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1

Page 4:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

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i gB(erg/s/cm3) (2.2)

gB

¨����,¼+½  �¾À¿ ± �'���o» à « � 1.1-1.5 ���DÎ� �;§�� �� ���� ����� � �6�>�W� ¨ ¯ � � �W� �%��®�� Ë�� » � �%� �������'®��� !#" ��§ �%���%�,� emissivity Î εlinesν � à � � » $�%� ����� � �]��Ï X ���%� ¨©1ª �+«¬­6®�&kÕ ¯ � �%� È �;§

LX =

dV

(

εffν + εlines

ν

)

dν =

n2

gas(R)Λ(T (R), A(R))dV (erg/s) (2.3)

Λ(T, A)¨

coolimg function,∫

n2gasdV

¨emission measure

�'�1�;§IGM �v� �%� !�"(' X � ¨ »�)$* ®�+ �-, ® � � ¼�. ®¬«�/ ��0 ·2143DÎ5�6 �!§0 ·2143¶Î7 ¯ Õ81�3$9 ¨ »�:$;�<>=@?�A�BDC � :E; ®�F(G%Õ � �0� �'�9�;§ ¯ �¯ �>®T« �o» �E !�" �$H0� ® Áz� � � � ¼�. �JI$K Õ � � » X � .�L%M ¾ ØT� �Ö9×BØ,Ù�Ú�N ��O�P Õ �>§ «J/ � » IGM � �]� X ���%�¶ÎQ�$ 1Õ � �0È�® ¨ »?�J��W��� ���,  �W�E�!�W�SRUT�V ��W8X 6 � ¨ ¦ �o» 0 ·%143DÎ�Y�Z Æ ¦ � � ¨ ¦ �¦�[ §2.1.3 \^]>_a`�bdcfehg:�;�< ¨ »�iW»

IGM»kj Ú M ��l Ú ��m � !#" � [ �>§ ¯ �¶­#n�� IGM � i ��op Îq Æ £9¤%¥ � � »�:�;�< �>Ï%¡8rUo p � 1 s$t � ® Æ ��u ' ¦�[ § Æ ' � / � »=#v ¡(r�w �'�1��:$;�< ��o p � 9 s ¨ j Ú M �xl Ú ��y / � [ � ¯ �>® ¦ �>§kz{ �$ �J|�}(~ ¦ j Ú M ��l Ú ¨ » Ï%¡8rUo p »JiW» IGM ��o p Î� Ô � � ¯ � �� �!����Î� � ¯ � �W� È �;§

2.1.4 �h�^�f�������:�;�< Î#u ' ÕJ E� ¼�.9¨ � ���$� � � ® ��� » �Jµ�  �º· ± ��=�� ®#� � Õ �¯ � �%� È �;§ ��µ�  �º· ± � M Ú��  ���� ÎQ7 ¯ Õ?ÂW£ » ��µ¶  » · ± � ��� =�#� t�� ¨ »

��� 23

(

T

108K

)2( ne

103cm−3

)−1

kpc (2.4)

6

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¯ ��� ¨ :�;�< ����È ! � 1kpc ®���� � � � ��� ! [ � ��» IGM¨

collisional¦

� 9 � Æ � ­ ¯ � � � È �;§ ¯ " ��� �W��� �!Î ¦ � Õ ' �9®� �� ¦ ��� ¨ »��Ð �J:E;�< Î���� � �����QY Ë�� « [ § ¯ � sound crossing time¨ »

ts � 6.6 × 108

(

T

108K

)−1/2(

R

1Mpc

)

yr (2.5)

� ¦ ��§#:�;�< ������� 1010 � « � ���%�+®�� [ ¯ � � � IGM¨������$�! �%��1�9� � Y Ë � ¯ � �%� È �>§ IGM

� Å � � �"���$�� �1�9� �$#�%1Õ � � » � r&(' � ¡8r¬�*) ��� [ � � » IGM¨�©1ª �T«T­]®�& !�" �;§

∇Pgas = −ρgas∇φ (2.6)¯%¯ �?»Pgas

¨IGM � � r » φ

¨ ¡(r�+�,  .-�/ Ø » ρgas

¨IGM �4o p �W�k�

ρgas = µngasmp �10�6 �;§ ngas

¨ · ± ���E� ¾b  Î�2 � IGM �;¹ �%�W» mp

¨ �E�¾b  ��o p » µ¨4��� � ± o p � à « � 0.6

�'�9�!§.3"4�5 9+� �%��6 t%ÍE®¬« � »¼�. � � r ¨?©1ª �+«T­]®�& !�" �;§

Pgas = ngaskT (2.7)

k¨!7 Ø98 ��  %%¹ �'�1�;§ ! �>® :$;�<¬��*;:�< X �$#"%1Õ � � » Í 2.6

¨kT (R)

µmp

d log ngas(R)

dR= − dφ

dR(2.8)

�10�6 �;§ R¨ :�;$<>=�? �v�]�A@�B;C!D�E �1�1�>§ D;E R ®A2 H " � ÏW¡8r�op

Mtot(R)¨ VGFJÚ ¾b  � 6 tWÍ

dR=

GMtot

R2(2.9)

�ºÍ 2.8 « � »Mtot(< R) = −kT (R)R

µmpG

(

d log ngas

d log R+

d log T

d log R

)

(2.10)

� &kÕ ¯ � �%� È �>§ ¯%¯ ��» G¨ ¡8r*%�¹ �'�9�>§ ¯ �¬«T­]® » IGM ��� � �

� T(R) � � � �E� ngas(R) Î X �$�� ¬Õ � ¯ �;®¬«�/ � »$:�;�< �BÏ ¡ r�o p �7

Page 10:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

� � " �;§%H ' » IGM � �W� Î�� � Ô �'Õ � ¯ � �?» ¼�. �4o p Mgas Î � Ô � �¯ � � � È �;§Mgas(< R) =

∫ R

0

4πR′2µmpngas(R′)dR′ (2.11)©9ª9¨���� �E� ngas ®() [ ��� � �;§

2.1.5 � �������IGM � X �$�E ¬�v� » IGM � ��� ���DÎ ��� ¯ �����EÈ � § Å � �"�"���� ��� ®�� �o»>=�v ¡(r�w���� � �ÊÕ � �@o p Î y ­�� ± ®*) [ � �!Í 2.8

¨J©1ª �,«­6®�0vÈ�É Ë � " � §σ(R)2

d log ρ

dR= − dφ

dR(2.12)¯�¯ � σ(R)

¨� !� �#"�� » σ¨

ρ �%$ � = v ¡8r;+�,   -�/ Ø&�!� �o» +('*)  6 t%Í∇2φ = 4πGρ (2.13)

