{t k|x/L k|ltj]bgdf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] s;'/df s]

s'g xb;Ddsf] ;+nUgtf xf] eGg] tYo pNn]v gePsf] .

%=@ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|ltj]bg M

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ^ / & adf]lhd ck/fwsf]

cg';Gwfg txlssftsf nflu slDtdf k|=;=lg= bhf{sf sd{rf/LnfO{

cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cGo ;/sf/jfbL

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf klg ;DalGwt P]g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg clws[t

tf]lsPsf] gtf]lsPsf], slxn] tf]lsPsf], ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw k"/f ePsf]

5 jf 5}g, ;dofjlw, bhf{, d'r'Nsfx? tTsfn eP jf ePgg\,

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ;dod} k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t't u¥of] u/]g,

;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g, lgb]{zgsf] cg';Gwfg

clws[tn] kfngf u¥of] jf u/]g nufotsf s'/fx? d'2fdf dxTjk"0f{

/xG5g\ . s'g} sfo{ljlwut q'l6 ePdf d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df

lgDg k|ZgfjnLdf lgDg cj:yf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=@=! hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] slt ;doleq cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsPsf] 5 <

ck/fw 3l6t ePsf] hlt;Sbf] l56f] cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsG5

Tolt g} k|df0f ;'/lIft x'G5g\ / cg';Gwfg klg k|efjsf/L x'G5 . l9nf]

cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsg' eg]sf] k|df0fx? nf]k gfz e} d'2fdf

k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg gx'g] / d'2f c;kmn x'g] l:ylt /xG5 . cWoog

114

ul/Psf d'2fdWo] %^ j6f cyf{t $&Ü d'2fdf p;} lbg, #& j6f cyf{t

#@Ü d'2fdf @ b]lv # lbgleq, !) j6f cyf{t *Ü d'2fdf $ b]lv &

lbgleq / !^ j6f cyf{t !#Ü d'2fdf ! xKtf k5fl8 cg';Gwfg

clws[t tf]lsPsf] kfOof] . # dlxgf k5fl8 cg';Gwfg clws[t

tf]lsPsf d'2f @, $ dlxgfkl5 !, % dlxgfkl5 ! j6f d'2fdf

cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=@=@ cg';Gwfg clws[t s'g bhf{sf] tf]lsPsf] 5 <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g adf]lhd cg';"rL ! leqsf d'2fdf

nfz hfFr nufotsf] sfo{ ug{ cyf{t Hofg d'2fdf slDtdf k|x/L

gfoa lgl/Ifs / cGo d'2fdf k|x/L ;xfos lgl/Ifs;Ddsf] bhf{sf]

JolQm cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] cGo s]xL d'2fdf k|x/L

lgl/Ifs, cGo lgsfosf] xsdf slDtdf /f=k=cg+=lålto >]0fL;Ddsf]

JolQm cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g] Joj:yf /lxcfPsf] 5 . tNnf] bhf{sf]

JolQm cg';Gwfg clws[t v6fpbf k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg] /

;/sf/L jsLn;Fu txut ;dGjosf] cj:yf klg sdhf]/ x'g] b]lvPsf]

k|l/k|]Iodf d'2f c;kmn x'g] sf/0fx?df tNnf] bhf{sf JolQm cg';Gwfg

clws[t v6fpg] u/]sf] sf/0f klg cf+}NofOPsf] kfOG5 . cWoog

ul/Psf d'2f dWo] & j6f cyf{t ^Ü d'2fdf k|x/L ;xfos lgl/Ifs, #@

j6f cyf{t @&Ü d'2fdf k|x/L gfoj lgl/Ifs / && j6f cyf{t %*Ü

d'2fdf k|x/L lgl/Ifs jf ;f] ;/xsf JolQm, !) j6f cyf{t (Ü d'2fdf

k|x/L lgl/IfseGbf dflysf] cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

115

%=@=# hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] slt ;doleq 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf ePsf] 5 <

ck/fwsf] ;"rgf jf hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] tTsfn} 36gf:ynsf]

;'/Iff, d'r'Nsf, bzL j/fdb h:tf sfo{ ePdf Scene of Crime oyfy{

?kdf kfOg] / ck/fw k|dfl0ft ug]{ alnof] k|df0f k|fKt x'G5 cGoyf

d"ne"t k|df0f g} gkfOg] e} d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't

k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df cWoog ubf{ ^%=&! Ü d'2fdf p;} lbg, !*=)(Ü

d'2fdf @ b]lv # lbgleq, $=&^ Ü d'2fdf $ b]lv & lbgleq /

!!=$@Ü d'2fdf ! xKtfkl5 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=@=$ ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg slt ;dodf k|fKt x'G5 <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ^ df txlssft ug{]

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] eP u/]sf] cg';Gwfgsf] jf/]df cfjZos sfuhft

;+nUg u/L k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg lbg'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . ;f] cWoog u/L

cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xof]u / ;lx lbzfdf n}hfg ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg

116

lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ Jojxf/df l9nf] u/L k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

k7fpg] u/]sf sf/0f ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;dod} cg';GwfgnfO{ ;lx

lbzfdf n}hfg lgb{]zg lbg g;Sg] / o;sf] sf/0f d'2f ;kmntfdf klg

c;/ kg{] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] @# j6f cyf{t

@@Ü d'2fdf p;} lbg, %& j6f cyf{t %%Ü d'2fdf @ b]lv # lbgleq,

!) j6f cyf{t !)Ü d'2fdf $ b]lv & lbgleq / !$ j6f cyf{t !#Ü

d'2fdf ! xKtfkl5 dfq k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt

dWo] # j6f d'2fdf ! dlxgfkl5 k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] b]lvPsf]

5 .

%=@=% k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf s] s:tf] ljj/0f v'nfpg] u/]sf] 5 <

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpFbf eP u/]sf]

cg';Gwfgsf] ljj/0f ;lxt ;+slnt k|df0fx?sf] k|ltlnlk klg k7fpg'

kb{5 . t/ clwsf+zt s]jn k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg / s]xLdf hfx]/L

b/vf:tsf] k|ltlnlk dfq /fv]/ ;/sf/L jlsnsxfF k7fpgfn] sfg"gsf]

p2]Zo k"/f gePsf] / k|efjsf/L e'ldsf lgjf{x g;ls d'2f c;kmn x'g]

u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

k7fPsf !)( d'2fdf !)@ j6f cyf{t ($Ü d'2fdf s]jn hfx]/L

b/vf:tsf] k|ltlnlk dfq ;+nUg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] eg] & j6f cyf{t ^Ü

d'2fdf dfq cg';Gwfg eO;s]]sf] / ug{ nfu]sf] cg';Gwfg jf/] k|ult

ljj/0f k7fpg] u/]]sf] kfOof] .

117

%=@=^ k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 ls 5}g <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ^-@_ df txlssft ug{]

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] eP u/]sf] cg';Gwfgsf] jf/]df cfjZos sfuhft

;+nUg u/L k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg lbPkl5 ;f] cWoog u/L cg';GwfgnfO{

;xof]u / ;lx lbzfdf n}hfg ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]

Joj:yf 5 . cg';Gwfg txlssft eP u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] jf/]df

k"/f ug{'kg{] sfo{df ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{{]zg lbg ;Sg] / To;nfO{

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] kfngf ug'{kg{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn]

lgb{]zg lbg] sfo{df lgliqmo /x]sf]n] cg';Gwfg kIfn] xr'jf cg';Gwfg

ug{] / d'2f c;kmn x'g] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^

d'2f dWo] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fPsf !)( d'2fdWo] !)@ j6f cyf{t

($Ü df lgb{]zg glbPsf] / & j6f cyf{t ^Ü d''2fdf lgb{]zg lbPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 .

118

%=@=& lgb{]zg lbPsf]df ck/fwsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ oy]i6 ?kdf lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

;/sf/L jsLnn] clwsf+z d'2fdf lgb{]zg glbg] u/]sf], h;n]

ubf{ cg';GwfgfTds sfo{df ;/sf/L jsLn lgis[o /xgfn] cg';Gwfg

kIf Hofb} xflj x'g uO{ d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] l6sf l6Kk0fL x'g] u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . t/ lbPsf] lgb{]zgsf] xsdf x]bf{ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf s'n !@^

d'2fdWo] !)@ j6f d'2fdf lgb{]zg glbPsf] / lgb{]zg lbPsfdWo] &*Ü

d'2fdf oy]i6 ?kdf lgb{]zg lbPsf], @@Ü d'2fdf c:ki6 lgb{]zg lbPsf]

b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=@=* cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf /x]sf q'l6x? jf o;;“u ;DalGwt cGo k|f;+lus s'/fx? eP s] s] 5g\ <

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf

/x]sf q'l6x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|]lift ubf{ cg';Gwfgsf] k|ult ljj/0f gv'nfO{ hfx]/Lsf] k|ltlnlk dfq k7fO{ cf}krfl/stf dfq k"/f ug]{ u/]sf] .

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, cg';Gwfgsf] k|ult ljj/0f ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf gk7fPsf] .

cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm ubf{ l9nf u/L tf]lsPsf] .

119

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;fy s]xL klg pNn]v gePsf] .

s]xL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsPsf] ldl;n ;fd]n ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

Hffx]/L ;dodf btf{ gu/L 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg g} gu/]sf] .

lhNnf k|zf;gdf hfx]/L btf{{ gu/]sf] ljifodf ph'/L k/]kl5 dfq hfx]/L btf{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] .

cg';Gwfg clws[t lgs} l9nf u/L tf]lsPsf] .

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;dodf gk7fOPsf] .

s]xL d'2fdf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpb} gk7fPsf] .

hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] ldlt w]/} cufl8 b]lvG5 t/ w]/} kl5 hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ ePsf]

lnlvt hfx]/L gk/];Dd cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm g} l9nf u/L tf]lsPsf] x'gfn] 36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt nufotsf sfuh;Fu d]n gvfPsf] .

cg';Gwfg clws[t cleo'Qm kqmfp ePkl5 dfq tf]lsPsf] .

Kf6s k6s cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsPsf] sf/0f cg';Gwfg ;xL t/Lsfn] x'g\ g;s]sf] .

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf] ;Gb{edf cg';Gwfg s'g r/0fdf k'u]sf] xf] / cg';Gwfgdf s] ul/b} lyof] eGg] k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg' cufl8 w]/} sfd k|x/Ljf6 ePsf] t/ ;f] sf] s'g} hfgsf/L gv'nfPsf] .

k|df0f ;+sng, bzL ;+/If0f tkm{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] tTsfn

dxTj glbPsf] .

%=# 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf÷k|df0f ;+sng÷vfg tnf;L÷nfzhfFr

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ef}lts k|df0fsf] cToGt} 7"nf] dxTj

/x]sf] 5 . ef}lts k|df0f (Physical evidence) pknAw eP;Dd df}lvs

(Testimonial) k|df0fsf] s'g} dxTj xF'b}g . ef}lts k|df0f k|flKtsf] nflu

;|f]tdf ;'/Iff, k|s[of k'¥ofP/ ;+sng / To;sf] kl/If0f laZj;gLo

x'g'kb{5 . w]/} d'2fx?df oL # j6f sfo{ ;lx 9Ëaf6 ge} ;du| d'2f g}

120

c;kmn x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] plNnlvt laifodf cWoog ubf{

lgDg l:ylt kfOPsf] 5 .

%=#=! d''r'Nsf tof/ ug'{cl3 36gf:yn ;+/If0f ePsf] 5, 5}g <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf # / $ n] ck/fwsf] ;"rgf

kfpg] lalQs} 36gf:ynsf] ;"/Iff ug'{kg]{, k|df0f n]fk x'g glbg] /

k|df0f ;+sng ug'{kg{] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . 36gf:yn ;'/Iff gubf{ k|df0f

nf]k jf gi6 x'g uO{ ;du| d'2f g} c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cg';Gwfg

ul/Psf d'2fdWo] 36gf:yn ;DjlGwt !!! d'2f cWoog u/L x]bf{ %!

j6f cyf{t $^Ü d'2fdf 36gf:yn ;+/If0f ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ^)

j6f d'2fdf cyf{t %$Ü d'2fdf 36gf:yn ;+/If0f ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g .

%=#=@ 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf u/fp“bf SOCO Officer v6fOof] jf v6fOPg <

36gf:yn d'r'Nsf p7fpgsf nflu ;f] laifodf tflnd lnPsf

Scene Of Crime Officer (SOCO) sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;lx 9Ëaf6 k|df0f

k|fKt eO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf cfpF5 . o;

k|of]hgsf nflu k|x/L sfof{nox?df SOCO sf] b/jGbL /xL v6fOPsf

5g\ . t/ ck/fw 3l6t ePkl5 SOCO sf] k|of]u cToGt} sd eO{lbFbf

r':t b'[?:t ?kdf ef}lts k|df0f p7fpg] sfo{ x'g g;s]sf] / h;n]

ubf{ d'2f c;kmn x''g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf !@^ j6f

d'2fdWo] 36gf:yn ;DjlGwt SOCO sf] k|of]u x'g] !)) d'2f cWoog

121

u/L x]bf{ ! j6f d'2fdf cyf{t ! Ü d'2fdf SOCO sf] k|of]u ePsf] /

jfFsL (( d'2f cyf{t ((Ü d'2fdf SOCO nfO{ v6fOPsf] b]lvFb}g .

%=#=# 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf slt ;doleq ePsf] 5 <

;xL / oyfy{k/s k|df0f k|flKtsf nflu 36gf:ynsf] ;dod} ;'/Iff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGoyf k|df0f nf]k jf gfz eO{ d'r'Nsf ug'{sf] s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . oyfy{ cg';Gwfgsf] nflu 36gf:yn ;'/Iffsf] cTolws dxTj /x]sfn] ;do o; k|of]hgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf !@^ j6f d'2fdWo] 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf ;DjlGwt !)! d'2fdWo] %( j6f cyf{t %*Ü d'2fdf 36gf ePsf] lbgdf, @% j6f d'2f cyf{t @%Ü d'2fdf @ b]lv # lbgleq, ^ j6f cyf{t ^Ü d'2fdf $ b]lv & lbgleq / !! j6f cyf{t !!Ü d'2fdf Ps xKtfkl5 36gf:Yfn d'r'Nsf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=#=$ ck/fw;Fu ;DjlGwt bzL ;fdfgsf] ;+/If0f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

ef}lts k|df0fs} ;Gbe{df ck/fw / ck/fwL klxrfg ug]{

l;nl;nfdf ck/fw;Fu ;DjlGwt bzL ;fdfgsf] ;+/If0f cfjZos

122

b]lvG5 . t/ d'2fdf bzL ;xL 9Ëjf6 ;+/If0f gul/Psf sf/0f d'2f

c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf !@^ j6f

d'2fdWo] bzL ;fdfgsf] ;+/If0f ;DjGwL cWoog ul/Psf !!@ j6f

d'2fdf &^ j6f cyf{t ^& Ü d'2fdf bzL ;fdfgsf] ;+/If0f ePsf]

b]lvPsf] 5 eg] #* j6f cyf{t ##Ü d'2fdf bzL ;fdfg ;+/If0f

gePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=#=% vfgtnf;L ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;dod} vfgtnf;L u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

s'g} JolQm jf s'g} :yfgdf dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f /x]sf] 5 eGg]

ljZjf; ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ ePdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf !)

jdf]lhd vfgtnf;L lng'kg]{ Joj:Yff /x]sf] 5 . ;dod} vfgtnf;L

glnPdf k|df0f nf]k x'g], ufoj x'g] / k|s[of gk'¥ofO{ vfgtnf;L lnPdf

To:tf] k|df0fn] dfGotf gkfpg] / ;du| d'2f g} c;kmn x'g hfG5 .

To;}n] vfgtnf;Lsf] ;doqmd dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ;Gbe{df cWoog ul/Psf

(# j6f d'2fdWo] #( j6f cyf{t $@Ü d'2fdf ;dod} vfgtnf;L

ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] %$ j6f cyf{t %*Ü d'2fdf ;dodf

vfgtnf;L gu/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

123

%=#=^ d'r'Nsfx? tof/ ubf{ cfjZos l/t k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

d'r'Nsfx? ubf{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL, d'n'sL P]g

c=a+= sf] dxn nufot laz]if P]gdf s'g} laz]if k|s[of tf]lsPsf] eP

;f] ;d]tsf k|s[of k"/f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . cGoyf To:tf] d'r'Nsfsf] a}wtf

k|fKt gx'g] :ki6 5 / o; laifodf ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 s}og d'2fx?df

JofVof klg e};s]sf] 5 . d'r'Nsfdf l/t gk'u]sf] sf/0faf6 dfGotf

gkfPsf sf/0f d'2fx? c;kmn x'g] u/]]sf] kfOG5 . cWoog u/]sf !)%

j6f d'2fx? dWo] ** j6f cyf{t *$Ü d'2fdf d'r'Nsf l/tk"j{s ePsf]

b]lvPsf] / !& j6f cyf{t !^Ü d'2fdf d'r'Nsf l/tk"j{s gePsf] b]lvg

cfPsf] 5 .

%=#=& d'r'Nsfx? tof/ ubf{ cfjZos l/t k'u]sf] 5}g eg] s] s:tf] l/t k'u]sf] 5}g <

d'r'Nsfx?df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] l/t gk'Ug] tyf q'l6 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

oyfy{ Joxf]/f / j:t'l:ylt lrq0f gePsf] .

cleo'QmnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL j/fdb ug'{kg]{df gePsf] .

124

/f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ :yfgLo lgsfosf JolQm jf ;/sf/L

sd{rf/LnfO{ g/fvL sfuh u/fOPsf] .

d'r'Nsf ldlt vfnL ul/ el/Psf], ;DjlGwt :ynd} gk'uL

sfof{nodf g} tof/ kf/]sf] .

;gfvt d'r'Nsf l/tk"j{s gePsf] .

Joxf]/f 7fpF 7fpFdf sfl6Psf] / ;xL k|i6 gePsf] .

s]/d]6, yk36 ePsf] 7fpFdf sfuhh+frsf] dxn jdf]lhdsf]

;lx5fksf] k|s[of k"/f gu/]sf] .

d'r'Nsfdf hfx]/jfnf / cleo'QmnfO{ /f]xj/df g/fv]sf] .

36gf:yn k|s[lt ÷j:t'l:ylt x]bf{ d'r'Nsf tof/ g} gePsf] k|i6

v'n]sf] .

/f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ :yflgo JolQmnfO{ g/fvL sfuh j'em]sf] .

%=#=* :yfgLo JolQm tyf sfg"g adf]lhd /f]xj/df /fVg'kg{] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ;lx tl/sfn] cjnDag ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ d'r'Nsf ubf{ :yfgLo JolQm / /f]xj/df

hgk|ltlglw jf s'g} sd{rf/L /fVg'kg{] x'G5 . olb o:tf] sfo{ljlw k"/f

gePdf klg To:tf] d'r'Nsfn] a}wtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g / d'2f c;kmn

ePsf] pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] @ hgf ;fIfL /f]xj/df

/fVg'kg{] pNn]v ePsf]df ! hgf dfq /fv]sf] d'r'Nsfn] a}wtf k|fKt

ug{ g;Sg] eGg] JofVof klg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{df cWoog

ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] (& j6fdf d'r'Nsf /x]sf], h;dWo] && j6f

cyf{t &(Ü d'2fdf /f]xj/df /fv]s]f l/t k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] @) j6f

cyf{t @!Ü d'2fdf l/t k'u]sf] b]lvFb}g .

125

%=#=( :yfgLo JolQm tyf sfg"g adf]lhd /f]xj/df /fVg'kg{] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;xL tl/sfn] cjnDag ePsf] 5}g eg] s] s:tf] q'l6x? /x]sf] 5 <

:yfgLo JolQm tyf sfg"g adf]lhd /f]xj/df /fVg'kg{] ;Dk"0f{

sfo{ ;xL tl/sfn] cjnDag gug]{ h:tf ;d:ofx? d'2fsf] kmfOn

cWoog ubf{ kfOPsf] 5 . To:tf q'l6x? a'Fbfut ?kdf b]xfo adf]lhd

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfgLo dflg; tyf k|ToIfbzL{nfO{ /f]xj/df g/flvPsf] .

36gf:yn j/k/sf dflg; /f]xj/df g/flvPsf] .

cf}krfl/stfdf cfwfl/t÷jf:tljs gePsf] .

vfgtnf;L d'r'Nsfx? s]/d]6 tyf yk36 ePsf] .

/f]xj/df j:g] dflg;sf] gfd, y/, jtg pd]/ k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

cleo'Qm /f]xj/df g/flvPsf] .

:yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/L tyf k|ltlglwnfO{ /f]xj/df g/flvPsf] .

/f]xj/df j:g] dflg;sf] gfd, y/, jtg pd]/ k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

k|ToIfbzL{nfO{ /f]xj/df g/flvPsf] .

126

/f]xj/df j:g] dflg;sf] gfd, y/, jtg pd]/ s'g} Jojxf/ k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

%=#=!) d'r'Nsf ;RofPsf], s]/d]6 u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

s'g} ldl;ndf ;+nUg x'g] d'r'Nsfx? ;RofPsf] jf s]/d]6 ePdf

To:tf] d'r'Nsfdf d'n'sL P]g sfuh hfFrsf] dxn adf]lhdsf] k|s[of

k'¥ofpg' kg{] x'G5 . cGoyf To:tf] d'r'Nsfn] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfO{ d'2f

c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] !!& j6f d'2fdf

d'r'Nsf ePsf]df !) j6f cyf{t (Ü d'2fdf ;RofOPsf] b]lvof] eg] !)&

j6f cyf{t (!Ü d'2fdf eg] ;RofOPsf] jf s]/d]6 u/]sf] b]lvPg .

%=#=!!= d'r'Nsfx? ;RofOPsf], s]/d]6 u/]sf] 5 eg] s] s:tf] ?kdf ePsf] 5 <

d'2fx?sf] cWoog ubf{ d'r'Nsfx? ;RofOPsf] jf s]/d]6

ePsf]df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cj:yfx? kfOPsf] 5 .

Joxf]/f s]/d]6 tyf, 7fpF7fpFdf sfuh}lkR5] ldlt ;RofOPsf], Joxf]/fkl5 ylkPsf]] / ;xL5fk gePsf] .

ldlt vfnL u/]sf], kl5 dfq e/]sf] .

Nf]v]sf] dfly sf6]/ k'gM ylkPsf] .

127

7fpF 7fpFdf ;RofOPsf] / s]/d]6 ePsf] .

gofF s'/f ylkPsf] b]lvg] .

jofgdf 7fpF 7fpFdf Joxf]/fdfkl5 ægÆ ylkPsf] .

ldlt, cleo'Qmsf] gfd, sfuh ug]{sf] gfd y/ jtg 7fFp 7fFpdf ;RofOPsf] .

Gffd, y/, jtg, Joxf]/f s]/d]6 ePsf] .

%=#=!@= nfzhFfr d'r'Nsf / zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg cfk;df jflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DjGwL P]gsf] bkmf !! df nfz hfFr d'r'Nsf

ug'{kg]{ / zj kl/If0f laz]if1af6 u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]s]f 5 .

nfz hfFr jfX\o ?kdf (Superficial) ul/g] / laz]if1 lrlsT;saf6

zj kl/If0f ubf{ ax'kIfLo kl/If0f ul/g] x'Fbf sltko cj:yfdf nfz

hfFr d'r'Nsf / zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg Psfk;df a]d]n x'g uO{ z+sfsf]

;'lawf cleo'Qmn] kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f

d'2fdWo] Hofg d'2f @% j6f /x]sf]df @$ j6f cyf{t (^Ü d'2fdf

jflemPsf] b]lvPg eg] ! j6f cyf{t $Ü d'2fdf oL b'O{ s'/fdf

jflemPsf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

128

%=#=!#= 36gf:yn, k|df0f ;+sng / nfz hfFr d'r'Nsfx? ;DaGwdf cGo sdhf]/L jf q'l6x? s] s] /x]sf 5g\ <

36gf:yn, k|df0f ;+sng / nfz hfFr d'r'Nsfx? d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\\ . t/ o; ;DaGwdf sltko cGo

sdhf]/Lx? klg kfOPsf 5g\ . To:tf sdhf]/L / q'l6x? b]xfo adf]lhd

/x]sf 5g\M

Zfj kl/If0f x'g g;Sg] cj:yf k|i6 pNn]v gePsf],

;l8uln;s]sf] eGg] dfq pNn]v ePsf]

Zfj kl/If0f x'g g;Sg] d'r'Nsfx? /Ltk"j{s gePsf] .

36gf:yn k|s[lt ljj/0f pNn]v ubf{ hfx]/Lsf tYo;Fu gldNg],

s] xf] eGg] lj:t[t pNn]v x'g g;s]]sf] .

36gf:ynsf] :s]r glnPsf] .

b'3{6gf :yndf s] s:tf] l:ylt lYfof] eGg] k|i6 gv'n]sf] .

pl5l§Psf] 9'ª\ufn] nfu]sf] xf] jf rfnssf] jblgot xf] eGg]

;Gbe{df olsg k|df0fsf] ;+sng tyf cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

&÷* dlxgfsf] lzz'sf] z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ c+ux? lasl;t ePsf]

eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFbf b]lvFb} lrlsT;sjf6 lzz'sf] zj

kl/If0f g} gu/fOPsf] .

36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt pNn]v gePsf] .

Vffgtnf;L / a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf /Lt gk'u]sf] .

Hffx]/L cg';f/sf] 36gf 36]sf] elgPsf] d'r'Nsf Joxf]/fdf n]lv

36gf s] s] b]lvof] s'g} Joxf]/f pNn]v gePsf] .

36gf:yn k|s[lt ljj/0f g} pNn]v ubf{ hfx]/Lsf tYo;Fu

gldn]sf] .

36gf:yn;Fu ;DjlGwt ef}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf nfk/jfxL

ePsf] .

129

oyfy{ j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsf gePsf] .

Eff}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf Wofg gk'u]sf] . df}lvs sygsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg ;Lldt .

bzLsf ;fdfg j/fdb ug]{ tkm{ Wofg glbPsf] .

36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt d'r'Nsfn] ck/fwsf] k|s[lt phfu/ gu/]sf] .

36gf:yn d'r'Nsf w]/} l9nf cyf{t % dlxgf kl5 ePsfn] k|df0f k|flKtsf] s'g} cf}lrTo gePsf], k|df0f ;+sng x'g g;s]sf] .

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf l9nf, ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;+sng tyf kl/If0fdf cg';Gwfg ljj/0fdf s]xL pknAw gePsf] .

tTsfn vfgtnf;L d'r'Nsf tof/ kf/L k|df0f ;+sng ug]{ tkm{ Wofg glbPsf] .

SOCO clkm;/ gv6fPsf] .

cleo'QmnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL nfu" cf}ifw gi6 gu/]sf] .

uf]7 9nL ufO{nfO{ lsrL ufO{ d/]sf] xf] jf st{Jo u/L dfl/Psf] eGg]tkm{ k|i6 k|df0f ;+sng x'g g;s]sf] .

k|df0f ;+sng u/]sf] hfgsf/L w]/} l9nf u/L k]z ugf{n] z+sf pTkGg ePsf] .

3fOt]sf] zf/Ll/s kl/If0f s]z kmd{df pNn]v gu/]sf] .

k|df0f ;+sng ubf{ cleo'Qmx? sf] s;sf] xftdf s] xltof/ lyof], sf] s;n] s;/L k|x/Ldfly cfqmd0f u¥of] eGg] k|df0f pNn]v gePsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmx? ;d]tsf] sfuh u/fpFbf lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] .

kLl8tsf] sk8f, zfl//Ls kl/If0f tTsfn gePsf] .

k|ltjfbLsf] zfl//Ls kl/If0f tTsfn geO{ l9nf ePsf] .

bzLsf cGo -ljo{ nfUg ;Sg] lrh_ ;dodf j/fdb gePsf] .

kLl8tnfO{ cleo'Qmn] hj/h:tL n}hfg vf]Hbf kLl8tnfO{ s'g} 3fp rf]6 ePsf] eP k|df0f ;+sng ug{'kg]{df s]xL gePsf] .

130

%=$= cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp / aofg

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ( jdf]lhd s'g} ck/fw 3l6t

ePkl5 ef}lts k|df0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ck/fw ug{] z+lst JolQmsf]

klxrfg ePdf cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp u/L lghsf] jofg ;/sf/L jsLn

;dIf lng'kg{] x'G5 . cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp u/]kl5 @$ 306feGbf a9L

y'gfdf /fVg sf/0f / cfwf/ ;lxt Dofb yk ug{ d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L

;dIf k]z ug'{kg{], kqmfp ubf{ kqmfp ug'{kg{] sf/0f / cfwf/ ;lxtsf]

;"rgf, y'gfdf /fVbf y'g'jf k'hL{, lx/f;tdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg,

cleo'Qmsf] :jtGqk"j{s aofg, r'k nfUg kfpg], sfg"g Joj;foL /fVg

kfpg] nufotsf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ljlw k'¥ofpg' kg{] x'G5 .

dfgjLo hLjgsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf :jtGqtfnfO{ s'l07t ug{] laifo ePsf]

x'Fbf o; laifodf cbfntx? Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn klg b]lvG5g\ . To;}n]

kqmfp / aofg u/fpFbf sfo{ljlw ;Ddt x'g'kg{] x'G5 / gePsf sf/0fn]

;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf]

bkmf !$ / !% df kqmfp tyf Dofb yk jf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp / aofg ;Gbe{df lgDg k|ZgfjnLx? agfO{ cWoog

ul/Psf]df lgDg glthf k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

%=$=! cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ubf{ kqmfpsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

s;}nfO{ kqmfp ubf{ kqmfpsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf kfpg] xs

df}lns xssf] ?kdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ df Jojl:yt Gofo

;DaGwL xsdf ;dfj]z /x]sf] 5 . s;}nfO{ o:tf] ;"rgf glbO{ kqmfp

kg'{ u}/;+j}wflgs, u}/sfg"gL x'G5 / o;sf] c;/ ;du| d'2f c;kmn x'g

hfg] x'G5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f dWo] cleo'Qm df}sfdf kqmfp

k/]sf *( j6f cyf{t &&Ü d'2fdf ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] @^

j6f cyf{t @@Ü d'2fdf ;"rgf glbPsf] b]lvPsf] / ! j6f cyf{t !Ü

d''2fdf ;"rgf lbP klg k|s[of k"/f gePsf] b]lvG5 .

131

%=$=@ cleo'QmnfO{ ks|fp u/]kl5 lx/f;tdf /fVg'k"j{ zf/Ll/s hfFr ug{] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp u/]kl5 :jf:Yo hfFr u/fpg' kg{] clgjfo{ st{Jo xf] . lx/f;tdf /fVbfsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg oftgf lbg g;lsof]; / p;sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ klg clgjfo{ ?kdf zf/Ll/s hfFr ug'{kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !)% d'2fx? dWo] &* j6f cyf{t &%Ü d'2fdf zf/Ll/s hfFr u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] @^ j6f cyf{t @%Ü d'2fdf zf/Ll/s hfFr u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . plNnlvt dWo]df ! j6fdf !) lbgkl5 hfFr u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

132

%=$=# cleo'Qmsf] aofgdf cfjZos kg{] ;a} k|Zgx? ;f]lwPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

aofg d'2fsf ;Gbe{df cleo'Qmsf] egfO{ clen]v ug{] dxTjk"0f{

lnvt xf] . ck/fw jf/]df cleo'Qm;Fu lnO{g] aofg lghsf la?4df

k|df0fdf nfUg] / aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf] tYosf cfwf/df cGo

cg';Gwfg ug'{kg{] b[li6n] klg lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ aofg ubf{

dxTjk"0f{ s'/f pNn]v gu/L pgfp / c;fGble{s s'/f ;f]lwPdf

cg';Gwfg ck"0f{, q'l6k"0f{ x'g uO{ c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n]

d'2f ;kmntfsf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx? dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . cWoog

ul/Psf d'2fdf ** j6f cyf{t &(Ü d'2fdf aofgdf cfjZos k|Zg

;f]lwPsf] kfOof] eg] @$ j6f cyf{t @!Ü d'2fdf eg] cfjZos k|Zgx?

g;f]lwPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=$=$ aofgdf c;fGble{s k|Zg ;f]Wg] u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <

aofgdf c;fGble{s k|Zg ;f]w]df cg';Gwfg klg ck|efjsf/L

x'g] / tTkZrftsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ klg c;/ kg{ hfG5 . ;fGble{s

k|Zgn] dfq} cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;Dj4 k|df0f k|fKt ug{ d2t

k'uL ck/fw k|dfl0ft ug{ ;xh x'G5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f

133

d'2fdWo] df}sfdf aofg ePsf !!# j6f d'2fdf $Ü d'2fdf c;fGble{s

k|Zg ;f]w]sf] kfOof] eg] (^Ü d'2fdf c;fGble{s k|Zg ;f]w]sf] kfOPg .

%=$=% cleo'Qm s;"/df ;flat jf OGsf/ s] 5 <

d'2fdf cleo'Qmn] :j]R5fn] ;flat ePdf lghsf] la?4 k|df0fdf

nfU5 . cleo'Qm OGsf/ /x]df OGsf/LnfO{ v08g tyf unt ;flat ub{}

cGo k|df0f ;+sng u/L k|dfl0ft u/fpg'kg{] x'G5 . cg';Gwfgdf

cleo'Qmsf] aofgn] s;"/ k|dfl0ft ug{ tyf cGo k|df0f ;+sng ug{

;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf cWoog ul/PsfdWo] ^) j6f cyf{t

%$Ü d'2fdf cleo'Qm ;flat ePsf], $@ j6f cyf{t #*Ü d'2fdf

cleo'Qm OGsf/ /x]sf] / ( j6f cyf{t *Ü d'2fdf s'g} tYodf dfq

:jLsf/f]lQm /x]sf] kfOof] .

134

%=$=^ aofgdf pNn]v ePsf tYox? cGo k|df0fx?;Fu ldn]sf 5g\ jf aflemPsf 5g\ <

aofg ;j{yf k"0f{ k|df0f x'g ;Sb}g . cleo'Qmsf] aofg cGo

k|df0f;Fu l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf (Coroborative) dfnfsf/ x'g'k5{ . aofg

Joxf]/f Psftkm{ cGo k|df0f csf{]tkm{ ePdf Psfk;df tYox?df

låljwf x'g ;S5 / d'2f ;kmn agfpg ufx|f] kb{5 . cWoog ul/Psf

dWo] ^^ j6f cyf{t %*Ü d'2fdf jofg;Fu cGo k|df0fx? jflemPsf]

b]lvPsf] 5}g eg] $* j6f cyf{t $@Ü d'2fdf jflemPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=$=& aofgdf pNn]v ePsf tYox?sf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ( n] cleo'Qmsf] aofg

u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cleo'Qmsf] aofg cleo'Qmsf] lj?4

k|df0fdf nfUg] cj:yf 5+b}5, jofgdf v'n]sf tYosf cfwf/df

cg';Gwfgsf] ulx/fOdf k'u]/ k|df0f k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'G5 . cWoog

ul/Psf dWo] $% j6f cyf{t #^Ü d'2fdf aofgdf pNn]v ePsf

tYox?sf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5 eg] *! j6f cyf{t ^$Ü

d'2fdf aofgdf pNn]v ePsf tYox?sf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg ePsf]

b]lvFb}g .

135

%=$=* aofgdf k|ltjfbLsf] jtg k|i6 pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g

jofgdf k|ltjfbLsf] jtg k|i6 ePdf kl5 Dofb hf/L x'g] / cGo

v'Ng cfPsf cleo'Qmsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ k|ltjfbL sfod ug{

;lsg] x'G5 . cGoyf Dofb j]kQf eO{ cbfntn] kl5 tfd]nLdf -lhNnf

cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod !( s adf]lhd _ /fVg] ub{5 . o;sf]

sf/0f jf:tljs ck/fwLsf] klxrfg kQf gnfuL lgh 5'6\g hfg]

;Defjgf x'G5 . cWoog ul/Psf dWo] %( j6f cyf{t %#Ü d'2fdf

k|ltjfbLsf] jofgdf jtg k|i6 pNn]v u/]sf] / %# j6f cyf{t $&Ü

d'2fdf k|i6 jtg pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPg .

136

%=$=( aofgdf k|ltjfbLsf] jtg k|i6 pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g eg] s] s:tf] 5'6 ePsf] 5 <

aofgdf k|ltjfbLsf] jtg k|i6 pNn]v gePsf]df b]xfo

adf]lhdsf sdhf]/L jf q'l6x? /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

sf7df08f} hf]/kf6L h:tf] 3gf a:tLsf] j8f g+= pNn]v u/L 3/

g+=, 6f]n÷uNnL÷;8s s'g} s'/f gv'nfPsf] tyf pNn]v gu/]sf] .

uf=lj=; sf] j8f g+= dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] ufFp, 6f]nsf] gfd

pNn]v gePsf] .

Dfxfgu/kflnsfsf] sf=d=g=kf #% dfq pNn]v u/L+, 3/ g+=,

;8s s]xL pNn]v gePsf] .

pk d=g=kf=leq 3/ g+=, 6f]n÷uNnL÷;8s eGg] s'g} s'/f

gv'nfPsf] .

Dofb tfd]n ug{ ;lsg] ul/ :yfoL jtgsf] j8f g+=, ufpF, gu/,

6f]n, j:tL, ;8s g+= pNn]v gePsf], c:yfoL jtg k|i6

gv'nfO{ 5f8]sf] .

gu/kflnsfsf] jtg pNn]v ubf{ 3/ / uNnL g+=, ;8s pNn]v

gul/Psf] .

Uff=lj=;=sf] Jf8f g+= dfq pNn]v ePsf] .

gful/stf gv'nfPsf] .

:yfgLo 3/, jtg k|i6 pNn]v gu/L lhNnf / 7fpF dfq pNn]v

ul/Psf] .

Jf8f g+= jfx]s cGo ljj/0f gv'n]sf] .

%=$=!) aofgsf] ;DaGwdf /x]sf q'l6x? / cGo ;fGble{s s'/fx? s]xL eP s] s] 5g\ <

cleo'Qmsf] aofg u/fpbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf q'l6x? /x]sf] kfOG5

137

Hffx]/Lsf] Joxf]/f÷36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt ljj/0fjf6 b]lvPsf tYo /

;jfndf pNn]v ePsf tYo aflemPsf] tkm{ k|i6 ;jfn hjfkm

gePsf] .

kLl8tsf sfuh / hfx]/jfnfsf] Joxf]/f cg';f/ rfnsn] s;"/

u/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;f] tYosf jf/] ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

ckx/0fdf lkm/f}tL k|fKt ug]{ ;jfn hjfkm k|i6 gul/Psf] .

cGo ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] ;fIfL ;xcleo'Qmsf] af/]df ;jfn hjfkm

gePsf] .

hfx]/jfnfn] pNn]v u/]sf] tYox?sf] cfwf/df ;jfn hjfkm

gePsf] .

k|ltjfbLsf lhsL/pk/ cfjZos s'g} ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

kLl8tsf zl//df 3fp rf]6 5g\ eg] s;n] kf/]sf] eGg] ;jfn

hjfkm 5}g .

Hffx]/Lsf] tYout k|Zg÷3fp hfFr s]z kmf/fd / ldl;n ;+nUg

k|df0fjf6 36gf 36]sf] b]lvFbf b]lvFb} klg jofg cf}krfl/stfdf

;Lldt .

cleo'Qmsf] af/]df ;xL k|i6 hjfkm glnOPsf] .

Jftg g} pNn]v gul/Psf] .

kLl8tdfly cfqmd0f ug]{ JolQmsf] ;+nUgtf / s;'/sf] k|s[lt

k|ltJolQm v'Ng] u/L ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

em08} @ nfv d"NoeGbf a9L kg]{ df]= ;f= %) xhf/ df]ndf s]

s'g cfwf/df vl/b u/]sf] eGg] ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

a/fdb x'g g;s]sf] wgdfn s] s;/L df;]sf] eGg] ;jfn

hjfkm gePsf] .

j:t'ut k|df0fsf] cfwf/df df}lvs ;fljt u/fpg]df g}

cg';Gwfg s]lGb|t ePsf] .

138

gfd, y/ jtg,k]zfsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

s;"/df sf] s'g cleo'Qmsf] s] s'g xb;Ddsf] ;+nUgtf lyof]

eGg] ljifodf JolQmlkR5] k|i6 hjfkm pNn]v gePsf] .

hfx]/jfnfsf rf]/L ePsf wgdfn a/fdb ePsf jfx]s cGo s]

sxfF uof] ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

j'lemPsf k|ToIfbzL{sf] egfOsf tYout ;jfn hjfkm u/L

jofg gu/fOPsf] .

:jf:Yo kl/If0f cflb k|df0f ;+sng ;DjGwdf ;jfn hjfkm

gePsf] .

Nffu" cf}ifw sf/f]jf/ ug]{ gug]{{, ug]{ sf] x'g cflb ;jfnsf]

hjfkmsf] k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

nfu' cf}ifw vl/b ljqmLsf] ;DjGwdf ;jfn hjfkm s]xL

gePsf] .

cleo'Qmn] nfu" cf}ifw ljqmL ubf{ sf] s;nfO{ ljqmL ug]{ uy]{

eGg] ljifodf ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

hfx]/jfnfn] cfuhgL u/]sf] egL cf/f]k nufPsf]df k|ltjfbLn]

r'/f]6sf] 7'6f ;'s]sf] 3fF;df kmfNbf ;f]xL cfuf] ;lNsP/ nfu]sf]

/ lgefpg] k|of; u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]df hfx]/jfnfsf ;Gbe{df

k|i6 ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

Uff]7 9nL÷eTsL s] s;/L ufO{nfO{ nfUg uPsf] eGg] tYout

k|Zgsf] s]xL ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

cGo cleo'Qmsf] af/]df ;xL k|i6 hjfkm glnOPsf] .

cleo'Qmx?dWo] sf] h'jf v]Nb} lyP, sf] x]g{ a;]sf lyP egL k|i6

;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

k|ltjfbLn] kf]n u/]sf] cleo'Qmx?nfO{ kqmfp u/L jofg u/fpg

cfjZos gfd, y/ jtg k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] .

139

kLl8t efUg ;kmn gePsf] eP hah{:tL s/0fL ug]{ lghsf]

p2]Zo lyof] eGg] ;DjGwdf ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

Kfm/f/ cleo'Qm jf/]df ;j} s'/f yfxf x'Fbf x'Fb} ;f]wk'5 gu/]sf]

s;"/ ug]{dWo] sf] s;n] s] slt ?v sf6] eGg] k|i6 jofg

glnPsf] .

%=$=!! plNnlvt cjnf]sgaf6 aofgsf] :t/ s:tf] kfOof] <

;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf cg';Gwfg clws[tn] u/fPsf] z+sLtsf]

aofgsf] :t/ d'2f ;kmn c;kmnsf] dxTjk"0f{ s8L /xg] kl/k|]Iodf

;f]sf] % j6f :t/ sfod u/L cWoog ul/Psf d'2f dWo] cTo'Qd s'g}

klg g/x]sf], #$ j6f cyf{t #)Ü d'2fdf u/fOPsf] aofg /fd|f] /x]sf],

&$ j6f cyf{t ^^Ü d'2fdf u/fOPsf] aofg l7s} -Satisfactory_ /x]sf],

% j6f cyf{t $Ü g/fd|f] / Hofb} g/fd|f] eg] g/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=%= a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh M

s'g} klg ck/fwsf k|ToIfbzL{ jf ;f] 36gfaf/] yfxf kfpg] jf

cg'ej ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] 36gfsf] af/]df n]vfOlbg] sfuh dxTjk"0f{ df}lvs

k|df0fsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o:tf] sfuh ul/lbg] JolQmsf] egfO{ ck/fw;Fu

;DalGwt, l;nl;n]jf/, k|df0f of]Uo, sfo{ljlwut k|s[of k'¥ofP/ sfuh

140

u/fOPsf] x'g'k5{ . cGoyf To:tf] k|df0f dxTjk"0f{ g} lsg gxf]; ljlw;Ddt

geO{ ljjfbf:kb, cljZj;gLo / k|df0f cof]Uo x'g hfG5 . a'lemPsf

JolQmx?sf] df}lvs sfuh k|df0f -Testimonial evidence_ af/]df ul/Psf]

cg';Gwfg ;DaGwdf k|fKt glthf o:tf] /x]sf] 5 .

%=%=! a'e\mg' kg]{ JolQm ga'em]sf] cj:yf 5 5}g <

d'2f cg';Gwfgdf a'e\mg' kg]{ JolQm ga'lemPdf d'2f cw'/f] /

ck'/f] x'g uO{ cg';Gwfg q'l6k"0f{ x'g hfg] / cGttf]uTjf c;kmn x'G5 .

cWoog ul/Psf dWo] *^ j6f cyf{t &$Ü d'2fdf a'e\mg' kg]{ JolQm

a'lemPsf] b]lvG5 eg] #! j6f cyf{t @^Ü d'2fdf a'e\mg' kg]{ JolQm

a'em]sf] b]lvPg .

%=%=@ ga'em\g' kg]{ / c;fGble{s JolQm a'em]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

d'2fdf c;fGble{s k|df0f jf ga'em\g' kg]{ JolQm a'lemPdf

cgfjZos ;do / nufgL v]/ hfg] dfq x}g d'2fsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{

klg c;/ kfb{5 . sltko cj:yfdf ;fGble{s / c;fGble{s JolQm

5'6\ofpg g;Sbf ;fGble{s JolQm 5'6\g] / c;fGble{s k|df0fsf sf/0f

d'2f c;kmn x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdf !!& j6f

cyf{t (#Ü d'2fdf c;fGble{s JolQm a'lemPsf] b]lvFbb]lvFb}g eg] (

j6f cyf{t &Ü d'2fdf c;fGble{s JolQmx?sf] sfuh ul/Psf] kfOof] .

141

%=%=# a'lemPsf JolQmn] ck/fwsf] k'li6 x'g] sfuh u/]sf] jf ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf 5g\ <

d'2fdf a'e\mg'kg]{ s'/f cg';Gwfg qmddf b]lvg cfO{ sfuh

u/fOPsf]df ;a}n] ck/fw k|dfl0ft ug]{ u/L sfuh ul/lbG5g\ eGg]

xF'b}g . o;/L d'2fdf dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f x'g] b]lvg cfO{ a'lemPsf JolQmn]

ljkl/t sfuh ubf{ klg d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf

d'2fdWo] ^! j6f cyft\ %#Ü d'2fdf a'lemPsf JolQmx?n] ck/fwsf]

k'li6 x'g] sfuh u/]sf], * j6f cyf{t &Ü d'2fdf a'lemPsf JolQmx?n]

ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf], $^ j6f cyf{t $)Ü d'2fsf a'lemPsf

JolQmx?n] z+sf / ljZjf; dfq JoQm u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

142

%=%=$ a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh / hfx]/jfnf tyf kLl8tsf] sfuh aflemPsf] 5 of 5}g <

d'2fdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh

hfx]/jfnfsf] sfuh tyf kLl8tsf] egfO{df Psfk;df tfbfDotf

x'g'\k5{ . Psfk;df tfbfDotf ge} aflemPdf d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg lkmtnf]

eO{ To:tf k|df0f cljZj;gLo x'g hfG5g\ . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo]

*@ j6f cyf{t *)Ü d'2fdf u/fOPsf] sfuh Psfk;df aflemPsf]

b]lvFb}g eg] @) j6f cyf{t @)Ü d'2fdf eg] sfuhx? Psfk;df

aflemPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=%=% c'g;Gwfgsf] qmddf sfuh u/fpFbf sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[of k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g<

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfuh u/fpFbf sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf]

k|fylds k|df0f ePklg sfg"g ;Ddt k|s[of cjnDag gu/L k|fKt u/]sf]

k|df0fn] j}wflgstf kfpFb}g / o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] s}og

d'2fdf JofVof u/]/ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub}{cfPsf] 5 eg] cGo cbfntx?n]

klg o;nfO{ kfngf u/L JofVof ub}cfPsf 5g\ . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo]

!)@ j6f cyf{t *^Ü d'2fdf sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[of k'u]sf] b]lvG5

eg] !^ j6f cyf{t !$Ü d'2fdf k|s[of k'u]sf] b]lvFb}g .

143

$=%=^ cg';Gwfgsf qmddf sfuh u/fpFbf sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[of k'u]sf] 5}g eg] s] s:tf] k|s[of k'u]sf] 5}g <

d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 cg';Gwfgsf qmddf sfuh u/fpFbf sfg"gn]

lglb{i6 u/]sf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf k|s[of gk'u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

/f]xj/df s;}nfO{ /flvPsf] b]lvFb}g .

hfx]/jfnf÷cleo'Qm÷:yfgLo dflg;nfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL sfuh

gu/fOPsf] .

36gfsf] k|s[ltjf/]df ;f]wk'5 gePsf] . hfx]/jfnf nufot

s;}nfO{ g/fv]sf] .

/f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ cleo'QmnfO{ g/flvPsf] .

sf] sf] cleo'Qmn] s] sfo{ u/L s;/L s;"/df ;+nUg eP eGg]

;DjGwdf sfuhdf s'g} l;nl;nf b]lvFb}g .

sfuh u/fpg'kg]{ JolQmsf] sfuh gePsf] .

sltkosf] sfuh g} tof/ kf/]sf] b]lvFb}g .

144

$=%=& ;+slnt k|df0fx? s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

d'2fdf ;+slnt k|df0fx? s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt /xL s;"/ k'li6 ug]{

vfnsf eP ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . cGoyf d'2f c;kmn x'G5 /

Jojxf/df c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] %@ j6f

cyf{t $#Ü s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf /x]sf, $^ j6f cyf{t #*Ü

d'2fdf s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf gePsf], @$ j6f cyf{t @)Ü

d'2fdf eg] cf+lzs ?kdf k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

k|ltjfbLsf] kIfdf eg] b]lvPsf] 5}g .

%=%=* 36gfsf af/]df sfuh ug]{ JolQmx? k|ToIfbzL{ x'g\ jf xf]Ogg <

ck/fwnfO{ k'i6L ug]{ sfuhsf] k|fdfl0fs x}l;ot To:tf] sfuh

ug]{ JolQm k|ToIfbzL{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/faf6 dfkg ug{ ;lsg] /

;du| d'2f ;kmn x'gdf o;sf] dxTj /xG5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo]

@^ j6f cyf{t @#Ü d'2fdf pkl:yt u/fOPsfx? k|ToIfbzL{ b]lvPsf

5g\, &! j6f cyf{t ^#Ü d'2fdf pkl:yt u/fOPsfx? k|ToIfbzL{

gePsf] / !^ j6f cyf{t !$Ü d'2fdf cf+lzs ?kdf k|ToIfbzL{

b]lvPsf 5g\ .

