· 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â...
Transcript of · 9 *@ @1+ X HOI=J Uã=ä å æ5^ Ù@ç 1+ Newton iOj D% ASCA i jb_,: Ë Ì+W Í &C 4) Ù %2Â...
� � �� � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � ��� � � � ! " # $ � � %
M052198 & ' ( )2007 * 2 + 9 ,
� ������������ ������ ���������������! #" $%���&�'�(�)+*�,.-0/
(IGM)�
1�2�3�465#7�598�:!;�<6) =6>?3 4@2��@�@ !"@A�BDCE#F�G�5#7�"�$IHKJL4 MON
X PQR6S�T ASCA)@UV"
10keV�W�!������X Y6Z�F�[K80����L)�
IGMF
[\%]L<%^#_�`#a0���WbLc6Vd#F��72.5keV e@f �*�g�h9iLj�k#�l X P ^6_Xm�n@CVo�pq3�4�2W$�rsFtr�8
ASCA ST �uLv�_�w.x�C9y{z|86}~���E�F�[s�0FLG2�2�W8t3.[s��"+Y#Z@C����B�3�4@2W$A�.U.�s��^�_�������?UX�����?�%7W���@ !"+���.&0���Dp�d�F�G�5#7�"�$?r+F
r�80���&#��,��C�*{z�8V*�,�-0/#�^�_�CW����r�5!7�" $�3�[\) ���&!�lX P�����
10keV e6f �! �"920��80�#�Vk���B9rD5W�!�XA#B�CW�Ir@z�}0~��D�6�@)tz�7W$����� �6�8V���&�UL����,��C9y�z�8VlX P ^�_?� 10keV e#� �X��p.�0567�"2��A�%^�_L)9d67�5V�!��"�)������L� @C%¡Or+5#7�"�B�¢@��" $qA��^�_��%£
)�U�G%5W¤�] ¥¦¤�§�3 4#5#7�"0VF?B+7q�©¨�x�ª�B0r+5�«6¬��%�@)�8����L�^�®#¯ �!%°± ¥¦��²�)�U0"\°³�´�8µ#¶�)�UV"@�%�86����'�·L�¸�¹6º6»�)�UV"\¤§#8������¼V�½�L%½#; P �¾�¿��X)�UV"s¤§L�tÀÁC�ÂXÃ�[�4�5!7@"�$tA%��6��X)9Ä�a#"+¤§6«#Å�%}~��+±?�DÆ���"�2�#)�8
3d�%����X)9d!7�59��ÇX
X PÈ k@É%�@�w�Êt�+ËqG92%$�w�ÊL)�#Ì�4.Í�4���6��X�Î�ÏX).UL�Newton ST B�XÐXz S�T � »@7#2�$w�ÊIr\2��0������+Ñ
HCG57B
NGC2300��ÒÓV��X��Ô�d������!�W8�Ò6ÓV��
��½0���DÔLG\567#"V20�6)\½#; P \¾�¿�#CWÕt� 5�7�"99�#���V70FtBDÖ�t[�4."\$A% Q ²���×�ØDÙ�ÚOÛÜ�@ !"00�V8�Ý���_�w�x@�Þ.7 Newton ST È k�É�� »@75�wÊX�sËLG%2%$�¿�ß�8HCG57
)Wd6705!�\����������! à�á¤�§�� Õq�\567���7C980â�ã������l
X P�ä ����å�æL<��%ç�)�è6�659�q�Lzé���������àá¤�§�CÖ6�t[�4�" $�*#,�-0/C�ê{z�ë@C�G�2%���@�� !"HCG62
)�d#7�5!�background�y.7V��ÐXz ST � »�759wÊ��+Ë�G�29$9¿�ß�B�rs5�8 ASCA S�T ���ìLí) î�7��LÐXz S�T �X�Ál X P ^�_�C@ #"s¨�xWª�CWï.ð�3\4@2%$�A%�A!BÁFI[ñ8V�����6��@���¤�§X��*6,�-/C�ê.7 Q ²���ÕIA��óò#��7#V�����7F?B�Ö6�q[Á4."�$
�
�1 � ��� 3
�2 � ����� X �������������� 5
2.1�����X
X P ��� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1����
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2*6,�-0/�)�U0"
X P ��� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3���������#_��
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.4 ,�!#"#$�%#& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.5 ' k@É�( È i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2������)9Ä@a#"\à�ᤧ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1°³6´�¤§
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2µ6¶¤�§
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.3½#)+*\×9h�Ú�,.-WØ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.4����'�·L�¸�¹6º#»
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.5àá�¤�§q�sï��
Powerlaw)9d!7�5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.6A+4��%����6��6l
X P ^_��Y#Z�¿ß . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
�3 � X �/#01�2 16
3.1 ST 43� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.1 XMM-Newton ST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.2�XÐXz ST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 X P�5�6�7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.1 8#9#:#; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 Point Spread Function(PSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 X P ìXí=< CCD > �#? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.1ìXíA@B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.2 Event Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.3g!hWi�j0k�_6w@x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.4 BackGround . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1
�4 � ��������� ��� ��� 29
4.1É9k�����Û����
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.1 NGC2300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.2 HCG57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.3 HCG62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2È k�É *��Ú,.-�Ø
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3/���ÚOÛ|i�w�Ê
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.1 � /��XØ\/�����B χ2ì��
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.2( È i!/���ÚOÛ|i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.3 Newton ST %w�Ê@�! #»Ir 2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4�XÐLz
XIS Background) ����"\w�Ê �"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4.1 Background Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
�5 � #��$ % 37
5.1 NGC2300�w6Ê
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1.1?V��Û > k�& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1.2���0k6�
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.1.3/���Ú�Û|i�w6Ê
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2 HCG57�w�Ê
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.1?V��Û > k�& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.2���0k6�
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.3/���Ú�Û|i�w6Ê
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3 HCG62�w�Ê
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.1�XÐXz
XIS
Background%wÊ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.2 HCG62�l
X P ^�_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
�6 � '��)( �)*,+ 62
6.1�����XWè�-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.1.1�����-�/qB����OB\�¸¹#º#»
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.1.2����'�·L�¸�¹6º#»
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.1.3 HCG62)9d#75
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.2��Bs�
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
. /A 0�1�2 3 �5476 �8� 66
. /B 9�:<;=�?>�2 3 �@476��A� 71
2
1
����X��86���L��t�t�D����Á���#���%�.�� !"%$X PQ�R#S�T ROSAT
)�UG598�����59���L�*#,.-�/!��¬@C@c�[ÁF�)@3 408�:�;�<�) =6>?3 4�2���������� ����������������
(Mulchaey,J.S. et al 1993) � ������� "!�#�� 1keV $ #&%250kpc ')( �+*��-,/.�021+3�45 �&6�7�8)9�:+;< �=���=� ��>@? "�A% 6�7B �DC�!����)�+E��&!F#5�&G�4 � �"�����)� X H�I�J ./K@LM ��@�NO%5�=�)�+P�QROS % 6�7 B �UT@VAW=X �ZY .\[Z 5�)�]��M^A � ROSAT 95_ 1/3C�!����������� � �U�5�+`�%badc
4 e-f � X H=g�hFi=j ASCA 9�_ ,k% 10keV l @� 6�7 B �O�mMnporq)sut % 6�7 B 9 DCF!����)�Uv�w+Q�W�xFy&@ +z����{ s � 4 2.5keV ')(�DC�4=|�} q�~O�Asbt � �Q�WM�U���5�&���2�U�5�(Fukazawa et al. 2000) � ��� _� � ���� _ ,���^ �"� l ,]5�5 6F7M8 : ��{ s 1�3@4� (Fusco-Fermiano et
al. 1999;Kaastra et al. 1999) � �U�� % 6�7 B�� ��� t\s ��������M�O�p��,�%�"�+�����C)!����b�� D� ���X H . I�J-� 3)45 O�O@ =��4 s �\�F� t �� ��:
� %=c2� 9F� � _ � ���@�\�&�u^D3)4� �� ? ���%=���)&� : �u^4 gF �9A¡ y@ ����¢F£¤� � 3A%=¥§¦©¨=[��+¢�£ª./«��)�M�@� 9 �� � ¢ > l 9 ��� t ��3)4� ¬�&® � � 3A% 6F7 B �+Q�¯�° $ 5�"±�² R�³ �9�_ U±�´�µ��=�@% � ��¶�·�¸F��)% 6F7�;�¹ ��º�»�¼@½ 9�_ �����%�¾F¿ÁÀDÂA} n�Ã2ÄÅ ��4 � 6�7 Bª� ��¾�ÆZ�¾@V H ��Ç�È ³ 9�_ /�F��� Y �&É�Ê t ��3�4� �u� s � % ASCA i�j �DË�Ì�W�Í �AG§¦r% I�J �"ÎFÏ�� _ ¦�Ð sÑt � s 1A���FÒ"%b� t �� /Ó�Ô��AÕ�ÖØ×&�D�5� �ASCA i�j�Ù � � X H Q�WFÚ�Û��+`F% Chandra i�j R Newton i�j�Ù&6F7 B �DÓ)Ô�AÜ@ÐF��� �b� s � % Chandra i=j "Ý�Þ nFßFà�áFÅbâ �CM4@��Ò�% 6F7 B � _ �9 *@�@1+� � X HOI=J �Uã=ä 9 �å�æ5^ Ù@ç 1+� � Newton iOj D% ASCA i�jb_ ,: Ë�Ì+W�Í �&C�4)� Ù %2 ÅNèZn-o � g� �9 {)4�3@ �% _ ,©Î�Ï 9 K)L�é�ê5×��Ù ^� ��� s � % Newton iOj DË�ÌDW�Í DC�4O�&%ÝbÞ n�ß=à@áFÅ�â : C s 1"��=Ò 9 �b^�¦�*���1&� � X H=IFJ +��{5y 9 ¦ s 1&� � ASCA i=jZ9Uë 4 Ù % 2005ì
7 í�9 adc 5 eîf � X H�gFhFiFj�Ù@ç é ?Zï ¦ i�j �ð2ñ ( Ê t ��� � ?Zï ¦ ij +%2a�c�� iOj �DT S ��ò�ó sut©ô=õ�ö �+÷�#�. _ ¦ ? é5ê)×� Ù ^"� s 1"�A�%ø=ù �&*�4)�=Ò 9 *�4"ú=û2./�2é5ê@×N� Ù ^Oé ��l �+% ?�ï ¦ i=j Chandra i=jR
Newton i�j ��üªýUþFÿØ× ��4&%FG ��� þ�ÿb.��u1�3)4�é ��� ����Ò%�ÝpÞ nFß
3
à�á�Å�â ���@Ì����5���M�Ѧk%�FÔ Ù ^�é� � Ù�ç é ����� 3O% ASCA i�j�_ , ËÌ�WFÍ � _ ¦k% X H ������� : ��^"4 �)'@( �Mê5× s�t % ?�ï ¦ i�j 6F7 B �Y ��*5�M1O� gF .��2é5ê5× 9��î� 3@4�é�×�4 � ê�×\� Ù ^�% 6F7 B 9&¡ y)é��F����F��. _ ,N��� 9 ��� ? é�ê5×�� Ù ^�éO� Ù ���4 s ×\�)� t �Mé �� ê Ù %�c�� hMÙ "%)�����)���O��^"3@4�é�� Ù ���4 s ×��)� t ��é 6)7 B R %ASCA i=j�Ù�� ���F���&� t �5� 6F7 B 9 {�4�3A% 6�7 B�� ×U� �!î× i�j ��"�#.%$ s � 3OÎ�Ï 9 K@L�� � 2 &�Ù 6F7 B � X H Ó�Ô 9 {)4�3u× 6F7 B �����F����"�uê&é�'=P�# 9 {F4�3=��� t ��é ¬5�® 9 {F4�3�(@LMé � 3 &5Ù D%�) � Í+* 9�,½ � � X HFg�h�iFj � Newton iFj × ?Zï ¦ i�jZ9 {@4�3-(�LZé � 4 &MÙ "%/. �0 Þ o × � � g� Z9 {@4=3Ñ× %�Í1*�E�2 9 {@4�33(�L=% 5 &�¡2_ 4 6 &�Ù�� �"È�5. l ×UÒ�%��-6�.�Ü � �
4
2�
X �
2.1 � � � � X � � �2.1.1 � �6�7 B ×U +% 5
s�t��10 � � 6F75�� Q��D�5�����DT5V�� ٠% 6F7 � � l ,\�D�
:���� � �!� Ù@ç é ��"�#ª9 % �%$ T@V'&�( ÅÃ�)Uq+* 6�7�8 (50-1000 �,$+6�7+$� l , ) _ , :.- 40/1� t 9����%�5Ù)ç é���2�� 9 % 6=7+$ �ª^ � 6�7 B+3�4 965%7� R ? ¦k% 6�7,$ ®98 � 6F7 B 9;:1< �>= R ? 4?/ �%$ @ ÒBADC Å Ý � 6F7 × 6�7B ¥ E$ ® 8 .�K@L�é�ê@× 9��î� 3)4�é;/6�7 B * ��F,$+6=7�8�Ù@ç é�×\�F� t =�ABG 91H �@n!I . � A 3J4 A 6�7 sut �)é>/X H�gFh�iFj ROSAT 9�_ 1"3�A K�Ò�3OC L 3�4 $!M� �'N tNs 9 �>=JA�T5V�w 9O P ��= @!Q%R �!� Ù�ç é5ê5× ��STNT�>= @ /�ê $ C9L 3�4 *;UWV B Ë�Ì X;Yªñ�Z[ é]\WLE^ à0_WI Ù A U%V�` 3J4 (Intergroup Medium;IGM)
×ba c�=�é>/ U%V�`,*dWe X6f [Eg $ ×�å �9h � g $W$ �b^ª¦ji�{kXDW�y t =�é;/ "�# X"å �Wh � e $ g$ X *Bl m�UWV �?n§¦oA dWe $ g $ X * A �6p XTq ��üªý U%V � ç é;/
2.1.2 r s tvuxwzy { X |z}�~IGM
*;�%�9����� A!\WL,^W� _%I0���'� �9� /W� $�@�� A IGM $>�%� *>�W��� ��+�6�%�%�������W�J�J�k���b� �?�+ ��¡'¢�£ ¤%¥ X?¦ �>§6����� ���+� emissivity¨?©1ª �¬«T6® ¦ �!§εffν = 6.8 × 10−38
