Arentzen 2010 - WJ de Wilde (1860-1936) - Een vergeten onderzoeker van de Nederlandse hunebedden

7/23/2019 Arentzen 2010 - WJ de Wilde (1860-1936) - Een vergeten onderzoeker van de Nederlandse hunebedden

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Zbk`stlc` ]r`ss

k Wbik`(>16=->2:6)W.H.


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k Wbik`(>16=->2:6)

@`c v`rg`t`c lck`rzl`o`r vnc

k` C`k`rincks` auc`e`kk`c

W.H.

Wlut Nr`ctz`c


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5=>= W. Nr`ctz`c

Pbtg`g`v`c kllr Zbk`stlc` ]r`ss, I`bk`cwww.sbk`stlc`.ciZbk`stlc` e`stìcudd`r8 ZZ]60;====>

BZEC 271-2=-112=-=6=-=

Vlrdg`vbcg ldsing8 O. W`ctbco, Zbk`stlc` ]r`ssVlrdg`vbcg ebcc`cw`ro8 ].J. vnc Wl`rkòld, Zbk`stlc` ]r`ss

K`z` pueibjntb` bs d`k` dlgìbho g`dnnot kllr8

A Z C D N ]


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Bcalukslpgnv`

> Bci`bkbcg 7

5 K` hlcg`cshnr`c 2Xbhc lpi`bkbcg 2Oucstorbtbò >:

: K` Wbik` `c k` aucè`kk`c >2Nrja`lilgbsja vìkw`ro >2Kr`cta` :6A`t g`v`jat t`g`c ]i`yt` :2K` cbùw` nrja`lillg 07

@`c cbùw` lck`rzlòsd`talk` 7=@`c Nctrlplilgbsja` Nrja`lilgb` 76A`t cb`t g`sjar`v`c stncknnrkw`ro 11@`c cbùw` ta`lrb` 25

; @pbillg >=7K` Wbik`s pinnts bc k` g`sjab`k`cbs vnc k` nrja`lilgb` >=7Lpsplrbcg v`rzljat >>>

0 K` e`wnnrk` erb`v`c >>:

6 Frngd`ct`c vnc ``c Uldnc >00

Ebeiblgrnb` 5=0

Biiustrntb`v`rnctwllrkbcg 5>0

Bck`x 5>7


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7

Allkstuo >

Bci`bkbcg

kllrgnncs stnnt k` o`ccbs ldtr`ct ``c znno bc g``c l zìs bcldgò``rk` r`k`c tlt a`t nig`d``c vllrold`c `r vnc.>

Wbii`d Hlancc`s k` Wbik` bs ``c vnc k` rnnksìnjatbgst` fbgur`c bc k` g`sjab`k`-cbs vnc k` C`k`rincks` pràbstlrbsja` nrja`lilgb`. uss`c >2=; `c >2>: abìk abh

zbja e`zbg d`t a`t lck`rzlò vnc k` aucè`kk`c. Abh pueibj``rk` k` r`suitnt`cvnc zbhc w`ro bc ``c nnctni nrtboì`c `c abìk `r d``rk`r` i`zbcg`c lv`r. @v`c wnsabh c vnc k` sp`jbnibst`c, dnnr ni vllr zbhc kllk rnnot` abh bc k` v`rg`tìa`bk.

Bc >215 ownd k` aucè`kk`clck`rzlò`r Hnc Nie`rt Enoo`r ebh tl`vni bca`t e`zbt vnc ``c g`k`ìt` vnc K` Wbik`s w`ro. Ebh cnvrnng ei`ò a`d tl`c kntzìfs A. Erucstbcg (>2=5->227), k` c`stlr vnc k` e`stuk`rbcg vnc k` g`sjab`k`-cbs vnc k` nrja`lilgb` bc C`k`rinck, cb`t wbst wb` kbt wns. Clja bc a`t Dusùdvnc Luka`k`c t` I`bk`c, clja bc a`t Kr`cts Dusùd t` Nss`c wbst d`c b`tslv`r K` Wbik`. Al`wì a`t kubkìbho wns knt zlwì Aliw`rkn nis Vnc Gbff`c zbhcw`ro o`ck`, wnr`c `r g``c nncwbhzbcg`c knt zbh bc jlctnjt d`t K` Wbik` g`stnnc

ankk`c.Bc zbhc Oncttò`cbcg`c vnc 5==; pueibj``rk` Enoo`r nii`s wnt abh tlt lp knt

dld`ct lv`r K` Wbik` nnc k` w``t gòld`c wns lck`r a`t olph` V`rzlò ldlpsplrbcg .5bhk`cs dbhc stukb` vnc I.H.F. Hncss`c wns bo zìf llo t`g`c K`

Wbik` nncgìlp`c `c knnrkllr e`sillt bo nnc Enoo`rs lprl`p gàllr t` g`v`c.Bc kbt elò prle``r bo lp grlck vnc k` w`bcbg` splr`c kb` `r tlt cu tl` vnc a`dg`vlck`c zbhc, ``c e`ìk vnc K` Wbik` `c zbhc w`ro t` sja`ts`c.

Bo knco nii` nrjabvnrbss`c `c ebeiblta`jnrbss`c kb` dbh ebh kbt lck`rzlò e`-auipznnd zbhc g`w``st. Zp`jbni` knco gnnt bc ``rst` bcstnctb` ubt cnnr Enoo`r kb`dbh llo k` clg lcg`pueibj``rk` tw``k` nncvuii`ck` v`rsb` vnc zbhc nrtboì lv`r

K` Wbik` a``ft int`c i`z`c `c dbh tbhk`cs a`t sjarbhv`c vnc kbt elò st``ks w``rd`t rnnk `c knnk ebhg`stnnc a``ft. Zp`jbni` knco e`c bo knnrcnnst v`rsjauikbgknnc A`co Iucbcg. K`z` a``ft a`t Nrjab`f vnc a`t Kr`cts Dusùd vnc n tlt zkllrg`w`rot `c zl k` v`rilr`c g`wnnck` jlrr`splck`ctb` vnc K` Wbik` d`t kbtDusùd w``r tl`gncoìbho g`dnnot. K` fltl vnc K` Wbik` knco bo nnc ``c v`rr`

> K` Wbik` >2=;n, >1:.5 Enoo`r 5==;, >;;->;7. Bc 5==: ank Enoo`r ni a`t i`ddn lv`r K` Wbik` vllr k` @cjyjilp`kb` vnc

Kr`cta`g`pueibj``rk. Bc kbtzìfk` hnnr w`rk K` Wbik`s cnnd llo g`cl`dk kllr Glczi`z-Gnrjbn

`c Jlstn-F`rr`r, 5==:, >>5. W.H. k` Wbik` kljud`ct`k ta` aucè`kk`cbc >2=;->2=6.


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1 W.H. W (-)

cnoldìbcg vnc a`d, k` a``r A.J. Eiloaubs. Knnrcnnst knco bo Wbhcnck vnc k`rZnck`c `c nii` nck`r`c kb` grlt`r` `c oi`bc`r` vrng`c vnc dbh aèe`c e`nctwllrk`c kb` dbh eàuipznnd zbhc g`w``st ebh a`t vbck`c vnc erlcc`c.

K` Wbik` (>16=->2:6) nis v``rtbg`r.


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2

Allkstuo 5

K` hlcg`cshnr`c

Xbhc lpi`bkbcg

K` Wbik` w`rk lp 0 nugustus >16= bc Entnvbn gèlr`c nis zllc vnc Kbro k`Wbik` (>152->120):`c Hnccn Liinck (>1;=->2>5). K` fndbib` o``rk` `rg`cs tus-s`c >17> `c >176 t`rug cnnr C`k`rinck, wnnr z` zbja ``rst bc Ndst`rknd `c in-t`r bc Ptr`jat v`stbgk`c. Wbii`d Hlancc`s wns k` lukst` vnc ``c g`zbc vnc tb`cobck`r`c.;Lp > d`b >11= oljat vnk`r K` Wbik` ``c aubs lp k` Ebitstrnnt >>7 bcPtr`jat. Abh wllck` ab`r d`t zbhc fndbib` `c abìk `r p`csblc. Wbii`d Hlancc`sk` Wbik` wllck` lp knt dld`ct bc Niodnnr wnnr abh a`t Gydcnsbud e`zljat.0Lp 52 lotle`r >11= sjar``f abh zbja bc nis stuk`ct d`kbjbhc`c nnc k` Pcbv`rsbt`btvnc Ptr`jat.6Abh sjabhct cb`t d`t``c d`t zbhc stukb` e`glcc`c t` zbhc wnct pnslp >0 k`j`de`r v`raubsk` abh vnc Niodnnr cnnr Ptr`jat c trlo abh ebh zbhc fndbib`bc. Wncc``r k` g`d``ct` bc k`j`de`r >11= k` g`g`v`cs lv`r annr eurg`rs lp lrkèr`cgt eibho`c `r bc a`t aubs vnc k` fndbib` K` Wbik` >; d`cs`c t` wlc`c.

Lv`r K` Wbik`s stukb` bs w`bcbg eò`ck. Abh wns ibk vnc a`t Ptr`jats Ztuk`ct`cJlrps, dnnr a``ft cllbt `c e`stuursfucjtb` bc k`z` v`r`cbgbcg eòi``k. Abh sjabhctzìfs cllbt bc ``c vnc k` kllr a`t PZJ g`lrgncbs``rk` gòlstud``rk` lptljat`cd``gìlp`c t` aèe`c.

Lcg`twbhfìk a``ft abh jlii`g` gìlp`c ebh F.J. Klck`rs (>1>1->112). K`z`wns cb`t nii``c k` e`rl`dkst` allgi`rnnr wnnr Ptr`jat bc kb` tbhk lp olc elg`c,dnnr t`v`cs ``c e`g`cnkbgk sprò`r. Xbhc jlii`g`s w`rk`c nitbhk gl`k e`zljat `ck` stuk`ct`c wnr`c vli e`wlck`rbcg vllr k` grlt` dnc. Allrt ]rlf. Klck`rsbc zbhc` v`rruoìbho` jlii`g`s lv`r k` st`d, `c trbii`c zuii`c k` wnnra`bksib`v`ck`scnr`c bc uw ebcc`cst` .7Al`wì Klck`rs cu allfkznoìbho a`rbcc`rk wlrkt

nis k` stbjat`r vnc a`t Llgibhk`rsgnstaubs, klj``rk` abh bc k` ``rst` pinnts fysbl-

: Kbro k` Wbik` wns onpbt`bc. Obo >207, ;.; Wbii`d Hlancc`s (>16=->2:6) Entnvbn/Ptr`jat, F`rkbcnck Ilubs` (>166->117) Entnvbn/

Ptr`jat, Hlanccn G`zbcn (>161->2=;) Entnvbn/Wb`rk`c, E`rtan Dnrb` (>17=->2:0) Entnvbn/Kb`p`cv``c, A`rdbcn Dntabikn (>17>->2;=) Entnvbn/Ptr`jat, Zusnccn @ibsne`ta (>176->206)Ndst`rknd/X`bst , Nugustn Nki` (>177-171-2;7) Ptr`jat/Nrca`d, @dbi` Ubjanrk (>11>-2=1, 25.6 Nieud Ztukblslrud Njnk`dbn` Ua`cl-rnb`jtbcn` DKJQQQVB DKJJJIQQQVB. Pitrnb`jtb,

>116.

7 Ptr`jatsja` Ztuk`ct`c Nidncno vllr a`t hnnr >110, >6;.


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>= W.H. W (-)

ilgb`.1Wncc``r w` nfgnnc lp K` Wbik`s `bg`c ubtintbcg`c wns abh ``c ndebtbùsstuk`ct. Vncnf >11; innt abh njat`r zbhc cnnd bc k` Ptr`jatsja` Ztuk`ct`c Nidncno``c st`rr`th` nfkruoo`c t`c tò`c knt abh vnc pinc bs ld t` prldlv`r`c. Kbt wnslck`r stuk`ct`c d`kbjbhc`c cb`t gèruboìbho `c wncc``r d`c nrts wbik` wlrk`c

wns kbt llo cb`t clkbg.Lp 1 hncunrb >117 v`rinnt k` Wbik` a`t luk`ribho aubs. Abh auurt ``c ond`rlp k` Dnrbnstrnnt :ebs. Nis e`rl`p g``ft abh ebh k` g`d``ct` stuk`ct lp. Bc >111dl`t Klck`rs vncw`g` zbhc i``ftbhk nfstnck kl`c vnc zbhc i``rstlì. Abh orbhgt ``cgrlltsja``ps nfsja`bk. Incg a``ft abh cb`t vnc zbhc p`csbl`c dlg`c g`cb`t`c. Cn``c olrtstlckbg zbòe`k lv`ribhkt abh lp 5; dnnrt >112. K` Pcbv`rsbt bt bs bc rluwg`kldpìk `c K` Wbik` bs d`t zbhc d`k`stuk`ct`c nncw`zbg ebh k` e`grnf`cbs lpa`t o`roalf vnc a`t klrp Xuyi`c.2

Lckncos ni zbhc ndebtb`s vlrk`rt k` stukb` vnc K` Wbik` dnnr incgznnd. Cntb`c hnnr stuk`r`c (!) sinngt abh lp >= lotle`r >12= `bckìbho vllr zbhc prlp`kùs`

g`c``souck`.>=Lp 7 clv`de`r >12> v`raubst abh lpcbùw. Kbt o``r e`tròt abh ``c ond`r lp

Cùk` 52ebs. Cu g``ft abh ebh k` g`d``ct` nis e`rl`p onckbknnt>>d`kbjbhc`c lp.Cn a`t v`rtrò `c lv`ribhk`c vnc Klck`rs c``dt, wnt plpuinrbt`bt e`tr`ft, ]rlf.

Kr. J.N. ]òìanrbcg (>1;1->255) kb`cs pinnts bc. K`z` wns kllr Klck`rs lct-kòt tl`c abh nis fysblillg w`rot` lp k` sjalli vllr v``nrts`cbhouck`. Cn nis ns-sbst`ct ebh d`kbjbhc`c nncg`stìk t` zbhc ank abh scì jnrrbr` g`dnnot, wns allg-i`rnnr g`wlrk`c `c ank ``c `bg`c inelrntlrbud gòr`g`c. ]òìanrbcg klj``rk`fysblilgb` `c int`r llo abstlilgb`, lf w``fsìi``r. Bc >125 olc abh a`t w`ro cb`td``r nii``c nf c vrl`g abh K` Wbik` ld zbhc nssbst`ct vllr fysblilgb` t` wlrk`c.>5

]òìanrbcg wns c`t nis Klck`rs ``c gl`k sprò`r `c zbhc stuk`ct`c ankk`c v`ìwnnrk`rbcg vllr a`d.>:Abh wns `jat`r g``c dnooìbho` prlf`sslr, stuk`ct`c kbàuc e`st k`k`c `c anrk w`rot`c stlck abh nitbhk d`t rnnk `c knnk t`r zbhk`, dnnrwncc``r abh a`t g`vlì or``g knt `c stuk`ct dbck`r k``k knc abh zlu oucc`c ankabh a`t ebh ]òìanrbcg v`rerubk. Bc kbt v`renck kl`t a`t wnt vr``dk nnc knt abhK` Wbik` tlt nssbst`ct e`cl`dk`. K`z` ank tb`c hnnr clkbg gànk ank ld zbhcprlp`kùs` t` ani`c, wnnr ]òìanrbcg zìf bc vb`r hnnr zbhc onckbknnts gànnik ank.

Wncc``r K` Wbik`s incg` stukb`tbhk ``c g`vlig vnc ``c vrlibho i`v`c `c w`bcbgw`ro g`w``st wns zlu ]òìanrbcg a`d v`rdl`kìbho cb`t g`cld`c aèe`c. Abhdl`t bc a`d ``c v`ìeìlv`ck` `c s`rbùz` stuk`ct g`zb`c aèe`c. ]òìanrbcg

wns bc ``rst` bcstnctb` `c inelrntlrbudlck`rzlò`r. Abh i``rk` zbhc stuk`ct`c knt

1 V`rrbjatbcgsi``r? i``r vnc k` clrdni` i`v`csv`rsjabhcsì`c, k` fucjtbì``r, vnc d`cs`c, kb`r`c `cpinct`c.

2 Ptr`jatsja` Ztuk`ct`c Nidncno vllr a`t hnnr >12=, 5:;.>= A`t Ptr`jats Nrjab`f Nrjab`f vnc k` Ubhosucbv`rsbt`bt Ptr`jat 525-> / ;62-e U`gbst`rs vnc

jnckbknnts- `c kljtlrnni`xnd`cs.>> Wncc``r K` Wbik` zbhc onckbknnts`xnd`c g`knnc a``ft aè bo cb`t oucc`c njat`rani`c.>5 Ptr`jatsja` Ztuk`ct`c Nidncno vllr a`t hnnr>12:.>: ]rlf. ]òìanrbcg klj``rk` abstlilgb` `c paysbl-ja`db`. K` `xnjta`bk, k` tlì`g ld lcs ``c

kubkìbho bczbjat bc nii`s t` g`v`c kllr st``ks, vllr zllv`rr` dlgìbho, lp a`t wnnrld2==, 500.