145

%=%=( a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh u/fpg] ;DjGwdf cGo q'l6 jf ;fGble{s s'/fx? eP s] s] 5 <

d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh u/fpg]

;DjGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf q'l6x? e]l6Psf 5g\ .

Hffx]/L Joxf]/f÷36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt÷cleo'Qmsf] Joxf]/f ;d]tsf

tYox?sf ;jfndf ;j} Joxf]/f g;f]wL cf}krfl/s ;jfn ;f]wL

hjfkm lnPsf] .

k|ltjfbLn] s] s:tf] nfk/jfxLjf6 36gf 36]sf] eGg] ;DjGwdf

s'g} k|i6 cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] s] s'g cj:yfdf s] s;/L 36gf b]v]sf x'g\

k|i6 pNn]v ePg .

3fOt]x? / j;sf ofq'x?sf] sfuh gu/fOPsf], sfuh u/fPsf]

@ hgfsf] xsdf klg jf/bft 36gf s] s;/L 36]sf] xf] eGg]

ljj/0f k|i6 gePsf] .

a'lemPsf JolQmx?n] ckx/0f u/]sf] ljZjf; JoQm u/]sf],

36gfsf tYo / cfwf/x? gv'n]sf] .

146

;'gL yfxf kfPsf] eGg];Dd pNn]v b]lvFbf sfuh u/fpFbf g}

kLl8t glhssf JolQmJff6 d'2fsf tYox?, cleo'Qmsf] s;"/

;DjGwL tYox?÷s;"/ u/] gu/]sf] olsg x'g] vfnsf] hjfkm

gePsf] .

cleo'Qmjf6 /sd j/fdb ePsf] eGg] ;DjGwdf k|i6 ;jfn

hjfkm gePsf] .

Tfd;'ssf ;fIfLx?nfO{ j'em\g] sfd gePsf] .

Tfd;'s ;2] lst]{ ;Gbe{df cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

s/sfkjf6 td;'s agfPsf] eGg] ;DjGwdf xf] xf]Og egL s'g}

cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

a'e\mg' kg]{ JolQm sfuhsf ;fIfLx?nfO{ gj'em]sf] .

a'lemPsf JolQmx?Jff6 d'2fsf tYox?, cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ ;DjGwL

tYox?÷s;"/ u/] gu/]sf] olsg x'g] vfnsf] hjfkm gePsf] .

df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ JolQmx?n] jx'ljjfxsf] z+sf pNn]v u/L

sfuh u/]sf]df ;f] z+sf pTkGg x'g'sf cfwf/x? / sf/0f g}

pNn]v gu/L sfuh u/fOPsf / hfx]/L Joxf]/f g} 7Ls xf] jf

xf]Og< cflb ;jfn g} k|i6;Fu g/flvPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] s] s'g cj:yfdf s] s;/L 36gf b]v]sf x'g\

k|i6 pNn]v gePsf], a'lemPsf JolQmx? c;fGble{s b]lvPsf] .

j'e\mg' kg]{ JolQm gj'em]sf] / d'2fsf cGt/j:t'sf jf/]df ;jfn hjfkm gePsf] .

cleo'Qmx? sf] s;n] s] s'g k|sf/sf] ;+nUgtf xf] eGg] jf/]df

hjfkm k|i6 gj'lemPsf] .

cf}krfl/s Joxf]/f tof/ kf/L sfuh ePsf] k'li6 .

s] s;/L 8fFsf u/]sf x'g\ eGg] ;jfnsf] hjfkm k|i6 glnPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuhdf k|ltjfbLx?n] nfu" cf}ifw cf];f/

k;f/, vl/b ljqmL u/]sf] tYo / cfwf/ pNn]v gePsf] .

147

vl/b ljqmL u5{g\ eGg] Joxf]/f dfq pNn]v ePsf] t/ slxn]

s;nfO{ slt dfqfdf ljqmL u/]sf x'g\ eGg] hjfkm s]xL

glnPsf] .

cleo'Qmn] vl/b ljqmLsf] s;"/ ug]{ gug]{ ;jfn hjfkm

gePsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] jofg÷kLl8t / hfx]/jfnfsf] sfuh, kl/If0f

k|ltj]bg / j'lemPsf dflg;x?sf] egfO{, ldl;ndf ;+nUg

sfuhft k|df0f ;d]tdf pNn]v u/L sfuh u/]sf] gkfOPsf] .

k|Zg ;j}nfO{ Ps} k|s[ltsf] ;f]Wg] u/]sf] .

jhf/df oL k|ltjfbL h:tf cGo Jofkf/L / oL k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf]

sfnf]ahf/Lsf cGo s;"/ / klxn] klxn]sf s;"/sf jf/]df

/fd|f];Fu hjfkm glnPsf] .

36gf jf/bftnfO{ k|ToIf b]Vg] JolQmsf] sfuh x'g g;s]sf] .

cleo'Qmn] s;"/ u/]sf] tYo k|i6 pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] .

k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ lgsfosf kbflwsf/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfuh

u/fpg'kg]{df gePsf], 36gfsf af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L gePsf

JolQmx?nfO{ sfuh u/fOPsf] .

cleo'Qmx? s] s'g cfwf/, sf/0f / a'emfO{af6 s;'/bf/ x'g\ eGg]

;jfn g/fvL hjfkm lnPsf] .

cleo'Qmx? ;a}sf] xsdf s;"/df ;+nUgtfsf] k|s[lt k|i6

gv'n]sf] .

%=^ ef}lts k|df0fx? -Physical evidence_ M

ef}lts k|df0f d'2fsf] P]gf xf] / hLljt k|df0f klg xf] . d'2fdf

e/;s ef}lts k|df0f g} k]z ug'{kb{5 gePdf dfq Testimonial k|df0f

k]z ug'{kb{5 . ef}lts k|df0fdf tYo cfkm} af]Ng] ePsfn] Tof] tYonfO{

ljz]if1åf/f kl/If0f ul/bf dfq} csf6\o k|df0fof]Uo x'g hfG5 . t/

148

ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;'/Iff, b'liftkgf (Contamination) x'g gx'g], k|flKtsf]

;|f]t, ;'/Iff / kl/If0f eg] k|s[of;Ddt x'g'k5{ . k|To]s d'2fdf k]z

u/Lg] ef}lts k|df0fx? k[ys k[ys kl/j]zdf k[ys dxTjsf /x]sf x'g]

x'Fbf o; ;Gbe{df cWoog ubf{ k|fKt lgisif{ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

%=^=! ef}lts k|df0fx? ;+sng ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

s'g} klg ck/fwsf] k|s[ltdf ef}lts k|df0fsf] pknAwtf -

Avialability_ lge{/ /xg] x'G5 . ef}lts k|df0f k|fKt x'g ;Sg] d'2fdf

;+sng eP gePsf] tkm{ cWoog ubf{ #( j6f cyf{t ##Ü d'2fdf

kof{Kt ?kdf ;+slnt ePsf] b]lvPsf], @$ j6f cyf{t @!Ü d'2fdf

;+sng g} gePsf] / %$ j6f cyf{t $^Ü d'2fdf Go"g ?kdf ;+sng

ePsf] kfOof] .

%=^=@ ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng ePsf] eP s] s:tf] ef}lts k|df0fx? ;+sng ePsf 5g\ / tL d'2f;Fu slt ;fGble{s 5g\ <

cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ef}lts k|df0fx?

;+sng ePsf 5g\ M

Ifltu|:t ;jf/L ;fwgx? .

36gf:yn k|s[ltjf6 b]lvPsf ;a'bx? .

df]6/;fOsn .

149

36gf:yndf e]l6Psf eUgfjz]if, /ut .

b'3{6gfsf] lhk .

nfz k|s[lt÷zj .

;jf/L ;fwg 6«ofS6/ .

cleo'Qmn] ;lx5fk g} gu/]sf] j/fdbL d'r'Nsfx?df plNnlvt

gf]6x? .

6]lnkmf]g jftf{sf] ljj/0f lnPsf] .

a}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fOlbG5' egL cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] lnlvt

sfuh, td;'s .

Dff]jfOn, gub ?k}of, rfFbL, s]xL ef}lts wgdfn .

Hffx]/jfnfsf] k;nsf ;fp08 aS;÷ljB'tLo ;fdfg / sDKo'6/

kf6{;x? .

jf/bftsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf ;fdfg .

cj}w s6fgL u/]sf] sf7 j/fdb .

lst]{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq -em'§f ljj/0f pNn]v u/L k|fKt

ePsf] gful/stf_, /fxbfgL kmf/fd .

r]s, j}Í hDdf ePsf] clen]v .

a/fdb nfu" cf}ifw .

cfuhgL ePsf ejgsf cjz]ifx? .

u+}8fsf] zj, ufO{sf cfGb|f e'8L÷;'s'6L jgfpg /fv]sf] df;' .

k]:tf]n, rSs' .

kLl8tsf] t:jL/ .

gub ?k}of÷ sDjn÷ u'Gb|L ÷tf;÷ rs6L .

/ut nfu]sf] 9'ª\uf ÷/ut ;lxtsf] sk8f .

150

v's'/Lsf] la8÷bfp/f, v's'/L, r'/f ÷6r{ nfO6, sk8fx? .

sd tf}nsf] Uof; l;ln08/ .

kLl8t k|x/Lsf xltof/ tyf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ .

k]:tf]n, uf]nLsf vf]sf .

n'ufsf 6'qmfx?, kLl8tsf] k]G6L / cleo'Qmsf] s§'', kLl8tsf]

zf/Ll/s kl/If0f, RofltPsf] sk8f .

jf/bftsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf ;fdfg kLl8t / lk8sn] nufPsf]

sk8f tyf leqL sk8fsf] ;+sng tyf kl/If0f .

lst]{ ul/Psf k|df0fkqx? .

S.L.C÷ HSEB sf k|df0fkq, gful/stf ;d]tsf gSsnL

k|df0fkqsf k|ltlnlk, ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf 5fk, ;xL x:tfIf/

;d]t .

;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] kmf]6f]slk .

sf7, j~r/f], cf/f, ;fOsn .

%=^=# j/fdb bzL k|df0fx? kl/If0fsf] nflu k7fOPsf] 5 jf 5}gg\ <

d'2fdf ;+sng ul/Psf jf p7fOPsf ef}lts ;j'b, j/fdb

ePsf bzL k|df0fx? ljz]if1af6 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !@

/ !# adf]lhd ljz]if1af6 kl/If0f u/fPkl5 k|df0fof]Uo dflgG5 .

cleo'Qm cfkm}n] cbfntdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf afx]s kl/If0f

gu/fOPsf] k|df0fn] j}wtf k|fKt ub{}g . h;n] ubf{ d'2f c;kmn x'g

hfG5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] $& j6f cyf{t ^%Ü d'2fdf

kl/If0fsf] nflu k7fPsf], @% j6f cyf{t #%Ü d'2fdf kl/If0fsf nflu

gk7fPsf] b]lvG5 . afFsL d'2fsf] xsdf s'g} k|df0f gePsf] / ;gfvt

klg gePsf] b]lvG5 .

151

%=^=$ bzL kl/If0fsf] nflu k7fOPsf]df kl/If0f x'g ;s]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

ef}lts k|df0f jf d'2fdf p7fOPsf] bzL k|df0f kl/If0f ug{

k7fOPsf]df sltko bzL kl/If0f g} x'g g;Sg] -h:tf] ;8] un]/ jf

k|ljlw geP/_ / sltkodf ;dodf k|fKt gx'Fbf d'2f ;kmntfdf c;/

k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] $^ j6fdf bzL

kl/If0fsf] nflu k7fOPsf]df #( j6f cyf{t *%Ü d'2fdf bzL kl/If0f

e} cfPsf] / & j6f cyf{t\ !%Ü d'2fdf kl/If0f g} x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

152

%=^=% kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k|s[ltsf] 5 jf ljkl/t k|s[ltsf] 5 <

kl/If0f e} k|fKt ePsf k|df0fsf] ck/fw / cleo'QmaLr

;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ eP d'2f alnof] eO{ ;kmn x'g] / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ jf

ljkl/t glthf cfPdf d'2f c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^

j6f d'2fdWo] kl/If0f ug{ k7fO{ k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf %# j6f d'2fdf

$$ j6f cyf{t *#Ü d'2fdf k|fKt kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ck/fw /

cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] / ( j6f cyf{t

!&Ü d'2fdf k|fKt k|ltj]bg ljkl/t k|s[ltsf] kfOof] .

83%

17%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k|s[ltsf]

k|ltj]bg ljkl/t k|s[ltsf]

tflnsf $(

%=^=^ ef}lts k|df0f ;DaGwdf s'g} q'l6x? / ;fGble{s s'/fx? eP s] s] x'g\ <

ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;Gbe{df d'2f cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf q'l6x?

b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

Eff}lts ;j'b k|df0f ;+sngdf Wofg g} glbOPsf] .

lkm/f}tL lnPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]df ;f] ;DjGwdf k|ltjfbL;Fu

vfgtnf;L u/]sf] b]lvFb}g .

153

36gf:yndf ef}lts k|df0f ;+sngtkm{ hfx]/jfnf / k|x/L Pj+

cg';GwfgnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] ;/sf/L jsLn s;}jf6 lhDd]jf/L

k"/f gePsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L gePsf] .

kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ldl;ndf ;fd]n gePsf] sf/0f :ki6 pNn]v

ug{ g;s]sf] .

nfu' cf}ifw d'2fdf ;]jgtkm{ cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5 t/ ldl;n x]bf{

:jf:Yo kl/If0f l/kf]{6 b]lvFb}g .

s08d kl/If0fsf] nflu k7fOPsf] kfOPg .

36gf:yndf e]l6Psf bzLsf ;fdfg h:t} /ut kl/If0fsf] nflu

gk7fPsf] .

rSs' / /utsf] kl/If0f gePsf], k|ltjfbLsf] /ut ;d"x

5'6\ofpg' kg]{df kl/If0f ug{ gk7fPsf] .

SOCO clkm;/ v6fO{ 36gf:ynjf6 cfjZos k|df0f ;+sngtkm{

Wofg glbPsf] .

36gf:yndf bzLsf ;fdfg j/fdb gePsf] .

d[tssf] zj kl/If0f gePsf] .

kLl8tsf] zf/Ll/s kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ldl;ndf ;fd]n gePsf]

sf/0f :ki6 pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] .

Kfo{fKt dfqfdf gd'gfx? ;+sng gePsf] .

lst]{ ug]{ JolQm;Fu gd'gf lng g;lsPsf] .

lst]{ ePsf] elgPsf] lnvt kl/If0f gul/Psf] .

%=& cg';Gwfgsf] ;du| l:ylt M

;/sf/jfbL e} rnfOg] kmf}hbf/L d''2fdf k|df0f ;'/Iffb]lv

kl/If0f;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts k|df0f jf ;fIfL k|df0f -Testimonial_

154

sfuhftsf] ;du| sfo{ljlw, k|s[of / k|:t'ltdf g} ;du| cg';Gwfgsf]

;kmntf lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . ;du| cg';Gwfgsf] k|efjsfl/tftkm{ x]bf{

lgDg l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=&=! cg';Gwfg ;xL af6f]df cufl8 a9]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cg';Gwfgsf] k|s[of cufl8 a9]sf] x'G5 .

cg';Gwfg s'g 9+uaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5, To;}df ;kmntf lge{/ x'g] b]lvFbf

cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df ePsf] jf gePsf]tkm{ cWoog ul/Psf d'2fx?

dWo] %# j6f cyf{t $#Ü d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df ;lx 9+ujf6

ePsf] b]lvof] eg] &) j6f cyf{t %&Ü d'2fdf ;lx af6f]jf6 jf ;lx

9+ujf6 gePsf], q'l6 eP u/]sf] kfOof] .

%=&=@ cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df cufl8 ga9]sf] eP s] s:tf] q'l6 b]lvPsf] 5 <

cg';Gwfgdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf q'l6x? /x]sf] b]lvG5 M

hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/Lpk/ lj:t[t / j}1flgs cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

k|fKt k|df0fsf] k|s[lt ljZn]if0f / s'g} cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g] vfnsf] k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

a;sf ofq'x? gj'lemPsf], 36gfsf] sf/0f / k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/

k|i6 gePsf] .

155

lzz'sf] zj kl/If0f ug{ gk7fPsf] .

kLl8tnfO{ ckx/0f u/]sf] eGg] tYosf ljifodf kLl8tsf

cfkmGt, ;fyL / >LdtL ga'lemPsf] .

36gfsf af/]df oyfy{ Joxf]/f olsg g} gul/Psf] .

Hffx]/L Joxf]/f adf]lhd cleo'Qmx?sf] vf]hL g} gu/L jtg ;d]t

gv'nfO{ d'2f /fo;fy k7fOPsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] ;fyjf6 j/fdb ePsf] gub egL Psf]df ;f]

d'r'Nsfdf cleo'Qmsf] ;lx 5fk g} gePsf] .

td;'s s/sfkjf6 ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og egL s'g} cg';Gwfg

gePsf] .

7uL ug{] JolQmn] ul/lbPsf] sfuhsf ;fIfL gj'lemPsf] .

cleo'Qm kqmfp ug]{ k|oTg gePsf] .

bf];|f] ljjfx eP gePsf] olsg g} gu/L k|:tfljt /fo k7fPsf] .

hfx]/L Joxf]/fs} cfwf/df cleof]u /fo k]z u/]sf] .

Eff}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf Wofg glbPsf] .

a];/f]sf/sf ef}lts j:t' j/fdb ul/ k]z ul/Psf] .

cleo'Qm ls6fg g} gu/L k|ltjfbL agfPsf] .

bzL kl/If0fdf q'l6 ePsf] .

36gf:yn k|s[[lt jf/] tTsfn cg';Gwfg gx'g', k|i6 gx'g',

cleo'Qmsf] klxrfg x'g g;Sg' .

tTsfn cleo'Qmsf] vf]hL, kqmfp / jofg lng] sfd gePsf],

;dod} vfgtnf;L glnPsf] .

bzL j/fdb ug]{ tkm{ nfk/jfxL ePsf] .

sfuh u/fpFbf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] l/t gk'¥ofO{ sfuh u/fPsf] .

k|df0f ;+sng g} gu/L cGo d'2fsf k|ltjfbLnfO{ k'gM csf]{

d'2fdf ;d]t k|ltjfbL agfPsf] .

156

vfgtnf;L g} gePsf] .

k|fKt k|df0fsf] k|s[lt ljZn]if0f / s'g} cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

nfu' cf}ifw vl/b ljqmL sf] s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ k|df0f ;+sng

gePsf] .

cleo'Qmn] vl/b ljqmL u/]sf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eGg] ;DjGwdf s'g}

k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

cleo'Qmn] nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg u/]sf] xf] jf xf]Ogg\ eGg] ljifodf

s'g} zf/Ll/s kl/If0f gePsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'g;Sg] tYout bzLsf] ;+/If0fdf

Wofg glbPsf] .

a/fdb xltof/sf] kl/If0f gePsf] .

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] 9Lnf lgo'lQm .

ljleGg sDkgLsf ;+rfnsnfO{ ljkIfL jgfPsf] t/ tL sDkgLsf

pTkfbg / ljt/0f ePsf] Uof; l;ln08/nfO{ kl/If0f gul/Psf] .

hah{:tL s/0fLsf] s;"/ ul/of] eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug] k|df0f ljgf

g} ldl;n k]z u/]sf] .

36gf:ynsf] ;+/If0ftkm{ Wofg glbOPsf] . kLl8tsf sk8fx?

kl/If0f ug{ gk7fPsf] .

d'n bzL j/fdb gePsf] / vf]hLtkm{ Wofg gk'u]sf] .

%=&=# cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

clwsf+z ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df Hofb} yf]/} cleo'Qm

df}sfdf kqmfp kg]{, w]/}sf] jtg ;xL gx'g] / ;xL jtg egL bfo/

ul/Psf km/f/ cleo'Qmsf] klg Dofb j]kQ] e} tfd]n x'g g;sL

tfd]nLdf /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . df}sfdf kqmfp gk/]sf cleo'Qmx?sf]

df}sfdf jofg gx'gfn] cg';Gwfgsf] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug klg ufx|f] e}

d'2fx? c;kmn x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . cWoog ul/Psf dWo] ^! j6f cyf{t

157

$(Ü d'2fdf cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf / ^# j6f cyf{t %!Ü d'2fdf

cleo'Qm kqmfp k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=&=$ cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf] k|ltzt

cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdf cleo'Qmsf] km/f/ l:ylt cWoog ubf{

^# k|ltzt cleo'Qmx? km/f/ /x]sf] / #& k|ltzt cleo'Qm dfq

cleof]ukq ;fy k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .

%=&=% cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf /fd|f kIfx? s]s] x'g\ <

d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 sltko d'2fdf cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf /fd|f

kIfx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

;jf/L ;fwg kl/If0f .

36gf:ynsf] ;+/If0f .

clwsf+zdf d[ts / 3fOt]sf] kl/If0f .

rfnsnfO{ tTsfn} kqmfp ug]{ sfd .

clwsf+zdf kLl8t 3fOt]sf] sfuh Joxf]/f .

Hffx]/jfnfn] k|df0f ;+sngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] .

kLl8tsf] ;lqmotfdf hfx]/L k/]sf] / k|df0f k]z ePsf] .

158

nfu' cf}ifw kl/If0f, kl/If0f k|ltj]bgjf6 k'li6 .

kmf]6f] k|df0f ;+sng ePsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] Call details ePsf] .

ljz]if cg';Gwfg 6f]nL u7g ul/Psf], jl/i7 k|x/L pkl/IfsnfO{

cg';Gwfg 6f]nLdf v6fOPsf] .

kLl8tsf] zfl//Ls kl/If0f sfuh Joxf]/f .

kLl8t / lk8ssf] zf/Ll/s kl/If0f u/fPsf] .

%=&=^ cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf g/fd|f kIfx? s]s] x'g\ <

d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 sltko d'2fdf cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf g/fd|f

kIfx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

hfx]/Lsf] e/df dfq d'2f bfo/ ug{ /fo k]z ug]{ sfd ePsf] .

a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf cleo'QmnfO{ /f]xj/df g/fvL d'r'Nsf tof/

ePsf] .

d'Vo cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf] .

ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo km/f/ k|ltjfbL kqmfp ug{ g;s]sf] .

sfuhsf ;fIfLx? gj'lemPsf] .

cg';Gwfg clws[tjf6 k|df0f ;+sng, kl/If0f / dflg; a'em\g]

s'g} sfd gu/L;f]em} /fo k]z ePsf] .

rf]/L ePsf] k'li6 x'g] ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng tyf kl/If0fdf Wofg

glbOPsf] .

km/f/ cleo'Qmsf] 3/, sf]7f, 8]/f ;dod} vfgtnf;L glng' .

lauf] d"NofÍgdf sdhf]/L / hfx]/L cg';f/sf] lauf] j/fdb

gx'g' .

l9nf u/L cg';Gwfg ubf{ k|df0f ;+sngdf z'Gotf .

159

cf}krfl/stfdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg .

cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if1sf] k|of]u gul/Psf] .

j'lemPsf dflg; / hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/L Ps cfk;df

jflemPsf]df ;f] k'li6 ug]{ sfd gePsf] .

;+slnt k|df0f / cleo'Qmsf] xsdf cleof]u s;"/ :yflkt ug]{

k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

ljb]zL ck/fwL ;+nUg /x]sf] l:yltdf lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg gx'g' .

jf/bft ePsf] xf] eGg] 36gf:ynjf6 gemlNsPsf] .

$ dlxgfkl5 36gf:yn k|s[lt x'g', bzLsf] ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sg' .

bzL a/fdb gePsf] .

k|lt JolQm k|df0f gh'6fOPsf] .

bzL kl/If0fdf tyf ;+/If0fdf Wofg glbPsf] .

Iflt ePsf] ljuf]sf] xsdf olsg k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

k|df0fsf] cefjd} cleof]u /fo tof/ kf/L k]z ePsf] .

d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg÷Joxf]/f ljZj;gLo agfpg k|df0f ;+sng

gePsf] .

;dod} 36gf:yn ;+/If0f ug{ / k|df0f ;+sng ug{ g;Sg' .

kLl8tnfO{ s] slt /sddf sxfF nuL ljqmL ul/Psf] eGg] d'ne"t s'/f g} gv'nfO{, jf/bft g} k'li6 g} gu/L dfgj j]rljvg ck/fwsf] /fo k]z u/]sf] .

cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]Sbf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Joj:yf cg'?k gePsf] .

k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] s;"/df ;+nUgtfsf] k|s[lt k|i6 gePsf] .

Zfj kl/If0f gePsf], lzz'sf] zj lhpFb} hGd]sf] jf d[t hGd]sf] ;DjGwdf cg';Gwfg gePsf] .

Kfm/f/ k|ltjfbLsf] vf]htnf;df plrt ;lqmotfsf] cefj

160

%=* k|:tfljt /fo M

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !&-!_ df cg';Gwfg clws[t k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfg ;dfKt ePkl5 cg';Gwfg ldl;n / cleo'Qm kqmfp k/]sf] eP cleo'Qm ;lxt d'2f rNg] grNg] cfˆgf] k|:tfljt /fo ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cg';Gwfg u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf] ;+lIfKt tYo / p;n] ;du|tfdf d'2f rnfpg pko'Qm 5 jf 5}g, k|df0f kof{Kt 5 jf 5}g, ;a} k|df0f a'lemof] jf a'em\g ;lsPg nufotsf kIfdf hfgsf/L /xg] ePsfn] lghsf] /fo d'2f cleof]hgsf] lg0f{odf k'Ug ;xof]u k'U5 . k|x/Lsf] /fo ldl;n;fy cbfntdf k]z ul/Fb}g, t/ cleof]hgstf{nfO{ cleof]hg ug]{ jf gug]{ lg0f{odf k'Ug dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf cleof]hgstf{nfO{ Key note sf] ?kdf k|:tfljt /fo k|:t't x'g] xF'bf k|:tfljt /fo ;Gbe{df cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdf o:tf] glthf k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

%=*=! k|x/Ln] k|:tfljt /fo k7fpFbf cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ?kn] ;DkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 jf b]lvFb}g <

k|:tfljt /fo cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ePkl5 ldl;n;fy k7fpg] Joj:yf xf] . cg';Gwfg g} k"0f{ gu/L /fo k|:tfj ;lxt ldl;n k7fOPsf] 5 jf cg';Gwfg k"0f{ u/]/ k7fPsf] 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df ldl;n cWoog ubf{ cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] @* j6f cyf{t @#Ü d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ;DkGg u/]/ /fo k7fPsf] kfOof] eg] (# j6f cyf{t &&Ü df cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ?kdf ;DkGg g} gu/L /fo ;fy ldl;n k7fPsf] kfOof] .

161

%=*=@ cleo'QmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fVg slt ;do jfFsL x'Fbf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k|:tfljt /fo k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 <

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !& -!_ n] cg';Gwfg

clws[tn] cg';Gwfg k"/f u/L d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{o u/L cleof]u kq

k]z ug{ nfUg] ;do ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL /fo ;lxtsf] ldl;n k]z

ug'{kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d'2fdf clGtd lbg kf/]/ cg';Gwfg kIfn]

ldl;n k]z ubf{ w]/} d'2fdf lg0f{o klg ;lx gx'g] / cleof]ukq :t/Lo

gx'g] u/]sf] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] !

lbgcl3 & j6f cyf{t &Ü, @ b]lv # lbg jfFsL 5Fbf !$ j6f cyf{t

!$Ü, $ b]lv & lbg jfFsL 5Fbf @# j6f cyf{t @#Ü / ! xKtfeGbf

a9L jfFsL 5Fbf k7fPsf] d'2f ;+Vof %* j6f cyf{t %&Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .

%=*=# k|:tfljt /fo k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] yk cg';Gwfgsf] nflu lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ldl;n k]z u/]kl5 cg';Gwfg k"0f{ gePsf]

b]lvPdf jf yk a'‰g'kg{] b]lvPdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbg;Sg]

Joj:yf 5 . lgb{]zgsf] Joj:yf cg';Gwfgdfly ;/sf/L jsLnsf]

lgoGq0f /fVg] Pp6f dfWod xf] / cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xL jf6f]df lx8Ffpg]

Pp6f pkfo xf] . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfgdfly slQsf] ;s[otf

b]vfPsf] 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df cWoog ubf{ cWoog ul/Psf dWo] % j6f

162

cyf{t $Ü d'2fdf lgb{]zg lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] 7"nf] ;+Vof d'2f !!* j6f

cyf{t (^Ü d'2fdf lgb{]zg g} glbPsf] kfOof] .

%=*=$ ;dodf k|:tfljt /fo k|fKt gePsf] sf/0f yk cg';Gwfgsf nflu lgb{]zg lbg g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 ls 5}g <

;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg glbg'sf] sf/0f ;do cefjsf] sf/0f

xf] jf cfˆg} lgis[otf tyf cIfdtfsf sf/0f xf] eGg] ;Gbe{df cWoog

ubf{ cWoog ul/PsfdWo] @! j6f cyf{t\ !&Ü d'2fdf ;dofefjsf

sf/0f lgb{]zg glbPsf] / !)) j6f cyf{t\ *#Ü d'2fdf ;do kof{Kt

x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lgb{]zg glbPsf] b]lvof] .

17%

83%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

;dofefjsf sf/0f lgb{]zg

glbPsf]

;do kof{Kt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg

lgb{]zg glbPsf]

tflnsf %%

163

%=*=% ;/sf/L jsLnn] lbPsf] lgb{]zg kfngf ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

;/sf/L jsLnn] cg'';Gwfgsf] h'g;'s} ;dodf lgb{]zg lbg

;Sg] / To:tf] lgb{]zg kfngf ug'{kg{] cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] sfg"gL

st{Jo /xG5 . d'2fnfO{ ;xL cg';Gwfg u/L ;kmn agfpg of] dxTjk"0f{

klg /xG5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf d'2fdf lgb{]zg lbPsfdWo] $^Ü kfngf

b]lvof] eg] %$Ü d'2fdf kfngf ePsf] kfOPg .

%=*=^ k|:tfljt /fodf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] /fo tYo / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t 5 jf 5}g <

k|:tfljt /fo cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYo / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t

/xg'kb{5 . /fo tYo k|df0fdf cfwfl/t /x]/ lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg]

;Gbe{df cWoog ubf{ %^ j6f cyf{t $&Ü d'2fdf tYo / k|df0fdf

cfwfl/t eP/ /fo lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ^@ j6f cyf{t %#Ü d'2fdf tYo

/ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ge} /fo lbPsf] kfOof] .

164

%=*=& k|:tfljt /fodf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] /fo tYo / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t 5}gg\ eg] s] s:tf q'l6x? /x]sf 5g\<

k|:tfljt /fodf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] /fo ;DaGwdf

b]xfosf q'l6x? kfOPsf 5g\ M

k|ltjfbLsf] nfk/jfxL k'li6 x'g] k|df0f ;+sng gu/L /fo bfjL

ePsf] .

s;"/ ePsf] xf] eGg] olsg ug]{ cfwf/ s]xL klg gePsf] .

hfx]/Lsf] e/df dfq d'2fdf /fo k]z ePsf] .

rf]/Lsf] eGg] hfgL hfgL vl/b u/]sf] eGg] :yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf]

cefjd} /fo .

rf]/Ldf a/fdb x'g g;s]sf] ;fdfgsf], hfx]/jfnfsf] Joxf]/f k'li6

x'g] k|df0fsf] cefjdf /fobfjL lnPsf] .

ef}lts k|df0fsf] cefjdf, Hffx]/Ls} cfwf/df cleof]u /fo .

k|x/L k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df dfq} cleof]u /fo .

! hgfnfO{ 8fFsfsf] s;"/df k|ltjfbL jgfPsf] /fo .

vl/b ljqmL ePsf] eGg] s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf] ;+sng

gu/L /fo .

vl/b ljqmLsf] k|df0fsf] cefjdf dfu bfjL lnOPsf] .

165

k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ k'li6 x'g] ef}lts k|df0fsf] cefjdf ;fljltsf]

e/df dfq cleof]u /fo .

k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ k'li6 x'g] k|df0f ;+sng gu/L bfjL ePsf] .

kLl8tsf] zf/Ll/s kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ldl;ndf g/fvL /fo k]z .

%=*=* k|:tfljt /fodf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf jf/]df 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

d'2fdf dfubfjL lnFbf k|To]s cleo'Qmn] s] s] sfo{ u/L s'g

s;"/ u¥of] / s'g ;hfosf] dfubfjL lng] eGg] :ki6 x'g'k5{ . uf]Zjf/f

?kdf ePdf k|:tfljt cleof]u k'li6 ug{ ufx|f] eO{ d'2f c;kmn x'g]

x'Fbf /fo cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] !* j6f cyf{t @!Ü d'2fdf 5'§f5'§}

ljZn]if0f ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ^& j6f cyf{t &(Ü d'2fdf uf]Zjf/f

?kdf /fo k|:t't u/]sf] kfOof] .

%=( cleof]ukq (Charge sheet)

cleof]ukqdf k|ltjfbLsf] jtg v'n] gv'n]sf], s;"/sf] 5'§f5'§}

ljZn]if0f ul/P gul/Psf], l;nl;n]jf/ eP gePsf], tYo / k|df0fsf]

ljZn]if0f, dfubfjLdf :ki6tf, sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pNn]vg, dfubfjL

s;"/ cg';f/ 36L a9L eP gePsf], k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf, cf+lzs d'2f

rnfOPsf]df ;f]sf] cfwf/ / k'i6\ofOF, d'2f rnfpg]nfO{ grnfOPsf] jf

grnfpg' kg{{]nfO{ rnfOPsf] 5 jf 5}g, cleof]ukqsf] :t/Lotf h:tf

166

s'/fsf cfwf/df d'2f ;kmntfdf c;/ kl//x]sf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt

kIfdf cg';Gwfg ubf{ ldl;n cWoog qmddf o:tf] glthf kfOPsf]

5 .

%=(=! cleof]ukqdf jtgx? k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qm÷k|ltjfbLsf] jtg gv'n]df d'2f hlt g}

dhj't k|df0fåf/f k'li6 eP klg cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo x'g ;Qm}g / d'2f

c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@$ j6f d'2fdWo] $& j6f cyf{t

#*Ü d'2fdf cleof]ukqdf k|i6 jtg v'n]sf] kfOof] eg] && j6f cyf{t

^@Ü d'2fdf k|i6 jtg gv'nfO{ cleof]ukq k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOof] .

%=(=@ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGwdf 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g <

uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k]z ul/Psf] cleof]ukqaf6 k|To]s cleo'Qmsf]

s;"/ jf/]df k'i6\ofOF x'Fb}g / h;sf] kmn:j?k d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf]

kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf ** j6f d'2fdf !* j6f cyf{t @)Ü d'2fdf

k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] &) j6f

cyf{t *)Ü d'2fdf 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k]z u/]sf]

kfOof] .

167

%=(=# cleof]u l;nl;n]jf/ (Sequential) 5 jf 5}g <

cleof]ukq n]vfOdf :t/Lotfsf] nflu l;nl;n]jf/ k|:t'lt

cTofjZos dflgG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@@ d'2fdWo] &# j6f cyf{t

^)Ü d'2fdf cleof]ukqdf l;nl;n]jf/ k|:t'lt u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg]

$( j6f cyf{t $)Ü cleof]ukq l;nl;n]jf/ ge} cJojl:yt ?kdf

k]z u/]sf] kfOof] .

%=(=$ cleof]ukqdf tYo / k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g <

cleof]ukqdf tYo / k|df0fsf] pko'Qm :yfgdf pko'Qm 9Ën]

ljZn]if0f / ;+of]hg eof] eg] s;"/ / dfubfjL k'li6 ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

168

cWoog ul/Psf !!& j6f d'2f dWo] &( j6f cyf{t ^*Ü d'2fdf

cleof]ukqdf tYo / k|df0fsf] pko'Qm ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOof] eg] #*

j6f cyf{t #@Ü d'2fdf pko'Qm ljZn]if0f gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=(=% cleof]ukqdf dfubfjL :ki6 ?kdf lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

cleof]u kqsf] d'Vo s'/f eg]sf] s;"/ / dfubfjL xf] . dfubfjL

c:ki6 jf cd"t{ jf unt ePdf d'2f c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cbfntn]

:ki6 dfubfjLdf 6]s]/ ljZn]if0f ug]{ / 7x/ ug]{ x'Fbf c:ki6 dfubfjL

ePsf d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@@ j6f

d'2fdWo] (@ j6f cyf{t &%Ü d'2fdf :ki6 dfubfjL lnPsf] kfOof] eg]

#) j6f cyf{t @%Ü d'2fdf cleof]u dfubfjL c:ki6 ?kdf k|:t't

u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

169

%=(=^ cleof]ukqdf sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn]v ubf{ q'l6 5 jf 5}g <

cleof]ukqdf dfubfjL k]z ubf{ s'g sfg"gsf] s'g bkmf

adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] / s'g ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf] sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn]v

ug'{kb{5 . cGoyf cbfntn] cfkm}n] o:tf] xf]nf egL cg'dfg u/]/ s;"/

sfod ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf d'2fdf /fd|f] cg'';Gwfg eP/ dha't k|df0f

k|fKt eP klg d'2f c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@# j6f

d'2fdWo] !)* j6f cyf{t **Ü d'2fdf sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn]v ubf{

q'l6 b]lvPsf] 5}g eg] !% j6f cyf{t !@Ü d'2fdf sfg"gL Joj:yf

q'l6k"0f{ ?kdf pNn]v u/L cleof]ukq k]z u/]sf] kfOof] .

%=(=& cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmpk/ lnPsf] dfubfjL s;"/ cg';f/ 36L bfjL lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

dfubfjL lnFbf s;"/ cg';f/sf] ;hfo dfubfjL lng'kg]{df ;f]

eGbf 36L lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] s'/f sfg"gL b[li6n] q'l6k"0f{ xf] .

cWoog ul/Psf !!( j6f d'2fdWo] !!^ j6f cyf{t (&Ü d'2fdf

pko"Qm dfubfjL lnPsf] kfOof] eg] #Ü d'2fdf 36L dfubfjL lnPsf]

kfOof] .

170

%=(=* cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmpk/ lnOPsf] dfubfjL s;"/ cg';f/ a9L lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

cleof]ukqdf sltko ;/sf/L jsLnn] jl9 dfubfjL lnFbf

afx\o ckmjfxaf6 ;'/lIft x'g ;lsG5 / cgfjZos cf/f]k a]xf]g'{ kb}{g

egL ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] ;hfo /f]Hg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf

!!( j6fdWo] !)# j6f cyf{t *&Ü d'2fdf s;"/ cg';f/s} ;hfo

dfubfjL lnPsf] kfOof] eg] !^ j6f cyf{t !#Ü d'2fdf a9L dfu bfjL

lnPsf] b]lvof] . 8fFsf tyf rf]/L d'2fdf j/fdb tyf cGo k|df0fn] k'li6

geOsg ljuf] bfjL lnPsf] / ljuf] bfjL k|df0fn] k'li6 u/]sf]eGbf a9L

gx'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

171

%=(=( cleof]ukqdf lnOPsf] dfubfjL s;"/ cg';f/ a9L bfjL lnPsf] 5 eg] s:tf] bfjL lng'kg]{ s] bfjL lnPsf] 5 <

a9L dfu bfjL lnOPsf]df b]xfo adf]lhd a9L bfjL lnPsf]

b]lvG5 M

;jf/L rfns / ;jf/L wgL jfx]ssf cGo @ hgf JolQmx?pk/

Ifltk"lt{ bfjL lnOPsf] .

jf]S;Lsf] cf/f]k÷kLl8tnfO cleo'Qmx?n] dnd'q v'jfPsf]

;DjGwdf dfq bfjL ;Lldt x'g'kg]{df a9L bfjL /x]sf] .

v]Ng] 7fFpdf al;/x]sf] eGg] tYojf6 b]lvFbf b]lvFb} h'jf v]n]sf]

cleof]u bfjL lnOPsf] .

of]gL v]nfPsf]df Hfj/h:tL s/0fL bfjL u/]sf] .

k|df0fs} cefjdf, hfx]/L e/df k|ltjfbL sfod .

a/fdb x'g g;s]sf] hfx]/jfnfsf] rf]/Lsf] ;fdfg olsg g} gul/

rf]/L u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] .

j/fdb gePsf cleo'Qmsf xsdf klg nfu" cf}ifw j/fdb ePsf]

s;"/bf/ ;/x Pp6} bfjL .

Go'g dfqfdf ufFhf j/fdbLdf sf/f]jf/ tkm{ bfjL lnPsf] .

kl/df0f sd ePsf]df klg 7"nf] bfjL lnPsf] .

Hofg ;DjGwLsf] !$ g+ sf] bfjL lnPkl5 !^ g+ klg bfjL

lnPsf] .

Hofg ;DjGwLsf] !# g+ sf] bfjL lnPkl5 s'g}sf xsdf !$ g+

klg bfjL lnPsf] .

k|df0faf6 k'li6 gePsf] ljuf] sfod ul/Psf] .

172

%=(=!) d'2f rnfpg kof{Kt k|df0f gePsf]df d'2f rnfOPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

d'2f rnfpg kof{Kt k|df0fsf] ljBdfgtfdf s;"/ k'li6 x'g]

cj:yf x'g'kb{5 . t/ w]/} d'2fdf xNsf / ;fdfGo k|df0fsf] e/df

cleof]ukq k]z ubf{ d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf

!@@ d'2fdWo] *@ j6f cyf{t\ ^&Ü d'2fdf kof{Kt k|df0f eP/ d'2f

rnfPsf]] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] $) j6f cyf{t ##Ü d'2fdf kof{Kt k|df0f

gePsf]df d'2f rnfPsf] kfOof] .

%=(=!! d'2f rnfpg kof{Kt dfqfdf k|df0f gePsf]df d'2f rnfOPsf] 5 eg] s] s:tf] cfwf/df rnfOPsf] 5 <

k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf geP klg b]xfo adf]lhd d'2f rnfPsf]

b]lvG5 M

olsg gul/Psf] k|df0fsf cfwf/df d'2f rnfOPsf] .

Tfd;'s g} ;xL xf] jf xf]Og egL olsg gul/Psf] cfwf/df d'2f

rnfOPsf] .

z+sf JoQm u/]sf] hfx]/L ;"rgfsf cfwf/df / z+sfhGo

Joxf]/fsf cfwf/df .

hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df .

173

vl/b ljqmLsf] s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf d'2f

rnfPsf] .

ufO{ st{Joaf6 d/]sf] jf uf]7 9nL d/]sf] eGg] k|i6 hjfkm

k|df0fjf6 gb]lvPsf]df olsg gul/Psf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmsf egfO{ tyf hfx]/Lsf cfwf/df olsg

gul/Psf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfOPsf] .

%=(=!@ cleof]ukqsf ;fIfL k|df0f dxndf :ki6 ?kdf k|df0fx? pNn]v 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

cleof]ukqdf bfjL lnFbf cleof]ukqsf] ;fIfL k|df0f dxndf sf]

sf] ;fIfL k|df0f x'g\ / s; s;nfO{ a'em\g' kg]{ xf] :ki6 n]v]kl5

cbfntn] ;f]xL dxn x]/]/ a'em\g] u5{ / o;af6 dxTjk"0f{ ;fIfL k|df0f

5'6\g guO{ d'2f alnof] x'g hfG5 eg] o:tf] gePdf uf]nd6f]n eO{

dxTjk"0f{ ;fIfL k|df0f a'em\g 5'6\gfn] d'2f c;kmn x'G5 . cWoog

ul/Psf !@! d'2fdWo] $) j6f cyf{t ##Ü d'2fdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v

u/]sf], &# j6f cyf{t ^)Ü d'2fdf :ki6 ?kdf k|df0fx? pNn]v

gu/]sf] / * j6f cyf{t &Ü d'2fdf pNn]v g} gu/]sf] kfOof] .

174

%=(=!# cf+lzs d'2f rnfPsf]df To:tf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] lgod ##-@_ adf]lhd

cf+lzs ?kdf d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df To;sf] hfgsf/L t'?Gt

k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf

k7fpg' k5{ . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] !) j6f d'2fdf cf+lzs

lg0f{o ePsf] . o;dWo] ! j6f cyf{t !)Ü d'2fdf dfq} ;f]sf] hfgsf/L

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fPsf] / ( j6f cyf{t ()Ü d'2fdf

gk7fPsf] b]lvof] .

10% 90%0%

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100%

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf ] sfof {nodf k7fPsf ] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf ]] sfof{nodf gk7fPsf ]

tflnsf ̂ (

%=!)=!$ d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ grnfO{ 5f8]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

cg';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt ;a'b k|df0faf6 d'2f rnfpg' kg]{

b]lvPsf cleo'QmnfO{ d'2f grnfO{ 5f8\g' x'Fb}g . cWoog ul/Psf

;Dj4 %! Jf6f d'2fdWo] $( j6f cyf{t (^Ü d'2fdf d'2f rnfpg' kg]{

b]lvPsf cleo'QmnfO{ d'2f grnfO{ 5f]8]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] @ j6f cyf{t

$Ü d'2fdf d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ 5f8]sf] b]lvof] .

175

%=(=!% d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ grnfO{ 5f8]sf] 5 eg] rnfpg' kg]{ s] s:tf] cfwf/ /x]sf]df s] cfwf/df 5f8]sf] 5 <

Sofl;gf] ;+rfnssf] gfd, jtg, y/ olsg ug{ ;lsg]df olsg

g} gu/L d'2f grnfOPsf] .

%=(=!^ cleof]ukq ;DaGwdf cGo s'g} q'l6x? jf ;fGble{s s'/fx? s] s] 5g\ <

cleof]ukq ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf q'l6x? /x]sf] kfOG5 M

kLl8t / d[tssf kl/jf/n] s] slt /sd Ifltk"lt{ jfkt k|fKt

ug]{ xf] / k|fKt ug]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ k|i6 gePsf] .

k|df0fsf] cefjdf cleof]u bfo/ .

hfx]/LnfO{ dfq cfwf/ jgfO{ cleof]u bfo/ .

ef}lts k|df0fsf] cf}lrTo÷;Totf, cleo'Qmsf] olsg s'g} s'/fsf]

cWoog ljZn]if0f gu/L ;f]em} k|x/Lsf] /fonfO{ cleof]u bfjL

lnO k]z ePsf] .

JolQmlkR5] s;"/sf] k|s[ltsf] j:t'k/s ljZn]if0f gePsf] .

cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] gfd g/x]sf] .

176

a/fdb ;fdfgsf] d'2f / k|ltjfbLaLr /x]sf] ;DjGw pNn]v

gePsf]

cleo'Qm kqmfp ug{, vfgtnf;L lng cfjZos lgb]{zg g} gu/L

;f]em} cleof]u bfjL lnO{ k]z ePsf] .

cg';Gwfg k"0f{ gu/L vl/b ljqmLsf] s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf]

cefjdf cleof]u bfo/ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] .

k|ltjfbLsf] k|i6 jtg gv'nfPsf] .

sfg"gsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f gePsf] .

cleo'Qmx?n] d[tsnfO{ dfg'{ kg]{ ;d]tsf] sf/0f, l/;O{jL s]xL

cfwf/ gePsf]df To;tkm{ ljZn]if0f g} gu/L d'2f bfo/ .

k|ltjfbLnfO{ dfg{ gkfO{ 5f8\g'kg]{ sf/0f gv'nfOsg Hofg dfg]{

pBf]usf] s;"/df ljgf k|df0f cleof]u bfjL .

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fsf] cfjZos tTj / ;a'b k|df0fsf]

ljZn]if0f gePsf] .

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng ug{ lgb]{zg gu/L k|fKt /fosf cfwf/df

d'2f bfo/ .

k|To]s JolQmsf] s;"/ tyf k|df0fsf] k|i6 pNn]v gePsf]] .

cg';Gwfg k"0f{ gu/L s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf

cleof]u bfo/ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] .

cleof]ukqdf tYo / k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ko{fKt ?kdf gePsf] .

s;"/ / ;hfo dfubfjL j:t'lgi7 jf oyf]lrt ?kdf gePsf] .

k|df0fsf] ;+sng eP gePsf] gx]/L s'g} ljZn]if0f gu/L ;f]em} cleof]u bfo/ .

%=!) ;'g'jfO{ k|s[of

o; cGtu{t cleof]ukq k|:t'lt kZrft lhNnf cbfntsf]

km};nf;Ddsf] k|s[of kb{5 . o; cGtu{t ;fIfLsf] jskq, ;f]wk'5,

177

lh/x, kLl8tsf] ljkl/t askq, egfO{x?sf] Psfk;L ;DaGw, kl/If0f

k|ltj]bg nufotsf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

%=!)=! ;fIfLx? cbfntdf slt k|ltzt pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ <

cbfntdf ;fIfLx? pkl:yt eO{ cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ePsf]

sfuh Joxf]/fsf] k'li6 x'g] u/L askq u/]df dfq To;n] k|df0f P]g,

@)#! sf] bkmf !* adf]lhd k|df0f u|fx\o x'g] xF'bf ;fIfLsf] cbfntdf

pkl:yltsf] Hofb} dxTj x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;fIfLsf] pkl:yltsf]

cj:yf s:tf] 5 egL cWoog ul/Psf]df cWoog ul/Psf d'2fx? !@!

dWo] hDdf #^ k|ltzt ;fIfLx? dfq pkl:yt ePsf] / ^$ k|ltzt

;fIfLx? pkl:yt gx'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=!)=@ ;fIfLx? jskqsf nflu pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf]df k'gM df}sf dfu ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 5}g <

k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf !* / @% adf]lhd jfbLn] k|df0fsf] ef/ jxg

ug]{ / cbfnt jflx/ JoQm u/]sf] -cg';Gwfgdf_ s'/f ;f] JoQm ug]{

JolQmn] cbfntdf uO{ as]df dfq k|df0fdf lnOG5 . ;/sf/jfbL x'g]

d'2fdf Psk6s ;fIfLnfO{ jskq ug{ lemsfPsf]df gcfPsf] cj:yfdf

;fIfL cfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ k'gM a'lemkfpg df}sf dfu ug]{

ug'{kb{5 / df}sfsf] egfO{nfO{ askq u/fO{ k'li6 u/fpg k|oTgzLn

178

/xg'k5{ . cWoog ul/Psf !## d'2fdWo] !$ j6fdf cyf{t !!Ü d'2fdf

kq k7fO{ df}sf dfu u/]s]f / !!( j6f cyf{t *(Ü d'2fdf k'g dfu

u/]sf] b]lvPg .