∑
i
Z2
i neniT−1/2g(T, ν)(erg/s/cm3/Hz) (2.1)¯�¯ �
Zi,ni
¨;°�± ²%³i �;´ ��µ¶ �;·%¸ �º¹ �%�%» ne
¨ · ± �>¹ �%�%» g¨�¼½ �¾À¿ ± �'�1�!§�Áz� �;Â9£%· ±¬Ã «0Ä ��µ� �!¹ �W� ¨;Å Æ �o» ngas �6ÇTÈÊÉË � ¯ � �W� È �>§kÌ �>Í�Î]Ï Ð�ÑE�!Ò+Ó ��Ô �'Õ � � » Ï%�W�TÖ'×0Ø,ÙJÚ'Î]ÛE�� ¯ � �%� È �;§
5
1.4 × 10−27T 1/2n2
gas
∑
i
Z2
i gB(erg/s/cm3) (2.2)
gB
¨����,¼+½ �¾À¿ ± �'���o» à « � 1.1-1.5 ���DÎ� �;§�� �� ���� ����� � �6�>�W� ¨ ¯ � � �W� �%��®�� Ë�� » � �%� �������'®��� !#" ��§ �%���%�,� emissivity Î εlinesν � à � � » $�%� ����� � �]��Ï X ���%� ¨©1ª �+«¬6®�&kÕ ¯ � �%� È �;§
LX =
∫
dV
∫
(
εffν + εlines
ν
)
dν =
∫
n2
gas(R)Λ(T (R), A(R))dV (erg/s) (2.3)
Λ(T, A)¨
coolimg function,∫
n2gasdV
¨emission measure
�'�1�;§IGM �v� �%� !�"(' X � ¨ »�)$* ®�+ �-, ® � � ¼�. ®¬«�/ ��0 ·2143DÎ5�6 �!§0 ·2143¶Î7 ¯ Õ81�3$9 ¨ »�:$;�<>=@?�A�BDC � :E; ®�F(G%Õ � �0� �'�9�;§ ¯ �¯ �>®T« �o» �E !�" �$H0� ® Áz� � � � ¼�. �JI$K Õ � � » X � .�L%M ¾ ØT� �Ö9×BØ,Ù�Ú�N ��O�P Õ �>§ «J/ � » IGM � �]� X ���%�¶ÎQ�$ 1Õ � �0È�® ¨ »?�J��W��� ���, �W�E�!�W�SRUT�V ��W8X 6 � ¨ ¦ �o» 0 ·%143DÎ�Y�Z Æ ¦ � � ¨ ¦ �¦�[ §2.1.3 \^]>_a`�bdcfehg:�;�< ¨ »�iW»
IGM»kj Ú M ��l Ú ��m � !#" � [ �>§ ¯ �¶#n�� IGM � i ��op Îq Æ £9¤%¥ � � »�:�;�< �>Ï%¡8rUo p � 1 s$t � ® Æ ��u ' ¦�[ § Æ ' � / � »=#v ¡(r�w �'�1��:$;�< ��o p � 9 s ¨ j Ú M �xl Ú ��y / � [ � ¯ �>® ¦ �>§kz{ �$ �J|�}(~ ¦ j Ú M ��l Ú ¨ » Ï%¡8rUo p »JiW» IGM ��o p Î� Ô � � ¯ � �� �!����Î� � ¯ � �W� È �;§
2.1.4 �h�^�f�������:�;�< Î#u ' ÕJ E� ¼�.9¨ � ���$� � � ® ��� » �Jµ� �º· ± ��=�� ®#� � Õ �¯ � �%� È �;§ ��µ� �º· ± � M Ú�� ���� ÎQ7 ¯ Õ?ÂW£ » ��µ¶ » · ± � ��� =�#� t�� ¨ »
��� 23
(
T
108K
)2( ne
103cm−3
)−1
kpc (2.4)
6
¯ ��� ¨ :�;�< ����È ! � 1kpc ®���� � � � ��� ! [ � ��» IGM¨
collisional¦
� 9 � Æ � ¯ � � � È �;§ ¯ " ��� �W��� �!Î ¦ � Õ ' �9®� �� ¦ ��� ¨ »��Ð �J:E;�< Î���� � �����QY Ë�� « [ § ¯ � sound crossing time¨ »
ts � 6.6 × 108
(
T
108K
)−1/2(
R
1Mpc
)
yr (2.5)
� ¦ ��§#:�;�< ������� 1010 � « � ���%�+®�� [ ¯ � � � IGM¨������$�! �%��1�9� � Y Ë � ¯ � �%� È �>§ IGM
� Å � � �"���$�� �1�9� �$#�%1Õ � � » � r&(' � ¡8r¬�*) ��� [ � � » IGM¨�©1ª �T«T]®�& !�" �;§
∇Pgas = −ρgas∇φ (2.6)¯%¯ �?»Pgas
¨IGM � � r » φ
¨ ¡(r�+�, .-�/ Ø » ρgas
¨IGM �4o p �W�k�
ρgas = µngasmp �10�6 �;§ ngas
¨ · ± ���E� ¾b Î�2 � IGM �;¹ �%�W» mp
¨ �E�¾b ��o p » µ¨4��� � ± o p � à « � 0.6
�'�9�!§.3"4�5 9+� �%��6 t%ÍE®¬« � »¼�. � � r ¨?©1ª �+«T]®�& !�" �;§
Pgas = ngaskT (2.7)
k¨!7 Ø98 �� %%¹ �'�1�;§ ! �>® :$;�<¬��*;:�< X �$#"%1Õ � � » Í 2.6
¨kT (R)
µmp
d log ngas(R)
dR= − dφ
dR(2.8)
�10�6 �;§ R¨ :�;$<>=�? �v�]�A@�B;C!D�E �1�1�>§ D;E R ®A2 H " � ÏW¡8r�op
Mtot(R)¨ VGFJÚ ¾b � 6 tWÍ
dφ
dR=
GMtot
R2(2.9)
�ºÍ 2.8 « � »Mtot(< R) = −kT (R)R
µmpG
(
d log ngas
d log R+
d log T
d log R
)
(2.10)
� &kÕ ¯ � �%� È �>§ ¯%¯ ��» G¨ ¡8r*%�¹ �'�9�>§ ¯ �¬«T]® » IGM ��� � �
� T(R) � � � �E� ngas(R) Î X �$�� ¬Õ � ¯ �;®¬«�/ � »$:�;�< �BÏ ¡ r�o p �7
� � " �;§%H ' » IGM � �W� Î�� � Ô �'Õ � ¯ � �?» ¼�. �4o p Mgas Î � Ô � �¯ � � � È �;§Mgas(< R) =
∫ R
0
4πR′2µmpngas(R′)dR′ (2.11)©9ª9¨���� �E� ngas ®() [ ��� � �;§
2.1.5 � �������IGM � X �$�E ¬�v� » IGM � ��� ���DÎ ��� ¯ �����EÈ � § Å � �"�"���� ��� ®�� �o»>=�v ¡(r�w���� � �ÊÕ � �@o p Î y �� ± ®*) [ � �!Í 2.8
¨J©1ª �,«6®�0vÈ�É Ë � " � §σ(R)2
d log ρ
dR= − dφ
dR(2.12)¯�¯ � σ(R)
¨� !� �#"�� » σ¨
ρ �%$ � = v ¡8r;+�, -�/ Ø&�!� �o» +('*) 6 t%Í∇2φ = 4πGρ (2.13)
®k«�/ ��++Ë � " � § ¯ " �6�-,&.�Í ¨ » King /10�Ø (King 1962) ®¬«U/ � ©'ª�T«T�®#& !�" � §ρ(R) = ρ0
[
1 +
(
R
rc
)2]−
3
2
(2.14)
ρ0
¨ = ? � o p �2� » rc
¨&3 ' D�E��&� � §54 � Æ ' «kÊ® :�;U<76 ��o p ¨ j ÚM ��l Ú8� 9 s¶Î19�: � à �o» ¯ � King /#0�ØT®k« � o p �#�+¨ j Ú M ��l ÚW® :Õ � �!� X �J�<; Ë � § ¯�= o p ��� �$� ¨�3 '�D�E rc � � 6 N(� �?> ¦ 3 '�D�EÎ�@�A1Õ � § Æ ' �2/ � » ¯�= /10JØ,®k« � � j Ú M �xl Ú = o p&B � ¨ :$;�< ==�? F1,*�DC�EGF ¾ ® ¦ � §B�® »&H E$RJÚ l β Î ©1ª = «T�®�%1IkÕ � §
β ≡ µmpσ2
kT(2.15)
8
β¨ ¡ r��$o = Ö1×0Ø�ÙJÚ�� IGM
= Ö'×0ØEÙJÚ = �&�(� � §¡8r;+�, -�/ ØT®���� !#" � [ � IGM ®) [ � = Í 2.8¨ » B = «T]®#&'Õ ¯ �
���EÈ � §σ2
d log n1/βgas (R)
dR= −dφ(R)
dR(2.16)
Í 2.12 � Í 2.16 � » ngas(R) ∝ ρβ(R) ∝ ne(R) � ¦ � = � » IGM= �&� B �¨ » ©'ª = «T6® ¦ � §
ne = n0
[
1 +
(
R
rc
)2]−
3
2β
(2.17)
¯ " Î��¬Ú l /10JØ � [ §Í 2.3 � U�6¤�� � «,6® »���� 9 Ô � ' � = X ����� 0 ��� n2eΛ(T, A) ��� � =
� » x��� �E !�" � X ��� � B � � »�� � 6�� � Ô B !�" ' � = �(� �o»Sb(r) =
∫
∞
−∞
n2
eΛ(T, A)dl = S0
[
1 +
(
r
rc
)2]−3β+
1
2
(2.18)
��� � � r� ! B�C"��#�$%� = D�E�� » S0
�n2
0
� �'&'Õ � %%¹*� »S0 = Λ(T, A)
√π
(
ne
np
)
n2
0rc
Γ(3β − 1
2)
Γ(3β)(2.19)
��� � �)( =%*,+ � �kÚ l /�0JØEÎ.- [ � � »�:$;�< = &'$�� � B �DÎ�$ /� �7��( � � » IGM= o p �1� ÎbÛ*: �0( � � }(~ �!� ��� Æ � Æ » ASCA
»ROSAT= �E � * � � »%Á21 = :$;�< = � ��� =�?'3 �'�'Ú l /10JØEÎ�4�57698 [ � � [+;:�< �0�,=.>�8�? ���)( > ��@'A'B � =�?'3 �'�0C l /10ED *�FHGJI ?HK r�+�,L -;/ D�M�NPO�8�? �0( �HM�Q,RES ���)( =,*,+ � =�? 4'5�� � M.TVUWS � /10�D
�E6X8WY NFW /#0"D�Z\[^]�D���C0_%/#0^D��!� �.� ["] D���C0_%/#0^D ��` ��O a!%b = �%C/_ /10"D�� = ���)Mdc 6fe�g�h%a G = �(� � � [E]�D��/C0_ /10ED(�@�A'B = ���)M +�i 1kj h �dlnm �E6d8^Y����*�,odp @�A = A B � @�A�B,q�r CWD= A B �J�s��%O�8�? � a1:n��? + ( �<��t�uvf>�8�? �.�[E]�D��0C/_ /10ED = emissivity
� Y
ε = n1(R)2Λ(T, A) + n2(R)2Λ(T, A) (2.20)
�d� ��� n1 � n2
�Hw �%C%_ /10'D!� =�x q^y�z,{0|0} � i a�YP[�]�D0�%C/_�/0ED � * } IGM
= y�z�� Y9
n(R) =√
n1(R)2 + n2(R)2 (2.21)
��� } �
2.2� � � � � � ��� �
@�A�B � @�A� �������}������1 ������"} 6� "! �"b ?'8$#�%%t�u'&J>�8�? } 4b)(+*�,.- M �/��{�021�}+3
2.2.1 46587�9;:@'A'B Z @'A� �</=�(?>/@ 5�A {�BDC)(H@'A'B � @�A� FEHG�I ZEe/J0S }K�)EL�|�}+3�=/(?GMIN(PO)�?GMQSRK��T�U�V Y�W ����XSY D[Z ($\�]/�1 M�S }�E ?[^ *,$-%{/|�}+3
@�A'B�(_G�I2��`^}aG/QSR)�/b ? G (E{0| >Kc Y @'A�BSG�I%{.�/dS�1 =.>/a+W �C & ( W R�e/fN<�� > i {K(+gSh/{ T�U {NiE}.b"zN�Mj0}K��Ek� lSlNm ��< g C On ? }�3'@�A�B Z @�Ao P�[pa( �&9? (+q�z0{�G�I S }.C)< YMr)s (?tPuSvS>�( ll MxwSy V{zS|/{�iE}?3�=�(+zSh���`E}�E YM}/~ ( @�A'B Z @�A� '{�GMI2��`"}�GQSR/{DTMU�V a e/f��$g/h/{NiE}W{0|�� ^ E t�u'&f> n ? }?3
2.2.2 ����9;:@'A'B Z @�A� M�$G�I�V n T�U�V a @'A'B x q o (��S�N�K` FL� D XK�$Y L R��T�U S }?3o=.����` F W ����XSY D[Z (+��]/�1 M�� � Y �# � � a+W ��C &�� dm e/f��$T�U S }�Ex� ^����ED\M �S���1 8E�� ^ 3�_( �M��D { G gSh � � n �/} W RMeSfN(DbWzN�a� S })` ^ j�� LD�������%L eSf
M T�U S }K�)Ek�'{Ni�}�E t�u'& � n �/}+3 a/� V Y������_�N�P� ( W �F���1 S}M(��P �¡M�SC/C O n V i ^�a�¢ Y¤£¦¥ 100 A z�(.§�Eaj0}�` ^ j W ���D¨/©8E�j}�3�ªSV Y+«/¬ �x�®M¯�( odp ( ]/°K± �_² �_� �.³�´µV a E.i Z^Y?«/¬ (+�®P¯¶��®� /(+GMI/{.·N¸ n �0}�ª?(���|/¸ a EPV aN& Y ���2ª"*K,'ELj�}_C2ª/Vk��jP�$3
10
2.2.3 ��� ������� �� ������ � � �����?<�� ����� ( �"! e �$� �$# ���.�N�D� �"%.e � �V} #"& {|�}+3('*)KX,+ � �D��� n.- b�� & � a+#"& {0|/#0�/S®� Z /®�¯ ��ª214365,}7�8:9";�< {)<�j���C[E t�u'& � n �/}+3
=2.1:
���:� (�> 7 �@? =
=2.2:
G�QSR�(BA A
���(� <DC < �BE u n > 7 �*? 5�}��KEx��{ iF� = 2.2.3(
a(o` ^ � 2 G (�`j�¸ a �H�4� (*C <JI ����� n ��\4K%{ �:L ( M"N��.�[i nJO/P2Q u ���µ��V b
(` ^ ��j/}?3'�.( EDiR� a
{"w �H�:� (*C <.I �BS i ¸ n �@T�U ° ;"V <B� �"�W�� � � �$���+�K`�¸ nJX�Y � �,}�3oªSVZ� c(�` ^ � 2 G ( �"��� �@[$\Z]_^�( �:L�F`'¸ n �@T L Y < �"��a� � � ���B�+<+� � & j/��3 ��L ( b�-��.c�dH5V} e �
�,f -�gHh�{ �(���� � � �i�B���$���^}oEZ� �@�4� <*C <BI �.jµª ^ Ek5V})` ^� �$U ° ;(V �4lKikm�� n ���4� �JjDnJ]�^S�po�´�Vrq ¢Hs 3F�_( E$i�����U ° ;V <+�:t � � n t"u �av s 3 ��& � �"���� � � ���B����TM��V n Fs Ew� �(��f-(g2�:^PCo¸ n �)�Jx�y:zJ{ s U ° ;"V (at@uK�J|�V n U ° ;�V f z)(�}�t'�F~��s �)E �*� s 3�=�( E�iR�$U ° ;(V f z)< e �(� }�Ro(?G�QSR@h��DTM��Vr�(��V��U ° ;"V �/dN(+��to�$� � s 3���S� �"����� � � �����.(+���/�:t EMV n@� � & � s U �J�"� zH� s 3F�x��<'*)�X�+ � z ?B�(� > �:�:� ��`$#��oO)��gSh � � n � sx#"& z*� s 3:'*)�B pLb <�jM���.��/®�� J ª ��L �F`'¸ n � s T ¢ �[�x���.�D�S(?/®/¯�� � ( ��L E���"� y V n �('*)�zK( �(���� � � ���B��Ep[��o(��)Ek�$�'i n � s *�,$-�� �� & � s 3 VLCFV��('*)K����� n ªk�����[pa(�` ^ j��"�K�J��T � �*T2E$i��2pP�
11
=2.3: ��± � � (+/®�(����
z �(��� � � � ���B�a�.�µ� s (DCJ���4T ��L ( M"N�( «�A <2pa(o` ^ �Pj�¸ n �s (DCK<��C�¸ n ��j��$3 ( �� [1])
2.2.4 ����������������4���x(x*),_-�EDV n�� � & � s ($�B�aM®P¯��.(�M®6[! o( �4L ( �4��� y ��`
s �(��� � � � �,�B��z�� s 3F�x�K<#"%$2(?/®�¯_� � E�/®o( �(L �K` s �(� �� � � ���B��EF[��N��� ��L �F`*��S®_[& �� ���@� y ��V�� ��L (���j P C@����µ��# W ���$��t � � s EL� ^ #"& z�� s 36T � V �[�_( #(& �.��� n <?/®_[' ( ���@� y ��`$# � AGN (³/´S/®)(
)�$³ST�* � � n AGN
C & e�+ � �*T jetf
(&, ���$�N�P� �M�2��- ^ � d m eSfK�$�µ�D¸ n � s *K,$-µª�� s 3M�®_[� N( ����p� � � �$�a��� AGN(+³�T.*0/N�!1��aP®D[2 �(2304K��5o�+M®M¯Hz.�[� s *,_-)��,�� E � � & � s 3 AGN
�.�[�D#76�5S�?M®98;:�>"UD<��E( <>= M® ),S0(
+� ;%? S®
),Sa( @;A /®6z central bar B j/�Nª'8 )zH� s2CED�F2G�H # F�I �;8�J
Sb,SczH� s (
=2.3 �� ) C
2.2.5 K�LNMPORQTSVU Powerlaw WYX�Z\[] t\^2_a` �)b)c>d&e)f J&gT89hjilk�mT8
powerlaw8&n�o�prqts C
Ne(γ) = N0γ−µ (2.22)
H.Hvu γJ
γmec28Ew;x�y>zE{�82| f 8
Lorentz factor } Ne(γ)J
γ ~ γ + dγ8��
82| f 82� } µJ;���>82��� u;�;�2C&�a��F2}'�.�TF2��I����%� J0� 2.4
8ahai F ���prqas C
12
�2.4: ����F&�PI �t�E� 8 ������� y
1018eV � 8 �;�#� J��� ���������8��&8 u;������� kt^v_ �vC����.} �� �� (�
�! { �)J#"%$!� ]'& ^!_(*) �%u �*+ i H,� �!� 1018eV �,-,.&���0��.0/%1au
�����32%4 � _(*) �&C65 � 5 }7 ��k98�:TJ<;=� _(*))k%)�>?2.22 @0ACB `&| f .ED%FG@ J }�H6IKJ9L � JNM%O=�QP%R�DF�S ��� > 1 T�U�.
