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H$amd`mMm Amh. "H$mÏ`gmodÃr' (2005) - S>m∞. gwZrcHw$_ma cdQ>, ]r. E_. [mQ>rc, "gIr

gmodÃr' (2007) _›Xm H$X_, H$mhr Ò\w$Q> H$odVm Ag gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZH$m`m©daVr H$odVmcIZ

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216

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217

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218

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cj XU, À`mß¿`mH$naVm dJdJ˘`m `mOZm am]odU, ÒÃr H$di AmÀ_H|$o–V Z hmVm gm_moOH$

]mßoYcH$s ÒdrH$maUmarhr H$er hmB©c `mH$S> cj XU _hŒdmM Amh.

7.3 "gIr gmodÃr' (2007) _›Xm H$X_ :

A) cIZ‡aUm -

gmodÃr]mB© \$wc `mßM H$m ©H$V•©Àd, \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m ^mdOrdZmMm AmcI _mßS>Uma "gIr

gmodÃr' h 268 [mZmßM ^md[yU© IßS>H$mÏ` _›Xm H$X_ `mßZr (2007) ocohc Amh. IßS>H$mÏ` hm

cIZ‡H$ma AmO OdiOdi cwflVM hmV Mmcccm AgVmZm _›Xm H$X_ `mßZr cjdYr Ag h

IßS>H$mÏ` cIZ H$cc Amh. \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m OrdZH$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KUma AZH$ JßW ocohc

Jcc AmhV. [aßVw [⁄_` Ag gß[yU© OrdZH$m © aImQ>Uma h [ohcM [wÒVH$ Amh. "gIr gmodÃr'

`m IßS>H$mÏ`m_mJrc ‡oH$ odf`r _›Xm H$X_ ÂhUVmV, ""\w$Î`mßMr dmÒVy, o^S>ÁmßMm dmS>m, Zm`Jmd

hr oR>H$mU [mohcr hmVr. chmZ[Um[mgyZ [w`mM aÒV [naM`mM, [wU _mP AmOmi ÂhUyZ \w$c

Xmß[À` _m¬`m AmOmiMM aohdmgr. Vr EH$ dJir AZw yVr. [U \w$Î`mßM eV, JdVr ]ßJcm h

dmMZm_wi H$Î[ZVyZ gmH$mac. ¡`mßZr \w$c [mohc hmV À`mßM ]mQ> Yac. MnaÃH$mamßZm, H$mXß]arH$mamßZm

‡ÌZ odMmac. AZH$ JßWmßMm YmßS>mim KVcm. oZ`VH$mocH$ hmVmer Yacr. edQ>r gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

ew’ AßV:H$aUmcm eaU Jc. VrM "gIr gmodÃr'.''8 H$do`ÃrZ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZmer

g_ag hmD$ZM cIZ H$cc oXgyZ V. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmVrc A›`m`modÍ$’ [Qy>Z

CR>UmË`m, ÒdVßà oZU© j_Vm AgUmË`m, YramXmŒm[U ‡À H$ gßH$Q>mcm gm_ma OmUmË`m, oejUmM

_hŒd OmUUmË`m Ag ododY [°cy gdm™ZmM ‡aUmXm`r Ag AmhV. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m`m©VyZ ‡aUm

KD$Z Zd-Zdr ojoVO [mXmH´$mßV H$a`mM ]i ZÏ`m o[T>rg o_imd hmM CXmŒm hVy `m

cIZm[mR>r_mJrc Amh.

232

Am) aMZmVßà :-

`m IßS>H$mÏ`mMr gwÍ$dmV OmVramdmß¿`m _•À yZßVa oZKmcÎ`m _hm`mÿ`m ‡gßJmZ Pmccr

Amh. H$mÏ`m¿`m gwÍ$dmVrcmM ‡gßJ _Z hcmdyZ gmS>Umam Agm Amh. À`mZßVa AmR>dUr Í$[mZ

gßdmX gmYV H$mhr ‡gßJmßZm COmim XV XV H$mhr ‡gßJ AoVe` ZmQ>ÁmÀ_H$VZ ^md[yU©VZ aImQ>V

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZmMm EH$ _mR>m H$mc[Q> aImQ>ccm Amh. gmodÃr]mB™M ]mc[U, ]mcd`mVM

oddmh hmD$Z OmVramdmß¿`m KamV ‡de H$ccr gmodÃr, OmVramdmßZr oXcÎ`m oejUm_wi

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMr Pmccr OS>UKS>U, gmodÃr]mB™M e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m`m©Vrc

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‡gßJ `m IßS>H$mÏ`mV oMoÃV Pmcc AmhV. [aßVw À`mcm H$mcmZwH´$_ Zmhr. Varhr EH$ MmßJcß H$mÏ`

dmMÎ`mMm oZ i AmZßX XUma, dmMH$mßMr CÀHß$R>m dmT>odUma Ag h IßS>H$mÏ` Amh.

B) gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmM ododY [°cy -

‡ÒVwV IßS>H$mÏ`mV gmodÃr]mB™Zm "‚c∞e ]∞H$' [’VrZ H$mhr AmR>dV AmoU gßdmXmVyZ V V

‡gßJ oOdßV hmVmV. gmodÃr]mB™Mm ]mc[UrMm AdIi[Um, M[iVm, ZmJmcm R>MyZ H$mT>Umar

YmS>grd•Œmr AgUmar gmodÃr, o_eZË`mßZr oXcc [wÒVH$ O[yZ R>dUmar kmZd´Vr gmodÃr oMoÃV

Pmccr Amh. ]mc[UrM gmodÃr]mB™¿`m _ZmV Í$Occr ]rO À`mßM Ï`p∑V_Œd KS>od`mg C[`mJr

[S>cr.

gmodÃr]mB™Zm oejUm_wi AmÀ_^mZ Amc AmoU ododY JßWmß¿`m dmMZmZ, OmVramdmß]am]a

H$cÎ`m MM_wi gmodÃr]mB™M Ï`p∑V_Œd ]h˛lwV ]ZV Jc. gmodÃr]mB© Y_m©]X≤XcM, gm_moOH$

[napÒWVr]X≤XcM Am[c oZ^uS> odMma dimdir OmVramdmßg ]mcyZ XmIodV AgV. gmodÃr]mB©

ÒdV:¿`m gwImMm odMma Z H$aVm ^mdVr¿`m _mUgmß¿`m Xw:I `mVZmßMmhr odMma H$arV hmÀ`m.

""_yi Y_© Zmhr oWQ>m, C[mgH$ oWQ> Òdm_r

ÒdmWm©gmR>r KmQ>cm hm, Jim Y_m©MmM À`mßZr'' ([•. H´$. 77)

Ag Am[c oZarjU Ò[ÓQ>[U À`m ]mcyZ XmIodV hmÀ`m. g_mOmVrc ÒÃr-ey–moVey–mßMm N>idmX

gß[mdm d Zdm gwYmaUmdmXr odMmamßMm _mUyg [wT> `mdm Ag dmQ>UmË`m gmodÃr]mB©

""dmT>>m JQ> gwYmaH$, gZmVZr gwYmamdm

_mZdm¿`m H$Î`mUmMm, Zdm _Zy CJdmdm'' ([•. H´$. 77)

233

_mZdmM H$Î`mUM qMoVV hmÀ`m. gd©gm_m›` XrZXocVmßM Xw:I OÏhm À`mßZm [hmdV Zmhr, VÏhm

gmodÃr]mB© OmVramdmg ÂhUVmV -

""ghYo_©Ur ÂhUmcr, OmVrg gmßOdir

H$mimI XmQ>cm hm, AkmZ ^mdVmcr

]wS>Vm g_mO S>mhr, h Xw:I gmhdZm

oVi_mà M°Z Zmhr, hr cyQ> [mhdZm'' ([•. H´$.35)

_ZmV Í$VyZ ]gcc h Xw:I gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Vm|Sy>Z ghO[U ]mha [S>V.