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>>

k` ownibt`bt vnc ``c `xp`rbd`ct e`pnnik w`rk kllr ``c gl`k` vllre`r`bkbcg `c``c ubt`rst cnuwoùrbg` ubtvl`rbcg. Abh wns ``c `dpbrbst kb` nitbhk lp zlò wnscnnr e`wbhz`c. a`lrb`c kb` lp v`rwnjatbcg`c gèns``rk wnr`c w``s abh nf. Abhand`rk` `r ebh zbhc stuk`ct`c bc knt z` nitbhk orbtbsja dl`st`c zbhc, lp auc `bg`c

w`ro zlwì nis lp knt vnc nck`r`c. Wnnr ]òìanrbcg k`z` `bs`c nnc zbhc stuk`ct`cstìk` zni abh kb` bc clg st`ro`r` dnt` nnc zbhc nssbst`ct, K` Wbik`, g`stìk aè-e`c. Eàniv` nnc prlt`c`c bc dìo w`rot` ]òìanrbcg bc k`z` p`rblk` nnc k`dbitvuurenjt`rb`.>;Knt abh clja zbhc nssbst`ct clja ``c vnc zbhc stuk`ct`c llbte`sd`t bs g`rnnot tllct kubkìbho nnc knt `r, bc ``c p`rblk` wnnrbc `r clg g``cv`bibga`bksvllrsjarbft`c `c v`bibga`bksoi`kbcg wnr`c, ubt`rst cnuwoùrbg g`w`rotdl`t zbhc lp zbhc ine. Nis aleey ank ]òìanrbcg k` stukb` vnc k` g`sjab`k`cbs vnck` d`kbjbhc`c `c k` cntuurw`t`csjanpp`c. Kbt dlckk` ubt bc ``c grllt nnctniI`v`cse`rbjat`c vnc w`t`csjanpp`rs.>0

bhk`cs zbhc nssbst`ctsjanp stuk``rk` K` Wbik` v`rk`r `c lp 56 fèrunrb >125

sinngk` abh vllr zbhc kljtlrnni g`c``souck`.>6A`t f`bt knt abh kbt bc k` clrdni`tw`` hnnr cn zbhc prlp`kùs` k``k wbhst `rlp knt abh lp kbt dld`ct zò`r cb`tdbck`r w`rot` knc `r vnc a`d v`rwnjat w`rk, wnnrsjabhcibho zìfs d``r ld-knt k` d``st` stuk`ct`c `r g``c nssbst`ctsjanp cnnst auc stukb` lp cn abìk`c.

Nncg`zb`c K` Wbik` cb`t kllrgbcg vllr zbhc Nrts`c`xnd`c `c ni sbcks >11; bc

>; Enjbiius nctarnjbs.>0 @rkdnc 5==2.>6 A`t Ptr`jats Nrjab`f Nrjab`f vnc k` Ubhosucbv`rsbt`bt Ptr`jat 525-> / ;62-e U`gbst`rs vnc

jnckbknnts- `c kljtlrnni`xnd`cs.

]aysblilgbsja Inelrntlrbud >2=:.


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>:

Oucstorbtbò

Lf K` Wbik`s anrt w`roìbho ebh zbhc stukb` ing bs cb`t gà`ì kubkìbho. Bc >110tllct abh vllr a`t ``rst knt abh llo ibt`rnbr` nspbrntb`s a``ft. Bc k` Ptr`jatsja`Ztuk`ct`c Nidncno pueibj``rt abh @`c sprlloh`.5; @r wns ``cs t bs a`ì incggì`k`c ``c rbkk`r kb` lv`rni a``c r`bsk` ld dlcst`rs `c krno`c t` v`rsinnc.Knnrcnnst v`jat kb` rbkk`r llo clg t`g`c ebhgìllf `c lpibjat`rs `c knt er`cgta`d bc k` prlei`d`c. Abh rnnot bc a`t g`vncg, dnnr eibhot ubt`bckìbho tlja ``cgrllt rbkk`r t` zbhc, ldknt abh a`t `rgst` dlcst`r v`rsinnt knt `r e`stnnt, a`t `gl-bsd`. K` stbhi bs wnt stuk`ctbolls-ibt`rnbr. Kbt bs k` `cbg` ebhkrng` kb` abh nnc k`Ptr`jatsja`Ztuk`ct`c Nidncnogì`v`rk a``ft.

Al`wì kbt v`rdl`kìbho a`t `cbg` g`pueibj``rk` lrbgbcì` ibt`rnbr` w`ro vncK` Wbik` bs50, wns kbt cb`t zbhc `cbg` ebhkrng` nnc k` C`k`rincks` juituur. Bc>2>: sjar``f abh H.A. Aliw`rkn (>17:->20>) knt abh a`t ``c `c nck`r vnc oucstw``t ldknt abh zbja knnr d``r knc k`rtbg hnnr ``rk`r bct`csb`f d`` a``ft e`zbggàluk`c8

Knnr bo incg`c tyk (>= hnr`c) oucste`llrk`ìnnr e`c g`w``st vnc ``c lcz`r kng-eink`c 56

Wncc``r K` Wbik` pr`jb`s d`t zbhc oucstorbtbò`c e`glcc`c bs `c wìo` ornctabh d`t ``c lcz`r kngeink`c e`klìk` aè bo cb`t oucc`c vnststìi`c. Ornct`cankk`c bc kb` p`rblk` k` g`wllct` ld k` nrtboì`c bc auc I`tt`r`c `c Oucst57ruerbò`c nclcb`d t` pinnts`c. Wncc``r K` Wbik` bck`rknnk d`t `cbg` r`gìdnntoucstorbtbò`c g`sjar`v`c a``ft zlu kbt wì ``cs ``c v`roinrbcg vllr k` incg`

kuur vnc zbhc stukb` oucc`c zbhc. Wncc``r w` K` Wbik`s lpd`robcg bc k` erb`fnnc Aliw`rkn dlg`c gìlv`c dl`t abh rlck >11= d`t k`z` w`roznnda`k`c zbhce`glcc`c `c dl`t`c k`z` tlt jn. >12= g`kuurk aèe`c. Bo stì ab`r ``c vrnngt`-o`c ebh ldknt g``c e`wbhz`c vllr k` hubsta`bk vnc k` lpd`robcg bc k` erb`f nncAliw`rkn aè oucc`c vbck`c. Knt K` Wbik` d``r knc g`dbkkìk bc ibt`rntuur

5; K` Wbik` >110.50 Bc K` Wbik` >2=;e pueibj``rk` abh tw`` frngd`ct`c ubt k` cngìnt`c pnpb`r`c vnc

``c kbjat`ribho`c, bo dng wì z`gg`c fnctnstbsja`c hlcg`c vrb`ck, kb` dbh zbhc` g`sjarbft`c t`rubtgnv` a``ft tl`v`rtrluwk

Cu kll k`c kng! A`t kubst`r a``rsja nild!Cu, innt lpcbùw k` sja`ppbcgsknnk e`gbcc`c!E``talv`c! G``st vnc Glk! Clg ``cdnni8 old,I`bk, ubt k`c Cnjat, lpcbùw lcs t Ibjatrbho ebcc`c.

Ldknt K` Wbik` k` cnnd vnc k` kbjat`r cb`t cl`dt bs a`t wnnrsjabhcibho knt a`t ab`r ld ``clpz`ttìbho` dystbfbjntb` gnnt `c knt abh zìf k` nutùr vnc k`z` pltbsja` frngd`ct`c wns.

56 Erb`f nnc Aliw`rkn vnc >2-=5->2>:.57 Bc k` Cbùw` Ultt`rkndsja` Jlurnct. Bc a`tNig`d``c Anckìseinka``tt` k`z` ruerbò Oucst `c

I`tt`r`c. Ulck >2== ankk`c vrbhwì nii` grlt` kngeink`c ``c ruerbò vllr oucst `c i`tt`r`c. ]rbdus

bct`r pnr`s lp kbt t`rr`bc wns k` Cbùw` Ultt`rkndsja` Jlurnct, cnnr k` orllc g`stlo`c kllrA`t Vnk`rinck bc K`c Anng `c, zbh a`t dbck`r, a`t Nig`d``c Anckìseinkbc Ndst`rknd. Vnc

Onidtalut >221, 5=1.


16/228

>; W.H. W (-)

g`ct`r`ss``rk wns eibhot ubt ``c bcg`zlck`c erb`f kb` lp >0 hncunrb >111 kllrK` _Grl`c`T Ndst`rkndd`r g`pueibj``rk w`rk. Knnrbc r`ng``rk` K` Wbik` lp``c incg nrtboì lv`r a`t U`nibsd` knt Ilk`wbho vnc K`yssì (>16;->205) lp 1

hncunrb >111 bc kbt w`òeink ank int`c v`rsjabhc`c. K` Wbik` i``st bc k`z` bcg`-

zlck`c erb`f Vnc K`yssì k` i`s. K` krb` kllr Vnc K`yssì lpg`vl`rk` k`fbcbtb`svnc U`nibsd` zbhc lcaìk`r `c v`rwnrr`ck `c a`t oldt `r ubt`bckìbho lp c``r kntk` i`z`r zìf k` Frncs` ibt`rntuur tuss`c >1;= `c >16= dnnr dl`t i`z`c nis abh wbiw`t`c wnt U`nibsd` bs. Bct`r`ssnct`r vllr lcs bs wnt K` Wbik` lv`r zbjazìf z`gt8

Bo eàllr tlt k` grllt` d`cbgt`, kb` gbh, nis nutùr, pueibò cl`dt.51

lja sjabhct K` Wbik` tìùrg`stìk g`w``st t` zbhc knt Vnc K`yssì a`d cb`tnctwllrkk`. Njattb`c hnnr int`r, bc >2=6, k``k abh k`z` nncvni clg ``cs kucc`th`slv`r8

bo aè tl`c zì bc k` Grl`c` knkìbho dbhc cllk gòinngk p`r bcg`zlck`cstuo, dnnr bo wns g``c ibtt`rnbr` jlcjurr`ct, kb`c a`t k` dl`bt` illck` ld kllk t`sjaìk`c, `c kus a``t abh _Vnc K`yssìT d` cllbt g`nctwllrk ...52

A`t f`bt knt Vnc K`yssì K` Wbik` cb`t nctwllrkk` wbhst `r lp knt abh a`d bc>111 cb`t nis oucstjrbtbjus o`ck`. ]ns bc >2=; eibhot d`t zò`ra`bk knt K` Wbik`zbja d`t oucstorbtbò e`zbg abìk. Bc knt hnnr sjar``f abh ``c incg `c orbtbsja `ssnylv`r lp`rntòst`c bc a`t W`òeink vllr Duzbò. Kbt w`òeink wns bc >12; lpg`-rbjat kllr k` jldplcbst `c i`rnnr oinssbò` tni`c Augl Clita`cbus (>1;1->252).Clita`cbus wns bc ``rst` bcstnctb` ``c Wngc`r prlpngnckbst.:=K` Wbik` sjar``fzbhc orbtbsja ssny nis r`njtb` lp a`t vllrwllrk bc a`t tòstelò vnc K` Erubk k`r X``vnc C`stlr k` br`. C`stlr k` br` (>106->25=) wns ``c Eìgbsja tlc`ìsjarbhv`rkb` k` Vinnds` ta`nt`ribt`rntuur wbik` v`rcbùw`c. Vllr k` Nctw`rps` jldplcbst

Hnc Eiljo (>10>->2>5) sjar``f abh tw`` iber`ttls, bc >126 KÀ`re`rgprbcs`s`c bc>2=> KÈrubk k`r X``. K` orbtbò lp K` A`re`rgprbcs`swns cb`t gucstbg g`w``st`c bc a`t vllrwllrk vnc K` Erubk k`r X``k``k K` br` ab`rlv`r zbhc eòing. K`

Wbik` vlìk` zbja nis jrbtbjus sjabhcennr nncg`sprlo`c `c gbcg lp zbhc eùrt K`br` w``r t` ibhf. @`c dbik jrbtbjus wns K` Wbik` cb`t. D`t``c bc r`gì c wlrktk` sf``r vnc a`t stuo g`z`t8

@r zbhc a`ì wnt sjarbhv`rs, vnc wb` d`c i``r`c onc al` d`c cb`t dl`t

sjarbhv`c.:>

A`t bs lv`rbg`cs cb`t nii``c K` br` kb` `r vnc incgs orbhgt, llo vnc zbhc i`z`rssjabhct K` Wbik` cb`t ni t` v`ì t` v`rwnjat`c8

51 K` Wbik` >11152 K` Wbik` >2=6e, 557.:= Eubhc 5==7, >77->71.

:> K` Wbik` >2=;n, >0:.


17/228

>0

d`t k` vrnng8 Wnt bs ``c krndn2=0 `c >2=6 pueibj``rt K` Wbik` vbhf Kbvngntb`s lv`r Oucst bc a`tW`òeink vllr Duzbò. Ab`rbc gnnt abh lp zlò cnnr a`t w`z`c vnc k` oucst, cb`tvnc k` duzbò, zlnis d`c bc kbt tbhksjarbft zlu v`rwnjat`c, dnnr vnc nii` oucst.K` Wbik`s oucste`grbp bs, bc cnvligbcg vnc l.n. @dncuì Onct (>75;->1=;), zlrubd knt llo k` sjal`cdno`r `r lck`r vnit, dnnr spbtst zbja ubt`bckìbho tlja tl`lp k` ibt`rntuur. Abh z`t zbja bc k`z` nrtboì`c nf t`g`c k` tnjatbg`rs. Vllr a`dg``c inrt plur inrt `c g``c cnturnibsd`. Ab`rbc illpt abh vllrubt lp J.Z. Nkndnvnc Zjaìt`dn (>177->25;) kb` bc >2=7 bc zbhc K` Grlcksing`c `c`r cbùw` plzbà`tzìfk` zni kl`c.:;K` Wbik` sjarbhft zbhc nncvni vli brlcb`8

Wllrkoucst bs sjabhc, g``c wnnra`bk. Dnnr a`t g`sinjat bs clg cb`t kllk, a`tw`rot clg, kbjat`rt clg `c s`ctbd`ct``rt clg, ni a``t a`t d``r`ck`ìs ni nck`r`cnd`c gòlz`c vllr zbhc kl`c, - a`t g`sinjat, knt incg ni, d`t aìi`c trlddìsing`c d`t g`rnc``rk-zbccbg` rnz`c, k` iùz` rlcksinnt kllr k` inck`c8 W``s wnnr!

W``s wnnr! @c gbh zbht oucst`cnnr! :0

:5 K` Wbik` >2=;n, >1:.:: K` Wbik` >2=;n, >7;.:; Bo vlìk` k` krncg, k` vnst` ibhc`c t` zlò`c bc k` alpìllz` v`rwnrrbcg lcz`r t`g`cwllrkbg`

i`tt`r`c8 a`t cnturnibsd`, `c zbhc Aliincksja` v`rebhzlck`rbcg`c, - bo d``ck` k` tbhk `bckìbhogòld`c tlt ``c inntst` `c grlckbg` nfrò`cbcg d`t k` tnjatbg`rs lf k` z.g.c. Cbùw`-Gbks-rbjatbcg. Nkndn vnc Zjaìt`dn >2=7, 7.

:0 K` Wbik` >2=0n, 2.


18/228

>6 W.H. W (-)

Wnnr K` Wbik` bc zbhc w``rzbc t`g`c k` tnjatbg`rs v`rwnct bs nnc Nkndn vncZjaìt`dn oldt abh ubt`bckìbho tlja tlt `c nck`r` jlcjiusb`. Ebh a`d g``c oucstkb` bc kb`cst stnnt vnc a`t sljbnibsd` lf wìo` nck`r` strldbcg knc llo8

bs a`t bk`nni vnc k` sljbnnik`dljrnt`c r`nibs``rennr< C``! P dl`t d`wì e`gryp`c. Cb`t wnt k` sljbnibst`c vnc cu vllr bk`nni aluk`c! Bct`g`ck`ì, kntnjat bo b`ts zll jlcs`rvntb`s, knt knt `bg`ciyo g``c tlòldst, dnnr bct`g`ck`ì niv`r v`ri`k`c bs. @`c sljbnibst bs ``c krlld`r vnc ``c a`bistnnt l gìuostnnt l al`

h` t cl`d`c wbit. @c krlld`c zyc nityk gàùg`c-e`ìk`c, nityk lpsja`d`rbcg`cvnc ni vllrey g`gnc` kbcg`c.:6

K` Wbik` wlrstìt d`t a`t Jarbstìbho gìllf `c o``rt zbja nf vnc k` plib-tbò. Abh zlòt cnnr b`ts alg`rs, dnnr llo knt bs dl`bibho t` vbck`c. Bc zbhc vbhfKbvngntb`s oldt abh tlt vb`r stìibcg`c. Oucst bs zl rubd nis a`t i`v`c zìf. Oucstbs ``c wbssìw`robcg tuss`c pueibò `c oucst`cnnr, bc k` Oucst bs `r g``c lck`r-

sja`bk tuss`c G`vlì `c V`rstnck `c a`t nii`reìncgrbhost`, Oucst bs cnelltsbcg.Ldknt kbt elò lv`r K` Wbik` `c k` aucè`kk`c gnnt obho bo nii``c cnnr ``cpnnr lpd`robcg`c kb` llo vllr zbhc nrja`lilgbsja` w`ro vnc eìncg zbhc8

@`c nesliut` wnnra`bk e`stnnt cb`t, - bs zìs cb`t! Knt bs dbhc vnst` lv`rtubgbcg?`c kb` lv`rtubgbcg vlig`ck, sjarbh bo. Wb` cu ``c nck`r` a``t, pnss` kb` knc tl`,`c tl`ts` knc k` zbhc` nnc k` dbhc`, l nck`rsld, `c abh llrk`ì` `c ob`z`, zì-stnckbg zlck`r zbja t` int`c w``raluk`c bc zbhc orbtbò, clja kllr ``c g`zng, kntbo cb`t usurp``r, clja kllr ``c nck`r g`zng, ni bs knt a`t grlltst k`coenr`.

Bc ``c `coì lpzbjat `v`cwì `bsja bo lcvllrwnnrkìbho v`rtrluw`c vnc k`c i`z`r.