HVI�JWL � JNM%O J0Xjw�x#y�z0{ . | f @YT )'( (Ee > 100MeV Z $ ) uEG�H#� �.#u%}>H#.ED'F ���[�\� yaJ E−
µ−1
2 @#]�^ s � powerlawp�q s#>
2 T_U�.EP'R�D'FJ H6I�J9L � J`M%O hba#��caw x'yTz0{ . | f @�T )�( G�H a }\H�d � .0D%F ����e� y6�powerlaw
� @�f*g s �tHK�hS)uGiE� >
2.2.6 jlknm_oqpGrts�u=v X wyx{znpG|t}e~{�ROSAT ��9u�.<�,�b.<�;}��Q� 4 �=U0. X �%��,�%� ASCA(1993 � 3 �%�_d-*� ) @ h B (W�% �� S9�*� ^!_ } �' �� @'�%� _l� uW�'� ^2_%()�`0� 1keV . X��� ���,�b�,� ul�9���*.�T � k) 2.5keV ��-K. X�))wax%y�z.{'�!�!k � �� S�'� ^!_t` (Fukazawa et al. 2000)
>��E` }K���b�¡ �. X ���'�%�'� Beppo-SAX @h B ( } � �. �E¢ �' ����6�W� �'. hai�k D'F�SW�%� ^&_%() � (Fusco-Femiano
et al. 1999)>
� �*. �#¢ �% l� uK���.#£¤KS |¥ u�¦¨§ª© )�() ��«,� �N¬=� _() � >WXw x#y�z�{ e)f �9®G.�¯%uK°K� �l_*(0|*¥!� DF s ��«��¡S± � B (*) �'.0u0}13
�2.5:
�% '�HCG62 . ASCA u�. ����e� y
(Fukazawa et al. 2000)
�2.6:
� ��. �9¢ �* b� . Beppo-SAX
���[@ h � ���l�V� y (Fusco-Fermiano et
al. 1999)
«<. h9ilk�� X ��� |%¥ �&} �% �� � �' '� .�� � @ X9w;xy>zE{ e.f S���e5 () �K«K� pvq s<> 5 � 5 } ASCA �'��.� � �� � S c[)�`� @&} � X � �%� ���� u���� � }��'M!5 () �W. �9p���� u�i kY� B ` S%} � 5���M\5 () �[��5 `G� }X9w�x%y>z0{ . | f�� � u �����324 � _ � >
�2.7:
� �*. �#¢ � l� . |*¥ @ h �Y�� {���
2.8:� �,. �0¢ �% �� . X �[� � {��
(Chandra ��� 1.0-10.0keV)
«#. hai�k�� X � �%� �&} �% �� � �% ���� d �W� uW� � _%(*) � > 5 � 5 } � l� � � $ S X § }�� d �%� S �"!\5 (*) � > ] 4 (W�% �� . � X �'D%F�� 10keV
�,-.ut��� `� }[� � {�� ��5 ( #ts «K�hS�ubi�$&}'�&%�@�'�S�B (,) ��. � }��.0®�([� � «!u �;��. � � )Yi «K��S'± �V�rk�)�> ��� �% '� � � l�jhba#� � $S c�)W>9^�� @'��. � X � �'� ��� � {�� ��5 ( # s «,��S ) � k 10keV �*0u ��l4 (*) � > «#.[«,� �6� } ]'& @ h � � X � p�*�+ ��@'�2� ��u , �.-�^#)0/�1243 � u���� �% '� S5,�69u ��� >
14
ASCA �'�au�.#�%��.#��} Chandra �%��� Newton �%�au �% �� .#���S��,± _`9> 5 � 5 } Chandra �%������� ����� J��ªS X § } '�S�B ` �¤[. � X � ��.��'�l@��� ��Kivu;�B `#> Newton ����� ASCA ��� h[a�� � � ��� � S X § }*IJ�� �\� k �%¤l@WT )�(Th[a���� @ *�+ �K«,�NS�u[iE� > � � �� � � X�) . � S}Chandra ����������� ����� J�� S X[)���� }� �ib§ '�SlB �� X � �'� �#�KT� @6§ )W>
���)}!� �G. 5 �eU�. X ���'�*���tu��;� ! s�" §$#���� (2005 � 7 ���CdW-*� )
��� ��.<�'��.�%�&�.('�) �V�+*-,(. .�/ $ �10�§�2 ) SE} ASCA �'��0 a0�4365748 (,) � >b��� }�9�:�S�'q§ }"' )<;�=�> ����«K�hS�u�i0� > «<.�«K� �V� } � '� 2 � .�'KS[B � �¤ > ���K«K��@ 6e5 () � > �%. �� } � '�"� X � �'� .?A@6B 0�C � �YS6 ViG§ED�F s ��.EuK��2 )�� �¡24 � 8 � >
15
3 X
�����auK��}%�*¤�. ��� @��,±�� ( XMM-Newton �'�=� sA" § �'�b.� { � >�� 5 �<> «<.� au���} 2 �.#�'� >'sA" §�.6D�G@�% � � ASCA �%�=��.9]� �� �Y(������ � > ASCA ���G@ 0YB ( �%� 748 � 0��3@�2�B �0�' '�"� X � �%� .� � > U��e5 (*) ��.�� ��! � @ ASCA �'� > � �(��" � .W��# >%$ �>� >#
3.1: X ���%�*�'�b. " � ]��&('�)+*
∆θb energy band ,+- background
(arcsec) (keV) (arcmin) (@6keV)
(count/s/keV/ .0/ '�1 )
ASCA 600 180 0.4-10.0 50 9 × 10−8
Beppo-SAX 300 90 0.3-100.0 50 -
XMM-Newton 3000 10 0.3-12.0 30 3 × 10−7
Chandra 500 0.5 0.3-10.0 10 1 × 10−62�3�4XIS 1460 100 0.2-12.0 18 1 × 10−7
b; 5+6(7+8 9
3.1: ; <>= ?
3.1.1 XMM-Newton @BAXMM-Newton �K�_� 1999 � 12 �DCFE�G�H � ��IKJ�L0M (ESA) CA0ON+P��RQ�RSUT ;WV�X Y[Z]\N�_^�`�ab\ 8 ��>OcedWV 2 &Df 4 g S ��h0i 10m � ESAj�k ^`0a � l�m�c�dFVen �0fUo� Bp�2[N+Peq[r > ESA
VX s�t�u c�d p�v(P0f
EXOSAT(1983-1986) w x0� ��y V�z COfB{}|�~ V ROSAT(1990-1999) p%|0��������K� S� VBeppo-SAX(1996-2002)
j[� N�� > Newtonc�d C�f�EUG0H���� 14 �U�
p����F�����W��\�C 46V���� j[�U� N�� > Newton
cOd f�������� j����¡ �¢�£�¤
16
��� �[j N��+t�� V���� ���� V����������KV��������� r��[p�C��Bv�Peq[r >k ^�`ea�Zb\ 8 "! �$# N���%�& ' � ��(�)eG�* �,+.- v�� d�V�/�0 21 S s3 G T g �4� C �.5���6 a�Peq[r > Newtonc�dRV�7.8 f�9�: V�;��=<> r?�0p �@ > r��BA�C�CED 7B8��GF N�P�qer >�H 9.I�f 7000km
KJ 9.I 114000km MLBN f
48 O z p � N+P�q0r >
P3.1: Newton
cOd Q3.2: Newton RBSET�U,V
Newton RBSXW 3 Y�T X Z.[.\�]4^�_�`ba=c�d?e�fhgMi?jki�l�m.no CCD prqs�t�u e European Imaging Camera(EPIC) ^wv�xkf CCD p�q s TXy{zkT 2 Y�WM|n�}B~ET MOS
t�u������ y 1 Y�W{�.n�}B~ET PNt�u e{f MOS ��[.\�]hT{���2T� o�W{�����ET��.��� Grating Stack � u e�fhg2� t�� ~ba�� X Z"W��"T CCD o�,� c��.���?������iEe�f���Tr�k�.�� �W RGS(Reflection Grating Spectrometer)
�w¡�¢Mi �k£ d�¤,¥��B¦r§�T X Z.�,�4^G¨�§�ohaGc�d�e�fr�.©ha ��ª�«�¬h�®�¯�°W 2.5keV ±.²X�´³ � c.d�e�f��{TBµK¶�o � ¨B·,�¹¸»º,¼,Zr½,¾�¿ ® �����. Optical
Monitor(OM)� _�`�À�i�c�d�e ( Áà30cm T�[B\�] � MPC-CCD ÄÅ{� �.Æ�Ç TÈ�É ¬ ¿ ®��XÊËÍÌ K�,��� ) f OM W X ZB[B\�]b�wÎEÏÍ·BÐ�^=V��ÑaGc�dre�f
Newton R�SW ASCA R�S � �M�wÒ � ��¦h§�� £ d (3.1 Ór} ) f��kT�?��¶Ô� �ASCA RBS � ����Õ�Ö�×XØÔÙ ³�Ú�Û"okx�d,cMÜ�Ýhe�����o�ÞßaGc�dre{f
3.1.2 àâáäã�å�æçhè"é R,S?W 2005 ê 7 ë 10 ì�o�íGî,ï,ð�ñKV.�,ò ( óBô�õKö )
t�÷ z�ø�ù"�Íi���fìûú 5 übý�T X Z.Ú�þ�R�S tru e�f çèé R�SW 2m T�ÿ����"T�U.V�^?a=c�� � ������� T ×2«M¬ ^�ù�eE�{g.T �rW 5.4m oB³re�fXÀ2�{o�]��4^��E¢Ea�� £ ÀMW6.5m o,³?e�f �����XW 1600kg
tM�Newton R�S�����ÝEe"����d��������"d�f4��i
WEì úhT{R,ShT����Eo�� �k� u ek� ! t�u e�f#" $"W 550km T&%(' tK� " $�)�*B�W 31 + t�u e{f Newton RBS�, Chandra R.Sb��W.-E³�e�/10 2#"1$4^2��er��� tk�
17
3�� ( ��������� O� ���� ��� ������� ��� ���������� � > 1 !�"�9.: � 15L
�$# L�N&%96 '�(�) � >
P3.3:
�+*+�-,/. P3.4:
�0*+�1,/. �32�4�5�6�&*&�7,8. " % 5 9 �;: X <8=?>/@�� 1 9 �BA X <8=8>�@�CED8FHG;I �/ � > : X
<?=J>/@ % X <8KJL�@ (XRT) �1M8NJO/P&Q 6SRUTWV > XRT%
ASCA,J. ";D?FHG�I�� �XZY � ��[8\�]/" %�^�_�` C #ba�c-d�eZf�g�h�i8j � a�c7kb ml/n O/o RpT�V >
M�N8O8P�Q 6�% 5 9 �+q�r 4 9sC X < CCD tWu � (X-ray Imaging Sectrometer;XIS)
( # 1 9 % X </'�v 6 (X-ray Spectrometer;XRS) (�) � >�w �/xJy " # A X </PSQ6(hard X-ray Detector;HXD) C 1 9mD/FGBI �� 8�z# 10 { 600keV
�mAX < R PSQ
(�| � >+� y �}#s~ rz�W�8�E� " XRS "m���/��Cs� _ #s��� C��E��� fW�sX<> xJy� 5�6 " %m���S% f � #/��� % XIS � HXD ( �W� CJ����I������ >�+*H��,�.+�Newton
,�.��Chandra
,�. �U�W�W�?=�>W@ � d�� �& +� f �/C?¡¢/£ C k � X�¤W¥mk �3¦�§ R;¨ � w �pC�(S|?� >�©8X ¡ ASCA,�.ª cEY$«bi ��¬
�0 ¡ l/n O�o Y 2 ®8¯ � fb� �W��� >
3.2 X° ± ² ³
Newton
Newton,�. D�F � X <�=�>Z@ � Newton
,�.�´�µ �?¶�·S¸&¹ � >w � =�>b@ �Wolter-I º»��¼�½8I�¡0¾m¿�À ¥�fb�JX @bC 58 ÁWÂZÃÅÄpI����Z� >ªw � X�¤ ¡�@ �Æ�Ç ��È�É�Ê ¸ �
153mm` Cz¡�Ë�Ì � 350mm
¥ZYEf � > Newton Í�Î ¸�� X < �v/Ï REÐ 3.5
¥�Ñ � >EÒ O/Ó8L � CCD(MOS) �Ô=8>�@ �8Õ ¥;Ö�× º/Ø?Ù 6 (Grating
Stack) C�Ú y I��W��� >Û�Ü�Ý
�SÞ�� Í8Î/D8F X <8=�>�@ XRT� ¡+ß Ç 40cm
��à Â�á�â X <�=?>�@���¼�½zIz¡mã18
Ð3.5: Newton Í/Î � X </v�Ï
G 178 � m� á�â/K�L�@ Rz^ É ¾�À ¥ 175
��� ������� > K8L�@ ������ t� ����;¼W½zI8¡������� � � ¥�� O ��� G R���� X�� OZC � Ä I��W��� > w I �"! \ �Í�Î � Â$# ��%'& ¥ � Y �J¸ ¡ w q � � w � ¸ ( º*),+$#$- ¥�.0/ ����� ( Â$#�
18kg)>21 Ä ¥ ¡ ASCA
¸ �$3�4 � f�� ��� X Ù$5 Y �6��7�8 w �:9 ¸ |m����� >K/L � � Ò<;S¥ � ¾B¿�À � ������ R � � X ���="� u��?> R Ú��8�W��� >w I ¥ c ¡ ASCA Í/Î ¸ 3�4 � f��?X�@ v R µBA ¥�C Ä �W��� >6D � Ò�;S¥ � ASCA
� ^�E ¥�F ��G0��H<� �JI R Úb|p¡ XRT��K � R�L�T� ����� >�w�M Ä ��N O ¥ c ¡�P � Ø�Q i � { 2 ØRPÅ� f�c ¡ ASCA��S
2 ® S� fb�?X9>
T3.6: U�V�WYX$Z XRT
3.2.1 []\_^a`bdcfefgRhji kX l hjm k0nBo�i0k?h�p�qsrYi kut$vjw?xdy�z�{0| U~}���� h�� �'�bfcRe6h��$�$����o�ifkBtuv w6x�y�z?�0�'�d��� U?}�� T 3.7
zASCA SIS,Newton
19
Í�Î ,�SÞS� Í?Î XRT-I,S
� l8n�� o�� Ñ � >����� �����Ì ¸ l8n�� o 9 µ | � f��9E¡ 2keV �J¯ ¸ � � � �&¥�� � ���� � M ����� ¥ �� µ A ¥�C � � � > Ð �� ¡l/n�� o ¥ % � � Newton Í�Î?9 ´��� � w � 98� y � > Ð È � �
AE XRT-I � 9�SÞS� Í�Î XRT-I¸ ¡��! #" ¸�$�% �� XIS �'&�( ������)#* � ¸�¹ � >Sw:M �
ASCA Í�Î � � � �,+���- . �#/�0 ¸W¹ � 9s¡�1�2 �!3 � 1.49keV,4.51keV,8.04keV¸ D M�4dM S1.5 ® ,
S2 ® ,
S2.5 ® ¥�576 ¬ �0 ����� >
Ð3.7: 172 �73
© � ¡ X 8?90P � �'9 � �;:�< =�?> ��¡ D � P �S¥ @� 1!2 �!3 �?ACB � >EDM �Vegnetting 2�F��;�HG � � ¥ � � � � �!I 9z¡ D � 1!2 �!3 � C��#J �Å� P� �u%�& � Ð 3.2.1
¥BÑ � > :�<RP � 9 5�6 � ���}¡�1!2 �73 � C!� � � >
Ð3.8: :#<RP � �K1!2 �!3 �u%�& ( L M Newton Í/Î , N �+Þ0� Í�Î )
3.2.2 Point Spread Function(PSF)
)#* �f�!� �?O � BQP ¥ @� ¡ R!S � X 8!S~9T:#< � �=UWV �X � )�* � �?YR � ¸[Z 9 � �'9@\�� © G > Ð 3.2.2
¥�] Í�ÎC^�) * ��¥ R�S 9�:#< ���_[` ^ UV �XW� Ñ � >�DjM � R7S?9;:!< ?�Q_;` ^ � ^ ¸�¹ �d9?¡ Z 9 � ��9H\E� © \�W��� >2D � DjMb¥ � )�* �ba _ ¥ ACB � ¶ « 9 ¹ � > Ð ^ �+Þ0� Í�Î@^ � ^ ¥
20
�ASCA Í�ÎC^ � ^ � Ñ �� > ASCA Í8Î��ªÄ �SÞS� Í�Î ¸�N�� 1'M ����� D _ 9
���Z� >
Ð3.9: R7S U V �WX ( L 3 � M Newton Í/Î ( L�� Ä MOS1,MOS2,PN), N M �+Þ+�
Í/Î ( L�� M XRT0, N� M XRT1, L� M XRT2, N� M XRT3))
D ^ Y R � ¸ ^ UV ��XT^ Z 9 � � Ñ � % � _������ Point Spread function(PSF)
9 ¹�� >QD�M���������� \ �C`;� X 8?9�)#* ��� :!< ����� ^ Y R � ¸ ^ �"!/Ø�#$�% � > Ð3.2.2
�Newton �Π_�&('*),+"- D0M 4�M ^ PSF � . & >�/ ^ &('*)+0- ^ � ^ �0� ASCA+0- ^ � ^ � . ��� > ASCA
+0- �21 &�'3)4+0- $ N�� 1'M��5 � D _ 906�� � >
/3.10: PSF( L M Newton
+�- &!(!)�* � , N M &3'(),+�- XRT)
PSF �87:9 & �8;< V:= > _:�>�?� Encircled Energy Fraction(EEF) 9 % � >!D�M� @ 1 M � UWV�= X ^�A B��21 PSF �DC�E�F 3�G ��� � ^ $ � A B��21 % �8H"IKJL $ ^ M�N�^ J�O �>P�Q & � > D�R0S 50 T � B ��UVI�W HPD(Half Power Diameter)
21
_D5 G > HPD� )#*���^�������W^� � $ %�� � Y R���� � ��� M�� R � X �0M��
^ H G W��� �C^�� =�� A B _>& �� ^ U�I $K% � >K/ 3.11�
Newton+�-�! "�#$ � _>&('() +"- XRT ^ EEF
$�% � >Newton
+"-%! "�# $ � $ � � &�')(+*-,. = S0/ )21 � � � R � PSFS43 )21 � > &�'�)4+0-
XRT ^ PSF� (%*0, . = �
5 �76 8 S49 105;:�< S 6�=�> � 5 � >�/�? &�'�),+0- ?)@A?"�0� ASCA+0- ?)@
?)@ . �CB > ASCA+�- ?