®k«�/ ��++Ë � " � § ¯ " �6�-,&.�Í ¨ » King /10�Ø (King 1962) ®¬«U/ � ©'ª�T«T­�®#& !�" � §ρ(R) = ρ0

[

1 +

(

R

rc

)2]−

3

2

(2.14)

ρ0

¨ = ? � o p �2� » rc

¨&3 ' D�E��&� � §54 � Æ ' «k­Ê® :�;U<76 ��o p ¨ j ÚM ��l Ú8� 9 s¶Î19�: � à �o» ¯ � King /#0�ØT®k« � o p �#�+¨ j Ú M ��l ÚW® :Õ � �!� X �J�<; Ë � § ¯�= o p ��� �$� ¨�3 '�D�E rc � � 6 N(� �?> ¦ 3 '�D�EÎ�@�A1Õ � § Æ ' �2/ � » ¯�= /10JØ,®k« � � j Ú M �xl Ú = o p&B � ¨ :$;�< ==�? F1,*�DC�EGF ¾ ® ¦ � §B�® »&H E$RJÚ l β Î ©1ª = «T­�®�%1IkÕ � §

β ≡ µmpσ2

kT(2.15)

8

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β¨ ¡ r��$o = Ö1×0Ø�ÙJÚ�� IGM

= Ö'×0ØEÙJÚ = �&�(� � §¡8r;+�,   -�/ ØT®���� !#" � [ � IGM ®) [ � = Í 2.8¨ » B = «T­]®#&'Õ ¯ �

���EÈ � §σ2

d log n1/βgas (R)

dR= −dφ(R)

dR(2.16)

Í 2.12 � Í 2.16 � » ngas(R) ∝ ρβ(R) ∝ ne(R) � ¦ � = � » IGM= �&� B �¨ » ©'ª = «T­6® ¦ � §

ne = n0

[

1 +

(

R

rc

)2]−

3

(2.17)

¯ " Î��¬Ú l /10JØ � [ ­ §Í 2.3 � U�6¤�� � «,­6® »���� 9 Ô � ' � = X ����� 0 ��� n2eΛ(T, A) ��� � =

� » x��� �E !�" � X ��� � B � � »�� � 6�� � Ô B !�" ' � = �(� �o»Sb(r) =

−∞

n2

eΛ(T, A)dl = S0

[

1 +

(

r

rc

)2]−3β+

1

2

(2.18)

��� � � r� ! B�C"��#�$%� = D�E�� » S0

�n2

0

� �'&'Õ � %%¹*� »S0 = Λ(T, A)

√π

(

ne

np

)

n2

0rc

Γ(3β − 1

2)

Γ(3β)(2.19)

��� � �)( =%*,+ � �kÚ l /�0JØEÎ.- [ � � »�:$;�< = &'$�� � B �DÎ�$ /� �7��( � � » IGM= o p �1� ÎbÛ*: �0( � � }(~ �!� ��� Æ � Æ » ASCA

»ROSAT= �E � * � � »%Á21 = :$;�< = � ��� =�?'3 �'�'Ú l /10JØEÎ�4�57698 [ � � [+;:�< �0�,=.>�8�? ���)( > ��@'A'B � =�?'3 �'�0C l /10ED *�FHGJI ?HK r�+�,L -;/ D�M�NPO�8�? �0( �HM�Q,RES ���)( =,*,+ � =�? 4'5�� � M.TVUWS � /10�D

�E6X8WY NFW /#0"D�Z\[^]�D���C0_%/#0^D��!� �.� ["] D���C0_%/#0^D ��` ��O a!%b = �%C/_ /10"D�� = ���)Mdc 6fe�g�h%a G = �(� � � [E]�D��/C0_ /10ED(�@�A'B = ���)M +�i 1kj h �dlnm �E6d8^Y����*�,odp @�A = A B � @�A�B,q�r CWD= A B �J�s��%O�8�? � a1:n��? + ( �<��t�uvf>�8�? �.�[E]�D��0C/_ /10ED = emissivity

� Y

ε = n1(R)2Λ(T, A) + n2(R)2Λ(T, A) (2.20)

�d� ��� n1 � n2

�Hw �%C%_ /10'D!� =�x q^y�z,{0|0} � i a�YP[�]�D0�%C/_�/0ED � * } IGM

= y�z�� Y9

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n(R) =√

n1(R)2 + n2(R)2 (2.21)

��� } �

2.2� � � � � � ��� �

@�A�B � @�A� �������}������1 ������"} 6� "! �"b ?'8$#�%%t�u'&J>�8�? } 4b)(+*�,.- M �/��{�021�}+3

2.2.1 46587�9;:@'A'B Z @'A� �</=�(?>/@ 5�A {�BDC)(H@'A'B � @�A� FEHG�I ZEe/J0S }K�)EL�|�}+3�=/(?GMIN(PO)�?GMQSRK��T�U�V Y�W ����XSY D[Z ($\�]/�1 M�S }�E ?[^ *,$-%{/|�}+3

@�A'B�(_G�I2��`^}aG/QSR)�/b ? G (E{0| >Kc Y @'A�BSG�I%{.�/dS�1 =.>/a+W �C & ( W R�e/fN<�� > i {K(+gSh/{ T�U {NiE}.b"zN�Mj0}K��Ek� lSlNm ��< g C On ? }�3'@�A�B Z @�Ao P�[pa( �&9? (+q�z0{�G�I S }.C)< YMr)s (?tPuSvS>�( ll MxwSy V{zS|/{�iE}?3�=�(+zSh���`E}�E YM}/~ ( @�A'B Z @�A� '{�GMI2��`"}�GQSR/{DTMU�V a e/f��$g/h/{NiE}W{0|�� ^ E t�u'&f> n ? }?3

2.2.2 ����9;:@'A'B Z @�A� M�$G�I�V n T�U�V a @'A'B x q o (��S�N�K` FL� D XK�$Y L R��T�U S }?3o=.����` F W ����XSY D[Z (+��]/�1 M�� � Y �# � � a+W ��C &�� dm e/f��$T�U S }�Ex� ^����ED\M �S���1 8E�� ^ 3�_( �M��D { G gSh � � n �/} W RMeSfN(DbWzN�a� S })` ^ j�� LD�������%L eSf

M T�U S }K�)Ek�'{Ni�}�E t�u'& � n �/}+3 a/� V Y������_�N�P� ( W �F���1 S}M(��P �¡M�SC/C O n V i ^�a�¢ Y¤£¦¥ 100 A z�(.§�Eaj0}�` ^ j W ���D¨/©8E�j}�3�ªSV Y+«/¬ �x­�®M¯�( odp ( ]/°K± �_² �_� �.³�´µV a E.i Z^Y?«/¬ (+­�®P¯¶�­�®� /(+GMI/{.·N¸ n �0}�ª?(���|/¸ a EPV aN& Y ���2ª"*K,'ELj�}_C2ª/Vk��jP�$3