%=!)=# ;fIfLx? cbfntdf pkl:yt e} jskq gu/L lx8]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

;fIfLn] cbfntdf pkl:yt e} jskq u/]df dfq k|df0f u|fxo

x'G5 . cbfntdf pkl:yt ePs]f t/ jskq gu/]df k|df0f u|fx\o

xF'b}g . cWoog ul/Psf !!& j6f d'2f dWo] !)% j6f cyf{t ()Ü

d'2fdf pkl:yt e} jskq u/]sf] t/ !@ j6f cyf{t !)Ü d'2fdf

jskq gu/L lx8]sf] kfOof] .

%=!)=$ jskq u/fpFbf ;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

aofg askq u/fpg] sfd ;/sf/L jsLn cfkm}n] u/fpg'kg]{

sfg"gL Joj:yf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf #) df /x]sf] 5 . t/

179

sltko cj:yfdf ;/sf/L jsLn guO{ ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/L

k7fpg] u/]s]f u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 . cWoog ul/Psf (& j6f d'2fdWo] (@

j6f cyf{t (#Ü d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg]

& j6f cyf{t &Ü d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLn jskqdf pkl:yt gePsf]

kfOof] .

%=!)=% ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|ltjfbLsf] jskqdf lh/x u/]s]f 5 jf 5}g <

k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf %) df ;fIfLsf] ;f]wk'5 / lh/x ug]{ Joj:yf

/ k|df0f k]z ug]{ sfd ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;/sf/L d'2f

;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf #) df tf]lsPsf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f

d'2fdWo] (^ j6fdf ;fIfL pkl:yt ePsf], To;dWo] (@ j6f cyf{t

(^Ü d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] jskqdf lh/x u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] $ j6f

cyf{t $Ü d'2fdf lh/x u/]sf] b]lvPg .

180

%=!)=^ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;f]wk'5 / lh/x ubf{ pko'Qm k|Zg /fv]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

;f]wk'5 / lh/x pko'Qm ;Lk / sf}znåf/f u/fOG5 . ;/sf/L

jsLnn] ;f]wk'5 / lh/x ubf{ pko'Qm k|Zg /fv]/ ug'{k5{ / dxTjk"0f{

tYox? :yflkt e} d'2f ;kmn x'G5 . cWoog ul/Psf (% j6f

d'2fdWo] *@ j6f cyf{t *^Ü d'2fdf pko'Qm k|Zg /fv]sf] b]lvG5 eg]

!# j6f cyf{t !$Ü d'2fdf pko'Qm k|Zg u/]sf] b]lvFb}g .

%=!)=& ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;f]wk'5 / lh/x ubf{ pko'Qm k|Zg /fv]sf] 5}g eg] s] s:tf] l:ylt b]lvG5 <

36gfsf sf/0f / cfwf/sf] ;Gbe{df ;jfn hjfkm gul/Psf] .

Hffx]/jfnfn] pNn]v u/]sf tYo k|i6;Fu g/fv]sf] .

%=!)=* askq u/fpFbf ;/sf/L jsLn cfkm} guO{ ;xfos sd{rf/LnfO{ k7fPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

askq u/fpg] sfd ;/sf/L jsLnsf] xf] ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf]

xf]Og . olb ;xfos sd{rf/LnfO{ jskq u/fpg nufPsf] /x]5 eg]

sfg"g;Ddt dflgb}g . cWoog ul/Psf (* j6fdWo] (& j6f cyf{t

((Ü d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLn cfkm}n] jskq u/fPsf] askqsf]

sfuhjf6 b]lvG5 t/ ! j6fdf cyf{t !Ü d'2fdf ;xfos sd{rf/L

k7fPsf] kfOof] .

181

%=!)=( hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

hfx]/jfnfn] jskq u/L hfx]/L Joxf]/f k'li6 u/]df d'2f ;kmn

x'g ;S5 eg] ljkl/t jskq u/]df d'2f c;kmn klg x'G5 /

hfx]/jfnfnfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf @* jdf]lhd e'm6\7f

kf]n ph'/ u/] jfkt ;hfo x'g ;S5 . cWoog ul/Psf ** j6f

jskq ePsf d'2fdWo] ^% j6f cyf{t &$Ü d'2fdf hfx]/jfnfn]

ljkl/t jskq gu/]sf] t/ @# j6f cyf{t @^Ü d'2fdf hfx]/jfnfn]

ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] kfOof] .

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26%0%20%40%60%80%

hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t jskq gu/]sf]

hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t jskq u/]sf]

tflnsf &&

%=!)=!) kLl8tn] ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

hfx]/jfnf h:t} kLl8tn] klg pkl:yt e} ;lx Joxf]/f n]vfPdf

s;"/ 7x/ x'g ;S5 . t/ pkl:yt eP/ ljkl/t jskq u/]df d'2fdf

klg c;/ k5{ / lghnfO{ klg ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf @*

adf]lhd e'm7\7f kf]n ph'/L u/L cbfntnfO{ 9fF6]sf]df ;hfo x'g;S5 .

182

cWoog ul/Psf !@^ dWo] kLl8tsf] jskq ePsf %$ j6f d'2fdWo]

#( j6f cyf{t &@Ü d'2fdf kLl8tn] ljkl/t jskq u/sf] b]lvFb}g eg]

!% j6f cyf{t @*Ü d'2fdf kLl8tn] ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] kfOof] .

%=!)=!! df}sfdf a'lemPsf] JolQm, k|ltj]bs, kl/If0fstf{n] ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

df}sfdf a'lemPsf JolQm, k|ltj]bs, kl/If0fstf{ ljz]if1n]

ljkl/t jskq u/]df d'2f c;kmn x'g hfG5 . cWoog ul/Psf

plNnlvt JolQmsf] jskq ePsf &# j6f d'2fdWo] %@ j6f cyf{t

&!Ü d'2fdf ljkl/t jskq ePsf] kfOPg eg] @! j6f cyf{t @(Ü

d'2fdf ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] kfOof] .

183

%=!)=!@ hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t, / sfuh ug]{sf] df}sfsf] egfO{ / jskq jflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

plNnlvt egfO{ aflemPdf ;+slnt k|df0fx? cljZj;gLo e}

k|df0fdf u|x0f of]Uo gx'g] / d'2f c;kmn x'g hfG5 . hfx]/jfnf,

kLl8t / sfuh ug]{ cGo JolQmx? ;d]t ePsf] *@ j6f d'2fdWo] %@

j6f cyf{t ^#Ü d'2fdf lghx?sf] egfO{ aflemPsf] b]lvPg eg] #)

j6f cyf{t #&Ü d'2fdf lghx?sf] egfO{ jflemPsf] b]lvof] .

%=!)=!# hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / df}sfdf sfuh ug]{sf] jskq Pscfk;df aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / df}sfdf sfuh ug]{sf] jskq ePsf]df

Psfk;df jflemPsf]df klg To:tf] jskq cljZj;gLo x'g ;S5 .

cWoog ul/Psf dWo] jskq ePsf && j6f d'2fdf $% j6f cyf{t

%*Ü d'2fdf Psfk;L jskq aflemPsf] b]lvPg eg] #@ j6f cyf{t

$@Ü d'2fdf eg] jskq jflemPsf] b]lvof] .

184

%=!)=!$ kl/If0f k|ltj]bg k|i6 5 sL 5}g <

ef}lts k|df0f ;jf]{Ts[i6 k|df0f xf] . o;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ljz]if1sf] kl/If0f k|ltj]bg x'g'kb{5 . kl/If0f k|ltj]bg :ki6 / låljwf/lxt ePdf csf6\o k|df0f x'G5 t/ k|ltj]bg c:ki6 / låljwfo'Qm ePdf k|df0f u|fXo xF'b}g . cbfntn] cToGt} ;fjwfgLk"j{s To;nfO{ k|df0fdf u|x0f u5{ . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f d'2fdWo] #^ j6fdf ljz]if1sf] kl/If0f k|ltj]bg /x]sf], To;df @# j6f cyf{t ^$Ü :ki6 b]lvof], !# j6f cyf{t #^Ü eg] c:ki6 /x]sf] kfOof] .

%=!)=!% c=j+= !!% g+= adf]lhd ;fIfL lemsfpbf ;fIfLx? pkl:yt ePsf] jf gePsf] <

cbfntn] klxnf]k6s ;fIfL lemsfpbf cfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] k'g lemsfO{ a'lemkfpg lgj]bg dfu ug{ ;Sg], To;kl5 klg gcfPdf ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ga'emL gx'g] ;fIfLsf xsdf cbfntn] c=j+= !!% g+= cg';f/ cfkm} lemsfpg ;S5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] c=a+= !!% g+ sf] k|s[of adf]lhd lemsfpbf *) d'2fdWo] $ j6f cyf{t %Ü d'2fdf ;fIfL pkl:yt ePsf] t/ &^ j6f cyf{t (%Ü d'2fdf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] kfOof] .

185

%=!)=!^ c=a+=!!% g+= adf]lhd lemsfpFFFbf ;f] g+= sf ;a} k|s[of k"/f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

c=j+= !!% g+= adf]lhd cbfntn] lemsfpbf klg gcfpg]

;fIfLnfO{ ?=%).– hl/jfgf u/L a'em\g'kg]{, gcfPdf k'g & lbgsf] Dofb

k7fpg], gcfPdf kqmg k7fO{ Nofpg], km]nf gk/]df k'g & lbgsf] Dofb

k7fpg], gcfPdf k'g kqmg k7fO{ NofO{ !% lbg b]lv $% lbg;Dd s}b

ug'{kg]{ ;Ddsf] k|s[of /x]sf] 5 . c=j+= !!% g+= k|of]u ul/Psf] w]/}

d'2fdf oL ;a} k|s[of k"/f u/]sf] b]lvFb}g eGg] cfnf]rgf ul/Psf]

kfOG5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] ##Ü d'2fdf ;a} k|s[of k"/f ePsf]

t/ ^&Ü d'2fdf k"/f gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

%=!)=!& ;/sf/L jsLnn] axz u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

;/sf/L jsLnn] cbfntdf pkl:yt e} d'2fdf axz k}/jL

ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ## df pNn]v 5 .

cWoog ul/Psf !!( d'2fdWo] !!@ j6f cyf{t ($Ü d'2fdf jxz

k}/jLdf ;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt ePsf] t/ & j6f cyf{t ^Ü d'2fdf

eg] cg'kl:yt /x]sf] kfOof] .

186

%=!)=!* d'2fsf] uDeL/tf x]bf{ ! eGbf a9L ;/sf/L jsLn /x]]sf] :yfgdf ! eGbf a9L ;/sf/L jsLn axzdf hfg] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

ax; k}/jLsf] sfo{ cToGt} Jofj;flos sfo{ xf] . d'2fdf /x]]sf]

lajfbsf] laifosf] uDeL/tf cg';f/ Tof] If]qdf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;d"xn] ax; u/]df ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . uDeL/

d'2fdf ljkIf tkm{jf6 ;d"x (Panel) jgfP/ slDtdf % hgf sfg"g

Joj;foL hfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 -s'g} d'2fdf sof}+ u'0ff a9L klg b]lvPsf]

5_ eg] ;/sf/sf tkm{jf6 ! hgfn] dfq k|ltlglwTj ubf{ ;/sf/

lg/Lx / s;"/bf/ zlQmzfnL h:tf] b]lvG5 . ! eGbf a9L ;/sf/L

jsLn /x]]sf] :yfgdf ! eGbf a9L ;/sf/L jsLn d'2fdf ax;df hfg]

u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g egL cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] !(Ü d'2fdf !

hgfeGbf al9 hfg] u/]sf] t/ *!Ü d'2fdf hfg] gu/]]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

of] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|efjsfl/tfdflysf] 7"nf] r'gf}lt xf] .

187

%=!)=!( gSsn sfuhftx? b'?:t 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

;/sf/L jsLnn] k|efjsf/L ax; ug{ ldl;n sfuhft r':t

b'?:t /x]sf] x'g'k5{ . cWoog ul/Psf !@! d'2fdWo] &@ j6f cyf{t

^)Ü d'2fdf gSsn sfuhft b'?:t /x]sf] t/ $( j6f cyf{t $)Ü

d'2fdf gSsn sfuhft b'?:t g/x]sf] kfOof] . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{no ;dIf clGtd lgsf;fsf] nflu k|fKt ePsf] of] glthf x]bf{

lhNnf tx tyf k'g/fj]bg txdf Hofb} a9L x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 . of] uDeL/

;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 .

%=!! lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf

d'2fsf] k|f/lDes lg0f{o lbg] lgsfo lhNnf cbfnt xf] -jf cGo

cj:yfdf z'? d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L_ . o;n] clwsf+z ?kdf tYosf]

ljZn]if0faf6 lg0f{o lbg] ub{5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] cf=a=

)^&.)^* sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf lhNnf cbfnt txdf ^(Ü d'2f

;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL gv'n]sf d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f

grnfpg] u/L clGtd lg0f{o u/]sf / cf+lzs ?kdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsf

d'2f ;d]t o;df ;dfj]z ePsfn] jf:tljs 7x/ ;+Vof x]g{] xf] eg] #)

b]lv $)Ü eGbf ggf£g] b]lvG5 . lhNnf txdf d'2f c;kmn x'g] sf/0f

;Gbe{df ;kmfOsf cfwf/x?, k|df0f d"NofÍg, sfg"gsf] k|of]u, k|To]s

cleo'Qmsf] ljZn]if0f h:tf s'/fx?df cWoog ubf{ lgDg glthf k|fKt

ePsf] 5 M

188

%=!!=! k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? s] s] 5g\ <

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf

cleof]ukq bfo/ u/]kl5 k|df0f kl/If0f ;d]t u/L cbfntaf6

cf/f]lkt s;"/ 7x/ ug]{ jf gug]{ km};nf ul/G5 . o;}n] cbfntaf6 s]

s'g cfwf/df k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbOof] eGg] s'/fsf] lrq0f km};nfaf6

kfpg ;lsG5 . o;} sf/0fn] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ljleGg txsf

km};nfx?df cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo gePsf ljleGg !@^ j6f

d'2fx?sf] km};nfsf cfwf/x? cWoog / k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .

d'2fdf cleof]u 7x/ ug]{ jf gug]{ s'/f k|To]s d'2fdf /x]sf] k|df0fsf

cfwf/df to x'g] laifo ePklg ;du| d'2fx? cWoog ubf{ km};nfdf

d"nt clwsf+zdf lgDg cfwf/x?df ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] kfOof] .

Hffx]/jfnf ;d]tsf JolQmx? cbfntdf askq ug{ pkl:yt

gePsf] .

k|ltjfbL OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]sf] .

hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t tyf ;fIfLx?n] ljkl/t askq u/]sf .

cleo'Qmsf] ;fyjf6 ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt bzL s]xL j/fdb

gePsf] .

a/fdbL d'r'Nsf nufotsf d'r'Nsfdf sfg"gsf] l/t gk'u]sf] .

a/fdbL ;fdfgx? sfg"g adf]lhd ;gfvt / kl/If0f gu/fPsf] .

cg'dfg, cfz+sf / ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df s;"/ 7x/ ug{

gldNg] .

j/fdbL d'r'Nsf / sfuh ug]{ JolQmn] ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf .

k|df0f ;+sngdf k|x/L lgliqmo b]lvPsf] .

ef}lts / bzL k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

rZdlbb ujfx gePsf] .

189

cleof]udf olsg ljuf] gePsf]df cbfnt cfkm}n] olt ljuf]

egL sfod ug{ gldNg] .

a'lemPsf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf] Joxf]/f

n]vfPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;'/bf/ xf] egL ls6fgsf

;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf] .

kLl8t askq ug{ cbfntdf pkl:yt gePsf] .

k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf !* / @% sf] e'ldsf jfbL kIfn] lgjf{x ug{

g;s]sf] .

j}1flgs kl/If0fn] :yflkt u/]sf] tYoeGbf ljkl/t df}lvs

egfO{sf cfwf/df bf]ifL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] .

z+sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpg] .

jf/bftsf] ldlt, ;dodf cGoq /x]sf] k'li6 ePsf] .

ef}lts tyf hfFr k|ltj]bgjf6 ;d]t k'li6 gePsf] .

36gfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] ;hfosf] cleof]u bfjL lng'kg]{df

a9L bfjL lnPsf] .

klxn] ePsf ck/fwdf kl5 ag]sf sfg"gsf cfwf/df cleof]hg

ul/Psf] .

;du|df plNnlvt cfwf/x? b]lvP klg d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/

cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . km};nfsf cfwf/x?sf] k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt

tYox?nfO{ d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't / ljZn]if0f

ul/Psf] 5 .

-!_ d'2fM ;jf/L Hofg tyf Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL d'2fdf s;"/ 7x/ gePsf] d'2fdf lnOPsf cfwf/x?

;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !^!-@_ adf]lhd bfjL

lnOP klg cbfntaf6 k|fo d'2fx?df P] bkmf !^!-#_ adf]lhdsf]

190

s;"/ dfq 7x/ ePsf] kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] bfjLeGbf sd

7x/ ubf{ 36gfsf] k|s[ltjf6 !^! -@_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6

gePsfn] !^! -#_ sf] s;"/ 7x/ x'g] tyf d[tssf]

c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f ;jf/L b'3{6gf ePsf], k|ltjfbLn]

ablgotk"j{s ;jf/L rnfPsf] gb]lvPsf] tyf k|ltjfbLn] s;"/

ck/fw u/]sf] k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g gcfPsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnPsf]

kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;jf/L lhDdf lbPsf] l:yltdf lhDdf

lng]sf] xsdf s;"/ :yflkt x'g g;Sg] egL km};nfdf cfwf/

lnOPsf] kfOG5 . o; tYosf] cfwf/df x]bf{ ;f] P]gsf] !^!-@_ /

-#_ sf] s;"/sf] bfjL lnFbf s'g k|s[ltsf] xf] eGg] 36gfsf]

k|s[lt, tYo Pj+ k|df0fsf] d"Nofs+g gx'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lhNnf

cbfntaf6 lnOPsf km};nf cfwf/x?df b]xfosf a'Fbfx?

b]lvG5g\ M

36gfsf] k|s[ltaf6 !^! -@_ sf] s;"/ ge} P] !^! -#_ sf]

s;"/ ePsf] b]lvg] .

df]6/;fOsn js{;kdf lhDdf lbPsf] l:yltdf lhDdf

lng]sf] xsdf s;"/ :yflkt x'g g;Sg] .

k|ltjfbLsf] ;jf/L rnfO jblgotk"j{s gb]lvPsf] .

k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ cleof]ubfjL adf]lhd u/]sf] k|df0fjf6

gb]lvPsf] .

c;fjwfgLk"j{s ;jf/L rnfPsf] sf/0f b'3{6gf ePsf] /

d[tssf]] d[To' ePsf] .

Principle of Res Judicata sf] cfwf/df cleof]u bfjL vf/]h

x'g] 7x/ ePsf] .

@_ ckx/0f tyf zl// jGws d'2fdf km};nf ubf{ lnOPsf cfwf/x?

o; lsl;dsf] d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf klxn]sf]

l/;O{jLsf] sf/0f hfx]/L lbPsf], Hffx]/jfnf ;d]tsf sf]xL JolQm

cbfntdf askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf], k|ltjfbL s;"/df OGsf/

191

/xL aofg u/]sf], hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t askq u/]sf], kLl8tn]

askq ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] s'g} s;"/ gu/]sf] / ckx/0f g} gePsf]

egL askq u/]sf], k|ltjfbL / hfx]/jfnfjLr Ps} sfof{nodf

sfo{/t /x]sfn] k'j{ ljjfbsf sf/0f hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvPsf],

cleo'Qmsf] ;fyjf6 bzL ;DaGwL s'g} klg ;fdu|L j/fdb

gePsf], j/fdbL d'r'Nsf / sfuh ug]{ JolQmn] ckx/0f ePsf] /

bzL j/fdb ePsf] xf]Og egL sfuh u/]sf eGg] ;d]tsf

cfwf/x? lnOPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't km};nf cfwf/x?af6 l/;

OjLsf sf/0f hfx]/L lbg] u/]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df d'2f rnfOg]

u/]sf, hfx]/jfnf, a/fdbL d'r'Nsf tyf a'lemPsf dflg;x?

cbfntdf ljkl/t askq ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0f d'2f c;kmn x'g]

u/]sf] kfOof] . ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt bzL / ef}lts k|df0f gx'g]

/ df}lvs k|df0f ;d]t ljkl/t askq ug]{ k|a[lQn] ubf{ cleof]u

7x/ gePsf] cj:yf kfOof] . lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfdf

lnOPsf] cfwf/x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

k|ltjfbLsf] df]6/;fOsn hfx]/jfnfn] k|of]u u/L ljuf/L

lbPsf] ljifodf ? @),))).– k|ltjfbLn] dfu u/]sf] .

Hffx]/jfnf ;d]tsf sf]xL JolQm cbfntdf askq ug{

pkl:yt gePsf] .

k|ltjfbL OGsf/, hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t askq u/]sf] .

kLl8tn] askq ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] s'g} s;"/ gu/]sf] / ckx/0f

g} gePsf] egL askq u/]sf] .

k|ltjfbL / hfx]/jfnfjLr Ps} sfof{nodf sfo{/t /x]sfn]

k'j{ ljjfbsf sf/0f hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvof] .

cleo'Qmsf] ;fyaf6 s]xL j/fdb gePsf] eGg] j/fdbL

d'r'Nsfjf6 k'li6 .

j/fdbL d'r'Nsf / sfuh ug]{ JolQmn] ckx/0f / j/fdb

ePsf] xf]Og egL sfuh u/]sf .

192

#_ d'2f M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 7uL

o; lsl;dsf] d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf Ps k6s d'2f

rln;s]sf]df ;f]xL ljifodf k'gM ;f]xL sndsf] csf]{ td;'ssf

cfwf/df cleof]u bfo/ ul/Psf]df Ps} jf/bft ePsfn]

Principle of Res Judicate sf] cfwf/df d'2f vf/]h ul/Psf],

Ps} nufpsf] csf]{ d'2fjf6 @,$),))).– td;'s adf]lhd /sd

/ %)Ü xhf{gf ;d]t kfpg] k}m;nf ePsf sf/0f ;kmfO lbPsf],

klxn] ePsf] jf/bftdf jf/bfteGbf kl5 ag]sf] sfg"gsf

cfwf/df cleof]u bfjL ePsf]df ;hfo gul/Psf]], klxn]sf]]

jf/bftdf P]g adf]lhd hl/jfgf ul/Psf] t/ kl5 ag]sf] P]gsf

cfwf/df ;hfo ug{ gldNg] 7x/ ePsf] kfOG5 . oL tYox?af6

Psk6s ;hfo eO;s]sf] laifodf jf s;"/df k'gM d'2f rnfpg]

tyf jf/bftsf cj:yf sfod /x]sf] P]gsf] s;"/df ;hfo dfu

gu/L kl5 ag]sf] P]g cg';f/ ;hfo dfu ug]{ h:tf

cleof]ubfjL ;DaGwL q'6Lsf sf/0f klg d'2fdf c;kmntf

Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf

cfwf/x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

;f]xL ljifodf k'gM ;f]xL sndsf] csf]{ td;'s klg 5 egL

k]z u/]sf] of] cleof]u Ps} jf/bft ePsfn] Principle of

Res Judicate sf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f vf/]h x'g] 7x/

ePsf] .

o;} nufpsf] csf]{ d'2fjf6 @,$),))).– td;'s adf]lhd

/sd / %)Ü xhf{gf ;d]t kfpg] k}m;nf ePsf] .

jf/bft @)^) ;fnsf] ePsf]df cleof]u bfjL @)^$ sf]

P]g k|of]u u/L bfjL lnPsf] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)$@ adf]lhd hl/jfgf ePsf] t/

@)^$ sf] P]g jdf]lhd s}b hl/jfgf ug{ gldNg] km};nf

ePsf] .

193

-$_ jx'ljjfx

o; lsl;dsf d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf Hffx]/jfnL /

k|ltjfbLaLr ;DjGwljR5]b / ldnfkq sfuh k]z ePsf], Hffx]/jfnL cbfntdf pkl:yt gePsf], ax'ljjfx d'2fn]

;dfhnfO{ c;/ ug]{ geO{ JolQmnfO{ c;/ ug]{, xfn h]7L

>Ldlt;Fu ;DaGw laR5]b ePsfn] sfG5L >Ldlt dfq 3/df

/x]sf], hfx]/jfnfn] hfx]/L Joxf]/fsf] ljkl/t k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO

lbO{ askq u/]sf], :jtGq k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf], Hffx]/jfnLnfO{

cleo'Qmn] ljjfx gu/]sf] ePklg cfj]zdf cfO{ hfx]/L lbPsf],

cleo'Qm s;'/df OGsf/ /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . oL cfwf/x?af6 ax'ljjfx d'2fdf cbfntn]

hfx]/jfnfsf] egfOnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] / d'2f g}

hfx]/jfnfsf] lxt;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ePsfn] lghsf] sygnfO{ g}

cfwf/ lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} jf/bftsf cj:yfdf

3/df h]7L >Ldlt ePklg km};nf x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf ;DaGw

laR5]b eO;s]sf] eP ax'ljjfxsf] s;"/af6 pGd'lQm lbg]

k|j[lQsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . kmnt o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfn

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfO/xg] / cbfntaf6 ;kmfO kfO/xg]

cj:yf b]lvG5 . ax'ljjfx d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lng] u/]sf

cfwf/x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

Hffx]/jfnL / k|ltjfbLaLr ;DjGw ljR5]b / ldnfkq ePsf]

sfuh k]z ePsf] .

Hffx]/jfnL cbfntdf pkl:yt gePsf] .

ax'ljjfx d'2fn] ;dfhnfO{ c;/ ug]{ geO{ JolQmnfO{ c;/

ug]{ .

xfn Pp6L dfq sfG5L >LdtL 3/df ePsfn] ax'ljjfxsf]

s;"/ g7xg]{ .

194

hfx]/jfnfn] hfx]/L Joxf]/fsf] ljkl/t k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO

lbg] u/L askq u/]sf] .

:jtGq k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] .

Hffx]/jfnLnfO{ cleo'Qmn] ljjfx gu/]sf] sf/0f cfj]zdf cfO{ hfx]/L lbPsf] .

cleo'Qm s;'/df OGsf/ /x]sf] .

-%_ rf]/L d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lng] u/]sf cfwf/x?

rf]/L d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf cleo'Qm OGsf/L /xL

lghsf] ;fIfLjf6 ;dy{g ePsf], ?k}of rf]/Lsf] lauf]sf] c+s w]/}

bfjL ePklg a/fdb ljuf] dfq 7x/ x'g], Hffx]/jfnfn] cbfntdf

rf]/L ePsf] xf]Og egL lgj]bg lbO{ lgj]bg ;gfvt u/]sf],

ldl;n ;+nUg tYojf6 k|ltjfbLn] rf]/Lsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf]

b]lvPsf], rf]/L u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k k'li6, s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{

k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf], k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0fdf cbfnt /

k|x/L lgliqmo b]lvPsf], OGsf/ eO{ jofg lbPsf], z+sf /

cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfk\mg} Joxf]/f n]vfPsf], j'lemPsf JolQmn]

cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;'/bf/ xf] egL ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{

g;s]sf], kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf], s;"/ cleof]u

k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] k|df0fjf6 gb]v]sf], k|ltjfbLn] rf]/L u/]sf] eP

sxfF /fv]sf] tYo klg v'Ng g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df ;kmfO

lbPsf] b]lvG5 . rf]/L d'2fdf s;"/ 7x/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf a/fdb

;fdu|LnfO{ cbfntn] cfwf/ dfGg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/

a/fdb / cGo k|df0f geP klg hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tdf

pNn]v ePsf] c+snfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cleof]u nufpg] u/]sf]

sf/0f cleof]u bfjLeGbf sd ljuf] 7x/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

cbfntaf6 rf]/L d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? b]xfo

adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

195

cleo'Qm OGsf/L /xL ;fIfLjf6 ;d{yg ePsf] .

? @)*)).– sf] lauf]] bfjL ePsf]df ?k}of a/fdb ePsf]

ljuf] dfq 7x/, gk'u ljuf]sf xsdf k|df0fjf6 rf]/L ePsf]

k'li6 gePsf] .

Hffx]/jfnfn] cbfntdf rf]/L ePsf] xf]Og egL lgj]bg lbO{

lgj]bg ;gfvt u/]sf] .

ldl;n ;+nUg tYojf6 k|ltjfbLn] rf]/Lsf] pBf]u;Dd

u/]sf] .

rf]/L u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k k'li6, s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{

k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] .


a'lemPsf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf]

Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;'/bf/ xf] egL

ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf] .

kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf .

k|df0fjf6 s;"/ cleof]u k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] gb]v]sf] .

k|ltjfbLn] rf]/L u/]sf] eP rf]/Lsf] ;fdfg sxfF /fv]sf] tYo

klg v'Ng g;s]sf] .

-^_ 8fFsf d'2f ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x?

8fFsf d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf s;"/;Fu ;DjlGwt s;"/

7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf], 8fFsfsf] bzL j/fdb

gePsf], 8fFsfsf] jf/bft 7x/ ePsf] t/ a/fdb ePsf] d"No

j/fj/ ljuf] sfod ul/ afFsL ljuf] bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ ePsf], !

hgf k|ltjfbL sfod u/L 8fFsf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df 8fFsfsf]

s;"/ 7x/ gul/Psf], k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf !* / @% sf] e'ldsf

jfbL kIfn] k"/f ug{ g;s]sf], k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0fdf cbfnt

196

/ k|x/L lgliqmo b]lvPsf], k|ltjfbL s;"/df OGsf/ eO{ jofg

lbPsf] / ;fIfLåf/f lgbf]{liftf k'li6 ePsf], askq u/]sf JolQmn]

z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf], j'lemPsf

JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf] egL ls6fgsf ;fy

cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf] / kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf]

h:tf cfwf/x? lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .

cbfntaf6 lnOPsfpk/f]Qm cfwf/x? x]bf{ 8fFsfsf] s;"/ 7x/

x'gsf nflu cbfntn] 8fFsf ePsf] wgdfn a/fdb eP gePsf]

s'/fnfO{ a9L cfwf/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} 8fFsfsf] ljuf]

cleof]u bfjLdf hlt;'s} lnPklg cbfntdf klg s;"/bf/ cfkm}

k"/} wgdfn 8fFsf u/]df ;fljt ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s a/fdb

ePsf] ljuf] dfq sfod ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf

;fy} 8fFsf d'2fdf hfx]/jfnf / jfbL kIfsf ;fIfLx? cbfntdf

askqsf nflu pkl:yt gePsf]n] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf

!* adf]lhd k|df0f u|fXo ge} cleof]u 7x/ gePsf] jf sd

7x/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . jfbL kIfsf ;fIfLx?n] z+sf / ljZjf;

JoQm ug]{ u/]sf] t/ cbfntaf6 o:tf] k|df0fnfO{ k|df0fdf lng

OGsf/ ug]{ u/]sf] km};nfx?sf] cWoogaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

cbfntaf6 8fFsf d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? b]xfo

adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

s;"/;Fu ;DjlGwt, s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefj .

bzL j/fdb gePsf], 8fFsfsf] jf/bft 7x/ ePsf] t/ lauf]

sd 7x/ ubf{ s'g} cfwf/ pNn]v gu/L s]jn a/fdb ePsf]

d'r'Nsfsf] d"No j/fj/ sfod ul/Psf] .

8fFsf ePsf] eGg] wgdfn a/fdb gePsf] .

! hgf k|ltjfbL sfod u/L 8fFsf d'2f bfo/ .

k|df0f P]g sf] bkmf !* / @% sf] e'ldsf jfbL kIfn] k"/f

ug{ g;s]sf] .

197


k|ltjfbL s;'/df OGsf/ eO{ jofg lbPsf] .

;fIfLåf/f lgbf]{liftf k'li6 e}/x]sf] .

askq u/]sf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf]

Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf] egL


kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf] .

-&_ uf]jw d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x?

k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf k|ltjfbL s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf], d/]sf]

ufO{ sf6]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf], df}sfdf ufO{ sf6]sf] eGg]

sfuh ug]{x?n] g} ufO{ d/]sf] egL askq u/]sf], s;"/ ubf{ b]Vg]

k|ToIfbzL{ sf]xL gePsf] / ufO{ st{Jojf6 dfl/Psf] eGg]

k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/x? lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM

k|ToIfbzL{ k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] tyf cg';Gwfgdf sfuh ug]{n]

g} d/]sf] ufO{ sf6]sf] egL sfuh u/]sf] cj:yfdf g} d'2f

rnfOPsf] / k|df0fsf] cefjdf ;kmfO lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;kmfO

lbFbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cfwf/x? lnPsf] kfOG5 .

k|ltjfbL s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf], d/]sf] ufO{ sf6]sf] egL

pNn]v u/]sf] .

df}sfdf ufO{ sf6]sf] eGg] sfuh ug]{x?n] g} ufO{ d/]sf] egL askq u/]sf] .

s;"/ ubf{ b]Vg] k|ToIfbzL{ sf]xL gePsf] .

ufO{ st{Jojf6 dfl/Psf] eGg] k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] .

-*_ dfgj j]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbfsf cfwf/x?

k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf k|ltjfbL s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf],

cbfntdf cfO{ jofg ubf{ s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf], Hffx]/jfnLn]

198

cbfntdf cfO{ lgh k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf 5}g eGg] Joxf]/f

sfuh ul/lbPsf], k|df0fn] s;"/ k'li6 x'g g;s]sf], jfbLsf

;fIfLn] ljkl/t askq u/]sf], 7f]; k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] h:tf

cfwf/x? lnPsf] kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] d'2fdf hfx]/jfnf tyf

cGo ;fIfLx?n] cbfntdf ljkl/t askq u/]s]f / s;"/ k'li6

x'g] cGo j:t'lgi6 k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf sf/0f ;kmfO lbPsf]

b]lvG5 . ;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;fIfL ;+/If0f gLltsf]

cefjsf] sf/0f hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / ;fIfLnfO{ bjfj / k|efjdf

kf/L ljkl/t askq ug{ afWo kfg]{ cj:yfx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .

cWoog ul/Psf s]xL d'2fdf Kf|df0fsf] ;xL ljZn]if0f gePsf]

klg kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf lnPsf

cfwf/x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOG5 .

k|ltjfbL OGsf/ /x]sf] .

Hffx]/jfnLn] cbfntdf cfO{ lghsf] ;+nUgtf 5}g eGg]

Joxf]/f sfuh ul/lbPsf] .

k|df0fn] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]] .

kLl8t ;d]tsf ;fIfLn] ljkl/t askq u/]sf] .

36gf ;dli6df k|dfl0ft gePsf] .

7f]; k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] .

Hffx]/jfnf÷kLl8t / cGo ;fIfL pkl:yt gePsf .

:jb]zleq Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf nu]sf] k'li6 ePsf]df

;f] k|df0fnfO{ glnPsf] .

-(_ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x?

k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefj,

k|df0f ;+sngdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L lgliqmo b]lvPsf], k|ltjfbL

s;"/df OGsf/ eO{ jofg lbPsf], kLl8t :jo+n] cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO{

rSs'n] rf]6 k/]sf] egL askq u/]sf], 3fts xltof/sf] k|of]u

199

gePsf] b]lvPsf], ck/fwsf] k"0f{tf x'g] t];|f] kIfsf] x:tIf]k

gb]lvPsf], askq u/]sf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df

cfk\mgf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf], j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL

s;"/bf/ xf] egL ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf], kLl8t

askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf], s;"/ cleof]u k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf]

k|df0fjf6 gb]v]sf], st{Jo ePsf] egL kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fjf6

klg k'li6 gePsf h:tf cfwf/x? lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . Hofg

dfg]{ pBf]usf] s;"/df k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ dfg'{kg]{ ;Ddsf]

l/;OjL gb]lvPsf], k|xf/ ePsf] xltof/, To;af6 lg:s]sf]

kl/0ffd, jf/bft ;DkGg ug{ cj/f]w k'u]sf] sf/0f jf t];|f]

kIfsf] x:tIf]k h:tf s'/fx?sf cfwf/df s;"/ 7x/ ug]{ jf

gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo s'6kL6sf

36gfx?nfO{ klg Hofg dfg]{ pBf]usf nflu cfjZos tTjsf]

cefjdf klg ;f] d'2f rnfpg] / k|df0fx?af6 k'li6 u/fpg

g;s]sf] sf/0f cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO kfpg] u/]sf] / s'6kL6df dsf{

kg]{n] ;sf/ u/] kl/0ft ul/lbg] u/L km};nfx? ePsf] kfOG5 .

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf b]xfo

adf]lhdsf cfwf/x? u|x0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefj .

k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0fdf cbfnt / k|x/L lgliqmo

b]lvPsf] .

k|ltjfbL s;"/df OGsf/ eO{ jofg lbPsf] .

3fts xltof/sf] k|of]u gePsf] b]lvPsf] .

ck/fwsf] k"0f{tf x'g] t];|f] kIfsf] x:tIf]k gb]lvPsf] .

askq u/]sf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf]

Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf] egL


200

kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf] .

k|df0fjf6 s;"/ cleof]u k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] .

st{Jo ePsf] egL kl/l:ylthGo k|df0faf6 klg k'li6

gePsf] .

k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ dfg'{kg]{ ;Ddsf] l/;OjL gb]lvPsf] .

-!)_ st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x?

st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf jf/bftsf] ldlt, ;dodf cGoq /x]sf] k'li6 ePsf], s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf], k|ltjfbLn] s;"/df OGsf/L jofg lbPsf], askq u/]sf JolQmn] lgZrofTds ?kdf JoQm gu/L z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf], rZdlbb ujfx gePsf], j'lemPsf JolQmn] ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf], s;"/ cleof]u k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] k|df0fjf6 gb]lvPsf], st{Jo ePsf] egL kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fjf6 klg k'li6 gePsf], s;n] ck/fw u/]sf] eGg] k'i6L gePsf], z+sfsf] cfwf/df kqmfp u/]sf], jfbL kIfsf ;fIfL askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf], jfbLsf ;fIfL cbfntdf pkl:yt eP/ klg askq gu/]sf h:tf cfwf/df ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] b]lvof] . Hofg d'2fsf ;DaGwdf cbfntsf km};nfx? ;fIfLx?af6 k'li6 eP gePsf] / To;nfO{ nfz k|s[lt tyf kf]:6df6{d;Fu d]n vfP jf gvfPsf] eGg] cfwf/ klg u|x0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

jf/bftsf] ldlt, ;dodf cGoq /x]sf] k'li6 ePsf] .

s;"/ 7x/ x'g] e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] .

k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/L jofg lbPsf] .

rZdlbb ujfx gePsf] .

askq u/]sf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfkmgf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf] .

st{Jo ePsf] egL kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fjf6 klg k'li6 gePsf] .

201

s;n] uf]nL xfg]sf] eGg] k'i6L gePsf] .

cbfntdf pkl:yt e} askq gu/]sf] .

jfbL kIfsf ;fIfL askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf] .

ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt ef}lts / bzL ;fdfg j/fdb x'g

g;s]sf] .

-!!_ hj/h:tL s/0fL d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x?

k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf hfx]/jfnL nufot df}sfdf j'lemPsf dflg;n] cbfntdf askq ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] hah{:tL s/0fL gu/]sf] egL n]vL lbPsf], ef}lts k|df0f tyf kLl8tsf] c+u hfFr k|ltj]bgaf6 ;d]t k'li6 gePsf], Hffx]/jfnL kLl8tsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L vl08t /x]sf], $ dlxgfb]lv ;xjf; x'Fb}cfPsf], cleo'Qm OGsf/L /xL lghsf ;fIfLjf6 ;dy{g ePsf], k|df0f ;+sngdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L lgliqmo b]lvPsf], a'lemPsf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] h:tf cfwf/df ;kmfO lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L g} j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf] egL ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf], kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf], s;"/ cleof]u k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] k|df0fjf6 gb]v]sf] h:tf ;kmfOsf cfwf/x? klg u|x0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kLl8tsf] k|lts'n askq, kLl8tsf] zf/Ll/s hfFr h:tf k|df0fx?sf cfwf/df ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] / aflnsfsf] xsdf cbfnt s7f]/ ?kdf k|:t't ePsf] / pd]/ k'u]sfsf xsdf lghsf] dGh'/L gePsf] k|df0fnfO{ cbfntn] dWogh/ u/L km};nf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . hjh{:tL s/0fL d'2fdf cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?df ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOG5 M

hfx]/jfnL nufot df}sfdf j'lemPsf dflg;n] cbfntdf askq ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] hah{:tL s/0fL gu/]sf] egL n]lvlbPsf] .

ef}lts k|df0f tyf hfFr k|ltj]bgjf6 ;d]t k'li6 gePsf] .

Hffx]/jfnL kLl8tsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L vl08t /x]sf] .

202

$ dlxgfb]lv ;xjf; x'Fb}cfPsf] .

cleo'Qm OGsf/ /xL ;fIfLjf6 ;d{yg ePsf] .


a'lemPsf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] .

j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf] egL ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf] .

kLl8t askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf .

s;"/ cleof]u k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] k|df0fjf6 gb]v]sf] .

%=!!=@ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

km};nfdf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePdf Gofof]lrt,

;j{dfGo x'G5 / o;n] cfwf/ / sf/0f :yflkt u/]s]f x'G5 . o:tf]

ljZn]if0f gePdf cfTdk/s x'g hfG5 / o;n] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ klg x'g

;S5 . cWoog ul/Psf !@^ d'2fdWo] lhNnf cbfntn] x]/]sf !)* j6f

d'2fdf (^ j6f cyf{t *(Ü d'2fdf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf

ePsf] kfOof] eg] !@ j6f cyf{t !!Ü d'2fdf gePsf] kfOof] .

203

%=!!=# k|df0fdf lng'kg{] s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng'gkg{] s'/f lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

d'2fdf k|:t't ePsf tYout k|df0fx? dWo] k|Dff0fdf lng'kg{] s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng gkg{] s'/f lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df !!& j6f d'2fdWo] !)* cyf{t (@Ü d'2fdf k|df0fdf lng'kg{] lnPsf], lng gkg{] k|df0f glnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ( j6f cyf{t *Ü df lng'kg{]df glnPsf], glng'kg{]df lnOPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=!!=% sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

km};nfdf sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df (* j6f d'2fdf cWoog ul/Psf]df *& j6f cyf{t *(Ü d'2fdf unt k|of]u ePsf] kfOPg eg] !! j6f cyf{t !!Ü d'2fdf sfg"gsf] unt k|of]usf] cj:yf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

204

%=!!=^ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf k[ys ljZn]if0f 5 jf 5}g <

km};nf ubf{ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf xsdf s;"/ 7x/ ubf{ jf ;kmfO

lbFbf cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] ljZn]if0f 5'§f5'§} x'g'kb{5 . k|To]s

k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf ljZn]if0f gePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'g hfG5 . cWoog

ul/Psf !@^ j6f d'2fdWo] ! eGbf a9L k|ltjfbL ePsf (@ j6f

km};nfdWo] ^) j6f cyf{t ^%Ü d'2fdf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf xsdf

5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ePsf] t/ #@ j6f cyf{t #%Ü d'2fdf ljZn]if0f gu/L

km};nf u/]sf] kfOof] . k|To]ssf] cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf lgikIf, :jR5,

k"k{If tyf plrt lg0f{o kfpg] ICCPR nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o

b:tfj]hx?af6 cg'df]lbt dfgj clwsf/ tyf :jR5, k"k{If (Fair

Trial) sf] l;4fGtsf nflu of] ;+Vof r'gf}ltk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 .

%=!@ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf

txut cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] s]xL d'2fdf afx]s ;a}

d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] ub{5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lhNnf cbfntn]

u/]sf] OG;fkm hfFr ug{] xF'bf ;kmfO lb+bfsf cfwf/, k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f,

sfg"gsf] k|of]u, km};nfdf ljZn]if0f, lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg

cbfntaLr Pp6} k|df0f d"NofÍgsf ;Gbe{df ePsf leGgtf tyf

;fGble{s kIfx? jf/]df cWoog ubf{ lgDg cj:yf kfOPsf] 5 .

%=!@=! k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g\ <

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf k|:t't ePsf k|df0fx?sf]

ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] jf gePsf] tkm{ cWoog ul/Psf ^*

j6f d'2f dWo] ^# j6f cyf{t (#Ü d'2fdf ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f ePsf]

kfOof] eg] % j6f cyf{t &Ü d'2fdf gePsf] b]lvof] .

205

%=!@=@ k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{ s'/f lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

;f] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ cWoog ul/Psf &% j6f d'2fdf %( j6f

cyf{t &(Ü d'2fdf k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf glng'

kg]{ s'/f lnPsf] b]lvPg eg] !^ j6f cyf{t @!Ü d'2fdf lng'kg]{ s'/f

k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf lnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=!@=# sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}}g\ <

k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?n] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gbf laBdfg sfg"gsf]

unt k|of]u u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df &# j6f d'2fdf ^^ j6f

206

cyf{t ()Ü d'2fdf unt k|of]fu ePsf] kfOPg eg] & j6f cyf{t !)Ü

d'2fdf sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=!@=$ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] ;DjGwdf k[ys ljZn]if0f 5 jf 5}g\ <

d'2f k]z ePsf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf ;kmfO jf 7x/ ubf{

5'§f5'§} cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] ljZn]if0f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg]

;Gbe{df cWoog ul/Psf !@^ j6f d'2fdWo] ! hgfeGbf a9L k|ltjfbL

ePsf $^ j6f d'2fdf $) j6f cyf{t *&Ü d'2fdf k[ys ljZn]if0f

ePsf], ^ j6f cyf{t !#Ü d'2fdf eg] k[ys ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOPg .

207

%=!# ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf

d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] / clen]v cbfntsf] ?kdf /x]sf]

;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] km};nf ;+ljwfgt sfg"g ;/x dflgG5 . ;+ljwfg /

sfg"gsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] ?kdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] km};nf clGtd

x'g] / ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] k|ltkfbg u/]]sf] l;4fGt glh/ x'g] tyf sfg"g

;/x ;a} cbfnt tyf ;/sf/n] kfngf ug'{kg{] st{Jo tf]lsPsf] x'Fbf

d'2f ;jf{]Rr cbfnt;Dd k'Ubf ;kmfOsf cfwf/x?, k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f,

k|df0fdf lng'kg{] glnPsf] jf lng'gkg{]df lnPsf] laifo, sfg"gsf]

k|of]u, k'g/fj]bg / ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o km/s k/]sf]df ;f]sf]

cfwf/ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{df ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf %) j6f km};nf

cWoog ul/Psf]df lgDg l:Yflt /x]sf] kfOof] .

%=!#=! k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lb“bf lnPsf cfwf/x? s] s] x'g\ <

k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbbf lnPsf cfwf/x? d'2f cg';f/ b]xfo

adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

st{Jo Hofg

hfx]/L l9nf u/L bfo/ ePsf]

36\gf:yn ;+/If0f x'g g;s]sf]

k|ToIfbzL{ ;fIfLsf] cefj /x]sf] .

hfx]/L b/vf:t cGo k|df0fx¿n] ;dy{g -Corroborate_ gu/]sf] .

nfz k|s[lt / Autopsy Report h:tf k|df0f / cleo'QmaLrsf]

;DjGw hf]l8g] ef}lts ;a"b a/fdb gePsf] .

k|df0fsf] cefj ePsf] eGg] lgisif{df ax'dt GofofwLzx?sf]

/fo ldn]sf] eP klg k|df0fsf] AofVofdf Ps?ktf gb]lvPsf] .

a'lemPsf AolQmx?sf] sfuh / askq aflemPsf] .

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

208

a'lemPsf AolQmx?n] cbfntdf ljkl/t askq u/]sf] .

Hffx]/L Aoxf]/f / a'lemPsf dflg;x?sf] egfO{ Go"g ?kdf

;+slnt ef}lts k|df0f;Fu aflemg' .

laz]if1sf] /fo ljjfbf:kb b]lvg' .

k|ltjfbLsf] jf/bftdf ;+nUgtf lyof] egL jfbLn] slxF st}

v'nfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g .

jfbLn] :ki6 jtg gv'nfPsf], hfx]/jfnfsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L

gk/]sf] / cGo :jtGq tyf j:t'lgi7 k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbLsf]

jf/bftdf ;+nUgtf lyof] eÌ] s'/fsf] k'li6 gePsf] .

cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df lghnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug'{ Gofok"0f{ /

sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvg] .

hfx]/L clgZrofTds x'g',hfx]/jfnfn] z+sfsf] e/df hfx]/L

lbPsf] .

cleo'Qmsf] gfd y/ jtg x'lnof ;d]t k|i6 x'g g;Sg' .

ck/fw sf] af6 ePsf] eGg] s'/f g} cg';Gwfgaf6 olsg gx'g' .

z+sf / cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t a'lemPsf JolQmsf] sygsf cfwf/df

cleo'Qm g} Plsg gu/L k|ltjfbLsf lj?4 cleof]u bfo/ x'g' .

Hffx]/L Aoxf]/f / a'lemPsf dflg;x?sf] egfO{ Go"g ?kdf

;+slnt ef}lts k|df0f;Fu aflemg' .

df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ / cbfntdf askq ug]{ AolQmx?n]

cg'dfgdf n]vfPsf] .

# jif{sf] aRrfsf] egfO{ la:j;gLo gb]lvPsf] .

jfbL kIfn] bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{ 7f]; k|df0f k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf] .

d'2fdf d[tssf] dfO{tL kIfaf6 hfx]/L k/]sf] sf/0f hfx]/L

z+sf:kb b]lvPsf] .

209

cg';Gwfgaf6 cleo'Qm / d[tsaLrsf] k"j{ ;DjGw s] s:tf]

lyof] eGg] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

st{Joaf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] tYo g} cg';Gwfgaf6 :yflkt

gePsf] .

d'2fdf k|df0f ;+sngdf nfk/jfxL b]lvPsf] .

k|ToIfbzL{n] ck/fw ug]{ AolQmsf af/]df sfuh ubf{ dg;fo

;lxtsf] s;"/ xf] xf]O{g eGg] k|i6 hjfkm gn]vL cleof]u k'i6L

x'g] u/L sfuh ug{ g;s]sf] .

a'lemPsf AolQmx?sf] sfuh Aoxf]/f Ps cfk;df aflemPsf] .

cg';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt k|fKt k|df0fsf] cfwf/df cleof]u bfjL

x'g g;s]sf] .

cleof]u bfjL k'i6L x'g] k|df0f ;+sngtkm{ cg';Gwfg clws[tn]

;f]r gk'¥ofPsf]] .

a9L bfjL ePsf] .