Knt bs wncc``r bo ``c `bt v`rdìk. Bo e`c g``c spbrbtbst, aè clg cllbt ``c ani-iujbcntb` gànk, c e`c nii``c dnnr wì `cs krlco`c g`w``st bc k`c tbhk vnc dbhcstuk`ct-zbhc? incg gì`k`c kus. Dnnr knnrld onc `r g``c `coì`, vlistròt g``c`coì` r`k`c e`stnnc ld ``c `bt t` e`twbhì`c, knt bo nis zllkncbg v`rdìk. :7

Bc zbhc Kbvngntb` V ubt >2=6 tllck` K` Wbik` al` abh nis nutlrbt`bt t`g`c k`rli vnc k` nutlrbt`bt`c bc k` oucst nnc o`ò8

G`zng bs cllkbg, vr knt b`dnck Oucst l zbhc oucst d`t ``cbg sujj`s oncpueibj``r`c. A`t al`t cb`t v`ì t` zbhc, a`t al`t llo cb`t ``cs e`pnnik `bg`cg`zng t` zbhc, `c a`t bs llo cb`t zll dl`bibho t` orbhg`c, - nis h` dnnr cb`t t` kìb-jnnt e`ct! D`t zbhc krb`c l vb`r`c, ebh nsprnno l zìs dnnr ebh stbizwbhg`ck`lv`r``coldst, ouc h` `r g`dnooìbho ``c olrrìth` vnc krnnb`c. @c a`t g`kbht kncvnczì zlck`r v`ì dl`bt` l zlrg. A`t wnst clg wìbg`r knc dlst`rkznnk, zllkntzllc olrrìth` ni a`ì gnuw ubt- c lpsjab`t tlt `c osja` pinct, wnnrvnc nck`r`cni knkìbho eil`dph`s oucc`c piuoo`c vllr auc ocllpsgnt. @c d``stni wlrkt k`

pinct llo wì gnuw ``c strubo, wnnrbc ni d`cbg nutlrbt`btsannsh` onc sjaubi`c.@c, illpt a`t d``, knc wlrkt k` strubo, vnno ni bc nzb`cenr`c tbhk, ``c a`ìèlld bo zlu knnrvnc kbcg`c oucc`c v`rtìi`c! `c knc wlrkt, bc zbhc sjan-

:6 K` Wbik` >2=6k, >>.:7 K` Wbik` >2=0k, >20. Abh stlck bc kbt hnnr clg nis stuk`ct bcg`sjar`v`c bc k` g`d``ctìbho`

nkdbcbstrntb`.


19/228

>7

kuw, `r k`tbg e`rnnksinngk lv`r w`rìkeìncg`c `c zbhc ill kb`ct tlt e`sja`bk`cinuw`rorncs`c lp ``rwnnrk` jlddbsslrbni` sja`kìs vnc g`zng, kb` t`ctllcstìibc-

g`c e`k`co`c c oucst-g`zìsjanpp`c stbjat`c, kb` U`dernckt-kbc`rs lrgncbs``r`cnnc k`szìs (k.b. k`s ellds) vl`t, `cz. @c t`v`cs kb`ct knc k` sjankuw zllnis

b`k`r kbcg vllr d``r knc ``c klì kb`ct ld t` eì`tt`c knt `r bc k` euurt clgnck`r` g`zngg`c lpsjab`t`c vnc k`zìk` sllrt. Bdd`rs k` alutv`st`r w``t a`t wì8`r sinnc g``c `bo`c lck`r `bo`c, clja k`cc`c lck`r k`cc`c lp. :1

:1 K` Wbik` >2=6e, 5>2-55=.


20/228


21/228

>2

Allkstuo :

K` Wbik` `c k` aucè`kk`c

Nrja`lilgbsja vìkw`ro

Wnt K` Wbik` pr`jb`s k``k cnknt abh lpgàluk`c wns d`t w`ro`c lp a`t fysbl-ilgbsja inelrntlrbud bs lceò`ck. Bc k` zld`r vnc >2=; r`bsk` abh kllr Kr`cta .A`t dng zbhc knt abh zbhc ennc ebh a`t fysblilgbsja inelrntlrbud lpg`z`gk ank,dnnr kbt e`tò`ck` cb`t knt abh llo nii` enck`c d`t eò`ck`c ubt kb` tbhk kllr-g`sc`k`c ank. Lp k`z` r`bs w`rk abh v`rg`zìk kllr zbhc vrl`g`r` d`k`-nssbst`ct

W`ssì Dbkkìvìk Vb`rs`c. K`z` ank, cnknt abh bc >2=5 g`prldlv``rk wns, bc>2=: llo a`t fysblilgbsja inelrntlrbud v`rint`c.:2 K` tw`` vrb`ck`c e`zljat`cl.n. a`t ]rlvbcjbnni Dusùd vllr Luka`k`c bc Nss`c (a`t t`g`cwllrkbg` Kr`ctsDusùd). Ab`r ownd K` Wbik` bc jlctnjt d`t Hnc Nernand Uuklif Oyddìi(>10>->255). Oyddìi wns `c wnt trngbsja fbguur kb` `c grllt g`k`ìt` vnc zbhci`v`c d`t ``c nijlaliprlei``d g`wlrstìk a``ft. Cn ``c dbsiuot` stukb` fbilslfb`gbcg`c llo ``c jnrrbr` nis eurg`d``st`r `c nis nrjabvnrbs nnc kbt prlei``d t`clck`r. Pbt`bckìbho w`rk abh s`jr`tnrbs vnc k` jlddbssb` vnc e`stuur vnc a`t Nss`rdusùd. Bc k`z` al`kncbga`bk e`nctwllrkk` abh k` erb`v`c kb` K` Wbik` nnc a`tdusùd stuurk`.;=

bhk`cs a`t e`zlò nnc kbt dusùd sjabhc`c k` tw`` vrb`ck`c g`ct`r`ss``rkg`rnnot t` zbhc bc k` aucè`kk`c. X` e`siubt`c ld tbhk`cs auc r`bs kllr Kr`cta`nii` aucè`kk`c t` gnnc eòbho`c. Lf z` kbt hnnr w`roìbho nii` aucè`kk`c e`-zljat aèe`c bs lceò`ck. Vnc ``c nnctni bs a`t `jat`r zò`r. G`kur`ck` k`z` r`bsdnnot`c z` ``c grllt nnctni fltls. K` pint`c vbì`c gl`k ubt, dnnr k` ``rst` nf-kruoo`c vbì`c t`g`c. X` wnr`c erubc c viòo`rbg. Aìnns gèùrk` r knnrcn `clcgìuo d`t k` pint`c. @r olck`c g``c cbùw` nfkruoo`c d``r g`dnnot wlrk`c.

A`t aì` w`ro dl`st a`t vlig`ck` hnnr lpcbùw g`knnc wlrk`c. K` Wbik` dnno-t`, vllrknt abh lpcbùw cnnr Kr`cta` gbcg, ``c nnctni nnctò`celòh`s wnnrbcabh cnnst k` dbck`r gl`k gìuot` fltls nii`s clt``rk` wnt abh lv`r a`t lp k` fltlnfgè`ìk` aucè`k wbst. Nii``c k`ì 0 vnc k`z` aucè`k-nnctò`celòh`s bs tlt

:2 Dbkkìvìk Vb`rs`c wns lp >= huib >2=5 g`prldlv``rk lp Ebhkrng` tlt k` e`pnibcg vnc nijlalibc k` dnngbcaluk. A`t Ptr`jats Nrjab`f Nrjab`f vnc k` Ubhosucbv`rsbt`bt Ptr`jat 525-> /;62-e U`gbst`rs vnc jnckbknnts- `c kljtlrnni`xnd`cs. Abh k``k kbt lck`r @. Duik`r, dnnr a`tlck`rw`rp wns lcg`twbhfìk nncg`krng`c kllr ]òìanrbcg kb` zbja bc k`z` hnr`c llo e`zbg abìkd`t k` bcvil`k vnc nijlali lp a`t d`csìbho ibjannd.

;= @`c k`ì vnc k` g`g`v`cs bc kbt elò oldt ubt k` r`stnct`c vnc kb` erb`fwbssìbcg. Nncg`zb`c k`z`

bc zbhc tltnibt`bt nis Npp`ckbx lpg`cld`c bs, zni bo `r bc k` clt`c cb`t sp`jbfbò cnnr v`rwbhz`c.


22/228

5= W.H. W (-)

lp a`k`c t`rug g`vlck`c. Nncg`zb`c K` Wbik` zbhc fltls knt``rk` bs kubkìbho kntabh lp := huib >2=; k` aucè`kk`c vnc Dbkinr`c (K: `c K;), lp :> huib kb` vncGnst`r`c (K>=) `c Illc (K>0) `c lp 5 `c : nugustus knt vnc Gb`t`c (K>;) e`-zljat. Lp k` fltl vnc Illc stnnt K` Wbik` d`t zbhc rug cnnr k` obho`r. ;>

Nnc k` fltls bs kbr`jt t` zb`c knt K` Wbik` d``r knc g`wlc` bct`r`ss` bc kÀucè`kk`c ank. Abh dnnot` g``c dllb`, rldnctbsja` lpcnd`c, dnnr e`p`rot`

zbja tlt k` k`tnbis kb` a`d bct`r`ss``rk`c.Bc >171 ank k` Zljb`ty l Nctbqunrb`s l Ilcklc U`v. Wbiibnd Jliibcgs Iuobs

(>1>7->125), c Zbr A`cry Kryk`c (>1>1->122) cnnr Kr`cta` g`stuurk ld knnr(>1>1->122) cnnr Kr`cta` g`stuurk ld knnr(>1>1->122) cnnr Kr`cta` g`stuurk ld knnrzlv`ì dlgìbho aucè`kk`c lp t` d`t`c.;5K`z` a`r`c ankk`c zbja vllrtr`ffìbhovnc auc w`ro gòw`t`c `c Kryk`c ank, lp v`rzlò vnc I. Lik`caubs Grntndn(>1>0->117), olpb`c vnc zbhc pintt`grlck`c `c zbhnnczbjat`c vllr a`t dusùdbc Nss`c g`dnnot. Al`wì a`t llrsprlcoìbho k` e`klìbcg g`w``st wns ld k`z`tò`cbcg`c t` pueibj`r`c bs a`t knnr tlt lp a`k`c aìnns cllbt vnc gòld`c.

;> Nnctò`celò K`ì V, ;0.

;5 Enoo`r >272n. Vnc k`r Znck`c 5==7, >=2->>7.

K` Wbik` ebh Illc (K>0) Bo stn tussja`c k`c rbcg `c a_`tT A_ucè`kT. Ld t` tllc`c knt knnr

rubdt` _bsT lp obò >.


23/228

5>

bhk`cs auc w`ro bc C`k`rinck ankk`c Iuobs `c Kryk`c llo k` jlcs`rvntlr vllrC`k`rincks` Luka`k`c vnc a`t Dusùd vllr Luka`k`c bc I`bk`c, W. ]i`yt`(>1:6->2=:), lctdl`t. K`z` w`rot` lp knt dld`ct nnc a`t ``rst` k`ì vnc zbhcC`k`rincksja` Luka`k`c vnc k` vrl`gst` tbhk`c tlt lp Onrì k`c Grllt`. A`t f`bt knt

]i`yt` kbt grllts lpg`z`tt` lv`rzbjat vnc k` C`k`rincks` nrja`lilgb` g`sjar`v`ca``ft bs lp zbja ``c d`rownnrkbg f`cld``c. Abh ank ta`lilgb` g`stuk``rk `c zbjav`rvlig`cs zìfstnckbg tlt @gyptlillg ldg`sjallik. Bc >162 wns abh t`g`c k`w`cs vnc kbr`jtùr J. I``dncs (>1=2->12:) tlt jlcs`rvntlr vnc a`t Dusùd vncLuka`k`c t` I`bk`c e`cl`dk. Ldknt I``dncs zìf llo @gyptlillg wns bs a`t tè`grbhp`c knt abh cb`t cnnr ]i`yt`s oldst ubto`ò. Abh gnf a`d a`t eà``r vnc kÒinssbò`- `c k` C`k`rincks` luka`k`c, zlknt ]i`yt` dl`st fucjtblc`r`c lp ``ct`rr`bc wnnrlp abh cb`t vllre`r`bk wns `c wnnr zbhc anrt cb`t w`roìbho ing.;:Llocn zbhc nncstìibcg ei``f ]i`yt` lv`r @gyptlilgbsja` lck`rw`rp`c pueibj`r`c. Abha``ft cllbt lpg`grnv`c `c si`jats ``c oi`bc nnctni pueibjntb`s lv`r C`k`rincks`

luka`k`c a`t ibjat kl`c zb`c. Kbt wbi `jat`r cb`t z`gg`c knt abh ab`r g``c llgvllr ank. l`c abh cn k` p`csblc`rbcg vnc I``dncs bc >12> kbr`jtùr vnc a`tUDL w`rk a``ft abh a`t dusùd v`rgrllt `c `r vllr g`zlrgk knt k` C`k`rincks`Luka`k`c, kb` tlt kb` tbhk lp zlik`r stlck`c, tw`` bg`c zni`c or`g`c. Xbhc grllt-st` v`rkb`cst` vllr k` C`k`rincks` nrja`lilgb` zbhc k` 6 kì`c C`k`rincksja`Luka`k`ckb` abh tuss`c >177 `c >2=: ib`t v`rsjabhc`c.;;Abh e`sprno ab`rbc vrbh-wì nii` tl`c eò`ck` nrja`lilgbsja` vlckst`c bc (Cllrk) C`k`rinck `c e`ìkk`z` bc gòiùrk` st``ckruoo`c nf. Ab`rebh vl`gk` abh `c v`r``cvlukbgk` v`rsb` vnc

Wbcnck Ztnrbcgs (>1=1->177) g`lilgbsja` onnrt wnnrlp k` vbckpinntscnd`c wn-r`c nncg`g`v`c. ]i`yt` sillt d`t zbhc C`k`rincksja` Luka`k`cnnc ebh ``c trnkbtb`

kb` Cbjlinus W`st`cklrp (>77:->1:6) bc >1>2 g`stnrt ank d`t k` lprbjatbcg vncNctbqubt`bt`c``c Luka`bkouckbg tbhksjarbt ;0`c kb` kllr J.H.J. Uùv`cs (>72:->1:0), J. I``dncs `c I.H.F. Hncss`c (>1=6->162) v`rk`r lctwbooìk wns.;6

Iuobs `c Kryk`c zng`c k` prl`v`c vnc k`ì B, Frb`sinck, Llst`rgl, wnnrbc lloG>, a`t aucè`k vnc Cllrkinr`c, eànckìk w`rk. Bc a`t v`rsing knt Iuobs vnc k`r`bs kllr Kr`cta` `c C`k`rinck nnc a` Zljb`ty l Nctbqunrb`sbc Ilcklc gnf ib`tabh kubkìbho eibho`c knt abh cb`t lck`r k` bckruo wns vnc ]i`yt`s w`ro8

bt _]i`yt s elloT wbii e` injobcg bc n v`ry bdplrtnct pnrtbjuinr, lr bt wbii gbv`cl grluck-pincs. Abs bct`ctblc bs tl gbv` n `w g`c`rni d`nsur`d`cts tl cnei` ta`

r`nk`r tl nsj`rtnbc ta`br rìntbv` prlplrtblcs, nck tl stnt` want ans e``c luck bc

;: I``dncs sjar``f nnc k` dbcbst`r vnc ebcc`cincks` zno`c knt abh ib`v`r zìf ``c kljtlr bc k` i`t-t`r`c, ``c jinssbjus, lpi`bkk` (El`s`r >2=;, 22). Nncg`zb`c abh ``c jlcs`rvntlr vllr k` oinssbò`nfkìbcg zljat ank I``dncs knnr zò`r ``c puct. K` o`ccbs k`r oinssbò`c wns ebh ta`lilg`cubt`rnnrk oi`bc`r knc ebh jinssbjb `c a`t wns knnrkllr lcg`twbhfìk ``cvlukbg`r ld ``c jinssbjustlt oinssbò nrja`lillg ld t` sjali`c knc ``c ta`lillg.

;; _BT Frb`sinck, Llst`rgl, _BBT Kr`ct`, _BBBT Lv`rbhsì, _BVT Gìk`rinck, _VT Entnvbn, Gìk`rinckBB, Xubk-Aliinck B, X`ìnck, _VBT W`st-Frb`sinck. K` kì`c vllr Ernenct `c Ibdeurg zbhc cllbtv`rsja`c`c.

;0 Nr`ctz`c 5==2, 57:-::=.

;6 Uùv`cs, I``dncs `c Hncss`c, >1;0. Xb` llo Enoo`r 5=>=.


