;'b/ klZrdf~rndf ;flxTosf ] ljBfut n ]vgsf ]...

13

kl/R5]b b'O{

;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf ;flxTosf] ljBfut n]vgsf] cj:yf @=! k[i7e"ldM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] wgL / ;DkGg If]q xf] . ;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] ljzfn e08f/sf ?kdf /x]sf] æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToÆ g} lnlvt / lzi6 ;flxTosf] pb\ud >f]t /lxcfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] ;d]t hggL :yn dflgg] k|frLgsfnLg ljzfn 8f]6L /fHoleqsf] æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToÆ g]kfnL ;flxTos} h]7f] / klxnf] pb\ud >f]t xf] . efiff, ;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] >f]t / ljzfn e08f/sf ?kdf ;DkGg / ;d[4 k|frLg sfnL–s0ff{nLsf] ;]/f]km]/f] k|frLg 8f]6]nL k|b]zsf ?kdf :yflkt ePklg xfn ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf gfdn] ef}uf]lns ?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn eGg] ljlQs} xfn oxfFsf] ;+:s[lt, efiff, snf, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTo;Fu cGof]Gofl;|t ;DaGw hf]l8Psf] s0ff{nL If]q afx]s klZrd g]kfnsf ;]tL / dxfsfnL c~rnsf 8f]6L, c5fd, aemfË, afh'/f, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, 88]Nw'/f, a}t8L / bfr{'nf lhNnfsf] ;du| gfdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] ef}uf]lns If]q a'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 . xfn ;'b"/ klZrd elgg] k|frLg 8f]6]nL k|b]z, g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo, snf ;+:s[lt / nf]s;flxTosf] pb\ud >f]t / :ynsf ?kdf /x]sf] s'/f efiff, nf]s;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf cg';Gwftf, / ljleGg ljåfgx?n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrddf /x]sf tdfdf}+ k|frLg, clen]v, tfd|kq / zLnfn]vx?n] g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ud :ynsf ?kdf o; If]qnfO{ dfGg] k|z:t cfwf/x?sf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ eg] oxfFsf] nf]s;flxTosf] ljzfn e08f/n] ;'b"/ klZrd ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] If]qdf klg cToGt ;d[4 / ;DkGg 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ub{5 . nf]s;flxTos} k|]/0ff / k|flKtsf ?kdf ;'? ePsf] lzi6 -lnlvt_ ;flxTosf] k/Dk/f / ljsf;sf] qmd klg ;'b"/ klZrddf nfdf] / ;DkGg /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 . ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfx?sf] n]vg sfo{ ePsf] b]lvP klg o;sf] ;'?jft / qmlds ljsf; s;/L eof] eGg] s'/f vf]hL / cg';Gwfgs} ljifo ag]sf] 5 . tyflk ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf ;flxTosf] ljBfut n]vg / ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] nf]s ;flxTos} k|]/0ff / k|ltkmnsf ?kdf ;j{k|yd sljtf n]vgsf] dfWodaf6 ;flxTosf] Oltxf; ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . sljtf g} ;+;f/df / g]kfndf klg ;flxTosf] h]7f] / k|frLg ljBf xf] eGg] s'/f l;4 eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;'b"/ klZrddf klg sljtf n]vgaf6} ;flxTosf] ;'?jft eO{ cGo ljBfx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

14

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo n]vgsf] Oltxf; vf]Hb} hfg]qmddf ;f]x|f} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ tTsflng 8f]6L /fHosf /fhf ;'tf{g dNnsf] b/af/sf afh'/]nL kl08t y/sf slj /Tgfs/ kl08t g} klxnf] sljsf ?kdf b]lvg cfpF5g\ eg] c7f/f} zftfAbLsf s'dfpgL efiffsf slj u'dfgL kGtn] ;d]t 8f]6]nL efiff;Fu tfbfTDotf /fVg] s'dfpgL efiffdf sljtf /r]sf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft kxndfg l;+x :jfF/ aemfËL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x x'Fb} ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf If]qdf tdfdf} ;|i6fx? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/;Fu} ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf] syf, pkGof;, sljtf, gf6s lgaGw h:tf cGo ljBfx?sf] n]vgqmd ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . h]xf]; cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfsf] ljBfut n]vgsf] cj:yf ljleGg ljBfdf k|sflzt s[ltx? / ;flxTosf/x?sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{] qmddf nf]s;flxTo;Fu} sljtf, syf pkGof; gf6s lgaGw ofqf;+:d/0f ;dfnf]rgf / uLt–uhn h:tf ljBfx?sf] ljBfut rrf{ ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . @=@ 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] If]qdf ePsf vf]h, cg';Gwfg / k|sflzt s[ltx?M nf]s;flxTo cflbd sfnb]lv dfgj hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dj]bgfsf] s8L xf] . cgflb sfnb]lv g} nf]shLjg;Fu cGof]Gofl;|t /x]sf] nf]s;flxTo hglha|f]åf/f g} k|To]s lk+9Ldf k':tfGt/0f x'Fb} hfG5 / df}lvs ?kdf g} hLljt /x]sf] x'G5 . nf]s;flxTo s'g} JolQm jf /rgfsf/sf] gLlh l;h{gf xf]Og . o;n] nf]shLjgsf] ;fd"lxs ;+:sf/, ;fd""lxs ;Dj]bgf / ;fd"lxs klxrfg af]s]/ nf]shLjgnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ;'b"/ klZrdsf ljleGg lhNnf / ;d'bfodf /x]sf] nf]s;flxTonfO{ ;du|df æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToÆ elgG5 . 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;+:s[lts} pb\ud >f]t dflgG5 . nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg cWotf ljåjfgx?n] ljleGg lhNnf If]q / ;d'bfodf k|rlnt nf]s;flxTodWo] æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToÆ nfO{ g} ljzfn e08f/ tyf dfgj ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] cyfxf ;fu/sf] pkdf lbPsf 5g\ .

nf]shLjgdf /x]sf] nf]s;flxTosf] vf]h cg';Gwfg / k|sfzg ePg eg] Psflt/ nf]s;flxTo ;Lldt ;d'bfo / If]qleq dfq} ;Lldt eP/ hfG5, c? cfd hg;d'bfon] k9\g / cf:jf:jfbg ug{ kpFb}gg\ eg] csf{]lt/ cTofw'lgsLs/0f x'Fb} uPsf] cfhsf] k':tf / ef]lnsf] k':tfsf nflu Tof] lj:d[ltsf] ue{df ljnfP/ hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] klg nf]shLjgdf k|rlnt nf]s;flxTosf] vf]h, cg';Gwfg / k|sfzg x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . cyfx ;fu/ / ljzfn e08f/sf ?kdf /x]sf] 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToleq dfFun, kmfu, wdf/L, r}t, x'8\s]nL, e'jf, 8]p8f, ef/t, 9':sf] h:tf ljleGg k|frLg / dxTjk"0f{ nf]sljBfx? k|rlnt 5g\ . o:tf] ljzfn e08f/sf ?kdf /x]sf] 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] vf]h cg';Gwfg / ;+sng–k|sfzgsf If]qdf pNn]vgLo pknAwL x'g ;s]sf] eg] b]lvb}g .

15

8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] ljzfn e08f/sf] vf]h, cg';Gwfg, ;+sng / k|sfzgsf] klxnf] cf}krfl/s / cflwsfl/s lbof] afNg] sfo{ :j= b]jsfGt kGtn] u/]sf x'g\ . @)#@ ;fndf olzofnL k|sfzgåf/f k|sflzt pgsf] æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo Ps cWoogÆ gfds s[lt k|sflzt ePkl5 g} 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] ljzfn kmfF6nfO{ cfjfbL ug{ nf]s;flxTok|]dLx? p4[t ePsf b]lvG5g\ . oBlk gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf] o;cl3 g} n]lvPsf] / @)#@ df k|sflzt ePsf] æc5fdsf rf8kj{Æ gfds s[ltn] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] nf]shLjg, nf]s;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] klxnf] em'Nsf] eg] lbPsf] lyof] . tyflk b]jsfGt kGtsf] æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo Ps cWoogÆ k|sflzt ePkl5 eg] k|lz4 nf]s;flxTosdL{b]lv ;'b"/ klZrds} gj cg';Gwfgsx? o; If]qdf nflu k/]sf b]lvG5g\ . k|lz4 ;flxTosf/ k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn æofqLÆ n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf ;a} lhNnfsf] e|d0f u/L k|ToIf 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] cjnf]sg u/]/ @)#$ ;fndf lxdfnL ;f}uft k|sfzg lj/f6gu/åf/f æ;]tLsf] gfnfa]nLÆ, æ;]tLsf tf/fÆ / ædxfsfnL c~rn lbUbz{gÆ h:tf tLgj6f dxTjk"0f{ u|Gy k|sflzt u/] eg] csf{ k|lzl4 nf]s;flxTosf/ ljho rfln;]n] @)#( ;fndf ;femf k|sfzgåf/f æ8f]6]nL nf]s;+:s[lt / ;flxToÆ eGg] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ / cg';Gwfgd"ns s[lt k|sfzg u/] . o;}u/L o; If]qsf] nf]s;flxTosf] vf]h, cg';Gwfg, ;+sng / k|sfzgdf ;fwgf/t / lqmofzLn JolQmx?df ho/fh kGt / ab|Lk|;fb zdf{ ljgf8Ln] t 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTod} ljBfjf/Llw ;d]t u/L ;s]sf 5g\ eg] kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ, jf;'b]j efO;fj, efgb]j a8", uf]ljGb kg]?, dfgaxfb'/ l;+x ækxf8LÆ, :yL/hËaxfb'/ l;+x, k/dfgGb e§, Ps/fh e§, uf]ljGb kf08]o, t'n;Lk|;fb kl08t, uh]Gb|axfb'/ l;+x, af;'b]j kf08]o / sfzL/fd 9'+ufgf h:tf lqmofzLn ;h{sx? 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] vf]h, cg';Gwfg, ;+sng / k|sfzgdf nfluk/]sf 5g\ . æ8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToÆ sf] vf]h cg';Gwfg / ;+sng ;DaGwL k|sflzt s]xL dxTjk"0f{ s[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M != 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo Ps cWoogM– of] nf]s;flxTosf] vf]h, cg';Gwfg / ;+sng ;DaGwL ;'b"/ klZrdsf] klxnf] cflwsfl/s / k|dfl0fs s[lt xf] . ;'b"/ klZrdsf kmfu, dfFun, wdf/L, x'8\s]nL, e'jf, r}t, 8]p8f h:tf nf]s;flxTosf] klxnf]k6s cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L lj=;= @)#@ ;fndf k|sflzt o; s[ltsf n]vs b]jsfGt kGt x'g eg] olzofnL cWoog k|lti7fgåf/f o;sf] k|sfzg ePsf] xf] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfno g]kfnL ljefuåf/f nf]s;flxTosf] cWoog ;DaGwL ;Gbe{ k':tssf ?kdf ;d]t o;nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . of] ;femf k|sfzgaf6 ;'b"/ klZrdsf] klxnf] nf]s;flxTo k'/:sf/ k|fKt s[lt xf] .

16

@= ;]tLsf] gfnLa]nL, ;]tLsf tf/f / dxfsfnL c~rn lbUbz{g oL+ tLgj6} s[ltx? k|lz4 ;flxTosf/ k'0f{k|sfz g]kfnsf ofqfj[tfGtdf n]lvPsf 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo ;DaGwL s[lt x'g\ . lj=;= @)#$ ;fndf ælxdfnL ;f}uft k|sfzgÆ lj/f6gu/åf/f k|sflzt oL s[ltx?df ;'b"/ klZrdsf] e"uf]n, ;+:s[lt, nf]s;flxTo, ;flxTosf/, efiff, /xg;xg / e]ife"iff ;DaGwL vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf dxTjk"0f{ s[lt x'g\ . #= 8f]6]nL nf]s;+:s[lt / ;flxTo k|lz4 ;flxTosf/ ljho rfln;]åf/f lnlvt of] s[lt nf]s ;flxTosf] vf]h cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL s[lt xf] . 8f]6]nL nf]s ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] o; s[ltsf] k|sfzg ;femf k|sfzg k'nrf]s nlntk'/åf/f @)#( ;fndf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . $= c+h'nLel/ ;u'gM kf]N6fel/ kmfuM 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTod} ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf 8f= ho/fh kGtåf/f n]lvPsf] of] s[lt 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf ljljw ljBfsf uLt, kmfu, dfun, wdf/L, r}t, x'8\s]nL, 8]p8f ;DaGwL uLtx?sf] ;+sng / nf]s;+:s[ltsf] vf]h ul/Psf] ljzfnsfo u|Gy xf] . lj=;= @)%% ;fndf g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg sf7df8f}+åf/f k|sflzt of] u|Gy 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] cd"No /Tg xf] . %= uf}/fkj{M Ps kl/roM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf rlr{t ;flxTosf/ kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ åf/f n]lvPsf] o; s[ltsf] k|sfzs ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;+:s[lt ;Daw{g ;ldlt tyf k|z+;f ;+/If0f ;d"x sf7df08f} /x]sf 5g\ . lj=;= @)%* efb|df k|sflzt of] s[lt ;'b"/ klZrsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ uf}/fkj{sf] dxTj, dlxdf, P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df n]lvPsf] s[lt xf] eg] ;femf k|sfzgn] k|To]s jif{ k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] nf]s;flxTo k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] bf]>f] s[lt xf] .

17

^= 8f]6ofnL nf]s;flxTo / nf]s;+:s[lt ljBfM nf]s;flxTo n]vsM af;'b]j e§ æefO;fjÆ k|sfzsM s0ff{nL a's l8kf] dx]Gb|gu/, s~rgk'/ k|sflzt ldltM @)^! ;+:s/0fM k|yd *= ltx'jf/ ljBfM yf? efiffsf] nf]s;+:s[lt n]vsM nSsL rf}w/L k|sfzsM >LdtL uLtf rf}w/L, wgu9L k|sflzt ldltM @)^@ h]i7 ;+:s/0fM k|yd (=;'b"/ klZrdsf] ;dfh / nf]s;+:s[lt ljBfM nf]s;flxTo / ;+:s[lt n]vsM kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ k|sfzsM ;f}/fO k|sfzg, wgu9L k|sflzt ldltM @)^$ ;++:s/0fM k|yd 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTodf ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf 8f= ho/fh kGtåf/f lnlvt / @)^% ;fnd} jfªdo k|sfzg sf7df8f}+af6 g} k|sflzt 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo ljBfsf s[ltx?M !)= z}n]Zj/L dxfTDo / ltgsf s]xL uLtx? !!= 8f]6]nL wdf/L uLtM Ps cWoog !@= d:6f k/Dk/f / To;sf uLtx? !#= 8]p8f !$= 8f]6]nL uf}/f kj{sf uLt / ufyfx? !%= 8f]6]nL ef]kj{sf uLt / ufyfx? !^= ;]tL klg sfnL klg – if8fgGb 9sfn -æk|tLs 9sfnÆ_–;femf k|sfzg sf7df8f}+ @)^$

&= ;'b"/ klZrddf 8f]6L k|b]zsf nf]sufyf cjnf]sg ljwfM nf]s ;flxTo n]vsM jf;'b]j æefO;fjÆ k|sfzsM dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud

18

@=# ;'b"/ klZrddf sljtf–sfJo n]vg / k|sflzt s[ltx?M

sljtf ;flxTosf] ;a}eGbf h]7f] / ;j{k|frLg ljBf xf] . ;flxTosf] kof{os} ?kdf /x]sf] sljtf–sfJo k|frLgsfnsf] ;d[4 ljBf xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] df}lns Oltxf; klg df}lns sljtf n]vgaf6} ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;'b"/ klZrdf klg ;flxTosf] ;''?jft sfJo wf/faf6 g} ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . ;'b"/ klZdf~rn ljsf; If]q k|frLg 8f]6L /fHo cGtu{t kg]{ 8f]6]nL k|b]z xf] . k|frLg 8f]6L /fHodf kg{] afh'/f h'uf8fsf /Tgfs/ kl08t g} ;'b"/ klZrdsf klxnf slj x'g\ eGg] tYo k|lz4 ljåfg of]uL g/xl/ gfyn] cfkm\gf] æ:jb]z j0f{gÆ s[ltdf pb\3f6g u/]sf 5g\ . 8f]6]nL /fhf ;'tf{g dNnsf b/af/df /fhf>o kfPsf ljqmdsf] ;f]x|f}+ zftfAbLsf] cGtlt/sf slj /Tgfs/ kl08tsf s]xL km'6s/ sljtfx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ;'tf{g dNnn] cfz' sljsf] pkflw lbPsf oL sljsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f eg] k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lgDg k+lQmx?n] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf /Tgfs/ kl08t xfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrd elgg] tTsflng 8f]6]nL /fHodf nf]slk|o sljsf ?kdf k|Voft lyP eGg] tYo pb\3f6g x'G5M– /Tgfs/ ;j{nf]slk|o lk|oa/ afh'/fsf 3/–3/ slj /Tgfs/ .

slj /Tgfs/ kl08tsf s'g} sfJos[ltx? e]l6g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . s]jn km'6s/ sljtfx? dfq} /rgf ug{] slj /Tgfs/ ;'b"/ klZrdsf klxnf slj x'g eGg] tYo pb\3f6g eO;s]sf] 5 . /Tgfs/ kl08tkl5 tTsflng 8f]6L /fHo;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] / 8f]6L /fHo ;Fu} g]kfndf b'O{ k6s uflePsf] cndf]8f /fHosf s'dfpgL efifL slj u'dfgL kGtnfO{ -lj=;= !*$&–!()^)_ 8f]6]nL k|b]zsfnLg slj eg]/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . axfb'/ zfxsf] d'lVtof/L sfndf 8f]6L /fHo ljho kZrft klZrd s'dfp / sfs8f;Dd uf]/vfnL /fHosf] clwgdf cfPkl5 oL slj u'dfgL kGtn] 8f]6]nL / g]kfnL efiff;Fu d]nvfg] s'dfpgL efiffdf g} uf]/vfnL /fhfsf] u'0fufg cfkm\gf sljtfdf ufPsf] kfOG5 M lbglbg vhfgfsf efl/sf ef]sgfn] . lzjlzj r'lnd}sf afn g} Ps s}sf .. tblk d'n's t]/f] 5f]l8 sf]xL g efHof . Olt jblt u'dfgL wGo uf]/vfnL /fhf .. o'4sfnLg cj:yfdf uf]/vfnL /fHosf] ljhoktfsf kmx/fpgsf nflu uf]/vfdf ljno ePsf 8f]6L / s'dfpsf hgtfx?n] lbglbg} o'4;fdu|Lsf ef/L af]Sbaf]Sb} tfn'sf Pp6f /f}+ klg g/x]/ v'Olnbf;Dd klg d'n's 5f8]/ s;}nfO{ klg efUg glbg] uf]/vfnL /fhfsf] k|tfk o;df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

19

;'b"/ klZrddf sljtf sfJo n]vgsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf; s]nfpFbf ;j{k|yd kxdfgl;+x :jfF/af6} ;'?jft ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTosf syf, pkGof; lgjGw h:tf ljwfsf] ;d]t ;'?jft u/]sf kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] æc6naxfb'/Æ h:tf] b'vfGt df}lns gf6s n]v]/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ aGg] ;'cj;/ k|fKt u/] eg] lj=;= !(%^ df ef/tsf] l;+3fxLdf a;]/ klxnf]k6s ul0ftsf lx;fj / ;'qx?nfO{ g]kfnL sljtfZnf]sdf n]v]/ æcªs]Gb'/z]v/Æ gfds sljtf s[ltsf] /rgf u/] . lj=;= !(%^ df agf/;af6 5flkPsf] oxL cªs]Gb'/z]v/ sfJo s[lt g} ;'b"/ klZrdsf] klxnf] k':tsfsf/ s[lt 7xl/G5 . tt\kZrft lj=;= !(^) df kxndfg l;+x :jfF/sf] g} k|]dfd[t arg ;+u|x gfds sfJo s[lt agf/;af6} 5flkPsf] b]lvG5 eg] pg}n] n]v]sf æc5fdsf rf8kj{Æ sfJo;+u|x, ækxndfg ehgdfnfÆ / vf]/ /x:o h:tf sfJos[ltx? pgsf] z]ifkl5 k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/s} ;dsfnLg g]kfnL efiffsf k|yd Jofs/0fljb hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xsf] klg ;flxTosf If]qdf cd"No of]ubfg /xL cfPsf] 5 . pgsf] ætTj k|z+;fÆ gfds sfJo s[ltn] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] sfJo ofqfdf sf];]9'+ufsf] sfo{ u¥of] eg] cGo ljBfsf s[ltx? ;d]t k|sflzt 5g\ . s'g} k':tsfsf/ s[lt gePsf t/ km'6s/ sljtfsf] /rgf ug{] o;sfnsf cGo sljx?df 8f]6Lsf /fdrGb| hf]zL, a}t8Lsf /fdrGb| cf]emf, 88]Nw'/fsf s?0ffs/ kg]?, u+uf/fd kg]?, ljZj]Zj/ r6f}t, hob]j e§ cflbn] sljtf sfJon]vgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] 88]Nw'/fsf 8d?aNne pk|]tLn] lj=;= !(*( df æk'qzf]sÆ gfds v08sfJo k|sflzt u/L ;'b"/ klZrdsf] sljtfsfJosf] Oltxf;df k|ydk6s v08 sfJosf/ ag]/ v08sfJo n]vgsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkZrft ;'b"/ klZrddf sljtfsfJo n]vgsf] nx/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . qmflGtsf] nflu hgtfdf hfu/0f NofpFb} ;j{k|yd 8f]6]nL efiffdf g} sljtf n]Vg yfn]sf slj Pg=8L k|sfz r6f}tsf sljtfx?sf ;+ufnf] æ/rgf k|sfzÆ / æPg=8L= k|sfzsf sfnhoL /rgfx?Æ pgsf] zf]ifkl5 @)%! / @)%$ ;fndf dfq} k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] qmflGt;Fu} n]Vg yfn]sf a}t8Lsf slj cfTdf/fd e§sf /rgfx? klg w]/}kl5 dfq k|sfzgdf cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . @))& ;fnkl5 ;'b"/ klZrddf sljtf n]vgsf] ;'?jft;Fu} b]vfk/]sf cGo sljx?df a}t8Lsf cfgGbb]j e§, 8f]6Lsf pdfsfGt e§, b]jsfGt kGt, b]jLk|;fb cf]emf, hAa/] wfdL, b]jLrGb| h};L, lbgfgfy e§, cf/=8L= k|efif r6f}t, r'8fd0fL zf:qL, nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb, k"0ff{gGb e§, dxfb]j e§, /fdrGb| hf]zL, g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/, dfgaxfb'/ l;+x ækxf8LÆ cflb dxTjk"0f sljx? x'g\ . o;} u/L sfzLgfy hf]zL, /fds[i0f e§, eQmaxfb'/ anfo/, efnrGb| e08f/L, bLgfgfy a/fn, u0f]zbQ Gof}kfg], o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ, 8f= /fdrGb| e§, Hof]ltk|sfz hf]zL, xif{k|;fb e§, dlg/fh hf]zL, lgd{ns'df/ e08f/L, nlnhg /fjn, >]i7lk|of kTy/, zfGtg'nfn >]i7, b]j/fh cfrfo{, wgGho ltldN;]gf, jf;'b]j kf08]o, kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ, /fdnfn hf]zL,

20

l6=Pg= hf]zL, af;'b]j efO;fj, j]0fLdfwj e§, bL3{/fh pkfWofo, d]3gfy vgfn, x]dGtL hf]zL, ef]h/fh e§, g/]Gb| e§ æc~hfgÆ, uf]ljGb >[ªvnf, s/aL/ zfx, ;'efifrGb| e08f/L, x]dGt ljjz, hutk|;fb hf]zL, lji0f' k|sfz bf}Nofn, s[i0f kg]? jl~rt, j]0fLdfwj e§, czf]s af]x/f, cfbz{bLk /fjn, lbJo;fu/ ;fpb, ejfgLbQ r6f}t, eQmaxfb'/ v8\sf æslNktÆ, bLkf P]/ æpbf;LÆ, cd/axfb'/ zfxL, uf]s'n hf]zL, Crf n'O6]n, g]qk|;fb kg]?, lzj/fh of]uL, tf/f e§ kNnjL, tk/fh ljgf8L, 6f]k]Gb| zfx, k|efs/ e08f/L, 1fgrGb| pkfWofo, Clif/fh n'D;fnL, s}nfzs'df/ kf08]o, ho/fh 9'+ufgf, nSsL rf}w/L, k'is/ e§, gf/fo0f sf}lzs, /fdgfy clwsf/L, xl/gf/fo0f >]i7, nIdLeQm hf]zL, d~h' a}/fuL ho/fh dx/f, dlg/fd rf}w/L, bL3{/fh pkfWofo, vu]Gb| lu/L sf]lknf, k|jL0f lj=;L=, bLkf 9sfn æcfF;'Æ, lw/h 7s'/L ælqj]0fLÆ, lg/~hg ad æ6L=PdÆ, bLk;fu/ kGt, tk]Gb| e'iffn, 6]saxfb'/ 7s'Nnf, dLgaxfb'/ yfkf, lbJo;fu/ ;fpFb, czf]s af]x/f, tLy{/fh hf]zL, ;"o{k|sfz bf}Nofn, 6]saxfb'/ 7s'Nnf, e/t lu/L æljof]uLÆ, lxSdt l;+x æk|tLtÆ, bL3{/fh hf]zL, e/tl;+x g]uL, Pd s]= ;n]gL, z+s/ v8\sf, kbd/fh hf]zL, nfnaxfb'/ /fjn, O{Zj/bQ pkfWofo, s[i0fl;+x k]nf, ;Ltf/fd e§, ddtf cj:yL h:tf ;of} ;|i6fx? sljtf sfAo n]vgsf] l;h{gfofqfdf lqmofzLn b]lvG5g\ . lqmofzLn ;|i6fx?sf] ljj/0f 5'§} k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt sljtf–sfJo s[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M != cªs]Gb' z]v/M

of] g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] /rgf u/]sf]

s[lt xf] . /f0ffzf;gaf6 lgjf{l;t eO{ ef/tsf] l;+3fxLdf a;]/ lj=;= !(%# kl5

/rgf ul/Psf] of] s[ltsf] k|sfzg lj=;= !(%^ df agf/;af6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . n]vs

:jod\ k|sfzs /x]sf] o; s[ltsf] k|sflzt ;+Vof pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . ul0ftsf

lx;fjx?nfO{ sljtfdf Znf]sj4 ul/Psf] of] sfJos[lt ;'b"/ klZrdsf] klxnf]

k':tsfsf/ / g]kfnL ;flxTos} Ps dxTjk"0f{ s[lt xf] .