;dod} cleo'Qm kqmfp ug{ g;lsPsf] .

d[tssf] kfl/jfl/s kl/l:yltnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ hfx]/L k/]sf] .

cleo'Qmsf lj?4 k|df0f nfUg] ef}lts ;a"b Pp6} a/fdb x'g

g;s]sf] .

ef}lts ;a"b ;+sng tyf kl/If0f gePsf] .

d[ts / k|ltjfbL aLr Hofg lng] ;Ddsf] l/;OjL :yflkt x'g]

Pp6} k|df0f ;+sng gePsf] .

hfx]/L kb}{df cleo'QmnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/

x'g] u/]sf] oyfy{ k|i6 ePsf] .

z+sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpg] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] l;4fGt

cjnDag ePsf]

210

hfx]/jfnfn] df}sfdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbFbf cleo'Qmsf] af/]df

s'g} z+sf klg JoQm gu/L w]/} nfdf] ;do kZrft o; d'2fsf

k|ltjfbLx?pk/ l/; O{jL ;fWg] p2]Zon] hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvPsf] .

st{Jo k'i6L x'g] k|df0f ;+sng gu/L cg';Gwfg k"/f gx'b} d'2f

bfo/ ePsf] .

ck/fwsf] ;"rgf / ls6fgL hfx]/L w]/} l9nf u/L btf{ x'g' .

d"n cleo'Qmsf] aofgdf ;x cleo'Qmsf] ;+nUgtfsf ;DaGwdf

;f]Wg'kg]{ ;jfn hjfkm k"/f g;f]lwPsf] .

d'2fM– hj/h:tL s/0fL

36\gfsf tYo / hfx]/Lsf cfwf/ aflemg'

kLl8t egL PsL AolQmsf] hfx]/L :jt:km"t{ lbPsf] gb]lvg'

hfx]/L Aoxf]/f / a'lemPsf JolQmsf] Aoxf]/f km/s km/s eO{

aflemg'

cleo'Qm s;"/df OGsf/ /xg'

ef}lts k|df0faf6 hfx]/L Aoxf]/f vl08t x'g'

hfx]/L / ef}lts ;a"b aflemg'

36\gf jf/bftsf] k|ToIfbzL{ gx'g'

k|df0fs} cefjdf cleof]u bfo/ x'g'

;fIfL kl/If0faf6 cleof]u bfjL k'i6L x'g g;Sg'

36\gf:yn ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg'

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f x'g g;Sg'

hfx]/Ldf pNn]v ePsf] Aoxf]/f / kLl8tsf] z/L/ kl/If0f

k|ltj]bg aflemg'

kLl8t ;d]tsf AolQmsf] Aoxf]/fdf Ps?ktf gx'g'

jf/bftsf] h'g k|s[lt pNn]v 5 j:t'l:ylt k|df0fsf] ljkl/t x'g'

211

z+sf / cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t sygsf] cfwf/df dfq cleof]u

bfo/ x'g'

d'2fM– 8f“sf

36\gf:yn tTsfn ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg'

hfx]/L ;"rgf lgZrofTds gx'g'

hfx]/L Aoxf]/f / 36\gf:yn k|s[lt ljj/0f Ps cfk;df d]n gvfg'

k|ltjfbLx? s;"/df OGsf/ /xg'

k|ltjfbL sfod ubf{ cGo k|df0f;Fu d]n vfP gvfPsf] ljZn]if0f gx'g'

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] k|df0fs} cefjdf klg d'2fnfO{ 7"nf] s;"/sf] ck/fw agfpg' / cleof]u bfjL lng'

ef}lts k|df0f / bzL a/fdb gePsf AolQmnfO{ cGo k|df0fsf

cefjdf klg k|ltjfbL agfO{g', d'2f rnfpg' gkg]{nfO{ d'2f

rnfO{g'

d'2fM– rf]/L

cfslif{t x'g} g;Sg] sfg"gsf] k|of]u ePsf] sf/0f d'2f c;kmn

ePsf]

b'j} d'2f cnu cnu jf/bft b]lvg] 36\gf:yn k|s[ltaf6

gb]lvPsf]

cnu cnu ;dodf ePsf] k'i6L x'g] u/L s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f

sfuh / askq x'g g;s]sf]

k|df0f ;+sng, d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, jf/bftsf] k|s[lt /

cleof]hgaLr tfnd]n gePsf]

Pp6} d'2fsf] Pp6} jf/bftsf] ljifodf cnu cnu ljuf] sfod

u/L ;hfo x'g dfu bfjL lnPsf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] bfjL

gePsf]

212

cleof]hgdf a9L dfubfjL ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf]

hfx]/Ldf pNn]v ePsf] syg / cGo tYout Aoxf]/f Ps

cfk;df aflemPsf]

hfx]/L w]/} nfdf] ;dokl5 lbOPsf] / To;sf] sf/0f cfwf/

hfx]/Ldf pNn]v gePsf]

cleo'Qm df}sfd} kqmfp x'g g;s]sf]

hfx]/L lgZrofTds gePsf] z+sf / cg'dfgsf e/df hfx]/L

k/]sf]

36\gf:yn ;+/If0f gePsf]

36\gf:yn Pj+ cg';Gwfgaf6 ef}lts ;a"b ge]l6Psf]

cleo'Qmsf] 3/ 8]/fdf ;dod} tnfl; lng g;lsPsf]

bzL a/fdb gePsf]

k|df0fsf] AofVofTds q'l6sf sf/0f d'2f c;kmn ePsf] .

d'2fM– Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u

k|ltjfbLx?n] cbfntdf aofg ubf{ s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofg

u/]sf]

PS;/] d]lzg /fVg] ljifodf kLl8t / k|ltjfbLaLr ;fdfGo

dgd'6fj ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvP klg oxL sf/0faf6 ef/tLo

JolQm / km/f/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ k};f lbO{ af]nfO{ dfg{ nufP xf]nfg\

egL cg'dfg ug{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf ldNg] gb]lvg]

j:t'lgi7 k|df0fsf] cefjdf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u h:tf] uDeL/

kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfo ug{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] l;4fGtn] klg

ldNg] gb]lvg]

if8oGq ug]{ sfo{ kbf{ k5fl8 n's]/ ug]{ sfo{ eP tfklg of]

o:tf] k|sf/n] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿n] pQm s;"/ ug{sf nflu

if8oGq u/]sf] x'g\ egL jfbL kIfn] k|df0f k'¥ofpg' kg]{,

213

kLl8tn] sfuh ubf{ oL k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf 5 eg] klg

cbfntdf askq ubf{ z'¿ sfuhdf pNn]v ePsf oL

k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf],

sf] sf] e} if8oGq u/L ck/fw u/]sf x'g\ eÌ] ;DaGwdf oL

kLl8tsf] egfO{ k6s–k6s km/s–km/s kfOPsf] cj:yfdf cGo

:jtGq k|df0faf6 logLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf k'li6 gePsf] cj:yfdf

oL k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ s;"/bf/ dfÌ ldNg] gb]lvg],

o; ck/fwdf nfu" cf}ifw;DaGwL ck/fwdf em}+ k|df0fsf] ef/

k|ltjfbLdf lhDdf nufPsf] b]lvFb}g .

tYoo'Qm ;a"b k|df0fx¿af6 oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] if8oGq u/]sf]

eÌ] cleof]u bfjL k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5}g .

lgZrofTds o'lQmo'Qm k|df0fx¿sf] cefjdf s;}nfO{ bf]ifL

s/f/ ubf{ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx¿sf] ljkl/t x'g] ePsf]n]

;kmfO kfpg] .

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf kLl8tnfO{ kg{ uPsf] rf]6 / To;sf]

c;/nfO{ dfq Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u u/]sf] xf] xf]Og egL 7x/ ug{

lg0ff{os k|df0f dflgFb}g

k|ltjfbLn] Hofg dfg]{;Ddsf] sfo{ ul/;s]sf] xf] xf]Og eÌ] s'/f

dxTjk"0f{ x'g]

k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] >ldfgnfO{ Hofg d'2fdf s}b xfNg]

k|x/L oxL xf] egL klxn]b]lv ;f]wvf]h u/L jf/bftsf] lbg

kLl8tpk/ k|ltjfbLn] df;" k;naf6 cf]9\g] Rofb/leq v'8f n'sfO{

NofO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] cj:yf kLl8tnfO{ 6fpsf]df rf]6 k/]sf] csf]{

rf]6 k|xf/ ug{af6 3fO{t]sf] 5]pdf pleO{ s'/fsfgL u/]sf] AolQmn]

RofKk xft ;dftL /f]s]sf] tYodf cbfntn] ljZn]if0f gu/]sf]

d[ts dg]{ ;Defjgf egL n]lvPsf] lrlsT;ssf] /fonfO{ dgf]ut

9+un] JofVof u/]sf]

214

d'2f M nfu" cf}ifw

36\gf:ynaf6} jf df}sfdf cleo'Qm kqmfp x'g g;Sg'

k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf k'i6L x'g] u/L sfuh / askq x'g g;Sg'

k|:t't d'2fdf ;jf/L wgL / ;jf/L lhDdf lng] aLrsf] ;DjGw /

zt{ s] s:tf] lyof] eGg] ;DjGwdf s'g} cg';Gwfg g} gx'g'

nfu" cf}ifwsf] kf;{n hfkfg k7fpg ;x cleo'QmnfO{ lbPsf]

eGg] nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb x'g] k|ltjfbLsf] kf]naf6 k|ltjfbL sfod

ePsf] l:yltdf oL k|ltjfbLn] g} lbPsf] k|df0f ;+sng g} gu/L

;x cleo'Qmsf] kf]ns} cfwf/df cleo'Qm sfod ePsf]

k|ltjfbLn] hfkfg k7fpg] kf;{ndf gfd 7]ugf n]v]sf] xf] xf]O{g

egL x:tfIf/ ;d]t kl/If0f;Dd u/fpg] a}1flgs cg';Gwfg

k4lt tkm{ s'g} Wofg glbPsf]

k|ltjfbLsf] ;fyaf6 nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb x'g g;s]sf]

ef}lts ;a"b / bzL a/fdb gePsf]

;dod} k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ sf]7f vfgtnf;L gePsf]

kf]n ug]{ k|ltjfbL :jo+ s;"/df OGsf/ /xL cbfntdf aofg ubf{

oL k|ltjfbL ;d]t s;"/df ;+nUg gePsf] egL aofg u/]sf] .

cbfntsf] aofgdf cGo k|ltjfbLx?n] ;d]t oL k|ltjfbLsf

xsdf ;kmfO lbO{ aofg lbPsf .

oL k|ltjfbLsf] 3/df nfu" cf}ifw ;+sng jf ;~ro x'g] s'g}

;a"b k|df0f k|:t't x'g g;s]sf]

cg';Gwfg k"/f gu/L d'2f bfo/ ePsf]

k|x/L k|ltj]bg cfwf/lxg hfx]/L b]lvPsf]

a'lemPsf AolQmx?n] ljkl/t askq u/]sf]

cleo'Qmsf] 3/df ;~ro u/]sf] eGg] tYo g} k'i6L x'g g;s]sf]

215

s]jn s]xL a'lemPsf AolQmx?sf] cg'dfgsf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/

agfO{ k|df0fsf] cefjd} d'2f bfo/ ePsf]

nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf ;jf/L wgLn] cfˆgf] ;jf/L ;fwg nfu" cf}ifw

cf];f/k;f/ ug{ n}hfb} 5 eGg] s'/f hfgL hfgL k|of]u ug{

lbPsf] x'g'kg]{ eGg] AofVof ePsf] .

nfu" cf}ifw ljb]z lgsf;L ug]{ sfo{df nfu" cf}ifw kfpg] /

k7fpg] JolQm cnu cnu b]lvPsf] / cleo'Qmsf] ;+nUgtf k|i6

b]lvg] k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] .

d'2f M 7uL

b'O{ kIfx¿aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf j:t' ljqmL ;DaGwL ljz]if s/f/

cGtu{t kg]{ b]lvPsf] s;"/nfO{ 7uLdf unt sfg"gsf] ;xf/f

lnO{ hfx]/L k/]sf]

7uLsf] s;"/leq gkg]{ s'/fnfO{ 7uLsf] s;"/leq kfg]{ u/L clgZrofTds cfwf/ lnOPsf]

Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/df kg{ uPsf] gf]S;fgLsf] ljifonfO{ 7uLsf]

s;"/ egL a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh ePsf]

b'a} kIf ldnL /fhLv'zLn] u/]sf] s/f/sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg

clwsf/L / cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/Ln] unt sfg"gsf] cfwf/

lnO{ cleof]u bfo/ ePsf]

sk6k"0f{ -Fraudulently_ s/f/ ePsf] jf s'g} sfg"gsf] pNn+3g

x'g] u/L s/f/ u/]sf] jf Psn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ em'SofO{ jf

hfn;fhLk"j{s s/f/ u/]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg tYo /

k|df0faf6 k'i6L gePsf] s'/fdf bfjL ePsf]

d'2fsf] z'?jft unt sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L ePsf]

a'lemPsf AolQmx?af6 ;xL tYo phfu/ gePsf]

laz'4 7uLsf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g] u/L k|df0f ;+sng geO{ n]gb]g

/ s/f/Lo bfloTjsf] k|df0f /fvL d'2f bfo/ ePsf]

216

hfx]/Ldf cleo'Qmn] s] s] ljifodf ck/fw u/]sf] xf] eGg] olsg

gx'g'

a]d]n / c:jfefljs s;"/sf ljifonfO{ Ps} hfx]/Ldf pNn]v x'g'

jf/bft slxn] s'g ljifodf ePsf] eGg] k|i6 cg';Gwfgaf6

gb]lvg'

hfx]/L Aoxf]/f cfkm}df la/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvg'

a'lemPsf AolQmn] 7uL d'2fsf ljifodf ckx/0fsf syg pNn]v

u/L s;"/ g} s] xf] eGg] k'i6L x'g g;Sg'

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f x'g g;Sg'

bzLsf] ;fdfg Pp6} a/fdb gx'g'

d'2fsf tYout k|Zg g} s] xf] eGg]df hfx]/jfnf / a'lemPsf

AolQmsf] sfuh / askq k/:k/ ljkl/t x'g'

s;"/ ubf{s} avt cleo'Qm kqmfp x'g g;Sg'

cleof]ukqdf k|df0f / sfg"gsf] unt AofVof ljZn]if0f / k|of]u

x'g'

ljjflbt ef}lts k|df0f oy]i6 dfqfdf ;+sng gePsf]

ef}lts k|df0f kl/If0fsf nflu gk7fOPsf]

cg';Gwfgsf qmddf kof{Kt k|df0f ;+sng x'g g;s]sf]

s;"/ ubf{ yfxf x'g ;Sg] AolQm ga'lemPsf]

a'lemPsf AolQmx?n] cg'dfgsf e/df sfuh u/]sf]

d'2fM– ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{

d'Vo s;"/bf/sf] aofg lnFbf ;xcleo'Qmn] gful/stf agfpg]

sfo{df ;xof]u u/] gu/]sf] ljifodf ;f]wk'5 gePsf]

cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;xcleo'Qmsf] ;+nUgtf k'i6L x'g] ef}lts

;a"b ;+sng gePsf]

217

k|fKt ef}lts k|df0fsf] kl/If0f ubf{ ;xcleo'Qmsf] ;+nUgtf

b]lvg] k|df0f kl/If0f gePsf]

gful/stf k|fKt ubf{ ;xcleo'Qmsf] l;kmfl/; eP gePsf] tkm{

k|df0f ;+sng gePsf]

a'em\g' kg]{ AolQm ga'lem d'2f bfo/ ePsf]

gful/stf l;kmfl/; ug]{ AolQmsf xsdf em'Ýf ljj/0f lbg]

s;"/sf] bfjL lng' kg]{df unt sfg"gsf] k|of]u ePsf] .

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] Wofg glbPsf]

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0faf6 cleof]u k'i6L ug]{ tkm{

Wofg glbO{Psf]

lst]{ u/]sf] eGg] k|df0fsf cfwf/df 7uLdf ;d]t k|df0f lag}

bfjL lhsL/ lnOPsf]

hfx]/jfnfsf] s] slt ljuf] a/fa/sf] /sd 7uL ePsf] xf] eGg]

cg';Gwfgaf6 olsg gePsf]

a'lemPsf AolQmn] ck/fwsf] k'i6L x'g] u/L sfuh / askq ug{

g;s]sf]

a'‰g'kg]{ AolQm ga'em]sf]

lst]{ s] s'g p2]Zon] u/]sf] eGg] af/]df cg';Gwfg g} k"/f gu/L

cleof]u bfo/ ePsf]

d'2fM– hLp df:g] a]Rg]

hfx]/L Aoxf]/f g} 36\gfnfO{ oyfy{eGbf leGg tj/n] hfx]/jfnfn]

k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvPsf]

hfx]/L cg';f/sf] k|df0f ;+sng gePsf]

hfx]/jfnf / a'lemPsf dflg;sf] egfO{ aflemPsf]

s;"/ ug]{ k|ltjfbLsf] p2]Zo lyof] eGg] s'/f g} :yflkt gePsf]

218

cleo'Qmsf] sfo{ hLp df:g] a]Rg] k|s[ltsf] g} lyof] eGg] s'/f

hfx]/jfnf Pj+ jfbL kIfsf ;fIfLn] pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf]

s;"/ u/] ePsf] b]lvg] cGo ef}lts k|df0f ;d]t s]xL gePsf]

hfx]/jfnfn] z+sfsf] e/df hfx]/L lbO{ ;f]xL cg'?ksf] aofgsf

e/df d'2f rn]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]

cg';Gwfg clws[t / cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/Ln] k|df0fs}

cefjdf klg uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] d'2f ePsf] cfwf/df bfo/ u/]sf]

hfx]/Ldf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lgZrofTds k|s[ltsf] gb]lvPsf]

jf/bft ePsf] ldltaf6 hfx]/L w]/} ;do kZrft bfo/ ePsf]

hfx]/L Aoxf]/f / cbfntdf ePsf] askq ljkl/t k|s[ltsf]

b]lvPsf]

kLl8t egL Psf] JolQmsf] d"n ;+/Ifsn] g} hfx]/jfnLsf] df}sfsf]

hfx]/L ljkl/t askq u/]sf]

a]rlavg ug{ nu]sf] geO{ ;s{;df k7fPsf] egL cbfntdf

askq ePsf]

k|ltjfbL df}sfdf kqmfp kg{ g;s]sf]

j:t'ut Pj+ ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng u/L df}lvs syg v08g x'g

g;Sg'

hfx]/jfnLn] k6s k6s sfuh ubf{, aofg ubf{ / askq ubf{

km/s km/s Aoxf]/f n]vfPsf]

hfx]/jfnLsf] egfO{n] ljZj;gLotf u'dfPsf]

hfx]/jfnLn] pNn]v u/]sf] tYo / 36\gf:yn k|s[lt ljj/0f

gldn]sf]

hfx]/jfnLsf] syg Aoxf]/f / j:t'l:ylt aflemPsf]

ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lgZrofTds k|s[ltsf] gb]lvg'

219

hLp df:g] a]Rg] h:tf] s;"/ ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ kLl8t :jo+n]

/fd|f];Fukl5 ;Dd klxrfg ug{ g;Sg'

cleo'QmnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] ;fIfLnfO{ cbfntdf askq

u/fpg g;Sg'

kLl8t :jo+n] s;"/sf k|s[lt / 36\gfsf Aoxf]/f cfk+m+} hfx]/ ug{

g;Sg'

t];|f] kIfn] tYo pNn]v u/]sf s'/f cbfntn] ljZj;gLo dfGg g;Sg'

d'2fM– e|i6frf/

ph'/stf{n] ;dod} ph'/ ug{ g;s]sf]

jf/bft ePsf] nfdf] ;do kZrft ph'/ btf{ ePsf]

k|df0f kl/If0fdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] nfdf] ;do ljtfPsf]

sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf clwsf/Lx?n] s'g

d'2fdf slxn] ;Dd cg';Gwfg ug]{, sxfF s'g lgsfo ;dIf slxn]

;Dd d'2f bfo/ ug]{, s'g sfg"gsf] s;"/df stL ;hfo x'g] xf]

eGg] h:tf ;jfndf plrt Wofg glbPsf]

d'2fdf ;j{k|yd x]l/g' kg]{ s'/f g} olsg gu/L d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g] ;DjlGwt sfg"gsf]

af/]df cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] Wofg lbg g;s]sf]

d'2fsf] tYoaf6} cleo'Qmn] s;"/ ug{ g;Sg] egL ePsf]

AofVofdf q'l6 b]lvPsf]

k|lqmofut sfo{Dff ePsf] ;+nUgtf e|i6frf/sf] ljifo x'g ;Sg]

b]lvFb}g eGg] ;Gbe{df sfo{ :jfefljs xf] jf xf]O{g eGg] tkm{

s;"/sf] k|s[ltsf] AofVof gePsf]

cfˆgf] kbLo lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sfo{df ;+nUg x'Fbf

:jefljs ?kn] ;+nUg x'g} kg]{ xf] jf ab\lgotsf ;fy ;+nUg

ePsf] xf] km};nfdf cfwf/ sf/0f glbO{ km};nf ePsf] .

220

k|df0fsf] ;d'lrt ?kdf AofVof ljZn]if0f gePsf]

d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ef}lts k|df0f h'6\g ;Sg] xf] xf]O{g gx]l/Psf]

d'2fM– ax'ljjfx

hfx]/jfnLn] hfx]/L ;fy k]z u/]sf] cleo'Qm la?4sf] k|df0f

;To b]lvg gcfPsf]

z+sf / cg'dfgdf hfx]/L lbPsf]

k|ltjfbLx? b'j}n] Ps csf{;Fu nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DjGw 5}g egL

s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf]

cg';Gwfg ubf{ hfx]/jfnLn] k]z u/]sf k|df0f kl/If0f g} gu/]sf]

ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;+sng x'g g;s]sf]

k|df0fs} cefjdf cleof]u bfo/ ePsf]

d'2fM– em"7f ljj/0f k]z u/L gful/stf agfPsf]

k|ltjfbLn] df}sfdf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf aofg ubf{

gful/stf ;DaGwL cg';"rL kmf/fddf ePsf] ;lx5fk cfˆg} xf]

egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] eP tfklg cbfnt ;dIf hfx]/L k|ltj]bgdf

cleo'Qmx?n] s] s'g p2]Zo jf kmfObf lnO{ em'Ýf ljj/0f e/L

gful/stf lng ;kmn ePsf] xf] eGg] ;lx ;"rgf gePsf]

df}sfdf hfx]/L btf{ x'g g;sL jf/bft ePsf] w]/} ;dokl5

k|x/L k|ltj]bg k/]sf]

a'lemPsf AolQmx?n] cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ k'i6L x'g] u/L sfuh /

askq x'g g;s]sf]

;/sf/L ;fIfL cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ s;"/ k'i6L x'g] u/L

askq ug{ pkl:yt gePsf

cg';Gwfgsf cj:yf s] s'g p2]Zoaf6 oL cleo'Qmx? s;"/df

;+nUg ePsf x'g\ eGg] cfwf/ sf/0fsf] vf]hL gePsf]

221

cbfntaf6 ;+nUg cleo'Qmx?sf] ;xL tyf x:tfIf/ k|dfl0ft

ePklg s;"/ 7x/ gx'g] egL k|df0f d"NofÍgdf q'l6 b]lvPsf]

%=!#=@ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g\ <

o; k|Zgdf x]bf{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] km};nfdf ;du| d'2fdf

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lnPsf cfwf/ k|df0f jf/]df &%Ü d'2fdf ljZn]if0f

ePsf] kfOof] eg] @%Ü d'2fdf ljZn]if0f ePsf] b]lvPg .

%=!#=# sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

o; k|Zgdf cWoog ul/Psf km};nfdWo] ;a} cyf{t !))Ü

d'2fdf sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5}g .

%=!#=$ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DjGwdf k[ys ljZn]if0f 5 jf 5}g\ <

;+sng u/L cWoog ul/Psf km};nfdWo] ;a} cyf{t !))Ü

d'2fdf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] k[ys ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOof] .

222

kl/R5]b–^

lnlvt k|ZgfjnL k7fO{ lnOPsf] hfgsf/L -cGtjf{tf{_ af6 k|fKt ljj/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f

cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df

c;kmntfsf sf/0fx?sf af/]df ;Dj4 If]qsf lj1x?sf] cg'ejsf

cfwf/df cWoog ug]{ qmddf ;/sf/L jsLnx?, k|x/L, k|lt/IfL sfg"g

Joj;foL / GofofwLz ;d]tsf &) hgf;Fu lnlvt k|ZgfjnL k7fO{

hjfkm lnOPsf]df $@ hgfn] pQ/ lbg'ePsf] 5 . lj1x?;Fu

cg';Gwfgb]lv km};nf;Ddsf ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf sdhf]/Lx?sf af/]df

ljleGg laifodf lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/L lnOPsf] lyof] . ;f] hfgsf/Lsf

cfwf/df k|fKt tYof+snfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

^=!= Hffx]/L b/vf:t ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:t jf s;"/sf]

;"rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfonfO{

cg';Gwfgsf nflu s;"/sf jf/]df hfgsf/L cfjZos kb{5 . s;"/sf]

hfgsf/Lsf cefjdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfon] cg';Gwfg k|f/De ug{

;Sb}g . hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] d'Vo clek|fo eg]sf] ;"rgfbftfsf]

b[li6sf]0faf6 kmf}hbf/L s;"/ ePsf] cj:yfdf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gnfO{

lqmofzLn agfpg' xf] eg] cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0faf6

cf/f]lkt kmf}hbf/L sfo{ ug]{ bf]ifL JolQm klxrfg u/L sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf

Nofpg k|df0f ;+sng sfo{ ;xh agfpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . hfx]/L

b/vf:tsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] cf/f]lkt kmf}hbf/L ultljlw ;DaGwdf ePsf

;"rgfx? k|fKt ug]{ g} xf] . hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] cg';Gwfg k|s[ofnfO{

ultdf Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;} sf/0f hfx]/L b/vf:t

ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/ :tDe xf] . hfx]/L b/vf:tdf ck/fwsf

af/]df /x]sf ;"rgf / o;sf] ljZj;gLotfdf g} cg';Gwfgsf] ;kmntf

223

/ o;}sf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] ;kmntf klg lge{/ x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf

qmddf lj1x?;Fu lnOPsf] lnlvt cGtjf{tf{af6 hfx]/L b/vf:tsf

;DaGwdf y'k|} ;d:ofx? /x]sf] tYo k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{ lbg]x? w]/}h;f]n] l9nf] hfx]/L b/vf:t jf ck/fwsf]

;"rgf k|fKt u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ck/fwsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ c;/ k/]sf]

s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . cGtjf{tf{ lbg]x?dWo] @$ hgfn] ;/sf/L d'2fsf]

c;kmntfsf] Pp6f sf/0fdf l9nf] hfx]/L kg]{ u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf

5g\ . cGtjf{tf{af6 Hffx]/L b/vf:tdf ck/fwsf 36gf jf ljj/0fx?

:ki6 pNn]v gx'g] u/]sf] s'/f klg v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . :ki6 /

j:t'lgi6 ;"rgfsf] cefjdf cg';Gwfg ;lx lbzfdf lgb]{lzt gx'g]

:jefljs x'G5 . cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuLdWo] !^ hgfn] o; lsl;dsf]

hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf bjfjdf cfP/ hfx]/L btf{ ug]{

u/]sf] s'/f klg v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . Hffx]/L clt/+lht ?kdf k|:t't x'g]

u/]sf] klg cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . hfx]/L b/vf:tdf a9fO{

r9fO{ Joxf]/fx? pNn]v x'g] u/]sf] l:yltn] klg d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf

k|efj kg]{ l:ylt x'G5 . cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuLx?dWo] !$ hgfn] o;

lsl;dsf] tYo k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ;DalGwt JolQmn] hfx]/L glbO{ t];|f]

JolQmaf6 hfx]/L kg]{ u/]sf] h;af6 kLl8t afx]s c?n] lbPsf] hfx]/L

kLl8tn] lbPsf] h:tf] oy]i6 ;"rgf gx'g] cj:yf /xG5 . kLl8tnfO{

;'/Iff gePsf] sf/0faf6 klg hfx]/L gkg]{ u/]sf] s'/f klg

cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuLdWo] ^ hgfn] o;

lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . hfx]/Ldf ck/fw ug]{ afx]ssf c?

JolQmnfO{ klg uf]Zjf/fdf k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .

pQ/bftfx?dWo] % hgfn] of] s'/fnfO{ :ki6tfsf ;fy cleJoQm u/]sf

5g\ . o;/L g} hfx]/L b/vf:t ls6fgL jf lgZrotfsf ;fy gkg]{

u/]sf] klg v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . ls6fgL ?kdf hfx]/L gkg]{ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{

;xefuLdWo] % hgfn] atfPsf 5g\ . hfx]/L b/vf:tsf ;DaGwdf

cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L b]xfosf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

224

Hffx]/L b/vf:t ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?af/] k|fKt hfgsf/L

pQ/bftfx?sf] k|ltzt

l9nf hfx]/L kg]{ u/]sf] 57%

Hffx]/Ldf 36gf ljj/0f gx'g' -:ki6 gx'g'_ 38%

bjfjdf cfP/ hfx]/L btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] 7%

Hffx]/L clt/+lht ?kdf kg]{ u/]sf] 33%

t];|f] JolQmaf6 hfx]/L kg]{ u/]sf] 17%

kLl8tnfO{ ;'/Iff gx'g' 14%

ck/fwdf ;+nUg / c? JolQmnfO{ klg uf]Zjf/fdf

k|:t't ug'{ 12%

k|df0fsf] dxTj kIfx?n] ga'em\g' 14%

cg';Gwfgdf s]lGb|t eO{ 5'§} k|x/L OsfO{ jf

;d"xsf] cefj 7%

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ;dod} ;/sf/L jsLn;Fu

;Dks{ u/L oyfy{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / lgb]{zg lng]

gu/]sf] 12%

Gfful/s ;dfhsf] ;xof]u gx'g' 7%

cg';Gwfg clws[t-c=c=_ Goflos geO{ k|zf;sLo

efjgfaf6 k|efljt ePsf] 5%

ls6fgL hfx]/L gePsf] 12%

k|ltjfbLsf] ;lx jf :ki6 gfd, jtg / y/

gv'n]sf] 17%

Hffx]/L g} btf{ gug]{ 12%

Hffx]/L z+sf jf xr'jfsf] e/df ug]{ 14%

k|ltzf]wdf hfx]/L ug]{ 19%

225

agfj6L ;fIfL k|:t't ug]{ 2%

Hffx]/L ug]{ JolQm gofF ck/fw / sfg"gsf] af/]df

cgle1tf 2%

Hffx]/L l/tk"j{ssf] gx'g' 7%

klxrfg x'g g;s]sf cleo'Qmsf] x'lnof gv'nfpg' 5%

bzL k|df0f pNn]v u/L hfx]/L gug'{ 5%

ck/fw b]Vg] yfxf kfpg] JolQm hfx]/Ldf pNn]v

gx'g' 5%

k|x/Laf6 ;xof]u gug'{ / cfkm\gf] cg's'nsf] hfx]/L

/ jofg u/fO{ k|x/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ 5%

;fIfLsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf gx'g' 7%

Hffx]/L b/vf:t / 36gfsf] cj:yf km/s km/s x'g' 5%

k|df0fsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfw'lgs ljB'tLo

;fdu|Lsf] cefj 2%

cg';Gwfg sdhf]/ ePsf]÷hfx]/Ldf pNn]v eP

cg';f/ gePsf] 2%

xf]:6fon x'g' 12%

^=@= cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

/fd|f] cg';Gwfgsf nflu s'zn cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g'k5{ .

lghsf] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lksf] ;+of]hgaf6 dfq} cg';Gwfg

k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & n]

sDtLdf k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfs bhf{sf] k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug{

;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] Joj:yf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL

lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_ df klg /x]sf] 5 .

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgdf pknAw eP;Dd dflyNnf]

226

bhf{sf] sd{rf/L cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ?kdf vl6Fbf ck/fw

cg';Gwfgdf cem k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;Sg] b]lvFbf dflyNnf] bhf{s}

sd{rf/L v6fpg] gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ egL ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL

lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod @@ adf]lhd ul7t ;dGjo ;ldltaf6

ldlt @)%&.(.@$ df lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf nflu

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQmn] klg k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] o; ;Gbe{df

/x]sf ;d:ofx?af/] klg lj1 cGtjf{tf{bftfx?;Fu hfgsf/L lnOPsf]

lyof] . cg';Gwfg clws[tx? bIf gx'g] u/]sf] / cg';Gwfg clws[tsf]

cTolws sfo{af]em /xg] u/]sf] eGg] ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf ;DaGwdf

ljutb]lv g} ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cf}+NofpFb} cfPsf]df cg';Gwfgaf6 klg

of] tYo v'n]sf] 5 .

cg';Gwfg ug]{ cg';Gwfg clws[t ck/fwsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ bIf

x'g' clt cfjZos x'g]df To:tf] bIftf gePsf] k|x/L sd{rf/L

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ?kdf lgo'lQm x'g] u/]sf] s'/f pQ/bftfx?dWo]

#%=&! k|ltztn] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ eg] $)=$& k|ltzt pQ/bftfn]

cg';Gwfg clws[tdf bIftf / kof{Kt tflndsf] cefj /xg] u/]sf]

cf+}NofPsf 5g\ . o; lx;fjaf6 x]bf{ &% k|ltzteGbf a9L pQ/bftfn]

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lj1tf / bIftf gePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]

kfOG5 . cg';Gwfg=clws[tnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] bfloTj afx]s cGo

lhDd]jf/L klg /x]sf]n] sfo{jf]em a9L /xg] u/]sf] klg @^=!& k|ltzt

pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] sfo{ af]emsf]

Wofg glbO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f klg d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm

ePsfx? cGo sfddf nfUg] / cfkm\gf] bfloTjdf sd s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf]

klg b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/} hgf cyf{t $@=*% k|ltzt pQ/bftfn]

cg';Gwfg clws[t cfkm} cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ge} tNnf] txsf]

sd{rf/Ldf lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

o;/L g} cg';Gwfg sfo{df vl6Psf]eGbf km/s tyf c;DalGwt

JolQmaf6 Jojxf/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/]sf] / jf/Daf/ cg';Gwfg

227

clws[t kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf] s'/f klg cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Ng cfPsf] 5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ d'2fsf] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L

gx'g] u/]sf], ck/fw cg';GwfgnfO{ ljlzli6s[t gul/Psf], cg';Gwfg

clws[tnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg g;lsPsf], cg';Gwfg

clws[t kl/jt{g x'Fbf d'2fsf] hfgsf/L ;Dk]|if0f / j:t'l:yltsf]

j/a'emf/y ug]{ gul/Psf], cg';Gwfgsf] nflu vl6Psf ;xof]uLx?sf]

lhDd]jf/L ls6fg x'g] gu/]sf], cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] of]Uotf, 1fg ;Lk

/ bIftf sfg"gdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf g/x]sf] h:tf cg';Gwfg

clws[tsf] lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt ;}4flGts, sfg"gL / Jofjxfl/s

;d:ofx?af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . k|fKt ljj/0fnfO{ b]xfo

adf]lhd k|:t'[t ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

cg';Gwfg clws[t ck/fwsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ bIf gx'g' 36%

cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ sfo{jf]em x'g' 26%

cg';Gwfg sfo{df vl6Psf]eGbf km/s tyf c;DalGwt

JolQmaf6 cg';Gwfg ug'{ 17%

cg';Gwfgdf nfu]sf clws[t cGo sfddf nfUg] /

cfkm\gf] bfloTjdf sd s]lGb|t x'g' 12%

cfjZostf cyf{t ck/fwsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cg';Gwfg

clws[t lgo'lQm gx''g' 14%

cg';Gwfg sfo{df tNnf] bhf{sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg]

rng 43%

tflndsf] cefj 19%

ljz]if1tfsf] cefj 21%

228

Pp6} d'2fdf ljleGg ;dodf km/s km/s JolQm

cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsg' 24%

cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ d'2fsf] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L

gx'g' 7%

cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfjZos j}1flgs pks/0fsf] cefj 2%

cg';Gwfg clws[t ljlzli6s[t gul/g' 10%

cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ hjfkmb]xL

agfpg g;Sg' 7%

cg';Gwfg clws[t kl/jtg x'Fbf j/a'emf/y gug]{ 5%

h;n] cg';Gwfg u5{ ;f]xL k|x/LnfO{ cg';Gwfg

clws[tsf] ?kdf lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ 2%

cg';Gwfgsf] nflu vl6Psf ;xof]uLx?sf] lhDd]jf/L

ls6fg x'g'kg]{ 7%

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] of]Uotf, 1fg, ;Lk / bIftf

sfg"gdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g'kg]{ 7%

;/sf/L jsLn / cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] e/f];fo"Qm

;xsfo{ x'g'kg]{ 17%

;fIfL pkl:yltsf] ;jfndf cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] e"ldsf

x'g'kg]{ 5%

cleo'Qm kqmfp geP cg';Gwfg g} ;'? gx'g] kl/kf6L

x6fpg' kg]{ 7%

jofgkl5 k|x/Ld} hfg'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;TotYo gv'Ng] 5%

jofgd'vL cg';Gwfg 5%

229

^=#= k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ df cg';Gwfg ug]{

k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{

Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLn / cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf] ;dGjo /

;xsfo{ tyf ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;lx lbzfdf lgb]{lzt ug{

;sf]; eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] of] sfg"gL Joj:yf Jojxf/df

/fd|f] sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] eGg] jf/Daf/ k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf

^-!_ adf]lhd s'g} ck/fwsf] txlssft z'? ug'{eGbf klxn] txlssft

ug]{ k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] txlssft ug]{ s'/fx¿ v'nfO{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L

jsLn sfof{nodf ck/fw;DaGwL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{ /

pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd To:tf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L

jsLnn] txlssftsf] ;DaGwdf txlssft ug]{ k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{

cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] Joj:yf ePaf6 ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{

cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/faf6 lg/k]If /fv]sf] 5}g . jf/bftsf] k|s[lt

cg';f/ s] s;/L cg';Gwfg ug]{ eGg] tkm{ dfu{bz{g ug'{ ;/sf/L

jsLnsf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . sfg"gL Joj:yfdf afWofTds ?kdf st{Jo

gtf]s]sf] cj:yf eP klg lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Ln] pQm sfg"gL

k|fjwfgnfO{ lgliqmotfsf] ?kdf lng ldNg] xF'b}g . ;/sf/L jsLnn]

cg';GwfgnfO{ alnof], e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg ;DalGwt k|x/L

sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] clwsf/ sfg"gn] lbPsf]

s'/fnfO{ lj;{g gx'g] egL JofVof klg ePsf] 5 . 64 o;/L g} ;/sf/L

d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^-@_ cg';f/ cg';Gwfg

txlssftsf] sfd sf/jfxL lgodfg';f/ cufl8 a9fpg k|x/L sd{rf/L

;d]tnfO{ ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{non] cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg'kg{] sfg"gL

st{Jo ePsf]df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{noaf6 To:tf] sfg"gL st{Jo

64g]= sf= k= @)^*, c+s * lg0f{o g+= *^^*, k[= !#&^

230

k"/f x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] st{Jo kfng

u/fpg ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{nonfO{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g

;Sg] . ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no ;dIf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;d]t k]z

eO;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't jf/bft;Fu ;DalGwt yk cg';Gwfgsf]

sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg', 36gf;Fu ;Dj4 cg';Gwfg Pj+ cGo sfd

sf/jfxL k"/f ug{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^-@_ sf]

Joj:yf adf]lhd k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg ;d]t lbg' egL

lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfbzsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L

x'g]65 u/L cfb]z eO;s]sf] ePklg k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf s]

s:tf] cj:yf /x]sf] eGg] hfgsf/L lng k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

at{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ cg';Gwfg z'? gxF'b} cyf{t

s;"/sf] ;"rgf btf{ x'Fbf;fy k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n]

s;"/sf jf/]df ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;f] k|ltj]bgjf6 cfwf/e"t s'/fx?

hfgsf/L x'g g;Sg] ePsf sf/0f ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfgdf

lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf gePsf] h:tf ;d:ofx? ;Djf]wg ug{

k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgkl5 dfq ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ k|ltj]bg lbg] Joj:yf

ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] egL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sdhf]/L /x]sf] s]xL

pQ/bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ePsf]

ljj/0f / cg';Gwfg ug{ nfu]sf] ljj/0f v'n]sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

k|:t't gul/ hfx]/Lsf] gSsn dfq k7fpg] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df lgb]{zg

eO{ u/]sf] cg';Gwfg sdhf]/ x'g] u/]sf] PsltxfO pQ/bftfn] atfPsf

5g\ . o:tf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg :j?k k|fKt hfx]/Lsf] k|lt klg l9nf]

k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] s'/f klg PsltxfO pQ/bftfsf] cg'ej /x]sf] 5 .

36gfsf] af/]df :ki6 pNn]v ge}sg k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg]

u/]sf], lgb]{zgnfO{ af]em 7fGg] dgf]j[lQ, k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt, cg';Gwfgsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg clws[t /

65g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s & lg=g+= &&#!, k[= *&(

231

;/sf/L jsLnaLr ;dGjo gePsf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg / a/fdbL

ul/Psf] Joxf]/f d]n gvfPsf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf cg';Gwfg of]hgf

k|:t't gePsf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg cg';Gwfg clws[t cfkm}n] tof/

gu/]sf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg'kg]{ s'/f sfg"gdf :ki6 Joj:yf

gePsf]] h:tf tYox? klg v'Ng cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/L

jsLnn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 lgb]{zg lbg] gu/]sf] klg @(

k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . oL k|fKt tYof+sx?af6 k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bgsf] k|of]u Jojxf/df /fd|f];Fu x'[g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt tYof+sx?nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg / lgb]{zg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfx?sf] k|ltzt

k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ;DkGg u/] kZrft k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bg k7fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 7%

k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgsf sfuh ;+nUg gu/L

hfx]/Lsf] gSsn dfq k7fpg] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df

lgb]{zg eO{ u/]sf] cg';Gwfg sdhf]/ x'g] 33%

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;dod} gcfpg] 33%

36gfsf] af/]df :ki6 gx'g] 26%

lgb]{zgnfO{ af]em 7fGg] dgf]j[lQ 7%

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt 43%

lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{ gePsf] 29%

cg';Gwfgsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg clws[t / ;/sf/L

jsLnaLr ;dGjo gePsf] 10%

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg / a/fdbL ul/Psf] Joxf]/f d]n

gvfg] 5%

232

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf cg';Gwfgsf] of]hgf k|:t't

gePsf] 5%

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg cg';Gwfg clws[t cfkm}n] tof/

gug'{ 2%

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg'kg]{ s'/f sfg"gdf

:ki6 Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 2%

k|df0fsf] j}wtfsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg clws[t

cglj1 5%

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg g} gk7fPsf] 7%

^=$= 36gf:yn k|s[lt Vffgtnf;L÷nfzhFfr / ;gfvtL d'r'Nsf

;DaGwdf

s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fdf ef}lts

k|df0fsf] Hofb} dxTj /xG5 . o;n] s;"/bf/ / s;"/sf] ;DaGwnfO{

:yflkt ub{5 . o:tf] ef}lts / bzL k|df0f 36gf:yndf km]nf kg]{

;Defjgf x'G5 . 36gf:ynaf6 s;"/ / s;"/bf/sf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{

kof{Kt cfwf/x? k|fKt x'g] / 36gf:yn d'r'Nsfn] jf/bft:ynsf] ;Dk"0f{

ljj/0f ;lj:tf/ atfpg] k|s[ltsf] ePdf s;"/sf] jf:tljstf

klxrfgdf d2t k'U5 . 36gf:yndf kfOPsf xTs]nf / cf}nfsf jf

kfOnfsf lrGx, lgzfgf / bzL k|df0f nufot k|df0f x'g ;Sg] cGo

j:t'sf] kmf]6f] lng ;lsg], s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt sfuhft, bzL k|df0f,

;fdfg / j:t' km]nf k/]df sJhfdf lng ;lsPdf s;"/bf/n] ;kmfO

kfpg] ;Defjgf /xb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm vfgtnf;L cflbsf]

dfWodaf6 klg o; lsl;dsf k|df0f ;+sng ul/Psf] x'G5 eg]

;+slnt k|df0fx?sf] klxrfgsf nflu ;gfvt u/fpg' klg cfjZos

x'G5 . o;lsl;dsf sfo{x? cg';Gwfgsf qmddf q'l6/lxt lsl;dn]

;DkGg ug{ ;lsPdf dfq d'2fdf s;"/bf/n] ;hfo kfpg ;Sg] x'G5 .

233

o;} ;Gbe{df laBdfg cj:yfsf] klxrfgsf nflu pQ/bftfx?;Fu

hfgsf/L lnOPsf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{af6 lj1x?n] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ 36gf:yn

d'r'Nsf, ;gfvt / vfgtnf;L cflb laifodf ljleGg ;d:ofx? /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . cbfntaf6 k|df0f u|fx\o x'gsf nflu tof/ ePsf d'r'Nsfx?

k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s]sf sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDag u/L q'l6/lxt x'g

cfjZos x'G5 . t/ 36gf:yn nfzhfFr d'r'Nsfsf] ljj/0f c:ki6,

q'l6k"0f{ / l/tk"j{ssf] gx'g] u/]sf] tYo %) k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] hjfkm

lbPsf 5g\ . 36gf:ynsf] kof{Kt ;'/Iff gul/Pdf k|df0fx? nf]k gfz

x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g]df 36gf:ynsf] ;'/Iff tyf k|df0fsf] ;+/If0fdf

uDeL/tf gx'g] u/]sf] s'/f $# k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ .

o;sf cltl/Qm cg';Gwfgdf a}1flgs ;fwgsf] k|of]u gx'g]

u/]sf], cg';Gwfgsf] zL3|tfdf g} k|df0f nf]k, gfz x'g gkfpg]df

;dod} o:tf d'r'Nsfx? gx'g] u/]sf], d'r'Nsfx?df sfg"g adf]lhdsf

;fIfLsf] cefj /xg] u/]sf], d'r'Nsf ug]{ bIftf tyf Ifdtfsf] cefj

/x]sf], Ufnt, ckof{Kt tyf cg'dfgsf] e/df k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{

kl/kf6L /x]sf], k|df0fsf] gd'gf ;+sngdf bIftf gePsf], 36gf:ynaf6

ef}lts k|df0f gp7fPsf], /f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ JolQm g/fv]sf], d'r'Nsfx?

cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt /x]sf], s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt g} g/x]sf] cgfjZos

;fdu|Lsf] a/fdb ug]{ ul/Psf], 36gf:yneGbf cGo 7fpFaf6 k|ltj]bg

tof/ ug]{ ul/Psf], 36gf:ynsf] d'rNsfdf SOCO Officer ;+nUg

gx'g] u/]sf], ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;"rgf glbO{ vfgtnf;L j/fdbL

ul/Psf], j/fdbL ;fdfg / k|:t't ul/Psf] bzLsf aLr km/s /x]sf],

JolQm ;gfvtdf sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofOPsf], Ef}fuf]lns ljs6tf,

Vffgtnf;L / a/fdbL d'r'Nsf c;fGble{s JolQm / sfNklgs jtg

/fVg] u/]sf sf/0f jtg Plsg gx'g] u/]sf], cg';Gwfg clws[t

d'r'Nsfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg gx'g] u/]sf], 3fp rf]6sf] af/]df km/s km/s

cj:yf k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt x'g], nfz hfFrsf] kmd]{6 pko'Qm gePsf],

nfznfO{ ;'/lIft tl/sfaf6 ljz]if1sf]df gk7fpg', 36gf:yndf

234

;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefj /x]sf],

kl/If0fsf nflu k7fOPsf ;a'b k|df0fx?sf] kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ;dodf

k|fKt x'g g;sL kl/If0f k|ltj]bgljgf g} cleof]hg ug'{kg]{ afWotf

/x]sf] tyf If]qLo :t/df ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnfx? lj:tf/ x'g g;s]sf]

h:tf ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . k|fKt pQ/x? b]xfo

adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

36gf:yn k|s[lt Vffgtnf;L÷nfzhfFr / ;gfvtL d'r'Nsf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?

pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

36gf:ynsf] ;'/Iff tyf k|df0fsf] ;+/If0fdf uDeL/tf

gx'g' 43%

36gf:yn nfzhfFr d'r'Nsfsf] ljj/0f c:ki6 /

q'l6k"0f{ 50%

l/tk"j{ssf] gx'g] 19%

a}1flgs ;|f]tsf] k|of]u gx'g] 7%

;dod} gx'g] 36%

;fIfLsf] cefj 7%

bIf tyf Ifdtfsf] cefj 33%

Ufnt, ckof{Kt tyf cg'dfgsf] e/df k|ltj]bg tof/

ug]{ kl/kf6L 10%

k|df0fsf] gd'gf ;+sngdf bIftf gePsf] 2%

36gf:ynaf6 ef}lts k|df0f gp7fPsf] 10%

/f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ JolQm g/fv]sf] 26%

cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt 24%

cfw'lgstf gx'g' 5%

cgfjZos ;fdu|Lx? a/fdb ul/g' 10%

36gf:yneGbf cGo 7fpFaf6 k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ 10%

SOCO Officer ;+nUg gx'g' 21%

235

;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;"rgf glbO{ vfgtnf;L j/fdbL

ul/g' 7%

j/fdbL ;fdfg / k|:t't ul/Psf] bzLsf aLr km/s 5%

JolQm ;gfvtdf sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofOPsf] 7%

ha/h:tL ;gfvt u/fOPsf] 2%

Ef}fuf]lns ljs6tf 5%

sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f gu/]sf] 26%

Vffgtnf;L / a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf c;fGble{s JolQm

/fVg] / sfNklgs jtg /fVg] rng /x]sf] 12%

cg';Gwfg clws[t cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg gx'g] 12%

3fp rf]6sf] af/]df km/s km/s cj:yf k|ltj]bgdf

plNnlvt x'g] 7%

nfz hfFrsf] kmd]{6 pko'Qm gePsf] 2%

nfznfO{ ;'/lIft tl/sfaf6 ljz]if1sxfF gk7fpg' 5%

36gf:yndf ;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ sfg"gL

Joj:yfsf] cefj 5%

kl/If0fsf nflu k7fOPsf ;a'b k|df0fx?sf] kl/If0f

k|ltj]bg ;dodf k|fKt x'g g;sL kl/If0f

k|ltj]bgljgf g} cleof]hg ug'{kg]{ afWotf 5%

If]qLo :t/df ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnfx? lj:tf/

ug'{kg]{ 7%

^=% ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf

nflu ef}lts k|df0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . clxn]sf] ;do

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] o'u ePsfn] k/Dk/fut ;fIfL

;/hdLgaf6 dfq ck/fw cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ug'{

g t ;Dej g} 5 g t pko'Qm g} . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$(

236

sf] bkmf !@ df /ut ljo{ OToflb hfFr ug{;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

t/ o:tf] ef}lts j:t'x?sf] ;+sng ;xL tl/sfn] ug{ g;lsP To;sf]

kl/If0f /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g . o;}n] ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|df0f

;+sng ;xL tl/sfn] x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .

s;"/ / s;"/ ug]{ JolQmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ef}lts k|df0fsf]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ePklg g]kfndf kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgdf

ljlwlj1fg jf ef}lts k|df0feGbf df}lvs k|df0fsf] cEof; a9L

eO/x]sf] / o;n] d'2fdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] eGg] cfd u'gf;f]

/x]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 klg ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljlwlj1fgåf/f

;dly{t ;a'b ;+slnt x'g'kg]{ egL ljlwlj1fgnfO{ cfhsf] cg';Gwfg /

cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ?kdf lnFb} l;4fGt

k|ltkfbg ul/Psf] 5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfg Ps Hofb} hl6n, ljlwlj1fg

cyf{t\ Forensic Science åf/f ;dly{t ;a"b k|df0f ;+slnt x'g'kg]{ sfo{

xf] . z+lstn] lbPsf] aofgsf] e/ dfq gk/L ;a"b k|df0fsf] cfwf/df

cleof]u k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfg"gL st{Jo k|x/Lsf] xf] . o;sf nflu k|To]s

k|df0f Forensic Evidence af6 ;dly{t x'g'k5{ . cfhsf] cleof]hg

ls6fgL hfx]/L b/vf:t, k|x/L;Fusf] ;fljlt aofg / ;h{ldgsf]

clwsf+zeGbf a9L JolQmn] JolQmut wf/0ffdf ck/fwL xf] egL as]sf]

asfOsf] cleof]hg xf]Og . cGo k|ToIf k|df0f nufot Forensic

Evidence n] ;dly{t k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g] cleof]hg xf] elg

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 JofVof ;d]t ePsf]66 x'gfn] o:tf] ef}lts

k|df0fsf] ;+sng / kl/If0fdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/L rgfvf] /xg'kg]{

x'G5 . o; laifodf /x]sf ;d:ofx?af/] lj1x?;Fu hfgsf/L lnOPsf]df

k|df0fsf] ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwdf y'k|} ;d:ofx? /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

oL ;d:ofx?n] d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|ToIf k|efj kfl//x]sf] kfOG5 .