HPD�
3.6G�D�E ! $K% > B S �"&�'�) +0- $ � 1.8
GD E ! <GF4H � R �K5 � >
/3.11: EEF( I J Newton
+�-, K J &3'(),+�- )
��1 � PSF� &�'
X � ? &�' D�SAL�M )N1 �PORQTS S � > : RK� # $ � ?�U�VW?X < = <ZY [ � ? \�� M ]�^ S4_a`0b B�c $�% b0>
3.3 Xd e fhg
CCD i j kX ��lnm�o CCD p%q <4r H�s ��lnm�t W7u N vWw�x7y;> B @�?-zA{ X ��|�} +0-w S )�~ 6 R � 5 b�>���� r�� R B��)� G�� � <G(%*A, . = G�� � z���bE> CCD pq <Pr -100 � E � wC����� {������ W7�n� b :�< z4/ � � W�� � � {�/ (�*A, . =G � � W7��� <�� b X � l�m�t < � ������� R��%�b#>
3.3.1 ¡�¢¤£X � W CCD
z lRm � b�¥�¦ r { H s ��l�m�t ?C§ O <�¨ `7z��+bE> CCDr%©�ª
«+¬ z�zRM��%���4{; : w � = R B�®%¯ w ®�° S =�= b :+< z ®�¯W± w�²%³ V�S�zM�b0> ©´ª «+¬ ? .%µ·¶0¸ (�*0, .�¹ 5 � @2/W� (�*0, .P¹ ?X � S� : w & > B< M�{ M ®nºA» S4¼ : bE> M ®Wº0» S-¼ : b < { M ® N S m �-½n? ©¾ª «+¬ ¥ N <
22
��� � { ® N S���_ � b0> : R"S�� ��� � R�{ ® N r ® N <�1 � { ® N� r ® ¯± w � c � RWb0> : R�S ®�¯ w � � �>R B 6 8 ®�° w 5 > ��� � O�� ® ¯�� <�� 8� {����� w ���;w�� ��m � > CCD
? lnm"!�# r { ®�¯ W%$�& � � ²�³ V+z ºA» �R)b !�# z%�%bE>%�? B�c {(' (%*A, .P¹�)�* z r { CCD? ® ¯�+-, W znMPb/.�0
132 � b :+< S-{�/ (%*4, .�¹4)�* z r ²�³ V W znM�b-.0�5 2 � b :�< S4/W� lm"!�# ?768 � <:9 1 S�bE> CCD
r ®�¯ z ®�° W<;�=�6�> �<? ��� 2 :�< z ®�@ WA�B � b#> : ? B�c {DC � r ®�¯�+�, S�E �+z+��b#> �7=¾� {�F � r�G�H ? ®�¯ zG�I 1(+-, <�1 > ���b0> : ? :< = �JF �K ' (BI) o ? CCDW ���b :+< S/'(�*0, .P¹4L ? lRm !�# ? F(M <�1 b0>
Newton EPIC
Newton NO�w r 3 P ? X � # $ � S� � {;�?Q��R ? 2 P+w r EPIC MOS(FI
o ){�S � ?
1 P�w r EPIC PN(BI o )?
CCD pq�T S/U �WV 0��YX����b#> Z ??
w �?4[�\]Z ^`_ � > 29 ?
MOS lRm�t r 9 0 acb A � B v�dnw 1 > �%�+b0> MOS
l�m�t ?-e ¶0¸ ? � M-\ r l�m�t ?�f�? ~ � :<`g zRM 1 �0§Dh�z�+b0> EPIC?
i ¹ j AB r fR? i ¹kj = � ; w�lnw A�B � ��� 2Wm \z+��b0>) ? B�c A�Bon rpq r znM 1 ��>
r3.12: Newton s�t EPIC MOS uwv7x ( y ) z PN uwv x ( { )
|]}]~XIS�w�o� s�t���� 5 �D� X ����D�k�k�������4� 4 ��� CCD � �D��� XIS ������]���¡ �¢�£�¤"¥�¦( �§( � CCD � 1024×1024pixel � 1 ¨©��ªw«"¬(�]® ¢�£�¤7¥¯
pixel � 24 ° m ±<² CCD �(³k´�µ�� 25mm×25mm �� ¤�¥ 4 �� CCD �o�� 3 �D��¶-·D¸�¹ (FI) �º»�`� 1 �-��¼D·D¸¹ (BI) z7½k¾ ¢�£k¤�¥À¿¿ -Á� Ã
CCD �4Ä�Å�Æ�½(Ç�Èo� ASCA s�tÉz ÊwË�Ì��- � ¤ ��� ASCA st SIS k� 4
¨�� CCD Í<Áw¾ ¢£ à Ì4��Í 1 ¨]��ÎÏ� � ®�Ð�Í/½ � Î Ã ¥�Ñ Ã �(ÒÓ�Ô�Í 2 Õ�Ö× � 70 ° m �]ÎÏ� 7keV Ö × ���u�v7Ø�ÙÀÍ<Ú 2 Õ���Î Ã ¥�Û©� � Ü�Ý�Þ�ßoÍ -60 à23
���-90 a��������� �������� ^���� ���������! #"�$#%'&)(+*#,-�#.�/!0!1#2)34'5 $�687�9;:<����>= � (�?�@8��ACBD0<EGFGHJI<KL�<M<3L.+���
N3.13: �LOLPRQ<S XIS (+T�U
3.3.2 Event Grade
X $87WVCX�����Y��Z0 CCD �[ � =��W\<]<^;H+_`aBW7�bGc��#dJ0e�='` 1 �gfh�i kj�l��C��.�/LmZnoPpc � ( pixel �ZqClZ/�VCX�r�=��Z� X $)(#�gf h�i �H#sn!t�]�uwv!x�y'z�{ ho| (J}~�0oALB���P�( pixel ��q������`�j�����(CG��7�k� .W/!0�VLX�rZ=�#��f h�i 7 X $)�gf h�i ��t#]�u�v�x<y<z{ h�| �������;�Event Grade �Wn��Z���8�L���'��`j��+��>=GHJ0C�gf h�i (��Z��0'�<���<��7W�.+� pixel �Ze<( pixel 7!�'� 3×3pixel (��Z��0 X $G`gVLXGrZ=G� pixel (����!� h�GA)B 256 ��B�( grade �Z���������n��¡ �¢G kjk�>�;£ X $`�VCXkr�=�� pixel ¤#H¥'¦ (J�'��§�`jG�).#¨�n!§�7>©;���;m�(���ª'«�r+=�/n���� grade (�¬'L®'s!��' <¯)H N 3.14 (�A��>���<���#��7��a.Z� pixel 7 0 ��.W/!0�e#(k°J±²B³( pixel �HJ´Gµ ���·¶ � 2 (�¸J¹)(+§87Wº�=��Z�)J(+§)(8���>08.g¨Jn�§87�©���� pixel (>»¼ 7>½a.�~�±'¾��J» ¼ ��ACB¿0 256 ( grade �+�<���)�+�#�<�orZ=G� grade (��Z�Z0X $)�gf h�i j�)�À�)�m�('H ASCA SIS ( 7 cG( Event Grade gÁ<ÂC(+VLXJ��g� h (Standard Grade) �grZ=�/�nk� 0,2,3,4,6 (����g� h `!_ÃP � n � =�/kn�+��;OCPÄQ#S;( XIS �!Å�n�/Lm+ÆZÇ)(+ #¢�7WȲ��`�0 XIS �HZ�<�'�#�87��É pixelÊ e�(�ËC��( 3×3pixel (#ÌG����(�Í�Î�Ï�0 5×5pixel (#ÌG���Gm�Ð�Ñ�Ò�¨#Ó���Ô�(
grade ¯)H ASCA ( grade ¯L7 � n�0JÕ���/ grade6 (;.g¨+n�§)(JÖ�×'¯ Ê grade6 (Ø �'ÙC( 3×3 (JÚ'Û;(�Ü;Ý�v!x>¯�7WÞ'ßw.J���
24
�3.14: pixel ��������� ���
3.3.3 ���������������CCD � �"!$#�%'& �(!$#�% & )�*,+,-�./�021�3�46587$9:02;��<��=�>([email protected] GIH .KJ(L"MONQPIR,S�T<UV�XW YZ [\�^] _"4�`�a$9 b�c E G'H � 3 d"e,f gihj�kmlXn 9�o Newton pq<� MOS rsMKt (FI u ) v PN r�MXt (BI u ) � �(! #�%&
)�*w+\x � 3.15 e^y�z o MOS rFM^t��${�|O4'} lXn h(~O9w�$�'�,~O�'~w�'T ���4,�'�(! #�%&^)�*,+24,�"9Xo PN rsMKt\-'�(&,�I�X�������eOfIg^h'�,�$�O�\9^o
�3.15: Newton p2q<� �,!$#�% &�)�*�+ ( � � MOS r�MKt , � � PN r<MXt )
�3.16 e$z<�<��p q XIS �'�"! #\%'&^)2*(+wxVy,z�oIz<�<� XIS 4(-I�"! #�%'&
)�*O+����$� lXn . FI u�v BI uO46�������O�8@VT2~$�<e2T�g�h�~O9^o
3.3.4 BackGround
background v:-X�2��2�,�m@i� X �(�I� �^W YO4�����.� �¡¢\��fO£ieK¤,�(g�¥���sx��I&'¦s§s¨:v©z\9iª�«�-^¬�e^��<�¯®�°8NVh��V9Xo � 3.17 eX{�pq��^r�MKt4"� background xCy(z o � 4�- background xVr�M:1 ±,4 ²sg^¥O����xCy8NCh�~(9Xo
25
�3.16: É����������� �����+����� ( ´ � FI, � � BI)
�3.17: Background( ����� , � � Chandra, �����! "� Newton MOS, #�$ � Newton
PN, % � ASCA SIS, & � ���� XIS FI, '�$ � ���� XIS BI, ')( � CXB)
�*�,+�-)/.�0�1Ï)2Ó Ê43 !5�6LÏ�Å�7Ó background 8/9 3 �;:�74< 2 =�>2�Ó@?
1. A�BDC*E X F�G*H (Cosmic X-ray Background I CXB)
CXB 8KJ�L�MON�P�QSR*TVU�WYX[Z�<*\^]`_�aDb*cS X d�e�2�]V?�-�4f4gh�jilk�8�3.18 �m�n`T)oVpT�q^]@? CXB 8 1962 r,T X d�5)6,Tsm4t@<�u*vwXKZDx4y*z,T
8@_�aDJ�{T@:)|�}h]V~����,*��f!b�cse�8*q�\�M������YN�Zs��?4~����h��f�b�ces2s]��}]�qONV�!x�_sa4���h�^�S���@�*U)W (CMB) ����+s��]�����+D�^�OXKZ�4+Dx 1989 r�TV�w�D1���N�Z��@_saD����U*W��*�)��Tsm� CMB /�*�hq!6* s+4¡¢ ZDx�@/£S8/¤� ¥XVZ��!? CXB K¦�{�`�h§,¨K��*8 ASCA ���se^2�]K? ASCA
26
�*�,8 2 � 10keV es CXB � 30 ����1S���*cTK:���¨ x CXB @U*W�c,8� ����csMjN� X d������� ¢�� e�2^],�`\�n����w��� 3�� ¨@�!?
�3.18: CXB �f�g�� i k (ASCA �� GIS)
2.Non X-ray Background(NXB)
NXB 8`_*a�M�N! X d��#"$ background e!x/� Z)TD8�% �'& T�(!)*}�] background
�*"�MON+-,�.�/�021�3�0hq54+-6 X d*c�78% ��& �*9�: ;�<O¨=,�. /�0¥�?>�@^}]�AB�7^2�]/? � 3.19 T ASCA SIS x Newton PN,MOS x^}�CED XIS FI,BI NXB
�?F�}!?��B � MON x Newton PN 8 NXB 7��GD x ASCA SIS ��}�C�D XIS FI 78H\���?7m�D ¢ MS]/?
�3.19: NXB( I J ASCA SIS, K J }�C�D XIS FI, L J }�C�D XIS BI, M�N J Newton
PN, O J Newton MOS)
Cut-Off Rigidity(COR)
NXB �PRQ¥� q^]`_^aDd�/�0�S@xBT�UTWV�X^}S]�Y�TWT�Z�[,Tsm�t-\�]�^!k`_ XVZ
27
\^\�]��w� ]�^�k _ },] ��� ����w� Cut-Off Rigidity(COR) �[\�n���,�.�/�0S���k� �^ 1��*W��T�m�tB\�x T�Z [�2]�^�k _ ������x�� N�Zs�j� T���T����¨@��� }S]�� � 3.20 SmSn[T/x����)T�m�t#\ ��2]�^�k _ "!X8S�#hq�]��
�3.20: }ECED �� �$&%�' rigidity �)(�*���+-,�T � T�.�/�¨@��A# (JAXA)
T Z [��Z�0�e$�, . /�0E $&% 7�1��32 Z,]54-6�S87"9�:4�6�;&<��=se>��XZ4x��h�@?A2
r =pc
qcB=
R
cB(3.1)
� \YnB=�78Ch�D2 ZS]�� r S-,�. /�0�7�1)��2 Z����8E �F $�% �G&H*x p S54-6I x B S#Z&0�eKJ^]��Y���:?A2LC,�M2�Z�� R = pcq� rigidity( N�O ) �5P-P�xKQ"��S
[GV] e>�SR�T�U�� COR S�VXWZY�["?\2�V�X ¨/�B/ 0R7 T��3]����S}�U�����]�^&_q�` Hba rigidity( N�O ) c J�U� c x,�B�d278e)E�P�fE4�T�Z�[X]KghU�]�^�i`_ 7� Dkj U��lKmnE�o�@�p�Sq 0 c J�U��*�!x rigidity S GeV Q"���4K6 I ]�93r}�U��O�Bh���s?A2 COR S GeV Q"� c �AR�T�Us��� 7"tuPh�
28
4� � � � �
4.1 � � � � � �2 c������������ ]�� ��U�/�0�����7��AEB\�P Uh?h��� � U � �K]! #" c ] X
n �� uc�$�% R�T2\-P U �����uc�&(' �§KUhP�A#"?\2 2 c��)��� ����!* ��+-,�.w��F/"5A ��1032#4>�� 4.1 S�5 ����� ]6��P�\�798)2 T�U:��� ;* ��+=<>3?A@ � A� c J�U:� NGC2300 S@e)EZj!B�C ��� <AD)E c �����3F6G ? B�C �� �9�: ;�<�:* ��+H< 7�8�\ ��I <AJHK � � > � HCG57 S!B�C ��� 7 &�LNM cO�PRQ \�P U� c ���/S;T B9�:�;$<�]bghUWZ [VU�Wh� ��]YX-Z ? ��� BZ&0 ?�����[F�G ]�gU-Z2[\U;W"�R��]]X�ZB-* �^+ 7 JbU�� HCG62 S!�(_ F�G 7heAEDa`�7 K \KP U6b c X��b@��_ FNG ]ughU1c�d����R7^�SE�\�PKU1* ��+ 7�7�8)2 TU�� > �3e^f 2 Ahg�i[j�tGDAb ��� 76k )#"�U�b c ���3S-T bBZ [VU:Wh� ��]]XZ+7�7�8S2kT�U�� ����� lm���/n�S;T b!o�p c � e U:o�q�r�] g"U����ES! �s�] ��/n ] E P�\htVtu �v/w�x�I <�JyK �!����� ] E P�\ S��Nb;,�.�S;z38�\�P-j&P �@ �{(|N}[b;x�I c)~ * ��+ ? Q \��38-j�P e ? ] Q � �
� 4.1: ���Hb!* ��+ b67�8)2kT�U��-bs�� o�q�r c�d Z�[�U:Wh�#��]]X�Z���3S;T ��� ? FNGNGC2300 B(C ��� <1D)E - �HCG57 B(C ���)� ONP - � �HCG62 ��_ FNG�� tbP - � �
29
4.1.1 NGC2300
NGC2300 ~���� ]�� e���F �^� < D�E �^����c JU5����bb] ~ B6C �^� NGC2276<hD]K�� P U� �� 4.1 bug��@]! ��� b��3F ���)��� UYt���P � P U�
� 4.1: ��� ?A2�� 300arcsec b NGC2300 b������ � ( ! " * #�$ , % " X n )
NGC2300 b!s�� ~'& 4.2 bbg(�5]j K'�*)�+ e b ���N� ~!���N�3F�G ? B�C ��)�-,/.*0*1 <�Q2��)�+ b c#~ j )43 ? 7�86587 � �:9 <;�b>=�?��3g�@-B(C ���<�A�B<C z + � @ C�DFE�G x�H#b�I ) Newton J/K[b�L���M <2N 1 Q �
& 4.2: NGC2300?
