WP 1: literatuurstudie - GevelGroen...Algemeen –Elgizawy, E.M. (2016). The Effect of Green Facades...

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1Met de financiële steun van:

Groen Bouwen: Groene gevels voor

duurzame gebouwen en steden

WP 1: literatuurstudie

Ine Knoops – WTCB

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1. Algemeen

– Wong, N.H. e t a l . (2010). Percept ion Stud ies of Ver t ica l

Greener y Systems in Singapore . Journa l of urban p lanning

and deve lopment pg. 330 -338.

+ Energy sav ing p roper ty o f ve r t ica l g reener y systems make

them su i tab le fo r the loca l cond i t ions as S ingapore

depends heav i l y on a i r cond i t ion i ng .

Enhance the aes the t ic o f a bu i l d ing

Reduce the increas ing ser ious a i r and no ise po l l u t ion

Br ing nature c loser to humans

- Clear ing o f the res idue o f dead l eaves as we l l as per iod ica l

rep lacement and t r imming

lack o f techn ica l i n fo rmat ion , main tenance ins t r uct i ons and

in format i on on p lan ts

lack o f awareness o f the bene f i ts and per formance

lack o f g ran ts and subs id ies

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Sur vey quest ionna i re conducted among

arch i tec tura l f i rms

l andscape consu l tan t f i rms

consu l tan ts and deve loper f i rms

government agenc ies

res idents

=> Unders tand the percep t ion

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+ Reduce sur face temperatures

Reduce summer coo l ing load

Insu la t ion o f the bu i l d ing façade

Acoust ic in f l uences

Aesthe t ic p re fe rences => increase v isua l i n te res t

Improv ing the a i r qua l i ty => reduce resp i ra tor y p rob lems

Reducing the urban heat i s l and e f fec t

Reduce urban s torm wate r r unof f

Re in t roduct i on of b iod ive rs i ty

Increase proper ty va lue and marke tab i l i ty

Enhanc ing the psycho log ica l we l l be ing

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- Damage the wal l s ( invas ive nature o f roo ts)

H igher cap i ta l cos t (due to lower demand)

High main tenance cost

Lack o f techn ica l i n fo rmat i on => uncer ta in t i e s such as

des ign and ins ta l l a t ion requ i rements

No indust r y techn ica l s tandards => low c l i en ts ’ conf idence

Lack o f in format i on on main tenance requ i rements

Lack o f in format i on on p lan ts

Lack o f awareness o f the bene f i ts and per formance

Lack o f knowledge => fear o f imp lementa t ion

Lack o f g ran ts and subs id ies

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Rais ing awareness

Prov id ing techn ica l ass is tance and gu ide l ines

Suppor t f rom bu i ld ing p ro fess iona l s

I ncent i ves f rom government (po l ic ies and p rog ram suppor t )

Promot ion and educat ion

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– Manso, M. & Castro -Gomes, J . (2015). Green wal l

systems: A rev iew of the i r character is t i cs. Renewable and

Susta inab le Energy Reviews 41 pg. 863 -871

Green wal l s can enhance and res tore the urban env i ronment and

improve bu i ld ings per formances

Green wal l s must evo lve to become a more susta inab le so lu t ion

I ncrease o f the i r app l ica t ion and reduct ion o f the cost

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Ci ty sca le :

- Env i ronmenta l aspects : i nser t ion o f vege ta t ion in the urban

contex t , cont r ibu t i on to urban b iod ive rs i ty, s to rm wate r

management , a i r qua l i ty, tempera ture reduct ion , mi t iga t ion o f

the heat i s l and e f fec t

- soc ia l and economic bene f i ts : more p leasant u rban areas,

psycho log ica l we l lbe ing , improve c i t i es image, increase

p roper ty va lue , comp lementar y the rmals and acoust ic

p ro tect ion

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Bui ld ing sca le :

- Pass ive des ign so lu t ion cont r ibu t ing to bu i l d ings susta inab i l i t y

per formance

- Improve the microc l imate (w in te r : i nsu la t ion l ayer ; summer :

shade and evapora t i ve coo l ing e f fec t ) , absorp t ion o f so lar

rad ia t ion => increased humid i ty l eve ls and lower sur face

tempera tures

Indoor c l imate :

- cont ro l o f heat ga ins and losses, improve indoor the rmal

comfor t and reduce energy demands fo r heat ing or coo l ing

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Class i f i ca t i on based on

Suppor t ing e l ements

Growing med ia

Vege ta t ion

Dra inage

I r r iga t ion

Ins ta l l a t ion and main tenance

Env i ronmenta l pe r fo rmance and cost

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Termino logy

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- Green wal l s = genera l te rm

- Green facades: c l imb ing or hang ing p lan ts g row a long the wal l

cover ing i t – d i rect (se l f -c l ing i ng) or ind i rect (suppor t

s t r ucture)

- L iv ing wal l s : i nc lude mate r ia l s and techno logy to suppor t a

w ider var ie ty o f p lan ts , crea t ing a un i fo rm g rowth a long the

sur face = wal l c l add ing

- H igh bu i l d i n gs , r ap id cov e rage o f l a rge su r faces

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- Suppor t ing e l ements

D i rect g reen facades: no suppor t s t r ucture

I nd i rect g reen facades: “doub le -sk in facades” (a i r gap) w i th

suppor t s t r ucture

LWS: a f rame to ho ld the e l ements and a suppor t fo r p lan ts

cont inuous : l aye rs o f pe rmeab le , f l ex ib l e and root p roof

screens, pocke ts fo r the in t roduct ion o f p lan ts ind iv idua l

modular : severa l fo rms

t rays and vesse ls : f i xed to a ve r t i ca l and /or

hor i zonta l f rame a t tached to the sur face w i th hooks or

mount ing b racke ts

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- Suppor t ing e lements

LWS: a f rame to ho ld the e l ements and a suppor t fo r p lan ts

modular : severa l fo rms

t rays : l i gh twe igh t mate r ia l s (p las t ic o r meta l shee ts) ,

i n te r lock ing sys tem

vesse ls : po lymer ic mate r ia l s , s ign i f i can t v isua l

impact

p lan te r t i l es : connected to each o ther by

jux tapos i t ion , l i gh twe ight o r porous mate r ia l s

(p las t ic o r ce ramics) , g lued or mechan ica l

fas tened

f l ex ib l e bags : f l ex ib l e po lymer ic mate r ia l s wh ich are

cut to inser t each p lan t

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- Growing med ia

Green facades: on ly modu lar sys tems requ i re g rowing med ia

(must be l i gh twe ight )