OmVramdmßZm À`mß¿`m o_Ãm¿`m cæmV A[_mZ PmÎ`mZßVa Xw:I Pmc AgVmZm gmodÃr]mB©

OmVramdmßMr g_OyV H$mT>VmV -

""oeH$cc VwÂhr $& ÂhUyZ H$icm

_mZ A[_mZ $& VwÂhmcmJr

Zer]mV ¡`mß¿`m$& gXm A[_mZ

Zmhr À`mMr OmU$& À`mßM H$m` ?'' ([•. H´$. 31)

VwÂhr oeH$cc AmhmV ÂhUyZ VwÂhmg _mZ A[_mZ H$iVm. [aßVw Z oeH$cÎ`mßM H$m` Ag ÂhUyZ

OmVramdmßZm gmodÃr]mB© dimdir odMma‡d•Œm H$aVmV. AS>mUr _mUgmßZm Am[Î`mda A›`m` hmVm

Amh hM g_OV Zmhr.

""_mZdmM h∑H$ hd, gd© gd© _mUgmßZm

_J hiy gwYmac, _Z g_mOmM [w›hm'' ([•. H´$. 129)

g_mOgwYmaUMr ‡oH$`m hiyhiy hmB©c. g_mOgwYmaUm EH$X_ hmUma Zmhr hr OmUrd gmodÃr]mB™Zm

hmVr.

gmodÃr]mB© oeH$Î`m. ‡oeojV oeojH$m PmÎ`m. OmVramdmßZr gwÍ$ H$cÎ`m _wct¿`m

[ohÎ`m emiV odZmdVZ oeH$dy cmJÎ`m. gaH$maZhr À`mß¿`m JwUdŒmM H$m°VwH$ H$c. [aßVw H$_©R>mßZr

À`mßZm Iy[ N>ic. À`mdir gmodÃr]mB™¿`m _ZmV H$dT> _mR> dmXi CR>m`M -

""H$emgmR>r Xm X $& Ord gmaImM q[S>r

Hw$Ur H$c _mR> YmQ>> $& a∑V cmc gdm™ KQ>r'' ([•. H´$. 37)

234

\w$c Xmß[À`mZ AoVe` oZ © VZ, oZÌM`mZ g_mOm¿`m ^Î`mgmR>r g_mO‡]mYZmg gwÍ$dmV

H$cr. [aßVw Y_©gŒmMm aQ>m BVH$m O]aXÒV hmVm H$s Ka¿`mßZm, BVa ZmVdmB©H$mßZm Ãmg hmD$ Z

ÂhUyZ À`mßZm J•hÀ`mJ H$amdm cmJcm. ‡_i AgUmË`m OmVramdmß¿`m doS>cmß¿`m _ZmV Ii]i

_mOcr hmVr. VgmM gmodÃr]mB™¿`m _ZmVhr ^mdZmßMm H$Îcmi oZ_m©U Pmcm hmVm.

""XmXmßMß ]mcUß $& H$mHw$iVrMß$&

AmT>mVmU À`mßMr$& _O H$i$&

AmS> odohar¿`m $& _‹ C XmXm$&

PwH$md Hw$`m ]mOy$& H$iZmg$&

Òdm_t¿`mhr _Zr$& Pmcr JO]O$&

S>m `mV V`mß¿`m $& _O oXg$&'' ([•. H´$. 44)

`mdiMr OmVramdmß¿`m _ZmMr Kmc_c OmUdyZ

""dZdmg Zmhr$& Òdm_r hr H$gmQ>r

IMyZ Zmhr hm$& MmcUma$&'' ([•. H´$$.53)

Agm AmYma XUmË`m YramXmŒm gmodÃr]mB© Am[Umg [hmd`mg o_iVmV.

gmodÃr]mB© g_mOmVrc Í$T>r, [aß[am, arVrnadmOmßMm [JS>m `m]X≤XcM AJXr EIm⁄m

g_mOemÒÃm¿`m A‰`mgH$m‡_mU Am[c _V Ï`∑V H$aV AgV. dfm©Zwdfm©¿`m _mZogH$

Jwcm_oJarVyZ g_mO ghO[U ]mha [S>V Zmhr. g_mOmM AIßS>[U H$Î`mU qMVUmË`m \w$c

Xmß[À`mcm g_mOmMm VÀH$mocH$ AmZßX ZH$m hmVm Va m g_mOÏ`dÒWVrc Í$T>r, [aß[am m _yim[mgyZ

ZÓQ> H$a`mgmR>r V PQ>V hmV. g_mOmMm dmB©Q>[Um KV hmV. \w$c Xmß[À`mda amf AmT>dV hmVm.

Varhr Xya—ÓQ>rZ g_mOohVmM H$m © À`m H$arVM hmÀ`m.

""_Zmcm [Q>c, Var H•$Vr dS>r

Í$Occ AßJr, odf ]mc

hmB©c YwH$ h, hiyhiy H$_r

^odÓ`mV oXg, _O gy ©'' ([•. H´$. 201)

Am[Î`m H$m`m©Mr qH$_V H$Yr Zm H$Yr g_mOmg H$icM Agm AmemdmX gmodÃr]mB© Ï`∑V H$aVmV.

235

g_mOmVrc odYdmßM Xw:I, [naV∑À`mßM Xw:I, ey–mßM Xw:I, AZmW ]mcH$mßM Xw:I, XwÓH$mi

[roS>VmßM Xw:I, [m`mA^mdr Vi_iUmË`m eyX´moVeyX´mßM Xw:I [mhˇZ gmodÃr]mB© AÒdÒW hmV

AgV. À`mßZr Am[Î`m [arZ H•$Vr¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ `m Xw:Imda _mV H$cr. ÒÃrXmÒ`modf`rM odMma

gmodÃr]mB© Zh_rM ]mcyZ XmIodV AgV. ÒÃrcm ÒdVßà odMma H$aVm Amcm [mohO. oZU© j_Vm

oV¿`mV oZ_m©U Pmcr [mohO. oVcmhr ÒdVßà ApÒVÀd Amh, Ag gmodÃr]mB™Zm dmQ.

""Zmarcm hdmM, ÒdVßà odMma

ÒdVßà ApÒVÀd, AmVm [wT>'' ([•$. H´$$. 176)

gmodÃr]mB© AoVe` gßdXZercVZ `m gd© [´ÌZmßH$S> [hmV hmÀ`m. ]mchÀ`m‡oV]ßYH$ J•hmVrc

_wcmßZm Var À`mßZr AÀ ßV cim cmdcm hmVm. hr AmB©odZm [maH$s AgUmar chmZ ]mi [mhˇZ

gmodÃr]mB© Jc]cyZ OmV AgV. AmB©[jmhr A[ma __VZ gmodÃr]mB© À`mßM gßJm[Z H$arV AgV.