NGC2276 b-s�� (David S. Davis et al. 2004)
NGC2300 NGC2276
redshift 0.006464 0.008039L�M (Mpc) 38.8 48.2OQP(α,δ) 07:32:20.5 , +85:42:32 07:27:14.3 , +85:45:16
LB(L�) 2.4 × 1010 2.7 × 1010L�
LX(erg/s) - 1.1 × 1041
RTS>U>V�W�X " 50km/s/Mpc? Q �
4.1.2 HCG57
HCG57 ~ B�C ���#�ZY�[ j4\ ���N��] -^�_ ] 8 `3b ��� <AD)E *� 4.23 5ba3c+ I�� C ���)�-d*e Qf� )�+
30
� 4.2: ��� 3 5�� 240arcsec b HCG57 b�������� ( ! " **#�$ , % " X � )
& 4.3C
HCG57 b;s�� <�� Q�� e b����� ~ B(C��� ��� t� NGC2300 S =C B(C��� b���� ? ���� FNG C I +�� ?���� ����� � )�+ b ]#~ \ )�3������ 57 + ! � NGC2300
�#" \ 9$��� � O�P Qf��)�+ b ] %�&� S!T b ,4./0/1 b(I+ ��'VU!W�(#�&)yX�ZN� �*� 587 + e b����& �,+�- j C z +�&.�C Newton JK C I +�/�0 ] b;x�I21 JyK3�
& 4.3: HCG57 b;s��redshift 465 (Mpc) 78 (α,δ) kT(keV) LX(erg/s) LB(L�)
0.0304 182.3 11:37:50.5 , +21:59:06 1.21±0.20 5 × 1041 1011.429;:=<,>�?�@BA50km/s/Mpc CEDGF,H
� HCG57 ~ ASCA J�K ]JI /K0 I!L C�MON 1.04 ± 0.10keV ] $ N 4.2 ×1041erg/s I�PKQSR �UT X �*VKW � /$ NYX 5 × 1041erg/s I�Z X �*V*W � z 5f7�
(Fukazawa et al. 2002) R 3 R ASCA ~ DQE�G x�H ��[ )���. � ?&���\1 �]�^�+ ]*_*` �a Z X �&V�W I A�B 11s W ]b� \ 3Jc3� 4.1.3 HCG62
HCG62 ~ �!�;d �6e\f t45 )�C�g!Mbh�i �� ) �!�� ]O_ + (� 4.3 I X �F���� � I Ic� C�g�MJh�i ]�j �Yk 7 � )�+KlK� � a 3c+ & 4.4
CHCG62 I s��\1 �K^ 3mUn R �6o 9� l I �&�� ~ g�Mphi ��� t� �q� c���r�s ]*_ + l I l*��3 5t �s C6u�v ��� �%�w� �*)�+�x HUy � ��� 5 7 +
31
� 4.3: HCG62 I ����� � ( ! " x #�$ , % " X � (ASCA J4K " 4.5-8keV;Fukazawa
et al. 2002))
������� � t I ��� ����e ^�+ I�] ���� e� I �&'� ��(#�)���� I x H�y ��&� 5 7 + HCG62 ~�� ��� q � c �/) + I ] background I�[ )�^�� � J�K XIS
I L��(M�1 N 1�R ����\1�� c��
& 4.4: HCG62 I���� (Mulchaey et al. 1996)
redshift 4�5 (Mpc) 7�8 (α,δ) kT(keV) LX(erg/s) LB(L�)
0.0137 82.1 12:53:08.1 , -09:13:27 0.96±0.04 4.9 × 1042 3.1 × 10109;:=<,>�?�@BA50km/s/Mpc CEDGF,H
� HCG57�Ge = C ASCA J-K ] /0! ��a47 �#" 9� 2-10keV ] (1.0±0.3)×
10−12erg/s/cm2 I q Jc�� Z X ��$ G% �&('/3Jc�� (Fukazawa et al. 2001) R 3R l�) 5�*Z; I A/B�+ a 3Jc>��) \ )
4.2, - . /10 2 3 4 5
Newton J�K C I + �6� ] + XMM-Newton Science Archive(XSA)C I c���798k 7 � )�+ L���M&1 1 )�� ��6� + Sience Analysis Soltware(SAS) ]�:�; k 7 ��)+=<�>@?BA�C#D
SAS6.0.0 1 1 )4� � c3� Suzaku ]*I /�0 ] + 798Jk 7 �*)�+ rev0.7 I L���M�1 1 )�� ��6� C#+ HEA-
SOFT 6.0<�>@?EA�C#D 1 1 )4� � c��
32
� l 7T5 I ������ i�C I c>� 0 $ k 7 �i��� ? V + X � i�� ? V �� ]��� C 1 ) 587 + XSPEC packge version12.2.0 1 1 )4� ���\1���\ c3�
4.3 � 2 ��� � �i���� ? V ��� + /&0 ]�� 5b7 ��i���� ? V 1���L V i���� ? V � ��� R ����� �Z��M1 � + � � ]!_ +"! ��L V i#��� ? V � + %$'& C�"'(�+ ��#)+* I �,(� \.-+/ ] ) � '43 I0.1 ���2�3 M154 c%6/) +"!�l I ��L V i#��� ? V �#r&s3 5 I i���� ? V 1 ���*^�+ L C ��L V i���� ? V C87:9�; I `�y ]�_+<= i#> � i? X 1 ��@ k"A <"B�C _'< !Jl�D�� /�0 ]��FE DK�3i�:� ? V'G E background
1HI � * I 1 χ27 W C I c�6 �#� R �JLKF\ �M�+23 M&1"N ^O!
4.3.1 PLQSR TQVU�W X χ2 Y[Z= i+> � i ?"\ + ]!(�^_ 3a`Lbc >ed%f ^ (Redistribution Matrix File;RMF)�g79�; Iah#i�j+kYIl= i> � i >'dmf ^ (Ancillary Response File;ARF)
G E%n'< !RMF
+�o�p ��(O^ G E ]!(O^_ 3�q�r+s 1 �ut ��. I �+v I ?"\xw _zy 7{9�oxp��(�^ P 1�|L}e~ �Lv ?"\ I R(P,E)
w ]*(O^{_ 3 E � r�s ^ < ! 2'�� I ARF
+7l9�; I 7l9 i������L�e�bI�h�i�j'k 1a����]���^M_ 3 I ?.\ A(E)
w#�e� � ? ^I����pR 6 I < !r�s G E�I i+�M� ? ^ D(P)
+ �L��� ��� cO6 �SE D���i��{�@? ^ DPI(P )G E
background B(P) � HI � * I w#�
D(P ) = DPI(P ) − B(P ) (4.1)w �FE D < ! ����^ i��� ? ^ � S(E) � ^ < � � = i+> � i ?"\ �O� @ R ����gb��M(P)
+ �RMF � R(P,E)
�ARF � A(E) � R 6 �
M(P ) =
∫
R(P, E)A(E)S(E)dE (4.2)
��� k"D < !*l�D ��� 4.1 � χ27� ��� c�6����*^ < ! χ2 � � + } � ��t�� n'< !
χ2 =∑
P
(D(P ) − M(P ))2
(∆D(P ))2(4.3)
33
� R 6 χ2 �� *�� k �%nx< �t n S(E) � � ��2�3�� ��� 6 I � l ��� nx< !l�l w b�� + �
∆D(P ) =
√
(√
D(P ))2 + (∆B(P ))2 (4.4)
� n y � l8D%+� �� ] �3 � background � ] �3 � ������� � � w�� < ! back-
ground � ] �#3 � +� �� ] �#3 �+��*O��� �� ] �#3 *���� D ��� , � � " I 6�!Cn�" � n�< !
4.3.2 #%$'& Q)(+* ,�&���^.- �{� ? ^ � / 6 � Newton 0�1 ��2�3 w.4 WABS �+�#^ � MEKAL �L�
^ � BREMSS �L�#^ �6587 / ��!:9�9 w.4 � D E � �+��^:��;'I 6=<?> < !MEKAL @BADC
MEKAL �#��^ 4�EDF�G �IHBJ�K - G E �6L � n�M N �PO ��^z�P/ 6 7 I ��Q 9%D 4L�R�S M�N ��T�U�V b � ! ~BW ��X�Y M�N �x� <�Z f\[ V b �I] /_^a` A�� ��� /b Iac Q�d�e6f ZDg�h � 4 IGM ��J � (kT) � ! ~�W�i (AFe)�
normalization � nBjb�k c QI! ~DW ��l�m [�n8[ -Po 4.� � 4.5w�p �rq�s b�k c (Anders and Grevesse
1989)Q
� 4.5:! ~�W �8l�m [�n�[ -�o
The number ratio to Hydrogen
H 1.00 Si 3.55 × 10−5
He 9.77 × 10−2 S 1.62 × 10−5
C 3.63 × 10−4 Cl 1.88 × 10−7
N 1.12 × 10−4 Ar 3.63 × 10−6
O 8.51 × 10−4 Ca 2.29 × 10−6
Ne 1.23 × 10−4 Cr 4.84 × 10−7
Na 2.14 × 10−6 Fe 4.68 × 10−5
Mg 3.80 × 10−5 Ni 1.78 × 10−6
Al 2.95 × 10−6 Co 8.60 × 10−8
34
BREMSS @�ADCBREMSS O �^ 4���� �=2�3 w�� X Y�V b � O �^ �B/ b 5a7 / ��Q 96s 4 Kel-
logg,Baldwin and Koch � � � L�� ��� / �� ������ ��LaR�S M�N � O ��^ w� c (Apj 199,299)Q d�e�f Z�gDh � 4�� Z���� ��J �F� normalization � n?j b�k
c Q ����4���� � �� k � Z���� �!� � M�N ��T8U�V b � �#"%$ � w.� c&� � Z f[ � n k T8U � X Y�V b �('�) � �.�#" ��*��+$ 7 k c 9 �,�.- k QPOWERLAW @BADC
powerlaw O �^ � -0/2143 ^ 4
A(E) = KE−α (4.5)w � q6s c Q α4
photon index�
K4&5�6�7�8:9;5&6 ]���^:_ h � � y � M N ��<=�> ��5�6\4
photons/keV/cm2/s(@1keV)> � c Q α ��?@* k ��* 4�A#B �&CED hF � �< �.-HG � α ��� qJI�s#K � H B �&CLD h F � > -0/E143MC�� � c 9 � � �
" QONQPa[ � 3 [SR0T�UWV ��X <0Y0Z4 powerlaw �\[ " � > � 9 � -J/�1�3]C > ^`�^\c 9 �_� > *Dc Q
WABS @BADCX Y ��0B1E`�a���"�c�� > ` ��bdc � E�F � 1 8 K -�`�� j b � c(e�f > ��g2h�i�(j I c Q 9 ��kl 4�m 1keV � > � A�B �&CLD h F#>�n `�?@* k Q0o Wp��rq n st W i ��u ^Lq fi s ��g+h�i�v&w�x q ∑i s h�i �+y�zrq q d {|"?c�{}s ��g+h�i?4 s
A(E) = exp
(
−∑
i
nfiσi(E)d
)
(4.6)
{�~ q�s c Q\9 9(> s ∑i fiσi
4�b�c y EBF%� > 4����&�J� > � c Q?q�� `�1 8 K- 4 o W#�.� V�� > � c 9 { �!� s h�i i 4.�0� ` NH = nd { k!� f Z8g h#� >~ q�s c Q:9�y d�e�f Z�g�h�� q o W���pB��{�����s��0� � ` NH
m1020cm−2 { k�}� q(� c Q
4.3.3 Newton �����L�����r��� �¡ Background
Newton 0�1 yJ¢ h#� 2�3 ` 5�7 /�£ background¢ h�� 4 Newton 0B1 y�¤0¥ 23L¦ -§¨ (Science Analysis System;SAS) �J©�ª:/ b.k c background
¢ h#� q 7k s�«�¬ ¢ h#� {(W®°¯0±rq�²@*�³�´ b 5�7 ´�£ Q
35
4.4 � � � XIS Background � � � ��� � "��%G� �� >#y «�¬ y���� q�� ��� ^�s background {�´ b X Y�� yU k���� y¢ h�� q�� k c � s�"��EG! h ¨���©�ªW´ b�k c Background Generator q"� k c �
��#Bc Q X Y$� y.U k��%� `'&Os)(+*+,.-+/10 (North Ecliptic Pole;NEP)y «�¬ ¢ h
� s2,.3%4�� y � 865 � q27 U18 ^�`�^#£ ¢ h�� (Lockman Hole)UWV �9#;: s �$�
"�c ��y�¢ h#� {=< k «¬?> 7 y $ y q6� k c6@r´ � ´Ss$A#� j £ ��y � X BC � yED ³+&�"F��GG $� XISyEH.IJ8 : 8 :�{ U cJ£$K�sML�:ON I L2G background
q"P x $+QSR�{,�'T%U > #9Q6@VR y R�{ �@� s$W�X%Y >�y "F�WGG .� XISy2�.��>
& Background Generator `ZL$[E\'] �_^ £ background ` VOy G �ba2c e > #�Q yd q"P x $$[.£�@
4.4.1 Background Generator
"F�WG� .� XISy2��� `�� a Q Background Generator & xisntebgdgen {�� K'^
Q2@ XISy
background & COR(§3.3.4) qO��e�`Ef a 7#8 >$g�hZi Q2@jR y R+{&qk�l9i QJ£.K`�s xisntebgdgen & XISy
night earth( m.n.o )y.¢9p � q�� a sqR ^
q COR r�{O`�s�tJ[&£�uwvyx&CEq�]�Q6@�2z2`�s�{�| y «�¬ ¢9p ��} COR r�{O`s�tjQ2@~R y {+��s COR r#{ y «�¬w�1� y�� q���KZQ�@%�W` ¢Zp ��� p%��� #SQnight earth `$7 a \�s�� COR
y�¢1p � q+� � ��K�£ COR r#{ y�� f � Y��9�%�i QSR�{6�ZL�:Ms'{�|S`&«¬J� ^ £L{�� y COR ���9�.�#£ background q�]�Q6@ tynight earth
¢Sp � {�]�� ^ £ background¢Zp � q �$�1i Q2{ s~R y /.� � ]��^ £ XIS background
y N I &�� 5-8 � � #9QE{ XIS p ¨ d �!���j� ^ \ a QE@
36
5
5.1 NGC2300 � � �5.1.1 ��� �����Lw:GN I L a%���� ������ ] C9i Q�£$K����%&�®�K�����x ���.p���� ] C ´�£ ( �
5.1) @ ����� �"!yp#�%$'&)(+* [6\ a Q����",�& *.- � d $ background$'/10 `�2
R�:�� R $ 5�3 `S#SQZR54 ��c768*$�9�� ��:��; x5< p>= `@?�� ^5*A(B* [2\r´DCEGF K�� �������H!�pI�%$"&Ma 573 ��J [ F @
� 5.1: MOS1( �@K ) 4 MOS2( �DL ) 4 PN( M )$ �+x �%��p7�
MOS1 & 2.4count/s � MOS2 & 2.6count/s NZ� �@J :�� PN & 15count/s N1� �37
J [ F @����Z���.& MOS1 ` 4.685× 104s � MOS2 ` 4.88× 104s � PN ` 4.46× 104s
4 * [ F @
5.1.2 ��� ���� 5.2
$ L E �$x5< p7=7� ] C� F @1K $ ��&���� ���| $ 0.5-1.5keV$ x5< p=�� ����� �� �>$ z�� � PqQZR54 ` � �$Q6@1K�� ��� � ( AS`�[ F�� a���� ���
7 } $ `�� �!�� NGC2300� ��" $ Lw���$#&% i Q } $ `�'�(��� NGC2276
� #Q2@*)�+ $ �Z� NGC2276
$D&-, � ��C 3 $ x5< p7=>� ��L $ �9� &/.10 � 2$p7$x>< p�=��43Si @ NGC2276$�&5.-0H�*2'p1$ x�< p�= d �!6�7���AS`S[ F C 3 $ z
�862PVQSR54y` � � * d [ F @
� 5.2: NGC2300$
MOS1$
0.5-1.5keV x>< p�= ( K ) 4 NGC2276$
MOS1$
0.5-
1.5keV( ) ) 4 3-8keV$ x>< p7= ( L )
5.1.3 9;:=< �4>@?BA��� §5.1.1
� �FK F �1�w�Z� � NGC2300$ ��� ���| ( C-D 300arcsec) 4E'F(
�� NGC2276 G 3 ( C�D 45arcsec) �IH a \ $%�9�� � � � ] CJ� FLK �9�� �� �M�N 6 MEKAL OQP � 4 BREMSS OQP � �SR� ���.� F } $ � WABS O�P � �!TU �;���6� NGC2300 �VH a \&6 } E 1 H MEKAL O�P � � 0�W F } $%� u-XZY ��\[Ma �8" $ O�P �Z� ] ( � EI^ 4b`%� d [ F�K � �9� �:� � � 5.3 �D�&O�P �$�_ ��< p5`���a 5.1 � 3Zi KVb-c �La � ^ \ a5d } $ `�P p&`�$.�9� � �S�5ed K�f�g `�P p&`@$$�1�8 �� � �6�9��� � ^ F O�P �9�9�� �� � ��h g 6VO�P �Z��� ��:� $ ��i 3 �&eFd K
38
10−5
10−4
10−3
0.01
0.1
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1data and folded model
10.5 2 5
−2
0
2
∆Sχ2
Energy (keV)
egawa 2−Feb−2007 02:28
� 5.3: NGC2300$+�.�8 A���
( K � ) � d � C�D 300arcsec) 4 NGC2276$+�.�8
� �( L � ) � d � C�D 45arcsec)( � � MOS1, � � MOS2, � � PN)
a5.1: NGC2300
$ O�P ��_ ��< p&`model kT(keV) Abundance(solar) norm
2300 mekal 1 0.68 ± 0.02 0.3(fix) (1.17 ± 0.14) × 10−3
mekal 2 1.43 ± 0.08 0.3(fix) (2.63 ± 0.48) × 10−5
bremss 7.0(fix) - (3.12 ± 1.71) × 10−5
2276 mekal 0.45 ± 0.02 0.3(fix) (4.85 ± 0.38) × 10−5
bremss 7.0(fix) - (8.60 ± 1.27) × 10−6
NGC2300 G 3 $ Xg���� 6'� X
g i 3 (0.5-2keV) � (1.43±0.22)×1041erg/s ��Xg i 3 (2-10keV) � (2.54±1.39)×1040erg/s
�-e� F$K C F � NGC2276$
Xg��
� 6 �� Xg i 3 � (7.97±0.62)×1039erg/s � � X
g i 3 � (1.32±0.19)×1039erg/s
4�������� F�KV^�^ � NGC2276$ �
Xg i 3 $ X
g���� ��V��� $ Xg�� �������
� d�������d F ���'� M31$! �"
Xg ���$#&%�' ������ $ X
g(� $)�$ ��� �+*, } F�K M31 6$-/. $ V� � �103254 % V� ��e36 �!V� $! (" ����� � X
g�7(89 �:� 9<; d ^ 4)� �� $'=%1d K a 4.2
$NGC2276
$> �" �(���LB=2.7× 1010L��
M31$
LX = 5 × 1039erg/s 4 LB = 3 × 1010L�
$@? �!A3 B'NGC2276
$C�D��� d X
gE� $LX
�!F � F�K '1(�-� NGC2276$�C�D �� d X