10

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2.2.3 ��� ������� �� ������ � � �����?<�� ����� ( �"! e �$� �$# ���.�N�D� �"%.e � �V} #"& {|�}+3('*)KX,+ � �D��� n.- b�� & � a+#"& {0|/#0�/­S®� Z ­/®�¯ ��ª214365,}7�8:9";�< {)<�j���C[E t�u'& � n �/}+3

=2.1:

���:� (�> 7 �@? =

=2.2:

G�QSR�(BA A

���(� <DC < �BE u n > 7 �*? 5�}��KEx��{ iF� = 2.2.3(

a(o` ^ � 2 G (�`j�¸ a �H�4� (*C <JI ����� n ��\4K%{ �:L ( M"N��.�[i nJO/P2Q u ���µ��V b

(` ^ ��j/}?3'�.( EDiR� a

{"w �H�:� (*C <.I �BS i ¸ n �@T�U ° ;"V <B� �"�W�� � � �$���+�K`�¸ nJX�Y � �,}�3oªSVZ� c(�` ^ � 2 G ( �"��� �@[$\Z]_^�( �:L�F`'¸ n �@T L Y < �"��a� � � ���B�+<+� � & j/��3 ��L ( b�-��.c�dH5V} e �

�,f -�gHh�{ �(���� � � �i�B���$���^}oEZ� �@�4� <*C <BI �.jµª ^ Ek5V})` ^� �$U ° ;(V �4lKikm�� n ���4� �JjDnJ]�^S�po�´�Vrq ¢Hs 3F�_( E$i�����U ° ;V <+�:t � � n t"u �av s 3 ��& � �"���� � � ���B����TM��V n Fs Ew� �(��f-(g2�:^PCo¸ n �)�Jx�y:zJ{ s U ° ;"V (at@uK�J|�V n U ° ;�V f z)(�}�t'�F~��s �)E �*� s 3�=�( E�iR�$U ° ;(V f z)< e �(� }�Ro(?G�QSR@h��DTM��Vr�(��V��U ° ;"V �/dN(+��to�$� � s 3���S� �"����� � � �����.(+���/�:t EMV n@� � & � s U �J�"� zH� s 3F�x��<'*)�X�+ � z ?B�(� > �:�:� ��`$#��oO)��gSh � � n � sx#"& z*� s 3:'*)�B pLb <�jM���.��­/®�� J ª ��L �F`'¸ n � s T ¢ �[�x���.�D�S(?­/®/¯�� � ( ��L E���"� y V n �('*)�zK( �(���� � � ���B��Ep[��o(��)Ek�$�'i n � s *�,$-�� �� & � s 3 VLCFV��('*)K����� n ªk�����[pa(�` ^ j��"�K�J��T � �*T2E$i��2pP�

11

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=2.3: ��± � � (+­/®�(����

z �(��� � � � ���B�a�.�µ� s (DCJ���4T ��L ( M"N�( «�A <2pa(o` ^ �Pj�¸ n �s (DCK<��C�¸ n ��j��$3 ( �� [1])

2.2.4 ����������������4���x(x*),_-�EDV n�� � & � s ($�B�a­M®P¯��.(�­M®6[! o( �4L ( �4��� y ��`

s �(��� � � � �,�B��z�� s 3F�x�K<#"%$2(?­/®�¯_� � E�­/®o( �(L �K` s �(� �� � � ���B��EF[��N��� ��L �F`*��­S®_[& �� ���@� y ��V�� ��L (���j P C@����µ��# W ���$��t � � s EL� ^ #"& z�� s 36T � V �[�_( #(& �.��� n <?­/®_[' ( ���@� y ��`$# � AGN (³/´S­/®)(

)�$³ST�* � � n AGN

C & e�+ � �*T jetf

(&, ���$�N�P� �M�2��- ^ � d m eSfK�$�µ�D¸ n � s *K,$-µª�� s 3M­�®_[� N( ����p� � � �$�a��� AGN(+³�T.*0/N�!1��a­P®D[2 �(2304K��5o�+­M®M¯Hz.�[� s *,_-)��,�� E � � & � s 3 AGN

�.�[�D#76�5S�?­M®98;:�>"UD<��E( <>= ­M® ),S0(

+� ;%? ­S®

),Sa( @;A ­/®6z central bar B j/�Nª'8 )zH� s2CED�F2G�H # F�I �;8�J

Sb,SczH� s (

=2.3 �� ) C

2.2.5 K�LNMPORQTSVU Powerlaw WYX�Z\[] t\^2_a` �)b)c>d&e)f J&gT89hjilk�mT8

powerlaw8&n�o�prqts C

Ne(γ) = N0γ−µ (2.22)

H.Hvu γJ

γmec28Ew;x�y>zE{�82| f 8

Lorentz factor } Ne(γ)J

γ ~ γ + dγ8��

82| f 82� } µJ;���>82��� u;�;�2C&�a��F2}'�.�TF2��I����%� J0� 2.4

8ahai F ���prqas C

12

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�2.4: ����F&�PI �t�E� 8 ������� y

1018eV � 8 �;�#� J��� ���������8��&8 u;������� kt^v_ �vC����.} �� �� (�

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HVI�JWL � JNM%O J0Xjw�x#y�z0{ . | f @YT )'( (Ee > 100MeV Z $ ) uEG�H#� �.#u%}>H#.ED'F ���[�\� yaJ E−

µ−1

2 @#]�^ s � powerlawp�q s#>

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«+¬ z�zRM��%���4{;­ : w � = R B�®%¯ w ®�° S =�= b :+< z ®�¯W± w�²%³ V�S�zM�b0> ©´ª «+¬ ? .%µ·¶0¸ (�*0, .�¹ 5 � @2/W� (�*0, .P¹ ?X � S�­ : w & > B< M�{ M ®nºA» S4¼ : bE> M ®Wº0» S-¼ : b < { M ® N S m �-½n? ©¾ª «+¬ ¥ N <

22

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��� � { ® N S���_ � b0> : R"S�� ��� � R�{ ® N r ® N <�1 � { ® N� r ® ¯± w � c � RWb0> : R�S ®�¯ w � � �>R B 6 8 ®�° w 5 > ��� � O�� ® ¯�� <�� 8� {����� w ���;w�� ��m � > CCD

? lnm"!�# r { ®�¯ W%$�& � � ²�³ V+z ºA» �R)b !�# z%�%bE>%­�? B�c {(' (%*A, .P¹�)�* z r { CCD? ® ¯�+-, W znMPb/.�0

132 � b :+< S-{�/ (%*4, .�¹4)�* z r ²�³ V W znM�b-.0�5 2 � b :�< S4/W� lm"!�# ?768 � <:9 1 S�bE> CCD

r ®�¯ z ®�° W<;�=�6�> �<? ��� 2 :�< z ®�@ WA�B � b#> : ? B�c {DC � r ®�¯�+�, S�E �+z+��b#> �7=¾� {�F � r�G�H ? ®�¯ zG�I 1(+-, <�1 > ���b0> : ? :< = �JF �K ' (BI) o ? CCDW ���b :+< S/'(�*0, .P¹4L ? lRm !�# ? F(M <�1 b0>

Newton EPIC

Newton NO�w r 3 P ? X � # $ � S� � {;­�?Q��R ? 2 P+w r EPIC MOS(FI

o ){�S � ?