LWS:

cont inuous : no subst ra te (hydropon i c method : pe rmanent

supp ly o f wate r and nut r i en ts due to the l ack o f subst ra te )

modular : o rgan ic and inorgan ic compounds, g rowing med ia

based on a mix ture o f l i gh t subst ra te w i th a g ranu lar mate r ia l

to ob ta in a good wate r re ten t ion capac i ty

some systems: inser t ion o f g rowing med ia in to geotex t i l e

bags

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- Vege ta t ion

Depends on c l imat ic cond i t ions, bu i l d ing characte r is t i cs and

sur round ing cond i t ions

c l imb ing p lants = cheap so lu t ion , everg reen or dec iduous, se l f -

suppor t ing or suppor ted by a s t r ucture , g rowing l im i ta t ions, 3 -5

years to ach ieve fu l l coverage

LWS : new aesthe t ica l concep ts o f g reen wal l s => wider var ie ty

o f p lan t spec ies , appropr ia te i r r iga t ion and nut r i en ts !

Hydroponic sys tems : p l an ts in d i f fe ren t s ta tes o f deve lopment

accord ing to the des i red aes the t ic e f fec t

=> low i r r iga t ion needs, adap ted to loca l cond i t ions o f exposure

and weather cond i t ions, po ten t ia l fo r u rban ag r icu l tu re

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- Dra inage

Excess f l u id by g rav i ty

Cont inuous and modular LWS : geotex t i l es to encourage d ra inage

Modular : r euse to the modu les be low, des ign (concave , inc l ined ,

pe r fo ra ted , porous or absorbent mate r ia l , use o f f i l te r mate r ia l a t

the bot tom,…)

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- I r r iga t ion

Depends on the type o f sys tem, p lan ts used and c l imat ic

cond i t ions

Modular g reen facades and LWS requ i re i r r iga t ion . The wate r can

be enr iched wi th nu t r i en ts , fe r t i l i ze rs , ea .

Wate r supp ly : cont inuous i r r iga t ion tube located a t the top

Cont inuous LWS : pe rmeab le screen fo r un i fo rm d is t r ibu t ion

Severa l mate r ia l conta in ing d i f fe ren t ou tputs

F i l t r a t ion sys tem to p revent c logg ing

Rainwate r recover y, reuse o f f l u id co l l ec ted in the d ra inage

sys tem, moni to r ing wate r supp ly needs, gu t te r fo r the recover ing

o f excess wate r

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- I ns ta l l a t ion and main tenance

Green facades : more cost -e f fec t i ve , bu t l im i ted in p lan ts

d ive rs i ty, d i f f i cu l t i e s o f p lan ts rep lacement , can damage bu i ld ings

sur face (en te r ing in vo ids or cracks)

Modular LWS : m in imize ins ta l l a t ion , main tenance and

rep lacement p rob lems, d isassemble each modu le ind iv idua l l y

Cont inuous LWS : c rea t ion o f vege ta ted sur faces w i th a w ider

var ie ty o f p lan t spec ies , l i gh te r, hyd ropon i c sys tems =>

permanent supp ly o f wate r and nut r i en ts => h igher main tenance

costs

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- Env i ronmenta l per formance

Direct g reen facades : more susta inab le and economic so lu t ion

LWS : durab i l i ty, recyc l ing poten t ia l , vege ta t ion durab i l i ty and

wate r consumpt i on : s ign i f i cant impact

Mate r ia l s durab i l i ty : rep lacement more than once dur ing bu i ld ings

l i fe expectancy

High env i ronmenta l impact : reduced env i ronmenta l burden due to

the the rmal res is tance o f the wal l => reduct ion on energy

demand for heat ing and coo l ing

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- Costs

LWS are more expens ive when compared to d i rec t and ind i rect

g reen facades

Modular g reen facades: costs depend on the mate r ia l s used

LWS: costs are depend ing on mate r ia l s used and the sys tem

complex i ty, app l ica t ion p rocess and main tenance needs

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Sign i f i can t evo lu t ion

Focus on l i gh tness ( rehab i l i ta t ion )

Cont inuous = l igh te r than modu lar

Advantages o f modu lar : i ns ta l l a t ion , rap id coverage , s imp l i f y ing

main tenance

Main concerns: f i nd new s t ra teg ies fo r be t te r pe r fo rmance and

durab i l i ty => wate r re ten t ion mate r ia l s , d ra inage s imp le r

assembly and main tenance p rocesses

Systems adap tab i l i t y = f i e ld o f deve lopment

Innovat ion : improvement o f des ign to ach ieve be t te r pe r fo rmance ,

dur ing ins ta l l a t i on , usage or main tenance

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More susta inab le so lu t ions: use o f mate r ia l s w i th l ess

incorpora ted energy and CO2

emiss ions, c l imate adap ted p lan t

spec ies w i th l ess i r r iga t ion needs

Cont inu i ng to eva lua te the cont r ibu t i on to improve bu i ld ing

per formance => increase the i r app l ica t ion => reduct ion on

sys tems cost

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3. Algemeen

– Elgizawy, E .M. (2016). The Ef fect of Green Facades in

landscape Ecology. Proced ia Envi ronmenta l Sciences 34

pg. 119-130.

Meaning , advantages and techn iques of g reen facades as par t o f

the susta inab i l i t y s t ra tegy

eco log ica l l andscape : crea tes a r i cher ecosystem, enhances

b iod ive rs i ty, improves menta l hea l th and a l l ev ia tes env i ronmenta l

ex te r na l i za t i on ( inc l . po l l u t ion , r unof f and heat i s l and e f fec ts)

ve r t i ca l g reen ing : coo l ing poten t ia l , decrease o f energy

consumpt i on ( increase o f bu i l d ings the rmal pe r fo rmance ) ,

decrease o f u rban heat i s l and e f fec t , i ncrease o f in te r io r a i r

qua l i ty, decrease o f no ise po l l u t ion , improvement o f hab i ta t and

b iod ive rs i ty, c rea tes hea l thy env i ronment

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pg. 119-130.

