Elektrische voertuigen

de transitie naar een duurzame mobiliteit Prof. Dr. ir. Joeri Van Mierlo Director of Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 2

25%

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 3 Joris Besseling

57% NOx – 25% PM

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 4

Jonathan C. Wheeler

1 Billion Euro’s per Day for import of Oil in Europe

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 5

Manon

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 6

Strong foundations

1979 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel

2014 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel

E-mobility

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 8

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 9

Streefdoel Vlaanderen 2020

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 10

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

EV vehicle models d.d. 31/12/14

Source: AVERE (2014)

11

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 12

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 13

Top 3 Barriers for EVs

Limited charging infrastructure

Limited driving range

High purchase cost

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 14

Range anxiety

– 95 to 99% trips <100km

– 30% vehicle fleet never >100km

– Improved batteries: Specific energy (Wh/kg):

– Plug-in hybrid (EV+range extender)

– Wireless Dynamic inductive charging

Lead Nickel Lithium 2020 2030

30 – 35 50 – 80 80 – 200 400 - 600 1000 - 2000?

x2 x2 x3 x3

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 15

Infrastructure needs Where is your car during one week?

Home Work

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 16

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo MOBI - Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology 17

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

Vlaanderen Walonië Brussel

Garage en parking gelegenheden in België

% aantal gebouwen met garage, parking of overdekte staanplaats / aantal gebouwen

% aantal gebouwen met garage, parking of overdekte staanplaats / aantal woongelegenheden

Bron: FOD Economie

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo MOBI - Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology 18

Intelligent roll-out of infrastructure

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 19

– 100 000 EVs = > +0,4

% extra electricity production

– But potential extra

demand for electricity after working hours

“Smart battery

charging” during off peak hours

Electricity production and distribution

– Battery as storage

solution?

opportunity to give

electricity back to the

grid?

Impact on life

expectancy of battery

2nd

hand market for

EV batteries (still 80%

original capacity)

How Green are Clean vehicles?

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 21

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 22 Bert Kaufmann

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 23

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 24

Life Cycle Assessment

Raw

materials Production of

components

Assembly and

distribiution

Waste

Raw

materials

Refining and

transport Distribution

Usage

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Ozone formation

Elementary flows

Midpoint impacts

Endpoint Damages

Climate change

Acidification

Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion

PM formation

Land use Human toxicity

Radiation Eco toxicity

Ozone depletion

CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, … and other elementary flows (emissions and resources)

Human health

Ecosystem Resource

availability

Single score

Mineral depletion

Water use

Inventory model

Raw materials Production of

components

Assembly and

distribiution

Waste

Raw materials Refining and

production

Distribution

Usage

WTT Maintenance

Production

TTW

Road

infrastructure 25

FU: 209,470 km (14.1 years, 14,856 km/yr)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Ozone formation

Elementary flows

Midpoint impacts

Climate change

Acidification

Eutrophication Fossil fuel depletion

PM formation

Land use Human toxicity

Radiation Eco toxicity

Ozone depletion

CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, … and other elementary flows (emissions and resources)

Mineral depletion

Water use

Inventory model

Raw materials Production of

components

Assembly and

distribiution

Waste

Raw materials Refining and

production

Distribution

Usage

WTT Maintenance

Production

TTW

Road

infrastructure

27

Single score

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 28

Air quality in Belgium

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 29

Life cycle air quality

! Geographical & Temporal Resolution in LCA

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Vehicle

database

Parameterized LCI model

Monte Carlo

assessment

Vehicle segmentation

Data fitting

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

970

1035

.4

1100

.8

1166

.2

1231

.6

1297

1362

.4

1427

.8

1493

.2

Den

sity

Weight [kg]

Parameterized vehicle-LCA model

30

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 31

Single score

Messagie, M., et.al.. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment

Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle

Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 1467-1482

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 32

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Influence of the electricity mix

Ref: Messagie, M., et.al. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment

Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle

Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES 33

How affordable are Clean Vehicles?

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 35

TCO methodology

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Passenger cars – medium cars

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Passenger cars – premium cars

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Company cars – medium cars

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Company cars – premium cars

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 40

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Electrification: 1 mln. additional jobs in 2030 in EU 2 mln. additional jobs in 2050 in EU

41 Source: Fuelling EUROPE’S Future, 2013

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 42

Fun to drive and ….

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – MOBI – Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 43

Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Phone +32 2 629 28 03

Email joeri.van.mierlo@vub.ac.be

Office Building Z (ZE109)

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels

mobi.vub.ac.be

twitter.com/MOBI_VUB

Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Research centre

Vrije Universiteit Brussel