""oZamJg S>mi, AmB©odZm ]mi

_•À y[memVyZ gwQ>ccr'' ([•. H´$. 62)

_Zmcm AmZßX XUmar hr ]mcH$ Vm[m¿`m AmOmamcm ]ir [S>cr VÏhm _mà gmodÃr]mB© AÒdÒW PmÎ`m.

""[mQ>r Pmcm Omi, OÏhm EH$ EH$

^`mZH$ _•À y, S>m `m[wT>

S>m `mV YÍ$Z, oVÓR>cÎ`m amÃr

AmR>dVr AmOhr, OS>eri

AßJS>r Q>m[S>r, H$mOi Zr VrQ>

KßJmi naH$m_, _Zm VmS>r

naH$m_m [miUm, dmË`mda hc

Oo_Zrer Xmar, KaßJi

‡À H$ ]mimMr, EH$H$ hm H$Wm

_Zr Pmcr Ï`Wm, gXmMrM'' ([•. H´$. 63, 64)

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m AoVgßdXZerc _ZmM oMÃU `m[jm V dJi H$mUV AgUma ? ÒdV:¿`m [mQ>r

gßVmZ ZÏhV Var h Xmß[À` CXmg Pmc Zmhr.

236

gmodÃr]mB™Zr odYdm H$mer]mB©¿`m [mQ>r O›_cÎ`m `edßVcm XŒmH$ KVc. À`m¿`m

]mc^mdZm g_OyZ KVÎ`m. OmVramd g_mOH$m`m©V JwßVcc AgVmZm EH$ H$V©Ï`Xj AmB© ÂhUyZ

yo_H$m [ma [mS>cr.

""_mP OmB©M J \y$c, Jc H$m_OyZ PUr

gmodÃr¿`m S>mim ^a, gmVm g_w–mM [mUr'' ([•. H´$. 113)

Am[Î`m O›_modf`r `edßVcm g_OÎ`mda À`m¿`m _ZmMr CcKmc hmV AmoU gmodÃr]mB©ZmM

Vm ‡ÌZ odMmaVm.

""AmB© _cm ZH$m oedy, [m[mM _r \$i AmVm

[U gmßJ Ia Ia, H$mer ^Q> H$mU _mPr

ZH$m c[dy J AmB©, H$Wm Iar gmßJ _mPr

H$gß gmßJy ]mi Ordm, Ymc_c À`m¿`m _Zr"" ([•.H´$. 112)

godÃr]mB© À`m¿`m _ZmVcm gc H$mTy>Z Q>mH$VmZm odÌdmgmV KD$Z g_OmdVmV. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

_Yrc _mVM AßVaßJ À`mVyZ CcJS>VmZm oXgyZ V.

OmVramdmß¿`m _•À y‡gßJr mD$]ßXmH$Sy>Z CX≤ dcÎ`m ‡gßJmg gmodÃr]mB™Zr AoVe` YramZ

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""Y›` gmodÃr$& OmVr]mMr Ywam gmß miUmar

AmO ‡À`j, OmoV]m¿`m [wT>M

XmZ [mdc, oQ>Q>d hmVr KD$Z

EH$ Zdm BoVhmg KS>dyZ'' ([•. H´$. 28)

Agm gmodÃr]mB™Mm Jm°ad H$do`Ãr H$aV.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m EHy$UM OrdZmMr OS>UKS>U H$er hmV Jcr `m]X≤Xc S>m∞. amdgmh]

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hmVr. Hw$R>Î`mhr gßH$Q>mcm _ZmY° m©Z Vm|S> X`mM gmhg À`mß¿`mV hmV. Am[Î`m OrodV H$m`m©V

237

gmgmÏ`m cmJUmË`m hmcA[ÓQ>m AmoU AS>MUtZr À`mßM Ï`p∑V_Œd VmdyZ gwcmIyZ oZKmc hmV.

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H$m © ZQ>mZ [wT> Mmcodc. XwÓH$mi, flcJ¿`m gmWrV gdmd•Œmr O[cr. EdT> _mR> H$m © ¡`mß¿`m hmVyZ

KS>c À`m gmodÃr]mB™Zm _hmZ H$_© moJZrM ÂhQ>c [mohO.

gmodÃr]mB© `m ÒdV:M H$do`Ãr hmÀ`m. À`mßM H$mÏ`cIZmM odf` À`mVrc odMma,

H$mÏ`gm¢X © mVyZ À`mßMr odMmamßMr, mdZmßMr oXem g_OV. gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmß¿`m mfUmßM

gß[mXZ H$c. Xwgam H$mÏ`gßJ´h ‡H$moeV H$cm. `mdÍ$Z À`m H$di EH$ J•ohUrM ZÏhÀ`m VaCŒm_

gmohpÀ`H$hr hmÀ`m h cjmV V.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gy˙_oZarjU—ÓQ>r, g_OyVXma[Um, odMma‡dUVm, YramXmŒm[Um,

g_mOohV°frXya—ÓQ>r, H$V©Ï`Xj _mVm, AmemdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZ, gßdXZercVm, gdm^mdr d•Œmr,

H$mÏ`cIZmVyZ Ï`∑V Pmccr gm¢X ©dmXr —ÓQ>r `m JwUmßMm ‡À`` `m H$mÏ`mVyZ Vm.

B©) gmodÃr]mB© - OmVramd ^mdOrdZ -

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Am wÓ`mV AmcÎ`m AZH$ Ï`∑Vr, À`mßM ^md]ßY, OmVramd AmoU À`mßMm o_Ã[nadma `mß¿`mVrc

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gmodÃr]mB© `m OmVramdmßMr ‡aUm AmoU ÂhUyZM gmodÃr]mB© H$di [ÀZrM ZÏhÀ`m Va

À`m gIr hmÀ`m. OmVramdmßMr hr gIr gwIXw:Im¿`m jUr ‡gßJr Yra XUmar, g_mOH$m`m©V

OmVramdmßZm g_W© gmW XUmar Aer Amh. [aÒ[amßda AoVe` oZÓR>m, ‡_ AgUma Ag h Xmß[À`

hmV. gmodÃr]mB™ gmaIr g_ßOg, JwUr, ]w’rMr ÒdVßà XUJr AgUmar [ÀZr d EH$ H´$mßoVH$mar

]ßS>Ima odMmagaUrMm ZVm `mß¿`mVrc hiydma ^mdZmßM oMÃU H$do`ÃrZ `m H$mÏ`mV H$cc

Amh.

OmVramdmßMm ]´m˜U o_Ãm¿`m cæmV ey– ÂhUyZ A[_mZ PmÎ`m_wi V gßVm[c. À`mdir

gmodÃr]mB© À`mßMr g_OyV KmcVmZm ÂhUVmV -

""oeH$cc VwÂhr, ÂhUyZ H$icm,

_mZ A[_mZ, VwÂhmcmJr

238

Zer]mV ¡`mß¿`m, gXm A[_mZ

Zmhr À`mMr OmU À`mM H$m` ?'' ([•. H´$. 31)

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m odMmamßMr P[ H$dT>r _mR>r hmVr V `mdÍ$Z g_OV. Aem‡gßJr OmVramdmßZm emßV

H$aVmZmhr À`m ÂhUVmV -

""AkmZmMr Pm[ $& _mPr _mS>cr Zm

VerM gdm™Mr $& _mS>m Òdm_r

OmVrdßV _mir $& \w$cdm gwJßY

AS>m`mß¿`m OJr $& Ajamß¿`m'' ([•. H´$. 31)

Am[U gßVm[`m[jm AkmZr cmH$mßZm gkmZ H$a`mM H$m © hmVr ø`md, OZOmJ•Vr H$amdr Agm

gÎcmhr gmodÃr]mB© OmVramdmßZm XVmV.