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nck nelut ta` dlcud`cts, eut tabs wbii e` qubt` bcsujb`ct lr ta` nrjan`lilgbsttl njqubr` n jlrr`jt oclwi`kg` l ta`br lrds nck jlcstrujtblc, nck tl k`t`rdbc`ta` pinj` ta`y saluik ljjupy ndlcg ta` ruk` stlc` strujtur`s l @urlp`.;7

Iuobs v`rsing w`rk bc C`k`rincks` v`rtnibcg lp 2 fèrunrb >11= kllr Lik`caubsGrntndn bc k` ]rlvbcjbni` Kr`ctsja` `c Nss`r Jlurnctg`pueibj``rk. ]i`yt` wns ab`rubt`rnnrk cb`t gìuoobg d`` `c pueibj``rk` lp 5= fèrunrb bc kb`zìfk` ornct ``cnctwllrk wnnrbc abh zbhc twbhfìs lv`r a`t w`ro vnc Iuobs `c Kryk`c ubtt`8

Ebh a`t dlcud`ct stnnck` w``t d`c knt d`c g`pinntst bs vllr ``c v`rcbìk g`-k`cot`ò`c, wìo` vrnng dl`t d`c cu ``rst e`nctwllrk`c< K`z`8 w``t d`c lloal` knt g`k`cot`ò`c `r vllr k` v`rstlrbcg ubtzng< Kb` vrnng aèe`c k` A``r`c@cgìsja`c zbja cb`t g`stìk, ankk`c zbh knt g`knnc, knc zluk` auc llrk`ì lv`rk`z` znno gà`ì nck`rs g`w``st zbhc, zbh ankk`c knc g`w`t`c, knt `r eàniv` kàuc eò`ck` sjarbhv`rs lp a`t gèb`k vnc lck`rzlò llo ``c Cbjlinns W st`cklrp

e`stlck, kb` d``r wnnrk` a``t knc ni kb` g`cl`dk`c. Vnc krb` zll cb`t vbh st``c-grnv`c bs vliold`c hubst e`pnnik al` zbh `r ubt zng`c, vllr knt zbh v`rcbìk w`r-k`c. D`c vbckt k` v`rsing`c knnrldtr`ct bc vnc Ib`r, W`st`cklrp, k` ]lkngrbst`c`c bc k` d`k`k`ìbcg`c vnc k`c a``r Gr`glry. Knnrubt onc d`c nst`bk`c al` nii`zbja aèe`c v`rtllck. K` g`sjab`k`cbs kus vnc a`t dlcud`ct kb`ct bc k` ``rst`

pinnts g`rnnkpi``gk c ``rst knnrcn k` tl`stnck wnnrbc a`t lv`rsjalt v ro``rt. K`@cgìsja` a``r`c v`rwnjat`c nii`s vnc auc lpd`tbcg`c, `c bo zni `r k` wnnrk`cb`t vnc dbso`cc`c? klja lp kbt ``c` `bt wbi bo clg wbhz`c. K` aucè`kk`cankk`c ``c kueeì` vil`r, wnnr vbckt d`c kbt `bt ebh k` a``r`c v`rdìk< Kntbs cb`t oucc`c g`jlcstnt``rk wlrk`c kllr a`c. Wnnrld cb`t< ldknt zbh k` abs-tlrbsja` ebhzlck`ra`k`c vnc a`t lck`rzlò dbst`c. K` elv`cst` vil`r bs vnc nii`

grnv`c v`rcbìk c vnit nii``c bc a`t llg vnc a`d kb` w``t wnt abh vbck`c onc. Bov`rwnjat w`bcbg r`suitnnt vnc a`t w`ro vnc k` a``r`c Iuobs `c Kryk`c vllr kò`ccbs lcz`r st``cgrnv`c.;1

Ni tbhk`cs zbhc e`zlò nnc Nss`c zlrgk` K` Wbik` `rvllr knt abh k` tò`cbcg`cvnc Kryk`c ``c tbhkh` olc i`c`c. rug bc Ptr`jat e`stuk``rk` abh z` `c dnnot` `rvllr `bg`c gèrubo lp wnr` grlltt` eubt`cg`wllc frnnb` d`t wnt`rv`rf gòiùrkòlpb`c vnc. bhk`cs zbhc r`bz`c kllr Kr`cta` bc >2=0 `c >2=6 e`zljat abh niiàucè`kk`c lpcbùw `c jlctrli``rk` abh t`r pinnts` zbhc olpb`c vnc k` tò`cbc-g`c vnc Kryk`c `c jlrrbg``rk` abh kb` wnnr knt clkbg wns. Llo tò`ck` abh pint-t`grlck`c vnc k` aucè`kk`c kb` Iuobs `c Kryk`c cb`t g`zb`c ankk`c.

Bc s`pt`de`r >2=; vrnngt Oyddìi K` Wbik` lf abh g``c stuo wbi sjarbhv`cvllr k` Cbùw` Kr`ctsja` Vliosnidncno. K` Wbik` twbhfìt, abh a``ft wì bk``c,dnnr vbckt knt zbhc o`ccbs clg t` v`ì t` w`cs`c lv`rinnt ld cu ni ``c nrtboì t`sjarbhv`c. Dbssjab`c ``c oi`bc stuoh` lv`r a`t vbck`c vnc nrjan`lilgbsja` vllr-w`rp`c bc Kr`cta` `c ìk`rs, `c lv`r wnt k` vbck`r `r ebh allrt bc njat t` c`d`c.Bc ``c erb`f ubt k`j`de`r >2=; innt K` Wbik` Oyddìi w`t`c knt abh ``c orbtbò

;7 Iuobs >172, 5.;1 ]rlvbcjbni` Kr`ctsja` `c Nss`r Jlurnct 5= Fè. >11=. K` Wbik` >2=7, 7: v`rwbhst cnnr kbt

nrtboì dnnr cl`dt nis kntud vnc pueibjntb` >: Fèrunrb >11=.


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K` kllr K` Wbik` g`dnnot` olpb`c vnc k` tò`cbcg`c vnc Kryk`c vnc a`t aucè`k vnc Gnst`r`c

(K>=) d`t knnrlp k` nnctò`cbcg knt k`z` bc >2=0 `c >2=6 g`jlctrli``rk zbhc.


26/228

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lp ]i`yt`s C`k`rincksja` Luka`k`ck`ì BB Kr`cta` vllr k` Nidncnog`sjar`v`ca``ft, dnnr knt abh kb` cb`t onc pueibj`r`c, ldknt abh gàllrk a``ft knt ]i`yt` nikllk bs.

Xbhc stukb` vnc k` aucè`kk`c a``ft a`d tlt cu tl` d``r vrng`c knc nct-

wllrk`c lpgì`v`rk. Knt v`rwlck`rt K` Wbik` cb`t ldknt abh tlt k` jlcjiusb`gòld`c bs knt k`z` stukb` bc C`k`rinck clg gà`ì bc k` obck`rsjal`c`c stnnt.@`c kbcg w``t abh `jat`r zò`r, h` ouct knt wnt `r bc a`t eubt`cinck lv`r d`-gnibtabsja` dlcud`ct`c g`sjar`v`c bs cb`t zldnnr lp k` Kr`cts` aucè`kk`clv`rpinct`c.;2

Lp 56 hucb >2=0 v`raubsk` abh cnnr ``c ond`r lp rncs >7 `c bc nugustus `cs`pt`de`r dnnot` abh p`r fb`ts0=lpcbùw ``c stukb`r`bs incgs k` Aucè`kk`c.0>K` Wbik` e`sjaluwk` kbt cb`t nis ``c vnonctb`, abh r`bsk` cb`t nis tl`rbst, dnnr nisnrja`lillg.05

Nis ubtvnisensbs vllr a`t ``rst` g`k`ìt` vnc zbhc lck`rzlò olls abh ``c altì

bc Xubkinr`c.0: Vnc knnrubt e`zljat abh k` aucè`kk`c vnc Cllrkinr`c (G>),Zt``ce`rg`c (K>), W`st`rvìk` (K5), ycnnril (K6), Zjabpelrg (K7), Ncil (K1lf K>>), Ncc`c (K2), @`xt (K>5 `c K>:), Gnst`r`c (K>=), Illc (K>0), Eniil(K>6) `c Ulik` (K>7-K>1). Cn ``c dnnck bc Xubkinr`c v`raubsk` abh cnnr ``caltì bc Elrg`r0; wnnr abh lcg`v``r `v`c incg v`rei``f. Vnc ab`rubt e`zljat abhaucè`kk`c t` Gb`t`c (K>;), Erlcc`g`r (K5>-K55-K5:-K5; `c K50), Elrg`r(K57), tuss`c Elrg`r `c Eubc`c (K51-K52), k` Grnfoìk`rs ebh @dd`c (K;:),k` @dd`rk`cc`c (K;0), `c Ncgìsil (K;6 lf K;7). A`t bs dlgìbho knt abhtbhk`cs a`t tw``k` g`k`ìt` vnc zbhc r`bs clg d``r aucè`kk`c e`zljat, dnnrknnrlv`r g``ft abh bc a`t nrtboì knt abh cnnr nnci`bkbcg vnc k`z` r`bs sjar``f00g``c

kubkìbho` bcflrdntb`.A`t lck`rzlò vnc K` Wbik` e`stlck ubt a`t fltlgrnf`r`c, lpd`t`c `c bc

onnrt er`cg`c vnc k` aucè`kk`c kb` abh e`zljat. Kbt ownd allfkznoìbho c``rlp a`t jlctrli`r`c vnc zbhc olpb`c vnc k` pintt`grlck`c `c zbhnnczbjat`c vncKryk`c `c a`t dno`c vnc nnctò`cbcg`c lv`r al` k` aucè`kk`c `r bc a`t inck-sjanp ebh ing`c. Bc zbhc nnctò`celòh` V bs t` zb`c knt abh kbt a`ì zlrgvuikbgk``k. Abh cudd`rk` k` st`c`c lp k` fltl `c e`sjar``f bc zc nnctò`cbcg`c nii`swnt abh t`r pinnts` zng `c knjat.

;2 Erb`f vnc K` Wbik` nnc Oyddìi vnc >5 K`j`de`r >2=;.0= Abh r `k lp ``c Vbjtlrbn d`t ruee`r wbìenck`c `c kueeì` v``r`c. K` Wbik` >2=6, >0;.0> K` Wbik` >2=6e, >05.05 K` Wbik` >2=6e, >0;. K` grnv`c gi`k`c _cn >11=T w``r t`rug bc k` v`rg`tìa`bk vnc k` Grlt`

Ztbii` A`bk`? slddbg`, gl`k e`r`boenr` grnv`c vlrdk`c ``c tl`rbstbsja` nttrnjtb` `c ``c knco-ennr lck`rw`rp vllr incksjanpssjabik`rs, k` d``st` or`g`c si`jats e`zlò vnc pnss`r`ck` el`r`clf sjannpa`rk`rs. Zi`jats ``c `coìbcg, zlnis k` lck`rwbhz`r `c ndntùr-nrja`lillg W.H. k`Wbik`, eòldd`rk` zbja bc kb` tbhk lv`r k` zncknfgrnvbcg`c cnebh aucè`kk`c `c lv`r nck`rè`kr`bgbcg`c. Vnc Gbcoì `.n. >222, >;0.

0: Altì Xlckng cu altì K` Gluk`c I`ùw.0; Altì Eb`z`.

00 K` Wbik` >2=6e.


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Lv`r a`t aucè`k vnc Gnst`r`c (K>=) sjarbhft abh l.n. a`t vlig`ck`8

Kòst``c`c8 > gònctìk, gìll bo bc XW rbjatbcg st``c 5 njat bo ``c kòst``c,gònctìk cnnr a`t X. lv`r k`c stùcst``c a``c kb` knnrkllr cnnr ebcc`c g`vnii`c`c gèrlo`c bs vino incgs k`c grlck. @r bs c.i. nnc k` ebcc`czbhk` (C) v_ncT st``c

5 ``c st``c bc k`c grlck t` zb`c eibhoennr ngèrlo`c. K`z` st``c cl`d bo 5x, `caluk bo vllr k` `bg`cibho` stùcst``c.

Wncc``r Kryk`cs lrbgbcì`c t` grllt wnr`c vllr K` Wbik`s cltbtbèlòh` k`ìk` abh zbhc olpb`c bc

tw``c.


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Zt``c e sjabhct dbh ``r ``c kòst``c tl`, g`vnii`c `c gènrst`c. K` zbhst``c`c zbhcab`r nii``c zll oi`bc knt e nis siubtst``c lc`v`cr`kbg grllt ibhot lja bs a`t cb`tlcdlgìbho `c a`t zlu oucc`c knt knc kbt A_ucè`kT cnk`rt tlt k`c oìk`r `cknt knc tlja 6 pllrtst``c bs, lsjallc knnrt`g`c8 k` er``kt` k`r tussja`crubdt`c.

A`t `bt `jat`r v_ncT a`t enrst`c bc kb` rbjatbcg pi`bt d``r vllr ``c vni vnc elv`cc``r, wnnrebh knc 7 nis siubtst``c g`knjat, w`rk ngèrlo`c.

Vllr k` d``cbcg knt 5 kòst``c onc zbhc pi`bt llo zbhc vlrd, kb` nnc ebcc`czbhkèli bs, gà`ì bc t`g`cstìi_bcgT d_`tT nii` nck`r` stùcst``c`c, kb` zllv`r z` a`ìzbhc nii` pint zbhc n_ncT k_`T ebcc`czbhk` 06

K` Wbik` bs cb`t nii``c bc k` eluw, dnnr llo bc k` ibggbcg `c k` bct`rc` struj-tuur vnc k` lck`rgrlck vnc k` aucè`kk`c g`ct`r`ss``rk. Bo eibhf clg `v`c ebhGnst`r`c8

A`t A_ucè`kT ibgt bc ``c aùvì, dnnr ``c z``r v`rerlooìk` aùvì, kb` k`ì

sjabhct ubt t` dno`c vnc `c v`ì grllt`r` aùvì, wnnrbc g`grnv`c bs c v`rstlv`c.X``r kubkìbho bs kb` aùvì lpg`wnnbk lp ``c t`rr`bc knt st``crbho bs, dnnr g``cg`rlik` st``c`c e`vnt.

@r bs lck`r kb`c aùvì ``c zwnrt` inng v``cnjatbg_`T nnrk`.

A`t allgst` puct v_ncT k_`cT aùvì ibgt cb`t elv`c a`t A_ucè`kT, dnnr ``c z`sd`t`r d``r cnnr Llst knc d`c zlu v`rwnjat`c.

A`t A_ucè`kT ibgt z``r kubkìbho ing`r knc k` allgst` klco`r` inng k`z` inng bslp v`rr` cn cb`t zll zwnrt nis k` lck`rst` `c k`z` lck`rst` e`stnnt ubt z``r kucc`

inngh`s ng`wbssìk d`t ibgt`r`.K`z` v``cinng illpt kllr, alrbzlctnni, wì incgznnd nkni`ck cnnr a`t W, tì-o`cs lck`rerlo`c `c a``t zbja vllrtg`z`t tlt bc k` v``cth`s kb` bc a`t W `c CWlctglcc`c wlrk`c 07

K` Wbik` innt k`z` nnctò`cbcg v`rg`zìk gnnc vnc ``c kllrsc`k` vnc a`t au-cè`k `c k` aùvì d`t ``c nnctni v`rsjabii`ck` ing`c. A`t lpvnii`ckst` bc k`z`tò`cbcg zbhc k` tw`` ibhcth`s lck`r k` elk`d vnc a`t aucè`k. Kbt zluk`c tw`èlv`c ìonnr ibgg`ck` vil`r`c oucc`c zbhc. K` Wbik` sjarbhft `r `jat`r cb`ts lv`r.Lf K` Wbik` zìf bc kbt aucè`k g`grnv`c a``ft lf al` abh nck`rs nnc k`z` bcflr-

dntb` gòld`c bs v`rdìkt abh cb`t.01

K` Wbik` e`sjarbhft cb`t nii``c k` e`sjankbgbcg`c nnc k` kbv`rs` st`c`c vnca`t aucè`k, dnnr llo k` stnnt vnc lck`raluk. Ebh Gnst`r`c d`rot abh lp knt``c t`r vllroldbcg vnc lv`rstubvbcg r cnnst g`pinntst endel` sja`rd bc >2=0 bcsi`jat` stnnt bs. Llo clt``rt abh8

06 Nnctò`celò K`ì V, 7.07 Nnctò`celò K`ì V, 2->=. Vlig`cs Enoo`r e`trlf a`t (dlckìbcg` d`k`kìbcg) ab`r wnnr-

sjabhcibho ``c plkzlielk`dprlfbì d`t l`renco `c illkznckinng.01 Knt K` Wbik` tw`` vil`r`c nncg``ft bs g``c kllrsingg`v`ck e`wbhst knt abh w`roìbho g`grnv`c

a``ft. K` Wbik` o`ck` ]i`yt`s nrtboì ubt k` ]rlvbcjbni` Kr`ctsja` `c Nss`r Jlurnct 5= Fè.

>11= `c knnrbc stlck kubkìbho v`rdìk knt aucè`kk`c ``c kueeì` vil`r aèe`c.


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@cjinv` bs gà`ì znck. Lp`rvinot` z``r lcr`gìdntbg. 5 enznit pnnith`s nnc k` W.zbhk` : nnc k` L zbhk`, a`t d``st Cllrkì_bho`T v_ncT k`c e`wust` : bs g`vnii`c`c vnc zbhc pinnts.02

V`rk`r dnnot K` Wbik` ``c cltbtb` lv`r k` clg zbjatenr` g`tubg`cbss`c vnc a`tubtgrnv`c vnc kbt aucè`k8

Zt``c zwnrt l klco`r nnc elv`c onct, tlt zò`r` allgt` knnrlck`r clrdni` oiùrvllr e`grnv`c g`w``st zbhc.6=

Ebh Gb`t`c (K>;) bs k` sbtuntb` e`t`r, lck`raluk vlikl`ck`, gr`ppì, ; pnni-th`s, anrkst``c lp alò`c. Lv`r k` aucè`kk`c vnc Dbkinr`c (K: `c K;), kb`tuss`c tw`` el`rk`rbh`c bcgòi`dk ibgg`c, bs abh knnr`ct`g`c z``r lct`vr`k`c8

Zt`ro v`rlctr`bcbgk d`t luk` inpp`c, krò v_ncT d`csja `c kb`r (ol`). Lv`r k`st``c`c k` gàì` piuch` vnc k`c a``r `c vrluw k`s aubz`s.6>

Al`wì a`t d`r`ck`ì vnc k` aucè`kk`c cu vnc prlvbcjb` lf rbho bs `c a`tgrlt` silp`c lpgàluk`c bs, e`s`ft K` Wbik` knt `r clg st``ks g`vnr`c kr`bg`c,dnnr abh gnnt knnr iujatbg d`` ld8

G`zìsjanp vnc ``c hlcg`th` v_ncT lienns. K`z` tli v`rpinntst vllr ubtgncg vncaubs `tj. Hlcg`th` 6 hnnr, d`t ``c d`s zll grllt nis zbhc elv`cnrd bc zbhc zno, lpzbhc kllb` g`dno (k` Kr`ct a``t k`c tbhk) ``c guur ornss`ck bc k`c st``c `ctl`c bc a`t olrt` grns zll bs b`k`r` cnk`rbcg v_ncT k_`cT d`csja k`c luka`bk

02 Nnctò`celò K`ì V, >=.6= Nnctò`celò K`ì V, >=. Xb` Enoo`r >272n `c 5=>= vllr k` ldstr`òs >17= w`gg`grnv`c

aùvìr`stnct`c.