@= k|]dfd[t arg ;+u|xM

of] s[lt klg kxndfgl;+x :jfF/s} >[ªufl/s sljtfx?sf] ;+ufnf] xf] . lj=;=

!(^) df agf/;af6 k|sflzt ePsf] o; s[ltsf k|sfzs klg n]vs :jo+ g} /x]sf

5g\ . of] sljtf ljBfsf] s[lt xf] .

21

kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf cGo sfJos[ltM

#= c5fdsf rf8kj{ $= lslGsGwf sf08 ljBfM sljtf ljBfM sfJo k|sfzsM cf]hdfgl;+x :jfF/, k|sfzsM clDasf b]jL :jfF/ :jfF/;bg sf7df8f}+ :jfF/;bg afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ ;+:s/0fM k|yd, @)#@

%= sfJo ;+u|x ^= vf]/ /x:o ljBfM sljtf ljBfM sljtf k|sfzsM >LdtL sdnf :jfF/ k|sfzsM O{Zj/L :jfF/ :jfF/;bg :jfF/;bg afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ ;+:s/0fM k|yd @)#@ ;+:s/0fM bf]>f] @)#@ /fdgjdL &= kxndfg ehgdfnf ljBfM sljtf k|sfzsM :jfF/;bg afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ *= k'qzf]s -v08sfJo_ of] s[lt 88]Nw'/f lgjf;L slj 8d?jNne pk|]tLåf/f n]lvPsf] sljtfljBfsf] /rgf xf] . n]vs :jo+ k|sfzs /x]sf] o; s[ltsf] k|sfzg lj=;= !(*( df ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] k'qsf] d[To'sf] ljnfkdf n]lvPsf] of] zf]ssfJo xf] . ;'b"/ klZrdsf] sljtfsfJo Oltxf;df of] klxnf] v08sfJo s[ltsf ?kdf k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . (= tTj k|z+;f -sljtf_ g]kfnL efiffsf k|yd Jofs/0fljb æk|fs[t Jofs/0fÆ sf /rgfsf/ aemfËL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] n]v]sf] ætTj k|z+;fÆ sljtf ljBfsf] s[lt xf] . n]vs :jo+ k|sfzs /x]sf] o; s[ltsf] k|sfzg lj=;= !(&) df ePsf] b]lvG5 . !)= /rgf k|sfz tyf Pg=8L k|sfzsf sfnhoL /rgfx?M @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt;Fu} qmflGtsf/L sljtf n]Vg yfn]sf 88]Nw'/fsf qmflGtsf/L JolQmTj Pg=8L= k|sfz r6f}tn] @))& ;fnkl5 n]v]sf sljtfx?sf] ;+ufnf]sf ?kdf pgsf] z]ifkl5 Pg=8L= k|sfzsf sfnhoL /rgfx? / /rgf k|sfz sljtf ;+u|xsf gfdn] @)%! / @)%$ ;fndf pGgog kl/jf/ 3§]s'nf] sf7df8f}+åf/f k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . cf/=8L=k|ef; r6f}t / e'jg]Zj/LbQ r6f}tn] ;Dkfbg u/L

22

k|sfzg u/]sf oL sfJo s[ltx?df ;'b"/ klZrd]nL kl/j]z, hgtfsf kL8f / 8f]6]nL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnaf6 k|sflzt ePsf sljtf ljBf cGtu{tsf dxfsfJo v08sfJo / sljtf ;+u|xx?sf] 5'§f5'§} ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M dxfsfJo s[ltM

qm=;= dxfsfJo s[lt n]vs k|sfzs ;+:s/0f / ldlt

!! ;Ltf :joDa/

b]jsfGt kGt, s}nfnL n]vs:jo+, s}nfnL 2027

!@ a]n'

eQmaxfb'/ anfo/, 8f]6L

n]vs :jo+ 2041

!# /fOdtL

eQmaxfb'/ anfo/,8f]6L

ljZj a]n' k|lti7fg 2056

!$ zflGt lj1fg

k"0ff{gGb e§, 8f]6L n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L 2053

!% >L;x>uLlt dxfsfJo

r'8fdl0f zf:qL 9sfn s~rgk'/

nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/ wgu9L, s}nfnL

2061

!^ cd/ ;fws kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

dlg/fh hf]zL, s}nfnL kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ :d[lt k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}

2061

!& bz/y rGb dlg/fh hf]zL Æ bz/y rGb d]d]l/on 6«i6sf7df8f}

2065

!* g]kfn cfdf v]d/fh cf]emf, a}t8L n]vs :jo+

2062

!( lzvl/0fL uLtf dxfsfJo

v]d/fh cf]emf, a}t8L v]d/fh kf08]o dx]Gb|gu/

2063

23

@) lxdlzv/ dxfsfJo v]d/fh cf]emf, a}t8L n]vs :jo+

2063

@! tTjaf]w /fdfo0f dxfb]j e§, 8f]6L d'/nLw/ e§ s~rgk'/

2064

@@ >L :j:yfgL dxfsfJo /fdgfy clwsf/L, s}nfnL

s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L

2064

@# dlg/fh dxfsfJo /fdgfy clwsf/L, s}nfnL

lji0f'dfof jfªdo k|lti7fg, kf]v/f

2065

v08sfJo s[lt

qm=;= s[lt ljBf n]vs k|sfzs ;+:s/0f / ldlt

@$ ca lxdfno af]N5

v08sfJo cfgGbb]j e§, a}t8L

nIdLb]jL vfF8 l;nu9L 8f]6L

2015

@% o'/L Pn]S; ?ldr uful/g

Æ Æ Æ Æ

@^ (& ;fn v08sfJo cfgGbb]j e§ g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3 sf7df8f}+

2015

@& ;flxnL d}ofF

v08sfJo

cfgGbb]j e§

eLdb]j e§ cflb a}t8L

2018

@* pd/v}ofdnfO{ hjfkm

Æ Æ Æ

@( lzjd+un ljjfx

v08sfJo b]jsfGt kGt, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ wgu9L 2027

#) hog]kfn

n3'sfJo

b]jsfGt kGt

n]vs :jo,+ wgu9L

2036

24

#! g]kfnL tLh syf uLltsfJo Æ s}nfnL hgk':tsfno

2050

#@ zflGt If]q g]kfn v08sfJo b]jsfGt kGt n]vs :jo+ wgu9L 2040

## cfdf v08sfJo /fdrGb| hf]zL, 8f]6L

sn;fb]jL÷rGb|snf hf]zL

2039

#$ a8Ldflnsf / vKt8:jfdL

v08sfJo /fdrGb| hf]zL 6Lsf/fHo nIdL l;+x, sf7df8f}+

2042

#% ;'eb|f v08sfJo efnrGb| e08f/L, s}nfnL

u|fld0f ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws lzIff -;]tL k|f]h]S6 8f]6L

k|yd 2045

l4lto 2064

#^ k/dfgGb zf]ssfJo v]d/fh cf]emf, a}t8L

n]vs :jo+, a}t8L k|yd 2045l4lto 2057

#& cle;fk v08sfJo k"0ff{gGb e§, 8f]6L

n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L 2036

#* cft{gfb v08sfJo k"0ff{gGb e§ n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L 2039

#( jgb]jL

v08sfJo k"0ff{gGb e§ n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L 2040

$) ljnfkL


$! ufpFsnf


$@ zflGtdlGb/


$# k|hftGq afns


$$ ljnfkL bf]>f] efu v08sfJo k"0ff{gGb e§ clUgaxfb'/ lji6 2064

25

$% dxfdfgj jL=kL= sf]O/fnf

Æ

cf/=8L=k|ef; r6f}t

/fHonIdL r6f}t 88]Nw'/f

2047

$^ uf]7fn] l76f] v08sfJo g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/, s}nfnL

njaxfb'/ :jfF/, s}nfnL

2051

$& s[i0f ?lSd0fL ljjfx

v08sfJo gGb/fd kf08] æzf:qLÆ wgu9L

n]vs :jo+, wgu9L 2050

$* ;'Gofnb]lv aemfËL ;Dd

v08sfJo lji0f'eQm hf]zL, aemfË

n]vs :jo+, aemfË 2055

$( 3f]8f3f]8L ;/f]a/ dxfTDo

v08sfJo a]0fLdfwj e§, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+, s}nfnL 2056

%) >Ls]bf/ hfFt v08sfJo a]0fLdfwj e§ n]vs :jo+, s}nfnL

2057

%) zxLbk'q v08sfJo g/]Gb| e§ æc~hfgÆ, a}t8L

ljBfyL{ ;flxTo k|lti7fg, s}nfnL

2056

%@ ;fjwfg gofFo'u cfpFb}5

v08sfJo lgd{ns'df/ e08f/L, 8f]6L

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L

2057

%# nfnd'uf v08sfJo nfnaxfb'/ /fjn, c5fd

;'/yaxfb'/ /fjn c5fd

2057

%$ sfn'dfof

v08sfJo

/h]Gb| kf08], s}nfnL

n]vs :jo,+ s}nfnL

2058

%% g]kfnsf nfn

Æ o1/fh hf]zLæofqLÆ

Æ 2047

26

%^ j]x8fafsf] pTklQ / dlxdf

Æ dlg/fh hf]zL, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2046

%& ;l/tf v08sfJo dlg/fh hf]zL ljBfyL{ ;flxTo k|lti7fg s}nfnL

2056

%* Bf}nL

v08sfJo dlg/fh hf]zL tf/f hf]zL s}nfnL 2064

%( uf]/f v08sfJo uf]ljGb/fh kg]?æzf:qLÆ

n]vs :jo+ s}nnfL 2058

^) o'u ;+qmd0f v08sfJo dxfb]j e§, 8f]6L

d'/nLw/ e§ s~rgk'/

k|yd 2058l4lto 2061

^! P bz}+ v08sfJo sNofg cf]emf, s~rgk'/

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud, s~rgk'/

2059

^@ efu]Zj/ bz{g elQmsfJo dx]Gb|bQ kf08o]

Zofd s}nfz, 8Da/, wgu9L

2060

^# cf:yf v08sfJo o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ

/fh]Gb| cu|jfn wgu9L

2060

^$ lji0f'bf; zf]ssfJo o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ

gd{bfb]jL hf]zL wgu9L

2063

^% ;kgf v08sfJo ho/fh cf]emf 8f]6L

;'=k= ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L

2060

^^ hLjg lh1f;f v08sfJo ejfgLbQ zf:qL s~rgk'/

dw'b]jL r6f}t dx]Gb|gu/

2060

^& lrGtgsf] rf}tf/L v08sfJo lbgfgfy a/fns~rgk'/

/ljGb| a/fn s~rgk'/

2060

27

^* d]wfjL ;f]dbQ zf]ssfJo

lbgfgfy a/fn /fh]Gb| a/fn s~rgk'/

2064

^( cfdfsf] ;Demgf v08sfJo sfzL/fd 9'+ufgf s}nfnL

em+s/÷dLg 9'+ufgf s}nfnL

261

&) cft{gfb v08sfJo bL3{/fh hf]zL æ/f]lxtÆ aemfË


2061

&! a8Ldflnsf v08sfJo 6]s/fh lu/L æah'/]nÆ

lutf lu/L afh'/f 2061

&@ KofpnL u'nfkm v08sfJo xif{k|;fb e§, c5fd

adk|;fb e§ c5fd 2061

&# b/af/sf] cfTdsyf

v08sfJo xif{k|;fb e§ n]v/fh÷b]j]Gb| e§ c5fd

2061

&$ eL8Gt r'DksfJo /fdgfy clwsf/s}nfnL

/dfb]jL clwsf/L s}nfnL

2061

&% 5]bfnfn

zf]ssfJo

/fdgfy clwsf/L

g]kfn n]vfk9L sfg"g Joj;foL ;+3, s}nfnL

2061

&^ ;fgf] lhGbuL v08sfJo :j= nlntf e§, a}t8L

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/

2065

&& ;? uLltsfJo bL3{/fh cf]emf 8f]6L

e/t/fh cf]emf 8f]6L

2065

&* sdnf zf]ssfJo ofbj hf]zL æZn]ifdfGtsÆ

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL 2065

&( 1fg lqj]0fL v08sfJo ofbj hf]zL æZn]ifdfGtsÆ


*) vKt8 a8Ldflnsf v08sfJo O{Zj/bQ pkfWofo

5Gb k|lti7fg s}nfnL

2066

28

sljtf ;+u|x

qm=;= s[ltsf] gfd ljBf n]vs k|sfzs ;+:s/0f / ldlt *! u'/fF; sljtf

;+u|x

cfgGbb]j e§, a}t8L

n]vs :jo+, a}t8L

2015

*@ hLjgs} y'Dsf]af6 sljtf ;+u|x

cfgGbb]j e§ n]vs :jo+, a}t8L

2015

*# ltdLnfO{ b]Vbf sljtf ;+u|x


2015

*$ cfdf af]nfpFl5g sljtf ;+u|x


2015

*% gf/Lsf] nflu sljtf ;+u|x

ch{'g l;6f}nf s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+, s}nfnL

2015

*^ xhf/L rl/q sljtf;+u|x xhf/Ll;+x ;fpFb

n]vs :jo+ 2016

*& dfG5] rf]nf cfof] sln

sljtf;+u|x dfgaxfb'/ l;+x kxf8L aemfË

n]vs :jo+ 2028

** lxdfnL nf]snx/ sljtf;+u|x xif{k|;fb e§c5fd

n]vs :jo+ 2029

*( v2/leqsf] df]x/

sljtf;+u|x

s/aL/ zfx, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2036

() n's]/ x]?F ls sljtf;|u+x cf/=8L k|ef; r6f}t

/fhnIdL r6f}t 88]Nw'/f

2036

29

(! hLjgsf 3f8Lknf

sljtf;+u|x cf/=8L k|ef; r6f}t

/fhnIdL r6f}t 8'u/L, 88]Nw'/f

2038

(@ of}6f :j/ sljtf;+u|x cf/=8L k|ef; r6f}t

/fhnIdL r6f}t 8'u/L, 88]Nw'/f

2046

(# kf]v/f sljtf;+u|x cf/=8L k|ef; r6f}t

/fhnIdL r6f}t 8'ª/L, 88]Nw'/f

2046

($ a'9fsf] e};Sof] af;


/fhnIdL r6f}t 8'ª/L, 88]Nw'/f

2046

(% efu]Zj/ :qf]q kf7


efu]Zj/ dlGb/ lgdf{0f ;ldlt 88]Nw'/f

2055

(^ 8f]6]nL nf]snx/ sljtf;+u|x k"0ff{gGb e§ n]vs :jo+, 8f]6L

2037

(& sljtf t/+u sljtf;+u|x k"0ff{gGb e§ n]vs :jo+, 8f]6L

2039

(* ;]tLsf] dlGb/ sljtf;+u|x g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2042

(( a]bgf sljtf;+u|x Ps/fh e§ n]vs :jo+

2044

!)) k~rj]0fL efjgf sljtf;+u|x lbgfgfy a/fn /fh]Gb|±b]j]Gb| a/fn s~rgk'/

2046

!)! zflGtsf] sfdgf / ;d:ofk"lt{

sljtf;+u|x lbgfgfy a/fn /fh]Gb|±b]j]Gb| a/fn, s~rgk'/

2062

30

!)@ ;'b"/sf] 3]/f]leq sljtf;+u|x lbgfgfy a/fn Hof]lt k':tsfno s~rgk'/

2064

!)# s+rgh+3fsf] kL8f

sljtf;+u|x lbgfgfy a/fn ;Gt'dfof a/fn s~rgk'/

2064

!)$ eujtLsf] aGbgf sljtf;+u|x o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2047

!)% dft[e"ld g]kfn sljtf;+u|x o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2048

!)^ cfdfsf] dlxdf sljtf;+u|x o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ

n]vs :jo+ s}nfL

2048

!)& afns sljtf ;+u|x

kbd/fh hf]zL,a}t8L

lji0f'bQ hf]zL dx]Gb|gu/

2048

!)* k'vf{sf] ctL{ sljtf;+u|x ho/fh 9'+ufgf c5fd

9'+ufgf aGw' k|sfzg, c5fd

2049

!)( nf]s /x:o sljtf;++u|x nf]s/fh hf]zL,8f]6L

n]vs :jo+, 8f]6L

2051

!!) afnHof]lt;f/ sljtf;+u|x dlg/fh hf]zL, s}nfnL

hf]zL Hof]ltifL ;]jf, wgu9L

2049

!!! cfgGbuLtf sljtf;+u|x dlg/fh hf]zL n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2053

!!@ hog]kfn sljtf;+u|x efnrGb| e08f/L

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2052

31

!!# st{Joaf]w / PsLs[t ;Gb]z

sljtf;+u|x lgd{ns'df/ e08f/L

n]vs :jo+, 8f]6L

2052

!!$ s;d of] df6f]sf]

sljtf;++u|x

ldlxnfn pkfWofo

n]vs :jo+, s}nfnL

2053

!!% abnfsf] k|]/0ff Æ

ldlxnfn pkfWofo

dx]Zj/L pkfWofo, s}nfnL

2059

!!^ 3fOt] k|hftGq sljtf;+u|x sNofg cf]emf, s~rgk'/

lgËnf;}gL o'jf Snj, dx]Gb|gu/

2053

!!& k|s[ltsf] sfvdf sljtf / ;flxTo

sljtf;+u|x sNofg cf]emf hgdt k|sfzg afg]kf

2064

!!* ;xofqf ;+o'Qm sljtf;+u|x

sNofg cf]emf cflb

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud dx]Gb|gu/

2064

!!( km"n sljtf;+u|x z+s/ v8\sf s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ wgu9L

2054

!@) ;+;b / l;+xb/af/ lnP/ kmNb}5 km'Nb}5 sf7df8f}+

sfljtf;+u|x ef]h/fh e§, s}nfnL

rGb|dl0f clwsf/L

2055

!@! piff sljtf;+u|x bLks åGå gfos, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL

2055

!@@ ljxfgLsf] kfgf sljtf;+u|x o1/fh pkfWofo, c5fd

n]vs :jo+, c5fd

2055

!@# k|yd k|]d kq sljtf;+u|x hol;+x ljZjsdf{

n]vs :jo+ c5fd

2056

32

!@$ lj;{g g;lsg] afnf

sljtf;+u|x lji0f'k|sfz bf}Nofn

;'=k=;flxlTos kqsf/ ;+3 s}nfnL

2057

!@% slj sfGtsf s]xL sljtf

sljtf;+u|x s[i0fbQ r6f}t æsfGtÆ, s~rgk'/

/d]z r6f}t dx]Gb|gu/

2058

!@^ km"n ablnof]; PSsfO;f} zftfAbL

sljtf;+u|x v]d/fh cf]emf s/jL/l;+x lji6 dx]Gb|gu/

2058

!@& cWof/f sf]7fleqsf lbofx?

sljtf;+u|x gf/fo0f sf}lzs, s~rgk'/

n]vs :jo+ 2058

!@* lxdfns] d':sfg sljtf;+u|x dlg/fd rf}w/L, s}nfnL

gf6s ;ldlt k[YjLk'/, s}nfnL

2058

!@( u'Nof]–tLtf] sljtf;+u|x u0f]zbQ Gof}kfg] æsf}l8GoÆ

;Ltfb]jL Gof}kfg], s~rgk'/

2061

!#) Tof] ljDa sljtf;+u|x kbd/fh snf}gL

w|'j ljBflgs]tg dx]Gb|gu/

2061

!#! hg cfjfh sljtf;+u|x /fdgfy clwsf/L

gj/fh ;To/fh clwsf/L s}nfnL

2061

!#@ oL lht]s] x6nb yf?efiffsf] sljtf ;+u|x

hLtaxfb'/ rf}w/L

kz'klt lzIff dlGb/, wgu9L

2061

33

!## qmd hf/L 5 sljtf;+u|x >]i7lk|of kTy/

sf]zL ;flxTo k|lti7fg

2061

!#$ hLjgsf cfofdx?

sljtf;++u|x gGb/fd kf08o] æzf:qLÆ

n]vs :jo+, s}nfnL

2062

!#% lhGbuLsf sf]/f tfgfx?

sljtf;+u|x xl/gf/fo0f >]i7

;'=k= ;flxTo ;dfh, wgu9L

2062

!#^ gf]6 ckm l8;]G6 sljtf;+u|x bL3{/fh pkfWofo æcg'/fuÆ, s}nfnL

e'jg hf]zL s}nfnL

2064

!#& cfFvfdf /fvL x]/ sljtf;+u|x bLkf P]/ æpbf;LÆ, s}nfnL


2066

!#* k'sf/ sljtf;++u|x e/tl;+x g]uL -;To k|]d k'hf/L_ a}t8L

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud dx]Gb|gu/

2066

!#( k|Zg g]kfnnfO{ sljtf;+u|x bL3{/fh hf]zL, s}nfnL


2066

34

@=$ ;'b"/ klZrddf uLt–uhn n]vgsf] cj:yf / k|sflzt s[ltx?M

g]kfnL ;flxTodf uhnsf] ;'?jft slj df]tL/fd e§n] u/]sf x'g\ . pb{" / lxGbL ;flxTodf cToGt} nf]slk|otf kfPsf] uhnljBfnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf k|of]u u/]/ slj df]tL/fd e§n] k|fyldssfnLg elQmwf/fsf] cGTou/L gofF >[ªufl/s wf/fsf] ;'?jft u/]sf x'g\ . >[ªufl/s efjwf/fdf n]lvg] uhn ljBfn] pgsf] hLjgsfndf nf]slk|otf kfPklg pgsf] z]ifkl5 eg] nueu Ps ztfAbL;Dd cf]em]n]df kl//xof] . df]tL/fd e§, zDe'k|;fb 9'ªUofn, nIdLbQ kGt, pk]Gb|axfb'/ lhu/, eLdlglw ltjf/L h:tf ;zQm uhnsf/x?n] nf]slk|o t'NofPsf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] uhn ljBfn] nfdf] ;dosf] ;'if'Kttfkl5 ljqmd ;Djt\ @)#) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/af6 cfw'lgs jl/i6 uhnsf/ 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n4f/f k'ghL{jg kfPsf] xf] . lj= ;+= @)#* kl5 g]kfnL ;flxTodf k'ghL{jg kfPsf] uhnnfO{ nf]slk|o t'Nofpg] sfd cfw'lgs uhnsf k'ghf{u/0fstf{ 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n;Fu} c5fdsf nlnhg /fjnn] u/]sf x'g\ . sf7df8f}d} a;]/ uhn n]vgdf nfluk/]sf nlnhg /fjnn] lj=;+= @)$# df s]xL uhnx? / ælj/fgf] of] 7fFpdfÆ h:tf uhn ;ªu|x k|sflzt u/L ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf ;flxTosf/ / gjk|ltefx?nfO{ klg uhn n]vgdf cfslif{t / clek|]l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s;}s;}n] a}t8Lsf b]j/fh zdf{ e§n] @)@@ ;fndf g} a}t8Ldf a;]/ uhn n]v]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . tyflk clxn];Dd pSt tYo k|dfl0ft x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . To;}n] ;'b"/ klZrddf uhn n]vgsf] Oltxf; s]nfpg] xf] eg] uhnsf/ nlnhg /fjn g} ;'b"/ klZrdsf cu|h / k|yd uhnsf/ 7xl/g k'Ub5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdd} a;]/ uhn n]vgsf] If]qdf nflukg]{ uhnsf/ eg] s}nfnL lgjf;L ;'>L >]i7lk|of kTy/ x'g\ . @)$* ;fn b]lv pkGof; n]vg dfkm{t ;flxTosf] If]qdf pbfPsL >]i7lk|of kTy/n] ^ j6f pkGof; n]vL ;flxTosf If]qdf cfˆgf] klxrfg agfO;s]kl5 @)%# ;fndf æklUnPsf Joyfx?Æ gfds uhns[lt dfk{mt uhnIf]qdf ;d]t cfˆgf] pkl:ylt hgfOg\ . uhn If]qdf b]vf dfq kl/gg\ clkt æklUnPsf Joyfx?Æ, æcf;'sf] ;f}uftÆ / ækTy/sf k|nfkx?Æ h:tf tLg–tLga6f uhns[ltx? k|sflzt u/L g]kfnL uhnsf If]qdf klxnf] gf/L uhns[ltsf/ aGg ;kmn eOg\ eg] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] uhn cfsfzdf Ps cu|h / ;Ddflgt uhnsf/sf] :yfg cf]u6\g klg ;kmn ePsL l5g\ . >]i7lk|of kl5 ;'b"/ klZrdsf] uhn If]qdf b]vf k/]sf rlr{t uhnsf/ x'g\–/fdnfn hf]zL . @)%& ;fndf k|sflzt æxTs]nfdf cfsfzÆ s[lt dfk{mt hf]zLn] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] uhn n]vgdf :t/Lo ?k k|bfg u/]sf x'g\ .