OmVramdmßZr gmodÃr]mB™Zm Am[Î`m ]am]arZ g_mZVMm XOm© oXcm. g_VMm hm EH$ Zdm

A‹`m`M gwÍ$ Pmcm. oejU KD$Z gmodÃr]mB© OmVramdmß¿`m ]am]arZ e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$

H$m`m©V gh^mJr PmÎ`m. oejUm_wi AmcÎ`m AmÀ_^mZmVyZ gmodÃr]mB™Mr g_mOmH$S> [mh`mMr

EH$ Zdr —ÓQ>r V`ma Pmcr. OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©M _mR>[Uhr À`mßZm C_Jc. VÏhm À`m ÂhUVmV,

""[maXeu H$mM, Ò\$oQ>H$ V

À`mßZr O [nac, _m¬`m _Zr Amc

^aKmg [rH$, odMmamßM

H$mU H$m` ÂhU, H$mU H$m` Q>mM

Zmhr cj oXc, H$Xmo[hr'' ([•. H´$. 62)

Va [Vr ÂhUyZ, EH$ _mZdVMm oZ_©c Pam Agm _mUyg ÂhUyZ OmVramdmßM AgUma dJi[Uhr À`m

gmßJVmV.

""F$ofVwÎ` _Z, M°V›`mMm Pam

Zmhr Ahß md, qH$oMVhr

À`mM gßÒH$mamV, OS>c KS>c

hiyhiy Pmc, EH$Ord'' ([•. H´$. 62)

239

gmodÃr]mB© m OmVramdmß¿`m ÒdflZmß¿`m mJrXmaM PmÎ`m d gmßgmnaH$ OrdZ OJVmZmhr À`mß¿`mer

EH$Í$[hr PmÎ`m. \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m mdOrdZm]‘c S>m∞. dm. [w. qeX ÂhUVmV, ""h X`m X` EH$

Pmc ? Aem [Vr-[ÀZr¿`m ^mdOrdZmM oMÃU H$aUma h IßS>H$mÏ`. À`m¿`m gßKf©_` OrdZmMr

EH$ H$hmUrM H$do`ÃrZ gßdXZj_ AßV:H$aUmZ `m H$mÏ`mV C^r H$ccr Amh.''10 OmVramdmß¿`m

OrdZmVrc gßH$Q>g_`r hiydma[U À`mß¿`mda _m Mr \wß$H$a KmcUmar gmodÃr m H$mÏ`mVyZ H$do`ÃrZ

g_W©[U C^r H$cr Amh.

ÒÃr-ey–moVey–mß¿`m Xw:ImMr OmUrd \w$c Xmß[À`mcm ÒdÒW ]gy XV ZÏhVr. VÏhm

""]rO Var [Í$, CJdc Z∑H$s

C⁄m Am[mAm[, Zd [rH$'' ([•. H´$. 60)

Agm AmemdmXhr Ï`∑V H$aVmV.

gmodÃr]mB© d OmVramd Y_m©odf`r gm_moOH$ MmcrnaVrodf`r Zh_rM odMmaodoZ_`

H$arV AgmdV. OmVramdmßZr ]mcmd. gmodÃr]mB™Zr EHy$Z KD$Z À`mVyZ Zd H$mhrVar gwMdmd.

gmodÃr]mB© AemM EH$Xm Y_m©odf`r ]mcVmV.

""OmoiVm Om _mUgmcm Y_© À`mcm H$m ÂhUmd ?

[maS> g_Vmc Zmhr ›`m` À`mcm H$m ÂhUmd ?

AmV© Q>mhm odÍ$Z OmVm e„XOßOmimV hm

H$m CXmgr YÍ$Z Òdm_r ˆX`r OS>Vm AmUVm hm''([•. H´$. 134)

gmodÃr]mB© ]ßS>Ima odMmagaUr AgUmË`m OmVramdmßda dimdir _m Mr [mIa KmcV AgV.

OmVramdmßZr g_mOgdm H$arV AgVmZm Am[Î`m AmamΩ`mMrhr H$miOr ø`mdr d AmÂhmcmhr

Hw$Qw>ß]gm°ª`mMm jU^amMm H$m AgZm AmZßX o_iy ⁄mdm Ag gmodÃr]mB™Zm dmQ>V Ag. ÂhUyZM -

""g_mOgdH$, EH$m hm odZßVr

g_mOmM AmÂhr, KQ>H$M Amhm

gwÍ$dmV H$am, WyZM VwÂhr

H$m_mgmR>r Var, hdr WmS>r e∑Vr

dida Imdm, Kmg EH$ AmR>r

[wadmdr hm°g, Imdr H$Yr Var

oVKmßZr EH$Ã ^mOr Zr ^mH$ar'' ([•. H´$. 111)

240

g_mOH$Î`mUmgmR>r Am wÓ` oPOdVmZm jU^a Var Hw$Qw>ß]mMr AmR>dU Ïhmdr Aer amÒV A[jm

gmodÃr]mB™Mr Amh Ag oXgyZ V.

^mcH$a h OmVramdmßM o_Ã [U XrZ]ßYy_‹ À`mßZr OmVramdmßMm "Y_©JwÍ$' Agm CÎcI

H$Î`m_wi V XwImdc Jc. À`mdir gmodÃr]mB© OmVramdmßMrM g_OyV H$mT>VmV.

""H$YrM ÒdV:Mm, ZÏhVm odMma

AmoU AmQ>mo[Q>m, JwÍ$ÀdmMm

WmS> g_OyZ, ø`m`cm hd hmV

Am[cM hmV, ^mcH$a

Òdm_tZr Varhr, Zmhr Xmf oXcm

_ZmVyZ [ar, IMc V'' ([•. H´$. 157)

OmVramd Hw$Umcm Xmf X`m[jm ÒdV:M _ZmVyZ IMVmV. gmodÃr]mB™M _Z AmiIyZ Va OmVramd

ÂhUVmV -

""MwH$m XmIodÎ`m, ]a Pmc gmD$

[U H$m` H$Í$, VyM gmßJ

Òdm_tMm H$mVa, Òda EH$moZ`m

\$mQ>c Am^mi, _ZmM hr'' ([•. H´$. 157)

gmodÃr]mB™Zm OmVramd "gmD$' ÂhUyZ gß]mYVmV. `mVyZM [Vr-[ÀZr_Yrc AmÀ ßoVH$ oOÏhmim d

—T> Ag ZmV cjmV V.

\w$c Xmß[À` g_mOohVmM H$m © H$Í$ cmJc. oeojH$m ÂhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm gmodÃr]mB™Zm

gZmVZr g_mOmZ Iy[ N>ic. J•hÀ`mJ H$amdm cmJcm. OmV]mßYdmßH$Sy>Zhr Ãmg ghZ H$amdm cmJcm.