g=� $LX 6 �
4.5 × 1039erg/s 4 % EHG 4 *I6 �KJ � #� ��MFN 9 F � ��� F � Xg i 3 $ �E�
(1.8 × 1039erg/s)��L�MB�<�ON�d>P(Q � ?��R� F�K
39
5.2 HCG57 �� �
5.2.1 ��� �������NGC2300 4���q�>C��� � � ���>�>��� i � � � �7� ��!�� � $H&�% 4 ^�� �J< FLK
( � 5.4)
� 5.4: MOS1( �@K ) 4 MOS2( �DL ) 4 PN( M )$ ��� �%���7�
MOS1 � MOS2 6 4count/s N�� �DJ 6 � PN 6 20count/s N�� �HJE F�K �������6 MOS1 � 3.04 × 104s � MOS2 � 3.085 × 104s � PN � 2.6 × 104s 4 *K F�K
5.2.2 �������HCG57 �IH %�' 2"� 5.5
$5] E ���>< �7=���� i � F�K 0.5-1.5keV$ �5< �>=��� ����� �� �!� &�, ��J(�#":� B'�%&d ^ 4���$ ��d K 3-8keV
$ �5< �5= 9 6�� �� �!��"�� F &�.F0D�82 � i 3 6 * ( ��% �'&)( 9 e1d ^ 4���$ ��d K
40
5arcmin 5arcmin
� 5.5: MOS1$
0.5-1.5keV � K ) 4 3-8keV � L )$ �5< �>=
5.2.3 9;:=< �4>@?BA§5.2.1
9 F � F �F� � � 9 -�� F��� ( C-D 240arcsec)$ J � � � ��� i � F
4 ^�� � � 5.6$8] E ��? � � F�K ^ $ J � ��� 6 MEKAL O-P � 4 BREMSS
O-P � �$RB��� $�� F 2 $ � WABS O-P��� T U F 2 $ 9� X Y� � [�%�� " $O�P�� 9 � EL^ 4+� $ �� FLK O�P�� _�� < �/` � a 5.2 � 3�N K -�� ���� 9 $��� 6B X
g i 3 (0.5-2keV)9
(3.3 ± 0.4) × 1041erg/s� �
Xg i 3 (2-10keV)
9(5.5 ± 0.8) × 1041erg/s 4 ? � � FLK
a5.2: HCG57 � � $ O�P��EJ�������� _�� < �5`
model kT(keV) Abundance(solar) norm
mekal 0.78 ± 0.03 0.3(fix) (1.10 ± 0.14) × 10−4
bremss 7.0(fix) - (4.52 ± 0.68) × 10−5
� � �>< ��= 9 *5W�'=%Fd % � 4 H����QC�D 30 � 9��3; � � � �OJ�� �!�"�#� �i � F�K � % F%$'& 4+J(�����)��� � i � F�$�& ��� 5.7 � 3KN K � $ KK�#% � �� % F J����!�"� � L�� � % F % � 4�J����!�"� � A F*$�& � 3J� F 2 $ 9 e-d Ka
5.4 � 3&N ] E � � Xg i 3 (0.5-2keV)
$Xg(��� 6 % � � � %�'7*(%,+(� $-
0.8 . � � Xg i 3 (2-10keV)
$Xg��E� 6 - 0.4 . 4 */6/� 7!� � X
g i 3 �H %�' 6 � % � � � $10�2 � � ; %7$ 9 6 *(%(� 4�3 W � � d K
41
�5.6: HCG57 ������J���� � � ( ) � � � 240arcsec, � � MOS1, � � MOS2, � �
PN)
10−6
10−5
10−4
10−3
0.01
0.1
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
data and folded model
10.5 2 5
−2
0
2
4
∆Sχ2
Energy (keV)
egawa 20−Jan−2007 18:14
240arcsec
�30arcsec
�5.7: % � � � % F HCG57 ��J���� ��� ( K , � � MOS1, � � MOS2, � � PN) 4� % F % � ��#�% ( L )
42
" ^ 9 0�� � � % � �LH %�' ��J����!�"� 2 � i � � " ^ � � Xg ��� � �i 3
4 � i 3 �LH %�'�F � F�K � 5.8 � HCG57 ��<���� � �� ��#/% 4 � "��1N�� ��%���#*% 9 eFd K � 5.9 6�� < �7= 9 *�W�'&% F ����� � % � ��J��#����� 9e1d K " �(J��#� � � 2 HCG57 ��� 4����!� MEKAL O�P�� 4 BREMSS O�P��� R� � $�� F 2 ��� WABS O�P��#� T U F 2 � 9 XZY�� � � " ��OQP�� 9 � E^ 4�� $ � F�K ^ �VOQP�� _�� < �&` � a 5.3 � 3�N K
11h37m50s 11h37m40s 11h37m30s
21d55m
22d00m
22d05m
�� ��
ge
hb
�� ��
f
ca
d
�5.8: HCG57 ���� ��#�%
^�^ 9a,b,c,d 6�F� 4����:��? � � '�%5d K HCG57 � <���� � -�'�VH %('��a
5.5 � 3EN K % � � 4 % ��� 6���� N5d V��6�� �& F�K % � � G � N���'LR@� �$'� d! � 0.5-2.0keV �B X
g i#"86 1.3 × 1041erg/s,2.0-10.0keV ��
Xg i�" 6
4.6 × 1041erg/s � 6"� ��Q �� � 9 � G ( X
g i�" � 3.3 × 1041erg/s,�
Xg i
" � 5.5 × 1041erg/s) H?=�8d� �
Xg i�"�6 % �'&)( 9 e-d$ %$'& �'3 W � � d K
43
�5.9: �� a( ��� ),b( �&) ),c( ��� ),d( ��� ), % ��� ( �&) ), % � � ( ��� ) ��J������� ( C�D 30arcsec, � � MOS1, � � MOS2)
I� a,b,c,d 6 HCG57 ��� � � � �� 9 e�d ^ �#$ �� �� � � % � � ��H %O' 6^�$��V ]K6 2�� �� �� 9 e�d% 3 W � � d K�^Q^ 9 *1W�'�%�� % � ����� �
� a,b,c,d �� �� � � Xg(� 9 � � 9 ; d��O����d�� ��� � NGC2300
� � � M31
� ="
Xg ? � #�%�' �� � C=D�� � d X
g��� LX � F � � K�G 6 a 5.6 �
] �� � �� K ^ � � 6���� 9�� � � � G ���� L! #" � eFd$� � � ��% � � ��&�')(� �
Xg�� � e1d! %$'& � e-d K
44
a5.3: HCG57 % ��� ��J���� � � fitting �
_�� � �5`
model kT(keV) Abundance(solar) norm���a mekal 0.84 ± 0.08 0.3(fix) (1.41 ± 49.85) × 10−5
bremss 7.0(fix) - (2.54 ± 1.90) × 10−6
���b mekal 1.18 ± 1.36 0.3(fix) (5.87 ± 1.65) × 10−6
bremss 7.0(fix) - (2.45 ± 4.30) × 10−6
���c mekal 1.00 ± 0.39 0.3(fix) (5.63 ± 8.45) × 10−6
bremss 7.0(fix) - (5.59 ± 2.68) × 10−6
���d mekal 0.20 ± 0.33 0.3(fix) (1.71 ± 11.70) × 10−5
bremss 7.0(fix) - (6.01 ± 1.42) × 10−6
�����mekal 0.08 ± 0.52 0.3(fix) (4.92 ± 360.00) × 10−4
bremss 7.0(fix) - (7.62 ± 1.81) × 10−6
����mekal 0.87 ± 0.22 0.3(fix) (6.61 ± 6.05) × 10−6
bremss 7.0(fix) - (1.44 ± 0.28) × 10−5
���� ���mekal 0.79 ± 0.03 0.3(fix) (9.12 ± 1.26) × 10−5
bremss 7.0(fix) - (1.72 ± 0.61) × 10−5
a5.4: HCG57 % ��� � Flux
Xg(���
FX(0.5-2keV) � X ����� FX(2-10keV) � X �����(erg/s/cm2) (erg/s) (erg/s/cm2) (erg/s)���8.5 × 10−14 3.3 × 1041 1.4 × 10−13 (5.5 ± 0.8) × 1041
a 1.1 × 10−14 4.3 × 1040 7.8 × 10−15 (3.0 ± 2.3) × 1040
b 3.8 × 10−15 1.5 × 1040 7.4 × 10−15 (2.9 ± 4.9) × 1040
c 4.0 × 10−15 1.5 × 1040 1.7 × 10−14 (6.7 ± 3.2) × 1040
d 3.6 × 10−15 1.4 × 1040 1.8 × 10−14 (7.1 ± 1.6) × 1040���(�
) 6.1 × 10−15 2.4 × 1040 2.3 × 10−14 (9.1 ± 2.1) × 1040���(
) 4.9 × 10−15 1.9 × 1040 4.4 × 10−14 (17.0 ± 3.4) × 1040��� ��������������7.0 × 10−14 2.7 × 1041 5.2 × 10−14 (2.0 ± 0.7) × 1041
45
a5.5: HCG57 � ��� � � �� � � ��� 9 *�W � % � � &��
���a b c d e f g h
���� ��������
(NGC) 3753 3746 3750 3754 3748 3751 3745 - - -
α(11h m s) 37 54 37 44 37 52 37 55 37 49 37 54 37 45 37 51 37 36 37 41
δ(21/22 � ’ ”) 58 51 00 34 58 26 59 08 01 33 56 10 01 15 00 43 58 01 06 23
mB 13.99 14.32 14.63 14.51 15.37 15.22 15.84 16.75 19.20 -
Type Sb SBb E3 SBc S0a E4 SB0 SBb - -
a5.6:
C=D � � d Xg(���
���a b c d e f g h
type Sb SBb E3 SBc S0a E4 SB0 SBb��� ���X ��� (×1039erg/s) 10.8 8.0 6.0 6.7 3.05 3.49 1.97 0.83��������� � ���
(hard ��� ) 30.0 29.0 67.0 71.0 - - - -
(×1039erg/s) ±23.0 ±49.0 ±32.0 ±16.0
46
5.3 HCG62 � � �HCG62 � "K� �������� J���� � � �=N ����� 8 XIS � #&%('���� ����� ������ � � HCG62 ����! ASCA
� 8 9 ��� �#" �%$ X &�'�"�( XIS9 � � � �
� � flux9 � � ��"*)� 3�+ � "�)�, �.-�/ 2�� �0� ASCA
� 8 9 � � �#" ��$ X
&�'�"�� 2-10keV�
3-15 " 9 (1− 5)× 10−13erg/s/cm2921 � �0� XIS
9 ��3*4 3-8
" ��5*6 9 ��� �.�)� ���,� ASCA� 8 9
��7�8*( � � 991 )� ( �:�/ ? 9 3;+� �< � �XIS
9 � (0.3− 1.3)× 10−13erg/s/cm2 �G ( flux
( � � "*)� 3�+� "*)#��<�G ���>=,��? �9@ �BA � � ( 1 C 5 D0E�F � )#�9G��1� 7�8�( � �9 � � �H.I L .J9)K�"� ASCA
� 8 9�� � " �flux ( N!L XIS
9�����!5�6��( �� � + ��� �M=%��? �N@ �OA � � (� 4 C 18 D � )�� < � +'� 9QPSR�T�U 18
D � )����,�K< ��V�� � $ X &�'�"�� XIS ��W�FBXQYZX�Y � )#�2[ � ���*\ Y] F \ � background �.-�/ P )N< (�^�_ U91 ) � U �QGa` ��b � � background
�.-�/ P )���� �#c�$ "�) Background Generator ��d�e � ��f �9).��� ���K� ���
5.3.1 gihkj XIS l Background l mon�
5.10 p�q �K�r��s U � � ��" �2t � ���0u9v�w (NEP) yx�z;{ |~}�z;{
��u������� �Z� q ��t2� � � u9v�w;p�� J9) � X &��N( � ��� u ���o��� � CXB
NXB ��� � )#�ax�z�{ |�}�z�{ � � � P �!s ���!��p z�{ (���Y � ���!V��9(-*+#� � � )Z��� U�1 Y ����s ( z�{ � } � -� ;� ) P ��( }�z�{���x � -� ;� )P ��( x�z�{ U21 )%��}�z�{ ��u ������� p!� NXB �����;�%��Y � ((�¡ G%"*)%�x!z!{ �Z¢�£ � �2��(�¤�¥��� ���¦���¥ ��§!¨ NXB ��u �*�M��� �¦ )Z�0© 5.10 �\ �.p ��ª�«2¬ ��!®%¯ U � }�z�{ ( §�, p0° L �±�²�p T´³ ��� �N� , �.�%��Y� (�( T>³ � < �µ(!¶ ,*)#�O< ��¥ �0� 3*4;� t���· � u;v�wK� x�z�{ p�;�! ;¸+ )#� 0.6keV ¹�º�»;¼��#½�¾ U � � CXB � NXB �#¿9À�£;¶�Á U21 ) � ` � t���·� u�v�w��#Â9( � NXB ��à U21 ) � ` � x�z�{´\ Y P �Ä� ¦2�# �� ).��<�" � x�z{ �%Å!Æ*( Ç ��s (�-N �� ).z�{ � z;È ( x2É U91 ) ¥ � U � H p��a�9� , �.�a�Y ��Ê#�#Ë!Ì �µÍ�Î KÊ G�Ï P ��( 1 );< �Zp \�)Z�#�N«�¬ �*�® p�¦ ) p� " ���Y �ÐÊ#��'�¾ \ Y P NXB ��Â9(0Ñ�Ò�Ó�p�¦ )#�*Ô �.p 4keV ¹�º , ����u ������ � §�¨ ¿�¦ )2\NÏ p�¦>Y � 6 C 7keV
U §�¨!Õ E�FÐ��¦ )#� < � < � , � � 6keV »Ö�, �Z� background ';¾�� §�¨ NXB ';¾ U91 )�� 3�4;� < �a×�Ø �#Ù;Ú Ê � 6 C10keV �#5*6�p�Û��� background � ] F � -!/ P )#�*<�< U2Ü � V�� �ÞÝ�ß Ê ��)�à2á%â � z�{ � -N ;� )�à2á�â �y¾ Î �ã L ¥ �
47
energy [keV]1 10
energy [keV]1 10
cou
nts
/s/k
eV
-210
-110
1
10 Blank Sky
Night Earth
Day Earth
Energy Histogram
©5.10:
}�z;{( � ) � x�z�{ ( � ) ��� t2�N· � u2v�w ( � ) � XIS0 ��u ������� �
CCD � HZIN, ���� 500 ����� �� �� U /�¾ (H�����
2005)
backgrund �� U�Ü � 2005 � 10 �9C 2006 � 2 � � 5 ���;¾�� XIS � ®�� p��;� �� �oÊa¥�! <�" Ü HCG62 ( Ý2ß Ôa" ¥#"�( 2006 � 1 � U*1 ) ¥ � U �>< ��$% � Ý�ß � ®&���ZÚ �2¥'! Ý�ß Ü V��)(9�#p+*2¶ "���[ ��V��,(9�#��� ®&� p-�2� �� � � */.�¥-! Ý;ß � Ï�0�� 7;8 �;¦��- � � Background Generator
U�1 .�¥background
� °-29q43�¥�5 ��© 5.11 � \9Ï p Ý�ß � ®6� �87 ¯ 5-8arcmin �8 �� �9 .�¥:! © Ü HCG62 � ��J 3-; È ���#V�� MCG-6-30-15� T´³=<?>�@ .�¥8A�B��C 3V�� Centaurus Cluster D C 3+!&E%� \NÏ pF �� � 9 3�¥�5�p � V��*� G�H @ 7¯ p `�I�J ;�36Ka� ÜML ;�¥N!4O�¥ �&P 3-; È � @ C 3.V�� (© G )
Ü5arcmin �N
��DQKSR I:TVU D ³ J ;&36Ka�VK C 36E9� � ¸:W2q�38! Ô �Zp �VP 3-; Ö p+X ³Q<>�@ .�¥�Y�� (©:Z
) ¢;£ Ü � 7 ¯K� background ��Ã;¦�q�p Ü R I:T à @ X ³ ;9�D � L 7MÊ�¥'!E#��[ Ï pF M� �]\ Å>Ê � O8^_� ® � �+7 ¯ 5-8 ¾ D;��u �*�>����� 1�` Ê.¥�! ©
5.12 p8a�b�Ó�¦VKa� �.� q�!�� @ Background Generator D 1 .�¥ background u ���� � � � @ Ý�ß � ®6� ��u ���>��� D C 3+! §�¨ background D C 3*�Þ¸_c J ;63 _� � 9 . J ;63 @ �VP 3-;NY���� Ý;ß �VKa� Ü R I-T à @ C 3�¥�5;p:� ®&� @ X³d< ¦4. J ;&38!E0� 5-8keV ��u �Q�o� � pM�6; J!��Õfe�«N¬ �K�® � bin (*�%p�� ®4� /back-
ground �0° � 9 .�¥'! © 5.13 p © 5.12 � Õde Ý;ß �0° � 9 .�¥VKa� ��� q'! Cen-
taurus ClusterÜ ±�²9p P 3 <g>_@ .µ¥�Y���D C 3a¥-5 � � ®�� /background �#°=KhX
48
©5.11: background ���_ _� ( � � HCG62, G�� È � (MCG-6-30-15),
Z � >6@ .�¥Y�� (Centaurus Cluster))
102 5
0.01
2×10
−3
5×10
−3
0.02
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 31−Jan−2007 00:08
102 5
0.01
2×10
−3
5×10
−3
0.02
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 31−Jan−2007 19:13
102 5
0.01
0.1
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 1−Feb−2007 18:01
HCG62 MCG-6-30-15 Centaurus Cluster
102 5
0.01
2×10
−3
5×10
−3
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 1−Feb−2007 18:48
102 5
0.01
2×10
−3
5×10
−3
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 31−Jan−2007 19:00
102 5
0.01
2×10
−3
5×10
−3
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 1−Feb−2007 21:03
NGC720 ARP220 NEP©5.12: 5-8arcmin D 1 .0¥�u ������� ( ��� Background Generator, ��� � ®6� )(
��� HCG62,
Ö G�� P 3';FY�� (MCG-6-30-15),Ö�Z � > @ .�¥ P 3';+Y!� (Centaurus
Cluster), ¼�� � >&@ . J ;�¦�;NY�� (NGC720), ¼�G�� background �!Ê J K Ú ;&3Y�� (ARP220), ¼ Z � background ��Ê J K Ú ;&3�Y�� (NEP))
49
³�< ��ª9«�¬ ���® D Ü 20 ��» Ö p�¦�. J ; 3 ! HCG62 � MCG-6-30-15�
NGC720
K Y�� @ C 3�¥�5 ��ª�«;¬ ���®�¯ D Ü ° @ X ³ ;:! background ��Ê J K��;¶ I 3Y�� Ü ªN«2¬ ��!®%¯ DdK°M2 Ó 1 p.º�;�����¦�. J ;&3�!#E�EFD Ü a_b�Ó�¦�Ka���� Ê%¥ @ ��� � ®�� Ü ¹ A � ��� !