Green facades: dust cont ro l , humid i f i ca t i on and co ld a i r

genera t ion => loca l , na tura l a i r cond i t ion i ng

Termino logy

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pg. 119-130.

Green facades: c l imb ing p lan ts or cascad ing g round covers , 3 -5

years to g row a l l over the facades

se l f -c l ing ing : can damage unsu i tab le wa l l s

t re l l i ses , r ig id pane ls and cab le sys tems

Modular t re l l i s pane l sys tem: 3D pane l made f rom a

powder coated ga lvan i zed and we lded s tee l w i re

( recyc led)

Cab le and Wi re -Rope System: cab les and /or w i re -

rope ne t . H igh tens i l e s tee l cab les , anchors and

supp lementar y equ ipment .

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pg. 119-130.

Green L iv ing Wal l s : vege ta ted pane ls , ve r t i ca l modu les or p lan ted

b lanke ts . Requ i re more main tenance as g reen facades. Cons is t

o f f a meta l f rame, PVC layer and a i r l ayer. A se l f -au tomated

water ing and nut r i t ion system is used .

Modular g reen l i v ing wa l l sys tem : pane ls tha t ho ld g rowing

med ia , p re -cu l t i va ted fo r an ins tan t e f fec t a f te r i ns ta l l a t ion ,

i r r iga t ion a t d i f fe ren t l eve ls , f rame to ho ld the modu les

Vegeta ted mat wa l ls sys tem : p ioneered by Pat r ick B lanc, two

l ayers o f synthe t i c fab r ic , hydropon i c sys tem

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pg. 119-130.

Green facades: pos i t i ve env i ronmenta l change in dense urban

areas des ign factors : l ea f a rea , l ea f dens i ty, s i te cond i t ions and

sca le o f the p ro ject

– i ncrease b iod ive rs i ty

– prov ide eco log ica l hab i ta t

– mit iga te the urban heat i s l and

– regu la te microc l imate and tempera ture

– storm wate r management

– improve a i r qua l i ty

– no ise reduct ion

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1. Akoestiek

– Pérez , G. , Coma, J . , Bar reneche , C. , de Garc ia , A . ,

Ur restarazu , M. , Burés , S. & Cabeza , L .F. (2016).

Acoust ic insu la t ion capaci ty of Ver t ica l Greener y Systems

for bu i ld ings. App l ied Acoust ics 110 pg. 218-226

Ver t ica l Greener y Systems (VGS) cont r ibu te to the p rov is ion o f

severa l ecosystem ser v ices a t bu i l d ing and urban sca le

bu i l d ing acoust ic insu la t ion and urban no ise reduct ion

t rad i t iona l vege ta t ion : used aga ins t t ra f f i c no ise

in s i tu measurements accord ing to the UNE -EN ISO 140-5

=> th in l ayer o f vege ta t ion (20 -30cm)

-> increase in sound insu la t ion o f 1 dB for t ra f f i c

no ise

-> increase fo r p ink no ise w i th 2dB (g reen wal l ) and

3dB (g reen facade)

o ther fac tors : mass ( th ickness, dens i ty and compos i t ion) , type o f

modu lar un i t , impene t rab i l i t y and s t r uctura l i nsu la t ion

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Green In f ras t r ucture (GI ) : eco log ica l , economic and soc ia l

bene f i ts => st ra teg ica l l y p lanned ne twork o f na tura l and semi -

natura l a reas w i th o ther env i ronmenta l fea tures des igned and

managed to de l i ve r a w ide range o f ecosystem ser v ices

=> r unof f cont ro l , energy sav ings, suppor t to b iod ive rs i ty, roof

mate r ia l s p ro tect ion , acoust ic insu la t ion and c i ty no ise reduct ion

hard sur faces re f l ec t sound , g reen const r uct i on sys tems absorb

sound (subst ra te – l ower sound f requenc ies and p lan ts – h igher

sound f requenc ies)

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Vege ta t ion can reduce sound l eve ls in th ree d i rect ways:

- Re f l ec ted and scat te red

- Sound absorp t ion

- Dest r uct i ve in te r fe rence o f sound waves by the so i l l aye rs

Most in f l uent ia l fac tors : k inds o f spec ies , g reen screen

d imens ions, shape , l ocat ion

acoust ic insu la t ion = typo logy dependent

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VGS: g reen façades and L iv ing Wal l s

Green façades: - t rad i t iona l g reen façades: c l imber p lan t

- doub le -sk in g reen façade : suppor t w i th

c l imb ing p lan ts

- per imete r f l owerpots : hang ing shr ubs

(g reen cur ta in)

L iv ing Wal l s : geotex t i l e fe l ts and /or pane ls , somet imes p re -

cu l t i va te , f i xed to a ve r t i ca l suppor t o r on the wal l s t r ucture

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Green façades: insu la t ion = vege ta t ion l ayer

L iv ing Wal l s : i nsu la t ion depends on subst ra te , modu le box ,

geotex t i l e fe l ts , . .

=> Impact o f VGS on the acoust ic behav iour o f the d i f fe ren t

types o f suppor t s t r ucture

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Measurement o f the sound p ressure l eve l (SPL)

subst ra te in the s t r ucture : reduct ions around 5 -10dB for the

midd le f requenc ies

reduct ions f rom 2 -3,9dB a t h igh f requency spect r um due to the

scat te r ing e f fec t o f g reener y

usua l l y used subst ra tes : h igh poros i ty and low dens i ty =>

complex acoust ic behav iour, p resence o f wate r s t rong ly a f fec t the

absorp t ion p roper t i es

absorp t ion coe f f i c ien t o f p lan ts : l ea f a rea dens i ty and ang le l ea f

o r i en ta t ion

=> homogen ize the way o f s tudy ing is needed

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Green Wal l as pass ive acoust ic insu la t ion : l abora tor y cond i t ions,