35

krf;sf] bzskl5 ;'b"/ klZrddf uhn n]vgdf cToGt tLj|tf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTosf cGo ljBfdf ls|ofzLn ;|i6fx? ;d]t uhn n]vgdf cfslif{t ePsf b]lvG5g\ eg] gofF k|ltefx?n] ;d]t ;flxTo n]vgsf] klxnf] dfWod uhnnfO{ g} agfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . krf;sf] bzsd} uhn If]qdf ;'b"/ klZrddf b]vf k/]sf tddf}+ uhn ;|i6fx?n] uhn s[ltx? klg k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ . uhn If]qdf b]vfk/]sf uhnsf/ / s[ltx?df s}nfnLsf lbJo;fu/ ;fpFbsf] æPp6f nx/ ;fu/sf]Æ @)%^, afh'/fsf vu]Gb| lu/L …sf]lknfÚ sf æp:t} p:t} gbLsf p:t}p:t} 5fnx?Æ @)%(, æcfkm\g} 5fn cfkm\g} lsgf/Æ, æJou| rfFbgLÆ, æ/fu a;'Gw/fÆ, s}nfnLsf bL3{/fh pkfWofo …cg'/fusf]Ú pg}sf] ofbdf, 6L= Pg= hf]zLsf], b]z /f]Psf] a]nf, czf]s af]x/f / Crf n'O6]nsf] afF;'/Lsf w'gx?, nSsL rf}w/Lsf] …;xLbfgÚ / …cGt{efjÚ h:tf s[ltx? b]vf k/sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf g} cToGt nf]slk|o ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] uhn ljBf cfh ;'b"/ klZrfdf~rndf klg ;a}eGbf a9L n]lvg] / kl9g] ljBfsf ?kdf nf]slk|o ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'/fgf ;|i6fx?b]lv gofF cfpg] ;hs{x? uhn n]vgd} nflu k/]sf b]lvG5g– ;'b"/ klZrddf uhn n]vgsf] ;'?jft ug]{ nlnhg /fjnb]lv >]i7lk|of kTy/, /fdnfn hf]zL, lbJo;fu/ ;fFpb, 6L= Pg= hf]zL, bL3{/fh pkfWofo cg'/fu, Crf n'O6]n, vu]Gb| lu/L …sf]lknfÚ, uf]ljGb >[ªvnf, ldgaxfb'/ yfkf …ldngÚ, 6]s axfb'/ 7s'Nnf, czf]s af]x/f, lzj/fh of]uL …cfFz'Ú, tk/fh ljgf8L …cGhfgÚ, nf]s axfb'/ rf}w/L …nSsLÚ, lbkf P]/ …pbfzLÚ, tf/f e§ …kNnaLÚ, 6f]k]Gb| zfx, x]dGtL hf]zL, d]3gfy vgfn …aGw'Ú, s[i0f kg]? …al~rtÚ s[i0fl;+x k]nf, k':s/ e§, k'ik/fh kf08]o, h:tf ;of}+ uhnsf/x?n] ;'b"/ klZrdnfO{ uhn n]vgsf] pj{/f If]q agfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdsf] uhnn]vgdf ls|ofzLn uhnsf/ / k|sflzt uhn s[ltx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–

qm=;= s[ltsf] gfd ljBf n]vs k|sfzs ;+:s/0f / ldlt! s]xL uhnx? uhn ;+u|x nlnhg /fjn

c5fd

n]vs :jo+ 2043

@ lj/fgf] of] 7fpFdf

uhn ;+u|x nlnhg /fjn c5fd

dx]zljqmd zfx 2046

# l;/fgLdf cfF;'

uhn ;+u|x nlnhg /fjn c5fd

cg'/fu k|sfzg sf7df8f}+

2059

36

$ klUnPsf Joyfx?

uhn ;+u|x >]i7lk|of kTy/ s}nfnL

snz ;fª\uLlts ;d"x s}nfnL

2052

% kTy/sf k|nfkx?

uhn ;+u|x >]i7lk|of kTy/ s}nfnL


2059

^ cfF;'sf] ;f}uft

uhn ;+u|x >]i7flk|of kTy/ s}nfnL

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn uhn d~r

2060

& xTs]nfdf cfsfz

uhn ;+u|x /fdnfn hf]zL s}nfnL

g]kfn ;flxTosf/ ;+3 sf7df8f}+

2057

* Pp6f nx/ ;fu/sf]

uhn ;+u|x lbJo;fu/ ;fpFb, s}nfnL

cfbz{bLk /fjn s}nfnL

2056

( p:t} p:t} gbLsf p:t} p:t} 5fnx?

uhn ;+u|x vu]Gb| lul/ æsf]lknfÆ

n]vs :jo+

!) Jou| rfFbgL uhn ;+u|x vu]Gb| lul/ æsf]lknfÆ afh'/f

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2061

!! cfkm\g} 5fn cfkm\g} lsgf/

d'Qms ;+u|x vu]Gb| lul/ æsf]lknfÆ afh'/f

alb{ofnL ;flxTo ;dfh, alb{of

2065

!@ /fu a;'Gw/f uhn ;+u|x vu]Gb| lul/ æsf]lknfÆ afh'/f

dWoklZrdf~rn uhn k|lti7fg g]kfnu+h

2066

!# d]/f xTs]nfsf /]vfx?sf] ldng

uhn ;+u|x dLgaxfb'/ yfkf ældngÆ s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ 2060

37

!$ ltd|f] Kof/ / 5'6]sf] cfFrn

uhn ;+u|x dLgaxfb'/ yfkf ældngÆ s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2061

!% uhnsf km"nx?

uhn ;+u|x anaxfb'/ /fjt æ;fg'Æ s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2061

!^ afF;'/Lsf w'gx?

uhn ;+u|x Crf n'O6]n / czf]s af]x/f s}nfnL


2058

!& efjgfsf] ofqf

uhn ;+u|x Crf n'O6]n uhn d~r g]kfn sf7df8f}+

2061

!* k'ikntfM sndsf 8f]ax?df

uhn ;+u|x Crf n'O6]n k'ikntf cfrfo{ sf7df8f}+

2061

!( klUnP/ 3fOt] dg

d'Qms ;+u|x Crf n'O6]n gj/Tg ;flxTo ;+ud, s}nfnL

2062

@) ljl;{Psf gfpFx?

uLt ;+u|x

s}nfnL s'df/ kf08o]

n]vs :jo+ 88]Nw'/f

2057

@! dgleqsf Hjf/ef6f

uhn ;+u|x 6]saxfb'/ 7s'Nnf, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ 2058

@@ pg}sf] ofbdf uhn ;+u|x bL3{/fh pkfWofo æcg'/fuÆ s}nfnL

uhn d~r g]kfn, sf7df8f}+

2059

@# 6'qmf 6fqmL l;Pkl5

d'Qms ;+u|x sNofg cf]emf dx]Gb|gu/


2059

38

@$ pxL wtL{ pxL cfsfz

uhn ;+u|x gf/fo0f sf}lzs dx]Gb|gu/


@% zflGtsf] lju'n

uhn ;+u|x bLkf 9sfn æcfF;'Æ, s}nfnL

gf/fo0f clwsf/L s}nfnL

2061

@^ uhn bLk uhn ;+u|x bLkf 9sfn æcfF;'Æ

gf/fo0f clwsf/L s}nfnL

2061

@& ;+of]u uhn ;+u|x bLkf 9sfn cfF;'

/f]lxt 9sfn s}nfnL

2065

@* ;xLbfg

uhn ;+u|x

nSsL rf}w/L, s}nfnL

;'=k klZrdf~rn uhn d~r, wgu9L

2061

@( cGtef{j uhn ;+u|x nSsL rf}w/L Æ 2063

#) dgleq b'v]sf] dg

uhn ;+u|x ql;t a;Gt ;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2062

#! cfFvfdf 8'a]/ cfs[lt

uhn;+u|x e/t /f]bg ;fpFb ækfv]Æ c5fd

cleofg ;flxTo ;d"x g]kfnu+h

2062

#@ b]z /f]Psf] a]nf

uhn;+u|x 6L=Pg= hf]zL ælszf]/Æ s}nfnL


2062

## lsgf/b]lv lsgf/;Dd

uhn;+u|x lw/h 9s'/L ælqj]0fLÆ s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2062

#$ uhn s'~h uhn;+u|x /l~ht nfdf s~rgk'/

Hof]lt k':tsfno s~rgk'/

2062

39

#% rf}kft] /] dfG;

8f]6]nL efiffsf] uhn;+u|x

aL/axfb'/ rGb dx]Gb|gu/


2062

#^ dnfO{ klg p:t} p:t}

d'Qms ;+u|x x]dafa' n]vs dx]Gb|gu/


2062

#& tZguL lxGbL uhn ;+u|x

x]dafa' n]vs dx]Gb|gu/


2064

#* h'g em/]/ kftdf

uhn;+u|x tk]Gb| zfx æefjftLtÆ

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2063

#( ;'gf}nf] ljxfgL

uhn;+u|x k':s//fh e§ s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2063

$) ljof]u d'Qms ;+u|x lg/~hg ad æ6L=P=Æ, a}t8L


2063

$! clgbf] /ftsf ;kgf

uhn;+u|x s[i0f/fh wdnf s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

$@ c~h'nLdf ;fu/

uhn;+u|x s[i0fl;+x k]nf >Ls[i0f ;+uLt u'?s'n kf7zfnf sf7df8f}+

2064

$# uhn ofqf uhn;+u|x d]3gfy vgfn aGw' s}nfnL

;'=k= uhnd~r wgu9L

2064

$$ lIflthkfl/ uhn;+u|x uf]ljGb >[ªvnf s~rgk'/


2064

$% ;kgfsf] ;Demgfdf

uhn;+u|x ltns ;dk0f{ s}nfnL

d'Qms d~r g]kfn

2065

$^ k|]d k'hf/L uhn;+u|x bLk]Gb|axfb'/rGb æåLkÆ a}t8L

Kof; ;flxTo ;dfhkl/jf/, a}t8L

2065

40

$& s] xf] hLjg uhn;+u|x k|jL0f lj=;L= ælIflthÆ s}nfnL


2065

$* dgx? lhTg;s]

uhn;+u|x x]dGtL hf]zL s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2066

$( 3fd5fFof uhn;+u|x bLkf P]/ æpbf;LÆ

;'=k= uhnd~r wgu9L

2066

%) ltd|f] cfs[lt uLt ;+u|x bLkf P]/ æpbf;LÆ


2066

%! nfnL ls/0f uhn;+u|x lxSdt l;+x æk|tLtÆ e/t lu/L ljof]uL, s}nfnL

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

2066

%@ sNkgfsf] cfsfz el/

uhn;++u|x

;'o{axfb'/ bf}Nofn

tLy{/fh hf]zL aemfË

%# r]nLa]6Lsf] axJoyf / ljnf}gf

uLt lgd{ns'df/ e08f/L æe|ldtÆ

n]vs :jo+, 8f]6L 2049

%$ cf/fwgf elQmuLt g/axfb'/ a6fnf s}nfnL

;Gtlg/+sf/L d08n s}nfnL

2055

%% ;Gb]z wdf/ uLt bLnaxfb'/ rf}w/L, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ 2063

%^ 8of}8fTds uLt

uLt ;+u|x dfgaxfb'/ l;+x kxf8L, aemfË

n]vs :jo+ 2064

%& xf]nL v}nf} uLt ;+u|x dfgaxfb'/ l;+x kxf8L, aemfË

n]vs :jo+ 2064

%* gofF o'usf] gofF uLt

uLt;+u|x s]bf/k|;fb cfrfo{, s}nfnL

k|ultzLn n]vs ;+3 s}nfnL

2066

41

@=% ;'b"/ klZrddf syfn]vg / k|sflzt syfs[ltx?M k"jL{o ;flxTodf syfsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f /x]sf] kfOG5 . kfZrfTo ;flxToaf6 ljsl;t eP/ cfPsf] cfw'lgs n3'syfeGbf leGg} ?kdf /x]sf] k"jL{o syfsf] k|j[lt ljsl;t x'Fb} hfg]qmddf cfw'lgs jf:tljs syf;Fu d]n gvfg] bGTofTds, /x:ofTds / cltdfgjLo nf]ssyfsf ?kdf k"jL{o syfx? nf]shLjgdf JofKt /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdsf] nf]shLjgdf klg bGTosyfsf ?kdf nf]syfsf] k|rng cgflbsfnb]lv rlncfPsf] kfOG5 . oxL nf]ssyfsf] hudf plePsf] cfw'lgs syf n]vgsf] Oltxf; eg] ;'b"/ klZrddf Tolt nfdf] km]nf kb{}g . g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf s[ltx?af6 g} ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfsf] ljBfut n]vg / ljsf;qmd ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . sljtf, gf6s, pkGof; / lgjGw n]vgsf] ;d]t ;'?jft u/]sf :jfF/sf s[ltx?df cfVofgfTds–syfTds :j?k e]l6P klg :ki6 ?kdf syf n]vgsf] ;'?jft eg] ePsf] e]l6b}g . @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/sf s]xL kqklqsfx?df km'6s/ syfx? 5flkg] qmd ;'? ePklg o; If]qdf s[ltut ?kdf eg] syf n]vgsf] ;'?jft k|lz4 syfsf/ efpkGyLaf6} ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)#^ ;fndf pgsf] æ;DaGwÆ gfds syfs[lt ;femf k|sfzgaf6 k|sflzt ePkl5 eg] o; If]qdf syf :t/Lo ;flxTo n]vgsf] ljBfsf ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . efpkGyL;Fu} o; If]qaf6 :t/Lo syfn]vgsf] ;'?jft ug{] nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb / dx]z ljqmd zfxn] syfs[ltdf g]kfns} k|ltli7t dgk'/:sf/ ;d]t k|fKt u/L syf;flxTodf /fli6«o :t/d} :yflkt ePsf 5g\ eg] ljZjljBfnodf syf;flxTosf kf7\ok':tsx? ;d]t ;Dkfbg ug{] tf/fk|;fb hf]zL / 8f= dxfb]j cj:yL ;d]t o;} If]qsf ePsf sf/0f klg ;'b"/ klZrddf syfn] :t/Lo ?k k|fKt ug{] k|]/0ff kfPsf] b]lvG5 . syfnfO{ :t/Lo ?k lbP/ syf n]Vg] syfsf/x?df cf/=8L k|ef; r6f}t, s[i0fbQ r6f}t æsfGtÆ, kbd/fh hf]zL, x]dGtL hf]zL, >]i7lk|of kTy/, /fdrGb| g]kfn, k':s//fh e§sf syfs[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . efpkGyLsf æ;DaGwÆ, cBflk / c? syfx?, nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf ælxpsf] tGgfÆ / @)%$ ;fnsf] dbgk'/:sf/ k|fKt ælj;h{gÆ, dx]zljqmd zfxsf æ;6fxfÆ, æl;kfxLsL :jf:gLÆ, æclk|msg clduf]Æ / @)^# ;fnsf] dbgk'/:sf/ k|fKt æ5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f]Æ ;'b"/ klZrdnfO{ /fli6«o:t/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] cAan bhf{sf syfs[lt x'g\ . o;} u/L kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ sf] ægfd;f/LÆ, x]dGtL hf]zLsf] æk|ltljDaÆ, cf/=8L= k|ef; r6f}tsf] æn8fOsf] d}bfgaf6Æ, s[i0fbQ r6f}t qmfGtsf æu'gf;f]Æ / æc:tfrnsf] ;"o{Æ, /fdrGb| g]kfnsf] æcfjfhÆ / >]i7lk|of kTy/sf] æPp6f cs{}af6f]Æ h:tf syfs[ltx?n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] ;flxTo n]vgnfO{ :t/Lo ?k

42

lbPsf 5g\ . ;du|df syf n]vgnfO{ ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf] :t/Lo n]vgsf] ljBf dfGg'kg{] b]lvG5 . ;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt syfs[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M != ;DaGwM syfsf/ efpkGyLåf/f n]lvPsf] of] syfljBfsf] s[lt xf] . ;'b"/ klZrddf syfn]vg / syfs[lt k|sfzgsf] ;'?jft u/fpg] of] s[lt @)#^ ;fndf ;femf k|sfzg k'nrf]s nlntk'/åf/f k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . dxfsfnL c~rnsf] dx]Gb|gu/ lgjf;L slj efpkGyLsf] jf:tljs gfd ltnsk|;fb zdf{ xf] . efpkGyL /fli6«o :t/d} rlr{t ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . @= lj;h{gM syfsf/ nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbåf/f lnlvt lj;h{g Pp6f rlr{t syf;+u|x xf] . @)%$ ;fnsf] dbgk'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ ;kmn o;sf] ;femfk|sfzgåf/f @)%* ;fndf bf];|f] ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ePsf] b]lvG5 . dxfsfnL c~rnsf] a}t8L lhNnfdf d"n3/ ePsf nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb syf, sljtf, lgaGw / gf6s If]qdf snd rnfpg] ;zQm ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . ;flxlTos pkgfd æ>Lnf]rgÆ ePsf rGb g]kfnsf] e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL;d]t x'g\ . #= 5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f]M syfsf/ dx]zljqmd zfxåf/f n]lvPsf] of] syfljBfsf] s[lt xf] . @)^$ ;fnsf] dbgk'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ ;kmn of] s[lt @)^# ;fndf k|ydk6s k|sflzt ePsf] 5 eg] @)^$ ;fndf bf];|f], t];|f] / rf}yf] k6s ;femf k|sfzgaf6 k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;]tL c~rnsf] c5fd lhNnf lgjf;L dx]zljqmd zfx o;eGbf cl3 tLgj6f syf;+u|x k|sflzt ul/;s]sf rlr{t syfsf/ x'g\ .

$= k|ltljDa %= Pp6f cs{}af6f] ljBfM syf ;+u|x ljBfM syf ;+u|x n]vsM x]dGt hf]zL n]vsM >]i7lk|of kTy/ k|sfzsM k|1f hf]zL, k|sfzsM g]kfn ;|i6f ;dfh

wgu9L, s}nfnL sflnsf:yfg, sf7df8f}+ @)^$ c;f/, k|yd @)^^ a}zfv, k|yd

43

;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt cGo syfs[ltx?

qm=;=

s[ltsf] gfd ljBf n]vs k|sfzs ;+:s/0f / ldlt

^ pBfkL / c? syfx?

syf efpkGyL, s~rgk'/

;femfk|sfzg k'nrf]s nlntk'/

2052 k|yd

& ;6fxf syf;+u|x dx]zljqmd zfx, c5fd


2053 k|yd

* l;kfxLsL :jf:gL

syf ;+u|x

dx]z ljqmd zfx, c5fd


( clk|msg clduf]

syf;+u|x dx]z ljqmd zfx cg'/fu k|sfzg sf7df8f}+

!) gfd;f/L syf;+u|x kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+ 2057 k|yd

!! n8fOsf] d}bfgaf6

syf;+u|x cf/=8L=k|ef; r6f}t, 88]Nw'/f

/fhnIdL r6f}t 88]Nw'/f

2056 k|yd

!@ sd{of]4f

syf ;+u|x

k'is//fh e§, s}nfnL

hgdt k|sfzg ag]kf

2059k|yd

!# Psyf]kf ;fu/sf]

syf;+u|x Æ dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud dx]Gb|gu/

2064 k|yd

!$ /;fOn s/d

yf?efiffsf] syf

dlg/fd rf}w/L wd]Gb| rf}w/L, pbf;Lk'/, s}nfnL

2059 k|yd

!% b'lvof/L aluof

yf?efiffsf] syf

dlg/fd rf}w/L /d]z rf}w/L, s}nfnL

2061 k|yd

44

!^ b'O{nfvsf] ctL{

syf ;+u|x

dlg/fh hf]zL, s}nfnL


2061 k|yd

!& cf:yf gfossf] cj;fg

syf;+u|x k'is//fh e§, s}nfnL


2061 k|yd

!* d'lQmb"t syf;+u|x k'is//fh e§ uf]kfnbQ± /flwsf e§ wgu9L, s}nfnL

2062 k|yd

!( gf}nf] g]kfnfM dfG;

8f]6]nL efiffsf] syf ;+u|x

aL/axfb'/ rGb dx]Gb|gu/

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud, dx]Gb|gu/

2063 k|yd

@) nfn d'/} yf?efiffsf] syf ;+u|x

Pd= 6]/f{ æjf:tljsÆ

n]vs :jo+ 2064 k|yd

@! kL8f syf;+u|x eQm/fh 9'+ufgf c5fd

n]vs :jo+ 2064 k|yd

@@ cfjfh syf;+u|x /fdrGb| g]kfn dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud dx]Gb|gu/

2065 k|yd

@# ;~hLjgL syf ;+u|x

cfTdf/fd cf]emf, s~rgk'/

lxt]zrGb| cf]emf, s~rgk'/

2065 k|yd

45

@=^ ;'b"/ klZrddf pkGof;n]vg / k|sflzt cf}kGofl;s s[ltx?M ;'b"/ klZrddf pkGof; n]vgsf] k/Dk/f nfdf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;d]t pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs sfn ;'? eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf :j=kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] lj=;= !(&$ df æPsnfv ?k}ofFsf] rf]/LÆ gfds pkGof;sf] /rgf u/L pkGof; n]vgsf] ;'?jft ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL pkGof;af6 g} ;'b"/ klZrdsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf ;'?jft ePsf] dflgG5 . lj=;= !(&$ df /rgf ePklg o;sf] k|sfzg eg] dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfno >Lb/af/ 6f]n nlntk'/af6 lj=;= @)#* df ePsf] b]lvG5 . h]xf]; k|sfzg kl5 ePklg o;sf] /rgf ePsf] ;do x]bf{ ;'b"/ klZrd cf}kGofl;s ofqfdf cufl8 g} k|j]z ul/;s]sf] oyfy{ pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/kl5 ;'b"/ klZrddf b]vfkg{] csf{ dxTjk"0f{ pkGof;sf/ x'g\–v8uaxfb'/ l;+x . lj=;= !(** ;fndf tTsfnLg 8f]6Lsf] cnf8df hlGdPsf l;+xsf lj=;= @)!! ;fndf æljb|f]x efu !Æ, @)!# df æljb|f]x efu @Æ / @)!% ;fndf æx'/Lsf] r/fÆ gfds tLgj6f pkGof;x? nuftf/ k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . pkGof;sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} g]kfnL ;flxTodf efpkGyLsf gfdn] k|Voft ltnsk|;fb zdf{n] @)@% ;fndf æknf;Æ pkGof; k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] æcflb k'?if / pj|]sf] dfG5]Æ pgsf] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ pkGof; To;kl5 k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ef;'b]j efO;fjsf æ;+:d/0fÆ, ælgufnfsf 5t/Lx?Æ tyf ;km/ u/L tLgj6f pkGof; k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ eg] eQm/fh hf]zLsf] æ;kgfÆ / v]d/fh cf]emfsf] sd{sf] tGgfn] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] pkGof;ofqfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ .

o;}u/L >]i7lk|of kTy/sf kltË/, k'sf/, /Ëe"ld, dof{bf, sl;Ë/ / k'g/fj[lt krf;sf] bzssf] ;]/f]km]/f]df k|sflzt ;zQm gf/Lx:tfIf/sf k|ltkmn x'g eg] g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/sf s';'dL, lrg', / syfJoyf ;'b"/ klZrd]nL hghLjgsf] lrq0f ug{] ;zQm cf~rlns pkGof; x'g\ . krf;sf] bzsd} k|sflzt pkGof;x?df lhtl;+x e08f/Lsf æst{JoÆ, clwsf/, ddtfsf] 8f]]/L / :jKg;dflw, ljqmd l;+x wfdLsf h}ldtL, b]j/fh e§sf gf}nflxt' t]haxfb'/ zfxsf] afbn, lji0f'k|sfz bf}Nofnsf] ljbfO{, t'n;L zdf{sf] efph' / dlg/fd rf}w/Lsf] yf? efiffsf] ljwjf /x]sf 5g\ . ;f7Lsf] bzssf] ;'?jftlt/} b]vfk/]sf gofF cf}kGofl;s s[ltx?df–s[i0fbQ r6f}tsf] ædNnf] af6f]Æ, cfTdf /fd cf]emfsf] ætLnfÆ / æ/fhf gfudNnÆ, clgn pkfWofosf] /x:oleqsf] a6'jf, s's'/f af]x/fsf] æh]nÆ kbdlji6sf] ægf}nf] ljxfgLÆ uf}/LbQ kg]?sf] æw/f}6LÆ, kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆsf] ækxf8sL ;f}/fOÆ /fdgfy clwsf/Lsf] zxLb hg;]gfsL kTgL, kbd ufpFn]sf] æcd/ dfofÆ / zld{nf

46

;[li6sf] yf? efiffsf] b'vs] xNsf]/fn] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] pkGof; ofqfdf tfdfdf}+ O{6fx? yk]sf 5g\ .