Ag AZH$ H$gmQ>rM jU Amc, [aßVw À`mcm V YramZ gm_ma Jc.

OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©Mr XmX ÂhUyZ BßJ´O gaH$maZ À`mßZm ZJa[mocH$da oZ w∑V H$c hmV.

_VXmZmZ oZdS>UyH$ Pmcr, VÏhm OmVramd hV]c Pmcc [mhˇZ gmodÃr]mB™Zr À`mßMr hiydma g_OyV

KmVcr. gÀ`mgmR>r PwßOUmË`m _mUgmßZm odfmMr [arjm ⁄mdrM cmJV Ag gmßJVmZm -

""Pm[S> cmdyZ OJVm g_mO

cJMM Zd _mZd H$m

241

Jwcm_oJar hr hrM _mZogH$Vm

hmS>r_mgr OUy o^Zccr

dS>Ámß¿`m OJmV ehmUmM dS>m

gÀ` [ar XwO dJiM

gÀ`mgmR>r PwßO ¡`mßZr ¡`mßZr oXcr

gmË`mß¿`mM [wT> hmM dmQ>m'' ([•. H´$. 198)

OmVramdmßZm g_OmdUmar H$V©Ï`Xj Aer [ÀZr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Í$[mZ H$do`ÃrZ oMoÃV H$ccr Amh.

odYdm oddmh, ÒÃr-[wÍ$f odf_Vm, ´yUhÀ`m, H$ed[Z `m¿`m odamYmV \w$c [Vr-

[ÀZtZr AmKmS>r CKS>cr. [aßVw H$_©R> g_mOmcm V AmdS>c Zmhr. VßÏhm

""H$Yr H$YrdmQ>V hm, \w$c [McM Zmhr

odÌd oH$Vr _mR> ]mB©, S>mim _mdcM Zmhr'' ([•. H´$. 243)

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m _ZmMm Vi emYUma Ag AZH$ ‡gßJ `m H$mÏ`mV oMoÃV Pmcc AmhV.

OmVramdmß¿`m _•À yMm O]a Y∑H$m gmodÃr]mB™Zm ]gcmM [aßVw `mVyZhr ÒdV:cm gmdÍ$Z

gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßM ÒdflZ [yU© H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$cm.

""Am wÓ`^amM, AogYmamd´V

AIßS> Vdc, amÃßoXZ

V`mß¿`m _mKmar, Mmcodc d´V'' ([•. H´$. 255)

gmodÃr]mB™Zr _•À`yM ^`hr Z ]miJVm Am[Î`m [Vrcm oXccm e„X AIa[`™V [micm.

OmVramdmß¿`m Om`mZßVa dimdir oZ_m©U hmUmam ^mdZmßMm H$Îcmi Ï`∑V H$aVmZm gmodÃr]mB©

ÂhUVmV,

""H$Í$Um gmJa, Òdm_r _mPm

[m°oU©_Mm O›_, [m°oU©_Mm _•À y

EH$ [yU© Mß–, S>mJmodZm'' ([•. H´$. 257)

OmVramd Og g_mYmZmZ Jc VgM Am[Uhr Omd Ag dmQ>Umar, edQ>[ ™V H$m ©aV AgUmar

gmodÃr]mB©, OmVramdmßMr gIr AgUmar gmodÃr]mB© d OmVramd `m Xmß[À`mMr hr OrdZH$hmUr

AoVe` VQ>ÒW[U H$do`ÃrZ oMoÃV H$ccr Amh. J. ‡. ‡YmZ `mß¿`m e„XmV gmßJm`M ÂhUO,

242

""_. \w$c d gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mßM OrdZ d H$m © hr EH$ V[ÌM`m©M hmVr. gZmVZr g_mOmV

[wamJm_r odMma _mßSy>Z _. \w$c `mßZr ]ßS>mMm P|S>m C^macm. hmcA[ÓQ>m, A[_mZ, AdhcZm `m_wi

V S>J_Jc ZmhrV. `m dra [wÈfmcm gmodÃr]mB™Zr oXccr gmW A[yd© hmVr.''11 \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m

OrdZmVrc KS>ccm ‡À H$ ‡gßJ OUy S>m `mßXIV KS>Vm Amh Ag dmQ>V, BVH$m oOdßV[Um `m

IßS>H$mÏ`mV Amh.

gmodÃr]mB© `m OmVramdmß¿`m gIr, ghMar, [ÀZr Va hmÀ`mM [aßVw ‡À H$ diUmda

OmVramdmßZm g_OyZ KUmË`m, _mVZ _wcmcm g_Omdmd Vg g_OyZ gmßJUmË`m, OmVramdmß¿`m PmcÎ`m

MwH$mhr gm°Â`[UmZ [U amIR>mH$[U hr gmßJ`mM YmS>g H$aUmË`m, H$gmQ>r¿`m jUr AmYmadS>

AgUmË`m Aem hmÀ`m. \w$c Xmß[À` h EH$_H$mßM ‡aUmÒWmZM hmV. Aem Xmß[À`mMm ^mdZm[Q>

CcJS>`mMm hm EH$ MmßJcm ‡`ÀZ Amh.

C) erf©H$ g_[©H$Vm -

OmVramd d gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mß¿`m_Yrc ^md]ßY, gm_ßOÒ`, gmhM © `mßM [Xa AoVe`

hiydma[U H$do`ÃrZ `m H$mÏ`mV CcJS>c AmhV. \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m OrdZmVrc gwI-Xw:ImM

jU, À`mcm gm_ma OmVmZm XmKmßZr EH$_H$mg oXccr gmW `mVyZ gmodÃr]mB© H$di [ÀZr ÂhUyZM

Am[Î`m[wT> V ZmhrV Va Vr OmoV]mßMr IË`m AWm©Z gIrM hmVr. H$do`Ãr _›Xm H$X_ `mhr

‡ÒVwV IßS>H$mÏ`m¿`m erf©H$modf`rMr Am[cr yo_H$m Ï`∑V H$aVmZm ocohVmV, ""gmodÃr]mB©

cm°oH$H$ AWm©Z OmoV]mßMr [ÀZr Pmcr [U oZ_yQ>[UmZ ZdË`m¿`m_mJyZ dmQ>Mmc H$aUmar. EdT>mM

À`mMm AW© ZÏhVm. oVMr dmQ>Mmc À`mß¿`m ]am]arZ hmVr. gª`^mdZm hr XmÒ` ^mdZhˇZ AoYH$

_hŒdmMr, gwßXa AmoU AmZßX XUmar, OmoV]mß¿`m Zdg_mO oZo_©Vr¿`m ÒdflZmßMr Vr oeÎ[H$ma

hmVr. ÒÃr_w∑Vr, _mZd_w∑Vr `mgmaª`m H$m`m©Mr _whˇV©_T> amdcr Omdr Agm oVMm AmdmH$m hmVm.

OmoV]mß¿`m ÒdflZmß¿`m ZQ>ÌdamMr Vr AYm™Jr hmVr ÂhUyZ Vr OmVr]mßMr gIr, Zmd gmodÃr [U

o]Í$X gIr.''12 `mdÍ$ZM `m IßS>H$mÏ`mM "gIr gmodÃr' h Zmd AoVe` g_[©H$ dmQ>V.