HCG62 MCG-6-30-15 Centaurus Cluster
NGC720 ARP220 NEP©5.13: 5-8arcmin D 1 .0¥� ������� �a° ( � ®6� /background)(
Ö ��� HCG62,Ö
G � P 3�;+Y!� (MCG-6-30-15),Ö Z � >@ ..¥ P 3N;FY!� (Centaurus Cluster), ¼ � �>�@ . J ;�¦;NY;� (NGC720), ¼�G�� background ��Ê J K Ú ;�3FY�� (ARP220),
¼ Z � background �!Ê J K Ú ;63�Y�� (NEP))
50
� � �*Õde Ý;ß à�� ��� ®&��� � 6-10keV ����� · � ��� Ê � Y���� G�H � ��� ������MÊ J ����� · �y��� 5 � ����¾�� � 1 .%¥N!&E%�F�_� � Ü XIS0 � 3x3 �� ®6�!� � Ú Ê#¥N! Õ�� ��Ê J�� Background Generator DdK Õ=e K%� � 1�� �2Õ�à� © 5.14 �4[ Ï � � Ê�¥'!
©5.14: 6-10keV D 1 .0¥F���¾�� ( � � � ®6� , � � background)(
Ö ��� HCG62,Ö
G � P 3�;+Y!� (MCG-6-30-15),Ö Z � >@ ..¥ P 3N;FY!� (Centaurus Cluster), ¼ � �>�@ . J ;�¦;NY;� (NGC720), ¼�G�� background ��Ê J K Ú ;�3FY�� (ARP220),
¼ Z � background �!Ê J K Ú ;63�Y�� (NEP))
� � I ¥+���!¾���� 60bin ^���O���5 ��Õ=e ����� bin (2� �:� ®6� /background
D � �"! °�� � 5�¥'! © 5.15 ��#�$�a�b�Ó!¦�K%$&�(' � ! �)�*,+.-M� Õ%� � ! P3-;NY���D C 3 Centaurus Cluster / MCG-6-30-15
Ü�0 � G�H�¹!ºVD&$a° @ ±�² �X ³d< ¦&. J ;&38!�1!Â&D HCG62 / NGC720 ¦32 Ü G+H�¹!º Ü °4$ � Ü °M2�Ó+X³ ;�K%$�$ ! 7 ¯ �+* < �:� IJ 1 �.º�¹ < ! background ��Ê J K��2¶ I 3 Y��*¦2 Ü §!¨ � �6D 1 �.ºV; � @ �65 I�J ;63+!VE_E D Ü a�b�Ó!¦VK%$�$�Ã7�8'�Ê#¥ @ !¹�� ��9 J $�� ®�� �8' � !����¾:��$0° @ GFH�¹�º4D 100 �2» Ö �!¦�.�¥4K�$ Ü%! ±�²�� P 3 < >&@ .�¥+Y
� @ ;�3�¥�5 � background $N� � � Ü�;=<�³ D C �"! � �;¾>� ? �)@*6+A-�B �� Ú ÊZ¦M;�E2� ��Ê#¥N! © 5.15 D �65 I ¥a°=� Ý�ß (�� � 5-8 ¾ (300pix-475pix) $C ��� bin D>$ �@�(D�E�Ê J Ý�ß (GF($-� ®6� /background $a°4$%D�E�@� � 5�¥N!� ½4D 49 H=$�� @ �I5SI ! #:$ �3�7J K+ML�NPO �+b�Êa¥VK�$7� © 5.17 $ ���%'� !=O!¥ ! © 5.13 D �Q5SI ¥�° �-� ; J K Ý�ß (&F � 6-10keV $ CN«9¬ - �® bin
51
©5.15: 6-10keV D 1 .a¥�����¾:��$a° ( � ®�� /background)(
Ö � � HCG62,Ö G �P 3�;'Y�� (MCG-6-30-15),
Ö'Z � >�@ .�� P 3�;NY�� (Centaurus Cluster), ¼�� �>�@ . J ;��;NY�� (NGC720), ¼�G�� background F�Ê J K Ú ;�3FY�� (ARP220),
¼ Z � background F!Ê J K Ú ;63�Y�� (NEP))
$ �@�(D�E�Ê ! Ý�ß (GF($M��� � /background $a°4$%D�E �@� � 5��N! � ½&D 47 H$ � @ �65SI ! #�$ �3�>J K+ L�N O �+b�Ê��K�$&�� 5.17 $ Z ��' � !
HCG62
HCG62
5.16: � ��¾:� $�¾:� ( � ) F �) *6+.-!¾:� (Z
)
Ô45 ��� [ <���� K�3���5 � ! � ��¾:� @ GFH�¹�º4D 100 �9» Ö ����. J ;63K�$ Ü� ; J2Õ�� $��� 1�` Ê��'! ��� � $�� Ü 36 H ����.��-!� 5.17 $�[ Ï � @ � 5 I !�� 5 � ³8@�� Ô < �4.��'!E�EFD !���� $%¾��3� � 5��N!� 5.18 $�[ Ï �� @ �Q5 I !� � Ü ��� � �:�
52
HCG62
HCG62
5.17:P 3:;dK�$&� � ;��8��� � $ � ( � ) F �)�* +.- � (
Z)
; J Ü 0.181( D�E 1.39)! �)=* +.- ���-�; J Ü 0.133 ( D�E 1.32) F ��.��'!
5.18:P 3:;dK�$&� � ;��8��� � $ � ( � ) F �)�* +.- � (
Z)
Ô:5 �]�M� � �8��; J [ � X � < bin O&F 5��2Ê J Ý�ß ��� � /Background Gen-
erator $��@� 9 .��4K $VK 1 ` Ê�:! E�$%Â��=$% @����@� � < � �"!����&@ [< �63�$-D Ü �_; � F ��c 5SI 3�! 5.19 �8a_b�Ó���K�$&�' � !E 0=5 K Õ�� �F�� � $�� @ GFH�����D 100 ��� Ö ���&.��VK�$ Ü � Ú�� ��;
E&F � � �:!� 5.19 D �65SI ����� Ý;ß (&F � 5-8
(300pix-475pix) $ C ��� bin
DG$ � �'�; J D�E3� 9 �"! Ý�ß (>F($-��� � /background $��4$%D�E�@� � 5��N!�� D 42 H $ � @ � 5 I ! # $ ���>J �+ L�N�O �Fb � ��K%$G�� 5.20 ��' � !&E$� Ü ��� � /Background Genarator $ � @ 2�$ < 5 ; � 5 � ; J ;&3�$ � �' �J ;63+!VE%$ � 5 � � $+X � Ô � � 5 3���5 �7J + L�N�O4��� ������ D fit
� �
53
5.19: 6-10keV D 1 .��N��� � $��@� X � < bin O�FF5 � �4K�$ ( ��� � /back-
ground)(Ö � � HCG62,
Ö G � P 3�;�Y�� (MCG-6-30-15),ÖNZ � >&@ .�� P 3:;'Y
� (Centaurus Cluster), � � � >6@ . J ;���;�Y�� (NGC720), �6G � background F� J K Ú ;&3�Y�� (ARP220), � Z � background F � J K Ú ;&3�Y�� (NEP))
F-E�� ! D�E� @ 1.26!�� $ � Ü 0.09 F �6.��N!QE I Ü�! D�E� � 5 ±0.09 $ G �� < $:��� � @�� 36EGF%�8' � J ; J !�� 5 � � $�� � ����Ü 9 �D C 3 F�6c 3+!
XIS ��� O�D� �� ÔFI�J ;63 Õ%� $8�_� $ � Ü 5 � 8 �D C 3 @ ! � �_� $�����Y��� 5 R I���� @ C 36EGF ! CXB $�� 5�� @ �����2 C 36EGF%����c63 F !���� � �@ �Q5 I ��$�D Ü ��; � F ;�c&3�!
54
5.20: X � < bin O�FF57� � �+�� � $ � (6-10keV)
55
6-10keV!
5-8 D�$:��� � /Background Generator $��M� Ü � @ 1 � � � � ! � 5
� � @����V< �3 E�F @�� O � � . � @%! DPE � @ 1.3! � 5 � � $���� D C 3 � $ �@
0.1 FhX � < ��.�N!�E%$�E:F � 5 ! Background Generator D 1 3 background@
� $ background [ � K ���V< ��� K 5 I�J ; 3 $'D ����; � F ��c ! Background
Generator $��6D C 3�$�� � � � � J ;43������ ��� ; J K �M2 ���������� �"!$�7$# /Background Generator F�% � �� 5.21 $�["& � �) * +.-=��' ` � ! #�$�@� � 5������ 5.22 ��' � �dO�� !)(�*� � ��� ; J K�% � ��' ` � ( 5.23)
!��� 9 ��� ( 5.24) �#EE��$��a_b,+���K�$ 3 ���' � �#E I �� �)�*6+.- ��� ;J � 6-10keV
!-(.*� � �./ � J � 5-8 $ bin $%D�E �@� � 5 ! J + L�N�O �Fb� � ( 5.25) ��E�$�G��� ���� � D fit� ��K%$ @ 5.26 D C 3�� � 5 � � F � J
$ � $ �0�� 5.18 F�% e < 5 ;:X � < ����-� ( *� ����� ; J $ D�E ��� 1.34!
� $ �1� 0.23 F ��� ��� �)�*,+"- � ���; J �%D�E�1� 1.02! � $ �1� 0.30 F
�2����� E%$4["& �43.5=$�617��32 �4[ � ��� 9 ����� �&DdK � 5 � � @ � 3&E7F@ �" $43 5&D8� C � � 3�F ;9&-E&F @ ��c 5 I 3��
1 102 5
10−
30.
015×
10−
42×
10−
35×
10−
3
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 28−Nov−2006 19:55
1 102 5
10−
30.
012×
10−
35×
10−
3
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 24−Nov−2006 16:35
1 102 5
10−
30.