66Hof]lt nD;fn kf}8]n la?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^& c+s !! lg=g+= *%)&, k[i7 !()#M

237

pQ/bftfx? dWo] %) k|ltztn] ;dodf kl/If0f gx'g] u/]sf] /

kl/If0f k|ltj]bg klg ;dod} k|fKt gx'g] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

s]xL pQ/bftfn] Nofj kl/If0fsf] ;'ljwf ;/n, ;xh / kof{Kt gePsf]

/ k|df0fsf] kl/If0f g} x'g g;s]sf] klg pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;a'b

k|df0f htL;Sof] l56f] ;+sng ul/Pdf k|df0f gfz, nf]k gx'g] x'G5 /

;fa't xfntdf kfpg ;lsG5, t/ ;dod} k|df0f ;+sng ug{

g;lsPsf] / kl/If0fsf] nflu gk7fPsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . k|df0f

;+sngsf nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kg]{df o:tf] hgzlQm

sdL /x]sf] s'/f klg #* k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L g}

;/sf/L jsLndf klg o:tf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f Ifdtf gePsf] eGg]

klg pQ/bftfn] v'nfPsf 5g\ .

;+slnt k|df0f ;xL tl/sfn] ;+sng u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, To;nfO{

kl/If0f geP;Dd ;'/lIft ?kdf /fVg ;Sg'k5{ / kl/If0f x'g ;Dej

x'g] u/L ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{df ;+sng ul/Psf k|df0f ;+/If0f ul//fVg

sl7gfO{ ePsf] / 36gf:yndf k|df0f ;+/If0f gx'g] u/]sf] klg v'Ng

cfPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf c;DalGwt ef}lts j:t' ;+sng ug]{

u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . cf}+7f5fk / kblrGxsf] ;+sng / kl/If0fdf

Wofg glbg', ef}lts k|df0fsf] kl/If0f lj1x?sf] ;d"xaf6 x'g'kg]{,

cleof]u;Fu kl/If0f k|ltj]bg k]z gug'{, cleof]u bfjL / kl/If0f

k|ltj]bg lj/f]wfefif x'g', k|df0f ;+sngsf nflu kof{Kt pks/0fsf]

sdL, k|x/L a}1flgs k|of]uzfnfsf] k|ltj]bg cw'/f] x'g], ef}lts k|df0f

;+sng / kl/If0fdf em+em6 dfGg], k|df0f ;+sng sfg"gn] clgjfo{

gu/]sf] Pp6} k|s[ltsf] kl/If0fdf km/s km/s kl/0ffd cfpg] u/]sf]

klg pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt ;"rgfx?

cg';f/ ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;+/If0f, ;+sng kl/If0f / ljZn]if0fdf ;fwg,

;|f]t, Ifdtfsf] cefj tyf ef}lts k|df0f vf]h ug{ Wofg s]lGb|t gug]{

cEof; ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . pQ/bftfx?n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] ljj/0f b]xfo

adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

238

Eff}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwL ;d:of

pQ/bftfx?sf] k|ltzt

bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL 38%

;dodf kl/If0f / kl/If0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt gx'g] 50%

;+sng ul/Psf k|df0f ;+/If0f u/L /fVg

sl7gfO{ 26%

c;DalGwt ef}lts j:t' ;+sng 14%

Nofj kl/If0fsf] ;'ljwf ;/n, ;xh / kof{Kt

gx'g' 29%

;dod} k|df0f ;+sng ug{ g;Sg' / kl/If0fsf]

nflu gk7fpg' 33%

Sample Contamination x'g] jf gldNg] 10%

ljZn]if0fdf / ;+sngdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf]

;+nUgtf / 1fgsf] sdL 10%

36gf:yndf k|df0f ;+/If0f gx'g' 12%

ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;+sng tyf kl/If0f tkm{

cg';Gwfg g} gePsf] 14%

SOCO Officer nfO{ pkof]u gul/Psf] 5%

k|df0f ;+sng ug{ ;DalGwt lj1 / lgsfo ;Fu

;dGjo gx'g' 17%

cf}+7f5fk / kblrGxsf] ;+sng / kl/If0fdf

Wofg glbg' 5%

Ef}flts k|df0fsf] kl/If0f lj1x?sf] ;d"xaf6

x'g'kg]{ 5%

cleof]u ;Fu kl/If0f k|ltj]bg k]z gug'{ 12%

cleof]u bfjL / kl/If0f k|ltj]bg vl08t x'g' 7%

k|df0f ;+sngsf nflu kof{Kt pks/0fsf] sdL 14%

239

k|x/L a}1flgs k|of]uzfnfsf] k|ltj]bg cw'/f] x'g] 5%

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0fdf emGem6

dfGg] 17%

k|df0fsf] k|ltjb]g :ki6 gx'g] 5%

k|df0f ;+sng sfg"gn] clgjfo{ gu/]sf] 12%

Pp6} k|s[ltsf] kl/If0fdf km/s km/s kl/0ffd

cfpg] 2%

cfjZos pks/0fsf] cefj 7%

cg';Gwfg k|ltjfbLsf] jofgdf e/ kg]{ k|j[lQ 10%

^=^ cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp tyf aofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

s'g} ck/fw ePsf]df ;f] ck/fwsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xh / ;kmn

agfpg, cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf pkl:yltsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{,

k|df0fsf] ;+/If0f ug{ / cleo'Qm :jo+sf] zf/Ll/s hfFr ug'kg]{ h:tf

sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ks|fp ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

o;/L cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cf/f]lkt jf z+sf:kb JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ug]{

/fHosf] Ps :yflkt clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . t/ o;/L ck/fw

cg';Gwfgsf nflu ks|fp ubf{ AolQmsf sdeGbf sd :jtGqtf xgg

xf]; / sfg"gsf] k|s[of k"/f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . obL sfg"gsf k|s[of

k"/f ul/Pg eg] cleo'Qm aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]zsf dfWodaf6 5'6\g]

tyf k|df0fsf] u|fx\otfdf klg k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . ks|fpsf qmddf

cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf dfGotf / ;+ljwfg

tyf sfg"g k|lts'n ePdf :jR5 ;'g'jfO l;4fGt ljkl/t eO{ d'2fdf g}

k|efj k5{ .

kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;DaGwdf aofgsf] dxTj x'g] eP klg

gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f

!$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ df cfkm\gf] la?4 k|df0f lbg jf ck/fw :jLsf/

ug{ afWo gkfl/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf klg of] Joj:yf

240

cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L g} oftgfsf] glthf:j?k tof/ ul/Psf]

eGg] :yflkt ePsf] jofgnfO{ oftgf lbg] JolQmsf] lj?4 afx]s s'g}

sf/afO{ k|lqmofdf k|df0f:j?k Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] s'/f x/]s /fHon]

;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs

Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$ sf] wf/f !% df Joj:yf

/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( n] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf s'g}

cleo'Qmn] lghpk/ nufOPsf] cleof]usf] ;Gbe{df cbfnt afx]s

cGoq JoQm u/]sf] s'/f :j]R5fsf] ePdf dfq k|df0f u|fx\o x'g] Joj:yf

/x]sf]n] hjh{:tL ;fljt u/fPdf tL k|df0fdf gnfuL cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO

kfpg] x'G5 . ;fljlt aofg cfkm}df dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f eP klg ;fljlt

dfq cleof]u k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g . ;fljltnfO{ cleof]u k'li6

ug]{ Ps dfq cfwf/ agfOof] eg] To;n] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf y'k|}

hl6ntfx?nfO{ hGd lbG5 . To;n] cg';Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hg kIfaf6

bfjL k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu cGo k|df0fsf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0fdf eGbf

cleo'QmnfO{ ;fljlt aofg lbg afWo kfl/g] ;DefjgfnfO{ an k|bfg

ug]{ x'“bf jf:tljs ck/fwL pDsg] / cg';Gwfgsf qmddf cleo'Qmsf

?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf JolQm bl08t x'g'kg]{ lj8Dagfk"0f{ cj:yf klg

cfpg ;Sg] ePsfn] To:tf ;DefjgfnfO{ an k'Ug] u/L Goflos JofVof

ul/g gx'g] egL67 ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :j]R5f ljkl/t ePsf aofgnfO{

k|df0fdf lng gldNg] egL sF}of}+ d'2fdf l;4fGt sfod ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

cg';Gwfgsf qmddf kqmfp / aofgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o

dfkb08 / k|rlnt sfg"g ljkl/t ePdf To;sf] k|dfl0fs dxTj gx'g]

x'G5, t/ g]kfnsf] cg';Gwfg ;flaltd'vL egL cfnf]Ro xF'b} cfPsf]

;Gbe{df cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf o; ;DaGwdf hjfkm lnOPsf]df

cg';Gwfg ;flaltd'lv /x]sf] / hah{:tL ;fljtL u/fpg] sfo{ oBlk

e}/x]sf] eGg] s'/f sl/a cfwfh;f] pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L

67k[YjL jxfb'/ v8\sf lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k= @)^&, c+s *, lg=g+ *$## k[ !#@!

241

hj{h:tL ;fljlt u/fpg] cEof;sf sf/0f cleo'Qm cbfntdf OGsf/

/xg] t/ ;fljltnfO{ ;dly{t ug]{ cGo :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0f

gePsf sf/0f k|df0f u|fx\o geO{ cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO kfpg] sf/0f ag]sf]

b]lvG5 . sl/a #^ k|ltzt pQ/bftfx?sf cg'ejdf aofg u/fpg]

sfo{bIftfsf] sdL /x]sf] sf/0f k/Dk/fut z}nLdf g} aofg u/fpg]

b]lvG5 eg] !& k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] cgfjZos k|Zg ;f]Wg] u/]sf]

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ Pp6} k|Zg ;f]wL ;a} Joxf]/f vf]Hbf

ck]lIft hfgsf/L xfl;n gx'g], aofg lSni6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L

g} aofg u/fpg] ;Lk / snfsf] cefjn] ubf{ aofgdf ;f]Wg'kg]{ clt

h?/L k|Zg ;f]Wg / ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 eg]

aofg / cGo tYox? klg la/f]wfefif x'g] u/]sf] tyf ck/fw;Fu

c;fGble{s klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . kof{Kt bIftfs} sf/0f aofg lnFbf

km/f/ cleo'Qmsf] klxrfg, tYo / k|df0fsf ;fd~h:otf, ldlt, ;do

/ jf/bftsf] tf}/ tl/sf, s;'/df ;+nUg JolQm / pgLx?sf] e"ldsf

;DaGwL cfwf/ cflb af/] s'/f kmf]/L :ki6 ?kdf aofg lng g;lsPsf]

sf/0f cg';Gwfg ck"0f{ x'g] cj:yf klg cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf

cltl/Qm cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg clwsf/LnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6

k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf af/]df hfgsf/L geO{ ;d:ofx? k'g/fa[lQ

eO/xg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .

oyf;L3| cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp ug{ g;Sbf lghn] k|df0fdf x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf], dlxnf cleo'Qmsf] xsdf cg';Gwfg clws[t dlxnf k|x/L x'Fbf aofgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] / ;f] gx'Fbf aofg lkmtnf] x'g] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ks|fp k/]sf] nuQ} y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt dfu gul/g] u/]sf], y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt dfu ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLn dfkm{t hfg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cefjdf ;/sf/L jsLn aofg k"j{ ck/fw af/] cgle1 /xg] u/]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLn k|x/Ld} e/ kg]{ u/]sf], kqmfp nuQ} aofg gePsf] h:tf tYox? klg cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] cf}NofPsf 5g\ . sltko sfg"gL l/tx? gk'Ug] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . cleo'QmnfO{ lbOg] kqmfp k"hL{sf] ldlt km/s kfg]{ u/]sf], kqmfp k/]sf] nfdf] ;dokl5 k"hL{ lbOg] u/]sf], sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofpg] u/]sf],

242

cbfntdf y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dltsf nflu l9nf] n}hfg] u/]sf] sf/0f :jR5 ;'g'jfO{ k|lts'nsf sfo{n] cg';Gwfgsf] ljZj;gLotfdf g} k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ljgf cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ul/g] u/]sf] sf/0faf6 cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug]{eGbf klg y'gfdf /fVg] cjlw @% lbgleq h;/L klg d'2f rnfpg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . cleo'Qmsf] jf:tlas gfd, jtg 9fF6L aofg lbg] u/]sf] sf/0f Dofb tfd]nL nufotsf laifodf ;d:ofx? kg]{ u/]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?sf] syg /x]sf] 5 .

aofgdf ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] Go"g pkl:ylt /xg] u/]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnn] klg cGo sfddf klg ;+nUg /xg'kg]{ afWotfsf sf/0f aofg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] klg cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm aofg lng] ljifodf ;/sf/L jsLn / cg';Gwfgstf{aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cefj /x]sf sf/0f klg d'2fsf] ;kmn cg';Gwfgdf cj/f]w ;[hgf ePsf] kfOG5 .

aofgsf] lel8of] /]s8{ ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;lsPsf] h:tf ;d:ofx? klg kfOPsf 5g\ . aofgsf qmddf obfsbf /fhg}lts x:tIf]k klg x'g] u/]sf] s]xL pQ/bftfsf] cg'ej /x]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g / ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ lx/f;tdf /xFbf kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] hfgsf/L tyf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] cefj /x]sf], ;xL JolQmsf] klxrfg gu/L kqmfp ug]{ u/]sf], ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfbssf] ;+:yfut ?kdf Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf], ;"rgf glbO{ kqmfp ug]{ u/]sf] h:tf sltko kmf}hbf/L Gofosf dfGotf k|lts"nsf sfo{ klg x'g] u/]sf] pQ/bftfx?sf] hjfkmaf6 v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt ePsf] ljj/0f b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp tyf aofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

cGtjf{tf{bftfsf] k|ltzt

:j]R5f k|lts'n eP klg ;flalt s]lGb|t aofg 48%

oyf;L3| cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp ug{ g;Sbf k|df0fdf

x:tIf]k 21%

243

dlxnf cleo'Qmsf] xsdf cg';Gwfg clws[t

dlxnf k|x/L x'Fbf aofgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] / ;f]

gx'Fbf aofg lkmtnf] x'g] 7%

kqmfp nuQ} aofg gePsf] 10%

aofg u/fpg] sfo{bIftfsf] sdL 36%

;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ cleo'Qm kqmfp k/] gk/]sf]

af/] hfgsf/L gx'g] / ;/sf/L jsLn k|x/Ld} e/

kg'{kg]{ 17%

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf x'g] aofgsf] Go"g dxTj x'g]

x'Fbf cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt 14%

cleo'QmnfO{ lbOg] kqmfp k"hL{sf] ldlt km/s 10%

cleo'Qmsf] jf:tlas gfd, jtg 9fF6L aofg lbg] 17%

aofgdf cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] Go"g pkl:ylt 12%

kqmfp k/]sf] nfdf] ;dokl5 k"hL{ lbOg' 12%

sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofpg] 12%

cbfntdf l9nf] n}hfg] 5%

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf a'lemPsf ;fIfLx?

cbfntdf vf]h]sf avt pkl:yt u/fpg

g;s]sf] 5%

k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ljgf cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp

ul/g' 5%

aofg /]s8{ /fVg] System gePsf] 7%

/fhg}lts x:tIf]k 12%

lx/f;tdf /xFbf kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] hfgsf/L tyf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] cefj 10%

;xL JolQmsf] klxrfg gu/L kqmfp ug'{ 5%

244

D'f2f;Fu c;DalGwt s'/fx? aofgdf pNn]v ug'{ 17%

ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfbssf] ;+:yfut ?kdf

Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 5%

;Ldf hf]l8Psf] sf/0f cleo'Qm kqmfp ug{

;d:of 5%

;fljt gx'g] cleo'QmnfO{ ;+slnt k|df0f /

tYosf cfwf/df Cross Question u/L aofg

lng] kl/kf6L gePsf] 2%

cleo'Qmn] 7]ufgf 9fF6\g' 5%

;"rgf glbO{ kqmfp ug'{ / d'r'Nsf gug'{ 7%

c;DalGwt :yfgsf JolQmnfO{ a'lemg' 2%

Ef}fuf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f ks|fpdf ;d:of

k/]sf] 7%

aofg lng] ljifodf ;/sf/L jsLn /

cg';Gwfgstf{aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cefj 5%

^=& a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh;DaGwL ;d:of

ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf jf/bft b]Vg] yfxf kfpg] JolQmsf] egfO{

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !) n] o:tf JolQmx?sf]

egfO{ k|df0f u|fx\o x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf JolQmx?nfO{

a'em\g] qmddf ;xL tl/sfn] a'lemPg cyjf o:tf JolQmsf] ;xL klxrfg

x'g g;s]df klg To;n] d'2fdf c;/ ub{5 . cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuL

ePsf JolQmx?dWo] ## k|ltztn] Jff:tljs JolQmsf] sfuh gu/fO{

sfNklgs / clgR5's JolQm v8f u/L sfuh u/fpg] u/]sf] pNn]v

u/]sf 5g\ . cg';Gwfg ubf{ 36gfsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f b]v] a'em] yfxf

kfPsf JolQmx? tyf 36gf:yn j/k/sf JolQmx?nfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/

lghx?sf] sfuh u/fpg' kg]{df kIf lakIfsf cfkmGtx?sf] sfuh

u/fpg] tyf kLl8t / kL8s kIfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfO{ sfuh u/fpg]

245

k|rngn] ubf{ cbfntdf tYo clt/lGht x'g] u/]sf] tyf k|lts'n

askq x'g] u/]sf] ;d]t kfOPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf sfuh ubf{

ltgLx?sf] k|rlnt sfg"gsf] l/t k'Ug' cfjZos x'G5, t/ pQ/bftfx?n]

cg';Gwfgdf sfuh u/fpFbf l/t gk'Ug] u/]sf] cf}NofPsf 5g\ . o;

lsl;dsf] q'l6 cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf] 1fg / Ifdtfsf] cefjsf sf/0f

klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . kmntM rZdlbb JolQm / ;'gLhfGg] JolQm

km/s dxTjsf ;fIfL eP klg sfuhsf] Joxf]/f p:t} ?kdf ul/Psf

sf/0f r:dlbb / ;'gLhfGg] k|df0fsf] ;Ldf+sg ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 .

cg';Gwfg l9nf] x'Fbf To;n] 36gfsf] af/]df yfxf kfPsf

JolQmnfO{ cleo'Qm kIfaf6 k|efljt kfg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5, t/ ;dod}

a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh gx'g] u/]sf] tYo @$ k|ltzt

pQ/bftfx?af6 v'n]sf] 5 . 36gfsf af/]df yfxf x'g] JolQmn] sfuh

gul/lbg] k|a[lQ klg kfOPsf] 5 . a'lemPsf JolQmx?;Fu 36gfsf]

af/]df k"/f ;"rgf k|fKt x'g] u/L sfuh gu/fpg] u/]sf] sf/0f ;"rgfx?

cw'/f] / 36gf Joxf]/f ck"0f{ eO{ d'2fdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf]

sf/0fdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] sfuhsf] 9fFrf klg

lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L g} sfuh u/fpFbf

ck/fw;Fu c;fGble{s s'/f ;f]Wg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5, h'g d'2fsf

;Gbe{df k|f;lu+s xF'b}gg\ .

sfuh u/fpFbf ;fIfLx?sf] :ki6 jtg tyf pgLx?sf] klxrfg

v'Ng] ljj/0f pNn]v gu/]sf sf/0f kl5 cbfntdf askqsf nflu

pkl:yt u/fpg g;lsPsf] l:ylt klg kfOPsf] 5 . jf:tljs

JolQmnfO{ vf]hL u/L sfuh gu/fpg] ul/Psf] / 36gf:yndf guO{sg

k|x/L sfof{nodf g} af]nfO{ sf]/d k'/\ofpg] jf cg';Gwfg u/]sf] eGg]

b]vfpg] dfq lx;fjn] sfuh u/fpg] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . o;n]

ubf{ sfuh / sfuh ug]{ JolQmsf] ;Totfdf k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] 5 .

sfuh u/fpFbf n]va4 ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] sfuh ug]{n] eg]sf]

h:tfsf] t:t} n]va4 gug]{ u/]sf] / geg]sf] sfNklgs s'/f n]Vg]

246

u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . uf]nd6f]n / 36gfsf] af/]df olsg yfxf 5}g

eGg] pNn]v ePsf / ax'cly{ nfUg] efiffx? klg k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] /

a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] syg Psftkm{ Psfk;df aflemg] u/]sf] /

csf]{tkm{ ;fIfLx?n] eg]sf] efiff eg]/ x'ax' Pp6} n]Vg] u/]sf] klg

pQ/bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf xfn;Dd ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf nflu

sfg"g / gLlt gePsf] sf/0f ;fIfLx?n] ;xL s'/f eGg 8/fpg],

cleo'Qm kIfaf6 k|efljt kfg]{ klg uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] tYo

cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm sfuh u/fpg]

qmddf /fhg}lts x:tIf]k /xg] u/]sf] klg pQ/bftfn] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt ljj/0fnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh Joxf]/f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of

pQ/bftfx?sf] k|ltzt

36gfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] JolQmx?sf] sfuh

oyf;L3| gul/g] u/]sf] 24%

sfuh / j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsf l/tk"j{s gul/g] u/]sf] 14%

Jff:tljs ;fIfLn] sfuh gul/lbg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] 19%

a'lemPsf JolQmaf6 olsg jtg / klxrfgsf k|df0f

gv'nfpFbf jskqsf nflu pkl:yt u/fpg ;d:of

/x]s]f 24%

Jff:tljs ;fIfLeGbf sfNklgs / clgR5's JolQm v8f

ul/ sfuh ug]{ u/]sf] 33%

36gfsf] Joxf]/f :ki6 gv'nfpg] u/]sf] 21%

ck/fw;Fu c;fGble{s s'/f pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] 19%

l/t k'¥ofpg] jf cg';Gwfg u/]sf] b]vfpg] jf

cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq sfuh u/fpg]

u/]sf] 10%

Jff:tljs JolQmnfO{ vf]hL ul/ sfuh u/fpg] gu/]sf] 21%

a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] Joxf]/f k/:k/ aflemg] u/]sf] 17%

247

;fIfLsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;s]sf] 14%

rZdlbb JolQm / ;'gLhfGg] JolQm km/s dxTjsf

;fIfL eP klg sfuhsf] Joxf]/f p:t} x'Fbf ;Ldf+sg

ug{ sl7g x'g] u/]sf] 7%

kL8s / kLl8t b'j}nfO{ ;Gt'lnt x'g] ul/ b'j} ;dy{s

JolQmx?sf] sfuh u/fOg' 2%

;fIfLn] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} gn]lvg] u/]sf] 10%

;fIfLn] eg]sf] s'/f g;'gfO{ sfuhdf ;lx u/fpg]

u/]sf] 7%

:ki6 sfuh geO{ uf]nd6f]n efiff /fvL sfuh

u/fOg] ul/Psf] 7%

sfuh ubf{ k|x/L 36gf:yndf guO{ k|x/L sfof{nodf

g} dflg; 8fs]/ sfuh u/fpg] u/]sf] 2%

cTolws /fhg}lts x:tIf]k a9\g' 10%

^=* cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] k|:tfljt /fo;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& df cg';"rL–! df

plNnlvt s'g} ck/fwsf] txlssft k"/f ePkl5 txlssft ug]{ k|x/L

sd{rf/Ln] ck/fw ePsf] / ;a} jf s]xL cleo'Qmpk/ d'2f rnfpg

k|df0f k'Ug] b]lvPsf]df ;f]xL s'/f vf]nL tyf ck/fw gePsf] b]lvPsf]

jf ck/fw ePsf] eP klg cleo'Qm oxL xf] eGg] v'Ng g;s]sf] jf s'g}

klg cleo'Qmpk/ d'2f rnfpg k|df0f gk'Ug] b]lvPsf]df ;f]xL Aoxf]/f

v'nfO{ cfkm\gf] /fo ;lxt y'g'jf gePsf] d'2f eP ;DalGwt sfg"gsf]

xbDofb k'Ug] slDtdf kGw| lbg cufj} / y'g'jf ePsf] d'2f eP d'2f

rNg] jf grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ / cleof]ukq tof/ u/L cbfntdf bfo/

ug{ nfUg] ;donfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL ldl;n sfuhsf] ;Ssn /

gSsn k|lt, bzL k|df0f ;lxt ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k7fpg'kg]{

Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . o; lsl;dsf] /fo k|fKt ePkl5 cg';Gwfg k"/f

248

gePsf]df yk cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbg

;Sg]] klg Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

k|:tfljt /fo k7fpFbf ;+slnt tYo / k|df0fsf] j:t'lgi7

ljZn]if0f u/L tof/ ug{ ;lsPdf To;n] cleof]hg ug]{ gug]{ s'/fnfO{

klg d2t u5{ / k|df0fsf] cefjdf klg cleof]hg ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ klg

lg?T;flxt ub{5 . t/ k|:tfljt /fo k7fpFbf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f /

d"Nofs+g gu/L xr'jf / dgf]ut ?kdf k7fpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

pQ/bftfx?dWo] $^ k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] of] tYo cf}+NofPaf6 k|:tfljt

/fo j:t'k/s gx'g] u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} k|:tfljt /fodf

P]gsf] bkmf;Dd klg :ki6 gul/ xr''jfsf] e/df k7fpg] u/]sf] s'/f ##

k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . /fo tof/L ubf{ kof{Kt u[xsfo{sf]

cefj x'g] u/]sf] / cg';Gwfg clws[tn] :jo+ /fosf] tof/L gu/L cGo

sd{rf/Lsf] e/ kg]{ u/]sf] sf/0faf6 klg /fodf k|df0f / tYosf]

ljZn]if0f /fd|f] gx'g] tyf dgf]ut ?kdf k|:tfljt /fo k]z x'g] u/]sf]

kfOG5 . o;n] /fodf s;"/ / ;hfosf] k|:tfj c;+ut jf cldNbf] x'g]

u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .

k|:tfljt /fosf] l6kf]6df rflxg] tYo eGbf km/s jf tYok/s

gx'g] ul/ l6kf]6 ug]{ ul/Psf], k|ltjfbLsf] olsg gfd, y/ jtg ;d]t

km/s kf/L /fo cfpg] / ;f]xL /fodf pNn]v ePsf jtgsf cfwf/df

cleof]udf pNn]v x'g] ePsfn] ;d:of kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf]

k"0f{tf a]u/ g} k|:tfljt /fo ;+k|]lift ug]{ u/]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?n]

v'nfPsf 5g\ . d'Vo cleo'Qm ;/x cleo'Qmx?nfO{ ;d]t Pp6}

;hfosf] dfubfjL lng uf]Zjf/f /fo k7fpg] u/]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?sf]

cg'ej 5 . yk dfubfjL lng'kg]{ d'2f ePdf klxn]sf] s;'/ / ;f]

;DaGwL k|df0fx? ;+sng gx'g] u/]sf]n] klg k6s sfod ug'{kg]{ d'2fdf

;d:of k/]sf] / c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|foM h;f] hfx]/L x]l/

To;nfO{ k'li6 ug{ vf]hL cleof]u nufpg] /fo tof/ ug]{ u/]sf],

sdhf]/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ t/ s8f ;hfo k|:tfljt u/L /fo dfu ug]{

k|rng /x]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?af6 v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . s]xL pQ/bftfn]

249

/fo cleof]ukq ;fy d'2f x]g]{ lgsfodf ghfg] x'Fbf /fo n]vgdf

cg';Gwfg clws[t pT;flxt gx'g] u/]sf] klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

k|:tfljt /fosf ;DaGwdf pQ/bftfx?sf] egfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf]

5 .

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] k|:tfljt /fo;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f / plrt d"Nofs+g gu/L dgf]ut

?kdf k|:tfljt /fo k]z x'g] u/]sf] 45%

/fo lbFbf P]gsf] bkmf :ki6 gu/L xr''jfsf] e/df

k7fpg] u/]sf] 33%

/fo ;dodf k|fKt gePsf sf/0f xtf/df cleof]u

nufpg' k/]sf] 14%

/fodf s;'/ / ;hfosf] k|:tfj gldNg] u/L k7fpg]

u/]sf] 14%

l6kf]6df rflxg] tYoeGbf km/s jf tYok/s gx'g]

u/L / l6kf]6 ug]{ ul/Psf] 17%

k|ltjfbLsf] olsg gfd, y/, jtg ;d]t gv'nL km/s

kf/L /fo cfpg] u/]sf] 10%

/fo tof/L ubf{ kof{Kt u[xsfo{sf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] 19%

cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ cleof]hg ;DaGwL tflndsf]

Joj:yf gePsf] 17%

cg';Gwfg k"/f gu/L /fo k|:tfj ug]{ ul/Psf] 5%

d'Vo cleo'Qm ;/x cGo cleo'Qmx?nfO{ ;d]t Pp6}

;hfosf] dfubfjL lng uf]Zjf/f /fo k7fpg] u/]sf] 19%

250

yk dfubfjL lng' kg]{ d'2f ePdf klxn]sf] s;'/ /

;f] ;DaGwL k|df0fx? ;+sng gx'g] u/]sf] 5%

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] :jo+ /fosf] tof/L gul/ cGo

sd{rf/Lsf] e/ kg]{ u/]sf] 5%

k|fo h;f] hfx]/L x]l/ To;nfO{ k'li6 ug{ vf]hL

cleof]u nufpg] /fo tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] 7%

sdhf]/ cg';Gwfg / s8f /fo x'g] u/]sf] 7%

/fo cleof]u kq ;fy d'2f x]g]{ lgsfodf ghfg] x'Fbf

/fo n]vgdf cg';Gwfg clws[t pT;flxt gx'g]

u/]sf] 7%

^=( cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] cleof]ukq ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]ukqsf] dfWodaf6

cbfnt;dIf s;"/bf/pk/ ;hfosf] dfubfjL lnOG5 . o;}n]

cleof]ukqnfO{ ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cfwf/e"t b:tfj]hsf]

?kdf lnOG5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]ukqaf6 d'2fsf] cbfntdf

sf/jfxL k|f/De x'G5 . cleof]ukq ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf jfbL

kIf -;/sf/L jsLn_ åf/f nufOPsf] cf/f]k, cleo'Qmx?pk/ ul/Psf]

dfubfjL / ;f] k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/ k|df0fx? pNn]v ul/Psf] k|f/lDes

b:tfj]h ePsf] / cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/Pkl5 k'gM ltg} cleo'Qmx?

lj?4 ;f]xL jf/bftdf csf]{ cleof]ukq jf ;+zf]wg cleof]ukq bfo/

ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] cleof]ukqdf x'g] q'l6n] d'2fdf uDeL/ c;/

kfb{5 . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* df cleof]ukq

bfo/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cleof]ukq bfo/ ubf{ k/Dk/fut

?kdf cleof]u bfo/ x'g] u/]sf], uf]Zjf/f bfjL lng] ul/Psf] / s;"/sf]

k|s[lt jf s;"/sf] cg'kfteGbf 7"nf] dfubfjL lng] k|rng /x]sf] eGg]

rrf{ xF'b} cfPsf]df cGtjf{tf{af6 klg tL tYox? phfu/ ePsf 5g\ .

251

uf]Zjf/f bfjL lng] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuL dWo] ^$

k|ltzt / uf]nd6f]n ?kdf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L cleof]u bfo/ ug]{

u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ $) k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt kl/0ffdx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] cleof]ukq ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

cleof]ukq k/Dk/fut ?kdf tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] 10%

tYo Pj+ k|df0fsf] ;DaGw af/]df uxg cWoog /

ljZn]if0f gu/L uf]nd6f]n ?kdf cleof]u bfjL lng]

k|j[lQ /x]sf] 40%

ck"0f{ cleof]u bfo/ x'g] gu/]sf] 7%

k|df0f v08df a'lemPsf JolQmsf] gfd pNn]v gx'g]

u/]sf] 5%

cleo'Qm / ;fIfLsf] 7]ufgf :ki6 pNn]v gul/g] u/]sf] 14%

w]/} k|ltjfbL eP pgLx?sf] xsdf s;"/ cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} s;"/ k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/ ;hfosf] dfubfjL lng] gul/ uf]Zjf/f ?kdf bfjL ug]{ ul/Psf] 64%

cleof]ukq tof/ ug{ kof{Kt ;do gePsf] 14%

km/s km/s k|sf/sf] ck/fwdf s'g P]g nfu" ug]{ eGg] jf/]df Ps?ktf gePsf] 7%

cleof]hg sfo{ u'0f:t/Lo gePsf] 21%

k|x/Lsf] /fo cg';f/ g} cleof]u bfjL lng] cEof; /x]sf] / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLn eP tfklg jf:tljs cleof]hgstf{ k|x/L g} x'g] 7%

7"nf] s;"/sf] dfubfjL lng] u/]sf] 31%

252

cleof]u k|dfl0ft ug{ g;Sg] k|df0fsf] laBdfgtfdf

cg';Gwfg ug{ kmsf{pg] jf k'g cg';Gwfg ug{

lgb]{zg lbg] cEof;sf] cjnDag gul/Psf] 5%

cleof]ukqdf k|fylds k|df0f, ;xfos k|df0f / tYo

Pj+ sfg"gaLr ;dGjo gx'g] u/]sf] 5%

Ps JolQmn] PseGbf jl9 sfg"g pNn+3g x'g]

k|s[ltsf] ck/fwdf tYosf] hfgsf/L kZrft klg

cnu cnu ldltdf cleof]u bfo/ ug]{ kl/kf6L

b]lvPsf] 7%

sfg"gsf] bkmf :ki6 pNn]v gx'g] u/]sf] 10%

d'2f grnfpg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnx? b[9tfk"j{s

lg0f{o ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / k|df0fsf cefjdf klg

d'2f rnfpg] u/]sf] 10%

cg';Gwfg ;DkGg gePsf] JolQmnfO{ klg k|ltjfbL

agfpg] u/]sf] 5%

yk cleo'Qm sfod x'g ;Sg] d'2fdf k'/s cleof]ukq

k|:t't ul/g]5 egL pNn]v ug]{ gul/Psf] 2%

bzLsf ;fdfg k|x/Laf6 uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k|:t't x'g]

u/]sf] 10%

;fj{hlgs lxtsf] tkm{af6 ck/fwnfO{ ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o ug]{ 5"6 ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ gx'g] 10%

cf+lzs cleof]hg ;Rofpg] tyf cleof]ukq kl/jt{g jf yk ug{;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg gePsf] 12%

ef}lts ;a'bnfO{ pkl:yt tYosf] ;dy{g ug]{ u/L

cleof]hg gul/g' 2%

253

cleo'Qmpk/sf] cleof]hg / ;hfoaLr tfbfDotf

gx'g] 12%

kLl8t jf hfx]/jfnfnfO{ d'2f rNn] jf grNg]

hfgsf/L lbg] gul/Psf] 2%

^=!) cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf x'g] jofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

cleof]ukq bfo/ ePkl5 cbfntdf cleo'Qmsf] aofg ug]{

Joj:yf ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ljlw xf] .

d'2fdf cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] jofg cleof]u 7x/ ug]{ gug]{ ;DaGwdf

dxTjk"0f{ x'g] u5{ . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cfkm" la?4 ;fIfL x'g\ jf

cfkm\gf] lj?4 aofg lbg s/ gnfu] klg :j]R5fn] cfkm\gf] la?4 aofg

lbPdf k|df0fdf nfUg] x'G5 . cbfntaf6 km};nf xF'bf klg cbfntdf

cleo'Qm ;fljt /x]df To:tf] cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ 7x/ ug]{ k|rng /

k|j[lQ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cbfntdf aofg u/fpbf GofofwLzs} Ohnf;df

x'g'kg]{ nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx? 5g\ . Jojxf/df cleo'Qmsf]

cbfntdf aofg;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|} ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . cGtjf{tf{af6

k|fKt ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf x'g] jofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

pQ/bftfx?sf] k|ltzt

aofg u/fpbf GofofwLzsf] pkl:yltsf] cefj 29%

sd{rf/Laf6 oyfy{ s'/f vf]lng] k|s[ltsf] k|Zg

gul/g] u/]sf] / ;f]Wg] s'/f 5'6\g] u/]sf]

36%

jofgsf] a]nfdf jfbL kIf cyf{t ;/sf/L jsLn klg pkl:yt x'g] gu/]sf]

17%

cbfntdf cleo'Qmsf] OGsf/L jofgnfO{ Cross u/L jofg lng] kl/kf6L gx'Fbf OGsf/L jofgsf] k|j[lQ /x]sf]

48%

254

jofgsf k|Zg 36gf cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g

;Sg] u/L ug]{ gul/Psf] 5%

df}sfdf :jLsf/ u/L u/]sf] aofg km]g]{ k|rng

a9\b} uPsf] 7%

;fljt eO{ jofg u/]sf cj:yfdf ;hfo sd

ug{;Sg] sfg"gsf] cefj /x]sf] 17%

jofg u/fpg bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf] 17%

aofgdf k|ltjfbLsf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x:tIf]k

x'g] u/]sf] 10%

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] jofgsf] k|dfl0fs

d"No sd x'g] x'Fbf cleo'Qmx? cbfntdf cfP/

OGsf/ aofg lbg pT;flxt x'G5g\

2%

Pp6} sf]7fdf @.# hgf;Ddsf] Ps} k6s jofg

ugf{n] Pssf] jofg csf]{n] ;'gL d'2fdf c;/ kg]{

u/]sf]

10%

jofg lnFbf cleo'Qmsf] xfpefp, zf/Ll/s rfn

h:tf ljifo /]s8{ ug]{ gul/Psf] 7%

^=!! ;fIfLsf] askq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf s;"/sf] k'li6sf nflu ;f] s'/f b]Vg]

jf hfgsf/L /x]sf JolQmx?sf] egfO{ klg Ps k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f

ul/G5 . ef}lts k|df0fdf hf]8 lbg g;lsPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf t

g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;fIfLsf] syg dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf /x]sf]

5 . ;fIfLsf] egfO{nfO{ csf]{ kIfn] klg lh/x ug{ kfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

o;}n] k|df0f P]g, @)#! n] cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ ;fIfLn] askq

gu/];Dd y'g5]s cfb]zsf] k|of]hg afx]s cGo cj:yfdf k|df0fdf

255

u|x0f gul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fIfLn] k|lts'n jskq ug]{, ;fIfL

;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt / sfg"gsf] cefj h:tf ;fIfLsf ;DaGwdf y'k|}

;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . cGtjf{tf{af6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;d:ofx?af/]

hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 h'g ;/sf/L d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf] klg

sf/0fsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

;fIfLsf] askq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

;fIfLx? Hostile x'g] u/]sf] 45%

;fIfLsf] sfuh ubf{ /fd|f];Fu g;DemfPsf sf/0f

cbfntdf cgle1tf k|s6 ug]{ k|a[lQ /x]sf]

17%

jskqdf ;/sf/L jsLn guO{ ;xfosnfO{ k7fpg]

u/]sf] jf k|Zg cbfntsf sd{rf/LnfO{ 5f]8\g] u/]sf]

36%

;fIfLnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg

gul/Psf]

38%

;fIfLnfO{ cbfntaf6 ;dodfg} jskq gu/fpg] /

csf]{ lbgsf] tf/]v tf]Sg] u/]sf]

26%

k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj:ffoLjf6 ;fIfLnfO{ cgfjZos

k|Zg ;f]wL lbSs nufpg] u/]sf]

19%

;fIfLsf] ;+/If0fsf] cefj /x]sf] 36%

;fIfLnfO{ cbfntdf askqsf nflu pkl:yt

gu/fOPsf]

31%

k|x/Laf6 ;fIfLsf] pkl:yltsf] nflu ;dod} vj/ ug]{ gu/]sf]

17%

km};nf n]Vbf jskqdf plNnlvt s'/fnfO{ dxTj lbg] gu/]sf]

10%

256

;fIfLnfO{ Follow up ug]{ ;+oGq gePsf] 5%

;fIfLsf] 7]ufgf :ki6 gx'g] u/]sf]n] pkl:yt u/fpg

sl7gfO ePsf]

12%

em'7f askq ug]{ ;fIfLnfO{ ;+hfo ug]{ sfg"gL

Joa:yfsf] sd dfq} sfof{Gjog ePsf]

10%

;fIfLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L 7fpF 7fpFdf

;?jf ePsf] sf/0f ;dodf cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g

g;Sg] u/]sf]

5%

;/sf/L jsLnaf6 ;f]wk'5 / lh/xdf kof{Kt Wofg

lbg] gu/]sf]

2%

k|ltjfbLn] jfbLsf ;fIfLnfO{ vr{ v]Kb} c8\8f;Dd

Nofpg] kl/kf6L ePsfn] ljkIfs} kIfdf jskq ug]{

u/]sf]

10%

;fIfL jskqsf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f jgfpg

g;s]sf]

12%

;fIfLsf] jskq kof{Kt ;do lbP/ dfq ug{

g;lsPsf]

7%

d'2f k]z ugf{;fy ;fIfL n}hfg] u/Lsfg"g ;+zf]wg

x'g g;s]sf]

5%

^=!@ ax; k}/jL; Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ax; k}/jLsf] dxTjk"0f{

e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|:t't ug]{ ax;n] GofofwLznfO{

d'2fsf] tYo / k|df0f ljZn]if0f u/L Gofo lg?k0f ug{ d2t ub{5 .

257

;/sf/L jsLnn] ax;df cfkm\gf] kIfdf /x]sf k|df0fx?nfO{ a'nGb

?kdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ g]kfndf ax; k}/jLsf ;Gbe{df y'k|}

;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

ax; k}/jL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

;/sf/L jsLnn] ax;sf nflu d'2fsf] /fd|f] cWoog

/ tof/Lsf] sdL /x]sf]

19%

;/sf/L jsLnn] ;Dj¢ P]g, sfg"g tyf ghL/sf]

cWoogdf kof{Kt ;do glbg] u/]sf]

19%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;+Vof sd e} sfo{af]em a9L /x]sf] 33%

d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? kmfOndf gx'g]

u/]sf]

7%

ldl;n / ;DalGwt k|df0f sfuhft ;dodf k|fKt x'g

g;ls jx; k}/jL sdhf]/ x'g] u/]sf]

7%

k]zLsf] hfgsf/L ;dod} gx'g] u/]sf] 10%

pTk|]/0ff, b08 / k'/isf/sf] Joj:yf gx'g] u/]sf] 5%

jx; sfo{sf nflu cfjZos cWoog ;fdu|Lsf]

cefj /x]sf]

10%

;do Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of /x]sf] 2%

Pp6} ldl;n km/s k]zLdf km/s km/s ;/sf/L

jsLn tf]Sg] ul/g'

10%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] bIftf clea[l4df Wofg glbPsfn]

bIftfdf sdL /x]sf]

10%

258

ljzif1tfsf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] k4lt

a:g g;s]sf]

12%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ax; cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt

/x]sf]

10%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt gePsf] 5%

k|lzIf0fsf] sdL /x]sf] 10%

kmfOndf /x]sf] ef}lts k|df0fx?nfO{ ljlwlj1fgsf]

cfwf/df k|:t't ug{ g;lsPsf]

5%

ljkIfLsf] jx;sf] v08g ug]{ a]nf;Dd ;/sf/L

jsLn ga:g] u/]sf] sf/0f v08g u/L cfkm\gf] bfjL

vDaL/ u/fpg g;s]sf]

5%

k]zL cgfjZos ?kdf ;fg]{, :ylut ug]{ u/]sf] 10%

^=!#= lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?

cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf d'2fdf cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo x'g]

jf gx'g] eGg] s'/fsf] km};nf cbfntaf6 x'G5 . cbfntaf6 km};nf

x'Fbf s] s:tf] k|rng /x]sf] 5, km};nfsf cfwf/ / ljZn]if0f s:tf] x'g]

u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f x]g]{ p2]Zon] pQ/bftfx?;Fu hfgsf/L lnOPsf]

lyof] . o; qmddf lhNnf cbfntsf km};nfx? cfwf/ sf/0f vf]n]/

km};nf ug]{ k|j[lQsf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] egL @! k|ltzt pQ/bftfn]

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k'g/fj]bgsf] nflu km};nfsf] hfgsf/L ;dod} k|fKt

gx'g] u/]sf], ;fIfLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] askqsf] ;Totfsf] kl/If0f /

ljZn]if0f ug]{ gul/Psf], 7x/ v08 / tkl;n v08df plNnlvt s'/fx?

ldn] gldn]sf] tyf s]xL s'/f 5'6]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL Catagorically

x]g]{ gul/Psf], d'2f l56f] 5l/tf] km};nf x'g] gu/]sf], sfo{of]hgdf ;do

;Ldf tf]lsPsf sf/0f km};nf ug{ xtf/ / a'emg'kg]{ k|df0f ga'lemsg g}

259

ug]{ ul/Psf], cbfntsf] km};nf kLl8td'lv sd / cleo'Qmd'lv jl9 x'g]

u/]sf], GofofwLzsf] Ifdtf gePsf], dfubfjLeGbf 3l6 ;hfo lbg'k5{

eGg] dfgl;stf /x]sf], km};nfdf Ps?ktf g/x]sf], km};nfsf ;DaGwdf

cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo tyf hfx]/jfnf ;d]tnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf]

sf/0f kLl8tn] Gofo kfPsf] dxz'; gx'g] u/]sf], km};nf sfof{Gjogdf

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;+nUgtf x'g'kg]{df To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g/x]sf],

k'g/fj]bgsf] nflu lhNnfaf6 ePsf] ;f] km};nf k|fKt ePsf] ldltdf

btf{ clen]v /fVg]tkm{ Wofg glbFbf btf{ ldlt / ;/sf/L jsLnsf] gfd

tf]s cfb]z ldlt km/s kbf{ Dofbdf Ps?ktf gePsf], glh/x?nfO{

;d]t a]jf:tf u/]sf], z+sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpF5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{

unt ?kdf clwstd k|of]u ul/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ pGd'lQm lbg] u/]sf],

km};nf l9nf tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] / Uf]fnd6f]n ?kdf km};nf x'g] u/]sf]

h:tf hfgsf/L pQ/bftfx?n] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pQ/bftfx?af6 k|fKt

tYo b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

cfwf/ sf/0f vf]n]/ km};nf ug]{ k|j[lQsf] cefj /x]sf] 19%

k'g/fj]bgsf] nflu km};nfsf] hfgsf/L ;dod} k|fKt gx'g]

u/]sf]

2%

;fIfLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] askqsf] ;To / em'7f s'/fsf]

ljZn]if0f ug]{ gul/Psf]

5%

7x/ v08 / tkl;n v08df plNnlvt s'/fx? ldn] gldn]sf] tyf s]xL s'/f 5'6]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL /fd|f];Fu x]g]{ gul/Psf]

12%

d'2f l56f] 5l/tf] km};nf gx'g] u/]sf] 7%

;do ;Ldfsf sf/0f km};nf ug{ xtf/ x'g] u/]sf] 2%

a'emg'kg]{ k|df0f ga'lemPsf] 5%

cbfntsf] km};nf kLl8td'vL sd / cleo'Qmd'vL jl9

x'g] u/]sf]

2%

260

GofofwLzsf] Ifdtf gePsf] 7%

dfubfjLeGbf 3l6 ;hfo lbg'k5{ eGg] GofofwLzsf] dfgl;stf /xg] u/]sf]

7%

d'2fsf] tYo;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx? ga'emL km};nf ug]{ u/]sf]

17%

km};nfdf Ps?ktf g/x]sf] 10%

km};nfsf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo tyf hfx]/jfnf ;d]tnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf] sf/0f kLl8tn] Gofo kfPsf] dxz'; gx'g] u/]sf]

7%

km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ 5%

k'g/fj]bgsf] nflu lhNnfaf6 ePsf] km};nf k|fKt ePsf] ldltdf btf{ clen]v /fVg] tkm{ Wofg glbFbf btf{ ldlt / ;/sf/L jsLnsf] gfd tf]s cfb]z ldlt km/s kbf{ Dofbdf Ps?ktf gx'g] u/]sf]

2%

uf]nd6f]n km};nf x'g] u/]sf] 7%

glh/x?nfO{ ;d]t a]jf:tf ug]{ u/]sf] 10%

Z+f+sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpF5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ unt ?kdf k|of]u ul/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ pGd'lQm lbg] u/]sf]

2%

km};nf l9nf tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] 10%

^=!$ k'g/fj]bgkq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

tNnf] cbfntsf] km};nfdf ePsf q'l6 Goflos k|s[ofåf/f

;Rofpg sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf dflyNnf] txsf] cbfntdf bfo/

ul/g] cfj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bg egL G5 . ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fdf lhNnf

cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/ ;/sf/L jsLnn] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] u/]sf] 5 . tNnf] cbfntaf6

ePsf km};nfsf] q'l6 ;Rofpg lbOg] k'g/fj]bgdf km};nfdf /x]sf

261

q'l6x? /fd|f];Fu s]nfpg / pNn]v ug{ ;lsPg eg] k'g/fj]bgaf6 klg

;kmntf kfpg ;lsFb}g . o;} u/L k'g/fj]bg ug}{ gkg]{ k|s[ltsf] d'2fdf

k'g/fj]bg ul/Pklg To;af6 ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 . xfn

k'g/fj]bg txdf ;kmntfsf] k|ltzt x]bf{ ljut rf/ aif{sf] cf};t

;kmntf $@ k|ltzt k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] k'g/fj]bgsf]

;Gbe{df s] s:tf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ egL lj1x?;Fu lnOPsf]

cGtjf{tf{af6 ljleGg ;d:ofx? v'Ng cfPsf 5g\ .