1 P�w r EPIC PN(BI o )?

CCD pq�T S/U �WV 0��YX����b#> Z ??

w ­�?4[�\]Z ^`_ � > 29 ?

MOS lRm�t r 9 0 acb A � B v�dnw 1 > �%�+b0> MOS

l�m�t ?-e ¶0¸ ? � M-\ r l�m�t ?�f�? ~ � :<`g zRM 1 �0§Dh�z�+b0> EPIC?

i ¹ j AB r fR? i ¹kj = � ; w�lnw A�B � ��� 2Wm \z+��b0>)­ ? B�c A�Bon rpq r znM 1 ��>

r3.12: Newton s�t EPIC MOS uwv7x ( y ) z PN uwv x ( { )

|]}]~XIS�w�o� s�t���� 5 �D� X ����D�k�k�������4� 4 ��� CCD � �D��� XIS ������]���¡ �¢�£�¤"¥�¦( �§(  � CCD � 1024×1024pixel � 1 ¨©��ªw«"¬(­�­]® ¢�£�¤7¥¯

pixel � 24 ° m ±<² ­ CCD �(³k´�µ�� 25mm×25mm ­�� ¤�¥ 4 �� CCD �o�� 3 �D��¶-·D¸�¹ (FI) ­�º»�`� 1 �-��¼D·D¸¹ (BI) z7½k¾ ¢�£k¤�¥À¿¿ ­-Á�  Ã

CCD �4Ä�Å�Æ�½(Ç�Èo� ASCA s�tÉz ÊwË�Ì��-­ � ¤ ��� ASCA st SIS ­k� 4

¨�� CCD Í<Áw¾ ¢£ à Ì4��Í 1 ¨]��ÎÏ� � ®�Ð�Í/½ � Î Ã ¥�Ñ Ã �(ÒÓ�Ô�Í 2 Õ�Ö× � 70 ° m �]ÎÏ� 7keV Ö × ­���u�v7Ø�ÙÀÍ<Ú 2 Õ���Î Ã ¥�Û©� � Ü�Ý�Þ�ßoÍ -60 à23

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���-90 a��������� �������� ^���� ���������! #"�$#%'&)(+*#,-�#.�/!0!1#2)34'5 $�687�9;:<����>= � (�?�@8��ACBD0<EGFGHJI<KL�<M<3L.+���

N3.13: �LOLPRQ<S XIS (+T�U

3.3.2 Event Grade

X $87WVCX�����Y��Z0 CCD �[ � =��W\<]<^;H+_`aBW7�bGc��#dJ0e�='` 1 �gfh�i kj�l��C��.�/LmZnoPpc � ( pixel �ZqClZ/�VCX�r�=��Z� X $)(#�gf h�i �H#sn!t�]�uwv!x�y'z�{ ho| (J}~�0oALB���P�( pixel ��q������`�j�����(CG��7�k� .W/!0�VLX�rZ=�#��f h�i 7 X $)�gf h�i ��t#]�u�v�x<y<z{ h�| �������;�Event Grade �Wn��Z���8�L���'��`j��+��>=GHJ0C�gf h�i (��Z��0'�<���<��7W�.+� pixel �Ze<( pixel 7!�'� 3×3pixel (��Z��0 X $G`gVLXGrZ=G� pixel (����!� h�GA)B 256 ��B�( grade �Z���������n��¡ �¢G kjk�>�;£ X $`�VCXkr�=�� pixel ¤#H¥'¦ (J�'��§�`jG�).#¨�n!§�7>©;���;m�(���ª'«�r+=�/n���� grade (�¬'­L®'s!��' <¯)H N 3.14 (�A��>���<���#��7��a.Z� pixel 7 0 ��.W/!0�e#(k°J±²B³( pixel �HJ´Gµ ���·¶ � 2 (�¸J¹)(+§87Wº�=��Z�)J(+§)(8���>08.g¨Jn�§87�©���� pixel (>»¼ 7>½a.�~�±'¾��J» ¼ ��ACB¿0 256 ( grade �+�<���)�+�#�<�orZ=G� grade (��Z�Z0X $)�gf h�i j�)�À�)�m�('H ASCA SIS ( 7 cG( Event Grade gÁ<ÂC(+VLXJ��g� h (Standard Grade) �grZ=�/�nk� 0,2,3,4,6 (����g� h `!_ÃP � n � =�/kn�+��;OCPÄQ#S;( XIS �!Å�n�/Lm+ÆZÇ)(+ #¢�7WȲ��`�0 XIS �HZ�<�'�#�87��É pixelÊ e�(�ËC��( 3×3pixel (#ÌG����(�Í�Î�Ï�0 5×5pixel (#ÌG���Gm�Ð�Ñ�Ò�¨#Ó���Ô�(

grade ¯)H ASCA ( grade ¯L7 � n�0JÕ���/ grade6 (;.g¨+n�§)(JÖ�×'¯ Ê grade6 (Ø �'ÙC( 3×3 (JÚ'Û;(�Ü;Ý�v!x>¯�7WÞ'ßw.J���

24

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�3.14: pixel ��������� ���

3.3.3 ���������������CCD � �"!$#�%'& �(!$#�% & )�*,+,-�./�021�3�46587$9:02;��<��=�>([email protected] GIH .KJ(L"MONQPIR,S�T<UV�XW YZ [\�^] _"4�`�a$9 b�c E G'H � 3 d"e,f gihj�kmlXn 9�o Newton pq<� MOS rsMKt (FI u ) v PN r�MXt (BI u ) � �(! #�%&

)�*w+\x � 3.15 e^y�z o MOS rFM^t��${�|O4'} lXn h(~O9w�$�'�,~O�'~w�'T ���4,�'�(! #�%&^)�*,+24,�"9Xo PN rsMKt\-'�(&,�I�X�������eOfIg^h'�,�$�O�\9^o

�3.15: Newton p2q<� �,!$#�% &�)�*�+ ( � � MOS r�MKt , � � PN r<MXt )