6> Nnctò`celò K`ì V, 66.

K` Wbik`s kllrsc`k` vnc a`t aucè`k vnc Gnst`r`c (K>=).


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Gnst`r`c (K>=) `c Gb`t`c (K>;).


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52

cllkilttbg. A`t obck eòbhot nii` zno`c ib`st vnc k`c lck`ronct wnct abh ibgtnitbhk `c ebh b`k`r` v`rnck`rbcg v_ncT plsbtb` vnc dbh, bs zbhc lcdbkkìibho` cnebh-a`bk lp zbhc rug.65

K` tbhk knt k` aucè`kk`c `cznnd c v`rint`c lp k` a`bk` ing`c wns bc >2=0ni vllrebh, a`t wnr`c tl`rbstbsja` nttrnjtb`s g`wlrk`c6:8

A`t wns `c a``ribho` cnzld`r-kng bc a`t inntst vnc Z`pt`de`r, zllknt bo, tbhk`csdbhc nre`bk t`r pinnts` _Gb`t`c-K>;T, a`rannikìbho g`zìsjanp or``g vnc splrt-erl`k`rs `c -zust`rs, llo `coì` wnckìnnrs `c ``c pnnr qubpng`s. Lv`r a`t nig`-d``c bs a`t dbh trluw`cs bc Kr`cta` ebzlck`r lpg`vnii`c, cu bo d``rdni`c ``cuur l njat nnc``c ebh a`tzìk` Aucè`k ei``, knt kb` vrbh v`ì e`zlò tròo`c.Ebh Ulik`, @dd`c, Elrg`r, `c zìs ebh k` zll ngì`g`c grl`p`c vnc Erlcc`g`r `cvnc Ncgìsil, - ebhcn c`rg`cs ei`` bo nii``c.6;

Kllrknt K` Wbik` k` aucè`kk`c d``rk`r` hnr`c njat`r ìonnr e`zljat zng

abh llo k` v`rnck`rbcg`c kb` `r lctstlck`c8

@bckìyo kb` @`xt`r grnoìk`r! A`t trnph` bs `c dlk`rc` jlcstrujtb`, nncgèrnjatbc >2=6 l >2=7. Bo onc a`t hnnr pr`jbs``r`c wncc``r P a`t v`rincgt, dnnr dl`tknc bc dyc erlubiilcs vnc kb`c tyk cnpiubz`c. Dyc pintt`grlck vnc k`c oìk`rbs trluw`cs lpg`d`t`c `c g`t`ò`ck zlck`r knt trnph`, bc ``c hnnr vllrngnnck`nnc a`t r`stnurntb`-hnnr. l`c bo `v`cwì d`t dyc g`t`ò`ck pinc t`r pinntsòwnd aè bo a`t, tl`c clg g``c w`ò luk`, kbcg bcg`vl`gk. P _Aliw`rknT ouctkus nesliuut lv`rtubgk zyc vnc a`t e`stnnc l e`stnnc aèe`c vnc kb` tr`k`c. Boaè `r zì lp g`stnnc `c auc nnctni (:) `c auc nnctni st``c`c g`tìk, @UWRICLG K@ W@UOIB@K@C E@XBG WNU@C LC K@C O@IK@U V@UK@U @

U@ZNPU@@U@C, - l.n. wnr`c kb` ib`k`c hubst e`zbg d`t a`t e`vil`r`c vnc k`celk`d vnc k`c oìk`r `c a`t nncstndp`c vnc kb` vil`r d`t ``c strnntstndp`r.Kb` vil`r zni `r cu clg wì zyc, lck`r a`t znck. Knt a`t trnph` v`rkw`c`c wns,aè bo clg tyk`cs lcs zld`re`zlò nnc ``cbg`c lcz`r tljatg`cllt`c g`z`gk. @cbo a`rbcc`r dy z``r gl`k, knt, tl`c bo a`t kbcg vllr a`t ``rst zng, bo ``c c`bgbcgvlìk` ld dy t` `rg`r`c, wìo` lcg`zlck` tl`stnck cb`t gà`ì v`re`t`rk` llo nie`knjat bo, knt kb` dniibga`bk cn `c ani hnnr wì zlu w`gg`trnpt zyc, knnr bo eylck`rvbckbcg wbst, knt kbt aucè`k st`ro e`zljat wlrkt kllr k` hùgk, kb` bo `rv`stbcg bc aè zb`c spì`c, `c kllr nck`r`c, kb` `r dbck`r rldnctbsja-n`sta`tb-sja` kbcg`c bc k`k`c `c njat`rib`t`c.60

65 Nnctò`celò K`ì V, :7, Dbkinr`c. K` Wbik` wns wnnrsjabhcibho ``c obck`rvrb`ck. Lck`r ``cvnc zbhc nnctò`cbcg`c lv`r Dbkinr`c sjar``f ``c obck g``sh` sinno.

6: K` eìncgstìibcg kb` `r lp knt dld`ct vllr k` aucè`kk`c e`stlck dl`t`c w` vllrni cb`tlv`rsjantt`c. l`c k` lck`rwbhz`r ]. Iluw`rs` (>1;=->2=1) bc >2=1 zbhc V`rani`c ubt k`Vnk`rincksja` G`sjab`k`cbs vllr k` C`k`rincks` sjallihùgk pueibj``rk` ib`t abh knnrbc kàucè`kk`c lce`sprlo`c `c e`glc abh k` vnk`rincks` g`sjab`k`cbs bc >== v. Jar. d`t k` oldstvnc k` Entnvb`r`c.

6; K` Wbik` >2=6, >01->02.

60 Erb`f nnc Aliw`rkn vnc >2 Fèrunrb >2>:.


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`rug bc Ptr`jat sjar``f K` Wbik` bc >2=0 ``c nrtboì, @`c i`g`cknrbsja`nildt`g`cwllrkbga`bk, vllr k` Cbùw` Kr`ctsja` Vliosnidncnovllr >2=6 lv`r``c ebhzlck`r` les`rvntb` kb` abh tbhk`cs k`z` r`bs g`knnc ank. Xbhc stbhi bs aìk`rd`t ab`r `c knnr wnt stuk`ctbolz` audlr. D`t``c nnc a`t e`gbc vnc zbhc nrtboì

bctrlkuj``rt abh zbja nis nrja`lillg wncc``r abh lv`r ``c vllrvni spr`òt knt a`dtbhk`cs a`t lpd`t`c vnc a`t aucè`k vnc Cllrkinr`c (G>) bs lv`rold`c. @`cel`r sprno a`d nnc `c vrl`g a`d wnt abh k``k. Kbt aucè`k ing nnc k` rnck vnc``c zncknfgrnvbcg `c kr`bgk` `r lp ìo dld`ct bc t` vnii`c. K` Wbik` bs ab`r cb`tgìuoobg d`` `c nctwllrkt k` el`r knt abh a`t aucè`k gòljat a``ft `c a`t culv`r gnnt er`cg`c cnnr zbhc tubc bc Ptr`jat zlknt `r `bckìbho ``cs gl`k vllr g`-zlrgk zni wlrk`c.66K` el`r lp zbhc eùrt v`rtìt K` Wbik` llo ``c v`ranni8

@`cs a``t Olcbcg ILK@WBHO CN]LI@LC, tl`c abh d`t zbhc g`vlig ``c wnc-kìrbt dnnot` kllr k` krb` Inr`cs, zbhc gì`bk` zllv`r njat`r zbja gìnt`c, knt abhk` a``r`c cb`t d``r zng, `c, incgs k`c ebcc`cw`g nncgòld`c ebh kbt Aucè`k,a``t abh zbhc pnnrk ``c stlut`c sprlcg int`c kl`c, ``rst lp k`c oi`bcst`c -, knnrcnlp k`c grllt`c kòst``c, c ei`` zll, nis ``c rubt`rstncke`ìk, zbhc v`rilr`c g`vligbcwnjat`c.67

K` Wbik` bs g`ctrbg``rk kllr kbt v`ranni `c gnnt nis ``c gl`k w`t`csjanpp`rlp zlò cnnr ``c tw``k` erlc ld a`t e`v`stbgk t` orbhg`c. Abh e`sjaluwt a`t zl`-o`c cnnr v`rani`c kb` nnc aucè`kk`c gòlppìk zbhc nis ``c bct`grnni lck`rk`ìvnc zbhc w`ro8

@`c lck`rzlò`r k`r luka`bk cu, kb` ``c r`putntb` a``t lp t` aluk`c l clg t`v`rw`rv`c, dl`t llo ``c w`bcbg lioilrbst zbhc, `c kl`t kus wbhs, nis abh k` iloni`lv`ri`v`rbcg`c, kb` abh t`g`coldt, cb`t v`rlcnjatznndt.61

Abh vbckt g``c tw``k` erlc vllr Cllrkinr`c, dnnr tlt zbhc v`renzbcg allrtabh a`t zìfk` v`ranni lv`r k` aucè`kk`c ebh Ncc`c (K2), Ulik` (K>7-K>1),Gb`t`c (K>;), Eubc`c (K51-K52), Elrg`r (K57), `c k` @dd`rk`cc`c (K;0).Ebh k` @dd`rk`cc`c (K;0) zb`t abh, zlnis k` vìkwnjat`r a`d v`rtìk ank, zìfsk` vl`tnfkruo vnc a`t pnnrk lp k` grlt` kòst``c. 62Ldknt k` kòst``c vnc K;0k` `cbg` bs kb` grllt g`cl`g bs ld ``c k`rgìbho oucststuoh` ubt t` vl`r`c e`siubtabh knt a`t vllrvni ab`r pinnts g`vlck`c dl`t aèe`c.7= rug bc Ptr`jat sinnt k`twbhfì `jat`r w``r tl` wncc``r abh i``st knt kbt zìfk` v`ranni llo lv`r k` Zt``c

ebh k` Vuursja` v`rtìk wlrkt.7>K`z` st``c ibgt bc k` euurt vnc Zl`stkbho `c zluknnrkllr ``rk`r bc nncd`robcg old`c knc ``c Kr`cts aucè`k. V`rdl`kìbhoank K` Wbik` lp kbt dld`ct k` Zt``c vnc k` Vuursja` clg cb`t g`zb`c. Knnr pnstcndìbho g``c pnnrk lp.

66 K` Wbik` >2=6, >05->0:.67 K` Wbik` >2=6, >0:.61 K` Wbik` >2=6, >0:.62 K` Wbik` >2=6, >6:.7= W`st`cklrp >1>0, 57> `c Hncss`c >1;1, @dd`c cl. : cl`dk`c bck`rknnk nii``c K;0.

7> K` Ubho >2=0, :0. Xb` llo Enoo`r 5==;, >:.


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@`c vnc k` kllr K` Wbik` g`dnnot` nnct`o`cbcg`c vnc k` sja`rv`c kb` abh bc Nss`c zng.


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Al`wì K` Wbik` zbja bc kbt nrtboì nis nrja`lillg pr`s`ct``rt bs a`t `c vlios-ouckbg lck`rzlò. Wncc``r Olcbcg Ilk`wbho w`roìbho d`t zbhc pnnrk bc Kr`cta`lp ``c aucè`k g`sprlcg`c bs dl`t kbt tuss`c >5 `c >; dnnrt >1=2 gèùrk zbhctbhk`cs zbhc e`zlò nnc k`z` prlvbcjb`. K` Wbik`s les`rvntb`s int`c kus zb`c knt kbt

v`ranni zbja ebcc`c alck`rk hnnr nnc t`c dbcst` z`v`c aucè`kk`c gà`jat ankzlck`r knt b`dnck zbja clg k` w`roìbho` nnci`bkbcg a`rbcc`rk`.75

Nnc a`t `bck vnc zbhc nrtboì tllct K` Wbik` zbja ``c ilgbsja k`co`ck w`-t`csjanpp`r wncc``r abh lv`r Lik`caubs Grntndns K` auccè`kk`c bc Kr`cta``c nncv`rwnct` lck`rw`rp`c ubt >1167: spr`òt. Lik`caubs Grntndn wns `rvnclv`rtubgk knt k` aucè`kk`c kllr k` Vbobcg`c gèluwk wnr`c `c kus vnc cn kÙld`bcs` tbhk stndk`c. Abh ens``rk` zbja ab`rebh lp a`t lcterò`c vnc `cbg` v`r-wbhzbcg cnnr k` aucè`kk`c bc njbtus G`rdncbn. Ldknt njbtus z` cb`t cl`dk`,zl r`k`c``rk` Lik`caubs Grntndn, wnr`c z` `r tl`c cb`t `c dl`t`c z` kus vncint`r` kntud zbhc. K` Wbik` wbhst k`z` r`k`c`rbcg r`sliuut vnc k` anck8

Nis b`dnck b`ts cb`t v`rtìt, onc knt zbhc ldknt abh a`t v`rg``t, l wì a`t cb`twbst `c a`t gà`ì tl`vniibg cb`t gàllrk a``t? dnnr t`g`c a`t e`stnnc vnc a`tv`rzw`g`c` onc knt cb`t g`tubg`c.7;

A`t bs kubkìbho knt K` Wbik` k` i`ss`c vnc ]òìanrbcg t`r anrt` g`cld`c ank`c knt wnt abh i``st orbtbsja eòbhot.

K` fltls kb` abh kbt hnnr g`dnnot a``ft sjabhc`c gl`k gìuot t` zbhc `c zbhc `c-talusbnsd` vllr kbt d`kbud bs cu zl grllt knt abh ebh a`t dusùd bc Nss`c ldtl`st`ddbcg vrnngt ld stuoo`c ubt auc jlii`jtb` t` dlg`c fltlgrnf`r`c. Llovrnngt abh vllr a`t vlig`ck` nrtboì, wnnr abh nnc w`rot, k` aucè`ktò`cbcg`c

vnc I.H.F. Hncss`c (>1=6->162) t` i``c. E`bk` v`rzlò`c wlrk`c kllr a`t dusùdbcg`wbiibgk.

Bc nugustus `c s`pt`de`r >2=6 r`bsk` K` Wbik` lpcbùw kllr Kr`cta`. Abhe`glc d`t ``c ubtgèr`bk e`zlò nnc a`t dusùd bc Nss`c. Ab`r e`stuk``rk` abhnii` vlckst`c kb` d`t aucè`kk`c t` dno`c ankk`c. Abh dnnot` ubtgèr`bk` e`-sjarbhvbcg`c d`t sja`ts`c8

>:. 4 Ontni_lgusT BBn Elrg`r >.Vnc k`z` 2 sja`rv`c si`jats 5 kubkìbho v`rsb`rk.

D`c oldt ab`r ebh k` tw`` ngè`ìk` tlt a`t v`rdl`k`c knt `r lv`r k` eubt`czbhk`

``c oiùrinng lp ibgt Nii``c a`t eubt`cst` inngh` bs dllb aìk`r znckst``c g`ì-erubc `c vliold`c gìbhodntbg, k` erùo bs zwnrt l i`boiùrbg `c k` njat`rzbhk`bs grnuw grbhs.

75 Bc k` v`rsing`c vnc k`z` olcbcoibho` r`bs cnnr Kr`cta` wlrkt cb`ts lv`r kbt vllrvni g`z`gk.7: Lik`caubs Grntndn >116.7; K` Wbik` >2=6, >60. Bc Anrtlg A`bhs vnc Xlut`v``c >110, :6 wlrkt kbt bk`` llo ni nfg`w`z`c,

dnnr k`z` sjarbhv`r dl`t kbt clg ubt k` ldstnckbga`k`c nfi`bk`c. K` cb`t-v`rdìkbcg k`raucè`kk`c kllr njbtus bs ``cvlukbg t` v`roinr`c, kllrknt zbh k`stbhks d``st clg d`t znck

wnr`c e`kòt `c knnrkllr nnc a`t llg lcttrloo`c.


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K` nck`r` v`rsb`rk` sja`r g``t cb`t k`c bckruo v_ncT ``c oiùrinng, dnnr bs b`ts(w`bcbg) klco`rk`r v_ncT eubt`c knc k` vlrbg`. Kbt bs ``c dlck rnckstuo d`tjlcv`x anisstuo.Knt `r zll v`ì lut`c l lc``c a`k`c v_ncT a_`tT v`rsb`rbcgsbcstrud`ct t` zb`c

zbhc pi`bt `r vllr knt `r (vuur)st``c gèrubot bs nis w`rotubg.>7. 4 Ontni_lgusT BBn Nss`c e.sja`r, snd`cg`stìk ubt >= oi`bc`r` d`t tw`` tuss`cvl`gsìs vnc gbps, gòiùrk bck` `bg`c oiùr k`r vnns.Bn anis- eubostuo, g``c ornng, dnnr ``c ornngsb`rrnck.K` sja`r bs libherubc d`t zwnrt` vindsplr`c grllt8 >6 jd, wnt zò`r dbck`rbs knc k` allgt` vnc a`t g`w`z`c a`ì` vnntw`ro@r bs z``r w`bcbg (l cb`ts) t` zb`c v_ncT ownrtsrngd`ct`c, k` erùo bs zwnrtwnnr kb` gìbhdk g`w``st bs `c zwnrterubc lp k` vrbh gèi`v`c onct`c.Kllr vlrd`c d`t _ibhc`c l ibhdT sjabhct ab`r `c knnr ginzuur t` zbtt`c. jacbò v_ncT ornngsb`rnnk bs8 rlckkrnnb`c v_ncT vnns (lp `c zbhk` stùc`ck lpelk`d) d`t k` I_bco`rT anck, `c d`t k` U_`jat`rT anck st`ò`ck a`t bcstrud`ctcnnr zbja tl` ani`ck. Llo a`t einknjatbg` lrcnd`ct bs zll g`dnnot vllr zll v`rk` einnkh`s ibcos v. ìo` c`rv _zbtt`cT, kb` r`jats vnc ìo` c`r zbhc g`stlo`c `c

gànnik vnc k` dlckbcg n `c `r w``r a``c.