;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf pkGof; ljBfdf k|sflzt ePsf cf}kGofl;s s[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

qm=;=


! Psnfv ?k}ofFsf] rf]/L -/rgf !(&$_

pkGof; kxndfgl;+x :jfF/, c5fd

dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfno >Lb/jf/ 6f]n nlntk'/

2038

@ ljb|f]x efu ! pkGof; v8uaxfb'/ l;+x, 8f]6L

n]vs :jo+

2011

# ljb|f]x efu @ pkGof; v8uaxfb'/ l;+x, 8f]6L

n]vs :jo +

2013

$ x'/Lsf] r/f pkGof; v8uaxfb'/ l;+x n]vs :jo

2015

% knf; pkGof; efpkGyL, s~rgk'/

n]vs :jo+ 2025

^ cflb k'?if / pj|]sf] dfG5]

pkGof; efpkGyL n]vs :jo+

& ;kgf pkGof;

eQm/fh hf]zL n]vs :jo+

* ;+:d/0f pkGof;

af;'b]j efO;fa, s~rgk'/

n]vs :jo+

( lgufnfsf 5t/Lx?

pkGof; af;'b]j efO;fj

n]vs :jo+

!) ;km/

pkGof;

af;'b]j efO;fj

n]vs :jo+ dx]Gb|gu/

2045

47

!! sd{sf] tGgf pkGof; v]d/fh cf]emf n]vs :jo+, a}t8L

!@ kltË/ pkGof; >]i7lk|of kTy/, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+

2048

!# k'sf/ pkGof; >]i7lk|of kTy/ n]vs :jo+

2049

!$ /Ëe"ld pkGof; >]i7lk|of kTy/ b'uf{ ;flxTo e08f/ af/f0f;L

2050

!% dof{bf pkGof; >]i7lk|of kTy/ :jo+

2052

!^ sl;Ë/ pkGof; >]i7lk|of kTy/ :jo++

2053

!& k'g/fj[lt pkGof; >]i7lk|of kTy/ jf0fL k|sfzg lj/f6gu/

2057

!* h}ldtL pkGof; ljqmdl;+x wfdL, s~rgk'/

n]vs :jo+ dx]Gb|gu/

2052

!( gf}nflxt' pkGof; b]j/fh e§, a}t8L

n]vs :jo+, a}t8L

2054

@) s';'dL pkGof; g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ ;'>L bLkf :jfF/

2055

@! lrg' pkGof; g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/, s}nfnL

;'>L bLkf :jfF/, wgu9L

2056

@@ syfJoyf pkGof; g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ ;'=k= ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L

2059

@# ljbfO{ pkGof; lji0f'k|sfz bf}Nofn, aemfË

;'=k= ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;+3, wgu9L

2057

@$ ljwjf yf?efiffsf] pkGof;

dlg/fd rf}w/L n]vs :jo+ s}nfnL 2057

48

@% ddtfsf] 8f]/L pkGof; hLtl;+x e08f/L


@^ st{Jo / clwsf/

pkGof; hLtl;+x e08f/L


@& efph" pkGof;

t'n;L zdf{, s}nfnL

n]vs :jo+, s}nfnL

2058

@* dNnf]af6f] pkGof; s[i0fbQ r6f}t æsfGtÆ, s~rgk'/

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud, dx]Gb|gu/

2062

@( tLnf pkGof; cfTdf/fd cf]emf, s~rgk'/

/Tgk':ts e08f/ sf7df8f}+

2063

#) /fhf gfudNn pkGof; cfTdf/fd cf]emf s?0fb]jL cf]emf dx]Gb|gu/

2065

#! /x:oleqsf] a6'jf

pkGof; clgn pkfWofo, aemfª

n]vs :jo+

2063

#@ kxf8sL ;f}/fO

pkGof; kbd/fh hf]zL æk|eftÆ, s}nfnL

;f}/fO k|sfzg wgu9L

2064

## b'vs] xNsf]/f pkGof; ;ld{nf ;[li6, s}nfnL

hfgsL rf}w/L s}nfnL

2064

#$ zxLb hg;]gfsL kTgL

pkGof; /fdgfy clwsf/L æ;+uLÆ, s}nfnL

lji0f'dfof jfªdo k|sfzg kf]v/f

2065

#% cd/ dfof pkGof;

kbd ufpFn], 88}nw'/f

n]vs :jo+ 88]Nw'/f 2065

#^ h]n pkGof; s's'/f af]x/f s~rgk'/

:jo+, s~rgk'/ 2065

49

@=& ;'b"/ klZrddf gf6s n]vgsf] cj:yf / k|sflzt gf6\os[ltx?M ;'b"/ klZrd nf]s;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] ;DkGg If]q xf] . cgflbsfnb]lv 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxToleq nf]sgf6s / gfl6sfx? k|rngdf /lxcfPsf kfOG5g\ . 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo leq æe'jfÆ, ær}tfnf]Æ, x'8s]nL, 5lnof h:tf u]og[TofTds k|:t'ltleq gf6\o?k / emns ;d]l6Psf b]lvG5g\ . æuf}/fÆ, æla;'Æ / ædf3LÆ h:tf ljleGg kj{x?df b]jb]jL tyf bfgj / /fIf; h:tf kfqsf] gSsn u/L k|:t't ul/g] dgf]/~hgfTds / ;f+:s[lts s[ofsnfkx?df ;d]t cf+lzs gf6ssf afGsLx? k|s6 ePsf b]lvG5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrd]nL nf]shLjgdf k|rlnt /fdfo0f dxfef/t / s[i0f rl/qsf syfx?df cfwfl/t nf]sgf6sx? k|:t't x'g] u/]sf pbfx/0fx? klxn] b]lvg} b]Vg ;lsG5g\ . nf]s hLjgdf /x]sf] nf]sgf6ssf] oxL ;d[4 k/Dk/fn] g} ;'b"/ klZrddf n]Vo gf6ssf] ;'?jft / ljsf; ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf;qmddf Pp6f o'ufGtsf/L / cljid/0fLo b]g lbg] gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ ;'b"/ klZrds} wtL{n] hGdfPsf cd/ ;|i6f x'g\ . ;'b"/ klZrddf gf6ssf] ljsf;qmd / cj:yfsf ljifodf rrf{ ug{'kbf{ g]kfnL ;flxTos} k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ kxndfl;+x :jfF/;Dd} k'Ug'kg{] x'G5 . g]kfnL gf6ssf] Oltxf;df cfw'lgstfsf] emNsf] lbg] k|yd df}lns / b'vfGt gf6s æc6naxfb'/Æ g} ;'b"/ klZrd]nL gf6ssf] klxnf] ljGb' xf] . /f0ff zf;saf6 nv]l6P/ ef/tsf] l;+3fxLdf a;]sf c5fd lgjf;L slj kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] lj=;= !(%^ lt/ æc6naxfb'/Æ gf6ssf] /rgf u/L lj=;= !(^@ df agf/;af6 pQm gf6ssf] k|sfzg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf] oxL gf6s g} ;'b"/ klZrdsf] klxnf] gf6s xf] . gf6ssf/ :jfF/ c5fd lgjf;L ePsfn] dfq xf]Og, o; gf6ssf] ljifo j:t', :yfg / kl/j]z klg ;'b"/ klZrds} 8f]6Lsf] bfgsf]6 If]q ePsf]n] klg of] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] klxnf] gf6\os[lt x'g k'usf] b]lvG5 . o;/L kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf] c6naxfb'/ -!(^@_ af6 ;'? ePsf] ;'b"/ klrdsf] gf6s n]vgsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ s]nfpFbf kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] g} lj=;= !(^@ b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] ;dodf ljleGg gf6sx?sf] /rgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] lj=;= !(*% df ;+:s[taf6 cg'jfb u/]sf dxfslj sfnLbf;sf]] cle1fg zfs'Gtn gf6s @)!^ ;fndf k|sfzg ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] !(&% df /rgf u/]sf] ljdnfb]jL gf6s @)#@ df, !(*! df /rgf u/]sf] lji0f'dfof @)## df, !(&^ df /rgf u/]sf] nfn'efuf @)## df / hutl;+x @)#% df k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . lj=;= !((! df kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf] b]xfj;fg ePkl5 eg] ;'b"/ klZrddf gf6s n]vgsf] qmddf lj/fd nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . :jfF/sf] cj;fgkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd cj?4 ePsf] gf6s n]vgn] Ps}k6s #) jif{kl5 @)@! ;fnb]lv k'ghL{jg kfPsf] b]lvG5 . @))& ;fnkl5 gf6s / PsfÍL n]vgdf ;lqmo /x]sf a}t8Lsf cfTdf/fd cf]emfsf PsfÍLx? sf7df8f}+ / agf/;af6 ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePklg

50

k':tsfsf/sf ?kdf eg] @)@! ;fndf pgsf] æpiff clg?4Æ gf6s /Tgk':ts e08f/ sf7df08f}af6 k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . gf6s / PsfÍL n]vgdf ljz]if bvn /fVg] cf]emfsf æTof] b]z b|f]xL uf]vf{nL xf]OgÆ / æu'? lzio / d[To'kysf efOalxgLÆ h:tf PsfÍLx? ;femf k|sfzgn] k|sflzt u/]sf] æg]kfnL k|ltlglw PsfÍLx?Æ df klg ;dfj]z ePsf b]lvG5g\ . oxL qmddf lj=;= @)@@ ;fndf a}t8Lsf b]j/fh e§ zdf{sf] æcd/ zxLb bz/y rGbÆ k|sflzt eof] eg] a}t8Ls} nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] æg]tfsf ;fyLÆ, s~rgk'/sf af;'b]j efO;fjsf uf]/f r}tfnf], / df3L h:tf gf6\os[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'b} klg ;flxTosf] cGo ljBfsf t'ngfdf ;'b"/ klZrddf gf6s ljBf dfly p7\g g;s]sf] oyfy{ eg] n'sfpg ;lsb}g .

;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt gf6\os[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

qm=;=


! c6naxfb'/ gf6s kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

k|yd ;+:s/0f–n]vs :jo+ l4lto ;+=–uh]Gb|gfy /]UdL nlntk'/

1962

2026

@ ljdnfb]jL gf6s kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

andfgl;+x :jfF/, :jfF/ ;bg afg]Zj/ sf7df8f}+

2032

# lji0f' dfof gfl6sf kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

;femf k|sfzg k'nrf]s, nlntk'/

2033

$ nfn' efuf gf6s kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

tf/fdfgl;+x :jfF/, d6]gf c5fd

2033

% hutl;+x gf6s kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

;femf k|sfzg k'nrf]s nlntk'/

2035

^ piff clg?4 gf6s cfTdf/fd cf]emf dx]Gb|gu/

/Tgk':ts e08f/, sf7df8f}+

2021

51

& cd/ zxLb bz/y rGb

gf6s b]j/fh e§ zdf{ a}t8L

n]vs :jo+ 2022

* g]tfsf ;fyL gf6s nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb xfn sf7df8f}+

g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg sdnf8L, sf7df8f}+

2041

( uf]/f r]tfnf] v08gfl6sf af;'b]j efO;fj dx]Gb|gu/

g]kfn kmf/j]i6 klAns]zg P08 OGkm/d]zg k|f=ln=

2055

@=* ;'b"/ klZrddf lgaGw n]vgsf] cj:yf /

k|sflzt lgaGw s[ltx?M ;'b"/ klZrd ljsf; If]qdf lgaGw n]vgsf] Oltxf; / cj:yf pNn]v ug{'kbf{

gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf] :d/0f gu/L lgaGwsf] ljsf;qmd s]nfpg} ;lsb}g .

;'b"/ klZrddf lgaGw n]vgsf] ;'?jft slxn] b]lv eof] eGg] tYonfO{ pb\3f6g ug{]

xf] eg] kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf] uB n]vgnfO{ g} s]nfpg' kg{] x'G5 . æc6n axfb'/

gf6s n]v]/ df}lns / ljof]ufGt gf6sn]vgsf] ;'?jft u/]h:t} lgaGwsf] cf/De

kxndfgl;+x :jfF/sf uB/rgfaf6} ePsf] b]lvG5 .

kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] lj=;= !(&% df n]v]sf] æs] ;Gtf]if /fVg rflxG5Æ eGg]

uBs[ltaf6 g} lgaGwsf] ;'?jft ePsf]n] pQm s[ltnfO{ ;'b"/klZrdsf] k|yd

lgaGwfTds s[lt eGg'kg{] x'G5 . o;afx]s pgn] æ;b/ h]n sf/fvfgfÆ !(&^,

æg]kfn pBf]u sDkgLÆ !(&^ / of]ubz{g !(&( h:tf uBfTds s[ltx? n]v] klg

lgaGwfTds u'0f / nIf0f æs] ;Gtf]if /fVg rflxG5Æ eGg] s[ltdf /x]sfn] pQm s[lt

g} lgaGwsf] k|yd cf/De s[lt eGg'kg{] b]lvG5 .

52

;'b"/ klZrdaf6 cfw'lgs lgaGw n]vgsf] ;'?jft eg] a}t8Lsf nf]s]Gb|axfb'/

rGbn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;= @)#% ;fndf tTsflng g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f

k|lti7fgaf6 pgsf] afx|f} v]nf8L gfds JoËofTds lgaGw k|sflzt ePkl5 ;'b"/

klZrddf kmf6km'6 ?kdf lgaGw n]vgsf] qmd ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; qmddf

a}t8Lsf cfgGbb]j e§sf æs]xL cfTdk/s lgaGwx?Æ / b[li6ljGb' gfds

lgaGwfTds s[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ eg] s}nfnLsf o1/fh hf]zL ofqLsf

ægf/LÆ a}t8Lsf b]j/fh e§ zdf{sf ;dfhjfb / wd{, 8f]6Lsf 8f= /fdrGb e§sf

æk|fl1s lqj]0fLÆ, s~rgk'/sf 8f= b]jk|;fb cf]emfsf æ;d;dflos lrGtgÆ h:tf

lgaGw s[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ .

cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwdf pRr af}l4stf / gofF lrGtg z}nLn] /fli6«o ?kd}

lgaGwnfO{ :t/Lo ?k k|bfg ug{] 8f]6Ldf hlGdPsf 8f= b'uf{k|;fb e08f/Lsf

lgaGwx?n] krf;sf] bzskl5 lgaGwnfO{ gofF prfO{ dfq} lbPgg\, ;'b"/ klZrd]nL

lgaGwsf/x?nfO{ uf}/jaf]w u/fpFb} :t/Lo lgaGw n]vgsf nflu ;d]t s'ts'TofP .

krf;sf] bzskl5 ;'b"/ klZrd]nL lgaGw If]qdf 8f= b'uf{k|;fb e08f/Lsf

æd[u:ynLÆ, / ægL/f] afF;'/L ahfO/x]5Æ, 8f= 6]s/fh kGtsf] æcgfj/0fÆ,

efpkGyLsf] ærf]/ rf]/Æ, u0f]zk|;fb cf]emfsf] xf:oJoËofTds æh'Qfbz{gÆ, d's'Gb

snf}gLsf] ærqmJo"xÆ / æljljwfÆ, pQdaxfb'/ l;+xsf æ/fhgLlt / k|hftGqÆ /

k':s/ e§sf] æo'uwf/fÆ h:tf lgaGws[ltx? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . ljeGg kqklqsfx?df

km'6s/ ePklg :t/Lo lgaGw n]Vg] u0f]z/fh hf]zL, jf;'b]j kf08]o, kbd/fh hf]zL

æk|eftÆ, ;Ltf/fd e§, xl/s[i0f s8fot, /fdnfn hf]zL, 6L=Pg= hf]zL, vu]Gb| lu/L

æsf]lknfÆ, >]i7lk|of kTy/, ljgf]bs'df/ e§/fO{, cfTdf/fd cf]emf, af;'b]j efO;fj,

ab|L zdf{ ljgf8L, l8NnL/fh km'nf/f, s/jL/ zfx, /fdrGb| g]kfn, g]q k|;fb kg]?

h:tf lgaGwsf/x?n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] lgaGw n]vgnfO{ ult / :t/Lo ?k k|bfg

ul//x]sf 5g\ .

53

;'b"/ klZrddf xfn;Dd k|sflzt lgaGws[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5M .

qm=;=


! s] ;Gtf]if /fVg rflxG5

lgaGw kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

/rgf 1975

@ afx|f} v]nf8L lgaGw ;+u|x nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb, a}t8L xfn sf7df8f}+

g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg sf7df8f}+

2035

# ;dfhjfb / wd{ lgaGw ;+u|x b]j/fh e§ zdf{, a}t8L

n]vs :jo+

2047

$ k|fl1s lqj]0fL lgaGw ;+u|x 8f= /fdrGb| e§ 8f]6L

8d? / e/t e§, 8f]6L

2046

% b[li6ljGb' lgaGw ;+u|x cfgGbb]j e§ a}t8L

hLjg lkof sf7df8f}

2048

^ s]xL cfTdk/s lgaGw

lgaGw ;+u|x cfgGbb]j e§ ;femf k|sfzg k'nrf]s nlntk'/

2049

& gf/L lgaGw ;+u|x o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ, s}nfnL


* lxnf]df sdn lgaGw ;+u|x o1/fh hf]zL ofqL


( h'Qf bz{g lgaGw ;+u|x u0f]zk|;fb cf]emf æ;'wf]ofqLÆ s}nfnL


54

!) rqmJo"x lgaGw ;+u|x d's'Gb snf}gL s~rgk'/

n]vs :jo+ 2052

!! ljljwf lgaGw ;+u|x d's'Gb snf}gL s~rgk'/

n]vs :jo+ 2052

!@ rf]/rf]/ lgaGw ;+u|x efg'kGyL, s~rgk'/

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg dx]Gb|gu/ s~rgk'/

2053

!# d[u:ynL lgaGw ;+u|x 8f= b'uf{k|;fb e08f/L, 8f]6L xfn sf7df8f}+

u0f]zdfgl;+x cWoog k|lti7fg sf7df8f}+

2058

!$ gL/f] afF;'/L ahfO/x]5

lgaGw ;+u|x 8f= b'uf{k|;fb e08f/L

u0f]zdfgl;+x cWoog k|lti7fg sf7df8f}+

2060

!% ;d;fdflos lrGtg

lgaGw ;+u|x 8f= b]jLk|;fb cf]emf

;'=k= ;fdflhs ;]jf tyf cg'Gwfg ;ldlt dx]Gb|gu/

!^ /fhgLlt / k|hftGq

lgaGw ;+u|x pQdaxfb'/ l;+x aemfË

n]vs :jo+

!& cgfj/0f lgaGw ;+u|x 8f= 6]s/fh kGt dx]Gb|gu/

n]vs :jo+

!* o'uwf/f lgaGw ;+u|x k':s//fh e§ s}nfnL

hgdt k|sfzg ag]kf

2059

!( hLjg ;+3if{ lgaGw ;+u|x /fh]Gb| e§ n]vs :jo+

@) lrTsf/ / k'sf/ lgaGw ;+u|x vuf]oIf kGt n]vs :jo+

@! ;dfhleqsf Joyfx?

lgaGw ;+u|x df]xg a'9fP]/ n]vs :jo+, s~rgk'/

55

@=( ;'b"/ klZrddf ofqf;+:d/0f n]vg / k|sflzt s[ltx?M ofqf;+:d/0f ;flxTosf] cfw'lgs lk|o ljBf xf] . dflg; :jefjt 3'dGt] jf ofofj/Lo k|f0fL xf] . 3'Dg]qmddf g} dflg; k[YjLsf cgs06f/ u'kmfb]lv ljzfn / Jofks d}bfgdf / ;d'b|sf 5fnx? gf£b} ;ft ;d'b|kf/ tyf wtL{ / cfsfzsf ;Ldfgfx? klxNofpFb} cgGt cgGttfdf rSs/ / 3grSs/ nufpg k'u]sf] 5 . dflg;n] 3'd]sf / rxf/]sf wtL{ cfsfzsf cgGt ;Demgf / b]v]ef]u]sf cg'ejx?nfO{ zAbdf k|s6 ubf{ Tof] Hofb} /f]rs / sf}n'xndo x'g] ub{5 . ;flxTosf] oxL ljBfnfO{ ofqf ;+:d/0f, lgofqf jf ;du|df ofqf;flxTo eGg] ul/G5 . cfkm"n] 3'd]lkm/]sf :yfg, b[Zo, cg'ej / cg'e"ltnfO{ k|s6 ug{] k|rng k'/fg} ePklg ;flxTosf If]qdf gjLg snfsf;fy k|of]udf cfPsf] of] Ps gf}nf] / /f]rs ljBf xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTodf kGw|f} zftfAbLdf n]lvPsf] æ/fhf uugL/fhsf] ofqfÆ j[tfGtaf6 ;'? ePsf] ofqf ;flxTo æh+uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqfÆ x'Fb} b]z ljb]z / ;ft;d'b| gf3]sf] /f]rs 36gfqmdnfO{ cf}NofP/ cfw'lgs sfndf lk|o / nf]slk|o x'g ;kmn ePsf] xf] . ;'b"/ klZrd]nL ;flxTokmfF6df eg] ofqf ;flxTo n]vgsf] e"ld nueu afFemf] h:t} b]lvG5 . ;j{k|yd o'/f]k e|d0f u/]/ o'/f]ksf /lËnf /ft, gLnf ;fu/ / uugr'DaL dxn b]v]/ klg aemfËL sGb/fsf /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x 5Ss} k/]gg\ . cyjf cfkm" /f]rs b'lgofFdf k'u]sf] j0f{g u/]gg\ . kxf8L c5fdsf] d6]gaf6 r'/]efj/ / tTsflng sfnfkfgLsf nfnemf8Lx? gfF£b} slxn] ef/tsf] l;+3fxL t slxn] aDaO{, slxn] a8f]bf t slxn] agf/; clg slxn] sf7df8f}+ t slxn] s}nfnLdf xGgLbfsf ;f:tL, ;':s]/f / sxfnLnfUbf eL/kfvfsf ofqfcg'ejnfO{ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] klg gn]v]/} uP . j0f{g gu/]/} uP . To;}n] klg ;'b"/ klZrd]nL ;flxTo kmfF6df ofqf j0f{g / ;+:d/0fsf] yfngL cj]/ u/]/ dfq} eof] . ;'b"/ klZrdsf] hghLjgnfO{ oyfy{k/s 9+un] cfkm\gf pkGof;df ;zQm lrq0f ug{] cf~rlns pkGof;sf/ g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/, ;flxTo ;+:s[lt / 8f]6]nL Oltxf;sf cg';Gwfgs b]jLk|;fb cf]emf, ;flxTosf æemf]n]Æ o1/fh hf]zL ofqL / ldlxnfn pkfWofo h:tf ;|i6fx?af6 krf;sf] bzskl5 dfq} ofqf;flxTo n]lvg yfn]sf] oyfy{ e]l6G5 . o;qmddf g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/sf] æb]zleq–b]zaflx/Æ, b]jLk|;fb cf]emfsf] æs}nfz dfg;/f]j/sf] ofqfÆ, o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆsf] æd]/f] g]kfn bz{gÆ, ldlxnfn pkfWofosf] æs}nfz dfg;/f]j/Æ / a}t8Lsf u+ufbQ kGtsf] æa}t8Lb]lv a}Ënf]/ ;DdÆ h:tf s[ltx? ;'b"/ klZrd]nL ;flxTo kmfF6n] xft kf/]sf ofqf;flxTosf dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL x'g\ . ofqf;flxTo n]vgdf >]i7lk|of kTy/, gGbs[i0f hf]zL, af;'b]j kf08]o, cfTdf /fd cf]emf, kbd/fh hf]zL, x]dGtL hf]zL ;Ltf/fd e§ h:tf ;flxTosf/x?n] snd rnfpFb} cfPsf ePklg ;flxTosf c? ljBfsf t'ngfdf o;n] ck]lIft ;kmntf xfFl;n ug{ ;s]sf] eg] b]lvb}g .