\w$c Xmß[À`mMm H$di OrdZ[Q>M, H$m ©H$V•©ÀdM ZÏh Va À`mß¿`m ^mdOrdZmVrc AZH$

MT>CVma H$do`ÃrZ AoVe` ghOVZ aImQ>cc AmhV.

"H$mÏ` gmodÃr', "gIr gmodÃr' `m H$odVmgßJ´hmßoedm` gmodÃr]mB™¿`modf`r ocohÎ`m

JcÎ`m Ò\w$Q> H$odVm cIZm_‹ emhra AmÀ_mam_ `mXd `mßMm "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c'13hm [mdmS>m,

"[m°oU©_m'14 hr gm°. gwMVm oedX `mßMr H$odVm, Va "ZmarOmVH$'15 `m O`m Jm`H$dmS> `mßZr

243

ocohcÎ`m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmVrc "H´$mßoV_mVm gmodÃr' d "AmÂhr gmodÃr¿`m cH$s' `mßMmhr g_mde

H$aVm B©c.

emhra AmÀ_mam_ `mXd h cmH$emhra _hmamÓQ≠> emhra ÂhUyZ gmË`m _hmamÓQ≠>mcm V [naoMV

AmhV. À`mßM gm_moOH$, amÓQ≠>r`, Ymo_©H$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ odf`mdaM "[mdmS>' eH$S>Ám¿`m KamV

C[c„Y AmhV. "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c' `m [mdmS>ÁmVyZ gmodÃr]mB™Mm OrdZ[Q>M aImQ>ccm Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™darc [mdmS>ÁmVyZ amÓQ≠>oZÓR>m Ï`∑V H$aU, _mZdVmdmXr —ÓQ>r¿`m g_mOgwYmaH$ Aem

—ÓQ>rZ emhra `mXd `m [mdmS>ÁmH$S> [mhVmV. Va "[m°oU©_m', "H´$mßoV_mVm gmodÃr', "AmÂhr

gmodÃr¿`m cH$s' `m H$odVmßVyZhr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m`m©Mr _hVr, gmodÃr]mB™[mgyZ o_imccr

‡aUm `modf`rMr H•$VkVMr ^mdZmM Ï`∑V Pmccr oXgyZ V.

7.4 _yÎ`_m[Z :

gmodÃr]mB™M OrdZH$V•©Àd g_mO_Zm[ ™V [mhmMmd d À`mVyZ gdm™Zm ‡aUm o_imdr `m

hVyZ "AmÂhr gmodÃrMr cH$aß' hm EH$ ZdrZM C[H´$_ lo_H$ ‡oVÓR>mZ, H$mÎhm[ya `mßZr hmVr

KVcm. `m C[H´$_m¿`m AßVJ©V gmodÃr]mB©odf`r H$c Jcc H$odVm cIZ `mMm emY KVcm Jcm

V|Ïhm H$mhr H$dr-H$do`ÃtZr ocohcÎ`m H$odVm oZXe©Zmg AmÎ`m. À`m gd© H$odVmßMm "H$mÏ`

gmodÃr' `m ZmdmZ H$odVmgßJ´h ‡og’ H$ccm Amh. `m H$odVmgßJ´hmVrc H$mhr H$odVm

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m`m©]X≤Xc Jm°ad H$aUmË`m AmhV Va H$mhr H$odVm gmodÃr]mB™¿`m odÌdÏ`m[H$

AgUmË`m, wJ‡dV©H$ Aem H$V•©ÀdmMr OmUrd Ï`∑V H$aUmË`m AmhV. À`mM]am]a gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

H$m`m©Mr ]amM H$mi C[jm Pmcr. À`mß¿`mdaVr A›`m` Pmcm `m]X≤XcMr ZÏ`m o[T>r¿`m _ZmVrc

IßV, H´$mYhr AZH$ H$odVmßVyZ Ï`∑V Pmccm Amh. VgM gmodÃr]mB™¿`m]X≤XcMr H•$VkVMr,

CVamB©Mr ^mdZmhr Ï`∑V hmVmZm oXgV. gmodÃr]mB©ßZr À`mH$mimer gwgßgJV Agm ÒÃr_w∑VrMm

cT>m gwÍ$ H$cm. Varhr AmO ÒÃr_w∑V Z PmÎ`mMm odfmX `m gßJhmVrc AZH$ H$odVmVyZ oXgyZ Vm.

Va "gIr gmodÃr' `m IßS>H$mÏ`mVyZ H$do`Ãr _›Xm H$X_ `mßZr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

]mc[Um[mgyZ V edQ>¿`m jUm[`™VMm OUy OrdZ AmcIM _mßS>ccm Amh. OmVramdmß¿`m

_•À yZßVahr AIßS>[U H$m ©aV AgcÎ`m gmodÃr]mB™Mr, OmoV]mß¿`m gIrMr, g_mO[nadV©ZmMm

‹`mg KVcÎ`m Xmß[À`mMr hr OrdZH$hmUr aImQ>ccr Amh. ÒdVßà odMmamß¿`m gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

H$m ©H$V•©ÀdmMr P[, À`mßZr [Vr _mKmar [cccr À`mß¿`m H$m`m©Mr Ywam, À`mßM H$odÀd JwU, À`mßMr

g_mOmodf`r Agccr H$V©Ï`oZÓR>m gmaM `m H$mÏ`mV `Wm`mΩ` oMoÃV Pmcc Amh.

244

AmR>dUr Í$[mZ gßdmX gmYV, H$mhr ‡gßJmßZm COmim XV XV `m cIZmVyZ EH$ _mR>m

H$mc[Q> AmoU À`mV KS>cc AZH$ ‡gßJ oMoÃV Pmcc AmhV. m ‡gßJmßZm H$mcmZwH´$_ Zmhr. [aßVw

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZmVrc Odi Odi gd©M _hŒdm¿`m ‡gßJmßZm H$do`ÃrZ Ò[e© H$ccm Amh d

\w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m ^mdOrdZmMm AoVe` VacVZ dY KVccm Amh.

"H$mÏ`gmodÃr' _‹ dJdJ˘`m H$dr-H$do`ÃtZr ocohcÎ`m 28 H$odVm g_modÓQ> H$cÎ`m

AmhV. À`m H$odVmß_YyZ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m ©H$V•©Àdm]am]aM AmO¿`m EHy$U [napÒWVrMmhr dY

KVccm Amh. gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$cc e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m © AJXr ]maH$mÏ`mßgh H$mUÀ`mhr

EH$mM H$odVVyZ Amcc Zmhr. ]Ë`mMdim À`mM À`m V[ercmMr [wZamd•Œmrhr Pmccr oXgyZ V.

[aßVw "gIr gmodÃr'`m IßS>H$mÏ`mVyZ _mà \w$c Xmß[À`mMm OrdZ[Q>, À`mßM ^mdOrdZ, gy _

V[ercmßgh aImQ>Î`mZ EH$ MmßJc H$mÏ` dmMÎ`mMm AmZßX o_imÎ`moedm` amhmV Zmhr.

7.5 g_mam[ :

_‹` wJrZ H$mimVrc _amR>r gmohÀ`m[mgyZM _amR>r H$odVcm EH$ MmßJcr [aß[am Amh.