Cnknt abh a`t nnrk`w`ro e`sjar`v`c ank k``k abh a`t zìfk` vllr k`st`c`cw`rotubg`c8

;6/BB.e Ncill >;.i`cgt` 2,; jD,er``kt` ebh sc`k` ;,: jD,ebh elv`cvinoh` :,5 jD,

grlltst` kbot` ebh x 4 >,0 jD

oiùr bs erubcnjatbg grbhs d`t ibjat`r`, erubcwbtt` tlt g`ìerubc` `c grbhswbtt`

vindd`c `r bc. K` dnssn zì ginsnjatbg, ginzbg. Ztl bs vuurst``c.

Vlrd / sc`òncts er``kst / sdnivino


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Er``vino n bs elii`r knc e dnnr a`t v`rsjabi bs z``r g`rbcg `c nii``c d`roennr vnck` sdnizbhk` g`zb`c wnnr k` e`btì a`t incgst bs. K` e`bk` zbhvinoo`c zbhc lpp`r-vinoobg g`si`p`c `c zìs k` sibhpani`c zbhc t` zb`c, dnnr a`t znjat vllr kubo`ck`scbhvino bs g`plibhst nnc e`bk` zbhk`c. A`t elv`cvinoh` bs bg`cibho `c sdnii` rlck-

njatbg` rug wnnrlp clg grlt`ck`ìs k` llrsprlcoìbho` olrst zbt @r bs lp a_`tTelv`cvinoh` g``c spllr vnc sing`c Bdd`rs k` a`ì` vlrd vnc a`t elv`ck`ì kl`tk`co`c knt a`t ``cdnni bc ``c st`ì gòi`dk l gèlck`c g`z`t`c a``t. K` rbee`cvnc sdni `c er``vinoo`c nii`c sja`rp, dnnr a`t `c` sdnivino bs g`sjalck`c kllr

5 g`kujat` sing`c, c `r illkr`jat lp, wnnrkllr jlcjan 70nsprlcg`c lp e`bkèr``vinoo`c, `c c sjaubc lp k` rbe wnnrkllr knt sdnivino zì knnr d`t ``cjlcjantus 76v`rkw`c`c bs. Bo v`rdl`k knt knt w`roìbho g`v`jatssplr`c zbhc `c kntk` e`sjankbgk` sdnizbhk` k` ubt`rst` wns.77

@c ldknt e`sjarbhvbcg`c c tò`cbcg`c ebh ionnr tlja clg cb`t nii` bcflrdntb`vnstaluk`c, kb` d`c vnst onc aluk`c, fltlgrnf``rk` K` Wbik` ni k`z` leh`jt`c

llo clg. K` Wbik` dl`t lp k`z` dncb`r `c eàllribho` o`ccbs lpg`knnc aèe`cvnc a`t nnrk`w`ro `c k` st`c`c w`rotubg`c kb` d`t k` aucè`kk`c g`nssljb``rkolck`c wlrk`c. V`rk`rlp zuii`c w` zb`c knt abh `jat`r dnnr ``c o``r b`ts d`t k`zò`ccbs g`knnc a``ft.

l`c zbhc w`ro bc a`t dusùd `rlp znt fb`tst` abh vbn aucè`k k` ]npìlz` O`ro(K;2) cnnr @dd`c. Vnc knnr vbn l.n. Vnita`, @xill cnnr Erlcc`g`r wnnr abh zbjalp zlckng 5 s`pt`de`r e`vlck. Vbn Krluw`c, Eubc`c, Cllrkinr`c, Dbkinr`c `cZt``ce`rg`c ownd abh lp dnnckng >7 s`pt`de`r bc Ncc`c. Vnc knnr gbcg a`tvbn Zjabpelrg, Clrg, W`st`rvìk` `c ycnnril cnnr Ncil wnnr abh lp vrbhkng 5>s`pt`de`r wns. Lp znt`rkng 55 s`pt`de`r wns abh bc Gnst`r`c vnc wnnr abh v`rk`r

r`bsk` vbn @`xt, Gb`t`c, Ulik` `c Anvìt` cnnr Kb`v`r. Ldknt k`z` ibhst vnstg`-stìk bs nnc k` anck vnc nnctò`cbcg`c kb` abh lv`r k` g`dnnot` fltls clt``rk``c abh cn Kb`v`r cb`t d``r g`fltlgrnf``rk sjabhct t` aèe`c, w``t bo cb`t wnnr abhv`rvlig`cs cnnrtl` g`fb`tst bs. V`rdl`kìbho cnnr Nss`c `c vnc knnr d`t k` tr`bccnnr Ptr`jat. K` Wbik` fltlgrnf``rk` lp a`t flrdnnt 2x>5 `c >:x>1. Aìnns or``gabh d`t``c nnc a`t e`gbc vnc zbhc tljat ni prlei`d`c d`t a`t wbssìd`jancbòvllr k` 2x>5 pint`c. Bc a`t tltnni dnnot` abh 6 lpcnd`c lp kbt flrdnnt. Abhw`rot` allfkznoìbho lp a`t grlt`r` `c knnrkllr llo nnczb`cibho kuurk`r` >:x>1flrdnnt. Bc a`t tltnni dnnot` abh ab`r 62 fltls d`` bc a`t vìk. Kbt dl`t ``c a`ìw`ro g`w``st zbhc wnct ``c jnd`rn kb` kbt flrdnnt pint`c onc v`rw`ro`c a``ft

``c eàllribho` ldvncg `c onc cb`t zlck`r stntb`f gèrubot wlrk`c. Wncc``r abhzbhc fltls ubt Ulik` e`sjarbhft dìkt abh knt k` ``rst` ld ownrt lv`r krb` `c k`tw``k` ld 5= dbcut`c lv`r krb` g`cld`c bs. Al`wì gins ``c er`òennr dnt`rb-nni bs er`òt K` Wbik`, vlig`cs zbhc `bg`c cltbtb`s, lp k`z` r`bs dnnr 0 pint`c `cknt knc clg ldknt llo a`t wbssìd`jancbò vllr k` >:x>1 pint`c ``c pnnr o``rprlei`d`c a``ft.

70 K` Wbik` e`klìt ab`r `c sjaìpvlrdbg` spibct`r.76 Llo ab`r e`klìt abh `c sjaìpvlrdbg singspllr.

77 W.H. k` Wbik`8 @bg`c e`sjarbhvbcg, B. vllrw`rp`c bc lf lck`r aucè`kk`c g`vlck`c.


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:0

K` Wbik` wns cb`t zubcbg d`t zbhc pint`c. l`c abh lp ``c dbibtnbr l`f`ct`r-r`bc ebh Clrg ``c cndnno aucè`k vlck w`rk knt llo g`fltlgrnf``rk `c bc k`tnbie`sjar`v`c8

>:x>1 Vnis Aucè`k t` CL v_ncT k_`T v`rznckbcg tussja`c Klck`r`c `c Clrgt`c X_ubk`cT vnc a`t sjab`tt`rr`bc niknnr. @r stnnt lp d`t zwnrt` v`r

g`p`cs`ìk8

Auccè`kC``rgì`gk

kllr a`t K`tnja`d`ct

>` I, ZC@ I>; Hucb>2=6

tbhk8 ani twnni, g``c zlc, tbhklpcnd`, ltl vnc ubt :==K` kòst``c bs grllt bc grlltst` nd`tbcg 1=jd. K` a`ì` allgt` v/a A bs 7=jd. Bs a`t g`kllpt< @r ibgt ``c ani st`sh` D`klj i``g, gèrlo`c cnnst. @r bsv`rdl`kìbho d`t olgìs lp g`sjalt`c. W bcbg ``reb`k vllr `bg`c w`ro.71

Aucè`kk`c stnnc bc k` vrbh` cntuur c vìkw`ro a``ft zl zc bg`c rbsbjls wnc-c``r w` ``c vnc k` oi`bc` lpd`robcg`c dlg`c gìlv`c kb` K` Wbik` clt``rk`8

>:x>1 Vnita` a`t zubkìbho` v_ncT k_`T tw`` n_ncT k_`T w`g cnnr Lkllrc vncubt 5;==

zlc bcstnct_ncT Wbck Ebh`cst`ò`c 72

71 Pbt zìfk` nnctò`celò nis @bg`c e`sjarbhvbcg.

72 Pbt zìfk` nnctò`celò nis @bg`c e`sjarbhvbcg.

Aucè`k vnc Clrg.


38/228

:6 W.H. W (-)

Knnr cnnst wnr`c r llo vrb`ckìbho`r lctdl`tbcg`c. Ebh Anvìt` w`rk zbhc fl-tltl`stì e`zljat kllr `c Jljjbcìin cèuilz`. Ld wìo kb`r a`t ab`r gnnt bs cb`taì`dnni kubkìbho. D`t Jljjbcìin e`klìk` abh lcg`twbhfìk ``c ib`và``rse``st-

h`, dnnr vllr wìo` vnrbt`bt cèuilz` stnnt aè bo cb`t oucc`c lctkòo`c.1=

A`t w``r znt llo cb`t nitbhk d``. Ebh z``r v`ì lpcnd`c stnnt wbck!!! v`rdìk.K` eìbjatbcgstbhk`c kb` K` Wbik` clkbg ank ing`c zl rlck c tw`` s`jlck`c`c knc onc k` wbck `r vllr zlrg`c knt k` jnd`rn e`w``gt c k` fltl dbsiuot. Llooucc`c e.v. grns lf elldeink`r`c ebh ``c k`rgìbho` eìbjatbcgstbhk kllr k` wbck``c e`w`gbcgslcsja`rpt` lpilp`c. @c knc wns `r cntuuribho k` e`wliot` iujat,kb` vllr ``c incg`r` eìbjatbcgstbhk zlrgk` `c k` r`g`c8

>:x>1 ]nclrndn vnc n k`c Grnoìk`r v. @òst g`zb`c vnc ubt :0==, kus ebhcnpr`jb`s cnnr a`t dngc`tbsja Xubk`c. Wbck klco`r` iujat (r`g`c stlpt) tbhk lp-cnd` _ldT >5 uur. Wnnrsjabhcibho dbsiuot.1>

Bc k` illp vnc krb` zld`rs a``ft K` Wbik` nii` aucè`kk`c lp zc dbcst tw`ò``r e`zljat `c slddbg` zìfs krb` lf vb`r o``r.

Kr`cta`

V`ì vnc K` Wbik`s pnpb`r`c zbhc cn zbhc kllk v`rkw`c`c, dnnr tuss`c kb` w`clg o`cc`c e`vbckt zbja ``c dnph` d`t frngd`ct`c vnc ``c rldnc. Bc a`t inntstàllfkstuo g``f bo vllr zlv`r knt onc ``c r`jlcstrujtb` vnc k`z` cllbt vlitllbk`rldnc. A`t bs a`t v`ranni vnc krb` vrb`ck`c kb` ``c fb`tstljat kllr Kr`cta` dn-o`c. Kbt v`ranni vbckt zlck`r twbhfì zbhc wlrtìs bc k` r`bz`c kllr Kr`cta` kb` K`

Wbik` bc >2=; `c >2=0 g`dnnot a``ft. Kbt bk`` wlrkt v`rst`rot kllrknt `r bc k`z`frngd`ct`c cnuwìbhos lv`r aucè`kk`c g`sprlo`c wlrkt al`wì w` r dbssjab`cwì b`ts vnc ``c r`k`c vllr K` Wbik`s r`bs bc vbck`c8

H` zbt zll iustbg lp h` onr, knt h` clu tlja wì vnczì dl`t bczb`c, knt kb` dbk-kì`c ey dbihl`c`c t` tìi`c zyc. K` ``c c``dt erlldonib, k` nck`r` wnt jr`d`-tnnrt, ``c k`rk` gnnt Aucè`kk`c e`stuk``r`c15

Bc k` cntuure`sjarbhvbcg`c tllct K` Wbik` lcs al` wl`st c v`rint`c Kr`cta`nnc a`t e`gbc vnc k` twbctbgst` `ùw clg wns. Bc k`z` e`sjarbhvbcg`c tllct K`

Wbik` zbja, c`t nis k` kllr a`d zl v`rfl`bk` tnjatbg`rs, ``c kubkìbho obck vnc

dbi` Xlin (>1;=->2=5). Bc zbhc incg ubtg`splcc`c e`sjarbhvbcg`c kl`t abh wntC`k`rinck e`tr`ft clg a`t d``st k`co`c nnc k` kllr a`d zl v`rfl`bk` Ilk`wbhovnc K`yssì. X`t abh zbja t`g`c zbhc vllre`ìk nf, pi``gt abh vnk`rdllrk Pbt zìfk` nnctò`celò nis @bg`c e`sjarbhvbcg.

15 K` Wbik` >2=6k, 5:.


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:7

Anni `c coì`c g`zlck`c zbc ubt Vnc K`yssìs erljaur` lv`r a`t U`dernckt `st`c h` orygt vnc dy ``c r`dernckt jnk`nu.1:

@r wlrkt bc k`z` rldncfrngd`ct`c cb`t lf cnuwìbhos lv`r aucè`kk`c g`-sprlo`c, dnnr `r wlrkt wì lv`r ``c knnrd`` `cbgszbcs snd`cancg`ck e`rl`pe`sprlo`c8

w` ownd`c bc ``c euurt wnnr g``c aut t` zb`c wns. Knnr e`glc ay d`t ``cincg`c yz`r`c stnn bc k`c grlck t` stò`c @`c plls gbcg knt zll kllr zlck`rsujj`s, dnnr bc``cs sprlcg k` elut aniv`rw`g` t`rug? knnr wns ``c o`b. Ay pnotà`d tl`c clg ``c pnnr dnni lp `c prbot` `r bc ``c r`jat` iyc `ttìyo` dni`c d``tìo`cs lp ``c nstnck `c zll clg ab`r `c knnr `c d`t ``c sllrt gèrld l g`-

grlddì v`rtìk` ay tl`c knt a`t `r ``c wns, kb` k` dl`bt` zlu illc`c. Clu, knte`gr``p bo llo, wnct nis abh ni kb` o``r`c lp k`czìk`c st``c g`stllt`c ank, kncdl`st knt ``c r`sp`jtneì kbcg zyc, dbcst`cs vnc ``c d`t`r l vb`r bc ldtrò. Cn``c ani uur dbssjab`c ing a`t kbcg zll gl`k nis eillt, k` oubi wns dbcst`cs tw``d`t`r kb`p c wì rubd zllv`ì bc kllrsc`k`. l`c cnd ay w``r `v`c zbhc yz`r ldt` vlì`c l k` st``c kb`p stno, abh w`rot` a`t znck clg wnt ils `c, wnrnjatbg, vllrknt bo e`gr``p al` ay zllc g`vnnrt` ldallg zlu oryg`c, pnot` ay a`t e``t d`t zyctw`` olilssni` ocubst`c, trlo ubt nii` dnjat `c hnwì, knnr ownd a`t cnnr elv`c.Bo dnnot` a`d ``c jldpibd`ct lv`r zyc plltbga`bk, dnnr ay z`b knt kbt clg cb`tk` grlltst` wns kb`c ay bc zyc i`v`c ank ubtgànnik. Dnnr h` ouct knt kbcg tljazll cb`t v`rvl`r`c2=6k, 0.1; K` Wbik` >2=6k, 1>-15.

10 K` Wbik` >2=6k, 7.


40/228

:1 W.H. W (-)

@`c @dd`r-sng`

A``r Alielò t`r Alli (zb` k` Krb` ]lkngrbst`c) bs ``c ellsnnrkbg vllgk, sjalltk`c prb`st`r c``r t` @dd`c, dnnr knnrvllr wlrkt abh g`strnt kllrknt k` a`ìèrubkstl`t vnc zbhc kljat`r d`t zbhc sjallczllc v`rst``ck wlrkt.16

A`t ``rst` g`k`ìt` oldt, zlnis K` Wbik` nncg``ft ubt K` Krb` ]lkngrbst`cvnc >1;:. A`t tw``k` g`k`ìt` grbhpt `jat`r t`rug lp ``c Kubts` sng` kb` nnc kàucè`kk`c Vbse`jo`r Ernut `c Erutbgnd, ubt k` ldg`vbcg vnc Wbik`sanus`c,gòlppìk bs. Lck`r k` cngìnt`c pnpb`r`c vnc K` Wbik` e`vbckt zbja `c ubttrò-sì vnc Ac`cst`bc` bd Lik`ceurgbsja`c (>172) vnc Iukwbg Ztrnjo`rhnc (>150->11>).17Lv`r k` nfe`ìkbcg`c vnc Kb` Ernut e`b Vbseò `c K`r Erutbgnddnnot K` Wbik` k` vlig`ck` lpd`robcg8

Lv`rbg`cs zyc k` vllrg`stìk` st``cry`c kubkìyo vnc a`tzìk` typ` nis k` orbcgld Cl. 5; _K;:T @dd`c-CW, nii``c v`ì grllt`r 11

Pbt`bckìbho bs a`t k` a`b kb` k` d``st` bckruo lp K` Wbik` g`dnnot a``ft. Abholdt ab`r o``r lp o``r bc ubtgèr`bk` e`sjarbhvbcg`c lp t`rug. Knt wbi cb`t z`g-g`c knt K` Wbik` g``c llg a``ft vllr k` vllrubtgncg. Abh w``t knt a`t Kr`cta`knt abh zb`t zbhc incgst` tbhk gànk a``ft, dnnr a``ft knnr g``c wnnrk`llrk`ì lv`r.