�3.16 e$z<�<��p q XIS �'�"! #\%'&^)2*(+wxVy,z�oIz<�<� XIS 4(-I�"! #�%'&

)�*O+����$� lXn . FI u�v BI uO46�������O�8@VT2~$�<e2T�g�h�~O9^o

3.3.4 BackGround

background v:-X�2��2�,�m@i� X �(�I� �^W YO4�����.� �¡¢\��fO£ieK¤,�(g�¥���sx��I&'¦s§s¨:v©z\9iª�«�-^¬�e^�­�<�¯®�°8NVh��V9Xo � 3.17 eX{�pq��^r�MKt4"� background xCy(z o � 4�- background xVr�M:1 ±,4 ²sg^¥O����xCy8NCh�~(9Xo

25

Page 28:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

�3.16: É����������� �����+����� ( ´ � FI, � � BI)

�3.17: Background( ����� , � � Chandra, �����! "� Newton MOS, #�$ � Newton

PN, % � ASCA SIS, & � ���� XIS FI, '�$ � ���� XIS BI, ')( � CXB)

�*�,+�-)/.�0�1Ï)2Ó Ê43 !5�6LÏ�Å�7Ó background 8/9 3 �;:�74< 2 =�>2�Ó@?

1. A�BDC*E X F�G*H (Cosmic X-ray Background I CXB)

CXB 8KJ�L�MON�P�QSR*TVU�WYX[Z�<*\^]`_�aDb*cS X d�e�2�]V?�-�4f4gh�jilk�8�3.18 �m�n`T)oVpT�q^]@? CXB 8 1962 r,T X d�5)6,Tsm4t@<�u*vwXKZDx4y*z,T

8@_�aDJ�{T@:)|�}h]V~����,*��f!b�cse�8*q�\�M������YN�Zs��?4~����h��f�b�ces2s]��}]�qONV�!x�_sa4���h�^�S���@�*U)W (CMB) ����+s��]�����+D�^�OXKZ�4+Dx 1989 r�TV�w�D1���N�Z��@_saD����U*W��*�)��Tsm� CMB /�*�hq!6* s+4¡¢ ZDx�@/£S8/¤� ¥XVZ��!? CXB K¦�{�`�h§,¨K��*8 ASCA ���se^2�]K? ASCA

26

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�*�,8 2 � 10keV es CXB � 30 ����1S���*cTK:���¨ x CXB @U*W�c,8� ����csMjN� X d������� ¢�� e�2^],�`\�n����w��� 3�� ¨@�!?

�3.18: CXB �f�g�� i k (ASCA �� GIS)

2.Non X-ray Background(NXB)

NXB 8`_*a�M�N! X d��#"$ background e!x/� Z)TD8�% �'& T�(!)*}�] background

�*"�MON+-,�.�/�021�3�0hq54+-6 X d*c�78% ��& �*9�: ;�<O¨=,�. /�0¥�?>�@^}]�AB�7^2�]/? � 3.19 T ASCA SIS x Newton PN,MOS x^}�CED XIS FI,BI NXB

�?F�}!?��B � MON x Newton PN 8 NXB 7��GD x ASCA SIS ��}�C�D XIS FI 78H\���?7m�D ¢ MS]/?

�3.19: NXB( I J ASCA SIS, K J }�C�D XIS FI, L J }�C�D XIS BI, M�N J Newton

PN, O J Newton MOS)

Cut-Off Rigidity(COR)

NXB �PRQ¥� q^]`_^aDd�/�0�S@xBT�UTWV�X^}S]�Y�TWT�Z�[,Tsm�t-\�]�^!k`_ XVZ

27

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\^\�]��w� ]�^�k _ },] ��� ����w� Cut-Off Rigidity(COR) �[\�n���,�.�/�0S���k� �^ 1��*W��T�m�tB\�x T�Z [�2]�^�k _ ������x�� N�Zs�j� T���T����¨@��� }S]�� � 3.20 SmSn[T/x����)T�m�t#\ ��2]�^�k _ "!X8S�#hq�]��

�3.20: }ECED �� �$&%�' rigidity �)(�*���+-,�T � T�.�/�¨@��A# (JAXA)

T Z [��Z�0�e$�, . /�0E $&% 7�1��32 Z,]54-6�S87"9�:4�6�;&<��=se>��XZ4x��h�@?A2

r =pc

qcB=

R

cB(3.1)

� \YnB=�78Ch�D2 ZS]�� r S-,�. /�0�7�1)��2 Z����8E �F $�% �G&H*x p S54-6I x B S#Z&0�eKJ^]��Y���:?A2LC,�M2�Z�� R = pcq� rigidity( N�O ) �5P-P�xKQ"��S

[GV] e>�SR�T�U�� COR S�VXWZY�["?\2�V�X ¨/�B/ 0R7 T��3]����S}�U�����]�^&_q�` Hba rigidity( N�O ) c J�U� c x,�B�d278e)E�P�fE4�T�Z�[X]KghU�]�^�i`_ 7� Dkj U��lKmnE�o�@�p�Sq 0 c J�U��*�!x rigidity S GeV Q"���4K6 I ]�93r}�U��O�Bh���s?A2 COR S GeV Q"� c �AR�T�Us��� 7"tuPh�

28

Page 31:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

4� � � � �

4.1 � � � � � �2 c������������ ]�� ��U�/�0�����7��AEB\�P Uh?h��� � U � �K]! #" c ] X

n �� uc�$�% R�T2\-P U �����uc�&(' �§KUhP�A#"?\2 2 c��)��� ����!* ��+-,�.w��F/"5A ��1032#4>�� 4.1 S�5 ����� ]6��P�\�798)2 T�U:��� ;* ��+=<>3?A@ � A� c J�U:� NGC2300 S@e)EZj!B�C ��� <AD)E c �����3F6G ? B�C �� �9�: ;�<�:* ��+H< 7�8�\ ��I <AJHK � � > � HCG57 S!B�C ��� 7 &�LNM cO�PRQ \�P U� c ���/S;T B9�:�;$<�]bghUWZ [VU�Wh� ��]YX-Z ? ��� BZ&0 ?�����[F�G ]�gU-Z2[\U;W"�R��]]X�ZB-* �^+ 7 JbU�� HCG62 S!�(_ F�G 7heAEDa`�7 K \KP U6b c X��b@��_ FNG ]ughU1c�d����R7^�SE�\�PKU1* ��+ 7�7�8)2 TU�� > �3e^f 2 Ahg�i[j�tGDAb ��� 76k )#"�U�b c ���3S-T bBZ [VU:Wh� ��]]XZ+7�7�8S2kT�U�� ����� lm���/n�S;T b!o�p c � e U:o�q�r�] g"U����ES! �s�] ��/n ] E P�\htVtu �v/w�x�I <�JyK �!����� ] E P�\ S��Nb;,�.�S;z38�\�P-j&P �@ �{(|N}[b;x�I c)~ * ��+ ? Q \��38-j�P e ? ] Q � �

� 4.1: ���Hb!* ��+ b67�8)2kT�U��-bs�� o�q�r c�d Z�[�U:Wh�#��]]X�Z���3S;T ��� ? FNGNGC2300 B(C ��� <1D)E - �HCG57 B(C ���)� ONP - � �HCG62 ��_ FNG�� tbP - � �

29

Page 32:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

4.1.1 NGC2300

NGC2300 ~���� ]�� e���F �^� < D�E �^����c JU5����bb] ~ B6C �^� NGC2276<hD]K�� P U� �� 4.1 bug��@]! ��� b��3F ���)��� UYt���P � P U�

� 4.1: ��� ?A2�� 300arcsec b NGC2300 b������ � ( ! " * #�$ , % " X n )

NGC2300 b!s�� ~'& 4.2 bbg(�5]j K'�*)�+ e b ���N� ~!���N�3F�G ? B�C ��)�-,/.*0*1 <�Q2��)�+ b c#~ j )43 ? 7�86587 � �:9 <;�b>=�?��3g�@-B(C ���<�A�B<C z + � @ C�DFE�G x�H#b�I ) Newton J/K[b�L���M <2N 1 Q �

& 4.2: NGC2300?

NGC2276 b-s�� (David S. Davis et al. 2004)

NGC2300 NGC2276

redshift 0.006464 0.008039L�M (Mpc) 38.8 48.2OQP(α,δ) 07:32:20.5 , +85:42:32 07:27:14.3 , +85:45:16

LB(L�) 2.4 × 1010 2.7 × 1010L�

LX(erg/s) - 1.1 × 1041

RTS>U>V�W�X " 50km/s/Mpc? Q �

4.1.2 HCG57

HCG57 ~ B�C ���#�ZY�[ j4\ ���N��] -^�_ ] 8 `3b ��� <AD)E *� 4.23 5ba3c+ I�� C ���)�-d*e Qf� )�+

30

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� 4.2: ��� 3 5�� 240arcsec b HCG57 b�������� ( ! " **#�$ , % " X � )

& 4.3C

HCG57 b;s�� <�� Q�� e b����� ~ B(C��� ��� t� NGC2300 S =C B(C��� b���� ? ���� FNG C I +�� ?���� ����� � )�+ b ]#~ \ )�3������ 57 + ! � NGC2300

�#" \ 9$��� � O�P Qf��)�+ b ] %�&� S!T b ,4./0/1 b(I+ ��'VU!W�(#�&)yX�ZN� �*� 587 + e b����& �,+�- j C z +�&.�C Newton JK C I +�/�0 ] b;x�I21 JyK3�

& 4.3: HCG57 b;s��redshift 465 (Mpc) 78 (α,δ) kT(keV) LX(erg/s) LB(L�)

0.0304 182.3 11:37:50.5 , +21:59:06 1.21±0.20 5 × 1041 1011.429;:=<,>�?�@BA50km/s/Mpc CEDGF,H

� HCG57 ~ ASCA J�K ]JI /K0 I!L C�MON 1.04 ± 0.10keV ] $ N 4.2 ×1041erg/s I�PKQSR �UT X �*VKW � /$ NYX 5 × 1041erg/s I�Z X �*V*W � z 5f7�

(Fukazawa et al. 2002) R 3 R ASCA ~ DQE�G x�H ��[ )���. � ?&���\1 �]�^�+ ]*_*` �a Z X �&V�W I A�B 11s W ]b� \ 3Jc3� 4.1.3 HCG62

HCG62 ~ �!�;d �6e\f t45 )�C�g!Mbh�i �� ) �!�� ]O_ + (� 4.3 I X �F���� � I Ic� C�g�MJh�i ]�j �Yk 7 � )�+KlK� � a 3c+ & 4.4

CHCG62 I s��\1 �K^ 3mUn R �6o 9� l I �&�� ~ g�Mphi ��� t� �q� c���r�s ]*_ + l I l*��3 5t �s C6u�v ��� �%�w� �*)�+�x HUy � ��� 5 7 +

31

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� 4.3: HCG62 I ����� � ( ! " x #�$ , % " X � (ASCA J4K " 4.5-8keV;Fukazawa

et al. 2002))

������� � t I ��� ����e ^�+ I�] ���� e� I �&'� ��(#�)���� I x H�y ��&� 5 7 + HCG62 ~�� ��� q � c �/) + I ] background I�[ )�^�� � J�K XIS

I L��(M�1 N 1�R ����\1�� c��

& 4.4: HCG62 I���� (Mulchaey et al. 1996)

redshift 4�5 (Mpc) 7�8 (α,δ) kT(keV) LX(erg/s) LB(L�)

0.0137 82.1 12:53:08.1 , -09:13:27 0.96±0.04 4.9 × 1042 3.1 × 10109;:=<,>�?�@BA50km/s/Mpc CEDGF,H

� HCG57�Ge = C ASCA J-K ] /0! ��a47 �#" 9� 2-10keV ] (1.0±0.3)×

10−12erg/s/cm2 I q Jc�� Z X ��$ G% �&('/3Jc�� (Fukazawa et al. 2001) R 3R l�) 5�*Z; I A/B�+ a 3Jc>��) \ )

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32

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33

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34

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39

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�5.7: % � � � % F HCG57 ��J���� ��� ( K , � � MOS1, � � MOS2, � � PN) 4� % F % � ��#�% ( L )

42

Page 45:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

" ^ 9 0�� � � % � �LH %�' ��J����!�"� 2 � i � � " ^ � � Xg ��� � �i 3

4 � i 3 �LH %�'�F � F�K � 5.8 � HCG57 ��<���� � �� ��#/% 4 � "��1N�� ��%���#*% 9 eFd K � 5.9 6�� < �7= 9 *�W�'&% F ����� � % � ��J��#����� 9e1d K " �(J��#� � � 2 HCG57 ��� 4����!� MEKAL O�P�� 4 BREMSS O�P��� R� � $�� F 2 ��� WABS O�P��#� T U F 2 � 9 XZY�� � � " ��OQP�� 9 � E^ 4�� $ � F�K ^ �VOQP�� _�� < �&` � a 5.3 � 3�N K

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" � 5.5 × 1041erg/s) H?=�8d� �

Xg i�"�6 % �'&)( 9 e-d$ %$'& �'3 W � � d K

43

Page 46:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

�5.9: �� a( ��� ),b( �&) ),c( ��� ),d( ��� ), % ��� ( �&) ), % � � ( ��� ) ��J������� ( C�D 30arcsec, � � MOS1, � � MOS2)