UNE-EN ISO 10140-2 and UNE-EN ISO 354 => reduct ion in

reverbera t ing t ime => necess i ty to per form in s i tu

measurements

UNE-EN ISO 140-5: measurement o f a Green Wal l and a s imp le

doub le -sk in Green Façade

located on the west , south and eas t façades

Green Wal l : p re -cu l t i va ted modu lar-based sys tem based on

recyc led po lye thy lene modu les , f i l l ed w i th coconut f ib re

subst ra te . Suppor t s t r ucture : s ta in l ess s tee l tubes, i r r iga t ion

sys tem, 24 smal l shr ubs per modu le

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Green Façade : 2mm wi re mesh, 25cm away o f the wal l

two d i f fe ren t pe r iods: f i r s t phase – acoust ic insu la t ion in low

vege ta t ion cond i t ions, second phase – abundant vege ta t ion cover

cond i t ions

omnid i rect i ona l sound source

Measured paramete rs : SPL outs ide , SPL ins ide , background no ise

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1. Akoestiek

– P é r e z , G . , C o m a , J . , B a r r e n e c h e , C . , d e G a r c i a , A . , U r r e s t a r a z u , M . , B u r é s , S . &

C a b e z a , L . F. ( 2 0 1 6 ) . A c o u s t i c i n s u l a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f Ve r t i c a l G r e e n e r y S y s t e m s f o r

b u i l d i n g s . A p p l i e d A c o u s t i c s 1 1 0 p g . 2 1 8 - 2 2 6



The acoust ic insu la t ion capac i ty increases in the in te rmed ia te

f requency due to the absorp t ion e f fec t o f he subst ra te

I n the h igh f requencies zone the improvement o f insu la t ion

acoust ic capac i ty i s due to the scat te r ing by g reener y

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1. Akoestiek

– P é r e z , G . , C o m a , J . , B a r r e n e c h e , C . , d e G a r c i a , A . , U r r e s t a r a z u , M . , B u r é s , S . &

C a b e z a , L . F. ( 2 0 1 6 ) . A c o u s t i c i n s u l a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f Ve r t i c a l G r e e n e r y S y s t e m s f o r

b u i l d i n g s . A p p l i e d A c o u s t i c s 1 1 0 p g . 2 1 8 - 2 2 6



Green Façade : more i r regu lar p ro f i l e than the Green Wal l =>

subst ra te i s ve r y impor tan t fo r the acoust ic per fo rmance

Green Wal l : i n l ow f requenc ies , reduct ion o f the insu la t ion

capac i ty => sound d i f f rac t ion where sound waves bend around

an obstac le

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Presence o f vege ta t ion => increase on the soundproo f i ng o f 1dB

(normal i zed t ra f f i c no ise spect r um) and 2dB (Green Wal l – p ink

no ise) and 3dB (Green Façade – p ink no ise)

A t l ow f requenc ies : Green Wal l => smal l e r sound insu la t ion

In f l uence o f l ea f a rea dens i ty and type o f p lan t a re no t taken in to

account

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Cont ro l the sound t ransmiss ion: mass, impene t rab i l i ty and

s t r uctura l i nsu la t ion

Mass: the heav ie r the par t i t i ons , the more d i f f i cu l t they v ib ra te

=> much more mass to the suppor t s t r uctures -> improv ing the

compos i t i on o f subst ra tes (Green Wal l s – not app l icab le fo r

Green Façades)

O ther poss ib i l i ty : ga in ing mass in the vege ta t ion l ayer =>

increas ing th ickness or us ing p lan t spec ies w i th h igher fo l i age

dens i ty

Wi th g rea te r g reener y coverage , the re i s an increase in the sound

absorp t ion coe f f i c ien t

Literatuurstudie

39

40

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21

41

1. Akoestiek







Impene t rab i l i ty : smal l f i ssures can cause b ig e f fec ts => sea l ing

of doors , w indows, condu i ts fo r pass ing tubes, cab les ,…

-> not l i ke l y to be improved in a Doub le -Sk in Façade sys tem

( fu l l y pe rmeab le)

-> Green Wal l : the comp le te sea l ing o f the jo in ts be tween

modu les and in the façade edges => improvement

Literatuurstudie

42

1. Akoestiek







S t r uctura l I nsu la t ion : phys ica l separa t ion => a i r chambers the

w idest as poss ib le and f i l l ed w i th insu la t ing mate r ia l

=> both Green Wal l and Doub le -sk in Green Façade : l i gh twe ight

s t r uctures anchored d i rect l y to the bu i l d ing façade wal l =>

acoust ic b r idge

Literatuurstudie

41

42

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43

1. Akoestiek





=> th in l ayer o f vege ta t ion (20 -30cm)

-> increase in sound insu la t ion o f 1 dB for t ra f f i c

no ise

-> increase fo r p ink no ise w i th 2dB (g reen wal l ) and

3dB (g reen facade)

cont r ibu t i on in h igh f requenc ies and midd le f requenc ies

(subst ra te ) Green Wal l : o the r fac tors , i n add i t ion to vege ta t ion ,

as mass, impene t rab i l i ty and s t r uctura l i nsu la t ion

type o f p lan t , th ickness o f the vege ta t ion l ayer, th ickness and

compos i t i on o f the subst ra te l ayer, type o f suppor t s t r ucture and

mate r ia l s

exper iments fo l l owing in te r nat i ona l s tandards

Literatuurstudie

44

1. LCA

– Otte lé , M. e t a l . (2011). Comparat ive l i fe cycle ana lys is

for green façades and l i v ing wal l systems. Energy and

Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Benef ic ia l funct ions o f p lan ts :

- increas ing the b iod ive rs i ty and eco log ica l va lue

- mi t iga t ion o f u rban heat i s l and e f fec t

- ou tdoor and indoor comfor t

- insu la t ing p roper t i es

- improvement o f a i r qua l i ty

- soc ia l and psycho log i ca l we l l be ing o f c i ty dwe l l e rs

Literatuurstudie

43

44

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45

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Systems inves t iga ted :

- b r ick façade

- a façade g reened d i rect l y

- a façade g reened ind i rect l y (suppor ted by a s tee l mesh)

- a façade covered w i th a l i v ing wal l sys tem based on p lan te r

boxes

- a façade covered w i th a l i v ing wal l sys tem based on fe l t l aye rs

Susta inab i l i ty depends on mate r ia l s used , main tenance , nu t r i en ts

and wate r demand

Literatuurstudie

46

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Ver t ica l g reen (ver t ica l garden) : g reen ing ver t ica l sur faces wi th

p lan t :

- roo ted in to the g round

- in the wal l mate r ia l i tse l f

- in modu lar pane ls

Main bene f i ts : economica l , soc ia ls and env i ronmenta l

Literatuurstudie

45

46

9/03/2020

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47

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Façade g reen ing vs . l i v ing wal l s sys tems