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ km};nfn] cjnDag u/]sf cfwf/, d'2fsf] tYo Pj+

df}h'bf k|df0f / :yflkt Goflos l;4fGt cflb laifodf s'g} q'l6 /x]

g/x]sf] af/]df s]nfpg] / cbfntaf6 ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gL Pj+

sfo{ljlwut q'l6sf] klxrfg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] z'?

cbfntn] d"Nof+sg gu/]sf] k|df0fsf] af/]df oyf]lrt ljZn]if0f ug{

g;lsPsf] tYo @! k|ltztn] atfPsf 5g\ .

w]/} k|ltjfbL ePsf]df k|To]s JolQmsf xsdf ljZn]if0f gu/L

uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k'g/fj]bg n]Vg] u/]sf] / k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] / d'2fdf

;kmntf k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf gePklg k'g/fj]bg ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 .

Pstx k'g/fj]bg ug}{ kg]{ dfgl;stf /xg' tyf k'g/fj]bg gug]{ u/L

tfn's ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf kmfOn k7fOPsf]df klg k|df0fsf]

cefjdf g} k'g/fj]bg ug{ kmfOn k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{af]em cTolws /x]sf] s'/f @( k|ltzt

pQ/bftfn] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . k'g/fj]bgsf] sfd ;/sf/L jsLnsf]

k|fyldstfdf gk/]sf], kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;lsPsf], dftxtsf

sd{rf/Ldf lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] / k'g/fj]bgsf nflu kof{Kt ;do lbg

g;lsPsf] klg pQ/bftfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{

k'g/fj]bg kqx? :t/Lo / Ps?ksf] x'g g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

ldl;ndf gSsn sfuhftx? cWofjlws gx'g] u/]sf] sf/0f klg

k'g/fj]bgdf tYo k|df0f / km};nfnfO{ t'ngf ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf

klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

262

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ePsf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] /fd|f]

cWoog gePsf tyf la/f]wfefifk"0f{ glh/x? ;d]tsf sf/0f

k'g/fj]bgdf To:tf glh/x? pNn]v ug{ g;lsPsf] klg cj:yf 5 .

pNn]v ePsf]df klg sltko cj:yfdf unt glh/ klg k|:t't ePsf]

kfOG5 . jf:tadf k'g/fj]bgsf] sfo{ cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt /x]sf] /

Dofb ;d]t obfsbf Joltt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfo{af]emsf] sf/0fn]

;dodf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ s'/fdf klg ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] / sltko

d'2fdf nfdf] ;do;Dd k'g/fj]bg Dofb cbfntaf6 k|fKt gx'g]

u/]sf]af6 ;L3| Gofodf cj/f]w k'u]sf] 5 .

k'g/fj]bg kq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

z'? cbfntaf6 ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gL Pj+ sfo{ljlwut q'l6sf] klxrfg ug]{, cf}+Nofpg] / cbfntn] d"Nofs+g u/]sf] k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L k'g/fj]bg ug{ g;lsPsf]

21%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] cTolws sfo{af]em /x]sf] sf/0f

k'g/fj]bgnfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbg g;lsPsf]

29%

w]/} k|ltjfbL ePsf]df k|To]s JolQmsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L

uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k'g/fj]bg n]Vg] u/]sf]

10%

k|df0fsf] laBdfgtfsf] cefjdf klg k'g/fj]bg ug]{

ul/Psf] / Ps tx k'g/fj]bg ug}{kg]{ dfgl;stf x6\g

g;s]sf]

10%

gSsn sfuhftx? cWofjlws gx'g] u/]sf] 5%

k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfpg g;s]sf] 7%

k'g/fj]bgdf :tl/otf / Ps?ktfsf] sdL 10%

k'g/fj]bg cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt 7%

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ glh/sf] k|of]u sd dfq x'g] u/]sf] 7%

sltko d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ u/L kmfOn lkmtf{ ePsf] / cGo sf/0fn] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb ;dfKt x'g] u/]sf]

7%

263

^=!% ;+:yfut ;d:ofx?

;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] kIf cf]em]ndf k/]sf sf/0f klg ;/sf/L d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|efj k/]sf] 5 . cleof]hg / jx; k}/jLsf] Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/L jsLnx? lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . tflnd, a}b]lzs cWoog e|d0f cflb ljleGg cj;/x?af6 ;/sf/L jsLn alGrt /xg' k/]sf] 5 . sfof{nosf ef}lts ljsf;sf] kf6f] klg pk]lIft /x]sf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{df ;+nUgx?dWo] !( k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] ;/sf/L jsLnx?nfO{ Tfflnd / cWoogsf] cj;/sf] cefj /x]sf] s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj /x]sf] cf}Nofpg]x?sf] k|ltzt klg ## /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k]zf s;"/bf/nfO{ d'2f rnfpg] / pgLx? la?4 ax; k}/jL ug]{ ePsfn] ;b}j ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLn eO/x]sf] x'G5 . !@ k|ltzt pQ/bftfx?n] ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ Go"gtd ;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;'/Iff gePsf] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ffdf c;/ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+:yfut ;'wf/ / hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu lb3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] / dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 klg ;f] clwsf/ dftxt ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;d]t k|Tofof]hg ePsf] 5 . k|df0fsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df k|df0fsf] cefjdf h:tf] d'2f klg rnfpg] clxn]sf] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . o; tYonfO{ !! k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L jsLnx?nfO{ a}b]lzs cWoog e|d0fsf] cj;/sf] cefjsf sf/0f lghx?sf] bIftf ljsf;df klg ;d:of k/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLn ;+u7gdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf] tYo klg @$ k|ltztn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Behaviour change ;DaGwL tflnd / ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf;df sdL /x]sf] s'/f klg pQ/bftfx?n] cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

cg';"rL jflx/sf] d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ bIf hgzlQmsf] emg cefj /x]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf]

264

dgf]jn pRr agfpg] / pgLx?df pTk|]/0ff hufpg] of]hgf / sfo{qmdx? aGg;s]sf 5}gg\ . sd{rf/Lx?aLr ;dfg cj;/sf] pknAwtf gePsf] klg hjfkmx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .

sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLn / sfd gug]{aLr lje]b ug{ g;sL

Pp6} af:s]6df xfnL x]g]{ ul/Psf] klg lj1x?sf] cg'ej 5 . Pshgf

pQ/bftfn] t æljb]zL d'b|fsf] af:s]6 em} ;a} ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ Ps}

emf]nfdf xflnPsf] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . kmntM cf; / qf;

tyf b08 / k'/:sf/sf] kIf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . s]Gb|af6 JolQmut

d"Nof+sg k4ltsf] /]s8{ /flvPsf] kfOb}g . kx'Fr / k|efjsf cfwf/df

k'/is[t x'g] u/]sf eGg] s6' tYo klg pQ/bftfx?n] phfu/ u/]sf

5g\ . cg'udg k|efjsf/L ?kdf x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] sfo{af]em cTolws ePsfn] cg';Gwfgsf]

k"0f{tf / :t/Lotfdf k|efj k/]sf], ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] sfo{af]em a9L

/x]sf] / lgoldt sfd afx]s cGo sfddf klg vl6g' k/]sf] cj:yf 5

t/ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] b/jGbL Go"g /x]sf] s'/f klg pQ/bftfx?n]

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf p:t} sfdx?df ljleGg

sfof{nox?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf Ps?ktf geOsg km/skgf /x]sf], d'2f

rnfpg] grnfpg] / k'g/fj]bg ug]{ gug]{ jf d'2f bf]x¥ofpg] gbf]x/fpg]

laifodf Ps?ktf g/x]sf] klg cGtjf{tf{bftfx?af6 v'Ng cfPsf] 5 .

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ lgsfoaLr ;dGjosf] cefj /x]sf]

5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf ;d:ofx?df lgsf;f lbg]

Helpdesk sf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . pRr:t/sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf sfo{

jftfj/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . t/ lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf

sltko ejgx? hL0f{ /x]sf], sltko cg'ko'Qm / ckof{Kt /x]sf] klg

b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{

ckof{Kt ah]6 lalgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?sf] cg'e"lt /x]sf]

5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf ;"rgf k|ljlw / ljB'tLo ;fwgdf

sdL /x]sf] s'/f klg pQ/bftfx?n] atfPsf 5g\ .

265

;+:yfut ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

Tfflnd / cWoogsf] cefj /x]sf] 19%

;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ Go"gtd ;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;'/Iff

x'g g;s]sf]

12%

Eff}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj /x]sf] 33%

k|df0fsf cefj ePklg d'2f rnfpg] k|a[lQ /x]sf] 12%

bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf] 24%

pTk|]/0ff hufpg] jftfj/0fsf] cefj /x]sf] 7%

b08 / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ qmddf j:t'lgi7 d"Nof+sgsf] cefj x'g] u/]sf]

12%

;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox?sf] ;dfg sfddf ;+:yfut Ps?ktf x'g g;s]sf]

7%

cg';Gwfgstf{sf] cTolws sfo{af]em /x]sf] 10%

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ lgsfojLr ;dGjodf sdL /x]sf]

12%

Helpdesk sf] cefj /x]sf] 5%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] b/jGbL sfo{af]em cg'?k kof{Kt g/x]sf]

10%

cg';"rL jflx/sf] d'2fdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj

/x]sf]

5%

lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ejgsf] cefj /x]sf] 2%

ah]6sf] ckof{Kttf /x]sf] 12%

sd{rf/Lx?aLr ;dfg cj;/sf] pknAwtf g/x]sf] 7%

Behaviour change ;DaGwL tflnd k|bfg ug]{ gul/Psf]

5%

cfjZostfg';f/ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] laifonfO{ ljz]if1tfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf]

5%

;"rgf k|ljlw / ljB'tLo ;fwgx?sf] cefj /x]sf] 5%

266

^=!^ sfg"gL ;d:ofx?

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf nflu sltko sfg"gsf] cefj

/x]sf] 5 . sltko sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . sfg"gsf]

cefj, ;d:of / låljwfsf sf/0f klg d'2fdf c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;d:ofx? cf}NofOPsf 5g\ .

sfg"gL ;d:ofx? pQ/bftfsf] k|ltzt

Hfj/h:tL s/0fL ;DaGwL d'2fdf xbDofbsf] sdL

/x]sf]

14%

uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf y'gfdf

/fVg ;Sg] Dofb ckof{Kt /x]sf] / lx/f;tdf /fVg]

cg'dlt ;/sf/L jsLn dfkm{t lng] sfg"gL Joj:yf

g/x]sf]

19%

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;d]t hdfgt x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL

Joj:yf g/x]sf]

5%

Ps} k|sf/sf] s;"/df ljleGg sfg"g cfslif{t x'g]

ePsfn] sfo{;Dkfbgdf c;'ljwf x'g] u/]sf], h:t} vf]6f

rng / g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, dfgj ckx/0f tyf

z/L/ aGws / dfgj a]rlavg, nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]jf/

tyf ;]jg

21%

;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj /x]sf] 12%

kLl8tsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf]

tyf d[ts tyf 3fOt]x?n] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] sfg"gL

Joj:yfsf] cefj /x]sf]

14%

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;'/Iff tyf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL 5'§} P]g th'{df x'g g;s]sf]

19%

267

;do cg';f/ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g

x'g g;s]sf] / k|rlnt sfg"gx?df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

cfjZos /x]sf]

14%

@$ 306fleq cleo'Qm klxrfg ug{ sl7g x'g] x'Fbf ;f]

sf] cjlw a9fpg' kg]{

19%

Dofb yk geO{ tTsfn lx/f;tdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{

l;wfsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{

14%

3/]n' lx+;fsf cleo'QmnfO{ @% lbg lx/f;tdf /fvL

cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{

2%

a]Zofj[lt ;DaGwL :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 2%

;/sf/L 5fk b:tvtsf] s;"/df ;hfo a9fpg' kg]{ 2%

Hffx]/jfnfn] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfOg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{

2%

Plss[t kmf}hbf/L sfg"g tyf sfo{ljlw ;lx+tf Nofpg' kg]{

12%

cleof]u bfo/ ePkl5 k|df0fsf cfwf/df cleof]u ;+zf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf / bfjLsf] ;f}bfjfhLsf] Joj:yf g/x]sf]

10%

k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgkl5 dfq k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg] Joj:yf g/x]sf]

2%

k|lts'n askq x'gaf6 hf]ufpg nuftf/ ;'g'jfO{ / sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ / ;fIfL pkl:yltsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf g} cbfntaf6 kqfrf/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{

5%

cf+lzs lg0f{o ePsf]df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k'g lg0f{o ug]{ Joj:yf g/x]sf]

!) %

268

kl/Rb]b–&

cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ / d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx? klxrfg

g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf] k|ltzt sd /x]sf] 5 .

s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] clxn]sf] k|ltztnfO{ g} x]g]{ xf] eg] klg cf+lzs

?kdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsfnfO{ ;d]t ;kmntfsf] k|ltztdf u0fgf ul/Psf]

5 . cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd k"/} k|ltjfbLpk/ k"/} bfjL g7x/]sf]nfO{

s;"/ 7x/sf] tYof+saf6 afx]s ug]{ xf] eg] cleof]u 7x/ ePsf]

k|ltzt lgs} sd x'G5 . k|:t't cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf]

cleof]u bfjL 7x/ gx'g'sf] sf/0f klxrfg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;

kl/R5]bdf o;eGbf klxn]sf kl/R5]bx?df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf d'2fsf]

kmfOn cWoog, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nf cWoog / lnlvt ?kdf

cGtjf{tf{sf] ljZn]if0faf6 lg:s]sf cfwf/x?df cleof]u bfjL 7x/

gx'g'sf sf/0f klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} Ps d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf

ljleGg sf/0fx?sf] ;lDd>0f :j?k jf s'g} Ps sf/0faf6 klg d'2f

c;kmn ePsf] x'G5 . To:tf sf/0fx?nfO{ d'2fsf] sf/jfxLsf] ljleGg

r/0fx?sf cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

&=!= cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt ePsf lgisif{x?

kl/R5]b % / ^ df cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYof+s ljZn]if0f

ul/;lsPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] tYof+snfO{ oxfF k|:t't

ug{ ;fGble{s g/x]sf]n] / cg';Gwfgaf6 ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] k|s[ofdf

/x]sf sdhf]/L r/0fut cfwf/df o;} kl/R5]bdf la:t[t ?kdf k|:t't

ul/Psf]n] cl3Nnf] kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgjf6 k|fKt glthf

ljZn]if0faf6 lg:s]sf cfwf/df k|flKtsf] ;f/ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't

ul/Psf] 5 .

269

g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf ;kmntfsf] l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf]

5 . o; cj:yfaf6 b08lxgtfnfO{ k|>o k'Ug] cj:yf b]lvof] .

;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf y'k|} sfg"gL Joj:yfx? lhDd]jf/

/x]sf 5g\ . sltko gofF sfg"gsf] th'{df / sltko k|rlnt

sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg kl/dfh{g / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf]

5 .

;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmn x'g'df ljleGg sf/0fx? /x]sf] kfOof] .

sltko gLltut Joj:yfsf] cefj klg o;sf] sf/0f /x]sf]

b]lvof] .

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfodf

sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] bIftf ljsf;sf] kf6f] / ef}lts ;|f]t

;fwgsf] cefj klg ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf lhDd]jf/

/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL k/Dk/fut /x]sf] /

k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs / a}1flgs agfpg

g;lsPsf] kfOof] .

cg';Gwfg ;DkGg u/L cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 k|:tfljt /fo k]z

ubf{ cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{ jf jf:tlastfsf cfwf/df

sltko d'2fdf cfwfl/t gx'g] u/]sf] kfOof] . o;y{ sltko

d'2fdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] /fo k|:t't ubf{ k|df0f / tYosf

cfwf/df gug]{ k|j[lQ klg b]lvof] .

;/sf/L jsLnaf6 d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] lg0f{o ubf{ k|df0fsf

cfwf/df d"Nof+sg u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df To;sf] k|of]u ;f] cg'?k

x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 bfo/ ul/Psf

cleof]ukqx? klg d'2f grnfpg' kg]{df klg d'2f rnfpg]

lg0f{o u/L bfo/ u/]sf] kfOof] . j:t'tM ;/sf/L jsLnsf

cleof]hg z}nL d'2f grnfpg] eGbf k|df0f j]u/ klg d'2f

rnfpg] tkm{ a9L ?kdf nlIft /x]sf] b]lvof] .

270

;fIfL kl/If0f / ax;sf ;DaGwdf klg ljleGg lsl;dsf

;d:ofx? /x]sf] kfOof] . ;fIfLx?sf] ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f ;d]tsf

cefjdf hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t tyf ;fIfLn] ljkl/t ?kdf askq

ug]{ cEof; /x]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf] cEof; / cj:yfsf cyf{t

askq u/]sf sf/0f d'2f c;kmn x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f Ps k|d'v

sf/0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;a} ;fIfLx?nfO{ cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g] gu/]sf] klg cj:yf

klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf, cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg

k|s[ofx? h:t} k|df0f ;+sng, aofg, k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg,

lgb]{zg, a}1flgs kl/If0f, cleof]h tyf cbfntL jf ;'g'jfO{

k|s[of / km};nf;Ddsf r/0fdf ljleGg ;d:of, q'l6 / sdhf]/L

/x]sf] b]lvof] . s'g} Ps k|s[ofdf dfq ;'wf/ u/]/ c;kmntfsf]

cj:yf cGt x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf] / ;du| k|s[of / r/0fdf ;'wf/

cfjZo /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf oL ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf

cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg k|s[of /x]sf] sdhf]/L, q'l6, ckof{Kttf,

cleof]hgsf q'l6 / km};nfdf tyf cbfntL k|s[of /x]sf]

cl3Nnf kl/R5]bdf kmfOn cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf ;d:of, sdhf]/L

/ q'l6sf] ;fd"lxstf :j?k d'2fdf c;kmntf x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] .

&=@ d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx?sf]] klxrfg

&=@=! hfx]/L ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

cGtjf{tf{ tyf d'2fsf] kmfOnsf] cWoogaf6 sltko hfx]/L

b/vf:t l9nf] kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L hfx]/L l9nf] k/]sf

sf/0f k|df0f nf]k x'g] tyf hfx]/Lsf] ljZj;gLotfdfly g} k|Zg

p7L d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

kLl8t cfkm}n] ef]u]sf] kL8fsf] ljifodf lbPsf] jf k|ToIfbzL{

cfkm}n] lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] k|fdfl0fs dxTj j9L /xg]

x'G5 . t/ cGtjf{tf{ tyf kmfOnsf] cWoog ubf{ s]jn #@Ü

271

k|ltzt kLl8tn] dfq hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvPsf]af6 To:tf

hfx]/Lsf] ;"rgfsf] k|dfl0fs d"No sd eO{ d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf

c;/ k/]sf] .

d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6 @@=@@ k|ltzt d'2fdf hfx]/Lx? z+sfsf]

cfwf/df lbPsf] tyf ck/fw ug]{sf] af/]df pNn]v gu/]sf]

kfOPsf]] / hfx]/Ldf 36gf ljj/0f gv'Ng] tyf z+sfsf cfwf/df

hfx]/L lbg] u/]sf] tYo cGtjf{tf{af6 klg b]lvg cfPsf]n] hfx]/L

b/vf:t z+sf / ljZjf;sf cfwf/df lbOg] tyf clgZrofTds

ljj/0fx? x'g] / Hffx]/L b/vf:tdf ck/fwsf 36gf jf ljj/0fx?

:ki6 pNn]v gx'g] u/]sf] sf/0f klg d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf

lhDd]jf/ 5 .

cg';Gwfg l9nfO{ ePdf dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f nf]k x'g] gfz x'g] jf

km]/abn x'g hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . kmfOnx?sf] cWoogaf6

&#=(# d'2fdf dfq hfx]/L k/]s} lbg cg';Gwfg k|f/De ePsf]

b]lvP klg @^=)& d'2fdf hfx]/L k/]sf] tTsfn} cg';Gwfg z'?

gePsf] sf/0faf6 klg d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6 s]xL d'2fdf hfx]/jfnf / kLl8tsf] egfO{

Ps cfk;df aflemPsf] jf 36La9L ePsf] kfOPsf]n] of] klg

d'2f c;kmntfdf lhDd]jf/ /x]s]f b]lvG5 .

bjfjdf cfP/ hfx]/L btf{ ug'{, Hffx]/L clt/+lht, hfx]/jfnf / kLl8tnfO{ ;'/Iff gx'g', ls6fgL hfx]/L gePsf], k|ltzf]wdf hfx]/L ug]{, agfj6L ;fIfL k|:t't ug]{, klxrfg x'g g;s]sf cleo'Qmsf] x'lnof gv'nfpg', bzL k|df0f pNn]v u/L hfx]/L gug'{, ck/fw b]Vg] yfxf kfpg] JolQm hfx]/Ldf pNn]v gx'g', Hffx]/L b/vf:t / 36gfsf] cj:yf km/s km/s x'g' h:tf hfx]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? klg cGtjf{tf{jf6 v'Ng cfPsfn] ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf oL laifo klg lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

272

&=@=@= cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

d'2fx?sf] cWoog / cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt tYof+sx?af6 cg';Gwfg

clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf] cEof; Jojxf/df /fd|f];Fu

x'[g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h;nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cWoog ul/Psf d'2fx?df %) k|ltzteGbf sd d'2fdf dfq

s;"/sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePs} lbg cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'Qm u/]sf]

kfOPsf] / !@ k|ltzteGbf a9L d'2fdf Ps xKtfkl5 dfq

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] sltko d'2fdf

l9nf] cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQmn] k|df0f nf]k÷gfz eO{ d'2fdf

c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf tNnf] bhf{sf k|x/L clws[tdf Hofbf e/

k/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 klg ##=##

k|ltzt d'2fdf k|x/L lg/LIfseGbf tNnf] txsf clws[tnfO{

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"gn] k|x/L

;xfos lg/LIfs;DdnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]Sg

;lsg] eP klg dflyNnf clws[tsf] sfo{ u'0ffTds x'g] x'Fbf Ps

ltxfO{ d'2fdf tNnf] txsf clws[tnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf]

?kdf tf]lsg] / cg';Gwfg clws[t klg tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Ldf

e/ kg]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf o;n] klg d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/

kf/]sf] 5 .

cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] k|x/Ljf6 @#Ü p;} lbg, %%Ü @ b]lv

# lbgleq, !)Ü $ b]lv & lbgleq / !#Ü! xKtfkl5 dfq

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L w]/}h;f] d'2fdf hfx]/L

k/]sf] nuQ} k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg gk7fpg] u/]sf] sf/0f klg

lgb]{zg lbg] s'/f ;d'lrt ?kdf x'g g;sL d'2fsf] glthfdf

c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

cGtjf{tf{af6 k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg :j?k hfx]/Lsf] k|ltlnlk dfq

k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] / cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo]

273

($Ü d'2fdf s]jn hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] k|ltlnlk dfq ;+nUg

u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] & j6f cyf{t ^Ü d'2fdf dfq cg';Gwfg

eO;s]]sf] / ug{ nfu]sf] cg';Gwfg jf/] k|ult ljj/0f k7fpg]

u/]]sf] kfOPsf]n] sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bg gk7fPsf sf/0f ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbg g;lsg]

e} d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 .



cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt, cg';Gwfgsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg

clws[t / ;/sf/L jsLnaLr ;dGjo gePsf], k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bg / a/fdbL ul/Psf] Joxf]/f d]n gvfPsf], k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bgdf cg';Gwfg of]hgf k|:t't gePsf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

cg';Gwfg clws[t cfkm}n] tof/ gu/]sf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf

v'nfpg'kg]{ s'/f sfg"gdf :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf]] h:tf tYox?

klg cGtjf{tf{af6 v'Ng cfPsfn] oL s'/fx? klg d'2fsf]

c;kmntfdf sf/0f aGg] u/]sf 5g\ .

&=@=# 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf÷k|df0f ;+sng÷vfg tnf;L÷nfzhfFr

;DaGwL sf/0fx?

g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg /

Gofo lg?k0fdf ef}lts k|df0fsf] Hofb} dxTj /xg] / o;n] s;"/bf/ /

s;"/sf] ;DaGwnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ ub{5 . df}lvs k|df0fsf] t'ngfdf

ef}lts k|df0f pRr:t/sf] x'G5 . o:tf] ef}lts k|df0f k|flKtsf] nflu

;|f]tdf ;'/Iff, k|s[of k'¥ofP/ ;+sng / To;sf] kl/If0f laZj;gLo

?kdf x'g'kb{5 . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf w]/} d'2fx?df oL # j6f sfo{ ;lx

9Ëaf6 ge} ;du| d'2f g} c;kmn x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . 36gf:yn

nufot d'r'Nsf cflbsf sf/0f d'2fdf k/]sf] c;kmntfnfO{ b]xfo

adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

274

36gf:ynsf] kof{Kt ;'/Iff gul/Pdf k|df0fx? nf]k gfz x'g]

cj:yf ;[hgf x'g]df 36gf:ynsf] ;'/Iff tyf k|df0fsf]

;+/If0fdf uDeL/tf gx'g] u/]sf] cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf]df

cg';Gwfg ul/Psf d'2fdf %$Ü d'2fdf 36gf:yn ;+/If0f

ul/Psf] gkfOPsf]n] 36gf:ynsf] ;+/If0f gePsf sf/0f klg

ef}lts k|df0f nf]k gfz x'g] l:ylt cfO{ d'2fdf c;/ k/]sf]

b]lvG5 .

cGtjf{tf{af6 cg';Gwfgdf a}1flgs ;fwgsf] k|of]u gx'g] u/]sf],

36gf:ynsf] d'r'Nsf tof/ ubf{ soco sd{rf/L k|of]u gx'g]

u/]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] / cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdf !Ü

d'2fdf dfq} soco sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] kfOPsf]n] klg

cg';Gwfgdf lj1 / bIf sd{rf/Laf6 cg';Gwfg sfo{ ge} tyf

a}1flgs ;fwgsf] k|of]u ge} sdhf]/ cg';Gwfg x'g] u/]sf]

sf/0f klg d'2fdf c;kmntf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .

cg';Gwfgsf] zL3|tfdf g} k|df0f nf]k gfz x'g gkfpg]df

;dod} o:tf cg';Gwfg / cfjZos d'r'Nsfx? tof/ gx'g]

u/]sf] cGtjf{tf{af6 hfgsf/L eO/x]sf]df cg';Gwfg ul/Psf

d'2fdWo] %*Ü d'2fdf 36gf ePsf] lbgdf, @%Ü d'2fdf @ b]lv

# lbgleq, ^Ü d'2fdf $ lbgleq, !!Ü d'2fdf Ps xKtfkl5

36gf:Yfn d'r'Nsf ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] $! k|ltzt d'2fdf l9nf]

d'r'Nsfx? ePsf] tyf l9nf] d'r'Nsf ePsf sf/0f ##Ü d'2fdf

bzL ;fdfg ;+/If0f gePsf] b]lvg cfO{ d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/

kg{ uPsf] 5 .

;dod} vfgtnf;L glnPdf k|df0f nf]k x'g], ufoj x'g] / k|s[of

gk'/\ofO{ vfgtnf;L lnPdf To:tf] k|df0fn] dfGotf gkfpg]

;Gbe{df cWoog ul/Psf %*Ü d'2fdf ;dodf vfgtnf;L

gu/]sf] kfOPsf] xF'bf of] laifo klg d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf

lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

275

d'r'Nsfx?df sfg"g adf]lhdsf ;fIfLsf] cefj /xg] u/]sf],

d'r'Nsf ug]{ bIftf tyf Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf], Ufnt, ckof{Kt

tyf cg'dfgsf] e/df k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ kl/kf6L /x]sf],

k|df0fsf] gd'gf ;+sngdf bIftf gePsf], 36gf:ynaf6 ef}lts

k|df0f gp7fPsf], /f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ JolQm g/fv]sf] h:tf s'/fx?

cGtjf{tf{af6 v'Ng cfPsf] / cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] !^Ü

d'2fdf d'r'Nsf l/tk"j{s gePsf], @!Ü d'2fdf /f]xj/df /fVg]

k|s[of k"/f gePsf] / (Ü d'2fdf ;RofOPsf] s]/d]6 u/sf]

b]lvPsf] ;d]taf6 lnvtx? l/tk"j{ssf] gePsf] sf/0fn] d'2fdf

c;kmntf k|fKt x'g] sf/0f aGg uPsf] kfOG5 .

cWoog ul/Psf Hofg d'2fdWo] $Ü d'2fdf nfz k|s[lt d'r'Nsf

/ zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg jflemPsf] b]lvPsf]n] of] klg d'2fsf]

xf/;Fu obfsbf sf/0f aGg] u/]sf] 5

cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] JolQm ;gfvtdf sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofOPsf],

Ef}fuf]lns ljs6tf, Vffgtnf;L / a/fdbL d'r'Nsf c;fGble{s

JolQm / sfNklgs jtg /fVg] u/]sf sf/0f jtg olsg gx'g]

u/]sf], cg';Gwfg clws[t d'r'Nsfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg gx'g] u/]sf

h:tf sf/0f klg pNn]v u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] oL sf/0fx? klg

d'2fsf] c;kmntf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

&=@=$ cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp / aofg ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf JolQmnfO{ ks|fp ug'{kg]{ cj:yf

cfpg] eP klg o; ;DaGwdf sfg"gL k|s[ofx? k"/f ug{ g;lsPdf

cg';Gwfgsf] a}wflgstfdfly g} k|Zg lrGx p7\g ;Sg] tyf ;dod}

ks|fp ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf cgfjZos lanDa ePdf klg To;n] c;/

kfb{5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;flaltd'vL /x]sf] / hah{:tL ;fljlt

u/fpg] sfo{ oBlk e}/x]sf] eGg] g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLn]

cf/f]k v]Kb} cfPsf]df o:tf tYox? klg cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvg cfPsf

5g\ . cGtjf{tf{ tyf d'2fx?sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df cleo'Qmsf] ks|fp

276

/ aofg b]xfosf cfwf/df d'2fsf] c;kmntf;Fu lhDd]jf/ /x]sf]

kfOG5 .

Psftkm{ sltko d'2fdf k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ljgf cleo'QmnfO{

kqmfp ul/g] u/]sf] sf/0faf6 cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug]{eGbf klg

y'gfdf /fVg] cjlw @% lbgleq h;/L klg d'2f rnfpg] k|j[lQ

/x]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ clt cgfjZos cj:yfdf

oyfzL3| cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp ug{ g;Sbf lghn] k|df0fdf x:tIf]k

ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf]], cleo'QmnfO{ lbOg] kqmfp k"lh{sf] ldlt

km/s kfg]{ u/]sf], kqmfp k/]sf] nfdf] ;dokl5 k"hL{ lbOg]

u/]sf], sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofpg] u/]sf], cbfntdf y'gfdf /fVg]

cg'dltsf nflu l9nf] n}hfg] u/]sf] sf/0f :jR5 ;'g'jfO

k|lts'nsf sfo{n] cg';Gwfgsf] ljZj;gLotfdf g} k|Zg p7\g]

u/]sf] eGg] cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf] / cWoog ul/Psf

d'2fdWo] @@Ü d'2fdf ;"rgf glbPsf] b]lvPsf] / !Ü d''2fdf

;"rgf lbP klg k|s[of kof{Kt gePsf] b]lvPsf] sf/0f

cleo'QmnfO{ ks|fp ug]{ / lx/f;tdf /fVg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL

q'l6x? x'g uO{ d'2fnfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6 @!Ü d'2fdf ;f]Wg}kg]{ cfjZos k|Zgx?

g;f]lwPsf] / $Ü d'2fdf c;fGble{s k|Zg klg ;f]w]sf], $@Ü

d'2fdf ePsf aofg cGo k|df0f;Fu jflemPsf], #)Ü d'2fdf

u/fOPsf] aofgsf] :t/ /fd|f] /x]sf], ^^Ü d'2fdf u/fOPsf] aofg

l7s} /x]sf], $Ü d'2fsf] aofg g/fd|f] /x]sf] eGg] / sl/a

#%=&! k|ltzt pQ/bftfx?sf cg'ejdf aofg u/fpg] sfo{

bIftfsf] sdL /x]sf] sf/0f k/Dk/fut z}nLdf g} aofg u/fpg]

u/]sf] b]lvG5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] tYof+saf6 aofg u/fpg] ;Lk,

bIftf / sf}zndf klg sdhf]/L /x]sf] sf/0f d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf

k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 .

aofgdf cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] Go"g pkl:ylt /xg] u/]sf] /

tNnf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] u/]sf] tyf ;/sf/L jsLnn]

277

klg cGo sfddf klg ;+nUg /xg' kg]{ afWotfsf sf/0f aofg

k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] cGtjf{tf{af6 v'Ng cfPsf] ;d]taf6

aofg u'0ffTds geO{ d'2fdf c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] 5 .

hah{:tL ;fljlt u/fpg] sfo{ oBlk e}/x]sf] eGg] s'/f sl/a

cfwfh;f] cGtjf{tf{af6 v'Ng cfPsf]n] hj{h:tL ;fljlt u/fpg]

cEof;sf sf/0f cleo'Qm cbfntdf OGsf/ /xg] t/ ;fljltnfO{

;dly{t ug]{ cGo :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0f gePsf sf/0f

k|df0f u|fx\o geO cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO{ kfpg] sf/0f ag]sf]

b]lvG5 .

aofgsf] lel8of] /]s8{ ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;lsPsf],

aofgsf qmddf obfsbf /fhg}lts x:tIf]k klg x'g] u/]sf],

dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g / ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ lx/f;tdf /xFbf

kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] hfgsf/L tyf pkef]u ug{ kfpg]

jftfj/0fsf] cefj /x]sf], ;xL JolQmsf] klxrfg gu/L kqmfp

ug]{ u/]sf], ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfbssf] ;+:yfut ?kdf Joj:yf

x'g g;s]sf] h:tf aofg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofn] klg glthfdf

s'g} g s'g} ?kdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 $&Ü d'2fdf k|i6 jtgsf ;DaGwdf v'nfpg'

kg]{ ljj/0fx? :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] gkfOPsf] / o:tf] jtg

:ki6 gePsf sf/0f cbfntaf6 Dofb tfd]ndf ;d:of cfpg

uO{ d'2fnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

&=@=% a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL oBlk df}lvs k|df0fdf a9L

cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . kmntM ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf 36gf b]Vg] yfxf kfpg]

JolQmsf] egfO{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !) n] o:tf

JolQmx?sf] egfO{ k|df0f u|fx\o x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf

JolQmx?nfO{ a'em\g] qmddf ;xL tl/sfn] a'lemPg eg] cyjf o:tf

JolQmsf] ;lx klxrfg x'g g;s]df To;n] d'2fdf uDeL/ c;/ kfb{5 .

278

cGtjf{tf{ tyf d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of /

To;sf sf/0f d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k/]sf] k|efjnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't

ul/Psf] 5 .

d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 @^Ü d'2fdf a'e\mg'kg]{ JolQm ga'em]sf] /

&Ü d'2fdf c;fGble{s JolQmx?sf] sfuh ul/Psf], &Ü d'2fdf

a'lemPsf JolQmx?n] ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf], @#Ü d'2fdf dfq

a'lemPsf JolQmx? k|ToIfbzL{ /x]sf / $)Ü d'2fsf a'lemPsf

JolQmx?n] z+sf / ljZjf; dfq JoQm u/]sf, @)Ü d'2fdf

a'lemPsf] JolQmx?sf] sfuhx? Psfk;df aflemPsf, #*Ü

d'2fdf a'lemPsf] JolQmsf sfuhx? s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf

gePsf], @)Ü d'2fdf eg] cf+lzs ?kdf dfq sfuhx? k'li6

ug]{ vfnsf ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] gsf/fTds

;"rsx? klg d'2f c;kmntfsf] sf/0f ag]sf 5g\ .

Jff:tljs JolQmsf] sfuh gu/fO{ sfNklgs / clgR5's JolQm

v8f ul/ sfuh u/fpg], 36gfsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f b]v] a'em] yfxf

kfPsf JolQmx? tyf 36gf:yn j/k/sf JolQmx?nfO{ s]Gb|df

/fv]/ lghx?sf] sfuh u/fpg' kg]{df kIf lakIfsf cfkmGtx?sf]

sfuh u/fpg] tyf kLl8t / kL8s kIfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfO{

sfuh u/fpg] k|rngn] ubf{ cbfntdf tYo clt/lGht x'g]

u/]sf] tyf k|lts'n askq x'g] u/]sf] ;d]tsf sf/0f klg d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

rZdlbb JolQm / ;'gLhfGg] JolQm km/s dxTjsf ;fIfL eP klg

sfuhsf] Joxf]/f p:t} ?kdf ul/Psf sf/0f r:dlbb /

;'gLhfGg] k|df0fsf] ;LdfÍg ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 .


h:tfsf] t:t} n]va4 gug]{ u/]sf] / geg]sf] sfNklgs s'/f

n]Vg] u/]sf], uf]nd6f]n, 36gfsf] af/]df olsg yfxf 5}g eGg]

pNn]v ePsf / ax'cly{ nfUg] efiffx? klg k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf],

279

k[ys ;fIfLx?n] eg]sf] efiff x'ax' ?kdf Pp6} n]Vg] u/]sf],

;fIfL ;+/If0fsf nflu sfg"g / gLlt gePsf] sf/0f ;fIfLx?n]

;xL s'/f eGg 8/fpg], cleo'Qm kIfaf6 k|efljt kfg]{ klg

uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] tYo cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] pNn]v

u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm sfuh u/fpg] qmddf /fhg}lts

x:tIf]k /xg] u/]sf] sf/0f klg d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf]

5 .

&=@=^ Eff}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

ef}lts k|df0fnfO{ d'2fdf P]gfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 / o:tf] k|df0fn]

Gofo lg?k0fsf] sfo{nfO{ hLjGttf k|bfg u5{ . o;}n] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf

ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf nflu ef}lts k|df0fsf]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . clxn]sf] ;do lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]

ljsf;sf] o'u ePsfn] k/Dk/fut ;fIfL ;/hdLgaf6 dfq ck/fw

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ug'{ g t ;Dej g} 5 g t

pko'Qm g} . t/ ef}lts k|df0fdf cfwfl/t geO{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf Gofo

lg?k0f x'g] u/]sf] eGg]] g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLpk/ nfUg]

u/]sf] cf/f]k xf] . o; ;Gbe{df cGtjf{tf{bftf / d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgaf6

klg b]xfosf ;d:of / c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? b]lvg cfPsf 5g\ .

d'2fsf] cWoogaf6, cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] @!Ü d'2fdf

ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng g} gePsf] / $^Ü d'2fdf Go"g ?kdf

;+sng ePsf] g]kfnsf] cg';Gwfgdf ef}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf

kof{Kt dfqfdf Wofg glbO{ k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL /x]sf]

eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g cfPsf] / o;} sf/0fn] d'2fx?df cleof]u

s;"/ 7x/ gePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .

;+sng ePsf ef}lts k|df0fx?dWo] klg #%Ü d'2fdf ef}lts

k|df0f kl/If0fsf nflu gk7fPsf] b]lvG5 eg] kl/If0fsf nflu

k7fOPsf !%Ü d'2fdf kl/If0f g} x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . kl/If0f

ePsf *^Ü d'2fdf k|fKt kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf]

280

;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] eP klg !&Ü d'2fdf

k|fKt kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ljkl/t k|s[ltsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}

kl/If0f k|ltj]bg klg ;dod} k|fKt gx'g] u/]sf] eGg]

cGtjf{tf{af6 klg v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . oL tYof+sx?af6 sltko

d'2fdf ef}lts k|df0fsf] kl/If0fsf nflu gk7fPsf] / kl/If0fsf

nflu k7fPsf]df klg kl/If0f x'g g;s]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx?

/x]sf] kfOPsf] tyf ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnfx? s]Gb|df /x]sf]af6

klg o:tf] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf

c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

;a'b k|df0f hlt;Sof] l56f] ;+sng ul/Pdf gfz nf]k gx'g]

x'G5 / ;fa't xfntdf kfpg ;lsG5 t/ ;dod} k|df0f ;+sng

ug{ g;lsPsf] / kl/If0fsf] nflu gk7fPsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .

k|df0f ;+sngsf nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kg]{df o:tf]

hgzlQmsf] sdL /x]sf] s'/f klg cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf #*=)(

k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] atfPsf / ;/sf/L jsLndf klg o:tf

k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f Ifdtf gePsf] eGg] klg pQ/bftfn]

v'nfPsf] ;d]taf6 ck/fw / cleof]hgdf ;+nUg clwsf/Lx?sf]

bIftf / Ifdtf sd ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . kmntM clxn]sf]

PSsfOzf}+ ztflJbsf] o'usf] cfjZostf o:tf] bIftfn] wfGg

g;sL d'2f ;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

;du|df cg';Gwfgsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;+/If0f,

;+sng, kl/If0f / ljZn]if0fdf ;fwg, ;|f]t, Ifdtfsf] cefj tyf

ef}lts k|df0f vf]h ug{ Wofg s]lGb|t gug]{ cEof; ;d]t

b]lvPsf]af6 ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|efj k/]sf] 5 .

&=@=& cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt ;du| cj:yfaf6 b]lvPsf sf/0f

;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf nflu cg';Gwfgsf] ;a} kIf /fd|f]

x'g'k5{ cg';Gwfgsf] ;du|tfdf g} To;sf] ;kmntf lge{/ x'G5 .

;/sf/jfbL] kmf}hbf/L d''2fdf k|df0f ;'/Iffb]lv kl/If0f;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{

281

ef}lts k|df0f jf ;fIfLk|df0f sfuhftsf] ;du| sfo{ljlw, k|s[of /

k|:t'ltdf g} ;du| cg';Gwfgsf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xg] ePsfn] d'2fsf]

cWoogsf qmddf o;nfO{ klg x]l/Psf] lyof] . cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df

ePsf] jf gePsf]tkm{ ;du|tfdf cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] $#Ü d'2fdf

cg';Gwfg ;xL af6f]df ePsf] b]lvof] eg] %^Ü d'2fdf ;lx af6f]df

gePsf] jf q'l6eP u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df lgb]{lzt

gePsf] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 h'g c;kmntfsf] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf klg

/x]sf] 5 .

&=@=* k|:tfljt /fo ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

k|:tfljt /fo k7fpFbf ;+slnt tYo / k|df0fsf] j:t'lgi7

ljZn]if0f u/L tof/ ug{ ;lsPdf To;n] cleof]hg ug]{ gug]{ s'/fnfO{

klg d2t u5{ / k|df0fsf] cefjdf klg cleof]hg ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ klg

lg?T;flxt ub{5 . t/ k|:tfljt /fo k7fpbf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f /

d"Nof+sg gu/L xr'jf / dgf]ut ?kdf k7fpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{ tyf d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 o; ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf

;d:of /xL d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0f ag]sf] b]lvG5 .

d'2fsf ldl;n cWoog ubf{ cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] @#Ü

d'2fdf k"0f{ ?kdf cg';Gwfg ;DkGg u/]/ /fo k7fPsf] kfOof]

eg] &&Ü d'2fdf cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ?kdf ;DkGg g} gu/L /fo ;fy

ldl;n k7fPsf] kfOPsf]af6 /fo k7fpFbf k"0f{ ?kdf cg';Gwfg

gu/L k7fpg] jf cg';Gwfg ug{ s]xL ljifox? 5"6 eO/x]sf]

b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfgn] k"0f{tf gkfPsf sf/0f d'2f

c;kmn x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .

k|ltjfbL lx/f;tdf /x]sf] d'2fdWo] @! k|ltzt d'2fdf lx/f;tdf

/fVg] Dofb afFsL g/fvLsg} k|:tfljt /fo k7fpg] u/]sf] sf/0f

ck"0f{ cg';Gwfg ePsf]df ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbg sl7gfO{

x'g] tyf xtf/df cleof]hg ubf{ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ klg

;d:of k}bf eO{ d'2fsf] glthfdf c;/ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

282

cWoog ul/Psf d'2fx?dWo] %#Ü d'2fdf tYo / k|df0fdf

cfwfl/t ge} xr'jfsf cfwf/df /fo lbPsf], &(Ü d'2fdf /fodf

k|ltJolQm s;"/sf] ljZn]if0f gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf /fo lbg] u/]sf]

/ of] tYonfO{ cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] klg :ki6 ?kdf cf}+NofPsf]af6

cleof]hgnfO{ cfwf/ lbg] /fodf q'l6 /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

yk dfubfjL lng'kg]{ d'2f ePdf klxn]sf] s;"/ / ;f] ;DaGwL

k|df0fx? ;+sng gx'g] u/]sf]n] klg k6s sfod ug'{kg]{ d'2fdf

;d:of k/]sf] / c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|fo h;f] hfx]/L

x]l/ To;nfO{ k'li6 ug{ vf]hL cleof]u nufpg] /fo tof/ ug]{

u/]sf], sdhf]/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ t/ s8f ;hfo k|:tfljt u/L /fo

dfu ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] klg cGtjf{tf{bftfx?af6 v'Ng cfPsf]

;d]tsf sf/0fx? klg d'2fsf] c;kmntfdf lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 .

&=@=( ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lgb]{zg ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

k|fKt ePkl5 / k|:tfljt /fo k|fKt ePkl5 lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf

u/]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnn] cfjZostfg';f/ cg';Gwfgsf] s'g} klg

r/0fdf cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;S5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn]

lbg] lgb]{zg ;DaGwdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ .

;/sf/L jsLnn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 lgb]{zg lbg]

gu/]sf] cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] pNn]v u/]sf]df d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6

klg ($Ü d'2fdf lgb{]zg glbPsf] / ^Ü d''2fdf lgb{]zg lbPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbPsf] ^Ü df &*Ü

d'2fdf oy]i6 ?kdf lbPsf] / @@Ü d'2fdf c:ki6 lgb{]zg lbPsf]

b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfgdf lgb]{zg lbg]

s'/fdf Hofb} lgis[otf b]vfPsf] / lgb]{zg lbPsf sltko d'2fdf

klg c:ki6 lgb]{zg lbPsf sf/0f klg d'2fdf c;/ k'u]sf]

kfOG5 .

283

d'2fsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;lx lbzfdf 8f]xf]¥ofpg ;/sf/L jsLnsf]

e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g]df /fo k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] Hofb}

sd d'2fdf lgb]{zg lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf

d'2fdWo] $Ü d'2fdf dfq ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb{]zg lbPsf]

b]lvG5 eg] (^Ü d'2fdf lgb{]zg g} glbPsf] / !&Ü d'2fdf ;do

cefjsf sf/0f lgb{]zg lbg g;s]sf] b]lvPklg *#Ü d'2fdf

;do kof{Kt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;/sf/L jsLnn] s'g} lgb{]zg glbPsf]

kfOPsf] / lgb]{zg lbPsf]df klg %# k|ltzt d'2fdf lbPsf]

lgb]{zg kfng gePsf]af6 klg d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf]

cj:yf 5 .

&=@=!) cleof]ukq ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df jf cg';Gwfgsf hudf g} cleof]hg

ul/g] ePsf] / o;/L bfo/ ePsf] cleof]u kqsf cfwf/df cbfntn]

km};nf ug]{ ePsfn] kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxLdf cleof]ukq Ps cfwf/e"t

b:tfj]h dflgG5 . o:tf] cfwf/e"t b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cleof]u

kqdf s'g} q'l6 ePdf ;f] cleof]u 7x/ gx'g] cfwf/ aGg] x'G5 .

cWoog ul/Psf] d'2fx? tyf cGtjf{tf{sf cfwf/df cleof]ukq ;DaGwL

b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;d:ofx? klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .

uf]Zjf/f bfjL lng] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuLx?n]

cf}+NofPsf] / ldl;n cWoog ubf{ #@Ü d'2fdf cleof]ukqdf

tYo / k|df0fsf] pko'Qm ljZn]if0f ePsf] gkfOPsf] x'Fbf o;/L

ljZn]if0f ug{ g;Sbfkl5 cbfntaf6 s;"/ 7x/ ug{ klg ;d:of

cfpg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

cleof]u kqdf k|ltJolQm k|ltjfbLsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos

x'g]df uf]nd6f]n ?kdf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L cleof]u bfo/

ug]{ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ $)=$& k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] pNn]v u/]sf] /

d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6 klg @)Ü d'2fdf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf]

5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/ *)Ü d'2fdf 5'§f5'§}

284

ljZn]if0f gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf cleof]ukq k]z u/]sf] kfOPsf]

x'Fbf o;n] klg d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|efj kfg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qm÷k|ltjfbLsf] jtg :ki6 gv'nfpg] u/]sf]

lj1 cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf]df d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 cWoog

ul/Psf d'2f dWo] #*Ü d'2fdf dfq cleof]ukqdf k|i6 jtg

v'n]sf] kfOof] eg] ^@Ü d'2fdf v'nfpg' kg]{ k|i6 jtgsf

ljj/0fx? gv'nfO{ cleof]ukq k|:t't ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . jtg

:ki6 gx'Fbf km/f/ k|ltjfbLx? ks|fp gkg]{ / lghx?sf xsdf

cbfntaf6 ks|fp k/]df jf :ki6 jtg v'n]sf avt sf/jfxL

ug]{ u/L tfd]nLdf /flvg] t/ ks|fp ug]{ jf jtg v'nfpg] s'g}

sfo{ gug]{ u/]sf] sf/0f s;"/af6 pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf ;[hgf

x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{af6 ck"0f{ ?kdf cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f

cf}+NofOPsf]df d'2fsf] cWoog ubf{ cWoog ul/Psf &%Ü d'2fdf

:ki6 dfubfjL lnPsf] kfOof] eg] @%Ü d'2fdf cleof]u dfubfjL

c:ki6 ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] tyf !@Ü d'2fdf sfg"gL Joj:yf

q'l6k"0f{ ?kdf pNn]v u/L cleof]ukq k]z u/]sf] kfOPsf]n]

o:tf] c:ki6 / q'l6k"0f{ bfjL ePsf d'2fdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{

sl7gfO{ x'g] b]lvO c;kmntfsf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

s;"/eGbf 7"nf] dfubfjL lng] u/]sf] / d'2f grnfpg] ;DaGwdf

;/sf/L jsLnx? b[9tfk"j{s lg0f{o ug{;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] /

k|df0fsf cefjdf klg d'2f rnfpg] u/]sf] egL cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n]

cf+}NofPsf]df cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] !#Ü d'2fdf al9 dfubfjL

lnPsf] / ##Ü d'2fdf kof{Kt k|df0f gePsf]df d'2f rnfPsf]

kfOPsf]n] al9 bfjL lng] s'/f / k|df0fsf cefjdf klg d'2f

rnfpg] u/]sf] sf/0f klg To:tf d'2fdf cleof]u bfjL adf]lhdsf]

;kmntf k|fKt ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .

285

cleof]ukq jf/]df cWoog ul/Psf ldl;nx?dWo] ^)Ü d'2fdf :ki6 ?kdf k|df0fx? pNn]v gu/]sf] / * j6f cyf{t &Ü d'2fdf pNn]v g} gu/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L :ki6 ?kdf cleof]ukqsf] k|df0f v08df cfkm\gf ;fIfLsf] gfd y/ jtg pNn]v gu/]df cbfntaf6 s'g ;fIfLnfO{ a'em\g] eGg] lgSof}{n ug{ klg sl7g x'g] / cleof]unfO{ k'li6 u/fpg g;lsg] eO{ d'2f c;kmn aGg k'U5 .

sltko s;"/df PseGbf a9L sfg"gx? cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]n] s'g sfg"g cGtu{tsf] cleof]u bfjL ug]{ eGg] cndndf k/L cleof]u bfo/ ug]{ qmddf ;d:of ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

yk cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ :ki6 sfg"g, cleof]u kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] sfg"g / ;hfosf] ;f}bf ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gx? gePsf]n] klg cleof]u;DaGwdf ;d:of eO{ slxn]sfFxL d'2f ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

cleof]usf] :t/Lotf gePsf]n] :t/ljlxg cleof]u 7x/ x'g klg ;d:ofx? cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

&=@=!! cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf x'g] jofg ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

cbfntdf cleof]ukq bfo/ ePkl5 k|ltjfbLsf] aofg sfo{

ul/G5 . o:tf] aofgsf] klg km};nf ubf{ cfwf/ u|x0f ul/g] x'G5 .

cbfntdf x'g] aofgsf lgDg ;d:ofx? b]lvG5g\M

aofg u/fpbf GofofwLzsf] pkl:yltdf u/fpg'kg]{ ePklg

GofofwLzsf] pkl:ylt ge} sd{rf/Laf6 u/fOg] / sd{rf/Laf6

x'g] aofgdf cfjZos k|Zgx? gul/g] / ;f]Wg] s'/f 5'6\g] u/]sf]

/ bIftfsf] kf6f] klg sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

jofgsf] a]nfdf k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj:ffoLåf/f k|efj kfg]{ k|of;

x'g] u/]sf] / jfbL kIf cyf{t ;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt x'g]

gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 To;/L k|efj kfg{ ;xh x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f klg

d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf OGsf/ aofg ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf] .

286

&=@=!@ ;fIfLsf] askq;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf ;fIfLsf] askq dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePklg

;fIfLsf] askq ;DaGwdf y'k|} ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ .cGtjf{tf{ / d'2fsf]

cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf o:tf ;d:ofx? b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf]

5 .

jfbL kIfsf ;fIfLnfO{ jskq ug{ lemsfPsf]df gcfPsf]

cj:yfdf ;fIfL cfpg g;s]sf]df sf/0f b]vfO{ k'gM a'lemkfpg

dfu ug'{kg]{df cWoog ul/Psf !!Ü d'2fdf kq k7fO{ df}sf

dfu u/]sf] / *(Ü d'2fdf k'g dfu u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]af6 jfbL

kIfsf ;fIfLsf] pkl:ylt sd eO{ d'2fdf c;kmntf Joxf]g'{

k/]sf] 5 .

;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg"gsf] cefj /x]sfn]

;fIfLx? k|lts'n askq ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'2fsf] cWoogsf

qmddf @^Ü d'2fdf hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t jskq u/]sf], @*Ü

d'2fdf kLl8tn] ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] / df}sfdf a'lemPsf @(Ü

d'2fdf ljkl/t jskq u/]sf] kfOPsf]af6 klg d'2fsf] c;kmntf

ePsf] kfOG5 .

;fIfLnfO{ askq ug{ cfpFbf sfg"g adf]lhd lbOg] ;'ljwf cem} lbg g;lsPsf] / k|ltjfbLn] g} vr{ Joxf]/L NofPsf] sf/0f lghx?n] k|ltjfbLsf] kIfdf askq ug]{ tyf cg'kl:ylt x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] tyf !)Ü d'2fdf jskq gu/L lx8]sf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] ;d]taf6 d'2fdf c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]s]f cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .

;/sf/L jsLnaf6 ;f]wk'5 / lh/xdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg] gu/]sf] s''/f cGtjf{tf{af6 hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]df d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 klg cWoog ul/Psf & Ü d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLn jskqdf pkl:yt gePsf] / $Ü d'2fdf lh/x gu/]sf] tyf !$Ü d'2fdf pko'Qm k|Zg gu/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf ;/sf/L d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

287

hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / sfuh ug]{ cGo JolQmx? ;d]t ePsf] #&Ü

d'2fdf lghx?sf] df}sfsf] egfO{ / cbfntsf] askq jflemPsf],

hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / df}sfdf sfuh ug]{sf] jskqx?df $@Ü

d'2fdf jskq jflemPsf] b]lvPsf] ;d]taf6 ;fIfLsf] df}sfsf]

egfO{ / cbfntsf] askq lj/f]wfefif ePsf] / a'lemPsf, kLl8t

tyf hfx]/jfnfs} jofg klg Psfk;df aflemPsf] sf/0f k|df0f

u|fx\o gePsf]n] d'2fdf c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 .

ljz]if1sf] kl/If0f k|ltj]bgx? klg #^Ü c:ki6 /x]sf] kfOPsf]

sf/0f klg cleof]u k'li6 ug{ sl7gfO{ k/]sf] 5 .

;fIfLx? cg'kl:yt /x]sf] sf/0f d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !!% g+= k|of]u

ePsf]df klg (% k|ltzt d'2fdf ;fIfLx? pkl:yt gx'g] u/]sf]

/ cWoog ul/Psf d'2fdWo] ^&Ü d'2fdf pQm g+ sf ;j} k|s[of

k"/f u/]sf] gkfOPsf] cj:yf 5 .

cbfntaf6 klg tf]lsPsf] lbg tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;fIfLsf] askq

gu/fpg] u/]sf] / csf]{ lbg tf/]v lbg] u/]sf]af6 ;fIfLx?

cbfntdf pkl:yt eP/ klg askq gul/ lx8\g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

&=@=!#= ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ax; ;DaGwL sf/0f

;/sf/L jsLnn] jx; k}/jL ubf{ ljleGg ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\

tL ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;/sf/L jsLnn] ax;sf nflu d'2fsf] /fd|f] cWoog / tof/Lsf]

sdL /x]sf], ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;Da¢ P]g, sfg"g tyf ghL/sf]

cWoogdf kof{Kt ;do glbg] u/]sf], cWoog ;fdu|Lsf]

ckof{Kttf, sfo{af]em cTolws /x]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx?

cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . oL ;d:ofx?n] ;kmntfdf

c;/ k'/\ofPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? kmfOndf gx'g] u/]sf] tYo

cGtjf{tf{af6 klg v'Ng cfPsf] / $)Ü d'2fdf gSsn sfuhft

288

b'?:t g/x]sf] d'2fsf] cWoogaf6 kfOPsf] ;d]taf6 d'2fsf]

ax;df /fd|f] tof/L x'g g;sL ax;df :t/Lotf gePsf] / jfbL

kIfaf6 /fd|f];Fu s'/f /fVg g;lsPsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;'/Iffsf] s'g} Joj:yf g/x]sf] tyf b08 Pj+

k'/:sf/sf] :ki6 dfkb08 gePsf] / :yfoL ?kdf ax; eQfsf]

Joj:yf gu/]sf] nufotsf sf/0faf6 ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ax;df

dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf gePsf] .

;/sf/L jsLn ^Ü d'2fdf jxz k}/jLdf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] /

*!Ü d'2fdf d'2fsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df Ps eGbf a9L ;/sf/L

jsLn hfg] gu/]]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] Psftkm{ d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ of]

;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu klg 7"nf] r'gf}ltsf]

?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

&=@=!$ lhNnf cbfntsf km};nf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?

lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?df klg sltko cj:yfdf

k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f gug]{ h:tf sltko ;d:ofx? b]lvG5g\ h;n]

d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfo

adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lhNnf cbfntaf6 u/]sf] d'2fsf km};nfx?sf] cjnf]sg ubf{

cWoog ul/Psf *Ü d'2fdf k|df0fdf lng'kg{]df glnPsf], glng'

kg{]df lnOPsf] b]lvPsf]af6 s]xL xbdf km};nfsf] kl/0ffddf

c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

km};nfx?df cfwf/ sf/0f vf]n]/ km};nf ug]{ k|j[lQsf] cefj x'g]

u/]sf] eGg] cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] v'nfPsf] / cWoog ul/Psf

d'2fx?dWo] !!Ü d'2fdf lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nfdf k|df0fsf]

;d'lrt ?kdf / j:t'lgi7 ?kdf ljZn]if0f gePsf] tyf !!Ü

289

d'2fdf sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf]af6 klg d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf c;/ k/]sf] kfOG5 .

lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf #%Ü d'2fdf k|To]s JolQmsf xsdf

k[ys ?kdf ljZn]if0f gu/L km};nf u/]sf] kfOof] . k|To]ssf]

cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf lgikIf, :jR5, k"k{If, tyf plrt lg0f{o

kfpg] ICCPR nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?af6 cg'df]lbt

dfgj clwsf/ tyf :jR5, k"k{If (Fair Trial)sf] l;4fGtsf nflu

of] ;+Vof r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] tyf o;n] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf d'2fsf]

kl/0ffddf k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 .

;fIfLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] askqsf] ;Totfsf] kl/If0f / ljZn]if0f

ug]{ gul/Psf], sfo{of]hgf adf]lhdsf] ;do ;Ldfsf sf/0f

klxnf ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{df l9nfO{ ug]{ / cGttf]uTjf km};nf ug{

xtf/ ug]{ tyf a'e\mg'kg]{ k|df0f ga'lemsg g} ug]{ ul/Psf],

cbfntsf] km};nf kLl8td'vL sd / cleo'Qmd'vL jl9 x'g] u/]sf]

eGg] cGtjf{tf{af6 v'Ng cfPsf] tYox? klg d'2fsf]

c;kmntfsf] sf/ssf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

GofofwLzsf] sfo{Ifdtf, bIftf / sltko laifodf 1fg gePsf],

dfubfjL eGbf 36L ;+hfo lbg'k5{ eGg] dfgl;stf /x]sf],

km};nfdf Ps?ktf g/x]sf] h:tf cGtjf{tf{bftfx?n] cf+}NofPsf

sf/0fx?nfO{ d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf OGsfg{

g;lsg] cj:yf 5 .

&=@=!% k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL sf/0fx?

tNnf] cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx?df /x]sf q'l6x? ;Rofpg]

dfWod k'g/fj]bg xf] . o;}n] k'g/fj]bgkq tof/L ubf{ jf bfo/ ubf{

uDeL/ x'g cfjZos x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? hf] d'2fsf]

c;kmntfdf klg lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\\, cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Ng cfPsf To:tf

;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

290


df}h'bf k|df0f / :yflkt Goflos l;4fGt cflb laifodf s'g} q'l6

/x] g/x]sf] af/]df s]nfpg] / cbfntaf6 ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gL

Pj+ sfo{ljlwut q'l6sf] klxrfg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 eg]

z'? cbfntn] d"Nof+sg gu/]sf] k|df0fsf] af/]df oyf]lrt

ljZn]if0f ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0fn] tNnf] cbfntsf q'l6x?

dflyNnf] cbfntaf6 klg g;lRrPsf] cj:yf 5 .

w]/} k|ltjfbL ePsf]df k|To]s JolQmsf xsdf ljZn]if0f u/L

k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k'g/fj]bg

n]Vg] u/]sf] sf/0f ;'? txsf km};nfx? g} ;b/ eO{ d'2fdf

;kmntf xft kfg{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf klg 5 .

k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] / d'2fdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf

gePklg k'g/fj]bg ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . Ps tx k'g/fj]bg

ug}{kg]{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] dfgl;stf /xg' tyf k'g/fj]bg gug]{

u/L tfn's ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf kmfOn k7fOPsf]df klg

k|df0fsf] cefjdf g} k'g/fj]bg ug{ kmfOn k|fKt x'g] u/]sf]

sf/0f klg k'g/fj]bg g} gug'{kg]{ d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg eO{

c;kmntfsf] ;+Vof dfq a[l4 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt ePsf l;4fGtx?nfO{ a]jf:tf u/L

To:tf laifodf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ u/]sf]n] klg k'g/fj]bgsf]

c;kmntf a9fPsf] kfOG5 .

sfo{af]emsf sf/0f k'g/fj]bgsf] sfddf ;/sf/L jsLnn] kof{Kt

Wofg lbg g;s]sf], dftxtsf sd{rf/Ldf lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] /

x]nrs|fO ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] klg pQ/bftfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ k'g/fj]bgkqx? :t/Lo / Ps?ksf] x'g

g;s]sf] tyf c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 .


cWoog gePsf tyf la/f]wfefifk"0f{ glh/x? ;d]tsf sf/0f

291

k'g/fj]bgdf To:tf glh/x? pNn]v ug{ g;lsPsf] klg cj:yf

5 . pNn]v ePsf]df klg sltko cj:yfdf unt glh/ klg

k|:t't ePsf] sf/0f klg ;kmntf xft kfg{ sl7g ePsf] 5 .

&=@=!^ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf km};nf

lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfdf q'l6 /x]df ;Rofpg

k'g/fj]bgkq bfo/ ul/G5 / k'g/fj]bg txaf6 lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf

hf+lrG5 . cWoog ul/Psf d'2fsf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf cWoog

ubf{ &Ü d'2fdf k|:t't ePsf k|df0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf

gePsf] / @!Ü d'2fdf lng'kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng'gkg]{ s'/f

k|df0fdf lnPsf] b]lvPsf], !)Ü d'2fdf sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u u/]sf]

b]lvPsf], !#Ü d'2fdf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] xsdf k[ys ljZn]if0f gePsf]

kfOPsf] x'Fbf oL tYox? klg d'2fsf] ;kmntf;Fu s'g} g s'g} ?kdf

;DalGwt /x]sf] kfOG5 . lhNnf cbfntsf km};nfx?df ;kmfOlbbf

lnOPsf cfwf/x? kl/R5]b % df d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . tL cfwf/ klg d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf sf/0fsf] ?kdf lng'

kg]{ x'G5 .

&=@=!& ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nf

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx? g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ adf]lhd ;j}n] dfGg'kg]{ / clGtd x'g] ePklg

sltko q'l6x? k|fl1s ?kdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . o; qmddf x]bf{

;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] km};nfdf ;du| d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lnPsf

cfwf/ k|df0f / k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf jf/]df &%Ü d'2fdf k"0f{ ?kdf

ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOP klg ;a} d'2fdf eg] k"0f{ ?kdf ljZn]if0f x'g

g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fdf ;kmfO lbFbf

lnOPsf cfwf/x?nfO{ d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ kl/R5]b % df pNn]v

ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;kmfOsf plNnlvt cfwf/x? klg d'2f c;kmntfsf

sf/0fsf] ?kdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .

292

&=@=!* ;+:yfut sf/0fx?

d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf qmddf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo

lg?k0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] ljleGg ;d:ofx? /x]sf] kfOG5 .

vf;u/L ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] ;+:yfut ;d:ofaf/] cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt

tYof+ssf] cfwf/df To:tf ;d:ofx? b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf]

5 .

;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] kIf cf]em]ndf k/]sfn]

;kmntfdf k|efj k/]sf] 5 . cleof]hg / jx; k}/jLsf]

Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/L jsLnx? lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf, tflnd, a}b]lzs cWoog e|d0f cflb

ljleGg cj;/x?af6 alGrt /xg' k/]sf] / sfof{nosf ef}lts

ljsf;sf] kf6f] klg pk]lIft /x]sf] k|efj ;/sf/L d'2fsf]

;kmntfdf k/]sf] 5 .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] k]zf s;"/bf/nfO{ d'2f rnfpg] / pgLx?

la?4 ax; k}/jL ug]{ ePsfn] ;b}j ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;'/Iff

;+j]bgzLn eO/x]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ Go"gtd ;]jf, ;'ljwf

/ ;'/Iff gePsfn] ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ffdf

c;/ k/L d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|efj k/]sf] .

;+:yfut ;'wf/ / hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu lb3{sfnLg of]hgfsf]

cefj /x]sf]af6 klg ;/sf/L jsLn ;]jfn] Jofj;flos x'g

g;s]sf] .

k|df0fsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df k|df0fsf] cefjdf h:tf] d'2f klg rnfpg] clxn]sf] k|rng /x]sf] .

cg';"rL jflx/sf] d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ bIf hgzlQmsf] emg\ cefj /x]sf] klg pQ/bftfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLn / sfd gug]{ aLr lje]b ug{ g;sL

Pp6} af:s]6df xfnL x]g]{ ul/Psf]n] cf; / qf; tyf b08 /

293

k'/:sf/sf] kIf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] tyf kxF'r / k|efjsf cfwf/df

k'/is[t x'g] u/]sf]af6 klg d'2fsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf c;/ k/L

glthfdf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

&=@=!( sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt sf/0fx?

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf nflu sltko sfg"gsf] cefj

/x]sf] 5 . sltko sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . sfg"gsf]

cefj, ;d:of / låljwfsf sf/0f klg d'2fdf c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .

cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf cf}+NofOPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ kl/R5]b ^ df pNn]v

ePsfn] To:tf] sfg"gL ;d:ofx? oxfF k'g/fj[lQ ul/Psf] 5}g .

&=@=@) cbfntaf6 ;kmfO{ lbFbf lng] ul/Psf cfwf/ tyf sf/0fx?

cbfntaf6 d'2fdf s;"/ 7x/ ubf{ jf ;kmfO lbFbf lng] cfwf/x?

d'2flkR5] km/s x'g] eP klg d'2fx?sf] cWoogaf6 d"ne"t ?kdf

b]xfosf cfwf/ sf/0fx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .

k|ltjfbL OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]sf] tyf cleo'Qmsf] ;fyjf6 ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt bzL j/fdb gePsf] .

Hffx]/jfnf ;d]tsf JolQmx? cbfntdf askq ug{ pkl:yt

gePsf / hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t, j/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf a;]sf / sfuh

ug]{ JolQm tyf ;fIfLx?n] ljkl/t sfuh askq u/]sf .

a/fdbL d'r'Nsf nufotsf d'r'Nsfdf sfg"gsf] l/t gk'u]sf], a/fdb ;fdfgx? sfg"g adf]lhd ;gfvt / kl/If0f gu/fPsf] .

rZdlbb ujfx gePsf], cg'dfg, cfz+sf / ;Defjgfsf

cfwf/df s;"/ 7x/ ug{ gldNg], k|df0f ;+sngdf k|x/L lgliqmo

b]lvPsf], a'lemPsf JolQmn] z+sf / cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf]

Joxf]/f n]vfPsf, j'lemPsf JolQmn] cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL s;'/bf/

xf] egL ls6fgsf ;fy cf/f]lkt ug{ g;s]sf, kLl8t askq ug{

cbfntdf pkl:yt gePsf]] / ef}lts / bzL k|df0f ;+sng

gePsf] .

294

cleof]udf olsg ljuf] gePsf]df cbfnt cfkm}n] olt ljuf]

egL sfod ug{ gldNg] cj:yf pNn]v ePsf] .

k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf !* / @% sf] e'ldsf jfbL kIfn] lgjf{x ug{

g;s]sf] . j}1flgs kl/If0fn] :yflkt u/]sf] tYoeGbf ljkl/t

df}lvs egfO{sf cfwf/df bf]ifL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] . z+sfsf]

;'ljwf cleo'Qmn] kfpg] .

36gfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;hfosf] cleof]u bfjL lng'kg]{df a9L

bfjL lnPsf] tyf klxn] ePsf ck/fwdf kl5 ag]sf sfg"gsf

cfwf/df cleof]hg ul/Psf] .

cbfntaf6 lng] u/]sf cfwf/ / d'2fsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df

;kmfO{ lbFbf lnO{Psf cfwf/x?nfO{ kl/R5]b % df ;lj:tf/ pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 .

295

kl/R5]b–*

;'emfjx?

;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf bfo/ ePsf cleof]ukq

dfubfjL adf]lhd s;"/ 7x/sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . cf+lzs

?kdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsf d'2f ;d]t o;df ;dfj]z ePsfn] of] k|ltzt

dfly b]lvP klg logLx?nfO{ 36fpFbf jf:tljs 7x/ ;+Vof lgs} sd

x'g] b]lvG5 . cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd s;"/ 7x/ eO{ ;hfo x'g cyf{t

d'2fdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ljleGg laifodf ;'wf/sf]

cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . l;+uf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL / o; Gofo

k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 ;+:yfut ;'wf/x? ;d]t x'g h?/L x'G5 . d'2f

c;kmntfsf sf/0f / Gofo k|0ffnL ;fd' /x]sf ;d:of jf r'gf}ltsf]

;Djf]wg lagf d'2fdf ;kmntf vf]Hg' ;Dej x'b}g . o;eGbf cl3Nnf

kl/R5]bdf d'2fsf] c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? ;DaGwdf lnlvt k|ZgfjnLsf

a"Fbfx? k7fO{ lj1x?af6 k|fKt ePsf pQ/, tYox?sf] ljZn]if0f, d'2fsf

kmfOn tyf km};nfx?sf] cWoog u/L k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L

d'2fsf c;kmntfsf ljleGg sf/0fx? klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . klxrfg

ePsf ;d:ofsf] ;Djf]wg / sf/0fx?sf] lgbfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] ;kmntf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf]

;Djf]wgsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

*=!= sfg"g th'{df / kl/dfh{g

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf sltko sfg"gL Joj:yf

g} cj/f]w /x]sf 5g\ eg] sltko sfg"gx? bf]xf]/f] /x]sf / sltko

sfg"gx?sf] cefj /x]sf] x'Fbf d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf To;n] c;/ kfl//x]sf]

xF'bf sfg"gL ;d:ofx?sf] ;Djf]wgsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd ;'emfjx?

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

296

xbDofb sd /x]sf] sf/0f sltko cj:yfdf s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg

ug{ ;do ckof{Kt /x]sf] 5 . h:t} Hfj/h:tL s/0fL ;DaGwL

d'2fdf jf/Daf/ o; lsl;dsf] ;d:of;Fu h'Wg' k/]sf] 5 . ctM

xbDofb sd ePsf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf xbDofb a9fpg] u/L

sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ / ;/sf/jfbL x'g] s'g} klg d'2fdf !

aif{eGbf sd xbDofb gx'g] u/L Joj:yf ug]{ .

xfn ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gdf lx/f;tdf /fvL cg';Gwfg ug]{

cjlw @% lbg dfq ePsfn] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf nflu

uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lx/f;tdf /fVg

;Sg] cjlw ckof{Kt /x]sf]n] of] cjlwnfO{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf

cjlwdf a9fpg] u/L sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg x'g cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

xfn d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf

lx/f;tdf /fVg] cg'dlt ln+bf ;/sf/L jsLn dfkm{t lng]

sfg"gL Joj:yf g/x]sf]n] ;/sf/L jsLn o; laifodf cgle1

/xg] u/]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ cg';Gwfgs} laifo klg 1ft

gx'g] ePsfn] kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf nflu

lx/f;tdf /fVg d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf cg'dlt lnFbf ;/sf/L

jsLn dfkm{t lng'kg]{ u/L sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg x'g h?/L /x]sf]

5 .

xfn cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] hdfgt

lbg;Sg] Joj:yf gePsfn] cfjZostf cg';f/ cg';Gwfg

clwsf/Ln] ;d]t hdfgt lbg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{

cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

Ps} k|sf/sf] s;"/df ljleGg sfg"g cfslif{t x'g] ePsfn]

sfo{;Dkfbgdf c;'ljwf x'g] u/]sf], h:t} vf]6f rng / g]kfn

/fi6« a}+s P]g, dfgj ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws / dfgj

a]rlavg, nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]jf/ tyf ;]jg cflb . o;}n] oL

297

P]gsf] kl/lw / If]qx?sf] :ki6tf ;DalGwt P]gx?df ug'{kg]{

b]lvG5 .

xfn;Dd g]kfndf ;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj /x]sf]

5 . ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf] sfg"g tyf gLltsf] cefjsf sf/0f

cg';Gwfgdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg g;lsPsf], ;fIfLn] k|lts'n

askq ug]{ u/]sf] / ;fIfL cbfntdf askq ug{ cg'kl:yt /xg]

u/]sf] sf/0f d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf k|ToIf ?kdf c;/ k/]sf] x'gfn]

;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] zL3| th'{df ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

kLl8tsf clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf tyf pgLx?sf]

xssf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTjsf] laifo klg ePsf] s'/fnfO{

dWogh/ /fvL kLl8tnfO{ /fxt tyf Ifltk"lt{sf cefjsf sf/0f

k|lts'n askq ug]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] sf/0f ;d]t Wofg lbO{

kLl8tsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf d[ts, 3fOt]x? /

kLl8tx?n] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf]

5 .

ax; k}/jLdf h'6\g' kg]{ ;/sf/L jsLn tyf Gofo ;Dkfbgdf

sfo{/t GofofwLzx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{ Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf] ePsfn]

logLx?nfO{ Jojxf/t Jofj;flos agfpgsf nflu ;]jf zt{

;DaGwL 5'6\6} P]g th'{df x'g cfjZos 5 .

;do cg';f/ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g ug'{

cfjZos ePsfn] k|rngdf /x]sf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] s;"/,

;hfo tyf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / ;'g'jfO{ k|s[of;Fu ;DalGwt

sfg"gx? clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df slt ;fdlos 5g\ / clxn]sf]

cfjZostf cg'?k 5g\ jf 5}gg egL k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

cfjZos 5 .

298

;/sf/n] d'2f grnfPsf] cj:yfdf dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] rfx]df

d'2f rnfpg ;Sg] / ;/sf/n] k'g/fj]bg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf

Hffx]/jfnfn] rfx]df k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfOg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'

kb{5 .

lb3{sfnLg ?kdf ;du| kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{

cfjZos eO{ lj3l6t Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k]z ePsf

kmf}hbf/L;+lxtf, sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf tyf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL

law]osx? xfn bf;|f] Joj:yflksf–;+;b u7g e};s]sf] xF'bf

kfl/t ul/g' cfjZjs 5 .

cleof]u bfo/ ePkl5 k|df0fsf cfwf/df cleof]u ;+zf]wg ug]{

/ bfjLsf] ;f}bfjfhLsf] Joj:yf k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgkl5 dfq k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg]

Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm / Jofjxfl/s x'g] ePsfn] sfg"gdf ;f]

Joj:yf ;dfj]z ug{' kb{5 .

;flIfnfO{ k|lts'n askq x'gaf6 hf]ufpg nuftf/ ;'g'jfO{ /

sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{df xfn s]xL d'2fdf o:tf] Joj:yf

lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] eP klg g]kfn

;/sf/jfbL x'g] ;j} d'2fsf ;DaGwdf of] Joj:yf g/x]sf]n] of]

Joj:yf ;dfj]z x'g' kb{5 .

;fIfL pkl:yltsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no dfkm{t

cbfntaf6 kqfrf/ ePdf ;fIfLsf] pkl:yltsf] a9L

;'lglZrttf x'g] ePsfn] ;f] adf]lhd sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ul/g'

k5{ .

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg]

grnfpg] ;DaGwdf cf+lzs lg0f{o ePsf]df dxfGofoflwjQmfn]

k'g lg0f{o ug]{ Joj:yf sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/]/ jf

dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;+zf]wg u/L ;f] zt{

299

;dfj]z u/L k'gM clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]/ klg ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf

tTsfnsf nflu clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ / lb3{sfnLg ?kdf

sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ .

ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg clwsf/Lx?sf] 5'§} ;d"x geP;Dd

Ps} k|x/L ljleGg sfddf v6\bf lghsf] sfo{af]em a9L x'g],

Jofj;flostf / lj1tf klg gx'g] eO{ d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf uDeL/

k|efj k/]sf] x'Fbf g]kfn k|x/Ldf ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;d"x jf

lgsfo :yfkgf u/L lghx?nfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] sfddf

dfq nufpg ;Sg] u/L sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ .

;fgfltgf d'2fdf klg cleof]hg ug]{ xfnsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo

u/L o:tf ;fgfltgf d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg

clwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/;df s;"/bf/nfO{ hl/jfgf u/L d'2fsf] cGTo

ug{;Sg] nufot cleof]hgsf ljsNkx? vf]Hg] Joj:yf sfg"gdf

;dfj]z x'g' cfjZos 5 .

ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] bhf{ k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfs /x]sf]

jt{dfg sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L Go"gtd k|x/L lg/LIfs bhf{sf]

agfpg cfjZos 5 .

lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg txdf s]Gb|df /x]sf] ;dGjo ;ldlt h:t}

;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug{] Joj:yf ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL

lgodfjnLdf ug]{ .

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfn

;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2f lkmtf{ lnFbf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] clgjfo{

?kdf k/fdz{ lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL aflx/sf d'2fdf

;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefj

/x]sf] x'+bf sfg"gL Joj:yf kl/dfh{g u/L Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

bf]efif]sf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf sfo{ljlwut sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'kg]{ .

300

oL ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x? dWo] Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k]z

ePsf] kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf ;dfj]z gePsf s'/f

;dfj]z ug]{ .

lx/f;tdf /fVg] cjlwnfO{ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|of]hg egL

lbg ls6fg ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

*=@ gLltut Joj:yf

ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf If]qdf klg lglZrt gLltx?

cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf gLltn] s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;lx ?kdf cl3

a9fpg d2t ug]{ ePsfn] ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;kmntfsf

;Gbe{df klg b]xfo adf]lhsf gLltut Joj:yf x'g cfjZos 5 .

ck/fw cg';GwfgnfO{ a}1flgsLs/0f u/fpFb} cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf]

agfpg] / cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ gLlt clVtof/

/fHoaf6 ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu rfNg' kg]{

sbd, Jojxf/df cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ pkfox? cflb ;d]t

;dfj]z ePsf] cg';Gwfg gLlt k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no nufot

cg';Gwfg;Fu ;Dj4 lgsfoaf6 th'{df ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

xfn cleof]hg gLlt gePsf sf/0f d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]

;DaGwdf :ki6 dfkb08 / cfwf/x? :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf]

5}g . d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] ;DaGwdf Ps?ktf klg x'g;s]sf]

5}g . sltko rNg} g;Sg] d'2f klg rnfOPsf] cj:yf /x]sf]

5 . ctM dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 :ki6 dfkb08 /

j:t'lgi7 cfwf/x? ePsf] cleof]hg gLltsf] th'{df ug'{

cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

s] s:tf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ jf gug]{ / s] s:tf] d'2fdf

bf]x¥ofpg lgj]bg ug]{ jf gug]{ egL pNn]v ePsf] k'g/fj]bg

gLlt gePsfn] k'g/fj]bg tyf bf]x¥ofpg] sfo{df Ps?ktf

301

gePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg gLlt / bf]x/fpg] ;DaGwL

gLlt th'{df ug'{ clt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

hfx]/L bvf{:t l9nf] kg]{ u/]sf], hfx]/Ldf kof{Kt ljj/0fx?

pNn]v gx'g] u/]sf] / cg';Gwfgdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg

hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmqmdx? :yfgLo :t/df ;+rfng ug]{ tyf

;+rf/dfWodaf6 ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{ gLlt th'{df u/L

sfof{Gjog ug'{ k5{ .

*=# ;+/rgfut Joj:yf

sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;+/rgfut Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos

x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;a} lgsfo /

cleof]hg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfoaLr a[xQ ?kdf ;dGjo clej[l4

ug{sf nflu clxn] /x]sf] ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf lj:tf/ u/L

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f

cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]tsf]

k|ltlglwTjsf] lj:tf/ ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Joj;flos agfpg / o;

;DaGwdf lj1tfsf] cjwf/0ff clVtof/ ug{ g]kfn k|x/L cGtu{t

ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf k|of]hgsf nflu ck/fw cg';Gwfg lgsfo

-ck/fw cg';Gwfg Jo'/f]_ :yfkgf u/L ;f] lgsfodf sfo{/t

hgzlQm cGo k|of]hgdf sfddf nufpg jf ;?jf ug{ g;lsg]

Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

k|efjsf/L ;dGjon] ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf

k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg] ePsfn] nflu lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg :t/df

;d]t ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nodf dftxt

sfof{nodf kg]{ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg;Fu ;DalGwt

302

;d:ofx?nfO{ tTsfn ;Djf]wg ug{] ;d]t p2]Zon] k|efjsf/L

Help Desk agfpg' klg h?/L /x]sf] 5 .

k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf ;fwg ;DkGg k|of]uzfnfx?sf] :yfkgf u/L

k/Dk/fut cg';GwfgnfO{ a}1flgs cg';Gwfg k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f

ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

*=$= Ifdtf ljsf;

k|efjsf/L ?kdf ck/fw cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f

ug{sf nflu o;df ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; clt cfjZos

x'G5 . Ifdtf ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf x''g' cfjZos

b]lvPsf] 5 .

ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpb} nfg] /

cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u clej[l4 ug]{ ?kdf ;|f]t ;fwg / Ifdtf

ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] ef}lts ;fwg

;|f]t a9fpg] / cfw'gLls/0f ug]{ .

ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] k/Dk/fut cg';GwfgnfO{ a}1flgs

agfpgsf nflu cfjZos a}1flgs ;fwg / cfw'lgs pks/0f

pknAwtfsf nflu kof{Kt ah]6 lalgof]hg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofokflnsfsf sfo{qmqmdnfO{ /fli6«o

ljsf;sf sfo{qmqmd;Fu d"n k|jfxLs/0f klg ul/g' kb{5 .

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ck/fw

cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg"gL 1fg tyf ;Lksf]

;DaGwdf cEof;d"ns tflndx? cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf To:tf

tflndx? ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

o; lsl;dsf tflnd k|bfg ubf{ cl3Nnf kl/R5]bdf klxrfg

ul/Psf d'2f c;kmntfsf] cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt sdhf]/L,

303

;d:of / sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg x'g] u/L ug'{ kg]{ / tTsfn} o;

lsl;dsf] tflnd cf/De ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

cl3Nnf] kl/R5]bdf cleof]hg tyf ax; k}/jL ;DaGwdf

b]lvPsf sdhf]/L / q'l6x? klxrfg u/L k|:t't u/L ;lsPsf]

5 . ;f] cg';f/ klxrfg ePsf sdhf]/Lx? eljZodf k'g/fa[lQ

gx'g] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu tbg'?k kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L ;Dj4

tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfaf6 tflnd lbg] .

dfly pNn]v ePsf] tflndsf nflu ;Dj4 lgsfoaf6

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] cleof]hg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, /fli6«o

Goflos k|lti7fg / Gofo ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|af6 ;+rfng ug]{ /

;/sf/L jsLnsf] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg /fli6«o k|x/L

k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg ;dIf cg'/f]w ug]{ / g]kfn ;/sf/af6 klg

tflndsf nflu cfjZos ah]6 k|aGw ul/g' kg]{ .

;do ;dodf tflndx? s;}sf] nflu klg cfjZos kb{5 . o;

;Gbe{df k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f h:tf kIfdf ;dofg's"n 1fg / ;Lk

k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf GofofwLzx?nfO{ klg tflnd lbg'kg]{ / o;

lsl;dsf tflnd cl3Nnf] kl/R5]bdf klxrfg ul/Psf GofofwLz /

cbfnt;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?df ;Djf]wg x'g] u/L /fli6«o

Goflos k|lti7fgaf6 ;+rfng ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

k|x/L, ;/sf/L jsLn cbfnt tyf cw{Goflos lgsfodf

sfo{/t ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Lkd"ns tflndsf]

;+rfng ug'{kg]{ .

*=% sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/

cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{;Dkfbgdf /x]sf]

sfof{GjoghGo sdhf]/L jf q'l6sf sf/0f d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/

k/]sf] s'/f cl3Nnf kl/R5]bx?df Jofks ?kdf ljZn]if0f / klxrfg

ul/Psf] 5 . ctM o; ;DaGwdf ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxLsf]

304

k|To]s r/0fdf sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ ;'emfjx? b]xfo adf]lhd

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

*=%=!= hfx]/L b/vf:t ;DaGwdf

cg';Gwfgdf l9nfO{ ePdf dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f nf]k x'g] gfz x'g] jf

km]/abn x'g hfg] ;Defjgf ePsfn] hfx]/L k/]sf] tTsfn}

cg';Gwfg ;'? ug]{ .

cl3Nnf] kl/R5]bdf klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:ofx? xn ug{ ;Dj4

;a}af6 kxn ug]{ .

*=%=@= cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf

sltko d'2fdf l9nf] cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQmn] k|df0f nf]k

gfz eO{ d'2fdf c;kmntf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] x'Fbf hfx]/L b/vf:t

k|fKt x'g] ljlQs} cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'Qm ug]{ .

sfg"gn] k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfs;DdnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf]

?kdf tf]Sg ;lsg] eP klg dflyNnf clws[tjf6 x'g] sfo{

u'0ffTds x'g] x'Fbf Ps ltxfO{ d'2fdf tNnf] txsf clws[tnfO{

cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]lsg] / cg';Gwfg clws[t klg

tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Ldf e/ kg]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf o;n] klg

d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf c;/ kf/]sf] xF'bf sfg"g ;+zf]wg geP;Dd

e/;s k|x/L lg/LIfs bhf{sf jf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;f]eGbf

dflysf k|x/L clws[tnfO{ g} cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]Sg] / tNnf]

sd{rf/Ldf dfq e/ kg]{ clxn]sf] cEof;nfO{ lg?T;fxg ug]{ .

w]/}h;f] d'2fdf ;dod} k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg gk7fpg] u/]sf],

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg :j?k hfx]/Lsf] k|ltlnlk dfq k|fKt x'g] u/]sf]

cEof;nfO{ sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] s'/f v'nfO{ k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bg tTsfn} k7fpg] cEof;df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ .

305

;/sf/L jsLnn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 lgb]{zg lbg]

s'/fdf lgis[otf b]vfPsf] sf/0f klg d'2fdf c;/ k/]sf]

kfOPsf]n] d'2fdf lgb]{zg lbg] s'/fdf ;/sf/L jsLn ;lqmo /xg'

kg]{ . o;/L lgb]{zg lbg] u/] gu/]sf] s'/f lghsf] sfo{;Dkfbg

d"Nof+sg;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ug]{ .



cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt, cg';Gwfgsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg

clws[t / ;/sf/L jsLnaLr ;dGjo gePsf], k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bg / a/fdbL ul/Psf] Joxf]/f d]n gvfPsf], k|f/lDes

k|ltj]bgdf cg';Gwfg of]hgf k|:t't gePsf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

cg';Gwfg clws[t cfkm}n] tof/ gu/]sf], k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf

v'nfpg'kg]{ s'/f sfg"gdf :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf]] h:tf

Jojxf/df /x]sf ;d:ofx? x6fpg] .

*=%=# 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf÷k|df0f ;+sng÷vfgtnf;L÷nfzhFFr ;DaGwL sf/0fx? ;DjGwdf

36gf:ynsf] ;+/If0f gePsf sf/0f klg ef}lts k|df0f nf]k

gfz x'g] l:ylt cfO{ d'2fdf c;/ kg]{ cj:yf cfpg glbg

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;r]i6 /xg] .

cg';Gwfgdf a}1flgs ;fwgsf] k|of]u / 36gf:ynsf] d'r'Nsf

tof/ ubf{ soco sd{rf/L k|of]u ug]{ s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg]{ .

cg';Gwfgsf] zL3|tfdf g} k|df0f nf]k÷gfz x'g gkfpg] ePsfn]

zLw| cg';Gwfg / cfjZos d'r'Nsfx? tof/ ug]{ .

;dod} vfgtnf;L glnPdf k|df0f nf]k x'g], ufoj x'g] / k|s[of

gk'¥ofO{ vfgtnf;L lnPdf To:tf] k|df0fn] dfGotf gkfpg]

ePsfn] o;tkm{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/L uDeL/ aGg] .

306

d'r'Nsfx?df sfg"g adf]lhdsf ;fIfLsf] cefj /xg] u/]sf],

d'r'Nsf ug]{ bIftf tyf Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf], Ufnt, ckof{Kt

tyf cg'dfgsf] e/df k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ kl/kf6L /x]sf],

k|df0fsf] gd'gf ;+sngdf bIftf gePsf], 36gf:ynaf6 ef}lts

k|df0f gp7fPsf], /f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{ JolQm g/fv]sf] h:tf

;d:ofx?sf] k'g/fj[lQ x'g glbg] .

nfz k|s[lt d'r'Nsf / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg aflemPsf]

b]lvPsf]n] oL sfo{df ;+nUg clwsf/Lx?n] nfk/jfxL gu/L ;'Id

?kdf x]/]/ hfFr]/ d'r'Nsf / k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ .

JolQm ;gfvtdf sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofOPsf], Ef}fuf]lns

ljs6tf, Vffgtnf;L / a/fdbL d'r'Nsf c;fGble{s JolQm /

sfNklgs jtg /fVg] u/]sf sf/0f jtg olsg gx'g] u/]sf],

cg';Gwfg clws[t d'r'Nsfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg gx'g] u/]sf h:tf

;d:ofx? k'gM bf]xl/g] cj:yf cfpg glbg cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf

uDeL/ aGg] .

*=%=$ cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp / aofg ;DaGwdf

cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ / lx/f;tdf /fVg] sfo{ ;+j}wflgs tyf

sfg"gL Joj:yf ljkl/t gx'g] u/L q'l6/lxt ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{ .

aofg u/fpg] sfo{ bIftfsf] sdL /x]sf] sf/0f k/Dk/fut

z}nLdf g} aofg u/fpg] sfo{ lg?T;fxg ug{ o; ;DawL ;Lk,

bIftf / sf}zntf clej[l4sf nflu of] laifo tflnd

kf7\oqmddf Jofjxfl/s cEof; u/fpg] .

aofg sfo{df cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] Go"g pkl:ylt /xg] / tNnf

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] tyf ;/sf/L jsLnn] klg cGo

sfdsf nflu k"/f ;do glbg] cEof;nfO{ lg?T;fxg ug]{ .

hah{:tL ;fljlt u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ cGTo ug]{ .

307

aofgsf] lel8of] /]s8{ ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ cEof;df Nofpg], dfgj

clwsf/ sfg"g / ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ lx/f;tdf /xFbf kmf}hbf/L

Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] hfgsf/L tyf pkef]u ug{ kfpg]

jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug]{, ;xL JolQmsf] klxrfg u/]/ dfq

kqmfp ug]{ s'/f Jojxf/df cjnDag ug]{ .

aofgdf k|ltjfbL tyf ;fIfLsf] klxrfgsf ljj/0fx? :ki6 ?kdf

v'nfO{ aofg u/fpg] .

oL laifo sfof{Gjogsf nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf

k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 dftxt lgsfodf kl/kq ug]{ .

*=%=% a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh ;DaGwdf

d'2fdf a'e\mg'kg]{ JolQm ga'em]sf] / c;fGble{s JolQmx?sf]

sfuh ul/Psf], a'lemPsf JolQmx?n] ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf],

a'lemPsf JolQmx? k|ToIfbzL{ g/x]sf a'lemPsf JolQmx?n] z+sf

/ ljZjf; dfq JoQm u/]sf, a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuhx?

Psfk;df afFlemPsf, a'lemPsf] JolQmsf sfuhx? s;"/nfO{

k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf gePsf] ;d]t cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Ng cfPsf

sdhf]/Lx? sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ x6fpg' kg]{ .

Jff:tljs JolQmsf] sfuh gu/fO{ sfNklgs / clgR5's JolQm

v8f ul/ sfuh u/fpg], 36gfsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f b]v] a'em] yfxf

kfPsf JolQmx? tyf 36gf:yn j/k/sf JolQmx?nfO{ s]Gb|df

/fv]/ lghx?sf] sfuh u/fpg' kg]{df kIf lakIfsf cfkmGtx?sf]

sfuh u/fpg] tyf kLl8t / kL8s kIfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfO{

sfuh u/fpg] k|rngnfO{ tTsfn} cGTo ug'{k5{ .

rZdlbb JolQm / ;'gL hfGg] JolQm km/s dxTjsf ;fIfL eP

klg sfuhsf] Joxf]/f p:t} ?kdf ug]{ k|rngnfO{ lg?T;fxg u/L

:ki6tf x'g]u/L ug]{ u/fpg] cEof; ug]{ .

308


h:tfsf] t:t} n]va4 gug]{ u/]sf] / geg]sf] sfNklgs s'/f

n]Vg] u/]sf], uf]nd6f]n, 36gfsf] af/]df olsg yfxf 5}g eGg]

pNn]v ePsf / ax'cly{ nfUg] efiffx? klg k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf],

;fIfLx?n] eg]sf] efiff x'ax' Pp6} n]Vg] u/]sf], h:tf Jojxf/df

/x]sf] sdhf]/LnfO{ cGTo ug]{ .

oL laifo sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 dftxt

lgsfodf kl/kq ug]{ .

*=%=^ Eff}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwdf

cg';Gwfgdf ef}lts k|df0f ;+sngdf kof{Kt dfqfdf Wofg glbO{

k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cGTo ug{ ef}lts

k|df0f ;+sng ug{df hf]8 lbg] u/L sfo{z}nL clVtof/ ug'{k5{ .

k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg klg ;dod} k|fKt gx'g] u/]sf], sltko d'2fdf

ef}lts k|df0fsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu gk7fPsf] / k7fPsf]df klg

x'g g;s]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx? cfkm\gf] txaf6 xn ug{ ;lsg]df

uDeL/ eO{ zL3| k7fpg], k/LIf0f ug{ k|oTg/t /xg] . o;

;DaGwdf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ lzif{sdf k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf

k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgfsf] ;'emfj ;'emfOPsf] 5 .

;a'b k|df0f hlt;Sof] l56f] ;+sng ul/Pdf gfz÷nf]k gx'g]

x'G5 / ;fa't xfntdf kfpg ;lsG5, t/ ;dod} k|df0f ;+sng

ug{ g;lsPsf], kl/If0fsf] nflu gk7fPsf], k|df0f ;+sngsf

nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kg]{df o:tf] hgzlQmdf sdL

/x]sf], ck/fw / cleof]hgdf ;+nUg clwsf/Lx?sf] bIftf /

Ifdtf sd ePsf]]n] o; cg'?k / clxn]sf] PSsfO;f+} ztflJbsf]

o'usf] cfjZostf wfGg] u/L hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu tflnd

k|bfos ;+:yfx?n] tflnd sfo{qmd agfpg'k5{ . o:tf] tflnd

;+rfngsf nflu dfly Ifdtf ljsf; lzif{sdf ;'emfj

;'emfOPsf] 5 .

309

clxn]sf] cg';Gwfgsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ef}lts k|df0fsf] ;+/If0f,

;+sng k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0fdf ;fwg, ;|f]t, Ifdtfsf] cefj tyf

ef}lts k|df0f vf]h ug{ Wofg s]lGb|t gug]{ cEof; ;d]t

b]lvPsf]n] To;nfO{ t'?Gt lg?T;fxg ug{ cfjZos sbd rflng'

k5{ .

oL laifo sfof{Gjogsf nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf

k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 dftxt lgsfodf kl/kq ug]{ .

*=%=& cg';Gwfgsf] ;du| cj:yf ;DaGwdf

;/sf/jfbL] kmf}hbf/L d''2fdf k|df0f ;'/Iffb]lv k/LIf0f;Ddsf

;Dk"0f{ ef}lts k|df0f jf ;fIfL k|df0f sfuhftsf] ;du| sfo{ljlw,

k|s[of / k|:t'ltdf g} ;du| cg';Gwfgsf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xg] ePsfn]

cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df lgb]{lzt ug{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / ;/sf/L

jsLnn] ;dGjofTds / ;fd"lxs ?kdf k|of; ug]{ .

*=%=* k|:tfljt /fo ;DaGwdf

k|x/Laf6 k|:tfljt /fo k7fpFbf k"0f{ ?kdf cg';Gwfg gu/L

k7fpg] jf cg';Gwfg ug{ s]xL ljifox? 5'6 eO/x]sf] b]lvg

cfPsf] x'Fbf cg';GwfgnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg k|of; ug]{ .

lx/f;tdf /fVg] Dofb afFsL g/fvLsg} k|:tfljt /fo k7fpg]

u/]sf] sf/0f ck"0f{ cg';Gwfg ePsf]df ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg

lbg sl7gfO{ x'g] tyf xtf/df cleof]hg ubf{ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f

ug{ klg ;d:of k}bf eO{ d'2fsf] glthfdf c;/ k/]sf] cj:yf

x'Fbf sDtLdf # lbgcl3 k7fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{lGjt

ug]{ .

d'2fsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xL lbzfdf 8f]/\ofpg ;/sf/L jsLnsf]

e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g]df ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2fdf cToGt} sd

lgb]{zg lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgb]{zg lbg]

s'/fdf ;/sf/L jsLn ;lqmo /xg] .

310

tYo / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ge} xr'jfsf cfwf/df /fo lbg] /

/fodf k|lt JolQm s;"/sf] ljZn]if0f gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf /fo

lbg] sfo{ cGTo u/L j:t'lgi7 ljZn]if0f u/L d'2f rnfpg k|df0f

k'Ug] gk'Ug] oyfy{ ?kdf ljZn]if0f / k|To]s cleo'Qmsf xsdf

ljZn]if0f u/L /fo k|:t't ug]{ .

yk dfubfjL lng'kg]{ d'2f ePdf klxn]sf] s;"/ / ;f] ;DaGwL

k|df0fx? ;+sng gx'g] u/]sf]n] klg k6s sfod ug'{kg]{ d'2fdf

;d:of k/]sf] x'Fbf o; laifodf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] kof{Kt

Wofg lbg] .

oL laifo sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 dftxt

lgsfodf kl/kq ug]{ .