I� a,b,c,d 6 HCG57 ��� � � � �� 9 e�d ^ �#$ �� �� � � % � � ��H %O' 6^�$��V ]K6 2�� �� �� 9 e�d% 3 W � � d K�^Q^ 9 *1W�'�%�� % � ����� �

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Xg�� � e1d! %$'& � e-d K

44

Page 47:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

a5.3: HCG57 % ��� ��J���� � � fitting �

_�� � �5`

model kT(keV) Abundance(solar) norm���a mekal 0.84 ± 0.08 0.3(fix) (1.41 ± 49.85) × 10−5

bremss 7.0(fix) - (2.54 ± 1.90) × 10−6

���b mekal 1.18 ± 1.36 0.3(fix) (5.87 ± 1.65) × 10−6

bremss 7.0(fix) - (2.45 ± 4.30) × 10−6

���c mekal 1.00 ± 0.39 0.3(fix) (5.63 ± 8.45) × 10−6

bremss 7.0(fix) - (5.59 ± 2.68) × 10−6

���d mekal 0.20 ± 0.33 0.3(fix) (1.71 ± 11.70) × 10−5

bremss 7.0(fix) - (6.01 ± 1.42) × 10−6

�����mekal 0.08 ± 0.52 0.3(fix) (4.92 ± 360.00) × 10−4

bremss 7.0(fix) - (7.62 ± 1.81) × 10−6

����mekal 0.87 ± 0.22 0.3(fix) (6.61 ± 6.05) × 10−6

bremss 7.0(fix) - (1.44 ± 0.28) × 10−5

���� ���mekal 0.79 ± 0.03 0.3(fix) (9.12 ± 1.26) × 10−5

bremss 7.0(fix) - (1.72 ± 0.61) × 10−5

a5.4: HCG57 % ��� � Flux

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FX(0.5-2keV) � X ����� FX(2-10keV) � X �����(erg/s/cm2) (erg/s) (erg/s/cm2) (erg/s)���8.5 × 10−14 3.3 × 1041 1.4 × 10−13 (5.5 ± 0.8) × 1041

a 1.1 × 10−14 4.3 × 1040 7.8 × 10−15 (3.0 ± 2.3) × 1040

b 3.8 × 10−15 1.5 × 1040 7.4 × 10−15 (2.9 ± 4.9) × 1040

c 4.0 × 10−15 1.5 × 1040 1.7 × 10−14 (6.7 ± 3.2) × 1040

d 3.6 × 10−15 1.4 × 1040 1.8 × 10−14 (7.1 ± 1.6) × 1040���(�

) 6.1 × 10−15 2.4 × 1040 2.3 × 10−14 (9.1 ± 2.1) × 1040���(

) 4.9 × 10−15 1.9 × 1040 4.4 × 10−14 (17.0 ± 3.4) × 1040��� ��������������7.0 × 10−14 2.7 × 1041 5.2 × 10−14 (2.0 ± 0.7) × 1041

45

Page 48:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

a5.5: HCG57 � ��� � � �� � � ��� 9 *�W � % � � &��

���a b c d e f g h

���� ��������

(NGC) 3753 3746 3750 3754 3748 3751 3745 - - -

α(11h m s) 37 54 37 44 37 52 37 55 37 49 37 54 37 45 37 51 37 36 37 41

δ(21/22 � ’ ”) 58 51 00 34 58 26 59 08 01 33 56 10 01 15 00 43 58 01 06 23

mB 13.99 14.32 14.63 14.51 15.37 15.22 15.84 16.75 19.20 -

Type Sb SBb E3 SBc S0a E4 SB0 SBb - -

a5.6:

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type Sb SBb E3 SBc S0a E4 SB0 SBb��� ���X ��� (×1039erg/s) 10.8 8.0 6.0 6.7 3.05 3.49 1.97 0.83��������� � ���

(hard ��� ) 30.0 29.0 67.0 71.0 - - - -

(×1039erg/s) ±23.0 ±49.0 ±32.0 ±16.0

46

Page 49:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

5.3 HCG62 � � �HCG62 � "K� �������� J���� � � �=N ����� 8 XIS � #&%('���� ����� ������ � � HCG62 ����! ASCA

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47

Page 50:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

energy [keV]1 10

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backgrund �� U�Ü � 2005 � 10 �9C 2006 � 2 � � 5 ���;¾�� XIS � ®�� p��;� �� �oÊa¥�! <�" Ü HCG62 ( Ý2ß Ôa" ¥#"�( 2006 � 1 � U*1 ) ¥ � U �>< ��$% � Ý�ß � ®&���ZÚ �2¥'! Ý�ß Ü V��)(9�#p+*2¶ "���[ ��V��,(9�#��� ®&� p-�2� �� � � */.�¥-! Ý;ß � Ï�0�� 7;8 �;¦��- � � Background Generator

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5.12 p8a�b�Ó�¦VKa� �.� q�!�� @ Background Generator D 1 .�¥ background u ���� � � � @ Ý�ß � ®6� ��u ���>��� D C 3+! §�¨ background D C 3*�Þ¸_c J ;63 _� � 9 . J ;63 @ �VP 3-;NY���� Ý;ß �VKa� Ü R I-T à @ C 3�¥�5;p:� ®&� @ X³d< ¦4. J ;&38!E0� 5-8keV ��u �Q�o� � pM�6; J!��Õfe�«N¬ �K­�® � bin (*�%p�� ®4� /back-

ground �0° � 9 .�¥'! © 5.13 p © 5.12 � Õde Ý;ß �0° � 9 .�¥VKa� ��� q'! Cen-

taurus ClusterÜ ±�²9p P 3 <g>_@ .µ¥�Y���D C 3a¥-5 � � ®�� /background �#°=KhX

48

Page 51:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

©5.11: background ���_ _� ( � � HCG62, G�� È � (MCG-6-30-15),

Z � >6@ .�¥Y�� (Centaurus Cluster))

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HCG62 MCG-6-30-15 Centaurus Cluster

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��� HCG62,

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Cluster), ¼�� � >&@ . J ;�¦�;NY�� (NGC720), ¼�G�� background �!Ê J K Ú ;&3Y�� (ARP220), ¼ Z � background ��Ê J K Ú ;&3�Y�� (NEP))

49

Page 52:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

³�< ��ª9«�¬ ��­�® D Ü 20 ��» Ö p�¦�. J ; 3 ! HCG62 � MCG-6-30-15�

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K Y�� @ C 3�¥�5 ��ª�«;¬ ��­�®�¯ D Ü ° @ X ³ ;:! background ��Ê J K��;¶ I 3Y�� Ü ªN«2¬ ��­!®%¯ DdK°M2 Ó 1 p.º�;�����¦�. J ;&3�!#E�EFD Ü a_b�Ó�¦�Ka���� Ê%¥ @ ��� � ®�� Ü ¹ A � ��� !