56

;'b"/ klZrddf xfn;Dd k|sflzt æofqf;+:d/0ffTdsÆ s[ltx?M–

qm=;=


! b]zleqM b]zaflx/ ofqf ;+:d/0f

g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/, s}nfnL


2060

@ s}nfz dfg;/f]j/ ofqf

ofqf ;+:d/0f

b]jLk|;fb cf]emf, s~rgk'/

;'=k= ;fdflhs ;]jf tyf cg';Gwfg ;ldlt, dx]Gb|gu/

2053

# d]/f] g]kfn bz{g ofqf ;+:d/0f

o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ, s}nfnL


2059

$ s}nfz dfg;/f]j/ ofqf;+:d/0f ldlxnfn pkfWofo, s}nfnL

>Ls]bf/ ljsf; ;dfh 8f]6L

2064

% a}t8Lb]lv a}ªnf]/;Dd

ofqf;+:d/0f u+ufbQ kGt a}t8L

e'jg kGt, a}t8L 2056

@=!) ;'b"/ klZrddf ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf] cj:yf / k|sflzt s[ltx?M ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo l;h{gfsf] ;'?jft ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLsf slj /Tgfs/ kl08tsf] kfnfb]lv ePsf] dflgG5 eg] ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf] ;'?jft w]/} kl5 cfP/ dfq} ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}+df a;]/ ;flxTo ;fwgf / cWofkg ug{'x'g] a}t8Lsf cfgGb]j e§ / 8f]6Lsf 8f= /fdrGb| e§n] ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] b]lvP klg ;'b"/ klZrdsf] ;flxTo / ;flxlTos s[ltx?sf] dfq} ;dfnf]rgf ul/Psf ;dLIffTds ultnf s[ltx? xfn;Dd k|sflzt x'g ;s]sf b]lvb}gg\ .

;dfnf]rgfdf snd rnfpFb} cfpg' ePsf cfgGbb]j e§sf æ;dfnf]rgfsf] af6f]lt/Æ / æhgtfsf] ;flxToÆ, /fdrGb| e§sf ækf}/:To ;dfnf]rgfsf] l;4fGtÆ,

57

;+:s[t ;flxTosf] emns / æ;dLIffsf] kfOnfÆ o; If]qdf hlGdPsf JolQmx?n] n]v]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt x'g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdsf] a}t8Ldf hlGdPsf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks 8f= dxfb]j cj:yL ;dfnf]rgf ljBfdf /fd|f] bvn ePsf ;dfnf]rs x'g\ . b]jsf]6fsf v08sfJosf] cWoogdf ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf 8f= cj:yLsf æb]jsf]6fsf v08sfJox?sf] ;du| cWoogÆ tyf ænIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] hLjgL JolQmTj / s[ltTjÆ gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltx? k|sflzt 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrddf ;dfnf]rgf ljBfdf snd rnfpFb} cfpg' ePsf 8f= b]jLk|;fb cf]emfsf] æ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo / ;flxTosf/x?Æ gfds s[lt klg ;flxlTos vf]h, ljZn]if0f / ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt xf] . ;dfnf]rgf ljBfdf snd rnfpFb} cfPsf u0f]z/fh hf]zL, l8NnL/fh km'nf/f, af;'b]j kf08]o, af;'b]j efO;fj, /fdnfn hf]zL, ljgf]bs'df/ e§/fO{, wgGho ltldN;]gf, vu]Gb| k|;fb cf]emf, 6L=Pg= hf]zL, 8f= ab|Lzdf{ ljgf8L, cfTdf/fd e§, huGgfy hf]zL g]qk|;fb kg]?, kbd/fh hf]zL, >]i7lk|of kTy/, k'is//fh e§, x]dGt ljjz, /fdaxfb'/ af]u6L, h:tf ;|i6fx?sf ;dfnf]rgfTds k|ltefaf6 ;'b"/ klZrdsf] ;dfnf]rgf ljBfdf /fd|f] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .

xfn;Dd ;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

qm=;=

s[ltsf] gfd n]vs k|sfzs ;+:s/0f / ldlt

! ;dfnf]rgfsf] af6f]lt/

cfgGbb]j e§, a}t8L

n]vs :jo+

@ hgtfsf] ;flxTo cfgGbb]j e§

;'lznf e§ sf7df8f}+ 2058

# kf}/:To ;dfnf]rgfsf] l;4fGt

/fdrGb| e§, 8f]6L

n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L, xfn sf7df8f}+

$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] emns s]xL kIf

/fdrGb| e§ n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L xfn sf7df8f}+

% ;dLIffsf] kfOnf /fdrGb| e§ n]vs :jo+ 8f]6L xfn sf7df8f}+

58

^ ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo / ;flxTosf/

8f= b]jL k|;fb cf]emf

;'=k= ;fdflhs ;]jf tyf cg';Gwfg ;ldlt dx]Gb|gu/

2060

& ;flxTosf/ kl/ro sf]z

o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ


2060

* ;Dos b[li6 >]i7lk|of kTy/

hgdt k|sfzg ag]kf 2064

( qmd hf/L 5 ;Dd >]i7lk||of kTy/

hgdt k|sfzg ag]kf 2064

!) ;'b"/ klZrdsf] uhn ofqf / uhn ofqLx?

x]dafa' n]vs

;fdflhs ljsf; tyf cWoog cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, s~rgk'/

@=!! ;'b"/ klZrddf hLjgL n]vg;DaGwL k|sflzt s[ltx?M ;'b"/ klZrdsf] df6f]df /fi6«n] ;w} uj{ ug{;Sg] w]/} jL/ lj/fËgf, slj / ;flxTosf/x?n] hGd lnPsf 5g\ . /fi6«sf x/]s cfpFbf k':tfnfO{ / ljz]ifu/L ;'b"/ klZrdaf;LnfO{ ;w} k|]/0ff lbO/xg] k|]/0ffsf >f]t zxLb bz/y rGb, eLdbQ kGt, dfgjtfjfbsf k|0f]tf /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x, ;flxTosf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/, b]jsfGt kGt, olzofs} k|yd dlxnfdGqL x'g ;kmn ;fxl;s gf/L åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL h:tf JolQmx? hGdfPsf] ;'b"/ klZrdn] 8f= s] cfO l;+x, nf]s]Gb|axfb/ rGb, / z]/axfb'/ b]pjf u/L b]zsf tLgj6f k|wfgdGqL ;d]t hGdfPsf] 5 . b]zn] g} uj{ ug{] JolQmTjx? ;'b"/ klZrdaf;Lx?sf nflu ;w} k|]/0ffsf >f]t /lxcfPsfn] To:tf JolQmx?sf] hLjgL n]vgsf] k/Dk/f klg ;'=k= df /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 .

;'b"/ klZrdsf dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx?sf] hLjgL n]Vg] qmddf ;j{k|yd @)#% ;fndf k|sflzt aemfËsf pQdaxfb'/ l;+xn] n]v]sf] ædfgjtfjfbL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xÆ gfds s[ltaf6 ;'? ePsf] hLjgL n]vgofqfdf 8f= b]jLk|;fb cf]emfn] æcd/ zxLb bz/y rGbÆ, sNofg cf]emfn] æzxLb eLdbQ kGtÆ,

59

cfTdf/fd cf]emfn] æ;'b"/ klZrd If]qsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s lj/fËgfÆ, l8NnL/fh n]vsn] æcd/ zxLb bz/y rGb Ps hLjgLÆ, wd{b]j kGtn] æk':s/gfy pk|]tLsf] hLjgL, xl/aGbLn] /Tgaxfb'/ lji6sf] hLjgL h:tf hLjgLs[ltx? k|sflzt u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;afx]s ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx?n] lbj+ut Vofltk|fKt JolQmx?sf] hLjgL ;d]l6Psf :d[ltu|Gyx? k|sflzt u/]sf b]lvG5g\ .

;'b"/ klZrddfxfn;Dd k|sflzt hLjgL / :d[ltu|Gyx?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

qm=;=


! dfgjtfjfbL /fhf hok[YjL axfb'/ l;+x

hLjgL pQdaxfb'/ l;+x ;fljqL l;+x 2035

@ cd/ zxLb bz/y rGb

hLjgL

b]jLk|;fb cf]emf


2051

# cd/ zxLb zb/y rGbsf] hLjgL

hLjgL t]haxfb'/ rGb Æ

$ k'is/gfy pk|]tL hLjgL wd{b]j kGt k'is/gfy pk|]tL k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}+

% /Tgaxfb'/ lji6sf] hLjgL

hLjgL xl/aGbL n]vs :jo+

^ zxLb eLdbQ kGt

hLjgL sNofg cf]emf n]vs :jo+

& ;'b"/ klZrd If]qsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s lj/fËgf

hLjgL cfTdf/fd cf]emf zxLb bz/y rGb d]df]l/on 6«:6 sf7df8f}+

60

* kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ :d[ltu|Gy w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnf

kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ :d[lt k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}+

( cd/ zxLb bz/y rGb

:d[lt u|Gy s0f{axfb'/ rGb bz/y rGb :d[lt k|lti7fg

!) b]jsfGt kGt :d[ltu|Gy efnrGb| e08f/L ;'=k= ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L

!! k|f1 b]jL k|;fb cf]emf ;Demgf / cleJolQm

:d[ltu|Gy 3gZofd n]vs cflb

;'=k= ;dflhs ;]jf tyf cg';Gwfg ;ldlt dx]Gb|gu/

!@ g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ :d[ltu|Gy jf;'b]j kf08]o cflb


!# h;'bf e§ -/fO{_ :d[ltu|Gy hoGt df]Qmfg g]kfn ;f+:s[lt k|lti7fg sf7df8f}+

@=!@ ;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt efiff, Jofs/0f / bAbsf]if ;DaGwL s[ltx?M

qm=;=


! cIf/ dfnf efiff hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x

n]vs :jo+ 1958

@ k|fs[t Jofs/0f Jofs/0f hok[YjL axfb'/ l;+x

n]vs :jo+ 1968

# a}t8Lsf s]xL :yfgLo zAb

Jofs/0fsf]z eLdb]j÷ ch{'gb]j e§

cfgGbb]j e§ 2018

61

$ 8f]6]nL efiffsf] zAbsf]z

zAbsf]z ab|L zdf{ ljgf8L

hf]/f3f6L k|sfzg 2055

% j[xt 8f]6]nL zAbsf]z

zAbsf]z cf/=8L= k|ef; r6f}t

^ 8f]6]nL zAb36s zAbsf]z g]qk|;fb kg]?

n]vs :jo+ 2061

& 8f]6]nL cfxfgdfnf

efiff g]qk|;fb kg]? n]vs :jo+ 2063

* 8f]6]nL efiff ljj]rgf

efiff b]j/fh e§ zdf{ n]vs :jo+ 2061

( 8f]6]nL sf]z zAbsf]z af;'b]j æefO;fjÆ

n]vs :jo+ 2065

!) 8f]6]nL zAbe08f/ zAbsf]z aL/axfb'/ rGb n]vs :jo+

2065

@=!# ;'b"/ klZrddf k|sflzt Oltxf; / a+zfjnL ;DaGwL s[ltx?M–

qm=;=


! :jfF/sf] s'/f Oltxf; kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfno, nlntk'/

@ ;'b"/klZrdsf] cfw'lgs /fht}lgs Oltxf;

Oltxf; hLtl;+x e08f/L n]vs :jo+

62

# dxfsfnL c~rnsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;


$ k|frLg dNnsfnLg Oltxf; tyf ljleGg j+zfjnL / b]jLb]jtfsf] pTklQ


% ;'b"/klZrd a}t8Lsf] Oltxf;

Æ v]d/fh cf]emf n]vs :jo+

^ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf dWosfnLg 8f]6L /fHo

Æ 8f= /fhf/fd ;'a]bL

Æ

& c5fdsf] Oltxf;

Æ 8f= /fhf/fd ;'a]bL

Æ

* ;'b"/ klZrddf nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / @)^@–^# sf] P]ltxfl;s hgqmflGt

Æ x]dafa' n]vs :jo+

( afh'/f afx|jL;sf] Ps emns

Æ z+s/ zfx n]vs ;jo+

!) ;'b"/ klZrddf kqsfl/tf

Æ 8f= b]jLk|;fb cf]emf


63

!! aemfË lhNnfsf] P]ltxfl;s lrgf/L

Æ pQd axfb'/ l;+x, aemfË

:jo+

!@ /f}n]Zj/sf] dlxdf tyf kg]? /fHosf] ljj/0f

j+zfjnL p4jaxfb'/ lji6 a}t8L

:jo+

!# :jfF/sf] j+zfjnL j+zfjnL g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ :jfF/ ;]jf ;ldlt c5fd

!$ :jfF/sf lrgf/L j+zfjnL g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ :jfF/ ;]jf ;ldlt c5fd

!% dNn j+zfjnL j+zfjnL xif{/fh dNn n]vs :jo+

!^ kg]? j+z kl/ro j+zfjnL s[i0fk|;fb kg]? n]vs :jo+

!& kf7ssf] j+zfjnL j+zfjnL /3'gfy kf7s n]vs :jo+

!* clquf]qLo cf]emf j+zfjnL

j+zfjnL cfTdf/fd cf]emf n]vs :jo+

!( kg]?sf] Oltxf; tf/fbQ kg]? n]vs :jo+

@) 8f]6LIf]qsf] Oltxf; tyf ;+:s[lt

Oltxf; 8f= b]jL k|;fb cf]emf

;'=k= ;fdflhs ;]jf tyf cg';Gwfg ;ldlt, dx]Gb|gu/

@! ;'b"/ klZrddf hgr]tgfsf] ljsf; / @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtsf] Oltxf;

Æ Æ Æ

64

kl/R5]b tLg

#=! ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf lqmofzLn ;flxTosf/x?M– efiff, ;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;DkGg tyf nf]s;flxTosf] e08f/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;'b"/ klZrd ljsf; If]q k|lz4 ;flxTosf/x?sf] hGde"ld xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/, dfgjtfjfbL JolQm tyf g]kfnL efiffsf k|yd a}ofs/0f hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x, qmflGtsf/L slj Pg=8L= k|sfz r6f}t, 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf k|yd cWotf b]jsfGt kGt, cf~rlns pkGof;sf/ g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/, /fli6«o?kdf k|Voft ;flxTosf/ nf]s]Gb|+axfb'/ rGb, 8f= 8L=kL= e08f/L dx]zljqmd zfx, efpkGyL, 8f= ho/fh kGt, dxfb]j cj:yL, cfgGbb]j e§, nlnhg /fjn h:tf tdfdf}+ ;flxTosf/x?n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] uf}/j a9fPsf 5g\, eg] ;'b"/ klZrdd} a;]/ ;flxTo ;fwgf ug{] o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ, >]i7lk|of kTy/, kbd/fh hf]zL, efnrGb e08f/L, lgd{ns'df/ e08f/L, af;'b]j efO;fj, cfTdf/fd cf]emf, dlg/fh hf]zL, jf;'b]j kf08]o, /fdnfn hf]zL, 6L=Pg= hf]zL, x]dGtL hf]zL, bLkf P]/ æpbf;LÆ, /fdgfy clwsf/L, cfTdf/fd cf]emf, sNofg cf]emf, lbJo ;fu/ ;fpFb, czf]s af]x/f, d]3gfy vgfn, k'is//fh e§, h:tf ;of}+ ;|i6fx?n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] ;flxTonfO{ dfly p7fpg pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfdf lqmofzLn ;flxTosf/x?sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M–

!= kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ -lj=;= !(#%–!((!_ hGdM lj=;= !(#% d+l;/ ^ ut]

hGd:yfgM c5fd lhNnfsf] l/8Lsf]6

lktf dftf M n5'l;+x :jfF/ / l8s'/fb]jL

lzIffM ;fdfGo

n]vg cf/DeM lj=;= !(%@ df /f0ffzf;gaf6 nv]l6Pkl5 ef/tsf] l;+3fxLdf a;]/

n]vgsf] ;'?jft

65

k|yd /rgfM lj=;= !(%^ df æcªs]Gb'z]v/Æ gfds s[lt agf/;af6 k|sfzg u/L

;flxTodf k|j]z

ljBfut of]ubfgM gf6s, sljtf, pkGof;, lgjGw / cGo n]v

ljz]if of]ubfgM g]kfnL ;flxTodf klxnf] k6s df}lns / b'vfGt gf6s c6naxfb'/sf] /rgf u/L k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ . dfWoldssfnLg Ps dxTjk"0f{ slj

k|sflzt s[ltx?M c6naxfb'/ -gf6s_ nfn'efuf -gf6s_ ljdnfb]jL -gf6s_ hutl;+x -gf6s_ lji0f'dfof -gfl6sf_ /TgfjnL gf6s cªs]Gb' z]v/ -sfJo_ k|]dfd[tjrg ;+u|x -sljtf_ c5fdsf rf8kj{ -sljtf_ vf]/x:o -sljtf_ lsl:sGwf sf08 -sfJo_ Psnfv ?k}ofFsf] rf]/L -pkGof;_ s] ;Gtf]if /fVg rflxG5 -lgaGw_ cflb .

d[To'M lj=;= !((! ;fn a}zfvdf, s}nfnLsf] kxndfgk'/ cfdaf;fdf . @= hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x hGdM lj=;= !(#$–!((&

hGd:yfgM aemfË

dftf lktfM vu]Zj/L b]jL / ljqmdaxfb'/ l;+x

lzIffM c+u|]hL ;flxTodf k|yd :gfts

n]vg cf/DeM lj=;= !(%) b]lv

k|yd k|sflzt s[ltM cIf/dfnf

ljBfut n]vg / of]ubfgM efiff, Jofs/0f, sljtf / cGo

ljz]if of]ubfgM uf]/vfkq -!(%*_ sf k|yd ;Dkfbs, dfgjtfjfbL bz{gsf k|jt{s,

cGt/f{li6«o dfgtfjfbL ;+3sf] :yfkgf

k|sflzt s[ltx?M cIf/dfnf, k|fs[t Jofs/0f, afnaf]w -efiff–Jofs/0f_ afnehg–

dfnf, tTj k|z+;f -sljtf_ e"uf]n ljBf, ækbfy{ tTj ljs]sÆ cflb

d[To'M lj=;= !((& a}ªnf}/, ef/t

66

#= b]jsfGt kGt -lj=;= !((#–@)%&_ hGdM lj=;= !((# cfiff9 @* ut]

hGd:yfgM pRrfsf]6, 8f]6L

dftf lktfM lqk'/f;'Gb/Lb]jL / 8f= nIdLsfGt kGt

lzIffM g]kfnLdf Pd=P=

n]vg cf/DeM lj=;= @)!@ b]lv

k|yd k|sflzt /rgfM ;Ltf:joDA/ -sfJo_ @)@&

ljBfut of]ubfgM sljtf, sfJo / nf]s;flxTo

ljz]if n]vg / of]ubfgM 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf k|yd cWotf 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo Ps

cWoogsf] n]vg–k|sfzg .

k|sflzt s[ltx?M sljtf sfJo–;Ltf:joDa/ -@)@&_, lzjd+un ljjfx @)@&,

ho g]kfn @)#^, zflGtIf]q g]kfn @)$), g]kfnL tLh syf

nf]s;flxTo–8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo Ps cWoog @)#@

;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/M ;femf k'/:sf/, /fli6«o k|ltef k'/:sf/

d[To'M @)%& kmfu'g @* ut] .

$= Pg=8L k|sfz r6f}t

gfdM :j= gf/fof0L bQ r6f}t

pkgfdM Pg=8L k|sfz r6f}t

hGdM lj=;= !(*^

hGd:yfgM au/sf]6 uflj; 8'ª/L, 88]Nw'/f lktf÷dftfM :j= b]jLk|sfz r6f}t, :j= u'gs]z/L r6f}t lzIffM cfO=P= k|sflzt /rgfM /rgf k|sfz, Pg=8L k|sfzsf sfnhoL sljtfx? ljBfut of]ubfgM sljtf ljBfdf

67

%= g[kaxfb'/ :jfF/ -lj=;= !(*#–@)^@_ hGdM lj=;= !(*# sflt{s @) ut] hGd:yfgM l/l8sf]6, c5fd lktf dftfM kbdaxfb'/ :jfF/, d}gfs'df/L :jfF/ lzIffM cfO=P= ljBfut of]ubfgM sljtf, pkGof; / ofqf;+:d/0f k|sflzt s[ltx?M ;]tLsf] dlGb/ -sljtf_ uf]7fn] l76f] -sljtf_ s';'dL -pkGof;_ lrg'

-pkGof;_, syfJoyf -pkGof;_ b]zleq–b]zalx/ -ofqf;+:d/0f_ :jfF/sf] lrgf/L -j+zfjnL_

d[To'M @)^@ ;fn d+l;/ @@ ut], s}nfnL ^= v8uaxfb'/ l;+x -lj=;=!(**–@)#%_ hGdM lj=;= !(** sflt{s hGd:yfgM cnf8, tTsfnLg 8f]6L lktf÷dftfM s]z/axfb'/ l;+x, sNof0fL l;+x lzIffM :jfWoog ljBfut of]ubfgM pkGof; k|sflzt s[ltx?M ljb|f]x efu ! / @, x'/Lsf] r/f -pkGof;x?_ ljz]if of]ubfgM k~RoftsfnLg u[xdGqL -/fhgLlt / ;flxTo b'j}If]qdf_ &= b]jL k|;fb cf]emf -lj=;= !((^–@)^@_ hGdM lj=;= !((^ >j0f–!) hGd:yfgM ad/f8f ufpF, a}t8L lktf÷dftfM /fdrGb| cf]emf, dfgdtL cf]emf lzIffM /fhgLltzf:qdf ljBfjfl/lw ljBfut of]ubfgM sljtf, Oltxf;n]vg, ;dfnf]rgf, lgaGw, ofqf;+:d/0f k|sflzt s[ltx?M sf]tkj{, v08sfJo, zxLb bz/y rGbsf] hLjgL, 8f]6L If]qsf]

Oltxf;, / ;+:s[lt, s}nfz dfg;/f]a/ ofqf, ;'b"/ klZrddf hgr]tgfsf] ljsf; / @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt, ;'=k= df ;flxTo / ;flxTosf/ cflb

ljz]if of]ubfgM k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L eO{ sfo{ u/]sf], g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] k|f1 ;b:o

d[To'M @)^@ h]i7 @& ut] dx]Gb|gu/, s~rgk'/

68

*= nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb pkgfdM >Lnf]rg hGd:yfgM af;'lnË–! s'/s'l6of, a}t8L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM nf]sGynL, eQmk'/ lktf÷dftfM :j= dxfjL/ rGb, :j= nIdL rGb lzIffM lj=P=,Pn=Pn=jL= lqmofzLn ljBfM syf, gf6s, lgaGw k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM & j6f s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ afx|f} v]nf8L -lgaGw_ @_ lxpFsf] tGgf -syf_ #_ cfVofg

-syf_ $_ lj;h{g -syf_ %_ OGb| wg'if -sljtf_ ^_ ckl/lrt -sljtf_ &_ ufpF3/lt/ -gf6s_ *_ g]tfsf ;fyL -gf6s_

dgkg{] ;flxlTosf/M ;d, b]jsf]6f, l3ld/] (=b'uf{k|;fb e08f/L pkgfdM 8L=kL= e08f/L hGdldltM lj=;= !((@ efb| !% hGd:yfgM lg/f}nL, 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM sf7df8f}+, jfg]Zj/ lktf÷dftfM– s'~h/dl0f e08f/L÷OlGb/f e08f/L lzIffM c+u|]hL ;flxTodf ljBfjfl/lw lqmofzLn ljwfM lgaGw k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ s[ltsf] gfd / ljBfM s_ d[u:ynL -lgaGw_ v_ gL/f] afF;'/L ahfO/x]5 -lgaGw_ !)= dx]zljqmd zfx hGdM lj=;= @)@@ efb| !% hGd:yfgM sfnLdf6L, c5fd xfnsf] 7]ufgfM dxf/fhu+h, sf7df8f}+ lzIffM Pd=lk=P= lqmofzLn ljwfM syf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ;6fxf -syf;+u|x_ @_ l;kfxLsL :jf:gL -syf;+u|x_ #_

cflk|msg clduf] -syf;+u|x_ $_ 5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f] -syf;+u|x_