_‹` wJrZ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mVrc OdiOdi 800 dfm©M H$mhr A[dmX dJiVm gd© cIZ H$odV¿`m

_m‹`_mVyZM Pmcc Amh. [aßVw AocH$S>¿`m H$mimV _mà g_mOgwYmaH$mßZr H$cÎ`m H$m`m©]X≤Xc

H$mÏ`m¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ cIZ \$mag Pmcc oXgV Zmhr. H$odVm `m cIZ‡H$mamVyZ À`m Ï`∑Vr¿`m

OrdZmVrc AZH$ md]ßY, mdVaßJ, AßV_©ZmVrc oH´$`m ‡oVoH´$`m AoYH$ VacVZ g_mO_Zm[ ™V

[mhmMy eH$VmV. \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m OrdZmda, gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZH$V•©Àdmodf`r H$mhr$ ‡_mUmV

H$odVm cIZ Pmcc oXgˇZ V.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`modf`r H$mim¿`m AmKmV H$mXß]ar, ZmQ>H$, EH$mßoH$H$m BÀ`mXr cocV

gmohÀ`mM cIZ Pmcc Amh. VgM H$mhr ‡_mUmV H$odVm cIZhr Pmcc Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m-

odf`r ocohÎ`m JcÎ`m H$odVmß_‹ ÒÃrH$do`ÃtZr ocohcÎ`m H$odVmßMr gߪ`mM AoYH$ Amh.

[wÍ$f H$dtZr ocohcÎ`m H$odVm gߪ Z H$_r AmhV. hr Xargw’m H$_r PmÎ`moedm` g_Vm, g_^md

gdm™¿`m _Zr-_mZgr OmJccm Amh Ag ÂhUVm Uma Zmhr. À`mM]am]a gmodÃr]mB™¿`modf`r

H$odVm ocohVmZm gm_moOH$—ÓQ>Ám AOyZhr ‡JÎ^ H$odVm ocohcr OmU JaOM Amh.

7.6 oZÓH$f© :

gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mß¿`m OrdZ H$m ©H$V©•ÀdmZ ‡^modV hmD$Z H$mhr H$dr H$do`ÃtZr H$mÏ`cIZ

H$cc Amh. À`mß¿`modf`r ocohÎ`m JcÎ`m H$mÏ`mM oZÓH$f© [wT>rc‡_mU Zm|XodVm Vrc.

245

7.6.1 "H$mÏ` gmodÃr' -

1. EH$moUgmÏ`m eVH$mV ÒÃr-ey–mßgmR>r XrZ-XocVmßgmR>r gmodÃr]mB™Zr O –ÓQ>[UmZ H$m ©

H$c. À`m]X≤XcMr H•$VkVMr, CVamB©Mr ^mdZm ZÏ`m o[T>rZ Ï`∑V H$ccr oXgyZ V.

2. \w$c Xmß[À`mZ Am[Î`m H$m`m©VyZ, AmMma-odMmamVyZ _mZdVm d gÀ`oZÓR>m `mßMm AmXe©

g_mOmg_ma KmcyZ oXcm. À`mßM h H$m © odÌd_mZÏ`m¿`m H$Î`mUmgmR>r odÌdÏ`m[H$ hmV

AgM ÂhUVm B©c.

3. gmodÃr]mB™Zr À`mH$mimV oejU, g_mOgdm, ‡]mYZ m ododY _mJm™Zr g_mO[nadV©ZmM

H$m © H$c. À`mßZr AZH$ gßH$Q>mßZm [ma H$arV Am[cm g_mO[nadV©ZmMm cT>m edQ>¿`m

Ìdmgm[ ™V gwÍ$M R>dcm hmVm. À`mßZr "_mUyg Y_© lÓR>' _mZyZ H$m © H$c. VM H$m © AmO¿`m

ZÏ`m o[T>rcm _hŒdmM d ‡aUmXm`r Ag dmQ>V.

4. gmodÃr]mB™Zm H$m © H$arV AgVmZm AZH$ g_mOHß$Q>H$mH$Sy>Z Ãmg Pmcm. Varhr À`m Am[Î`m

‹ m[mgyZ Vgy ahr _mJ hQ>Î`m ZmhrV. À`mßZr ÒÃr-ey–mß¿`m OrdZmcm Zdm _mJ©, Zdr

oXem XmIodcr AmoU g_mOmV VO oZ_m©U H$c. À`mß¿`m H•$oV w∑V H$m`m©M dJi[U,

odMmamßMr C[ w∑VVm AmO¿`m o[T>rcm cjmV Z AmÎ`m_wi À`mVyZ Om ]mY ø`m`cm hdm

hmVm. Vm KVcm OmV Zmhr, `modf`rMr IßVhr H$mhr H$odVmVyZ Ï`∑V Pmccr oXgyZ V.

5. 19 Ï`m eVH$mV gmodÃr]mB™Zr g_mOmV g_Vm ‡ÒWmo[V H$a`mgmR>r pÒÃ`m d ]h˛OZmß¿`m

C’mamgmR>r H$m © H$c. h H$m © H$arV AgVmZm AZH$ g_mOHß$Q>H$mßH$Sy>Z À`mßZm Ãmg ghZ

H$amdm cmJcm. `mMhr AmO¿`m ZÏ`m o[T>rcm dmB©Q> dmQ>VM [aßVw À`mß¿`m OrdZH$m`m©Mr

gmohÀ`mMr XIchr odX≤dmZmßZr g_mOYwnaUmßZr OdT>r ø`m`cm hdr hmVr. Vr KVcr Jcr

Zmhr, m]X≤Xchr IßV dmQ>V. gmodÃr]mB™Mm À`mJ, g_[©UercVm, H$m ©Hw$ecVm m JwUmßH$S>

Xwc©j Z H$aVm AmOhr gmodÃr]mB™M odMma, H$m ©, oXemXe©H$ Amh h cjmV KU JaOM Amh.

6. gmodÃr]mB™Zr À`mH$mimer gwgßJV Agm ÒÃr-_w∑VrMm cT>m gwÍ$ H$cm. AmO¿`m 21 Ï`m

eVH$mV _mohVr VßÃkmZm¿`m wJmV ÒÃrdJm™Z À`mM[’VrZ Am[Î`m g_Ò`m gmS>od`mgmR>r

‡`ÀZ H$Í$Z MmcUma Zmhr. À`mßZr Am[Î`m [wÍ$f[´YmZ gßÒH•$VrV [wÍ$fdJm©cm odÌdmgmV

KD$Z À`mß¿`m ghH$m`m©ZM hm cT>m [wT> ZU JaOM Amh. VaM ÒÃr _w∑Vr AmßXmcZmcm

`mΩ` oXem o_ic.

246

7. [´ÒVwV H$odVmgßJ´hmV gmodÃr]mB© \w$c odf`H$ H$odVm AoYH$moYH$ pÒÃ`mßZr ocohcÎ`m

AmhV, À`m—ÓQ>rZ AmO¿`m AmYwoZH$ wJmVhr gmodÃr]mB™M ‡aH$ Ï`o∑V_Œd ÒÃrcm ZÏ`m

cT>mB©Mr ‡aUm XUma R>aV.

8. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Agr_ À`mJm]X≤Xc ‡m_moUH$ H$WZ H$aUmË`m ¯m H$odVm H$mhrdim

H$cmÀ_H$VMr CßMr JmRy> eH$V ZmhrV. J⁄‡m`VMr OdirH$Vm AoYH$ gmYVmZm oXgV,

[aßVw H$od_ZmMr AmÀ ßoVH$Vm CÀÒ\w$V©[U ‡H$Q> H$aUmË`m R>aVmV.