Wnnrld k`z` rldnc lcvlitllbk bs gèi`v`c bs lceò`ck, dnnr tl`c bo k` frng-d`ct`c ins lctstlck ebh dbh a`t g`vlì knt K` Wbik` ni sjarbhv`ck tlt k` jlcjiusb`gòld`c bs knt zbhc tni`ct t` olrt sjallt vllr k` tnno kb` abh zbjazìf g`stìk ank.

Cnnst frngd`ct`c vllr ``c elò zbtt`c `r bc k`z` dnp llo ``c ubttròsì vnc``c elò `c `cbg` vìi`c d`t nnctò`cbcg`c lv`r w``rwliv`c `c nck`r` sprllo-

h`sta`dns. Bo obho ab`r nii``c `v`c cnnr K` Wbik`s nnctò`cbcg`c lv`r ``c elòvnc E`ntrbx Hucgdnc.12 K` Wbik` a``ft ``c nnctni jbtnt`c g`clt``rk, bo g``f `rab`r tw``8

Lc lur hlurc`y ald` _rld Gnssìt`T w` dnk` n k`tlur wabja gnv` us n sbgat lta` Auccè`kk`c, lik Uldnc r`dnbcs lr wabja Kr`cta` bs ndlus. Wa`r` ta`s``clrdlus dnss`s l grncbt` w`r` qunrrb`k, nck ey want d`ncs ta`y w`r` erlugattabta`r, nr` s`jr`ts eurb`k wbta ta` wlck`rs l ta` d`jancbsd tant rnbs`k ta`]yrndbks nck jlcstrujt`k ta` wnt`rwnys l ncjb`ct Uld`.2=

A`t bk`` knt k` aucè`kk`c kllr k` Uld`bc`c gèluwk zluk`c zbhc dl`t

gà`ì nnc Hucgdnc tl`g`sjar`v`c wlrk`c `c wns zò`r lp kbt dld`ct cb`t nig`-d``c gìk`ck lf zìfs dnnr rubd v`rspr`bk. Knt K` Wbik` cb`ts lv`r kbt bk`` z`gtdl`t zò`r g`zb`c wlrk`c nis ``c nncwbhzbcg knt abh k`z` cltb` dnnot` tl`c abhzbja clg dnnr c`t vllr k` aucè`kk`c wns gnnc bct`r`ss`r`c. Cnnr a`t zbja nncinnt zb`c wns k` r`bs kllr Kr`cta` Hucgdnc cb`t e`vnii`c8

16 K` Wbik` >2=6k, :;.17 Ztrnjo`rhnc, I. >172 Ac`cst`bc` bd Lik`ceurgbsja`c. Gnrt`cinue`. >>2.11 _W.H. k` Wbik`T Pbttròsìs 67.12 Hucgdnc, E`ntrbx >2=; Aliinck. Ilcklc.

2= K` Wbik` >2=6k, ;0. Hucgdnc >2=;, >;7.


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:2

Bc pnrts l tabs k`slint` prlvbcj` nr` n dbs`rnei` rnj` l e`bcgs wal ibv` `ct`rbiy bcilw auts, sibgatiy sjllp`k lut l ta` grluck nck eubit l p`nt, ta` bct`rstbj`s e`bcg

ii`k wbta duk. [`s` p`lpi`, wal nr` ibtti` dlr` tanc snvng`s 2>

Hucgdncs e`ìk vnc Kr`cta` bs cb`t plsbtb`f. K` Wbik` g``ft ``c nnctni jbtnt`ckb` nii`dnni k`zìfk` sf``r nk`d`c. D`c r`bst cb`t vllr zc pi`zb`r kllr Kr`cta``c onc r e`t`r w`g eibhv`c. Nnc a`t bck vnc k` Hucgdnc jbtnt`c sjab`t K` Wbik`k` Kr`ct`c t` auip8

K` p`ssbdbstbsja` e`sjarbhvbcg kb` E`ntrbx Hucgdnc vnc Kr`cta` g``t bs kubkìbhoa`t ``czbhkbg g`vlig vnc ``c `coì`c kng vnc dbslrtuc` `c vnc tìùrstìibcg t`Gnssìt` lpg`knnc Dbhc `bg`c bckruo wns, bc >2=;, `c vr knt bo Hucgdncselò o`ck`, knt k` d`csja`c bc k` euurt k`r lctglcc`c v``c`c ebh Ztnksoncnni`cz. dbck`r ``cvlukbg vrb`ckìbho, d``r wbczujatbg (kuurk`r!) wnr`c knc d``rcllrkìbho` c w`st`ribho` Kr`cta`cnr`c. Llo ank bo k` lpd`robcg r``ks g`dnnot

knt k` a`re`rg`c , altìs, `tj. lcg``v`cr`kbgk grllt `c rubd wnr`c vllr kbòi`bc` klrph`s, wnt dbh r``ks k` v`roinrbcg ank kl`c zlò`c bc ``c vllrenrbg`sp`juintb`v` g``st tbhk`cs k` ``rst` lctwbooìbcg k`r v`rv``cbcg`c. Dnnr zò`rbs knt wbh p`rsllcibho k` vrb`ckìbhost` t`g`dl`toldbcg vlck`c bc k` oi`bcst` `cd``st prbdbtb`v` bcrbjatbcg`c.25

Pbt k` rldnc-frngd`ct`c `c k` nck`r` nnctò`cbcg`c ubt k`z` dnp wlrktkubkìbho knt K` Wbik` bc ``rst` bcstnctb` vllr Kr`cta` g`vnii`c wns `c knt zbhcib`fk` vllr a`t aucè`k, zò`r bc >2=; `c >2=0 lp k` tw``k` pinnts, cn a`t inck-sjanp, g`stnnc dl`t aèe`c.

A`t g`v`jat t`g`c ]i`yt`

A`t r`j`ctst` C`k`rincks` elò lv`r k` aucè`kk`c wns bc >2=; k`ì BB, Kr`cta`,vnc ]i`yt`s C`k`rincksja` Luka`k`c vnc k` vrl`gst` tbhk`c tlt lp Onrì k`c Grllt`.Kbt tuss`c >11= c >11: bc nfi`v`rbcg`c v`rsja`c`c elòk`ì wns lp knt dld`ctkus ni ``c ownrt `ùw luk. ]i`yt`s wnnrc`dbcg`c wnr`c clg luk`r, kb` stndk`cubt >17=-7;.

K` Wbik` sjanft` a`t k`ì Kr`cta` vnc C`k`rincksja` Luka`k`cnnc, dnnr a`tv`rsjanft` a`d w`bcbg g`cl`g`c. A`t stllrk` a`d zìfs zl knt abh `r ``c orbtbòlv`r e`glc t` sjarbhv`c. Xlnis w` g`zb`c aèe`c wbik` abh kb` ubt`bckìbho cb`t pu-

eibj`r`c ldknt ]i`yt` kllk wns. @`c lcvlitllbk` v`rsb` vnc k`z` g`pinck` orbtbòbs e`wnnrk gèi`v`c. V`rk`rlp obho bo ubtgèr`bk cnnr k` orbtbò kb` K` Wbik` lpkbt elò vnc ]i`yt` bc >2=7 pueibj``rk`.2:Ab`r obho bo nii``c `v`c cnnr k` sf``rvnc a`t nrtboì zlnis a`d knt bc >2=0 vllr lg`c stlck. Vlig`cs ]i`yt` wnr`c kÒìt`c k` eluw`rs vnc k` aucè`kk`c. K`z` Oìt`c ankk`c zbja vnc ubt Cllrk-@urlpn v`rspr`bk tlt z` ubt`bckìbho bc Cllrk Nfrbon t`r`jat gòld`c wnr`c.

2> K` Wbik` >2=6k, ;0. Hucgdnc >2=;, >;7->;1.25 K` Wbik` >2=6k, ;6.

2: K` Wbik` >2=7n.


42/228

;= W.H. W (-)

A`t bk`` knt `r c grlt` aucè`kk`cjuituur e`stlck, kb` zbja lv`r a`ì w`st-@urlpn `c Cllrk-Nfrbon ubtstròt`, wns ni luk. Hnd`s F`rgusslc, wb`cs elòkllr K` Wbik` gì`z`c wns, ank kbt bc >175 llo ni e`w``rk bc zbhc Uuk` Ztlc`

Dlcud`cts bc nii Jluctrb`s2;`c a`t zìfk` bk`` wns dbc lf d``r bc >1>0 llo ni

kllr W`st`cklrp v`rk`kbgk bc zbhc aucè`kk`cstukb`, zbh a`t knt k`z` cb`t v`r-k`r gbcg knc Xubk-Zpnch`.20A`t bs cb`t aì`dnni kubkìbho wnnrld, dnnr kbt bk``stlck K` Wbik` `rcstbg t`g`c8

]i`yt` v`rvligt zyc e`sjaluwbcg d`t k` vlig`ck` `clrdbt`bt8

A`t vlio! knt k` d`gnibtbsja` dlcud`ct`c stbjatt`, kus llo k` C`k`rincksja`, llok` K``csja`, k` @cgìsja`, k` Frncsja`175.20 W`st`cklrp >1>0, 5::-:61.26 K` Wbik` >2=;j, 6.

27 K` Wbik` >2=;j, 6.


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V`rwlck`r P d`t dy, i`z`r, lv`r k` cnuwoùrbg` abstlrbsja` o`ccbs kb` k` a``r]i`yt` eiyot t` aèe`c vnc kb` vllr-abstlrbsja` tyk`c. Ay w``t zìs vnc k` aùg`-cbs k`r vlio`r`c bc kb` tyk`c t` sprò`c. Dnnr, innt lcs `rst zyc zbc ubti`z`c, vllrknt wy lcz` v`rwlck`rbcg cnk`r ldsjaryv`c

Cu w`rk k`z` oust (k` Nrbonncsja`!) sbcks lcaùgìyo` tyk`c kllr einco` stnd-d`c e`wllck `c wì d`rownnrkbg` stndd`c, kb` vlig`cs k` `gyptbsja` dlcu-d`ct`c k`zìk` `bg`cnnrkbga`k`c v`rtllck`c nis k` Oìt`c kllr k` Uld`bc`ce`sjar`v`c.

Kb` Oìt`c vlck`c kus knnr ``c sllrt kueeìgncg`rs bc dnssn2=: lv`ri`k`c `c nis kbr`jtùr vnc a`t Ubhosdusùd vnc

Luka`k`c t` I`bk`c lpg`vligk kllr [email protected]. Aliw`rkn (>1;0->255). Kb`cs zllc,H.A. Aliw`rkn (>17:->20>) wns bc >2=; jlcs`rvntlr ebh kbt dusùd g`wlrk`c.

K`z` H.A. Aliw`rkn cu v`roinnrk` bc >2=6 knt ]i`yt`s elò clg st``ks a`tnrja`lilgbsja` stncknnrkw`ro vllr C`k`rinck wns.>==K` Wbik` wns kbt nesliuutcb`t d`t a`d ``cs. Aliw`rkns lpd`robcg gnf a`d cu a`t g`vlì knt abh zbja cb`tincg`r kllr pbt`bt vllr k` lv`ri`k`c ]i`yt` al`fk` t` int`c i`bk`c, dnnr knt abhzbhc orbtbò ubt >2=; lp a`t k`ì Kr`cta` tlja dl`st pueibj`r`c.

Aliw`rkn ank zbja bc zbhc nrtboì l.n. nfg`vrnngk lf ]i`yt`, c`t nis abh zìf, lloa`t krb`p`rblk`csyst``d nfg`w`z`c ank. K` Wbik` wbhst `r t`r`jat lp knt ]i`yt`kbt c`rg`cs `xpibjb`t g`knnc a``ft. Bc k`ì B vnc zbhc C`k`rincksja` Luka`k`c>=>

v`rdìkt ]i`yt` a`t krb`p`rblk`csyst``d zlck`r vllreàluk. Abh kl`t kbt lp g`-zng vnc F. Wbeì (>1;=>2=5)>1;=>2=5) K`r Gncgenu k`s K`cgallgs e`b W`ccbcgst`kt nuZyit.>=5Bc k` r`st vnc zbhc elò sp`ìt kbt syst``d `jat`r g``c rli `c knt wòt k`bckruo knt ]i`yt` zìf cb`t syst`dntbsja bc k`z` t`rd`c knjat. Bc zbhc v`ranckìbcg

21 K` Wbik` >2=;j, 6-7.22 K` Wbik` >2=;j, >1.>== Aliw`rkn >2=6, 5:0 `c 5:6.>=> ]i`yt`, W. >177->2=5/>2=:, B Frb`sinck, Llst`rgl, ebh zbhc e`spròbcg vnc Aucè`k

G>-Cllrkinr`c.>=5 Wbeì >162. Obì. Bo knco Hnc Nie`rt Enoo`r kb` dbh lp k`z` pueibjntb` `c k` pnssng` ab`rlv`r bc

]i`yt`s clgni lclv`rzbjatìbho` elò w``s.


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lv`r a`t Pkkì`rd``r ubt >112 bs ]i`yt` kubkìbho`r. Abh gèrubot ``c g`plibhst`st`c`cebhi ld nnc t` tlc`c knt k` ldg`vbcg vnc Pkkì ni bc a`t z.g.c. st``c`ctbhkp`ro e`wllck wns. V`rvlig`cs i`gt abh zbhc i`z`rs ubt knt kbt st`c`c tbhkp`roubt tw`` p`rblk`c e`stnnt, a`t tbhkp`ro k`r ruw e`w`rot` st``c, lf a`t pni`libtb-

sja`, `c knt k`r g`si`p`c st``c, a`t c`libtbsja`.>=:

K` Wbik` e`znt k`ì BB vnc C`k`rincksja` Luka`k`c c ank kbt d`t `c sja`rp-g`puct pltillk bc k` anck gì`z`c.>=;Kbt k`ì e`vbckt zbja cu bc k` Ptr`jats`Pcbv`rsbt`bts Ebeiblta`ò.>=0A`t d`r`ck`ì vnc k` nnctò`cbcg`c e`vbck`c zbjabc a`t ``rst` g`k`ìt` vnc a`t elò `c pinntst vrnngtò`cs njat`r ]i`yt`s lv`rtub-gbcg knt k` Oìt`c k` ``rst` bcwlc`rs vnc C`k`rinck wnr`c. K` Wbik` d`rotbc k`z` nnctò`cbcg`c t`r`jat lp knt ]i`yt` g``c erlcc`c vllr zbhc lv`rtubgbcgg``ft. Wncc``r ]i`yt` zbhc lct`vr`k`ca`bk d`t k` aubkbg` stnnt vnc K;> dìktsiubt K` Wbik` zbja knnr vbn grlt` ubtrl`ptò`cs ebh nnc8

K` e`sjarbhvbcg vnc k`z` vlcst, kb` zll vlii`kbg nis w`csìbho bs, kl`t a`t lcs e`-trùr`c, knt k` gèrlo`c vnt`c cb`t tlt lcs ownd`c? nnc k`c nck`r`c onct zb`cwbh `r ubt, al` w`bcbg a`t t`g`cwllrkbg` g`k`cot`ò`c d``r lv`r``coldt d`t k`ctl`stnck wnnrbc a`t g`vlck`c bs, `c knt nii``c kb` tl`stnck lcs ``c hubst llrk`ìlv`r k` snd`cstìibcg onc kl`c vìi`c.>=6

Knt abh llo z``r oi`bczbìbg olc zbhc tllck` K` Wbik` kllr stìsìdntbg b`k`rò``r knt ]i`yt` lv`r Hoar. Allft vnc Bkkòbcg` (>1;5->11>) sjar``f k` tbtì Hoar.kllr t` str`p`c.>=7

]i`yt` e`glc k`ì BB, Kr`ct`, d`t ``c g`k`ìt` vnc ``c @gyptbsja wnckrìbfwnnrlp tw`` ndàu allfk`c t` zb`c wnr`c. Kbt sjallt K` Wbik`, kb` d``ck`

knt ]i`yt` ab`r ``c `bg`c bk`` pueibj``rk`, d`t``c bc a`t v`ro``rk` o`ìgnt8Dbhc ``rst` bckruo, ebh a`t zb`c vnc kbt @gyptbsja`, wns8 @`c v`rgbssbcg! K` ebck`rzni ``c dbsgr``p g`knnc aèe`c! >=1

A`t bs `jat`r k` vrnng l K` Wbik`s v`rrnssbcg w`roìbho zl grllt wns nis abh k``kvllrold`c.

]i`yt` ank W`st`cklrps `c F`rgusslcs lv`rtubgbcg lv`rg`cld`c `c v`rgrlltd`t a`t ndàu-bk``, knt ni bc >160 kllr Gustnv Onri F`rkbcnck vlc Elcst`tt`c_>1>0->125T, bc zbhc @ssnb sur i`s Klid`csv`rk`kbgk wns8

Nprs nvlbr `rr sb ilcgt`dps k` pnys `c pnys, trluvr`ct-bis `cc sur in t`rr`kNrbqu` in cluvìi` pnrtb` qubis ja`rja`rnbct< Iabstlbr` r`st` du`tt` j`t

>=: ]i`yt` >112, >7.>=; K` nck`r` kì`c i``ck` abh ubt Nss`c.>=0 DNG8 AG FLI :; CE8 4 Kr`ct`.>=6 ]i`yt` >177->2=5/>2=:, Kr cta`, >>.>=7 Vllr Allft vnc Bkkòbcg` zb` Vlsdn`r >11;. Abh wns bck`rknnk g``c Hlcoa``r.