69

!!= cfgGbb]j e§ hGdldltM lj=;= !((# cflZjg @% hGd:yfgM vnËf h'Dnf, k'vf}{nL 3/ a}t8L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM sflnsf:yfg, sf7df8f}+ lktf÷dftfM– :j=hob]j e§, :j= lx/fb]jL e§ lzIffM Pd=P= lqmofzLn ljBfM sljtf / ;dfnf]rgf k|sflzt s[lt ;++VofM !& s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ca lxdfno af]N5 -sljtf_ @_ u'/fF; -sljtf_ #_ hLjgs}

y'Dsf]af6 -sljtf_ $_ pd/v}ofdnfO{ hjfkm -sljtf_ %_ ltdLnfO{ b]Vbf -sljtf_ ^_;flxnL d}of -sljtf_, (& ;fn -sljtf_ &_ o'/L Pn]S; uful/g -sljtf_ *_ cfdf af]nfpFl5g -sljtf_ (_ ;dfnf]rgfsf] af6f]lt/ -;dfnf]rgf_ !)_ xfd|f k|ltefx? -;dfnf]rgf_ !!_ k|ltef klxrfg -;dfnf]rgf_ !@_ hgtfsf] ;flxTo -;dfnf]rgf_ !$_ hgtfsf] zq' -cg'jfb_ !%_ b[li6ljGb' -;ldIff_ !^_ hutsf] ;[li6 -bz{g_

cfj4 ;+VofM k|ultzLn n]vs ;+3, sf7df8f}+

!@=nlnhg /fjn

hGdldltM lj=;= @)@! kf}if

hGd:yfgM sflnsf ufpF, ;'ufnL, c5fd

xfnsf] u]7fgfM 3§]s'nf], l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+

lzIffM :gfts

lqmofzLn ljwfM uhn

k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM %

s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ o;k6s klg -sljtf_ @_ s]xL uhnx? -uhn_ #_ lj/fgf]

of] 7fpFdf -uhn $_ d?e"lddfly -sljtf_ %_ l;/fgLdf cfF;'

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg

70

!#=8f= ho/fh kGt hGdldltM lj=;= @)!) r}q hGd:yfgM lhhf]8fdf8f}+ * h}gf]nL, 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM sf7df8f}+ %, xfF8LufpF lktf÷dftfM :j= bofgLlw kGt, :j= /fwfb]jL kGt lzIffM ljBfjfl/lw lqmofzLn ljBfM 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM & s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ c+h'nLel/ ;u'g kf]N6fel/ kmfu -nf]s;flxTo_ @_ 8f]6]nL

wdf/L uLt Ps cWoog -nf]s;flxTo_ #_ d:6f k/Dk/f / To;sf uLtx? -nf]s;flxTo_ $_ 8]p8f -nf]s;flxTo_ %_ 8f]6]nL uf}/fkj{sf uLt / ufyfx? -nf]s;flxTo_ ^_ 8f]6]nL ef] kj{sf uLt / ufyfx? &_ z}n]Zj/L dxfTDo / To;sf uLtx? -nf]s;flxTo_

k]zfM k|fWofkg cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM g]kfn ;f+:s[lt k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}+ !$= cf/=8L=k|ef; r6f}t hGdldltM !((# r}q hGd:yfgM /gfufpF 8'Ë/L, 88]Nw'/f xfnsf] 7]ufgfM afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ lktf÷dftfM :j= ljZj]Zj/ r6f}t, :j= a]n' r6f}t lzIffM Pd=P= lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf, syf, efiff s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ n's]/ x]?F ls -sljtf ;+u|x_ @_ hLjgsf 38Lknf -sljtf

;+u|x_ #_ kf]v/f -sljtf ;+u|x_ $_ Pp6f :j/ -sljtf ;+u|x_ %_ dxfdfgj jL=kL= sf]O/fnf -sljtf ;+u|x_ ^_ k|ef;sf sljtfx? &_ a'9fsf] e};Sof] af; -sljtf_ *_ d]/f] d[To'df -sljtf_ (_ r6f}t ;'lQm;'wf -sljtf_ !)_ k|ef; gLlt ;+lxtf -sljtf_ !!_ n8fOsf] d}bfgaf6 -syf ;+u|x_ !@_ j[xt 8f]6]nL zAbsf]if -zAbsf]if_

71

!%= o1/fh hf]zL pkgfdM æofqLÆ hGd:yfg / ldltM u8;]/f–$, j:tLufpF, 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf=–&, b]jxl/of,s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM :j=jL/eb| hf]zL / gd{bfb]jL hf]zL lzIffM Pd=P= lqmofzLn ljwf M sljtf sfJo k|sflzt s[lt ;+Vof M !@ -afx|_

s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ g]kfnsf nfn -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ dft[e"ld g]kfn -sljtf;+u|x_ #_ cfdfsf] dlxdf -sljtf;+u|x_ $_ lji0f'bf; -sljtf;+u|x_ %_ cf:yf -sljtf;+u|x_ ^_ u'gf;f] -sljtf;+u|x_ &_ eujtL aGbgf -sljtf;+u|x_ *_ zf/bLk'ik -sljtf;+u|x_ (_ s]bf/ :t[lt -sljtf;+u|x_ !)_ eQm / eujfg -sljtf;+u|x_ !!_ d]/f] g]kfn bz{g -ofqf:d/0f_ !@_ gf/L -lgaGw ;+u|+x_ cfj4 ;flxlTos ;+:yf M ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh, wgu9L s}nfnL, s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L, s}nfnL

!^= k"0ff{gGb e§ hGd:yfg / ldlt M j8fv]t 8f]6L, lj=;= !(() xfnsf] 7]ufgf Ms[i0fk'/ uf=lj=;=,s~rgk'/ lzIff M:jfWoog lqmofzLn ljwf Msljtf sfJo k|sflzt s[lt ;+Vof M !@ - afx|_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_cle;fk -v08sfJo_ @_ cft{gfb -v08sfJo_ #_ jgb]jL -v08sfJo_ $_ ufpFsnf -v08sfJo_ %_ k|hftGq afns -v08sfJo_ ^_ zflGtdlGb/ -v08sfJo_ &_ 8f]6]nL nf]snx/ -uLltsfJo_ *_ sljtf t/Ë -sljtf;+u|x_ (_ ljnfkL -v08sfJo_ !)_ ljnfkL @ -v08sfJo_ !!_ gfgf] hfTs -uLltsfJo_ !@_ zflGtlj1fg -dxfsfJo_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfhsf] cfhLjg ;b:o g]kfn n]vs ;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo pkfWoIf

72

!&= xl/lk|of >]i7 pkgfd M >]i7lk|of kTy/ hGd:yfg M lbkfon l;nu9L g=kf= 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM gf/fo0fk'/ uflj; ;QL,s}nfnL lktf÷dftf Mk"0fdfg >]i7, s[i0fs'df/L >]i7 lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM pkGof; / uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM !@ -afx|_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ kltË/ -pkGof;_ @_ k'sf/ -pkGof;_ #_ /Ëe"ld -pkGof;_ $_ dof{bf -pkGof;_ %_ sl;Ë/ -pkGof;_ ^_ k'g/fj[lt -pkGof;_ &_ klUnPsf Joyfx? -uhn;+u|x_ *_ kTy/sf k|nfkx? -uhn;+u|x_ (_ cfF;s'f] ;f}uft -uhn;+u|x_ !)_ qmd hf/L 5 -sljtf;+u|x_ !!_ Pp6f cs{}}af6f] -syf;+u|x_ !@_ ;Dos b[li6 -e"ldsf ;+u|x_ cfj4 ;flxlTos ;+:yf M;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn uhn d~rwgu9L, efg' k':tsfno ;QL, s}nfnL, g]kfn /fli6«o uhn k|lti7fg

!*=kßd/fh hf]zL pkgfd M æk|eftÆ hGd:yfg Mkf]v/L !, b]p/fdxn,8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgf Mwgu9L g=kf=@,s}nfnL lktf÷dftf M:j= ;xb]j hf]zL, ljigfb]jL hf]zL lzIff M:gftsf]Q/ lqmofzLn ljwf Msyf, pkGof; / nf]s;flxTo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ - rf/_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwf M!_ gfd;f/L -syf;+u|x_ @_ uf}/fkj{ Ps kl/ro -nf]s;flxTo_ #_ ;'=k=sf] ;dfh / nf]s;+:s[lt Ps emns -nf]s;flxTo_ $_ kxf8sL ;f}/fO{ - pkGof;_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh–k"j{ cWoIf s}nfnL hgk':tsfnosf] ;b:o, g]kfnL nf]s;+:s[lt k|lti7fgsf] cWoIf g]kfn n]vs ;+3s s]Gb|Lo ;b:o

73

!(= /fdnfn hf]zL pkgfd MaGbLvfd, afnhLjg, ;GWofljxfgL hGd:yfg Msfgfrf}/ uflj;–&, 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= %, x;gk'/, s}nfnL ;Dks{ kmf]g g+=M )(!–%@#**! lktf÷dftf M:j=xl/eQm hf]zL, t'n;fb]jL hf]zL lzIff M:gftsf]Q/ lqmofzLn ljwf Muhn, sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+Vof M ! -Ps_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwf MxTs]nfdf cfsfz -uhn;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh, wgu9L–cWoIf, s}nfnL hgk':tsfno–;b:o, g]kfn ;flxTosf/ ;+3–;'=k= If]qLo ;+of]hs

@)=jf;'b]j e§ pkgfd M efO;fj hGd:yfg MkNnfrf}8nL, a}t8L xfnsf] 7]ufgf M dx]Gb|gu/–!* s6fg lktf÷dftf Mho/fh e§, åfl/sfb]jL e§ lzIff M Pd=P= ;Dd cWoog lqmofzLn ljwf Mnf]s;flxTo s[ltsf] gfd / ljwf M !_ 8f]s] -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ b'MvL uLltsyf -uLltsfJo_ #_ uf]/f r}tfnf] -gfl6sf_ $_ el/ofbfO -ofqf;+:d/0f_ %_ ;+:d/0f -pkGof;_ ^_ ;km/ -pkGof;_ &_ lgufnfsf 5t/Lx? -pkGof;_ *_ 8f]6]nL sf]z -nf]sf]lQm_ (_ df3L -gf6s_ !)_ v'b\of}8fsf bGTosyf -nf]ssyf_ cfj4 ;flxlTos ;+:yf MdxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/sf] cWoIf ;' =k= ;flxTo ;dfhsf] cfhLjg ;b:o

74

@!= efnrGb| e08f/L pkgfd Ma|x\duf]n hGd:yfg / ldlt Mu8\;]/f, 8f]6L lj=;= @))^ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgf Mwgu9L g=kf= %,s}nfnL lktf÷dftf M:j=/fdrGb| e08f/L, :j= gd{bfb]jL e08f/L lzIff Mk|j]lzsf k]zf McWofkg lqmofzLn ljwf Msljtf k|sflzt s[lt M@ - b'O{_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwf M!_;'eb|f -v08sfJo_ @_ hog]kfn -sljtf;+u|x_ cfj4 ;flxlTos ;+:yf M;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–;Nnfxsf/ s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L –;Nnfxsf/ g]kfnL nf]s;+:s[lt k|lti7fg wgu9L –pkfWoIf

@@= lgd{ns'df/ e08f/L pkgfd Me|ldt hGd:yfg / ldlt Mhf]/fon 8f]6L,lj=;+=@)!# ;fn lktf÷dftf MefgbQ e08f/L, wdf{b]jL e08f/L lzIff Mk|lj0ftf k|df0fkqtx lqmofzLn ljwf sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;++Vof M % -kfFr_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwf M!_ st{Joaf]w ;Gb]z -sljtf_ @_ r]nLa]6Lsf] jxJoyf / ljnf}gf -sljtf_ #_ ;fjwfg gofF o'u cfpFb}5 -sljtf_ $_ cf/f]Uo ;Gb]z zts -sljtf_ %_ jL/]Gb| zf]ssfJo -sljtf_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yf M;'b"/klZdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9Lsf] cfhLjg ;b:o s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9Lsf] cfhLjg ;b:o

75

@#= 6L=Pg=hf]zL pkgfd M lszf]/ hGd:yfg / ldlt Mhf]ua'9f–! 88]Nw'/f, lj=;= @)#$ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgf Mwgu9L g=kf=@, s}nfnL lktf÷dftf Ms]zj/fh hf]zL, dx]Zj/Lb]jL hf]zL lzIff M:gftsf]Q/ -g]kfnL_ k]zf Mk|fWofkg , kqsfl/tf lqmofzLn ljwfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+Vof M ! -Ps_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwf M!_ b]z /f]Psf a]nf -uhn;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–pkfWoIf s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L–;lrj 5Gå k|lti7fg wgu9L –;lrj efiff ;+:s[lt kl/ifb\ wgu9L–cWoIf

@$=cfTdf/fd cf]emf hGd:yfg / ldltM bz/yrGb g=kf= ad/f8L a}t8L– lj=;= !(*& xfnsf] 7]ufgfM eLdbQ gu/kflnsf #, cfgGb6f]n, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM /fdrGb| cf]emf, dfgdtLb]jL cf]emf lzIffM :jfWoog lqmofzLn ljBfM gf6s / sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM % -kfFr_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ piff clg?4 gf6s @_ b]j:t'tL -sljtf #_ k|hftGq ;'s[lt–

ljs[lt zts -sljtf_ $_ /fdfo0f Znf]sj4 sljtf_ %_ ljljwf -sljtf_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'=k= ;flxTo ;dfh–cfhLjg ;b:o, dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud–cfhLjg ;b:o

76

@%=dlg/fh hf]zL hGd:yfg / ldltM ufFh/L, 8f]6L, lj=;= @)!@ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= !, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM :j= wd{/fh hf]zL, h;'bf hf]zL lzIffM :jfWoog lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf sfJo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ( s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ;l/tf– -v08sfJo_ @_ Bf]nL -v08sfJo_ #_ cfgGbuLtf

-sljtf;+u|x_ $_ a]x8fafafsf] pTklt / dlxdf -sljtf;+u|x_ %_ afnHof]lt;f/ -sljtf;+u|x_ ^_ ljgf]bfgGbd0fL -v08sfJo_ &_ cd/;fws dxndfgl;+x :jfF/ -dxfsfJo_ *_ bz/y rGb -dxfsfJo_ (_ b'Onfvsf] ctL{ -syf;+u|x_

@^= vu]Gb| lu/L pkgfdM sf]lknf hGd:yfg / ldltM 5t/fb]j:yn, afh'/f, lj=;= @)@) ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L !, kz'klt 6f]n s}nfnL, xfn–g]kfnu~h lktf÷dftfM :j= bz/y lu/L, :j= sdnf lu/L lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ -rf/_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ p:t} p:t} gbLsf p:t} p:t} 5fnx? -uhn;+u|x_ @_ Jou|

rfFbgL -uhn;+u|x_ #_ /fu a;'Gw/f -uhn;+u|x_ $_ cfkm\g} 5fn cfkm\g} lsgf/f -d'Qms ;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh, wgu9L, ;'b"/ klZrd uhn d+r wgu9L, dWoklZrdf~rn uhn k|lti7fg–g]kfnu+h k]zfM s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf gf]s/L

77

@&=lbgfgfy a/fn pkgfd ddlg/lw hGd:yfg / ldltM ufpFzx/ uflj; cf]Vn], ndh'Ë, lj=;= !((% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM lqe'jgj:tL @, k'gjf;{, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM Clif/fd a/fn, /dfb]jL a/fn lzIffM :jfWoog k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ( -gf}_ lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ndh'Ësf] dfof -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ k~rj]0fL efjgf -

sljtf;+u|x_ #_ dfgj bz{g -sljtf;+u|x_ $_ lrGtgsf] rf}tf/L -sljtf;+u|x_ %_ ;'b"/sf] 3]/f]leq -sljtf;+u|x_ ^_ s+rghª3fsf] kL8f -sljtf;+u|x_ &_ zflGtsf] sfdgf / ;d:ofk"lt{ -sljtf;+u|x *_ d]wfjL ;f]dbQ -v08sfJo_ (_ k~rzLn pb\j]u -sljtf;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–cfhLjg ;b:o, dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/–cfhLjg ;b:o, 5Gå k|lti7fg wgu9L–cfhLjg ;b:o, efiff ;+:s[lt kl/ifb\ cfhLjg ;b:o

@*=:j= dxfb]j e§ hGd:yfg / ldltM a8fv]t, 8f]6L lj=;= !(() ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM s[i0fk'/ $ df}jfkmfF6f s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM :j= wd{b]j e§, lji0f'b]jL e§ lzIffM ;+:s[t dWodf lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf ;+u|x k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ tTjaf]w /fdfo0f -dxfsfJo_ @_ o'u;+qmd0f -v08sfJo_

#_ ljZj bLks ;+:sf/ -sljtf_ d[To' M– @)^^ ;fn

78

@(= dfgaxfb'/ l;+x pkgfdM kxf8L hGd:yfg / ldltM ;}gk;]nf ^ aemfË, lj=;= !((* ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L %, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM jL/axfb'/ l;+x, rGb|snfb]jL l;+x lzIffM :jfWoog k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM !! -P3f/_ lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ dfG5] rf]nf cfof] sln -sljtf_ @_ uf]v{] r}t -sljtf;+u|x_

#_ ynL -sljtf;+u|x_ $_ kxf8L -uLt;+u|x_ %_ kTgL ljof]u / wdL{ kfkL -sljtf;+u|x_ ^_ km'6s/ /rgfx? sljtf;+u|x &_ s[ifs / s[lif sljtf;+u|x *_ l;ågfy Pj+ k"0f{lu/L dxfTDo -sljtf;+u|x_ (_ ;+:s[lt Pj+ nf]suLt ;+u|x !)_ 8]p8f uLt ;+u|x -sljtf;+u|x_ !!_ ehg sLt{g -sljtf;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L

#)= xif{k|;fb e§ hGd:yfg / ldltM 3'ª'/sf]6 c5fd, lj=;= @))% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM 3'ª'/sf]6, uflj;= s'dfO{:yfg c5fd lktf÷dftfM vu]Gb|k|;fb e§, 8Da/L b]jL e§ lzIffM zf:qL lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf k|sflzt s[ltsf] ;+VofM ^ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ d]/f]sNkgf -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ lxdfnL ;Gb]z -sljtf;+u|x_ #_

b'O{ yf]kf cfF;' -sljtf;+u|x_ $_ c5fd ?b}5 -sljtf;+u|x_ %_ KofpnL u'nfj -sljtf;+u|x_ ^_ b/af/sf] cfTdsyf -sljtf;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L

79

#!= ldlxnfn pkfWofo pkgfdM æk'ikÆ hGd:yfg / ldltM rdf/frf}tf/f $, 8f]6L lj=;= @)!) ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= @, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM :j= gGb/fd pkfWofo, xl/b]jL pkfWofo lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf ofqf;+:d/0f k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ s;d of] df6f]sf] -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ abnfsf] k|]/0ff

-sljtf;+u|x_ #_ s}nfz dfg;/f]a/ -ofqf;+:d/0f_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh, wgu9L

#@= s[i0fbQ r6f}t pkgfdM æsfGtÆ hGd:yfg / ldltM lrk'/ uf=lj=;= %, a]nLk'/ 88]Nw'/f lj=;= @))$ ;fn xfnsf]sf] 7]ufgfM ;'8f uflj; !, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM klt/fd zdf{ r6f}t, hd'gfb]jL r6f}t lzIffM :gfts -;flxTo zf:qL_ lqmofzLn ljwfM syf / sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ u'gf;f] -syf;+u|x_ @_ c:tfnrnsf] ;"o{ -syf;+u|x_ #_

dNnf] af6f] -pkGof;_ $_ sljtfsfGtsf s]xL sljtf -sljtf;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/

80

##= s[i0fbQ kg]? pkgfdM s[i0f æjl~rtÆ hGd:yfg / ldltM l;d e'To' 88]Nw'/f lj=;= !((* df xfnsf] 7]ufgfM dfnfv]tL cQl/of, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM :j= xl/bQ kg]?, :j= sf}l;nfb]jL kg]? lzIffM k"j{dWodf -;+:s[t Jofs/0f_ k]zfM lzIf0f lqmofzLn ljwfM uhn / sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ lj;f}gL -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ al~rtsf /rgf -sljtf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o,

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn uhn d~r– cfhLjg ;b:o, k|ltef k':tsfno cQl/of– cfhLjg ;b:o

#$=bLgfgfy e§ hGd:yfg / ldltM u8;]/f, ( 8f]6L, lj=;= !((% ;fn lktf÷dftfM :j= nf]sgfy e§, :j= s]z/Lb]jL e§ lzIffM ;+:s[t dWodf lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ bLgfgfysf /rgfx? -sljtf_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh, wgu9L–;Nnfxsf/,

s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L– cWoIf, 5Gå k|lti7fg wgu9L– ;Nnfxsf/

81

#%= k'is//fh e§ pkgfdM PsnJo hGd:yfg / ldltM bz/yrGb g=kf= $, a}t8L, lj=;= @)#@ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= %, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM uf]kfnbQ e§, /flwsf e§ lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM syf, lgaGw, uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ^ -5_ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ sd{of]4f -syf;+u|x_ @_ d'lQmb"t -syf;+u|x_ #_ cf:yf

gfossf] cj;fg -syf;+u|+x_ $_ Psyf]kf ;fu/sf] -syf;+u|x_ %_ o'uwf/f lgaGw ;+u|x ^_ ;'gf}nf] ljxfgL -uhn;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o. s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o, ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r– cfhLjg ;b:o,

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/, k|ultlzn n]vs ;+3

#^= jf;'b]j kf08]o hGd:yfg / ldltM eb|k'/ ( agn]s 88]Nw'/f lj=;= @)!$ ;fn lktf÷dftfM huGgfy kf08]o, dGbf]b/L kf08]o lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf / nf]s;flxTo s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM b]jsfGt kGt :d[ltu|Gy -;Dkfbs_ @_ ;'/le -;Dkfbs_

#_ nf]sfog -;Dkfbs_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh– ;Nnfxsf/, s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L

82

#&= ab|L zdf{ ljgf8L pkgfdM hf]/f3f6L hGd:yfg / ldltM ;ftkm/L uflj; hf]/f3f6 8f]6L, lj=;= @)!% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= $, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM :j= eLdnfn ljgf8L, t'n;L b]jL ljgf8L lzIffM ljBfjfl/lw -8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTodf_ k]zfM k|fWofkg lqmofzLn ljwfM efiff, nf]s;flxTo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ 8f]6]nL eflifsfsf] zAbsf]if cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o,

dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/– cfhLjg ;b:o

#*= :j= b]j/fh e§ æzdf{Æ hGd:yfg / ldltM >Ls]bf/ &, a}t8L ldlt !((^ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM eLdbQ g=kf= ^, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM ls;gb]j e§, h;'bf e§ lzIffM :jfWoog lqmofzLn ljwfM lgaGw, gf6s k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ cd/ ;lxb bz/y rGb -gf6s_ @_ ;dfhjfb / wd{

-lgaGw_ #_ gf}nflxt' -pkGof;_ $_ 8f]6]nL Jofs/0f -Jofs/0f_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM dxfsfnL ;flxTo kl/jf/ Pj+ ;'=k= efiff Pj+ ;+:s[lt s]Gb|sf]

k"j{ cWoIf .