*=%=( cleof]u kq ;DaGwdf

tYo / k|df0fsf] pko'Qm ljZn]if0f u/L cleof]u dfubfjL lng]

s'/fnfO{ cleof]usf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cfTd;ft u/L

cleof]ukq tof/ ug]{ .

cleof]u kqdf k|ltJolQm k|ltjfbLsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos

x'g]df uf]nd6f]n ?kdf k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L cleof]u bfo/

ug]{ u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lg?T;fxg u/L k|lt JolQm cf/f]ksf]

;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f u/L cleof]ukq tof/ ug]{ .

cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qm÷k|ltjfbLsf] klxrfgsf ljj/0f gfd,

jtg :ki6 ?kdf v'nfpg] .

cleof]ukqdf dfubfjL / sfg"gL Joj:yf :ki6 / q'l6k"0f{ gx'g]

u/L ug]{ .

s;"/eGbf 7"nf] dfubfjL lng] u/]sf] / d'2f grnfpg] ;DaGwdf

;/sf/L jsLnx?n] b[9tfk"j{s lg0f{o ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] /

k|df0fsf cefjdf klg d'2f rnfpg] u/]sf] jt{dfg cEof;nfO{

lg?T;fxg u/L s;"/ cg';f/sf] pko'Qm dfubfjL lng] / k|df0fsf]

311

cefjdf d'2f rnfpg] cEof;nfO{ cGTo ug]{ . o;sf nflu

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 pko'Qm jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{k5{ .

cleof]u kqsf] k|df0f v08df :ki6 ?kdf cfkm\gf ;fIfLsf] gfd

y/ jtg pNn]v gu/]df cbfntaf6 s'g ;fIfLnfO{ a'em\g] eGg]

lgSof}{n ug{ klg sl7g x'g] / cleof]unfO{ k'li6 u/fpg g;lsg]

x'Fbf To;tkm{ ;r]i6 /xg] .

sltko s;"/df PseGbf a9L sfg"gx? /x]sf]n] s'g sfg"g

cGtu{tsf] cleof]u bfjL ug]{ eGg] cndndf k/L cleof]u bfo/

ug]{ qmddf ;d:of ;[hgf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;Djf]wg

ug{ dfly sfg"g kl/dfh{g lzif{sdf ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{

cGTo ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 :ki6 gLlt to u/L

dftxt lgsfodf kl/kq klg hf/L ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

oL laifo sfof{Gjogsf nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6

dftxt lgsfodf kl/kq ug]{ .

*=%=!) cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf x'g] jofg ;DaGwdf

aofg u/fpFbf GofofwLzsf] pkl:yltdf u/fpg' kg]{ eP klg

GofofwLzsf] pkl:ylt ge} sd{rf/Laf6 u/fOg] / sd{rf/Laf6

x'g] aofgdf cfjZos k|Zgx? gul/g] / ;f]Wg] s'/f 5'6\g] u/]sf]

/ bIftfsf] kf6f] klg sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOPsf]n] GofofwLzsf]

pkl:yltnfO{ Jojxf/df clgjfo{ agfpgsf nflu ;jf]{Rr

cbfntaf6 dftxt cbfntdf kqfrf/ x'g'kg]{ / cbfntsf

;xfos sd{rf/LnfO{ klg cEof;d"ns tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng

x'g'kg]{ .

jofgsf] a]nfdf jfbL kIf cyf{t ;/sf/L jsLn clgjfo{ ?kdf

pkl:yt x'g] .

k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf OGsf/ aofg ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ sd ug{ aofg

ubf{ s'/f vf]Ng k|of;/t /xFb} k|Zgx? ug]{ .

312

*=%=!! ;fIfLsf] askq ;DaGwdf

jfbL kIfsf ;fIfLnfO{ askq ug{ lemsfPsf] t/ gcfPsf]

cj:yfdf ;fIfL cfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ k'gM a'lem kfpg]

df}sf dfu ug]{ ug'{kg]{ .

;fIfLnfO{ askq ug{ cfpFbf sfg"g adf]lhd lbOg] ;'ljwf

glbPsf sf/0f ;fIfL pkl:yt gx'g] tyf k|lts'n askq ug]{

u/]sf] ;d]t sf/0f sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf tTsfn} k|bfg ug]{ .

;/sf/L jsLnaf6 ;f]wk'5 / lh/xdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg] / of]

e"ldsfnfO{ Jofj;flos ?kdf lgjf{x ug]{ .

hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / sfuh ug]{ JolQmx?sf] df}sfsf] egfO{ /

cbfntsf] askq jflemPsf], hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / df}sfdf

sfuh ug]{sf] askq jflemg] cj:yf cfpg glbg ck/fw;Fu

hfgsf/ JolQmx?nfO{ dfq cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf a'em\g] /

pgLx?nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|x/Laf6 lbg] .

ljz]if1sf] k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgx? :ki6 ?kdf k7fpg

laz]if1x?;Fu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / k|x/L k|wfg

sfof{noaf6 ;do ;dodf cGt/lqmofx? ug]{ .

;fIfLx? cbfntdf pkl:yt eP/ klg askq gu/L lx+8\g] s'/f

cGTo ug{ cbfntaf6 klg tf]lsPsf] lbg tf]lsPsf] ;dodf

;fIfLsf] askq clgjfo{ u/fpg] .

oL laifo sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt,

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6

dftxt lgsfodf kl/kq ug]{ .

*=%=!@= ax; k}/jL ;DaGwdf

;/sf/L jsLnn] ax;sf nflu d'2fsf] /fd|f] cWoog / tof/Lsf]

sdL /x]sf], ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;Da¢ P]g, lgod tyf ghL/sf]

313

cWoogdf kof{Kt ;do glbg] u/]sf], cWoog ;fdu|Lsf]

ckof{Kttf, sfo{af]em cTolws /x]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx? cGt ug{

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 sfo{af]emsf cfwf/df yk

b/aGbL ;[hgf ug{] k|s[of cl3 a9fpg] .

d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? kmfO{ndf gx'g] u/]sf]

gSsn sfuhft b'?:t g/x]sf] ;d]taf6 d'2fsf] ax;df /fd|f]

tof/L x'g g;sL ax;df :t/Lotf gePsf] / jfbL kIfaf6

/fd|f];Fu s'/f /fVg g;lsPsf] x'Fbf ;f] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{

;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf gSsn lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s

cbfnt / ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf klg kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf]

Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

;/sf/L jsLnsf] ax;df dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ffsf nflu ;/sf/L

jsLnsf] ;'/Iff, b08 Pj+ k'/:sf/sf] :ki6 dfkb08 / :yfoL

?kdf ax; eQfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

;/sf/L jsLn d'2fdf ax; k}/jLdf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] / d'2fsf]

uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df PseGbf a9L ;/sf/L jsLn hfg] gu/]]sf]

b]lvPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGTo ug]{ .

*=%=!# cbfntsf] km};nfsf ;DaGwdf

lhNnf cbfntaf6 u/]sf] sltko d'2fsf km};nfx?df k|df0fdf

lng'kg{]df glnPsf], glng'kg{]df lnOPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf To;tkm{

cbfnt ;r]t x'g'k5{ .

km};nfx?df cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]n]/ km};nf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{

cbfntx?af6 k"0f{ ?kdf cjnDag ug'{k5{ .

lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|To]s JolQmsf xsdf k[ys ?kdf ljZn]if0f

gu/L km};nf u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt

ug'{k5{ .

314

;fIfLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] askqsf] ;Totfsf] k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0f

ug]{ gul/Psf], sfo{of]hgfsf] ;do ;Ldfsf sf/0f km};nf ug{

xtf/ ug]{ / a'emg'kg]{ k|df0f ga'lemsg g} ug]{ ul/Psf],

cbfntsf] km};nf kLl8td'vL sd / cleo'Qmd'vL j9L x'g] u/]sf]

eGg] h:tf s'/fx?k|lt klg cbfntn] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

GofofwLzsf] sfo{Ifdtf, bIftf / sltko laifodf 1fg gePsf],

dfubfjL eGbf 36L ;hfo lbg'k5{ eGg] dfgl;stf /x]sf],

km};nfdf Ps?ktf g/x]sf] h:tf s'/fdf klg ;'wf/ x'g'

cfjZos 5 .

cbfntaf6 ;kmfO{ lbFbf lng] u/]sf sltko cfwf/x? nfdf]

;dob]lv :yflkt /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf laifodf cleof]u kq bfo/

ubf{s} cj:yfdf larf/ k'¥ofO{ cleof]hg ug]{ jf gug]{ lg0f{o

ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

*= %= !$ k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf


df}h'bf k|df0f / :yflkt Goflos l;4fGt cflb laifodf s'g} q'l6

/x] g/x]sf] af/]df s]nfpg] / cbfntaf6 ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gL

Pj+ sfo{ljlwut q'l6sf] klxrfg ug]{ u/L ug]{ cEof; ug'{k5{ .

w]/} k|ltjfbL ePsf]df k|To]s JolQmsf xsdf ljZn]if0f u/L

k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ug'{ kg]{df ;f] gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k'g/fj]bg

n]Vg] k|rngsf] cGTo ug'{k5{ .

k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] / d'2fdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf

gePklg k'g/fj]bg ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . Ps tx k'g/fj]bg ug}{

kg]{ dfgl;stf /xg' tyf k'g/fj]bg gug]{ u/L tfn's ;/sf/L

jsLn sfof{nodf kmfOn k7fOPsf]df klg k|df0fsf] cefjdf g}

k'g/fj]bg ug{ kmfOn k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f klg k'g/fj]bg g}

315

gug'{ kg]{ d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg eO{ c;kmntfsf] ;+Vof dfq a9]sf]n]

o:tf] k|rngnfO{ cGTo ug'{k5{ .

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt ePsf l;4fGtx?nfO{

b[li6ut u/L k'g/fj]bg gug'{ kg]{ laifodf k'g/fj]bg gug]{ /

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ;fGble{s glh/x? pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

sfo{af]emsf sf/0f ;/sf/L jsLnn] k'g/fj]bgsf] sfd

sf/jfxLdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;s]sf], dftxtsf sd{rf/Ldf

lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] / obfsbf x]nr]q\mofO klg kfOPsf]n] o;df

;'wf/ x'g'k5{ / tfn's lgsfoaf6 o;df cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg' k5{ .


cWoog gePsf] tyf la/f]wfefifk"0f{ glh/x? ;d]tsf sf/0f

k'g/fj]bgkqdf To:tf glh/x? pNn]v ug{ g;lsPsf] klg

cj:yf 5 . pNn]v ePsf]df klg sltko cj:yfdf unt glh/

klg k|:t't ePsf] kfOPsf]n] o; tkm{ ;r]i6 /xg' k5{ .

316

cg';"rL–!

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL–! leqsf d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft, cleof]hg / bfo/L

qm=;+=s;"/ jf d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L

d'2fx]g]{ cbfnt jf clwsf/L

sfo{ljlw k'g/fj]bg

Dofb

!= /fHo lj¿4sf] ck/fw

/ ;hfo P]g, @)$^

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]

d'2f

k|x/L

clws[t

ljz]if cbfnt ;fdfGo &) lbg

@= d'n'sL P]g Hofg

;DaGwLsf] dxnn]

;hfo x'g] d'2f

” lhNnf cbfnt ” ”

#= d'n'sL P]g hah{:tL

s/0fLsf] dxnn] ;hfo

x'g] d'2f68

” ” ” ”

$= d'n'sL P]g rf]/Lsf]

dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f

-hf/L rf]/L afx]s_

” ” ” ”

%= d'n'sL P]g cfuf]

nufpg]sf] dxnn]

;hfo x'g] d'2f

” ” ” ”

^= uf]aw ;DaGwL jf

d'n'sL P]g rf}kfofsf]

dxnsf] * g+= cGtu{t

;hfo x'g] d'2f

” ” ” ”

&= ;/sf/L jf c¿ ;fj{hlgs wgdfn gf]S;fg jf lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f

” ” ” ”

68= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt 2055 cfiff( 29 ;+Vof 13 sf] ;"rfgfåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

317

*= xftxltof/ v/vhfgf

;DaGwL d'2f ” k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L ” ”

(= d'n'sL P]g vf]6f

rngsf] dxnn] ;hfo

x'g] d'2f


!)=

hf];'s}; “u /xg] eP

klg ;/sf/L 5fk

b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk

b:tvt ePsf] jf

;/sf/L sfddf s'g}

sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk

b:tvt ePsf] sfuh

lst]{ u/]sf] d'2f

” ” ” ”

!!= c¿sf wd{df vnn\

kg]{ u/L s'g} wd{ k|rf/

ug]{, s;}sf] wd{

kl/jt{g ug]{ u/fpg

jf ;f] s'/fsf] pBf]u

u/]sf] d'2f

” ” ” ”

!@= h'jf ;DaGwL d'2f -h'jf P]g, @)@) cGtu{t_

” ” ;+lIfKt &)

!#= d'n'sL P]g lhp df:g] a]Rg]sf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f

” ” ;fdfGo &)

!$= x'nfs P]g, @)!( cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f

” If]qLo lgb]{zs÷lhNnf

cbfnt

” &)

!% = hf;';L P]g, @)!* cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f69

g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] clwsf/L

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f

tf]s]sf] cbfnt xfn sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfnt

” &)

69=g]kfn /fhkq 2055 r}q 29 ;+Vof 51 .

318

!&= k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f

P]g, @)!# cGtu{t

;hfo x'g] d'2f

” lhNnf cbfnt ” &)

!*=

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! jf @ cGtu{tsf d'2fsf] hl/ofaf6 p7]sf] lst]{ jf hfn;fhL d'2f

” ” ” &)

!(= s]xL ;fj{hlgs -

ck/fw / ;hfo_ P]g,

@)@& cGtu{t ;hfo

x'g] d'2f

” k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L

ljz]if sfo{ljlw &)

@)= nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_

P]g, @)## cGtu{t

;hfo x'g] d'2f

cf}ifw

lgoGq0f

clwsf/L÷

k|x/L

lhNnf cbfnt ;fdfGo÷ljz]if

sfo{ljlw

&)

@!= cfjZos ;]jf

;~rfng P]g, @)!$

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]

d'2f

k|x/L

clws[t” ;fdfGo &)

@@= sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw / ;hfo P]g, @)#@ cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f

” g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] cbfnt clwsf/L jf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

ljz]if sfo{ljlw &)

@#= ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f

” lhNnf cbfnt ;fdfGo &)

@$= lnvtx¿sf] uf]Kotf ;DaGwL P]g, @)#( cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f70

” ” ” &)

70= k|:t't P]g xfn;Dd nfu" e} g;s]sf] .

319

@%= /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]

d'2f

” ” ” &)

@^= d'n'sL P]g 7uLsf]

dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f” ” ” &)

@&= d'n'sL P]g ljxfj/Lsf]

dxnsf] @ g+= cGtu{t

;hfo x'g] d'2f /

h'g;'s} tl/sfaf6

nf]Ug] :jf:gL sfod

x'g] u/L csf]{ :jf:gL

NofPdf jf ljjfx

u/]df jf /fv]df ;f]xL

dxnsf] !) g+=

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]

d'2f71

” ” ” &)

@*= Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxn

/ rf}kfofsf] dxnn]

;hfo x'g] afx]s

dflg;, ufO{, ;f9]+ /

uf]? d/]sf]df ;jf/L

;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g

adf]lhd ;hfo x'g]

d'2f

k|x/L

clws[t

lhNnf cbfnt ;fdfGo &)

@(= Dffgj a]rljvg tyf

cf];f/k;f/ P]g, @)^$

cGtu{tsf] d'2f

” ” ” &)

#)= a}+s jf g]kfn

;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf

cf+lzs :jfldTj ePsf]

;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] gubL

jf lhG;L ;DalGwt

” ” ” &)

71. g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt 2049 kf}if 8 sf] ;"rgfåf/f kl/dflh{t .

320

a}+s jf ;+:yfsf]

sd{rf/L; “u ldnf]dtf]

u/L jf gu/L cGo s'g}

JolQmn] d;f]6 jf

lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f

#!= a}+s jf g]kfn

;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf

cf+lzs :jfldTj ePsf]

;+ul7t ;+:yfdf lst]{

sfuhft k]; u/L 7uL

u/]sf] lst]{ tyf 7uL

d'2f

” ” ” &)

#@= aunLdf/f rf]/L d'2f ” ” ” &)

##= s'g} P]gdf g} ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL–! df ;dfj]z ePsf]

dflgg] egL pNn]v ePsf d'2fx? h:t} M

s_ b"/ ;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf $& sf] pkbkmf -%_ cg';f/sf] d'2f

k|x/L

clws[t

lhNnf cbfnt ;fdfGo &)

v_ k|ltlnlk clwsf/

P]g, @)%( sf]

bkmf @& / @*

cGtu{tsf] d'2f

” lhNnf cbftn ;+lIfKt &)

u_ dfgj z/L/sf] cË k|Tof/f]k0f -lgoldt tyf lgif]w_ P]g, @)%% cGtu{tsf] d'2f


3_ ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !^! / !^@ cGtu{tsf] d'2f72

” ” ” ”

72. ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%) åf/f yk ePsf] bkmf !&^ -s_ n] cg';"rL !

df ;dfj]z .

321

ª_ g]kfn /fi6« a}Í

P]g, @)%* sf]

bkmf (% df

pNn]lvt s;"/

;DaGwdf ;hfo

x'g] d'2f73

” ,, ” &)

r_ lzIff P]g, @)@*

sf] bkmf !& sf]

pkbkmf !-s_

adf]lhd ;hfo x'g]

d'2f74

” ” ” ”

5_ j}+s tyf ljQLo

;+:yf ;DaGwL P}g,

@)^# sf] bkmf &)

cGtu{tsf] d'2f

,, ,, ,, &)

h_ a}lÍs¨ s;"/ tyf

;hfo P]g, @)^$

cGtu{tsf] d'2f

Æ k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt

Æ &)

em_ ;'/lIft sf/f]af/

P]g, @)^#

cGtu{tsf] d'2f

sDtLdf

k|x/L

lg/LIfs

lhNnf cbfnt Æ &)

~f_ s]xL ;fj{hlgs

lnvt k|df0fLs/0f-

sfo{ljlw_ P]g,

@)^# cGtu{tsf]

d'2f

k|x/L

clws[t

Æ Æ Æ

6_ g]kfn gf]6/L klAns kl/ifb\ P]g, @)^# cGtu{tsf] d'2f

Æ Æ Æ Æ

73.g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%* df3 !& sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] . 74= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%* df3 @% sf] ;"rgf -lzIff P]g ;ftf} ;+zf]wg @)%*_ åf/f ;dfa];

u/]sf]]] . 322

7_ ljB'tLo -

On]S6«f]lgs_

sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^#

cGtu{tsf] d'2f

Æ ;"rgf k|ljlw

Gofoflws/0f

Æ Æ

8_ d'n'sL P]g cbnsf]

!) v g+ sf]

s;"/75

Æ lhNnf cbfnt Æ Æ

9_ h]i7 gful/s

;DaGwL P]g, @)^#

sf] bkmf * / @^

Æ Æ Æ #%

0f_ :jf:YosdL{ tyf

:jf:Yo ;+:yfsf]

;'/Iff ;DaGwL P]g,

@)^^

Æ Æ Æ &)

T_ hftLo e]befj

tyf 5'jf5't -s;"/

/ ;hfo_ P]g,

@)^*

Æ Æ ;+lIfKt &)

#^= ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'g] egL g]kfn

;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf] c? s'g}

kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2fx? h:t} M

s_ cfjZos j:t'

;+/If0f P]g, @)!@

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]

d'2f76

k|x/L

clws[t

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L

;fdfGo &)

v_ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{

P]g, @)!*

cGtu{tsf] d'2f77

,, lhNnf cbfnt ” ”

75 s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# åf/f yk 76=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%) c;f/ !! sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf] . 77=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%% c;f/ @( sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf] .

323

u_ u}/ ;}lgs xjfO{

p8fg -l;len

PleP;g_ P]g,

@)!% sf] bkmf (-

s_ cGtu{tsf]

d'2f78

,, ljz]if cbfnt

tyf lhNnf

cbfnt

ljz]if

sfo{ljlw

&)

3_ rGbf P]g, @)#)

cGtu{tsf] d'2f79


ª_ d'n'sL P]g

s'6lk6sf] dxn

cGtu{tsf] c+ue+u

;DaGwL d'2f80

” ” ” ”

r_ lr7\7f P]g, @)@%

cGtu{tsf] d'2f81

” ” ” ”

5_ 5fkfvfgf /

k|sfzg ;DaGwL

P]g, @)$* sf]

bkmf & adf]lhd

k|df0fkq glnO{

k|sfzg u/]sf]

s;"/ tyf bkmf

!$ / !% sf] s;"/

;DaGwL d'2f g]kfn

/fhkqdf k|sflzt

ldlt 2057 a};fv

12 sf] ;"rgfåf/f

;dfj]; u/]sf]]] .82

” :yfgLo

clwsf/L÷

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L

” #%

78=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%% c;f/ @( sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf] . 79.g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%% c;f/ @( sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf] . 80=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%% c;f/ @( sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]] . 81=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt -@)%^=$=@%_ sf] ;"rgf ;+zf]wg e}_ ldlt @)%*=^= # sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj];

u/]sf]] . 82=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%& j};fv !@ sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] .

324

h_ d'n'sL P]g cbnsf]

dxnsf] !)s g+=

cGtu{t ;hfo

x'g] d'2f83


em_ ;jf/L b'3{6gfaf6

dflg; 3fOt]

ePsf] d'2f84

,, ,, ,, ,,

~f_ g]kfn gful/stf

P]g, @)^# cGtu{t

;hfo x'g] d'2f85

Æ Æ Æ Æ

6_ d'n'sL P]gsf]

ckx/0f ug{] tyf

z/L/ aGws lng]

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g]

d''2f86

Æ Æ Æ Æ

7_ ;jf/L tyf

oftfoft Joj:yf

P]g, @)$( sf]

bkmf !^#

cGtu{tsf] d'2f87

Æ k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L

Æ Æ

83=g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)^) >fj0f !@ sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] . 84.g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)^) >fj0f #@ sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] . 85g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)^# sflQ{s !) sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] . 86

g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)^$ kf}if @ sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] .

87g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)^% r}q # sf] ;"rgfåf/f ;dfj]; u/]sf]]] .

325

cg';"rL – @

;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! afx]ssf ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yf

qm=;+= s;"/ jf d'2f; “u ;DalGwt

P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L

d'2f x]g]{ cbfnt jf clwsf/L

d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb

sfo{ljlwk'g/fj]bg

Dofb

1. clVtof/

b'¿kof]u

cg';Gwfg

cfof]u P]g,

@)$*

cfof]un] tf]s]sf]

clwsf/L

tf]lsPsf]

cbfnt÷ xfn

ljz]if cbfnt

xbDofb

pNn]v

gx'“bf c=a+=

#^ g+=

cg';f/ x'g]

ljz]if

sfo{ljlw

#% lbg

leq

2. cWofudg

P]g, @)$(cWofudg

clws[t

cWofudg

ljefu÷ lhNnf

cbfnt

” ;fdfGo ”

3. clen]v

;+/If0f P]g,

@)$^

sfof{no k|d'v lhNnf cbfnt ” ” ”

4. cfos/ P]g,

@)%*

tf]lsPsf]

clws[t ” #% lbg leq ” ”

5. pkef]Qmf

;+/If0f P]g,

@)%$

lgl/If0f clws[t ” ” ;+lIfKt #) lbg

leq

6. cfdfsf]

b"wnfO{

k|lt:yfkg

ug]{ j:t' -

ljqmL ljt/0f

lgoGq0f_

P]g, @)$(

lgl/Ifs ”

xbDofb

pNn]v

gx'“bf c=a+=

#^ g+=

cg';f/ x'g]

;fdfGo #% lbg

leq

326


P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L



sfo{ljlw k'g/fj]bg

Dofb

7. cf}iflw P]g,

@)#% ” lhNnf cbfnt ” ” ”

8. cfof]l8go'Qm g'g -pTkfbg

tyf ljqmL

ljt/0f_ P]g

@)%%

” ” ” ” ”

9. cfjZos

kbfy{

lgoGq0f -

clwsf/_

P]g, @)!&

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L ”

ljz]if

sfo{ljlw ”

10. vfB P]g,

@)@# sfof{no k|d'v

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L ” ;fdfGo ”

11. 5fkfvfgf /

k|sfzg

;DaGwL P]g,

@)$* sf]

bkmf & bkmf

!$ tyf

bkmf !%

afx]ssf

d'2fx?

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L

:yflgo

clwsf/L ” ” ”

12. 5fqj[lQ

;DaGwL P]g,

@)@!

” lhNnf cbfnt ” ” ”

13. hUuf k|flKt

P]g, @)#$ sfof{no k|d'v

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L ” ” ”

327


P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L



sfo{ljlwk'g/fj]bg

Dofb

14. hGd d[To'

tyf cGo

JolQmut

36gf -btf{

ug]{_ P]g,

@)##

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L ” ”

ljz]if

sfo{ljlw”

15. hLjgfzs

ljiffbL P]g,

@)$*

ljiffbL lgl/Ifs lhNnf cbfnt ” ;fdfGo ”

16. tYofÍ P]g,

@)!%

sfof{no k|d'v

lhNnf cbfnt÷

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L÷dxflg

b]{zs

xbDofb

pNn]v

gxF'bf c=j+=

#^ g+=

cg';f/ x'g]

” ”

17. bfgf kbfy{

P]g, @)## bfgf hf “rsL

k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L ” ” ”

18. b}lj k|sf]k

p4f/ P]g,

@)#(

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L lhNnf cbfnt ” ” ”

19. lwtf] kq

;+alGw P]g,

@)^#

jf]8{n] tf]s]sf]

clwsf/L lhNnf cbfnt #% lbg ;fdfGo #% lbg

20. lgjf{rg -

s;'/ /

;hfo_ P]g

@)^# tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L

P]g adf]lhd

tf]lsPsf]

cbfnt

^) lbg ;+lIfKt

sfo{ljlw

;+lIfKt

sfo{ljlw

P]gn]

tf]s]]sf]

Dofb

328


P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L



sfo{ljlw k'g/fj]bg

Dofb

21. g]kfn

:yf:Yo

Joj;foL

kl/ifb\ P]g,

@)%#

” kl/ifb\÷

tf]lsPsf]

cbfnt

” ” ”

22. g]kfn

u'0f:t/ -

k|df0f lrGx_

P]g, @)#&

lgl/Ifs k|d'v lhNnf

clwsf/L ” ” ”

23. lgjf{rg -

ck/fw /

;hfo_ P]g,

@)$&

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L÷sfof{n

o k|d'v

lgjf{rg cbfnt() lbg

leq ;+lIfKt

#) lbg

leq

24. kz' awzfnf

/ df;' hfFr

P]g, @)%% df;' lgl/Ifs tf]lsP adf]lhd

xbDofb

pNn]v

gx'“bf c=a+=

#^ g+=

cg';f/ x'g]

;fdfGo #% lbg

leq

25. k|lt:jwf{

k|j4{g tyf

ahf/ ;+/If0f

P]g, @)^#

ahf/ ;+/If0f

clws[t jfl0fHo Ohnf; #% lbgleq ;+lIfKt

;+lIfKt

sfof{ljlw

P]gdf

pNn]lvt

26. kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz' ;]jf P]g, @)%%

slDtdf /f=k= cg+= k|yd >]0fLsf] k|fljlws ;xfos

k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ÷sfof{no k|d'v

” ” ”

27. ag P]g,

@)$(

slDtdf /f=k= cg+= låtLo >]0fLsf] ag ;xfos

ag

clws[t÷lhNnf

cbfnt

” ljz]if÷;

fdfGo

sfo{ljlw

”

329


P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L



sfo{ljlwk'g/fj]bg

Dofb

28. aLp ljhg

P]g, @)$%

aLp lahg

lgl/Ifs

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L ” ” ”

29. ljw't rf]/L

lgoGq0f P]g,

@)%*

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L lhNnf cbfnt ,, ;+lIfKt

#) lbg

leq

30. a}b]lzs

/f]huf/ P]g,

@)^$

/f=k=t[tLo

>]0fLsf] clws[t

a}b]lzs /f]huf/

Gofoflws/0f eP u/]sf]

ldltn] ! aif{”

#% lbg

leq

31. e|i6frf/

lgjf/0f P]g,

@)%(

tf]lsPsf]

cg';Gwfg

clwsf/L

ljz]if cbfnt ” ljz]if

sfo{ljlw

#% lbg

leq

32. leIff dfUg -

lgif]w_ P]g,

@)!*

k|x/L lhNnf cbfnt #) lbg ;fdfGo ”

33. e"–tyf

hnfwf/

;+/If0f P]g,

@)#(

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

clws[t ”

xbDofb

pNn]v

gx'“bf c=a+=

#^ g+=

cg';f/ x'g]

” ”

34. dtbftf

gfdfjnL

;DaGwL P]g,

@)^#

lhNnf lgjf{rg

clwsf/L tf]lsPsf]

cbfnt

tf]lsPsf]

Dofb ” ”

35. /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@

dxflgb]{zs jf

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L

tf]lsPsf] d'2f

x]g]{ clwsf/L jf

ljefu

cg';Gwfg

k"/f ePsf]

#% lbg

ljz]if

sfo{ljlw#%

330


P]g

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L



sfo{ljlw k'g/fj]bg

Dofb

36. /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf aGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(

/]Gh/, ;'j]bf/ bhf{sf] sd{rf/L, /f=k= cg= k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/L jf k|x/L gfoj lgl/Ifs

tf]lsPsf] cbfnt÷ clwsf/L

xbDofb pNn]v gx'“bf c=a+= #^ g+= cg';f/ x'g]

;fdfGo ”

37. ljb]zL

ljlgdo -

lgoldt ug]{_

P]g, @)!(

tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/L lhNnf cbfnt ” ” ”

38. ljb]zdf nufgL ug{ k|ltjGw nufpg] P]g, @)@!

tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L

tf]lsPsf] lgsfo ” ” ”

39. lzIff P]g, @)@* -bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]] d'2f_

” k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

” ” ”

40. :6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g, @)@%

lgl/Ifs lhNnf cbfnt÷lgl/Ifs

” ” ”

41. ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)##

k|x/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

#% lbg leqljz]if sfo{ljlw

”

42. ;DklQ z'l4s/0f -dgL nfp08l/Ë_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$

laefun] tf]s]sf] clwsf/L

laz]if cbfnt

P]gdf xb Dofb gx'Fbf c=j+= #^ g+= cg';f/ x'g]

laz]if sfo{ljlw

#% lbg

331

cg';'rL–#

;/sf/afbL d'2fsf] c;kmntf ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf qmddf kmfOnx?sf] cWoog u/L ;+sng ug'{kg]{ tYox?sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf k|ZgfjnLx?

hfx]/jfnfsf] gfd M

k|ltafbLsf] gfd M

d'2f M

cleof]u bfo/ ug]{ sfof{no

-s_ hfx]/L b/vf:t

!_ ck/fw 36]sf] slt ;dodf hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] 5 <

-s_ tLg lbgleq

-v_ $ lbgb]lv PsxKtfleq

-u_ Ps xKtfkl5

@_ hfx]/L b/vf:t ;"rgf s;af6 k/]sf] 5 <

-s_ kLl8t

-v_ kLl8tsf cfkmGt

-u_ k|x/L cfkm}

-3_ cGo -JolQm jf ;+3 ;+:yf_

#_ hfx]/L b/vf:t s;/L k|fKt ePsf] xf] <

-s_ lnlvt

-v_ df}lvs k|fKt eO{ k|x/Ln] lnlka4 u/]sf]

-$_ hfx]/L b/vf:t JoQm ug]{ JolQmsf] ck/fwsf af/]df

s:tf] 1fg 5 <

-s_ kLl8t cfkm}

-v_ ck/fwsf] k|ToIfbzL{

-u_ ck/fwsf af/]df cGo JolQmaf6 ;'g]sf]

332

%_ hfx]/L b/vf:tdf k|:t't ;"rgf lgZrofTds k|s[ltsf

5g\ jf ;+sf jf cfz+sfsf cfwf/df JoQm ul/Psf] 5 <

-s_ ;"rgfx? lgZrofTds 5g\

-v_ z+sfsf cfwf/df ;"rgf lbOPsf] 5

-u_ cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} ;"rgf 5}g

-^_ hfx]/L k/]sf] slt ;doleq k|x/Låf/f cg';Gwfg ;'?

ePsf] 5 <

-s_ p;} lbg -v_ b'O{b]lv tLg lbg

-u_ rf/b]lv ;ft lbg -3_ Ps xKtfkl5

-&_ hfx]/jfnf / kLl8tsf] egfO{ Psfk;df afFlemPsf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-u_ Joxf]/f 36L a9L 5

-*_ hfx]/L b/vf:t ;DaGwdf /x]sf q'l6x? jf k|f;+lus cGo

s'g} s'/f b]lvPsf] eP s] s] 5g\ <

-v_ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

-(_ hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] slt ;doleq cg';Gwfg clws[t

tf]lsPsf] 5 <

-s_ p;} lbg -v_ b'Ob]lv tLg lbg


-!)_ cg';Gwfg clws[t s'g bhf{sf] tf]lsPsf] 5 <

-s_ k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfs

-v_ k|x/L gfoa lg/LIfs

-u_ k|x/L lg/LIfs

-3_ k|x/L lg/LIfs eGbf dflyNnf]

333

-!!_ hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] slt ;doleq 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf

ePsf] 5 <



-!@_ ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg slt

;dodf k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 <

-s_ p;} lbg -v_ b'Ob]lv tLg lbg


-!#_ k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf s] s:tf] ljj/0f v'nfpg] u/]sf] 5 <

-s_ hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] k|ltlnlk dfq k7fpg] u/]sf]

-v_ cg';Gwfg eO;s]sf] / ug{ nfu]sf] cg';Gwfg af/]

ljj/0f k7fpg] u/]sf]

-!$_ k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgb]{zg

lbg] u/]sf] 5 jf 5|}g <

-s_ lbPsf] 5 -v_ lbPsf] 5}g

-!%_ lgb]{zg lbPsf]df ck/fwsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ oy]:6 ?kdf

lbPsf] 5 5}g <

-s_ lbPsf] 5 -v_ cf+lzs ?kdf lbPsf] 5

-u_ lgb]{zg pko'Qm ?kdf lbPsf] 5}g

-!^_ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

;DaGwdf /x]sf q'l6x? jf o;;Fu ;DalGwt cGo

k|f;lu+s s'/fx? eP s] s] 5g\ <

-u_ 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf÷k|df0f ;+sng÷vfgtnf;L÷nf; hfFr

-!&_ d'r'Nsf tof/ ug'{ klxn] 36gf:ynsf] ;+/If0f ePsf] 5

jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

334

-!*_ 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf u/fpFbf soco officer v6fOof] jf

v6fOPg <

-s_ v6fOof] -v_ v6fOPg

-!(_ 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf slt ;doleq ePsf] 5 <



-@)_ ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt bzL ;+/If0f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-@!_ vfgtnf;L ug'{ kg]{ ca:yfdf ;dod} vfgtnf;L u/]sf]

5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-@@_ d'r'Nsfx? tof/ ubf{ cfjZos l/t k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-@#_ d'r'Nsfx? tof/ ubf{ cfjZos l/t k'u]sf] 5}geg] s]

s:tf] l/t k'u]sf] 5}g <

-@$_ :yfgLo JolQm tyf sfg"g adf]lhd /f]xj/df /fVg' kg]{

;DaGwL sfo{lalw ;xL tl/sfn] cjnDag ePsf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-@%_ :yfgLo JolQm tyf sfg"g adf]lhd /f]xj/df /fVg'kg]{

;DaGwL sfo{lalw ;xL tl/sfn] cjnDag ePsf] 5}g eg]

s] s:tf] q'l6 /x]sf] 5 <

-@^_ d'r'Nsfx? ;RofPsf], s]/d]6 u/]sf] jf 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

335

-@&_ d'r'Nsfx? ;RofPsf], s]/d]6 u/]sf] 5 eg] s] s:tf] ?kdf

ePsf] 5 <

-@*_ nf; hfFr d'r'Nsf / za k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cfk;df

afFlemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-@(_ 36gf:yn, k|df0f ;+sng / nf; hfFr jf d'r'Nsf x?

;DaGwdf cGo sdhf]/L jf q'l6x? s] s] /x]sf 5g\ <

-3_ cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp / aofg

-#)_ cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ubf{ kqmfpsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf

lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ lbPsf] 5 -v_ lbPsf] 5}g -u_ k|ofKt 5}g .

-#!_ cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp u/]kl5 lx/f;tdf /fVg'k"j{ zf/Ll/s

hfFr ug]{ u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-u_ lx/f;tdf /fv]kl5 ul/Psf] 5 eg] slt lbgkl5

ul/Psf] 5

-#@_ cleo'Qmsf] aofgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;a} k|Zgx? ;f]lwPsf]

5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-##_ aofgdf c;fGble{s k|Zgx? ;f]Wg] ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-#$_ cleo'Qm s;/df ;fljt jf OGsf/ s] 5 <

-s_ ;fljt /x]sf] -v_ OGsf/ /x]sf]

-u_ s'g} tYodf :jLsf/f]lQm /x]sf]

336

-#%_ aofgdf pNn]v ePsf tYox? cGo k|df0fx?;Fu ldn]sf]

5g\ jf afFlemPsf 5g\ <

-s_ ldn]sf 5g\ -v_ afFlemPsf 5g\

-#^_ aofgdf pNn]v ePsf tYox?sf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg

ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-#&_ aofgdf k|ltafbLsf] jtg k|i6 pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ k"/f ?kdf pNn]v x'g] u/]sf] 5 -v_ 5}g

-#*_ aofgdf k|ltafbLsf] jtg k|i6 pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf]

5}geg] s] s:tf] 5"6 ePsf] 5 <

-#(_ aofg ;DaGwdf /x]sf q'l6x? / cGo ;fGble{s s'/fx?

s]xL eP s] s] 5g\ <

-$)_ plNnlvt canf]sgx?af6 aofgsf] :t/ s:tf] kfOof] <

-s_ cTo'Qd -v_ /fd|f]

-u_ l7s} -3_ g/fd|f] -ª_ Hofb} g/fd|f]

-ª_ a'lePsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh

-$!_ a'em\g'kg]{ JolQm ga'em]sf cj:yf 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-$@_ ga'em\g' kg]{ / c;fGble{s JolQm a'em]sf] cj:yf 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-$@_ a'lemPsf JolQmn] ck/fwsf] k'li6 x'g] u/L sfuh u/]sf

jf ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf 5g\ <

337

-s_ ck/fwsf] k'li6 x'g] u/L sfuh u/]sf

-v_ ljkl/t sfuh u/]sf

-u_ z+sf / ljZjf; dfq JoQm u/]sf 5g\

-$#_ a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh / hfx]/jfnf tyf kLl8tsf]

sfuh afFlemPsf 5 5}g <

-$$_ cg';Gwfgsf qmqmddf sfuh u/fpbf sfg"gn] lglbi6

u/]sf k|s[of k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-$%_ cg';Gwfgsf qmqmddf sfuh u/fpbf sfg"gn] lglbi6

u/]sf k|s[of k'u]sf] 5}g eg] s] s:tf] k|s[of k'u]sf] 5}g <

-$^_ ;+slnt k|df0fx? s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ jf

5}gg\ <

-s_ s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 5g\

-v_ s;"/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 5}gg\

-u_ cf+lzs ?kdf 5g\

-3_ k|ltafbLsf kIfdf 5g\

-$&_ 36gfsf af/]df sfuh ug]{ JolQmx? k|ToIfbzL{ x'g jf xf]Ogg\ <

-s_ k|ToIfbzL{ x'g\ -v_ k|ToIfbzL{ xf]Ogg\ -u_ cf+lzs ?kdf x'g\

-$*_ a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cGo s'g} q'l6 jf ;fGble{s s'/fx? eP s] s] 5g\ <

-r_ ef}lts k|df0f

-$(_ ef}lts k|df0fx? ;+sng ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ < -s_ kof{Kt ?kdf ;+sng ePsf 5g\

338

-v_ ;+sng ePsf 5}gg\

-u_ Go"g ?kdf ;+sng ePsf 5g\

-%)_ ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng ePsf] eP s] s:tf ef}lts k|df0f

;+sng ePsf 5g\ / tL d'2f;Fu slt ;fGble{s 5g\ <

-%!_ a/fdb bzL k|df0f k/LIf0fsf] nflu k7fOPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-%@_ bzL k/LIf0fsf] nflu k7fPsf]df k/LIf0f x'g;s]sf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-%#_ bzL k/LIf0fsf] nflu k7fPsf]df k/LIf0f x'g g;s]sf] eP

To;sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

-%$_ k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt

ug]{ k|s[ltsf] 5 jf ljkl/t k|s[ltsf] 5 <

-s_ ck/fw / cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k|s[ltsf]

-v_ ljkl/t k|s[ltsf]

-%%_ ef}lts k|df0f ;DaGwdf s'g} q'l6x? jf ;fGble{s s'/fx?

eP s] s] 5g\ <

-5_ cg';Gwfgsf] ;du| l:ylt

-%%_ cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df cufl8 a9]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-%^_ cg';Gwfg ;lx af6f]df cufl8 ga9]sf] eP s] s:tf] q'l6

b]lvPsf] 5 <

-%&_ cleo'Qmx? km/f/ /x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <

-s_ km/f/ 5 -v_ km/f/ 5}g

339

-%*_ cleo'Qmx? km/f/ /x]sf] eP slt k|ltzt km/f/ 5g\ <

-%(_ cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf /fd|f kIfx? s]]s] 5g\ <

-^)_ cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf sdhf]/Lx? s]s] 5g\ <

-h_ k|:tfljt /fo

-^!_ k|x/Ln] k|:tfljt /fo k7fpbf cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ?kdf

;DkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 jf b]lvFb}g <

-s_ b]lvG5 -v_ b]lvFb}g

-^@_ ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf cleo'QmnfO{ lx/f;t /fVg

slt ;do afFsL x'bf k|:tfljt /fo k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 <

-s_ ! lbg -v_ b'Ob]lv tLg lbg

-u_ rf/b]lv ;ft lbg -3_ Ps xKtf

-^#_ k|:tfljt /fo k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] yk

cg';Gwfgsf nflu lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-^$_ k|:tfljt /fo k|fKt ePkl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] yk cg';Gwfgsf nflu lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-^%_ ;dodf k|:tfljt /fo k|fKt gePsf] sf/0f yk cg';Gwfgsf nflu lgb]{zg lbg g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-^^_ ;/sf/L jsLnn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgx? kfng ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-^&_ k|:tfljt /fodf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] /fo tYo / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5|}g

340

-^*_ 5}g eg] s] s:tf q'l6x? /x]sf 5g\ <

-^(_ k|:tfljt /fosf k|To]s cleo'Qmsf af/]df 5'6\6f5'6\6}

ljZn]if0f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-em_ cGo

-&)_ cGo ;fGble{s s'/fx?

-~f_ cleof]ukq

-&!_ cleof]ukqdf jtgx? k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-&@_ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5

jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-&#_ cleof]u sequential /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-&$_ cleof]ukqdf tYo / k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5

jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-&%_ cleof]ukqdf dfubfjL :k:6 ?kdf lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-&^_ cleof]ukqdf sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn]v ubf{ q'l6 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-&&_ cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmpk/ lnOPsf] dfubfjL s;"/ cg';f/ 36L bfjL lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

341

-&*_ cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmpk/ lnOPsf] dfubfjL s;"/

cg';f/ 36L bfjL lnPsf] 5eg] s] s:tf] bfjL lng' kg]{

s] bfjL lnOPsf] 5 <

-&(_ cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmpk/ lnOPsf] dfubfjL s;"/

cg';f/ a9L bfjL lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-*)_ cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmpk/ lnOPsf] dfubfjL s;"/

cg';f/ a9L bfjL lnPsf] 5eg] s] s:tf] bfjL lng' kg]{

s] bfjL lnOPsf] 5 <

-*!_ d'2f rnfpg kof{Kt k|df0f gePsf]df d'2f rnfOPsf] 5

jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-*@_ d'2f rnfpg kof{Kt k|df0f gePsf]df d'2f rnfOPsf] 5

eg] s] s:tf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df rnfOPsf] 5 <

-*#_ cleof]ukqsf] ;fIfL k|df0f dxndf :k:6 ?kdf ;fIfL

k|df0fx? pNn]v ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ :k:6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] 5

-v_ 5}g

-u_ ;fIfLx?sf] gfd pNn]v ul/b}g -3_ cGo s]xL eP

pNn]v ug]{

-*$_ cf+lzs d'2f rnfPsf]df To;sf] hfgsf/L

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-*%_ d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ k|ltafbLnfO{ grnfO{ 5f8]sf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

342

-*^_ d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ k|ltafbLnfO{ grnfO{ 5f8]sf] 5 eg]

rnfpg' kg]{ s] s:tf cfwf/ /x]sf]df s] cfwf/df 5f8]sf]

5 <

-*&_ cleof]u kq ;DaGwdf cGo s'g} q'l6 jf ;fGble{s s'/fx?

eP s] s] 5g\ <

-6_ ;'g'jfO{ k|s[of

-**_ ;fIfLx? cbfntdf slt k|ltzt pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ <

-*(_ ;fIfLx? askqsf nflu pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf]df k'g

df}sf dfu ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-()_ ;fIfLx? cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq gu/L lx8]sf] 5

jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-(!_ askq u/fpFbf ;/sf/L jsLn pkl:yt ePsf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-(@_ ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|ltafbLsf] askqdf lh/x u/]sf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-(#_ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;f]wk'5 / lh/x ubf{ pko'Qm k|Zg

/fv]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-($_ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;f]wk'5 / lh/x ubf{ pko'Qm k|Zg

/fv]sf] 5}geg] s] s:tf] l:ylt b]lvG5 <

343

-(%_ askq u/fpbf ;/sf/L jsLn cfkm} guO{ ;xfos

sd{rf/LnfO{ k7fPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-(^_ hfx]/jfnfn] ljkl/t askq u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-(&_ kLl8tn] ljkl/t askq u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-(*_ df}sfdf a'lemPsf JolQm, k|lta]bs, k/LIf0fstf{x?n]

ljkl/t askq u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-((_ hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / sfuh ug]{sf] df}sfsf] egfO{ / askq

afFlemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!))_ hfx]/jfnf, kLl8t / df}sfdf sfuh ug]{sf] askq

Psfk;df afFlemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!)!_ k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|i6 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!)@_ k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ck|i6 eP s] s:tf c:k:6tf 5g\ <

-!)#_ c+=a+= !!% g+ adf]lhd lemsfpbf ;fIfL pkl:yt ePsf]

jf gePsf] <

-s_ ePsf] -v_ gePsf]

-!)$_ c+=a+= !!% g+ adf]lhd lemsfpbf ;f] g+=sf ;a} k|s[of k"/f

ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

344

-!)%_ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ax; u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!)%_ d'2fsf] uDeL/tf x]bf{ PseGbf a9L ;/sf/L jsLn /x]sf]

:yfgdf PseGbf a9L ;/sf/L jsLn hfg] u/]sf] 5 jf

5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!)&_ gSsn sfuhftx? b'?:t 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!)*_ ;'g'jfO{ ;Gbe{df cGo ;fGble{s s'/fx? eP s] s] 5g\ <

-7_ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf

-!)(_ k|ltafbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? s] s] 5g\ <

-!!)_ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!!!_ k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{ s'/f

lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!!@_ k|df0fdf lng' kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{

s'/f lnPsf] 5}g eg] ;f]sf] ljj/0f s:tf] 5 <

-!!#_ sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!!$_ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf k[ys ljZn]if0f 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!!%_ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;Gbe{df cGo ;fGble{s s'/fx?

s]xL eP s] s] 5g\ <

345

-8_ k'g/fa]bg cbfntsf] km};nf

-!!^_ k|ltafbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? s] s] 5g\ <

-!!&_ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!!*_ k|df0fdf lng' kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{

s'/f lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!!(_ k|df0fdf lng' kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{


-!@)_ sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!@!_ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf k[ys ljZn]if0f 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!@@_ lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fa]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf leGgtf

eP s] s:tf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 <

-!@#_ k'g/fa]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;Gbe{df cGo ;fGble{s

s'/fx? s]xL eP s] s] 5g\ <

-9_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf

-!@$_ k|ltafbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbFbf lnOPsf cfwf/x? s] s] 5g\ <

-!@%_ k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d'lrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!@^_ k|df0fdf lng' kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{

s'/f lnPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

346

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!@&_ k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ s'/f k|df0fdf glnPsf] jf lng' gkg]{


-!@*_ sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!@(_ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf k[ys ljZn]if0f 5 jf 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

-!#)_ k'g/fa]bg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfdf leGgtf eP s]

s:tf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 <

-!#!_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf ;Gbe{df cGo ;fGble{s s'/fx?

s]xL eP s] s] 5g\ <

347

cg';'rL–$

;/sf/jfbL d'2f c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx?af/] ;/sf/L jlsn, k|x/L, Gofoflwz / sfg"g Joj;foLx? ;Fu lnOPsf] lnlvt cGtjf{tf{sf a'Fbfut k|Zgx?

s= hfx]/L b/vf:tsf ;DaGwdf

v= cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf

u= k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf

3= 36gf:yn k|s[lt÷vfg tnf;L÷nf;hfFr÷;gfvtL d'r'Nsf

;DaGwdf

ª ef}lts k|df0f ;+sng / kl/If0f ;DaGwdf

r= cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp tyf aofg ;DaGwdf

5= a'lemPsf JolQmx?sf] sfuh Joxf]/f ;DaGwdf

h= cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] k|:tfljt /fosf ;DaGwdf

em= cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] cleof]u kqsf ;DaGwdf

`= cleo'Qmsf] cbfntdf x'g] aofgsf] ;DaGwdf

6= ;fIfLsf] askq ;DaGwdf

7= ax; k}/jLsf ;DaGwdf

8= lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;DaGwdf

9= k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf

0f= ;+:yfut ;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf

t= sfg"gL ;d:of Pj+ cefjsf ;DaGwdf

y= cGo s]xL

cg';Gwfg - np.undp.org · cg';Gwfg g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL @)&) ;a}sf nflu Gofo...

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Transcript of cg';Gwfg - np.undp.org · cg';Gwfg g]kfndf ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL @)&) ;a}sf nflu Gofo...