HCG62 MCG-6-30-15 Centaurus Cluster

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¼ Z � background �!Ê J K Ú ;63�Y�� (NEP))

50

Page 53:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

� � �*Õde Ý;ß à�� ��� ®&��� � 6-10keV ����� · � ��� Ê � Y���� G�H � ��� ������MÊ J ����� · �y��� 5 � ����¾�� � 1 .%¥N!&E%�F�_� � Ü XIS0 � 3x3 �� ®6�!� � Ú Ê#¥N! Õ�� ��Ê J�� Background Generator DdK Õ=e K%� � 1�� �2Õ�à� © 5.14 �4[ Ï � � Ê�¥'!

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¼ Z � background �!Ê J K Ú ;63�Y�� (NEP))

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51

Page 54:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

©5.15: 6-10keV D 1 .a¥�����¾:��$a° ( � ®�� /background)(

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Ö'Z � >�@ .�� P 3�;NY�� (Centaurus Cluster), ¼�� �>�@ . J ;��;NY�� (NGC720), ¼�G�� background F�Ê J K Ú ;�3FY�� (ARP220),

¼ Z � background F!Ê J K Ú ;63�Y�� (NEP))

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52

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erator $��@� 9 .��4K $VK 1 ` Ê�:! E�$%Â��=$% @����@� � < � �"!����&@ [< �63�$-D Ü �_; � F ��c 5SI 3�! 5.19 �8a_b�Ó���K�$&�' � !E 0=5 K Õ�� �F�� � $�� @ GFH�����D 100 ��� Ö ���&.��VK�$ Ü � Ú�� ��;

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(300pix-475pix) $ C ��� bin

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� �

53

Page 56:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

5.19: 6-10keV D 1 .��N��� � $��@� X � < bin O�FF5 � �4K�$ ( ��� � /back-

ground)(Ö � � HCG62,

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� (Centaurus Cluster), � � � >6@ . J ;���;�Y�� (NGC720), �6G � background F� J K Ú ;&3�Y�� (ARP220), � Z � background F � J K Ú ;&3�Y�� (NEP))

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54

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5.20: X � < bin O�FF57� � �+�� � $ � (6-10keV)

55

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6-10keV!

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Centaurus Cluster NGC2992 SGR-C

5.21: 5-8arcmin D�':��� �)=* + - ( ; � Background Generator, < �= �!�$night earth)( � � Centaurus Cluster, G�� NGC2992,

Z � SGR-C)

56

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Centaurus Cluster NGC2992 SGR-C

5.22: 5-8arcmin D�'����� ) *,+"-&$�� ( ��8! $ night earth/background)( � �Centaurus Cluster, G�� NGC2992,

Z � SGR-C)

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Cluster, G � NGC2992,Z � SGR-C)

5.24: 6-10keV D�'� � ()*� �7$ � ( �� ! /background)( � � Centaurus Cluster,

G�� NGC2992,Z � SGR-C)

57

Page 60:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

5.25:( *� � $ � ( � ) F �) *6+.- � (

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58

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5.3.2 HCG62���

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$ �)@*6+ -@� � ����� :)=* +A-��� 5.28 $3=0&>< �I5% ! MEKAL ? �-QFPOWERLAW ?. �-3�A@ � �/B7C � ) $D< WABS ? �-3�!E�F�� ) $#-HGDI�J +K � , F�D- � ! ? �-�L3N�M��!�� 5.7 $3=1&�< �Q5N% ��� , $50O2�-7$1476 P 5 $�8�9�$�4�6 /background $��"� 0.12 -$.������ , % � 4.5-8.0keV $�� P 54�6 P 5�Q � F ! HCG62 $� ��8! /background $�� X ��6 $A:1� 1.68 FSR 5 !, $1:=$%D�E7:6F�$ � � 0.39 F �;T ! , % � 2.6

� <>U � K � �V

5.7: HCG62 W ?. X/Y Z3[]\^X�L�N�M��8!model kT(keV) Abundance(solar) norm powerlaw photonindex

mekal 1.25 ± 0.11 0.2(fix) (1.71 ± 1.60) × 10−3 -

powerlaw - - (2.23 ± 5.62) × 10−4 2.00 ± 0.70

59

Page 62:  · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â ÅNèZn-o g 9 {)43@ % _,©ÎÏ 9 K)Lé ê5× Ù ^ s % Newton iOj DËÌDWÍ DC 4O &%

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5�0H2$< X � ����# � �D�/������� ���� � %O� �! ��� W�3.5/-8�� � K � , ���-��!* P � 0 � , W�� ��*D<�<H= � ) W�-/. � P � ��� W����'-/. � �

61

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6� � �

6.1 � � � � � �HCG57 W�� �HWA�#�� X ��� � ��� W��� P ��� 5�� %'����� =OT ) D � P �0 � , % �2*�� � P W X �� �"'�$. � 0 �#-��2* � P � � � %H� � , % ��*7<7<= � ) W�-/. � P � � � 0 �D<: � � � P W � � � <�� ��� ���?��� � 0 �

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� *�i 0/C NGC2276 WQg�h W P1R 3�Y$W M0� � 5.2 ×10−4cm−3

� *;T �j15��2 � kQl/m1� W M1�ZnZo \ � [qp����=Y�R �sr 0BC k eU0657�8ut=v Txw5yq� r b9[Z\ � e 0 � HCG57 W/AZY�z X {1|1}�Y P�~ *9\ 1� n ��*0[ P �XW B r \ W n P1R 3�Y$W M0� �^] WQw0y � W1�a� � ����[ � � �sr \ C�1� IB���

0�ZY^�=[�b5[Z\a�5��00��243 Y � U�617�8 ��e;b1[Z\ � � � Y P�~ 7 WK�0�w�y9Y�T ] ib5[�\/� k e r * [ C HCG57 WK���YB�9[�b1[�\ � [�p��^�u��� ��rb1[�*�[�Y5 NGC2276 ���0� ���ut9vu� /��[�b�[9\ � �� ��r \-���ZY�"/b1[9\( � 6.1)

C ]Q� � � � � {ut�vu� ^� � Au�0t���[ b1[9\ � �� ��r ^�� 2�3 � �

62

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� 6.1: NGC2276� �5�4t�v^\B� (J.J.Condon 1983)

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�8 O � �� ��0@1H,JK>L eJ: 'H]�_ � 11.83kpc

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63

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6.1.3 HCG62 �������HCG62 � P�R 3^� Y�� ~ YZi�:Q � 2 n�o � � ��� Y [ D� u~��� , 8�[�b���H,�� i�: C D� )~����n 1� 2 � z X {�|0} ,�p \�t���� ��� � � ��t#\�\@: � background

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