>=1 K` Wbik` >2=7, 7=.


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gnrk, dnbs lc jrlbt r`trluv`r `c ùx i`s ncjtr`s k` in rnj` eincja` `t tntlu` k`sndalu (`c gyptb`c, p`lpi` ku Clrk) qub anebtnbt slus i`s Undss i` ibttlrni kìn Iyeb`.>=2

Bc >167 wns kbt bk`` bc C`k`rinck ni zl eò`ck knt k` I`bks` g`lillg @.D.E`bdn (>1=>->17:) a`t zlck`r nnrzì`c nis ``c zò`ra`bk bc zbhc K` Nnrk` vrk`c Xlckvil`k lpcnd, t`rwbhi abh k` ndàu vnc Cndbeb cnnr lcz` strò`c ib`ttròo`c8

Vnc wnnr k`z` eilck`, einnuwllgbg` vlio`c ownd`c w``t cb`dnck? zbh e`vliot`ca`t luk` Cudbkb, wìo inck d`c ``c allkz`tì k`r eilck` vlio`c l ndal`scl`d`c onc. K`slr>>=zì zng knnr kubz`ck` grnv`c `c l`rpinnts`c Klid`c`c D`cabr g`cl`dk kb` vliold`c lv`r``coldstbg zbhc d`t k` bc a`t nig`d``clck`r k`c cnnd Oìtbsja` eò`ck` grnv`c `c g`k`cot`ò`c`c bc @urlpn. Vnc ubtcllrkìbho Nrbon knc zuii`c Oìtl-G`rdnncsja` vliosstndd`c lv`r Zpnch` `c

Frncorbho k`c w`g cnnr @urlpn aèe`c g`vlck`c.

>>>

W`st`cklrp ank nis eluw`rs vnc k` aucè`kk`c k` l`r-Oìt`c nncg`w`z`c.K` Wbik` ernjat W`st`cklrps `c knnrd`` ]i`yt`s stìibcg t`rug tlt k` Oìt`c `cw``s a`d vnc k` anck. K` aucè`kk`c zbhc `r t` luk vllr.>>5

A`t grlltst` g`k`ìt` vnc K` Wbik`s orbtbò gbcg kbt o``r `jat`r lv`r ]i`yt`se`sjarbhvbcg vnc k` aucè`kk`c. ]i`yt` ank snd`c d`t zbhc vrb`ck [email protected]. Allftvnc Bkkòbcg` Kr`cta` e`zljat, dnnr z` ankk`c `r g``c w`roìbho lck`rzlòv`rrbjat. Allft vnc Bkkòbcg` wns vnc >17> tlt >17: kbr`jtùr vnc a`t Duct-`c ]`ccbcgonebc`t k`r I`bksja` Allg`sjalli `c vnc >17: tlt >171 s`jr`tnrbsvnc a`t Jlii`g` vnc Ubhosnkvbsùrs vllr k` G`k`cot`ò`cs vnc Vnk`rincksja`

G`sjab`k`cbs `c Oucst.>>: Bc kb` inntst` al`kncbga`bk ank abh, bc >17:, snd`cd`t I``dncs k` aucè`kk`c e`zljat. bhk`cs k`z` r`bs ank abh sja`ts`c vnc k`pintt`grlck`c vnc k` aucè`kk`c g`dnnot t`rwbhi I``dncs auc lrbctntb` d`t``c oldpns dnt. Ebh a`t v`rvnnrkbg`c vnc a`t k`ì lv`r Kr`cta` dnnot` ]i`yt`gèrubo vnc a`t w`ro vnc W`st`cklrp, Hncss`c `c Allft vnc Bkkòbcg`. K` kllrKryk`c v`rvnnrkbgk` tò`cbcg`c ib`t abh eubt`c e`sjaluwbcg. D`t k` o`ccbs kbàbh vbn a`t jlctrli`r`c vnc k` tò`cbcg`c vnc Kryk`c lpg`knnc ank eò`ò K`

Wbik` k` pintt`grlck`c kb` ]i`yt` bc zbhc elò nf ank int`c kruoo`c. Nis vllr-e`ìk ab`r zbhc eànckìbcg vnc @dd`c-K;>. Kbt wns bc >1=2 kllr H. Alfst`k`(>760->1;1) lpg`grnv`c `c lck`rzljat8

>=2 K` Elcst`tt`c >160, ;2.>>= ]b`rr` H`nc klunrk K`slr (>1>>>115), ``c Xwbts`rs` g`lillg kb` l.n. lck`rzlò k``k bc k`

Znanrn.>>> E`bdn >167, 0;7.>>5 K` Wbik` >2=7, 27. K` Wbik` o`ck` v`rdl`kìbho ]i`yt`s stukb` lv`r Pkkì `c Pkkì`r A``gk`

(>112) cb`t. Ab`rbc innt ]i`yt` zb`c knt abh cb`t nnc k` kllr Jn`snr e`sjar`v`c Oìt`c knjat.V`ì lv`reibhfsì`c, kb` nnc a`c _k` Oìt`cT a`rbcc`r`c, zbhc `jat`r cb`t e`wnnrk, klja vli-kl`ck` bc nnctni ld t` oucc`c nnctllc`c, knt zbh k` e`wllcenr` grlck`c vnc lcs inck aèe`cbcg`cld`c, gìbhotbhkbg d`t lf lv`ra``rsja`ck` ``c` luk`r` e`vliobcg, kb` wbh, ldknt wbh `rg``c nck`r`c cnnd vllr aèe`c, olrtw`g `v`ccs Oìt`c cl`d`c. ]i`yt` >112, >5.

>>: @`c vllrilp`r vnc Dlcud`ct`czlrg.


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@`c nck`r` gr``p, `c bo ank vllr dbh ubtg`sing`c k` Ibhst k`r Aucè`kk`c bcKr`cta` `c Grlcbcg`c, vllrold`ck bc Hncss`cs Kr`ctasja` Luka`k`c (>1;1).

Dbhc v rdl`k`c wns hubst8 ]i`yt s guur : bs k` pintt` grlck, kb` knnr stnnt, vllr-stìi`ck k`c llrsprlcoìbho`c tl`stnck vnc Aucè`k @dd`c Cl. > dnnr

lck`rst`-elv`c g`z`t! @c al` cng`t`ò`ck! Zilrkbg, nis ank ``c obck a`t g`knnc!@c wnnrld stnnt a`t kbcg lp zbhc allk< L nck`rs8 wnnrld v`rzw`g`c knt a`tzll stnnt< @c wnnrld bs `r k` rbjatpbhi cb`t ebh kb` Hncss`c t`r`jat a``t cllkbg

g`njat ld a`t Cllrk`c, `c knnrd`` k` g`lgrnsja` plsbtb` vnc a`t Aucè`k zì,nnc t` g`v`c< Bs kb` v`rzw`g`c ubt clcjanincj` l ldknt k` pbhi bc Hncss`cs ibhst``c nck`r` rbjatbcg nncwbhst vllr a`t Aucè`k knc k` pbhi, kb` ]i`yt` z`t ebh

guur : lp kb`zìk` pinnt BBB, vllrstìi`ck ``c nck`r`c pintt`c grlck vnc a`t-zìk` Aucè`k, dnnr nnc ]i`yt` v`rsjant kllr HOAU. Allt vnc Bkkòbcg`.

Dng `v`cwì bc ``c w`t`csjanppìbho stncknnrkw`ro zllc eìncgrbho v`rsjabi bcwnnrc`dbcg dnnr zll zlck`r d``r v`rzw`g`c wlrk`c< L wbst lcz` nrjan`lillgzll stìibg knt nii``c k` kllr a`d lpg`g`v`c rbjatbcg k` wnr` wns< Xbhc pbhi z`gt8

a`t Aucè`k stròt zbja bc k` i`cgt` ubt vnc W`st cnnr Llst?>>;

kb` vnc Hncss`cz`gt8 vnc W`st-Cllrkw`st cnnr Llst-Xubkllst. Bo v`rgì`ò cntuuribho dbhc bg`cd`tbcg. Kb` g``t 7:lLlst vnc Cllrk, knt bs lcg`v``r vnc W`st-Xubkw`st cnnrLlst-Cllrkllst! Wbh v`rsjabii`c kus nii` krb` eìncgrbho? Hncss`cs lpgnn vnc k`dbhc` ebhcn ;0l ``c aniv` r`jat` alò! `c wbh e`bk` vnc ]i`yt` l vnc Alltvnc Bkkòbcg` d``r knc 5=lbc t`g`cg`stìk`c zbc! Wb` vnc lcs ank cu gìbho171 a``t c.i. ``c @cgìsja` jlddbsb`, knnrvllr lpz`ttìbho bc lcs

inck gòld`c, kbt Aucè`k e`zljat `c `r ``c pinc vnc g`t`ò`ck Wìcu, k`rbjatbcg kb` zbh lp kbt pinc nncg``t bs 76lwnnrebh `jat`r bs lp t` d`ro`c knt zbhubtgbcg`c vnc ``c dngc`tbsja` dbswbhzbcg vnc >0l:=, bo knnr`ct`g`c vnc ``c`vnc >0l, wnnrkllr a`t v`rsjabi d`t dbh vllr kbt Aucè`k stbhgt tlt : >/

5grnnk.

Knt v`rsjabi bs, al`wì r`suitnnt vnc prnjtbsja` d`tbcg`c, tlja gà`ì ta`lr`tbsja.Wb` wì ``cs g`trnjat a``t ld k` ns-rbjatbcg vnc ``c Aucè`k t` e`pni`c, znidbh knc llo e`grbhp`c nis bo z`g knt k` @cgìsja` a``r`c zì, nis zbh auc d`tbcgclg ``cs lv`rk`k`c, nii`rwnnrsjabhcibhost ``c r`suitnnt zluk`c orbhg`c, ``c pnnr

grnk`c nwbho`ck vnc auc ``rst`.>>0

@c kbt bs cb`t a`t `cbg` aucè`k wnnrebh ]i`yt` cb`t ni t` cnuwoùrbg wns g`-

w``st. K` Wbik` g``ft ``c aì` ibhst vnc grlt`r` `c oi`bc`r` flut`c kb` abh bc k`kbv`rs` pintt`grlck`c lctkòt a``ft.

>>; Allft vnc Bkkòbcg` v`rzlrgk` a`t tò`c- (lf ib`v`r8 sja`ts)w`ro vnc k` pintt`grlck`c,I``dncs stìk` k` lrbctntb` vnc k` grnv`c vnst d`t eàuip vnc ``c oldpns (abh k``k knnrg`wbjatbg lv`r, dnnr k` r`suitnt`c zbhc z``r gilenni `c kbowbhis flut). Vnc k`r Znck`c 5==7,>=>.

>>0 K` Wbik` >2=7, 75-7;. Wncc``r w` `r vnc ubtgnnc knt Hncss`c ebh a`t v`rw`ro`c vnc zbhc

g`g`v`cs Cllrk `c Xubk v`rwbssìk` knc ownd abh c`t nis Vnc Gbff`c (>250) lp 75.


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]i`yt`s fltl `c t`o`cbcg vnc Dbkinr`c (K:).


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Llo wnt e`tr`ft k` nfe`ìkbcg`c vnc k` aucè`kk`c wns K` Wbik` cb`t gìuo-obg d`t ]i`yt`s elò. Xìf ank abh lcg`v``r krbàlck`rk `bg`c - `c lck`r dbhckbr`jt tl`zbjat g`cld`c fltlgrnfb`c vnc lcz` Aucè`kk`c.>>6l`c abh zbhc `b-g`c fltls d`t k` nfe`ìkbcg`c vnc ]i`yt` v`rgì`ò lctkòt` abh knt `r ab`r `c knnr

b`ts wns dbsg`gnnc8Xll bs lchubst pinnt IBV Dbkinr`c _K:T (a`t lck`rst` vnc k` tw``). Kbt bstl`vniibg bc kbt g`vni lcldstlltìbho t` e`wbhz`c, ldknt Hncss`c ``c dnnt lp-

g``t vllr a`t allgst` puct vnc k`c grlltst`c st``c, zllnis kb` wns bc >1;7. Cubs kb` dnnt clg a`k`c pr`jb`s k`zìk` `c kus ibgt llo kb` st``c clg bc k`zìk`

plsbtb` nis abh ing bc >1;7. Abh bs c.i. pint `c stnnt ebhcn illkr`jat lp zbhc onct,lck`rstùck kllr k` cnnstebhzbhck` zbhst``c`c, ``c stnck, kb` `rg bc a`t llg vnit`c wnnrebh, llo w`g`cs k` lcr`gìdntbga`bk vnc a`t eilo, ``c oi`bc` v`rnck`rbcgni ``c d`roennr v`rsjabi dl`t g`v`c vllr k` allgt` vnc knt allgst` puct. A`t bskus lctwbhìennr knt kb` st``c bc >1;7 c >2=6 k`czìk`c stnck bccnd, - dnnr

vlig`cs kb` pinnt vnc ]i`yt` ing abh ldstr`òs >11= pint lp k` zbhst``c`c, zlnis ``cclrdni` kòst``c kl`c zlu, kb` cb`t l z``r w`bcbg v`rsjalv`c bs. >>7

@c zl tllck` K` Wbik` d`t ``c lv`rknnk nnc vllre`ìk`c nnc knt ]i`yt`sC`k`rincksja` Luka`k`ce`sibst g``c stncknnrkw`ro wns zlnis Aliw`rkn ``c hnnr``rk`r e`w``rk ank.

Wncc``r w` `jat`r K` Wbik`s lpd`robcg lv`r Dbkinr`c-K: d`t k` kllr]i`yt` g`pueibj``rk` ibtalgrnfb` v`rgìbho`c lctstnnt k` bckruo knt K` Wbik` ab`rlpcbùw bc ayp`rorbtbò v`rvnii`c bs. K` e`sprlo`c grlt` st``c ibgt lp k`z` nfe`ì-kbcg nesliuut cb`t pint lp k` zbhst`c`c. ]i`yt` dnnot` zbhc aucè`k-tò`cbcg`cnnc k` anck vnc fltls `c wncc``r w` k` fltl d`t k` ibtal v`rgìbho`c wlrktlg`ceibooìbho kubkìbho knt abh zbja ebh a`t dno`c vnc zbhc nfe`ìkbcg`c, wnt e`-tr`ft a`t aucè`k zìf, g``c `coì` vrbha`bk v`rllrillfk a``ft. Wncc``r k` grlt`st``c wnt pintt`r ibhot t` ibgg`c knc K` Wbik` grnng wbik` bs knt ``c g`vlig vnc kàlò wnnrlck`r k` llrsprlcoìbho` fltl g`dnnot bs `c cb`t vnc ]i`yt`s tò`cw`ro.

Nncg`zb`c K` Wbik` ubtkruooìbho spr`òt lv`r k` lck`r zbhc i`bkbcg g`cld`cfltls dl`t abh g`w`t`c aèe`c knt a`t nnczb`c vnc ``c aucè`k lp ``c fltl nf-ancoìbho wns vnc k` alò wnnrlck`r kb` fltl g`cld`c wns.

K` Wbik` wns cb`t encg vllr c`gntb`v` r`njtb`s `c wbik` w`t`c al` k` r`st vnck` nrja`lilgbsja` g`d``csjanp bc C`k`rinck lv`r zbhc orbtbò knjat8

Bo aè nnc v`rsjabii`ck` p`rslc`c, kb` knnrvllr bc k` t`rd`c vbì`c, ``c nkruoh`kl`c tlòld`c, c tlt dbhc v`rrnssbcg `c z``r grllt` bcst`ddbcg g`zb`c d`t dbhcpabibppbjn t`g`c ]i`yt`s elò. Knt wns `cbgszbcs `c v`rrnssbcg, ldknt bo dbc ld``r a`t g`vlì ank vnc ``c e``th` nis k` pl`s bc k` plrjì`bconst lp t` tr`k`c, lnitancs nis ``c nrjan`lilgbsja `cnct t`rrbei`. Cu, k` v`rrnssbcg bs dbh z``r zò`rt`c allgst` nncg`cnnd, wnct ni vr``s bo zlc rli vnc `c w`t`csjanppìbho`c einngcb`t zl `rg -- nis a`t cu ``cdnni cb`t nck`rs onc -- tlja bs a`t llo g``c g`cl`g`ca`d t` spì`c.

>>6 K` Wbik` >2=7, 15.

>>7 K` Wbik` >2=7, 1:-1:.


49/228

;7

Llo k` a``r Aliw`rkn zì a``t dbh p`r erb` zbhc bcst`ddbcg e`tubgk, `c v`rk`-kbgt zbhc kllr dbh w``rsprlo`c qunibjntb` vnc ]i`yt`s elò nii``c ab`rd``, kntabh a`t e`t`r njat vnc ``c g`stlrv`c vllrgncg`r a`t e`st` t` z`gg`c. Cu, knnrbczbhc w` knc bc k` e`st` anrdlcb`? `c P zb`t kus knt dbhc stuo gìuoobg g``c

ernck a``t g`stbjat.

>>1

A`t bs k` vrnng al`v`ì k` g`dbkkìk` i`z`r vnc k` Cbùw` Kr`ctsja`Vliosnidncnod`t k`z` g`k`tnbii``rk` `c sp`jbnibstbsja` orbtbò lp ]i`yt` olc. K`]rlvbcjbni` Kr`ctsja` `c Nss`r Jlurnct oldt lp 0 dnnrt >2=7 d`t k` d`k`k`-ibcg knt K` Wbik` ]i`yt`s stncknnrkw`ro knt hnr`cincg

Arentzen 2010 - WJ de Wilde (1860-1936) - Een vergeten onderzoeker van de Nederlandse hunebedden

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