83

#(= bLkf P]/ pkgfdM pbf;L hGd:yfg / ldltM w=g=kf= ^, s}nfnL, lj=;= @)$) ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM w=g=kf= ^, dl6of/L, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM uug l;+x P]/, xL/fb]jL P]/ lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf / uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ 3fd5fFof -uhn;+u|x_ @_ ltd|f] cfs[lt -uLt ;+u|x_

#_ cfFvfdf /flvx]/ -sljtf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r, wgu9L–pkfWoIf, g]kfnL efiff ;+:s[lt kl/ifb, wgu9L, s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L, s}nfnL–cfhLjg ;b:o

$)= sNofg cf]emf hGd:yfg / ldltM au/sf]6 %, l;/f8 88]Nw'/f lj=;= @)@^ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM eLdbQ gu/kflnsf #, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM :j= gGbnfn cf]emf, sdf{b]jL cf]emf lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf sfJo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ lkt[ljof]u -v08sfJo_ @_ P bz} -v08sfJo_ #_ 3fOt]

k|hftGq -sljtf;+u|x $_ 6'qmf6fqmL l;Pkl5 -d'Qms ;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/–;b:o k|ultlzn n]vs ;+3 ;b:o s~rgk'/, /fKtL dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;ldlt ;b:o s~rgk'/

84

$!= dlg/fd rf}w/L pkgfdM ljjz rf}w/L hGd:yfg / ldltM pbf;Lk'/ ^ s}nfnL, lj=;= @)#% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM pbf;Lk'/ uflj; ^, k[YjLk'/, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM uf]s0f{k|;fb rf}w/L, :j= e'OrfnL rf}w/L lzIffM :gfts lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf, syf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ljwjf -pkGof;_ @_ /;fOn s/d -syf;+u|x_ #_ lxdfns]

d':sf/ -sljtf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ljBfyL{ ;flxTo k|lti7fg s}nfnL

$@= d]3gfy vgfn pkgfdM æaGw'Æ hGd:yfg / ldltM hLtk'/ %, Onfd lj=;= @)!( ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= !@, h'u]8f, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM 5ljnfn vgfn, ifli6sf vgfn lzIffM :gftsf]Q/ -g]kfnL_ lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf, uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ uhn ofqf uhn;+u|x cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L, s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L, ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r wgu9L

85

$#= ef]h/fh e§ pkgfdM slNkt kfn'jf hGd:yfg / ldltM l;nu9L 8f]6L, lj=;= @)!% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= %, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM b]jbQ e§, eflu/yL e§ lzIffM lj==Pn= k]zfM sfg"g Joj;fo lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ;+;b / l;+xb/af/ lnP/ kmNb}5, km'Nb}5 sf7df8f}+

-sljtf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o

$$= g/]Gb| k|;fb e§ pkgfdM c~hfg hGd:yfg / ldltM e'd]Zj/ @, a}t8L, lj=;= @)#$ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM u0f]zbQ e§, dfgdtL e§ lzIffM :gftsf]Q/ -g]kfnL_ k]zfM k|fWofkg lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ zxLb k'q -v08sfJo_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–cfhLjg ;b:o,

s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L–cfhLjg ;b:o

86

$%= gGb/fd kf08]o pkgfdM gGb/fd kf08]o æzf:qLÆ hGd:yfg / ldltM eb|k'/ (, jgn]s, 88]Nw'/f, lj=;= !((( xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L #, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM /fdrGb| kf08]o, snfjtL kf08]o lzIffM zf:qL lqmofzLn ljwfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ s[i0f ?lSd0fL ljjfx -v08sfJo_ @_ hLjgsf cfofd

-sljtf_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–cfhLjg ;b:o

$^= vu]Gb| ;fpFb pkgfdM lbJo;fu/ ;fpFb hGd:yfg / ldltM wgl;+xk'/ uflj; @, s}nfnL, lj=;= @)## ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgl;+xk'/ @, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM :j= dgaxfb'/ ;fpFb, s'GtLb]jL ;fpFb lzIffM k|j]lzsf lqmofzLn ljwfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ Pp6f nx/ ;fu/sf] -uhn;+u|x_ @_ lhn]aLsf] af]6

-afnsyf ;++u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r–k"j{cWoIf, efg' k':tsfno ;QL, s}nfnL– cWoIf

87

$&= czf]s af]x/f pkgfdM c;Ld kL8f hGd:yfg / ldltM 6Lsfk'/, s}nfnL lj=;= @)#^ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM b'uf}{nL ^, nfosk'/ lktf÷dftfM dfgaxfb'/ af]x/f, k?b]jL af]x/f lzIffM :gfts lqmfozLn ljwfM uhn / sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ;+of]u ljof]u -sljtf ;+u|x_ @_ cfs+Iffsf t:jL/x? -uhn

;+u|+x_ #_ afF;'/Lsf w'gx? -uhn;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM df]tL ;flxTo ;dfh 6Lsfk'/ s}nfnL–cWoIf

n]vgfy ;flxTo ;dfh 6Lsfk'/ s}nfnL ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn k|lti7fg wgu9L

$*= s[i0fl;+x k]nf hGd:yfg / ldltM bz/yrGb g=kf=, s'/fnf a}t8L, lj=;= @)@( ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= @, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM nId0fl;+x k]nf, hodtL k]nf lzIffM :gfts k]zfM lzIf0f lqmofzLn ljwfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ c~h'nLdf ;fu/ -uhn;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b'/klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L, s}nfnL ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r wgu9L

88

$(= x]dGtL hf]zL hGd:yfg / ldltM l;drf}/ @, sf6} 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= @, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM sfzLgfy hf]zL, ;'lznf hf]zL k]zfM cWofkg lqmofzLn ljwfM syf / uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ k|ltlaDa -syf;+u|x_ @_ dgx? lhTg ;s] -uhn;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L –;b:o s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L–;Nnfxsf/

;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L

%)= nf]saxfb'/ rf}w/L pkgfdM nSsL rf}w/L hGd:yfg / ldltM pdf{ uflj; $, /fdk'/ s}nfnL lj=;= @)#% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= %, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM hËaxfb'/ rf}w/L, 5f]sgfb]jL rf}w/L lzIffM :gftsf]Q/ lqmofzLn ljBfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # k|sflzt s[ltsf] gfd / ljwfM !_ ;xLbfg -uhn;+u+x_ @_ cGtef{j -uhn;+u|x_ #_ ltx'jf/ -;f+:s[lts s[lt_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn uhn d~r wgu9L gj/Tg ;flxTo ;+ud wgu9L s}nfnL hgk':tsfno, wgu9L

89

%!= /fdgfy clwsf/L pkgfdM ;+uL hGd:yfg / ldltM ldh'/]8fF8f ^, sfZsL lj=;= @))^ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM km"njf/L uflj; #, s}nfnL lzIffM ;fdfGo k]zfM n]vfk9L sfg"gL Joj;fo lqmofzLn ljBfM sljtf sfJo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM & k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ eL8Gt -rDk'sfJo_ @_ hgcfjfh -sljtf;+u|x_

#_ 56kl6Psf cfTdfx? -nf]ssfJo_ $_ 5]bfnfn -zf]ssfJo_ %_ >L:j:yfgL -dxfsfJo_ ^_ dlg/fh -dxfsfJo_ &_ zxLb hg;]gfsL kTgL -pkGof;_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–;b:o s}nfnL hgk':tsfno– cfhLjg ;b:o 5Gå k|lti7fg wgu9L–;b:o

%@= u0f]zbQ Gof}kfg] pkgfdM sf}l80o hGd:yfg / ldltM :ofDkf uflj; tgx' lj=;= @))@ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM k/fzg %, ;Ltfj:tL, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM lktfDa/ Gof}kfg], ;Ltfb]jL Gof}kfg] lzIffM ;+:s[tdf k"j{dWodf k]zfM n]vg, s[lif lqmofzLn ljBfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ cfdfsf] u'gf;f] / ctL{ -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ gbLsf ;'dw'/ arg -sljtf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh–cfhLjg ;b:o

90

%#= ho/fh cf]emf pkgfdM clenfifL hGd:yfg / ldltM u8;]/f ^, 8f]6L lj=;= @)!$ ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L &, dg]x/f s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM b]jbQ cf]emf, lx/fb]jL cf]emf lzIffM zf:qL -:gfts_ k]zfM lzIf0f lqmofzLn ljBfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ ;kgf -v08sfJo_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfhsf] 8f]6L, zfvf cWoIf %$=Hof]ltk|sfz hf]zL pkgfdM kl08t hGd:yfg / ldltM kf}jfu9L, 5fGgf aemfË xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L @, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM nIdLgf/fo0f hf]zL, d]gsf hf]zL lzIffM cfo'j{]bfrfo{ k]zfM s[lif lqmofzLn ljBfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ! k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ dTof{lwsf/ -sljtf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh– cfhLjg ;b:o s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o

91

%%= 6f]k]Gb| zfx pkgfdM /l;s hGd:yfg / ldltM u8;]/f @, 8f]6L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L *, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM bL3{axfb'/ zfx, nIdLb]jL zfx lzIffM :gfts k]zfM lzIf0f lqmofzLn ljBfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM km'6s/ /rgfx? k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM ! km'6s/ /rgfx? cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh wgu9L–;b:o ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~rwgu9L– cWoIf s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L– ;b:o

%^= v]d/fh cf]emf hGd:yfg / ldltM Gjfb]p uflj; a}t8L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM ;'8f uflj; %, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM :j= k/dfgGb cf]emf, dxfb]jL cf]emf lzIffM cfrfo{ k]zfM n]vg lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM sljtf sfJo k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM * k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !) k/dfgGb -zf]ssfJo_ @_ g]kfn cfdf -dxfsfJo_ #_

lzvl/0fL -dxfsfJo_ $_ lxdlzv/ -dxfsfJo_ %_ yfs]sf] k/fgL -bz{g_ ^_ sd{sf] tGgf -pkGof;_ &_ km"n ablnof]; PSsfO;f] ztfAbL -sljtf;+u|x_ *_ ntf nls/ -sljtf;+u|x_


92

%&= lji0f'\eQm hf]zL pkgfdM lji0f'eQm zf:qL hGd:yfg / ldltM r}gk'/ uflj; @, s'nfnL aemfË lj=;= @))% ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM r}gk'/ @, s'nfnL aemfË lktf÷dftfM g/b]j hf]zL, dxfdtL hf]zL lzIffM zf:qL k]zfM lzIf0f lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ ;'Gofnb]lv aemfËL;Dd -v08sJo_ @_ lrof lrGt'

-v08sfJo_ #_ ;'df{b]jL -v08sfJo_ ;fOkfn -v08sfJo_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+VofM aemfË ;flxTo d~r r}gk'/ aemfË

%*= ejfgL bQ r6f}t pkgfdM e=b=zf:qL hGd:yfg / ldltM lbJofjtL 8'Ë/L, 88]Nw'/f lj=;= !((* ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM au/sf]6 uflj; 8'Ë/L 88]Nw'/f lzIffM :gfts -zf:qL_ k]zfM ;/sf/L sd{rf/L lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM ^ k|sflzt s[lt / ljwfM !_ ;GWof -sljtf;+u|x_ @_ e|ldt -sljtf;+u|x_ #_ efg'—elQm

-v08sfJo_ $_ uf}/fkj{ -n]v_ %_ hLjg lh1f;f -v08sfJo_ ^_ ejfgL ;Kt zKtL -v08sfJo_


93

%(=lzj/fh of]uL pkgfdM æcfF;'Æ hGd:yn / ldltM v}/fnf #, s}nfnL xfnsf] 7]ufgfM wgu9L g=kf= ^, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM k|]d/fh of]uL, sf]OnLb]jL of]uL lzIffM :gfts k]zfM kqsfl/tf lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM uhn sljtf k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM km'6s/ /rgfx? k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ km'6s/ /rgf k|sflzt @_ ljleGg kqklqsf ;Dkfbg cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh– cfhLjg ;b:o gj/Tg ;flxTo ;+ud wgu9L –cfhLjg ;b:o ;'=k= uhn d~r wgu9L– cfhLjg ;b:o

^)= Crf n'O6]n hGd:yfg / ldltM emfkf, lj=;= @)#* ;fn xfnsf] 7]ufgfM rf}dfnf uflj; %, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM ejfgLz+s/ n'O6]n, Zj]tf n'O6]n lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM $ k|sflzt s[lt / ljBfM !_ afF;'/Lsf w'gx? -uhn;+u|x_ @_ efjgfsf] ofqf

-uhn;+u|x_ #_ k'ikntfM sndsf 8f]ax?df -uhn;+u|x_ $_ klUnP/ 3fOt] dg -d'Qms;+u|x_

cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+VofM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r– cfhLjg ;b:o gj/Tg ;flxTo ;+ud wgu9L–cfhLjg ;b:o

94

^!= jL/axfb'/ rGb pkgfdM lj>fd hGd:yfg / ldltM tNnf] :j/f8 a}t8L xfnsf] 7]ufgfM eLdbQ g=kf= ^, s~rgk'/ lktf÷dftfM b'uf{ rGb, nR5' rGb lzIffM :gftsf]Q/ k]zfM kqsfl/tf lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM uhn, efiff k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM # k|sflzt s[ltsf] gfd / ljBfM !_ rf}kftf] /] dfG; -uhn;+u|x_ @_ 8f]6]nL zAbe08f/

-efiff_ #_ gf}nf] g]kfnf dfG; -syf;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud s~rgk'/–cWoIf

^@= dLgaxfb'/ yfkf pkgfdM ldng hGd:yfg M ;'Fu/vfn uflj; s}nfnL xfnsf] 7]ufgfM r'xf uflj; *, df3df/f, s}nfnL lktf÷dftfM lbnaxfb' yfkfdu/, dlg;/fb]jL yfkfdu/ lzIffM k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx k]zfM gf]s/L lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ljBfM uhn k|sflzt s[lt ;+VofM @ k|sflzt s[ltsf] gfd / ljBfM !_ d]/f xTs]nfsf /]vfx?sf] ldng -uhn;+u|x_

@_ ltd|f] Kof/ / 5'6]sf] cfFrn -uhn;+u|x_ cfa4 ;flxlTos ;+:yfM ;'b"/ klZrddf~rn uhn d~r wgu9L– ;b:o efg' k':tsfno ;QL s}nfnL –cfhLjg ;b:o

95

kl/R5]b rf/ $=! ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf ;lqmo ;flxlTos ;+:yfx?

;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf ;flxTosf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g ljsf; / gofF k|ltefsf] vf]hL u/L ;flxTo / ;flxTosf/x?sf] kIfdf sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zon] ljleGg lhNnfdf ljleGg ;flxlTos ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf oxfFsf lqmofzLn ;flxTosf/x? / ;flxTok|]dL JolQmx?s} ;+nUgtfdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfn cl:tTjdf /x]sf / lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ;+3;+:yfx?n] oxfFsf ;|i6fx?sf s[lt k|sfzgb]lv lnP/ ljleGg slj uf]i7L ug]{, ;flxlTos sfo{qmd ug]{, ;flxTosf/sf hGdhoGtL dgfpg], gofFk|ltefnfO{ k|sfzgdf Nofpg], kqklqsf k|sfzg ug{] h:tf sfo{x? u/L ;flxTosf] k|rf/k|;f/ / ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh, dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn uhn d~r, ljBfyL{ ;flxTo k|lti7fg, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxlTos ;f+:s[lts ;Dj4{g ;ldlt, gj/Tg ;flxTo ;+ud, jemfª ;flxTo d~r, n]vgfy ;flxTo ;dfh, s}nfnL hgk':tsfno, gf6\oZj/L snf s]Gb| h:tf ;+3;+:yfx? ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . lqmofzLn ;flxlTos ;+3;+:yfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng / k]z ug]{ qmddf ;+:yfsf] gfd, btf{ :yfg, :yfkgf ldlt, cfj4 ;flxTosdL{x?sf] ;+Vof jt{dfg sfo{;ldlt, ;+:yfsf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgf nufotsf ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

$=@ s}nfnL hgk':tsfno wgu9L, s}nfnL btf{ :yfgM lh=k|=sf= s}nfnL :yfkgf ldltM @)!$ ;fn ;+:yfks JolQmx?M hfgsL ljqmd 1jfnL, hgs/fh sdf{rfo{, v8uaxfb'/ l;+x sfo{;ldltsf]M gfd kb != bLgfgfy e§ cWoIf @= o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ pkfWoIf #= 6L=Pg= hf]zL ælszf]/Æ ;lrj $= ;Ltf/fd e§ ;x;lrj %= k|]d rGb sf]iffWoIf ^= /fdnfn hf]zL ;b:o &= uf]df hf]zL ;b:o *= 6f]k]Gb| zfx ;b:o (= pdfsfGt hf]zL ;b:o !)= kbd/fh hf]zL ;b:o !!= k|efs/ e08f/L ;b:o ;+:yfsf] sfof{noM wgu9L g=kf= !, d]g/f]8 kmf]g g+= )(!–%@!%#%, df]= (*$*$@*@@!

96

$=# ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh btf{ :yfg M lh=k|=sf= s}nfnL

:yfkgf ldlt M @)%! df3 *

;+:yfks JolQmx? M o1/fh hf]zL …ofqLÚ, jf;'b]j kf08]o, sdnfktL hf]zL,

kb\dsfGt hf]zL, d]3gfy vgfn, lbgfgfy e§, dlg/fh hf]zL,

u'0ffs/ e§, hLjg h};L, cu|axfb'/ lji6

cfj4 ;b:o ;ª\Vof M !&@ -cfhLjg_

jt{dfg sfo{;ldlt M gfd kb

/fdnfn hf]zL cWoIf

6L=Pg= hf]zL pkfWoIf

xl/s[i0f s8fot ;lrj

x]dGtL hf]zL ;x–;lrj

tLy{/fh kf08]o sf]iffWoIf

7fs'/k|;fb 9'+u]n ;b:o

/fdgfy clwsf/L ;b:o

6+s s'j/ ;b:o

xl/ If]qL ;b:o

bnaxfb'/ jf]u6L ;b:o

6f]k]Gb| zfx ;b:o

tk/fh ljgf8L ;b:o

pdfsfGt hf]zL ;b:o

;+:yfsf] sfof{noM wgu9L gu/kflnsf !, ;flxTo dfu{

;Dks{ 7]ufgfM )(!–%@#**!, df]= (&$())^#((

97

$=$ dxfsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud btf{ :yfgM lh=k|=sf= s~rgk'/ :yfkgf ldltM @)$( ;+:yfks JolQmx?M jf;'b]j efO;fj, ab|L zdf{ ljgf8L, sNofg cf]emf, jL/axfb'/ rGb cfa4 ;b:o ;+VofM @#! jt{dfg sfo{;ldltM gfd kb ! jL/axfb'/ rGb cWoIf @= gf/f hf]zL pkfWoIf #= xl/k|;fb hf]zL dxf;lrj $= x]dafa' n]vs %= sNofg cf]emf ^= k'is//fh e§ &= bLgfgfy a/fn $=% ljBfyL{ ;flxTo k|lti7fg wgu9L, s}nfnL btf{ :yfgM s}nfnL :yfkgf ldltM @)%% ;fn ;+:yfks JolQmx?M /fdnfn hf]zL, 6L=Pg= hf]zL, g/]Gb| e§, /fdaxfb'/ af]u6L, Hof]lt

kGt, /Iff cf]emf cfa4 ;b:o ;+VofM @)$ jt{dfg sfo{;ldltM gfd kb != bLk]Gb| e08f/L cWoIf @= gGb/fh e§ pkfWoIf #= z}n]Gb| /f]sfof ;lrj $= u0f]z/fh /]UdL ;x;lrj %= slNkt v8\sf sf]iffWoIf ^= w'j/fh hf]zL ;b:o &= d~h' ld> ;b:o *= cNsL hf]zL ;b:o (= ddtf cj:yL ;b:o !)= ntf a8' ;b:o !!= 6+s/ ;'gf/ ;b:o !@= d's]z l;+x ;b:o !#= /fdk|sfz /fgf ;b:o ;+:yfsf] sfof{no ;Dks{ 7]ufgfM s}nfnL SofDk; ;Dks{ kmf]g g+= )(!–%@!@@#, df]= (**$$%^#!!

98

$=^ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn uhn d~r wgu9L

btf{ :yfg M lh=k|=sf=,s}nfnL

:yfkgf ldlt M @)%* ;fn

;+:yfks AolQmx? M >]i7 lk|of kTy/, 6L=Pg=hf]zL ælszf]/Æ, 6f]k]Gb| zfx, d]3gfy

vgfn aGw', s[0f kg]?æal~rtÆ

at{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt

gfd kb

!_6f]k]Gb| zfx æ/l;sÆ cWoIf

@_uf]laGb cof{n pkfWoIf

#_bLkf P]/ pbf;L pkfWoIf

$_lg/~hg ad æ6L=Pd=Æ dxf ;lrj

%_vu]Gb| e§/fO{ ;lrj

^_ cd[tf 7s'/L sf]iffWoIf

&_ sfzL/fd 9'+ufgf ;b:o

*_wg/fh cla/n ;b:o

(_slkn e§ ;b:o

!)_nSsL rf}w/L ;b:o

!!_k'ik/fh hf]zL ;b:o

;+:yfsf] sfof{noM wgu9L gu/kflnsf–! d]g/f]8

;Dks{ kmf]g g+=M )(!–%@)%((

df]jfO{n M (*$*$$^$((

99

$=& df]tL ;flxTo ;dfh 6Lsfk'/, s}nfnL


:yfkgf ldlt M @)%^ ;fn

;+:yfks AolQmx? M czf]s af]x/f,;]t/fh ;+ud,lgbf]{if 8]la6,ho l;+x laZjsdf{,lbAo

;fu/ ;fpb

cfj4 ;b:o ;+Vof M $%

at{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt

gfd kb

!_czf]s af]x/f cWoIf

@_lgbf]{if 8]la6 ;b:o

#_cfbz{ lbk /fjn ;b:o

$_;]t/fh ;+ud ;b:o

%_lbAo ;fu/ ;fpFb ;b:o

^_ ho l;+x lazjsdf{ ;b:o

&_ sfzL/fd 9'+ufgf ;b:o

*_g/ axfb'/ a6fnf ;b:o

;Dks{ 7]ufgf M 6Lsfk'/ gu/kflnsf d'Vo ahf/ 6Lsfk'/ s}nfnL

;Dks{ kmf]g g+=M (*$*$@^*)@

100

$=* gj/Tg ;flxTo ;+ud wgu9L,s}nfnL


:yfkgf ldlt M @)%^ ;fn

;+:yfks JolQmx? M lzj/fh of]uL, tk/fh lagf8L, ;'/t /fjt, bL3{/fh pkfWofo,

;'efifrGb| e08f/L

cfj4 ;b:o ;+Vof M $! hgf

at{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt

gfd kb

!_df]xg zfxL cWoIf

@_t]h e§ pkfWoIf

#_ofd' zdf{ ;lrj

$_Kof;L cf]emf ;x–;lrj

%_d~h' ld> sf]iffWoIf

^_lai0f' /f]sfof ;b:o

&_ uf]laGb v8\sf ;b:o

*_6's k|;fb sfkm\n] ;b:o

(_ddtf a:g]t ;b:o

;+:yfsf] sfof{no cyf{t ;Dks{ 7]ufgf M wgu9L gu/kflnsf–% s}nfnL

;Dks{ kmf]g g+=M)(!–%@!&@^

df]jfO{n M (*$*$@@@@)

101

$=( aemfË ;flxTo d~r r}gk'/ aemfË

btf{ :yfg M lh=k|=sf=,aemfË

:yfkgf ldlt M @)^^ ;fn

;+:yfks AolQmx? M /fd k|;fb pkfWofo,nfn axfb'/ af]x/f,z}n]Gb| /f]sfof,;"o{ k|sfz

hf]zL,lgd{nf hf]zL

cfa4 ;b:o ;+Vof M @% hgf

at{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt

gfd kb

!_/fdk|;fb pkfWofo cWoIf

@_nfnaxfb'/ af]x/f pkfWoIf

#_z}n]Gb| /f]sfof ;lrj

$_lgd{nf hf]zL ;x ;lrj

%_emnsgljg /f]sfof sf]iffWoIf

^_ ;"o{k|sfz hf]zL ;b:o

&_ u0f]z lu/L ;b:o

*_k|;fb k'/L ;b:o

(_b]j/fh e§/fO{ ;b:o

;Dks{ 7]ufgf M r}gk'/ uf=la=;=–! d'Voahf/

;Dks{ kmf]g g+=M)(@–^()))*

df]jfO{n M(*$*$!&&&

102

$=!) ;'=k= ;flxTo snf ;+uLt k|lti7fg 6Lsfk'/ s}nfnL


:yfkgf ldlt M @)^! ;fn

;+:yfks AolQmx? M wgGho ltdLlN;gf, cfbz{bLk /fjn,o1d'lt{ cof{n czf]s

af]x/f

cfa4 ;b:o ;+Vof M $% hgf

at{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt

gfd kb

!_ anaxfb'/ /fjn sf= jf=cWoIf

@_ o1d"lt{ cof{n ;b:o

#_ sfzL/fd 9'+ufgf ;b:o

$_ lhtaxfb'/ a/fn ;b:o

%_ g/axfb'/ a6fnf ;b:o

^_ lhtaxfb'/ cfphL ;b:o

&_ kfj{tL ltldlN;gf ;b:o

*_ gGb/fh s]=;L= ;b:o

(_ sflGtk|;fb 1jfnL ;b:o

;+:yfsf] sfof{no M l6sfk'/ gu/kflnsf d'Voahf/, s}nfnL

;Dks{ kmf]g g+=M )(@–^()))*

df]jfO{n M(*$*$@^*)@

103

$=!! cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx?

dfly pNn]lvt ls|ofzLn ;+3;+:yf afx]s ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] efiff,

;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ;Daw{g / ljsf; ug{ tyf gofF k|ltefx?nfO{

k|:km'6g u/L ;flxlTos ultljlw a9fpg cGo ;+3;+:yfx?n] klg obfsbf

ultlalw u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo ;flxlTos ;+3;+:yfx?sf] gfdfjnL o;k|sf/