Green façades: c l imbers (everg reen or dec iduous) d i rect l y to the

bu i ld ing sur face or suppor ted by s tee l cab les or t re l l i s , max. 25m

in severa l years

L iv ing Wal l sys tems: modu lar pane ls w i th so i l o r o ther g rowing

med ium based on hydropon ic cu l tu re and us ing ba lanced nut r i en t

so lu t ions

Literatuurstudie

48

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Goal o f LCA: eva luate actua l and potent ia l env i ronmenta l aspects

of 1m² , de te rmine the impact o f the raw mate r ia l dep le t ion ,

fab r ica t ion , t ranspor ta t i on , ins ta l l a t ion , opera t ion , main tenance

and waste

Requ i rements : a i r, wate r and so i l l oad ing

Aspects : th ickness o f the fo l i age , wate r conten t , mate r ia l

p roper t i es and a i r cav i t i es

Literatuurstudie

47

48

9/03/2020

25

49

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Façade g reen ing and l i v ing wal l s sys tems: s tagnant a i r l ayer =>

insu la t ing e f fec t

Summer : B lock ing o f d i rec t sun l igh t -> coo l ing e f fec t in warmer

c l imates Ver t i ca l g reen coo ls heated a i r th rough evapora t ion o f

wate r (evapot ransp i r a t i on )

ever y decrease in the in te r na l a i r tempera ture o f 0 ,5 °C reduces

the e l ec t r ic i ty use fo r a i r -cond i t i on i ng up to 8%

Win te r : heat rad ia t ion o f the ex te r io r wa l l s i s insu la ted , the dense

fo l i age reduces the w ind f l ow => prevents coo l ing down

=> ex te r io r tempera ture regu la t ion

Literatuurstudie

50

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

I nsu la t ion va lue o f façade g reen ing and l i v ing wal l s systems:

summer heat i s p revented to reach the bu i l d ing sk in , i n w in te r the

in te r na l heat i s p revented to escape .

P lan t l ayer = buf fe r tha t keeps w ind f rom mov ing a long a

bu i l d ing sur face

LWS: mate r ia l s and subst ra tes used

Note : p lan ts cont r ibu te to the the rmal p ro tect ion o f a bu i l d ing but

cannot rep lace the the rmal insu la t ion l ayer

Green sur faces in te rcep t the rad ia t ion and reduce the warming up

o f hard sur faces

P lan ts have a pos i t i ve e f fec t on durab i l i ty aspects and on

main tenance costs because they reduce the amount o f UV l igh t

Literatuurstudie

49

50

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51

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Literatuurstudie

52

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Literatuurstudie

51

52

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27

53

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Opt ion 1 : bare wa l l – masonr y, a i r cav i ty, i nsu la t ion mate r ia l and

l ime s tone

Op t ion 2 : bare wa l l + we l l g rown everg reen c l imber, th ickness o f

± 20cm

Opt ion 3 : bare wa l l + s tee l f rame as suppor t fo r everg reen

c l imb ing p lan ts ± 10cm th ick

Op t ion 4 : bare wa l l + p las t ic modu les (HDPE) f i l l ed w i th so i l and

p lan ted w i th everg reen spec ies (+ a sys tem for wate r and

nut r i en ts)

Op t ion 5 : bare wa l l + severa l fe l t l aye rs as subst ra te suppor ted

by a PVC shee t and p lan ted as w i th everg reen spec ies (+ a

sys tem for wate r and nut r i en ts)

Literatuurstudie

54

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

ISO 14044

funct iona l un i t = 1m² , f i c t i t i ous façade : 100m²

th ree main c lasses: mate r ia l s , t ranspor ta t i on and waste

we ight o f the c l imb ing p lan ts : 20cm th ickness: 5 ,5kg /m² (10cm:

2 ,7kg /m²)

we ight o f the fe r ns : 7 ,5 - 8kg /m²

we ight o f the pot t ing so i l : 75,6kg /m²

Façades ser v ice l i fe ( inc l . c l imb ing p lan ts) : 50 years

P lan te r boxes – p lan ts se r v ice l i fe : 10 years

Fe l t l aye rs – p lan ts se r v ice l i fe : 3 ,5 years

Literatuurstudie

53

54

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28

55

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Automated wate r ing sys tem for LWS – ser v ice l i fe : 7 ,5 years

P lan te r boxes – water consumpt ion : 1 l /day

Fe l t l ayers – water consumpt i on : 3 l /day

The poss ib i l i ty o f recyc l ing and reuse is taken in to account

30% of recyc led s tee l i s taken in to account , bu t th is can be

h igher, => lower env i ronmenta l burden

Fe l t l aye rs : imposs ib i l i t y o f recyc l ing => waste c lass has major

impact

Literatuurstudie

56

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Di f fe ren t systems and mater ia l s can have an in f l uence on the

env i ronmenta l burden, e i the r pos i t i ve ly or negat i ve ly

i nd i rect g reen ing sys tem: suppor t made o f o ther mate r ia l s :

changes the aes the t ica l and funct iona l p roper t i es ( fo r examp le :

wood , p las t ic , a lumin ium, . . )

LWS: h igher in teg ra t ion w i th in the bu i l d ing enve lope by

combin ing funct iona l i t i es -> sk ip the oute r masonr y

Literatuurstudie

55

56

9/03/2020

29

57

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

LWS wi th fe l t l aye rs : l a rges t impact -> necessar y to rep lace the

pane ls f i ve t imes in a se r v ice l i fe

C l imb ing p lan ts : fu l l cover ing a f te r 20 years (0 ,5 m/year )