012×
10−
35×
10−
3
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
Energy (keV)
data
egawa 12−Dec−2006 15:48
Centaurus Cluster NGC2992 SGR-C
5.21: 5-8arcmin D�':��� �)=* + - ( ; � Background Generator, < �= �!�$night earth)( � � Centaurus Cluster, G�� NGC2992,
Z � SGR-C)
56
Centaurus Cluster NGC2992 SGR-C
5.22: 5-8arcmin D�'����� ) *,+"-&$�� ( ��8! $ night earth/background)( � �Centaurus Cluster, G�� NGC2992,
Z � SGR-C)
5.23: 6-10keV D)':��� (�*� � ( � � ��1! , < � background)( � � Centaurus
Cluster, G � NGC2992,Z � SGR-C)
5.24: 6-10keV D�'� � ()*� �7$ � ( �� ! /background)( � � Centaurus Cluster,
G�� NGC2992,Z � SGR-C)
57
5.25:( *� � $ � ( � ) F �) *6+.- � (
Z)
5.26:( *� � $ � ( � ) F �) *6+.- � (
Z)
58
5.3.2 HCG62���
X �����HCG62 $�� � X ����2�$�� 5������ � ��� ����� 9 � ��� � !�� ��� ��� X � ` $! #"$� � � �$� F ��c 5&%'� 3-8
�!4.5-8keV $ ()*� � �-� �(� ! background
$ ���*)�� F % � $�&� ' ` � � ( 5.27) ��DPE1� 1.29! � $ �"� 0.15 F �65+% ���, $@F � $ HCG62 $ �0� 1.80 -/.�����
5.27:( *� � $ � (3-8
:!4.5-8keV)
4.5-8keV $1032�-�5476 $1879 ) . � ��� ! #�$�:3� ���;) � ���$< HCG62
$ �)@*6+ -@� � ����� :)=* +A-��� 5.28 $3=0&>< �I5% ! MEKAL ? �-QFPOWERLAW ?. �-3�A@ � �/B7C � ) $D< WABS ? �-3�!E�F�� ) $#-HGDI�J +K � , F�D- � ! ? �-�L3N�M��!�� 5.7 $3=1&�< �Q5N% ��� , $50O2�-7$1476 P 5 $�8�9�$�4�6 /background $��"� 0.12 -$.������ , % � 4.5-8.0keV $�� P 54�6 P 5�Q � F ! HCG62 $� ��8! /background $�� X ��6 $A:1� 1.68 FSR 5 !, $1:=$%D�E7:6F�$ � � 0.39 F �;T ! , % � 2.6
� <>U � K � �V
5.7: HCG62 W ?. X/Y Z3[]\^X�L�N�M��8!model kT(keV) Abundance(solar) norm powerlaw photonindex
mekal 1.25 ± 0.11 0.2(fix) (1.71 ± 1.60) × 10−3 -
powerlaw - - (2.23 ± 5.62) × 10−4 2.00 ± 0.70
59
10−5
10−4
10−3
0.01
0.1
norm
aliz
ed c
ount
s s−
1 ke
V−
1
data and folded model
1 2 5
−6
−4
−2
0
2
∆Sχ2
Energy (keV)
egawa 21−Feb−2007 17:56
5.28: HCG62 W#Y#Z3[]\ X (( *
3-8
)
% � W����%����5X���>032#- 5-8 -�'�6 � �3F , ��� 5.29 WH="&�<�#�(R� % HCG62 W1:0� 1.65 F&R � % ���
5.29:( *� � W � (5-8
4.5-8keV)
��� W����'W =8& <� ) ��� � W����(X�-5�($�D. ��� K ��� ASCA -! �" � %�>� X � 6 ��#�$ �%�& ��� , � �('�) K � , � <+* � �-,/. ��0 =�& <� ASCA
-�R � % 0 flux W�:'� K21 �3��� W�3 570O2#-/. � 3-8 < � � �54H�$� �6� K ��87 W:9;J�[�;�<�=��?> � W��"� 0.18 - . � �2@�A��B$3 5'-$W1:0� 0.49(3.27
�)
-/. TC ASCA -/W1: =3T )ED � �E*� 0 � , W , � P � =�T KGF �IH2J'-/W4360
5�0H2$< X � ����# � �D�/������� ���� � %O� �! ��� W�3.5/-8�� � K � , ���-��!* P � 0 � , W�� ��*D<�<H= � ) W�-/. � P � ��� W����'-/. � �
61
6� � �
6.1 � � � � � �HCG57 W�� �HWA�#�� X ��� � ��� W��� P ��� 5�� %'����� =OT ) D � P �0 � , % �2*�� � P W X �� �"'�$. � 0 �#-��2* � P � � � %H� � , % ��*7<7<= � ) W�-/. � P � � � 0 �D<: � � � P W � � � <�� ��� ���?��� � 0 �
6.1.1 �! #" $&% '��! ' �)(+*-,!.HCG57 W/�01��W X �7��)��0��243�Y � 5� � W1U065758�<'= � ) W(-9��*� P � ��5 7 W � � � �;:=< K �;>@? <BA ����� 1 0�C
D�E)FHG9IKJ0LM0� W'= TON �QP1R 3�Y��;S�AH0� 2 W:A �B0��243 Y � 0� � W5U�60758$�BT ,TVU K � W(-9�2* � P �XW B %O� 0 �50��0��2�WK1�ZY5[Z\ �^]^_ W P1R 3#Y/WM0� �a` 2.17 �K8Z[�b^c dfe 0�CHCG57 WK�� a,c,d Y1[�\ag�h�W P0R 3 Y7W M�� � 2.4× 10−4cm−3 � � b,e,g,h Y[Z\g�h)� 2.02 × 10−4cm−3
� *�i 0/C NGC2276 WQg�h W P1R 3�Y$W M0� � 5.2 ×10−4cm−3
� *;T �j15��2 � kQl/m1� W M1�ZnZo \ � [qp����=Y�R �sr 0BC k eU0657�8ut=v Txw5yq� r b9[Z\ � e 0 � HCG57 W/AZY�z X {1|1}�Y P�~ *9\ 1� n ��*0[ P �XW B r \ W n P1R 3�Y$W M0� �^] WQw0y � W1�a� � ����[ � � �sr \ C�1� IB���
0�ZY^�=[�b5[Z\a�5��00��243 Y � U�617�8 ��e;b1[Z\ � � � Y P�~ 7 WK�0�w�y9Y�T ] ib5[�\/� k e r * [ C HCG57 WK���YB�9[�b1[�\ � [�p��^�u��� ��rb1[�*�[�Y5 NGC2276 ���0� ���ut9vu� /��[�b�[9\ � �� ��r \-���ZY�"/b1[9\( � 6.1)
C ]Q� � � � � {ut�vu� ^� � Au�0t���[ b1[9\ � �� ��r ^�� 2�3 � �
62
� 6.1: NGC2276� �5�4t�v^\B� (J.J.Condon 1983)
1�4����6�7�8&eb5[�\ ��W�� r \ C ea�qe�� NGC2276 ����9z X {4�Q�5��� r*���i 0�0 ��0� 2u3�� � �� � �060758=���� � w0y)t��1�� #e;b1[�*�[uv�pn9o \ C
6.1.2 �! ������ (+*-,!. � l�� Y�� 607�8qe�����������! #"%$�& Y�T �b1[9\ �����(' � AGN Y�)*+ e;b�[9\ � � �-, � ��00�/. ��012' 0� �43�5�6 tBA�[ b87�9;: C�1�%< I>=@?BABC
0� l�� Y8��61718 , T ]ED4FHG tJI4[ � � , 7�94\#: t���0�%. ��K@LM01�,7!9N: C HCG57
�8 O � �� ��0@1H,JK>L eJ: 'H]�_ � 11.83kpc
' [�pQP9YB�SR r: CUT :�� NGC2300
'NGC2276
��01 � 78.88kpcn9o �V� HCG57
� 0�u�K1�l�� Y�WBXutEIBY-e b�[9\ ]�' Y � �Zi�: C ]Q��]�' �ZR[� HCG57 tBA1[^b��@\��R�� � �� l��4� �061718 ��];^8_ YM`Ma-R r \ C
X bBc!dfehg;i@j �5� INk8lnmHCG57 t@o9[0b#� X {M�M�@e�b�[�\�5� �n3>546 �B1� a Y Sb �0�� b Y SBb �0� c Y E3 �0�� d Y SBc
nZo i8: C AGN Y v ~qp R r \ � � E,S0,San9o \ �n � 3 A � 5�u�Nr�b�� T RJ\0[ Y#� SB \�R�s�� AGN YBT ] \ ]U^�_-k�o \ '�W� r \ C
63
6.1.3 HCG62 �������HCG62 � P�R 3^� Y�� ~ YZi�:Q � 2 n�o � � ��� Y [ D� u~��� , 8�[�b���H,�� i�: C D� )~����n 1� 2 � z X {�|0} ,�p \�t���� ��� � � ��t#\�\@: � background
��p��&k � ,�� t � i�: C! #" 3 /Background Generator�%$ ,'&
: 'H]B_ �)(�*�+�,.- 9 / F Gao \ ' [�p10�29YB�(R r : C k e�� HCG62n4365n9�%7�8 Y)9 r�: ' D r s���; n�< 9n:�=�>4t�v^\;w�?=Y)@BA�t�T�CKb1[Z\ ];^8_Y 8 b ~ \�Y8� 7�8���D�E!F YHG�I/[ �^n �!J�K T nML�N9n C�\�[ C
6.2O PRQ
S�T�UWV, �WC T � \�X�Y S�T t[Z@p]\�YZi�: hard |�}^-�_�` e�:�vZp;t�-��(Rr�a �!X#Y S�T)� ��� 'cb!d^e � � ��f!g#h4t�vMi��B�1w�? � ����-Q��R r \���j:%k�:�:Bl �!m#n]o�l ��� �qpMF6r�sHrMt s p aMu�vwi ]!^�_ m�x�i�k T : � HCG57'
NGC2276 yHz X {�|#} � P�~%��C�\%, r x�j8:^� ''� R �.����X6Y S�T y�x�juWmh��z X {�|�}^�%�����q�4C�I)~�-\��ZR � �%��� r��[�ND iM� � m!l t \�� '`Ma�R t i�kHCG57 � S#T��4' ���#_4I t i X {�� FBr @^A�~��2R t :�P�����mwG�I�v \�j>:� ' ~M�!��uH� S�T d -��#��{���� r x�i#:��%��� 3 "%�^" ��� S!T � ];^�_�r x� ��¡��B:�����¢�£W�B�Bn�: r � FH� -\#~!~��Mi�m�� ��¤!� RE\ � j8:¥k S�T�¦§ y��@\��ZR � �q¨�©W~H�!��uH��X#Y S�T�r ��i�ª�}�� b!d^e �6��« F¬ � ��®!_-%¯.���^nwy�x�j8:Hk°InRq~���±^��u#��i�� ¬²r�¤�� j%u6��i NGC2276 ��³�~!-¢�£!z X {.-\ � j�:¥k°��� 2 ���^� ¬'� R´� S�T�U.e � ¬µS!T¶¬ �%·�f!g#hB~B�i[¨�?^y�x�i ¬ -#`�a6~�v¸� ¬ �¹n´0�2 r �2R t :)k T : HCG57 -�W!X�~ S�T �º�r IBY¶l�u#��i>:��¥� S�T � º ��»�¼��%·�f!g#h.~���j%uH»�½¿¾�ÀHÁ�Â�Ã�ĥŠrÆ Cqu���i ]N^�_�r `@a-R t iqk�Ç�:.lc� AGN
r)È�É�Ê I t u!��iH:�Ë�� ]4^�_ mx6i�k
HCG62 - bMd�e � r ��� S�TMU y!xW� � SHT mqÌ � � SMTHU ~ $�Í u��6�%k ASCA��� y)z X {�|�} r¥Î�Ï I t u!��iM�Hy)��Ð v ��� y�m¸Ñ Í Ç ¬ �)Ò��Hz X {�|} r ��i[Ó�Ô)Õ r¥b ��� ¬²r�¤#� jMÇ�k4�%�^� ¬²�¹Ö � b!dBe � rM× ��(�~H�#��u-��!»�¼ ¬ - �%�.Ø v]=#>!¨�? Ø�Ù � Ø � Ö²� ��¨�? rHÆ C�u6�Bi ¬�Ú#Û�Ö²t i�kÜ6s ��0�2 ��Ö ��»�¼°Ý�Þ��HX#Y S�T�rH× � S�T�U y�- S�T � º ��·�f�g#h Ø°Ù ~�Mi[ß�à�¨�? r x��á� b!d^e � rH× � S�T�U y�-!¡�� e �6~��Mi�=!>�¨�? r x6iM�y�- Ø � ��¬'Ú!Û�Ö¸t i�k�â�ã���I Ö ~ × vw�%ß�à�¨�?���Ó�Ô)Õ��!x6i S�T�U ~M�
64
��u�����Ý�� n)� ¬ yM��ß�à�¨�? r)Æ �.�Mnqi S�T�U ������ß�à!¨�?���� �~M���u��¥J�K r ����I t iM:6Ò�nk
65
A� � �
�A.1: 2005 � 10 �^��� "� �� ��}��.���
66
�A.2: 2005 � 11 �^��� "� �� ��}��.���
67
�A.3: 2005 � 12 �^��� "� �� ��}��.���
68
�A.4: 2006 � 1 ���� ��} �^� �
69
�A.5: 2006 � 2 �.��� " � � ��} �^���
70
B� � � � � � � �
�B.1: 2005 � 10 �^� � " � �����^������� (
s��6��ÖA2218 � A2218 Offset �
North polar spur � A3376 � sgr b2 � sgr b2 bgd � NGC3516 � MKN3 � A2218 � A2218
Offset � Galactic ridge)
71
�B.2: 2005 � 11 �R� � " � �¶� �  � � � � (
s � � Öss
Cyg,BD+30.3639,SN1987A,A3376-West relic,SMC Diffuse 1,LOCKMAN
HOLE,A1413,SSCYG Too,A1060 Offset,A1060,Cygnus Loop NE2,A2801,A2811
Offset)72
�B.3: 2005 � 12 ��� � " � ��� �� � �4� � (
s �W� ÖA2804,1H0707-
495,A1795 center,A1795 NearNorth,A1795 FarSouth,E0102-72,RXJ 0852 4622 NW
Offset,NGC4388,Centasurys Cluster,NGC720)
73
�B.4: 2006 � 1 �¹� � " � ��� �¹Â � �4� � (
s� �W� ÖCH cyg,Fornax
north cluster,ARP220,MCG-6-30-15,Fornax north cluster,E0102,HCG62,MCG-6-
30-15,SN1006 RIM,SN1006 BG,A2052,MCG-6-30-15,SN1006 SE,SN1006 NW)
74
�B.5: 2006 � 2 �¹� � " � ��� �¹Â � ����� (
s� �°� ÖA426,E0102,eta-
calinae,3c120,NEP,high lat diffuse a,3c120,Cas A,high lat diffuse b,sgr c,sgr c
bgd,3c120)
75
������������� ���2 �������������� �����! "��$#�%! "&��#('*)+�, ��-/./0 ��� !"&�$1�2!��3547698�:;<8>=?8$@ ��A?B!C 8�D>E�476GFHJILKNM�O � E -J� � 0 #%$ �"�$1LP$Q�3R�SUTWV?7�XI�YZ6\[5]�^/_J`!a�b�c<8�deWY�fg'hI$45i��Lj��UklNm�'Gn$�JI
deoOqp�: �r��� E -J� � 0?- �L�>s$c! "��!1�t���u!v<wax_J�/y �!� nz'{8UKNM�O � E-J� � 07| 8L}ZOU~�� � #�'�)�+&� �U�W�-/./0 ��XYZD?�/�� �5-J� � 0���
Cluster groupVN ��� ������5��� Wi/���� �L�/�$�� �L�N� � #g'�)�+o� ���?�
-�./0 �!�7�L�N�$1x���Wm?ILj���u!v���5Io���xy ���x��� '�F�H����<� �x� E -<� � 0 ��7�L�?1 �&�X $� SUT<8� �¡¢D � � | D � Z�£�/u!v���&Or¤J¥oD .J¦ KNM�O � Eq§z¨hIL©� D � �qª m?4<i�� � .x0- ��� �&� � ��� 8��!c ���?��1�t���«$3o¬9!fg'U®?¯$°/±�a?²/8�³ � Y B 476qI!4Jix��j�U´���µ�I | Dq4Z6U�7'��L��8 | D�O{��� ��� E -J� � 0 �!3J¶!4 6\«oi���jZOr·�'�¸J� �'\¹5�
M28�º�c»�/¼½�¾»�$¿!À7���/��Áq�»�� �! � $� «�3 � ��Ã�ÄU»���D � ��ªm �xÅ<� � � � 05- �L� ��� � ��Æ�Ç!È���« ¦?| D��$I5ix� M1
8�É�I����/�NÉ�I<���<OrÊ�&Ë b�8�Ì�Í7�$O9Î!) .5¦ D!D � �UÏJÉ?��I�� -J� � 0 �$Â/Ð �9Ñ?Ò!�$�7O{Ó �!�� � 4 �"�8!É!I<���N8�§!Ô���j �{Õ!Ö � I�' � 1 �?× I � DÙØ B �9¹ -J� � 0 É!I<� - OrÚ5Û�Æ�ÇÈ�8���¨r8>Ü?4 � ��Ý Î � � 2 ��� OqÞ�� .o| D9Y � E -�� � 0 ��XY D���!� �N-J� � 0������8Lß�à?á!Q O ��� 'qâ5�i/�Lß�à&8��(¨r� � )+o� ���N��-/./0�W6����LÑ?Ò�����8 ��� O �r� '�â5�$i���ãä!å� !"ZO/1 � ¥&D .5¦ræ�ç�è Ò��!3!Q3 � PQ�3NR<8L �"?���1��3J¶/é�3o�ê �9� n�'{8�KWM�O � E -<� � 0ëì �Uí('{8UîJ4Z6hï - � �Nð/�Wð IL© ��ñ � � '\¹5��ò$ó¢D{ô�õ<��#�'�)�+!, ��-x.x0 ÉI<� - ��7�öYZD?�/�� �5-J� � 02007 � 2 ÷ 9 ø�ù �!¼�ú
û�ü����8�ý�S>Yxþ B ���/ÿ��5YN ¦/� Ü������$8 ì � �Wð>�Nð IL© � Æ�Ç!È�8��z¨{�������I�� -�� � 0 ÿ ��8 | DL�>y ��� � � � �GÏ -��9� ' ¹J�7�£�����oO���<���7i/��� � �L�� i����9�/�9¼!½!¾�»!�!���ÉJ�U�x��Á{��» 0 jJ8�������xy<E A i � ' ¹?����i � a����5a �! �#"J¹ � i � ' ¹5���Wi � a��JÉ�$ ��%90�& ¥ ��� â� � � � .J¦#' ( 8$É�$ | �����)�* � yNI�Y¢�98���� ��� 0 ÿ �Z�>y ����+ � � 'X¹J���?c �L�$�-,�./� � l�0 � � C5�' ¹J��1-2g'X�/�NI!�Nâ$4�?â$4 - i � ' ¹5�?Ä-3Z'h� 0 2 465 � | 8�7 8 ÂxÐ Y�9�:-;=<45i�>$4 � <r¹�? C ��@ Ý ÎA<B> Â�ÐJ� <�>�@�C�)8D��E�ØDEWS�F�IHGI?D<B>�@�J ì ø�K ÑÒ�L ��M Y�ÑNÒA<N � E!i<DPOJ¹D? C ��@2007 4 3 ÷ 21 ø ù ��¼ú
76
Reference
[1] http://www.stp.isas.jaxa.jp/geotail/science/chap3.html������������ ���������������
[2] ��� � � !�"$#�% ( &(' )�* ) 2003
[3] ��� � � +,"$#�% ( &(' )�* ) 2006
[4] -�. / !�"$#�% ( &0' ),* ) 2006
[5] 132 4 5$6,#�% ( &0' ),* ) 2006
[6] Andres,E.&Grevesse,N.1989,Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,vol.53,197-214
[7] Davis,D.S.&Mushotzkuy,R.F.,2004,ApJ,604,653
[8] Fukazawa,Y.,Nakazawa,K.Isobe,N.,Makishima,K.,Matsushita,K.,Ohashi,T.
&Kamae T.,2001,ApJ,546,87
[9] Fukazawa,Y.,Kawano,N.,Ohto,A.&Mizushima,H.,2002,PASJ,54,527
[10] Fusco-Fermiano,R.,Fiume,D.D,Feretti,L.,Giovannnini,G.,Grandi,P.,Matt,G.,
Molendi,S.&Santangelo,A.,1999,ApJ,513,21
[11] Kaastra,J.S.,Lieu,R.,Mittaz,J.P.D.,Bleeker,J.A.M,Mewe,R.,Colafrancesco,
S.&Lockman,F.J.,1999,ApJ,519,119
[12] Mulchaey,J.S.,Davis,S.S.,Mushoztzky,R.F.,&Burstein,D.1996,ApJ,456,80
77