/x]sf] 5 M

s|= ;+= ;+:yfsf] gfd :yfg cWoIf ! g]kfnL nf]s ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg wgu9L, s}nfnL'

kbd/fh hf]zL

@ n]vgfy ;flxTo ;dfh 6Lsfk'/

czf]s af]x/f

# efg' k':tsfno ;QL, s}nfnL lbAo;fu/ ;fFpb

$ g]kfnL efiff ;+:s[lt kl/ifb wgu9L, s}nfnL

6L=Pg= hf]zL

% Hof]lt k':tsfno k'gjf{; lqe'jgj:tL s~rgk'/

/fdrGb| g]kfn

^ ;'=k= ;+:s[lt ;Da4{g ;ldlt wgu9L, s}nfnL kbdaxfb'/ rGb

& snz ;fËLlts ;d"x 6Lsfk'/, s}nfnL

sdn zfx

* ;'=k= snf k|lti7fg wgu9L /fhs'df/ hf]zL

( /ljg gf6\o snfs]Gb| cQl/of, s}nfnL ;'/taxfb'/ zfx

!) ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg

eLdbQgu/ kflns s~rgk'/ ltnsk|;fb zdf{

!! 5Gb k|lti7fg wgu9L, s}nfnL

dlg/fh hf]zL

104

kl/R5]b kfFr

%=! ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf k|sflzt /rgf / ;flxTosf/x?sf] cj:yf

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn snf, ;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] pj{/ If]q xf] . g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo,snf / ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf ;'b"/ klZrdsf ;of}+ ;|i6fx? lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . nf]s;flxTosf] ;d[4 If]q 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo ePsf]n] o;sf] vf]h, cg';Gwfg / k|sfzgdf ljleGg cg';Gwfgsx?n] dxTjk"0f{ pknAwLx? xfFl;n u/]sf 5g\ . 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTodf ho/fh kGt / ab|L zdf{ ljgf8Ln] ljBfjfl/lw ul/;s]sfn] vf]h cg';Gwfg ug{]x?sf nflu ca 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf] ljzfn e08f/df k|j]z ug{' cln ;xh ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] d"n klxrfg g} 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo / o;leqsf 8]p8f dfFun, kmfu, wdf/L, x'8\s]nL, r}t, e'jf h:tf ljljw ;f+:s[lt lj/f;t ePsf sf/0f o; If]qsf ;|i6fx? 8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTosf s'g} g s'g} kIf;Fu ;DalGwt / k|efljt /x]s} b]lvG5g\ . d"nt cfkm\gf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfg / ljz]if u/L 8f]6]nL ;+:s[ltsf d"ne"t kIfx?nfO{ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/b]lv Pg=8L k|sfz r6f}t, jf;'b]j efO;fj / kbd/fh hf]zL;Ddsf ;|i6fx?n] cfTd;fy u/L phf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 8f]6]nL nf]s;+:s[ltleqs} c5fdsf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts kj{ / rf8x?af6 k|efljt eO{ kxndfgl;+x :jf/n] æc5fdsf rf8kj{Æ gfds s[lt n]v] eg] qmflGtsf/L slj, Pg=8L= k|sfz r6f}tn] klg qmflGtsf/L sljtfsf] dfWod 8f]6]nL efiffnfO{ agfP . o;}u/L slj eQmaxfb'/ anfo/n] æa]n'Æ / æ/fOdtLÆ h:tf b'O{ j6f dxfsfJonfO{ 8]p8fTds Znf]s z}nL / 8f]6]nL efiffdf g} k|s6 u/] . o;}u/L aemfËsf slj dfgaxfb'/ l;+x kxf8Ln] cfkm\gf sfJo sljtfsf] dfWod / no 8]p8fnfO{ g} agfP/ ;'b"/ klZrddf nf]ssljsf] pkflw kfO;s]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L jf;'b]j efO;fj, kbd/fh hf]zL, lgd{n e08f/L, uf]ljGb zf:qL, Ps/fh e§, sfzL/fd 9'+ufgf h:tf ;+|i6fx?n] ;f+:s[lts kIfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf /rgfsf] ljifoj:t' / 8]p8fTds noz}nLnfO{ /rgfsf] dfWod agfPsf b]lvG5g\ o;/L ;'b"/ klZrdsf ;|i6fx?n] oxfFsf] nf]s;flxTo / ;f+:s[lts j}ejnfO{ l;h{gfdfkm{t cleJoQm ug{] k|of; ul/cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf k|foM ;a} ljBfsf s[ltx? n]lvPsf / n]Vg] qmd

rln/x]sf] kfOP klg ;dfg lsl;dn] ;a} ljBfsf] ljsf; ePsf] eg] b]lvb}g .

cu|h ;|i6fx? k|fo sljtf sfJo ljBfd} lqmofzLn /x]sf b]lvG5g\ eg] gofF k':tfsf

105

w]/}h:tf] k|ltefx? uhn ljBfdf dfq} lqmofzLn /xL uhn dfq} n]Vg] u/]sf

b]lvG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ gjk|ltefx?df /x]sf] syf, ;dfnf]rgf, lgaGw n]Vg] ;Defjgf

x/fP/ hfg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .

;'b"/ klZrdaf6 pbfPsf / /fli6«o ?kdf Voflt sdfPsf ;|i6fx? k|fo

sf7df8f}+ / ;'b"/ klZrdeGbf aflx/ g} a:g] ePsf sf/0f klg :yfgLo :t/df :t/Lo

;flxTo n]vgsf] cj:yf Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;'b"/ klZrdd} a;]/ cfkm\gf] /fli6«o

klxrfg agfPsf ;|i6fx? yf]/} dfq b]lvG5g\ . o1/fh hf]zL æofqLÆ, >]i7lk|of kTy/,

kbd/fh hf]zL, jf;'b]j efO;fj, xif{k|;fb e§, lgd{n s'df/ e08f/L, dlg/fh hf]zL,

k"0ff{gGb e§, vu]Gb| lu/L æsf]lknfÆ, cfTdf/fd cf]emf, x]dGtL hf]zL, /fdnfn hf]zL,

6L=Pg= hf]zL, x]dGtL hf]zL, bLkf P]/ æpbf;LÆ h:tf cNk;+Vos ;|i6fx? df]km;ndf

a;]/ klg lqmofzLn /xL /fli6«o klxrfg agfpg k|of;/t b]lvG5g\ eg] nf]s]Gb|axfb'/

rGb, 8f= 8L=kL e08f/L, dx]zljqmd zfx, cfgGb]j e§, 8f= ho/fh kGt, dxfb]j

cj:yL, nlnhg /fjn, cf=8L= k|ef; r6f}t h:tf /fli6«o :t/d} Vofltk|fKt

;|i6fx?n] ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxlTos ultljlw a9fpg / :t/Lo ;flxTo n]vgsf

nflu gofFk':tfnfO{ s'g} k|efj 5f]8\g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

o; If]qdf k|fo, sfJo, sljtf, uhn / nf]s ;flxTo ;DaGwL s[ltx? g}

k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . syf :t/Lo ?kdf yf]/} n]lvg] / :yflkt ;|i6fx?n] dfq}

n]Vg] u/]sf b]lvG5g\ eg] pkGof; n]vgdf pT;fx b]lvb}g . lgaGw, ofqf;+:d/0f /

;dfnf]rgf n]vgdf klg of] If]q cf]em]nd} k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo n]vgdf nfu]sf ;|i6fx?sf] cj:yf klg k|fo

pT;fxk|b b]lvb}g . ;flxTo n]v]/} hLjg lgjfx{ ug{] cj:yf /fi6«df g} k|Voft

;flxTosf/x?sf] t 5}g eg] ;'b"/ klZrddf a;]/ n]Vg] / yf]/} k|lt dfq} s[lt k|sfzg

ug{] ;|i6fx? n]v]/} afFRg ;Sg] cj:yf emg} b]lvb}g .

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxlTos s[ltx? lsg]/ k9\g] rng Tolt gePsf] cj:yfdf

:yfgLo :t/df n]lvPsf s[ltx? lsg]/ k9\g] rng t guGo g} eGg' kb{5 . n]vssf

106

s[ltx? k|sfzg ul/lbg] k|sfzs / pTkfbssf] klg ;'b"/ klZrddf cefj b]lvG5

eg] k|sfzsn] n]vsnfO{ s[lt k|sfzg jfktsf] d"No jf /f]oN6L lbg] ljifo t cem

6f9fs} s'/f] b]lvG5 . cfkm"n] n]v]sf /rgfx? k|fo n]vsn] :jo+ cfkm\g} nufgLdf

k|sfzg ug{] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|sflzt s[ltx? a]r]/ To;af6 7"nf] cfly{s nfe

lng;Sg] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g . o:tf] cj:yf eP/ klg oxfFsf n]vs ;|i6fx?n]

;flxTok|lt eg] ckf/ >4f /fVg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTo l;h{gfdf nfu]sf

;|i6fx?k|lt klg ;dfhn] cfb/efj / ;Ddfg k|s6 ug{] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;'b"/ klZrddf n]vsx?sf s[ltx? cgflws[t ?kdf k|sfzg / ljqmL ljt/0f

u/L s'g} k|sfzs jf ljqm]tfn] gfhfoh kmfObf lnPsf 36gfx? k|sfzdf cfPsf

b]lvb}gg\ . n]vsx?n] ;d]t cfkm\gf s[ltx? cgflws[t ?kdf k|sfzg ePsf], ljqmL

ljt/0f / rf]/L ePsf 36gfx?nfO{ p7fPsf] kfOb}g . ;flxlTos s[ltx?sf] ljqmL

ljt/0f, k|sfzg pTkfbg jf rf]/L ePsf 36gf / To; ;DaGwL ljjfbx? s'g} sfg"g

Joj;foL / cbfntx?df k'u]sf b]lvb}gg\ . tyflk ;flxlTos s[ltx?sf] k|sfzg

pTkfbg / ljqmL ljt/0fdf n]vsx?n] k|sfzs / ljt/s ;+:yfx?;Fu bl/nf] ;Demf}tf

gug{] / To;sf] cgflws[t ljqmL ljt/0fk|lt rf;f] g/fVg] k|j[ltsf sf/0f jflif{s

?kdf k|ltn]vsnfO{ ?= #) xhf/ a/fa/sf] gf]S;fgL x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

107

kl/R5]b ^

^=! /f]oN6L ;+sng, lgwf{/0f / ljt/0fsf cfwf/x? tof/ ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qnfO{ ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] lazfn e08f/

dflgG5 . k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jfF/b]lv cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;of}

;flxTosf/x? ;'b"/ klZrdn] hGdfPsf] 5 eg] xhf/f} ;flxlTos s[ltx? k|sflzt

klg ePsf b]lvG5g\ . b]zsf cGo efusf] t'ngfdf ;'b"/ klZrddf Joj;flos ?kdf

g} ;flxlTos s[ltx? k|sfzg ug]{ k|sfzg ;+:yf / u[xx? :yflkt ePsf gePklg

laleGg ;+3 ;+:yf / JolQmx?n] ;|:6fx?sf s[ltx? k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5g\ .

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf] If]qdf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf, k|sfzg u[x / JolQmx?n]

n]vsx?sf s[ltx? k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvP klg oL s[ltx?af6 n]vsn] kfpg' kg]{

cfly{s nfe cyjf /f]oN6L kfPsf] eg] b]lvb}g\ . ;flxlTos s[ltx?sf] ahf/ klg 7"nf]

/ Jofks eO{ g;s]sf] tyf lsg]/ k9\g] dfgl;stf klg sd ePsf sf/0f k':tssf]

laqmL ljt/0f ug{ g;lsg] / b]zsf cGo efudf klg k7fpg g;lsg] cj:yf ePsf

sf/0f ;flxlTos s[ltx? sd 5flkg] u/]sf] b]lvG5g\ . n]vs ;|:6fx?nfO{ To;af6

cfkm"nfO{ cfly{s nfe xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf eGbf klg ;dfhdf ;flxTosf/sf ?kdf

:yflkt x'g] / ;j}n] lrg"g\ eGg] s'/fdf lrGtf x'g] xF'bf cfkm\gf] /rgfaf6 pgLx?n]

k|ToIf cfly{s cfe lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g\ .

s'g} klg ;flxlTos /rgf af}l4s ;DklQ x'g\ / o;df JolQmsf] dfgl;s /

efjgfTds >d nfu]sf] x'G5, eGg] tYonfO{ a'emfpg g;lsPs} sf/0f ;flxTo If]q

Joj;flos xg\ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;|i6fx?nfO{ cfkm\gf /rgfx? / To;af6 lng

;lsg] nfek|lt ;r]t u/fO{ pTkfbs÷ k|sfzs / Joj;flos kIfnfO{ klg o;sf]

cgflws[t ptkfbg, k|sfzg / lalqmlat/0f gug{–gu/fpg] sfo{ tkm{ ;r]t u/fpg

108

;lsPdf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ nfe k'Ug] / ;flxTo If]q

d"Nojfg\ x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}n] o; If]qdf /f]oN6L k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ ;lsPdf Psflt/

o;sf] ;xL ;b'kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ /rgfsf ;|:6fx?nfO{

af}l4s ;DklQsf] d"No k|fKt eO{ pgLx?nfO{ cfly{s nfe k'Ug] / cfkm\gf /rgfsf]

k|ltkmnn] hLjg lgjf{x ug{df ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

!= ;flxlTos If]qdf /f]oN6L ;+sng, lgwf{/0f / ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{

sfo{x?nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf cf}NofOPsf] 5 M

s_ /f]o6L eg]sf] s] xf] < ;flxlTos If]qdf o;sf] ;+sng / ljt/0f s;/L ul/G5

eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6f/sf] sfof{no /

;DalGwt lgsfon] n]vs, k|sfzs / ljt/snfO{ ;r]tgf uf]i7L / k|lzIf0f

sfo{qmd ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

v_ cfkm"n] /rgf u/]sf ;flxlTos /rgfx? af}l4s / dfgl;s ;DklQ ePsf]n]

n]vsx? :jo+ cfkm\gf /rgfaf6 kfOg] k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;hs x'g'kb{5 .

u_ /f]oN6L ;+sng sfo{sf nflu n]vsx?sf] ;fd'lxs / ;femf lgsfo jf ;+:yf ;'b"/

klZrddf u7g u/L To;n] n]vsx?n] kfpg'kg{] /f]oN6L ;+sng u/L Gofof]lrt

ljt/0f ug{' kb{5 .

3_ /f]oN6L lgwf{/0fsf nflu n]vsx?n] k|sfzx?;Fu cfkm\gf s[ltx? k|sfzg / ljqmL

ljt/0f u/]jfkt kfpg'kg{] /f]oN6Lsf nflu ;Demf}tf / cg'aGw ug{kb{5 .

ª_ /f]oN6L ;+sng / ljt/0fsf nflu 5'§} ;/sf/L lgsfo u7g u/L

To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug{] / sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfo{Gjog

ug{'kg{] .

@= o; ;DaGwL ug{'kg{] cGo sfo{x?

s_ /f]oN6L k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ cGo ;DklQ ;/x ;flxlTos s[lt klg n]vssf] af}l4s

;DklQ xf] / To;af6 cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fk|lt ;'b"/

klZrdsf n]vs÷;|:6fx?nfO{ ;r]tgf uf]i7L u/fpg' kg]{ .

109

v_ ;'b"/ klZrdsf ;Dk"0f{ k|sfzs÷pTkfbs, lat/s / Aoj;flos kIfx?nfO{ o;

If]qdf ePsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf / ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? h:tf s'/fdf ;r]t u/fpg

;r]tgf sfo{qmd ug'{kg]{ .

u_ o; If]qdf sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf eP gePsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug'{kg]{ .

3_ /f]oN6L k|fjwfg / k|ltlnlk clwsf/k|lt ;r]t u/fpb} k6s k6s :yfgLo /

/fli6«o :t/sf kq–klqsf,/]l8of],6L=eL=/ Pkm=Pd=h:tf ;~rf/sf dfWodx?df

;"rgf / hfgsf/Lx? k|;f/0f ug'{kg]{ .

ª_ ;'b"/ klZrddf k|sfzg÷ pTkfbg / lalqm– lat/0f ug]{ ;DalGwt AolQm ;+:yf

/ lgsfosf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg u/L cgflws[t pTkfbg,k|sfzg / lalqm

lat/0f ug{] kIfnfO{ sfg'gL sf/jfxL u/L b08, ;hfo / hl/jfgf u/L To:tf

k|lqmofnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{kg]{ .

r_ n]vs / ;|i6fx?nfO{ cfkm\gf /rgfsf] ;+/If0f,;Da4{g ug{ cfkm\gf k|sflzt

s[ltx?sf] ;b'kof]u / b'?kof]uk|lt ;r]t /xg / k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;DalGw

hfgsf/L lbO{ sfg'gL k|s[of / pkrf/ ;DalGw hgr]tgf u/fpg' kg]{ .

110

kl/R5]b ;ft

lg:sif{ tyf ;'emfjx? &=s= lgisif{M &=s= != af}l4s ;DklQsf ?kdf ;flxlTos /rgf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q snf, ;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] wgL / ;DkGg If]q xf] . g]kfnL efiffsf] ;d]t pb\ud :ynsf ?kdf lrlgg] of] If]qsf snf, ;+:s[lt / nf]s;flxTo cflbd ;flxTosf lrgf/Lx? x'g\ . ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo n]vgsf] Oltxf; klg nfdf] / ;DkGg b]lvG5 . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/, hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x, b]jsfGt kGt h:tf ;|i6fx?af6 ;'? ePsf] ;flxTo Jofs/0f / nf]s;flxTo n]vgsf] ofqfn] ctLtb]lvcfh ;Ddsf] nfdf] b"/L kf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTo n]vgsf] o; nfdf] ofqfaf6 k|fKt pknAwL g} ;'b"/ klZrdsf] af}l4s ;DklQsf ?kdf lrlgg] ;flxlTos /rgfx? x'g\ . ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf ljljw ljBfsf s[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . nf]shLjgdf /x]sf] æ8f]6]nL nf]s ;flxToÆ, vf]h, cg';Gwfg / ljBfjfl/lw ;d]t ul/g] af}l4s ;d'bfosf] cfsif{0f / rf;f]sf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] vf]h cg';Gwfg,;+sng / k|sfzgdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ pknAwLx? xfFl;n ePsf 5g\ . clxn];Dd b'O{ hgfn] 8f]6]nL nf]s ;flxTodf ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf 5g\, eg] cFh'nLel/ ;u'g / kf]N6fe/L kmfu, æuf}/fkj{ Ps kl/roÆ, 8]p8f, æ8f]6]nL wdf/L tyf ef] kj{sf] uLt / ufyfx?Æ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ s[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ;flxTosf cGo ljBfdf ;d]t ;'b"/ klZrddf dxTjk"0f{ / k|z:t s[ltx? k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/n] ;'? u/]sf] ;flxTo n]vgsf] qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} o; If]qn] pNn]Vo pknAwLx? xfFl;n u/]sf] 5 . sljtf, syf, pkGof; lgaGw uLt– uhn h:tf ljBfdf n]vg / k|sfzgsf] qmd tLj| b]lvG5 . h]xf]; ;'b"/ klZrddf af}l4s ;DklQsf ?kdf ;flxlTos /rgfx? k|z:t k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . &=s=@= ;flxTo n]vg / ljsf;df a9\bf] lqmofzLntf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ;flxTo n]vgsf] qmd tLj| ePsf] b]lvG5 . kxndfgl;+x :jfF/af6 ;'? ePsf] ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfsf] ljBfut n]vgn] nfdf] ofqf kf/ug{] qmddf ;'b"/ klZrdaf6 ;of}++ ;flxTosf/x? pbfPsf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdf6 pbfPsf ;|i6fx? dWo] s]xL /fi6«s} Vofltk|fKt ;flxTosf/sf ?kdf sxlnPsf 5g\ eg] s]xL ;'b"/ klZrdd} a;]/ ;flxTo ;fwgf u/L :yflkt x'g] k|of; ub{}5g\ . ;flxTo n]vgsf] ofqfdf lbgfg'lbg gjk|ltefx?sf] k|j]z x'g]\ qmdn] ;'b"/

111

klZrd If]qsf] ;flxlTos n]vg / ljsf;df pNn]vgLo k|ult x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfsf] ljBfut /rgfx? n]vgsf;fy} ;''b"/ klZrddf ljleGg ;flxlTos ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ;d]t ;flxlTos ljsf;df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{xf ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;flxTosf] ljsf;, gofF k|ltefx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg,;|i6fsf s[ltx? k|sfzg / n]vs sljx?sf xslxtsf nflu ;'b"/ klZrdsf ljleGg lhNnf / :yfgdf ;flxTosf/x?s} ;+nUgtfdf :yflkt / lqmofzLn ;+3;+:yfx?n] slj uf]i7L, n]vg, k|lzIf0f / tflnd, s[lt k|sfzg / ljleGg ;flxlTos ultljlwx? ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ Psflt/ k'/fgf / gofF ;|i6fx?nfO{ lg/Gt/ k|]l/t ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf{]lt/ ;flxTosf] ;+:yfut ljsf; klg eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . &=s=#= ;flxTo n]vgdf gjk|ltefx?sf] cfsif{0fM cfznfbf] eljio ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo n]vgdf k'/fgf ;|i6fx? h;/L :yflkt ePsf 5g\ gjk|ltefx?sf] cfsif{0f klg TolQs} a9\bf] b]lvG5 . c5fddf hlGdPsf kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|yd b'vfGt gf6ssf/ eO{ /fli6«o k|ltefsf ?kdf cd/ x'g', /fhf eOsg klg efiff / ;flxTodf lbPsf] b]gn] hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x ;w} :d/0fLo /xg', nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ rGb / dx]zljqmd zfxn] g]kfns} k|ltli7t dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L syfsf If]qdf Voflt k|fKt ug{', efpkGyL, nlnhg /fjn, 8f=8L=kL e0f8/L, 8f= ho/fh kGt, cfgGbb]j e§, cf/=8L= k|ef; r6f}t h:tf ;'b"/ klZrd]nL k|ltefx? /fli6«o ?kd} :yflkt x'g'n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf gjk|ltefx?nfO{ k|]l/t ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . krf;sf] bzskl5 ;'b"/ klZrddf :yflkt ePsf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;flxTo ;dfh / cGo ;+3 ;+:yfsf ;flxlTos ultljlw, /fli6«o :t/sf sfo{qmd ;'b"/ klZrdd} x'g' / dfly pNn]lvt ;|i6fx? ljleGg sfo{qmddf cfP/ gjk|ltefx?nfO{ xf};nf lbg] h:tf sfo{n] ;'b"/ klZrddf o'jf / gjk|ltefx? ;flxTo n]vgk|lt cfslif{t x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\ eg] uLt, uhn, sljtf, lgaGw syf / pkGof; h:tf ljleGg ljBfsf /rgfdf ;+nUg eO{ ;flxTo n]vgdf nflu/x]sf klg b]lvG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTo n]vg / k|sfzgsf] eljio cToGt cfznfUbf] 5 eg]/ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

112

&=v= ;'emfjx?M ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf k|sflzt ;flxlTos /rgf tyf lqmofzLn ;flxTosf/x?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng, cjnf]sg, cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L d"Nof+sg ubf{ lgDglnlvt ;'emfjx?nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxTosf ljleGg ljBfsf /rgfx? n]Vg] / k|sfzg ug{] u/]sf] b]lvP klg cfw'lgs dfGotf, ljlw / z}nLdf :t/Lo n]vgsf nflu sltko k'/fgf / gofF ;|i6fx?nfO{ n]vg ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f tflnd u/fpg' cfZjs b]lvG5 .

;'b"/ klZrddf ;flxlTos s[ltx? k|sfzg ug{] / To;jfkt n]vsnfO{ kfl/>lds÷/f]oN6L lbg] Joj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf ;flxTonfO{ af}l4s ;DklQ / Joj;flos >f]tsf ?kdf klg cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] u/L Joj;flostf k|bfg ug{sf nflu n]vs, k|sfzs, ljt/s cflbnfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 . ;|i6fx?sf dxTjk"0f{ s[ltx?nfO{ /fHon] g} k|sfzg ug{], vl/b ul/lbg] / ;|i6fnfO{ ljåt j[lQsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 .

ljBfno / ljZjljBfnosf ljleGg txsf kf7\ok':tsx?df ;'b"/ klZrddf~rnsf ;|i6fx?sf /rgfx? klg 5gf}6 u/L ;dfj]z ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 .

;'b"/ klZrdsf ljleGg lhNnf, :yfg / ljs6 7fpFx?df a;]/ klg ;flxTo ;fwgf ug{] / /rgf k|sflzt ug{] sltko ;|i6fx? cf]em]ndf k/]sf b]lvG5g\ . pgLx?sf] ljj/0f / s[ltx? vf]hlag u/L k|sfzdf Nofpg' kg{] b]lvG5 .

/fHosf] tkm{af6 ;flxTo l;h{gfdf nfu]sf] ;|i6f pgLx?sf s[ltsf] k|sfzg ;+/If0f h:tf sfo{df s'g} nufgL b]lvb}g ctM ;'b"/ klZrddf g} ;/sf/L kxndf ;|i6fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] / k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;flxlTos lgsfosf] :yfkgf x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

k|ltlnlk clwsf/k|lt n]vsx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg :yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo k|zf;g ;flxlTos ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] k6s k6s uf]i7L ;]ldgf/ / ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 eg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nonfO{ lj:tf/ u/L k|To]s If]qdf :yfkgf ug{' kb{5 .

c:t'

;'b/ klZrdf~rndf ;flxTosf ] ljBfut n ]vgsf ]...

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