LWS: bene f i ts a f te r i ns ta l l a t i on

Two d i f fe ren t types o f c l imates : tempera te c l imate and

Med i te r ranean c l imate

Tempera te c l imate : energy sav ings fo r a i r cond i t ion i ng are no t

taken in to account

Med i te r ranean c l imate : ca lcu la t ion based on the consumpt i on o f

energy fo r a i r cond i t ion i ng

=> quant i f y i ng the indoor e f fec ts on ly

Literatuurstudie

58

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

LWS: p lan te r boxes have a h igher in f l uence on the insu la t ion than

fe l t l aye rs sys tems due to the res is tance o f the so i l package

Env i ronmenta l burden and bene f i ts a re d iscussed

Literatuurstudie

57

58

9/03/2020

30

59

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Env i ronmenta l burden: major impact o f i nd i rect g reen ing sys tem

and LWS systems

Fe l t l aye r sys tem: burden is h igh due to durab i l i ty aspects

I nd i rect g reen ing sys tem : be t te r when o ther mate r ia l i s chosen

fo r the c l imb ing suppor t

D i rect and ind i rect g reen ing : l ow cont r ibu t i on to the energy

sav ings fo r heat ing , bu t h igher in f l uence fo r coo l ing p roper t i es

LWS wi th p lan te r boxes : h ighest energy sav ing

Literatuurstudie

60

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Env i ronmenta l benef i ts

Med i te r ranean c l imate : l ess annua l energy consumpt i on fo r

heat ing , coo l ing poten t ia l (energy sav ings fo r a i r -cond i t i on i ng)

=> d i rect g reen ing sys tem and LWS wi th p lan te r boxes =

susta inab l e

I nd i rect g reen ing sys tem: can be susta inab le when o ther

mate r ia l s a re used

Tempera te c l imate : env i ronmenta l burden is h igher than the

energy sav ings fo r heat ing (a l l g reen ing sys tems) , excep t d i rec t

g reen ing = susta inab le

Fe l t l aye r sys tem: not sus ta inab le fo r Med i te r ranean and

temperate c l imate

Literatuurstudie

59

60

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31

61

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Only micro -sca le bene f i ts , macro -sca le and env i ronmenta l

bene f i ts a re no t taken in to account

For the Med i te r ranean c l imate , bene f i ts a re two t ime h igher

thanks to the energy sav ings fo r coo l ing

The mate r ia l s used are ve r y impor tan t

Literatuurstudie

62

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Di rect g reen ing system: ver y smal l i n f l uence on the

env i ronmenta l burden => a lways a susta inab le cho ice

Literatuurstudie

61

62

9/03/2020

32

63

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

I nd i rect g reen ing sys tem: s ta in l ess s tee l suppor t ing sys tem =>

h igh in f l uence on the env i ronmenta l burden

Cho ice o f another mate r ia l => susta inab le op t ion fo r the

Med i te r ranean c l imate

Literatuurstudie

64

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

LWS wi th p lan te r boxes: no major footp r in t , mate r ia l s a f fect

pos i t i ve ly the the rmal res is tance o f the sys tem

Less env i ronmenta l burden -> h igher in teg ra t ion w i th in the

bu i l d ing enve lope

Literatuurstudie

63

64

9/03/2020

33

65

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

LWS based on fe l t l aye rs : h igh env i ronmenta l burden due to the

durab i l i ty aspect and the mate r ia l s used

Literatuurstudie

66

1. LCA



Bui ld ings 43 pg. 3419-3429.

Green ing the bu i ld ing enve lope cons ider i ng the mater ia l s invo lved

and tak ing in to account a l l the bene f i ts i s a SUSTAINABLE

OPTION.

Fur the r research is necessar y.

L i fe cost ana lyses: durab i l i ty, aes the t ica l va lue and soc ia l fac tor

Literatuurstudie

65

66

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34

67

2. LCA

– Otte lé , M. , Per in i , K. & Haas, E .M. (2014). L i fe cycle

assessment (LCA) of green façades and l i v ing wal l

systems. Woodhead Publ ish ing L imi ted pg. 457 -483.

I den t i f y new sc ien t i f i c d i rec t ions to reduce the env i ronmenta l

costs

Bene f i ts o f g reen façades and l i v ing wal l concep ts :

- increas ing the b iod ive rs i ty and eco log ica l va lue

- mi t iga t ion o f the urban heat i s l and e f fec t

- indoor and outdoor comfor t

- insu la t ing p roper t i es

- improvement o f the a i r qua l i ty and the soc ia l and

psycho log ica l we l l -be ing o f c i ty dwe l l e rs

Literatuurstudie

68

2. LCA




LCA: e f fect i ve way to eva luate the susta inab i l i t y o f a bu i ld ing ,

ba lance be tween env i ronmenta l l oad and poss ib le bene f i ts

vege ta t ion : add i t i ve (const r uc t i on) mate r ia l to increase the

(mul t i ) funct iona l i t y o f façades

bene f i ts : economica l , soc ia l s and env i ronmenta l = g reenhouse

gas reduct ion , adap ta t ion to c l imate change , a i r qua l i ty

improvements , energy sav ing by insu la t ion , hab i ta t p rov is ion ,

improved aes the t ics and sound reduct ion

Literatuurstudie

67

68

9/03/2020

35

69

2. LCA




Green façades : c l imbers (everg reen or dec iduous) – d i rect l y o r

suppor ted by s tee l cab les or t re l l i s – max. 25m he ight wh ich can

take severa l years

LWS: suppor t ing sys tems wi th spec i f i c g rowing subst ra te –

modular pane ls w i th so i l o r o ther g rowing med ium based on

hydropon i c cu l tu re w i th ba lanced nut r i en t so lu t ions

Literatuurstudie

70

2. LCA




Literatuurstudie

69

70

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71

2. LCA




Literatuurstudie

72

2. LCA




Preva i l i ng requ i rements re la ted to a i r, wate r and so i l l oad ing ,

have in f l uences on the we l l -be ing and hea l th o f l i v ing crea tures ,

use o f raw mate r ia l s and energy and consequences fo r the

l andscape , crea t ion o f waste and occur rence o f nu isance

Coo l ing and insu la t ing p roper t i es :

aspects : th ickness o f the fo l i age

wate r conten t

mate r ia l p roper t i es

poss ib le a i r cav i t i es

Literatuurstudie

71

72

9/03/2020

37

73

2. LCA




Stagnant a i r = insu la t ing e f fec t

d i rec t sun l igh t = f i l te red

evaporat ion = coo l ing e f fect in warmer c l imates

reduce o f w ind f l ow => ex te r io r tempera ture regu la t ion

=> cannot rep lace the the rmal insu la t ion !