9. AmO¿`m oejUÏ`dÒWZ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m`m©Vrc AmpÀ_`VMr C[jm H$Î`m_wi

]mOmÍ$ÒdÍ$[ Amcc oXgyZ V, h [w›hm [w›hm H$dtZr Ï`∑V H$Í$Z AmO¿`m dmÒVdmM

odXmaH$ gÀ` _mßS>c Amh.

7.6.2 "gIr gmodÃr' -

1. ‡ÒVwV IßS>H$mÏ`mV gmodÃr]mB™Zm AmR>dcÎ`m KQ>Zm ‡gßJmßMr EH$ _mocH$mM Amh. À`mß¿`m

Am wÓ`mV AmcÎ`m AZH$ Ï`∑Vr, À`mßM ^md]ßY, OmVramd AmoU À`mßMm o_Ã[nadma

`mß¿`mVrc ^md]ßY, OmVramdmßMr gmodÃr]mB™Zm o_imccr gmW Aem AZH$ ‡gßJmßMr

Jwß\$U Va `m H$mÏ`mV AmhM, [aßVw À`mM]am]a \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m OrdZmVrc ^md]ßY

CcJS>`mMmhr [´ ÀZ H$ccm Amh.

2. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gy˙_oZarjU—ÓQ>r, g_OyVXma[Um, odMma‡dUVm, YramXmŒm[Um,

g_mOohV°fr Xya—ÓQ>r, H$V©Ï`Xj _mVm, AmemdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZ, gßdXZercVm, gdm^mdrd•Œmr,

H$mÏ` cIZmVyZ Ï`∑V Pmccr gm¢X ©dmXr—ÓQ>r `m JwUmßMm ‡À`` `m H$mÏ`mVyZ Vm.

3. gmodÃr]mB© `m H$di OmVramdmß¿`m [ÀZrM ZÏhÀ`m Va À`m gIr hmÀ`m. OmVramdmßMr hr

gIr gwIXw:Im¿`m jUr ‡gßJr Yra XUmar, g_OH$m`m©V OmVramdmßZm g_W© gmW XUmar

Aer Amh. gmodÃr]mB™gmaIr g_ßOg, JwUr, ]w’rMr ÒdVßà XUJr AgUmar [ÀZr d EH$

H´$mßoVH$mar ]ßS>Ima odMmagaUrMm ZVm `mß¿`mVrc hiydma ^mdZmßM oMÃU H$do`ÃrZ `m

H$mÏ`mV H$cc Amh.

4. ÒdVßà odMmamß¿`m gmodÃr]mB™¿`mH$m ©H$V©•ÀdmMr P[, À`mßZr [Vr _mKmar [cccr À`mß¿`m

H$m`m©Mr Ywam, À`mßM H$odÀd JwU, À`mßMr g_mOmodf`r Agccr H$V©Ï`oZÓR>m m H$mÏ`mVyZ

`Wm`mΩ` oMoÃV Pmcc Amh.

247

5. `m IßS>H$mÏ`mMr aMZm _wª`V: A ßJ d•ŒmmV H$ccr Amh. AÓQ>mjar, fS>mjar H$mhr dicm

"gmH$s' d•Œm dm[Í$Z _w∑VN>ßXm¿`m AßJmZ cIZ H$cc Amh. gmY[UmZ H$ccr gai,

gm[r, [´dmhr Aer ^mfm h `m H$mÏ`mM d°oeÓQ>Á ÂhUVm B©c.

7.6.3 gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZmda ocohcÎ`m H$odVmßM ‡_mU AÎ[ AgyZ À`mhr AocH$S>¿`m

H$mimV ocohÎ`m JcÎ`m oXgyZ VmV. À`mß¿`m H$V•©ÀdmMr OmUrd AmYwoZH$ wJmV R>iH$

hmVmZm oXgV. `mVM gmodÃr]mB™M _mR>[U gm_mdcc Amh Ag dmQ>V.

248

7.7 gßX © :

1. cdQ> (S>m∞.) gwZrcHw$_ma "H$mÏ`gmodÃr', lo_H$ ‡oVÓR>mZ, H$mÎhm[ya, ‡W_md•Œmr,

[mQ>rc ]r. E_. 3 OmZdmar 2005

2. Jm`H$dmS> (S>m∞.) oXZH$a "[m°oU©_m' (gmodÃr]mB© \w$c odf`H$ cIgßJ´h),

H$Î`mUr

(gß[mXH$) q‡Q>g©, Zram, ‡W_md•Œmr, OyZ 1998, [•. 66

3. _mir (S>m∞.) _m. Jm. "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', Amem ‡H$meZ,

JmaJmQ>r, o¤Vr`md•Œmr, 3 Eo‡c 1981, [•. 115

4. [mQ>rc ^maVr (gß[mXH$) "AmÂhr gmodÃr¿`m cH$s', lo_H$ ‡oVÓR>mZ, H$mÎhm[ya,

‡W_md•Œmr, 2005, [•. 59

5. ZaH$ hna "kmZ¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', ZmJ-ZmcßXm ‡H$meZ,

BÒcm_[ya, ‡W_md•Œmr, 28 gflQ>|]a 2006, [•. 20

6. Jm`H$dmS> (S>m∞) oXZH$a "[m°oU©_m' (gmodÃr]mB© \w$c odf`H$ cIgßJ´h),

(gß[mXH$) CoZ., [•. 63

7. [dma Zm. J. "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c : AÓQ>[°cy Ï`p∑V_Œd', [X≤_JßYm

‡H$meZ, ‡W_md•Œmr, 25 \$]wdmar 2004, [•. 166

8. H$X_ _›Xm "gIr gmodÃr', oha`H$er ‡H$meZ, H$mÎhm[ya,

‡W_md•Œmr, 28 ZmÏh|]a 2007, [•. 25

9. Mmc (S>m∞.) amdgmh] "ÒÃraÀZ H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', e„Xmc`

‡H$meZ, lram_[ya, ‡W_md•Œmr, _ 2000, [•. 62

10. qJS> (S>m∞) dm. [w. "Aja`mÃm', VÈU ^maV, aoddma oX.25 _ 2008

11. H$X_ _›Xm "gIr gmodÃr', oha`H$er ‡H$meZ, H$mÎhm[ya,

‡W_md•Œmr 28 ZmÏh|]a 2007, [•. 25

12. ‡YmZ J. ‡. "H$adra H$mer', gmflVmohH$, H$mÎhm[ya, ewH´$dma 30 _

2008

249

13. H|$Jma (S>m∞.) aKwZmW "emhra mXd mßM [mdmS>', emhra AmÀ_mam_ mXd Jm°ad

H$mß]i XŒmm go_Vr, H$amS>, ‡W_md•Œmr, OmZdmar 1997, [•.54

14. Jm`H$dmS> (S>m∞.) oXZH$a "[m°oU©_m' (gmodÃr]mB© \w$c odf`H$ cIgßJ´h),

(gß[mXH$) CoZ., [•. 36

15. Jm`H$dmS> O`m "ZmarOmVH$', ZmJ ZmcßXm ‡H$meZ, BÒcm_[ya,

‡W_md•Œmr, 2008, [•. 7, 10.

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