Literatuurstudie

74

2. LCA




LCA: raw mater ia l dep le t ion , fabr icat i on , t ranspor ta t i on ,

i ns ta l l a t ion , opera t ion , main tenance and waste

ISO 14044

funct iona l un i t = 1m²

façades ser v ice l i fe o f 50 years

Literatuurstudie

73

74

9/03/2020

38

75

2. LCA




Minera l woo l : d i f f i cu l t to recyc le the pane l , r ep lace the pane ls

f i ve t imes in a se r v ice l i fe

h igher in teg ra t ion o f the bu i l d ing enve lope

choos ing mate r ia l s w i th a lower env i ronmenta l impact

Literatuurstudie

76

2. LCA




Benef i ts fo r heat ing : LWS = 3 t imes more than c l imb ing p lan ts

Minera l woo l : the woo l l ayer ensures a h igher insu la t ion p roper ty

Env i ronmenta l l y p re fe rab le cho ices:

- d i rec t g reen ing sys tem

- ind i rect g reen ing sys tem wi th a suppor t ing sys tem based on

had wood , coated s tee l o r HDPE

- LWS based on p lan te r boxes

Literatuurstudie

75

76

9/03/2020

39

77

3. LCA

– Feng, H. & Hewage , K. (2014). L i fecycle assessment of

l i v ing wal ls : a i r pur i f icat ion and energy per formance.

Journa l of C leaner Product ion 69 pg. 91 -99.

3 d i f fe ren t LWS systems:

- t re l l i s sys tem

- p lan te r box system

- fe l t l aye r sys tem

I n teg ra t ion o f vege ta t ion in bu i l d ings: increase the bu i l d ing ’s

eco log ica l and env i ronmenta l bene f i ts

Literatuurstudie

78

3. LCA




Green facades: c l imb ing p lan ts or hang ing shr ubs – l ess

eco log ica l bene f i ts as LWS

LWS: p re -vege ta ted pane ls , ve r t i ca l modu les or p lan ted b lanke ts

– p las t ic , expanded po lys ty rene , synthe t i c fab r ic , c l ay, meta l o r

concre te

Literatuurstudie

77

78

9/03/2020

40

79

3. LCA




Env i ronmenta l bene f i ts :

- increas ing the the rmal pe r fo rmance o f bu i l d ings ( lower ing

energy costs)

- improv ing a i r qua l i ty

- mi t iga t ing the Urban Heat I s l and e f fec t (UHI )

- reduc ing no ise po l l u t ion

- improv ing wate r sens i t i ve urban des ign (WSUD)

- increas ing urban b iod ive rs i ty and urban food p roduct ion

- improv ing human hea l th and we l l -be ing

Literatuurstudie

80

3. LCA




Two major quant i ta t i ve benef i ts o f LWS: energy sav ings and a i r

c lean ing

ob ject i ve : compare chemica l emiss ions and energy

consumpt i ons, w i th a i r pur i f i ca t i on and energy sav ings, over the

p roduct l i fecyc le

major s tages o f an LCA s tudy:

- raw mate r ia l acqu is i t i on

- mate r ia l s manufacture

- Product ion

- use/ reuse/main tenance

- waste management

Literatuurstudie

79

80

9/03/2020

41

81

3. LCA




Tre l l i s sys tem: everg reen c l imber p lan ted on the g round and

g rown on the s ta in l ess s tee l mesh

Literatuurstudie

82

3. LCA




Plante r box (HDPE) l i v ing wal l sys tem

so i l and everg reen spec ies

i r r iga t ion sys tem

Literatuurstudie

81

82

9/03/2020

42

83

3. LCA




Fe l t l aye r l i v ing wal l sys tem

severa l fe l t l aye rs

PVC shee t as suppor t

i r r i ga t ion sys tem

Literatuurstudie

84

3. LCA




L i fe cyc le phases:

- raw mate r ia l dep le t ion

- manufactur i ng

- t ranspor ta t i on

- ins ta l l a t ion

- main tenance

- D isposa l

funct iona l un i t : 1m²

Literatuurstudie

83

84

9/03/2020

43

85

3. LCA




Step 1 : % of energy sav ings ca lcu la t ion

S tep 2 : energy consumpt i on o f a s tandard bu i ld ing , in d i f fe ren t

c l imat ic cond i t ions ( EnergyP lus)

S tep 3 : to ta l energy sav ings

S imapro mode l l i ng : eva lua te chemica l emiss ions and energy

consumpt i ons, in the manufactur i ng p rocess

EnergyP lus mode l l i ng : mode l hour l y energy consumpt ion

Literatuurstudie

86

3. LCA




Manufactur ing s tage :

- raw mate r ia l dep le t ion

- p roduct fab r ica t ion


Const r uct i on s tage :


- mach ine usage

Literatuurstudie

85

86

9/03/2020

44

87

3. LCA




Main tenance s tage : hor t i cu l tu r a l work => impact = neg l ig ib l e

D isposa l s tage : recyc led , reused or l and f i l l ed => t ranspor ta t i on

p rocess= s ign i f i cant cont r ibu t i on

PVC foam has the h ighest env i ronmenta l impact => h igher

carc inogens emiss ion

The manufactu r i ng p rocess o f the fe l t l aye rs sys tem re leases 3

t imes more tox ic substances than the modu lar pane l sys tem and

t re l l i s sys tem

The fe l t l aye r sys tem needs 23 years to ba lance the po l l u t ion

=> fe l t l aye r sys tems is the l eas t env i ronmenta l l y f r i end ly l i v ing

wal l sys tem

Literatuurstudie

88

3. LCA




Fe l t l ayer system consumes 11 t imes more energy than the t re l l i s

system and 4 t imes more energy than the modu lar pane l sys tem

mater ia l s used

s ta in l ess s tee l : 10 t imes more po l l u tan t emiss ions than recyc led

p las t ic (HDPR) , hard wood and coated s tee l

Med i te r ranean c l imate : modu lar pane l sys tem needs 3 t imes more

t ime than the t re l l i s sys tem

Tempera te c l imate : t r e l l i s sys tem needs more t ime compared to t

the modu lar pane l sys tem

Literatuurstudie

87

88

9/03/2020

45

89

3. LCA




Tre l l i s sys tem: low cont r ibu t i on to the heat ing energy sav ings

Modu lar pane l sys tem : conta ine r s and g rowing med ium =>

af fect the insu la t ion p roper t i es => h igher energy sav ing fo r

heat ing

coo l ing e f fec t due to the shade and evapot ransp i r a t i on crea ted by

the vege ta t ion

manufacture p rocess: emi ts major i ty o f the chemica l po l l u t ion

and consumes most the energy

p r io r i ty fo r mate r ia l r esources c lose to the const r uct ion s i te

Literatuurstudie

90

3. LCA




Maintenance : wate r ing , fe r t i l i z ing and vege ta t ion rep lacement =>

ex t ra t ranspor ta t i on and const r uc t i on act i v i t i es

vege ta t ion w i th low main tenance and l ess fe r t i l i ze r

requ i rements

LWS: poten t ia l i n warmer c l imates to save coo l ing energy;

coo le r c l imate : modu lar pane l sys tem is be t te r than t re l l i s sys tem

=> sav ing o f heat ing energy

Literatuurstudie

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90

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91

3. LCA




Fe l t l aye r sys tem: no t env i ronmenta l l y sus ta inab le

Tre l l i s sys tem: bes t pe r fo rmance in a i r c l ean ing and energy

sav ings

need fo r env i ronment - f r i end ly mate r ia l s : recyc le or reuse

vege ta t ion tha t consumes l ess fe r t i l i ze r w i th lower rep lacement

impact : c l imat ic cond i t ions, bu i l d ing types and p lan t ca tegor ies

opera t iona l cost ana lys is , such as durab i l i ty, aes the t ica l va lue

and soc ia l fac tors , eva lua ted w i th re l a ted economic bene f i ts

Literatuurstudie

92

1. LCC

– Per in i , K. & Rosasco, P. (2013). Cost -benef i t ana lys is for

green façades and l i v ing wal l systems. Bui ld ing and

Envi ronment 70 pg. 110 -121.

Ver t ica l g reen ing systems: improve the env i ronmenta l cond i t ions

of dense urban areas

=> economica l l y sus ta inab le?

Cost -Benef i t Ana lys is : personal and soc ia l benef i ts and costs

I ns ta l l a t ion , main tenance , d isposa l costs compared w i th p r i va te

and soc ia l bene f i ts : i ncrease o f rea l es ta te va lue , sav ings fo r

heat ing and a i r cond i t ion i ng , c l add ing longev i ty, a i r qua l i ty

improvement

Literatuurstudie

91

92

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93

1. LCC




Aim: eva lua te economic susta inab i l i t y

Three ind ica tor s :

- Net Present Va lue (NPV) : the d iscounted va lue o f the sum of

costs and bene f i ts tha t occur w i th in the per iod o f l i ve

cons idered

- In te r na l Rate o f Re turn ( IRR) : the annua l pe rcentage ra te o f

re tu rn on inves tment

- Pay Back Per iod (PBP) : the number o f years f rom which the

to ta l r evenue equa ls (or exceeds) fo r the f i r s t t ime the to ta l

cos ts

Literatuurstudie

94

1. LCC




Restore env i ronmenta l qua l i ty main benef i ts : environmenta l

pract ices , economics and soc ia l aspects (g reenhouse gases

output reduct ion , c l imate change adap ta t ion , a i r qua l i ty and

indoor and outdoor comfor t cond i t ions improvement , u rban

w i ld l i fe (b iod ive rs i ty ) ) => severa l f i e lds , sca le range

Ver t i ca l g reen ing sys tems:

- façade g reen ings: c l imbers d i rect l y to the bu i l d ing or

suppor ted

- l i v ing wal l s sys tems: modu lar pane ls w i th so i l o r o ther

a r t i f i c ia l g rowing med ium, nut r i en ts and wate r ing sys tem

needed (hydropon i c cu l tu re )

Literatuurstudie

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94

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95

1. LCC




CBA:

- in i t i a l cos ts ( ins ta l l a t ion)

- main tenance costs

- d isposa l costs

- economic bene f i ts re l a ted to increase o f ren t income

- bu i ld ing enve lope longev i ty

- energy demand reduct ion fo r heat ing and a i r cond i t ion ing

- soc ia l economic bene f i ts : costs sav ings fo r the soc ie ty

Literatuurstudie

96

1. LCC




Costs depend on façade sur face and he ight , l ocat ion ,

connect i ons, e tc .

LWS: more expens ive => main tenance needed (nut r i en ts and

wate r ing sys tem) , mate r ia l s invo lved and des ign comp lex i ty

LWS: increase the var ie ty o f p lan ts , much more crea t i ve and

aes the t ica l po ten t ia l

Literatuurstudie

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96

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97

1. LCC




Benef i ts :

- pe rsona l bene f i ts : energy sav ings fo r heat ing and a i r -

cond i t ion i ng , improvement o f rea l es ta te va lue and durab i l i ty o f

façades. Acoust ic bene f i t : a f fec ts the sound l eve l env i ronment

- soc ia l bene f i ts : improvement o f dense urban areas

env i ronmenta l cond i t ions (g reenhouse gases output reduct ion ,

c l imate change adap ta t ion , a i r qua l i ty improvement , u rban

w i ld l i fe (b iod ive rs i ty )

Literatuurstudie

98

1. LCC




Costs : 30-45€ /m²

wel l g rown Hedera he l i x ( fo l i age th ickness about 20 cm)

0,5m/year o f ve r t i ca l g rowing

=> fu l l cover ing a f te r 15 years

=> benef i ts a f te r 10 years

Literatuurstudie

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98

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99

1. LCC




Costs : 40-75€ /m²

A: we l l g rown H. he l i x suppor ted by a HDPE mesh

B: we l l g rown H. he l i x suppor ted by a s tee l mesh

( fo l i age th ickness about 20 cm)

0,5m/year o f ve r t i ca l g rowing

=> fu l l cover ing a f te r 15 years


Literatuurstudie

100

1. LCC




Costs : 100-150€ /m² (p las t ic )

800€ /m² (z inc-coated s tee l )

A : we l l g rown H. he l i x suppor ted by a HDPE mesh

in a HDPE p lan te r box

B : we l l g rown H. he l i x suppor ted by a s tee l mesh

in a s tee l p l an te r box

( fo l i age th ickness about 20 cm)

Wate r and nut r i en ts sys tem


Literatuurstudie

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100

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101

1. LCC




Costs : 400-1200€ /m²

two l ayers o f geotex t i l e

everg reen c l imb ing p lan ts and smal l shr ubs

i r r iga t ion : d r ip l i ne

=> benef i ts a f te r 1 year

Literatuurstudie

102

1. LCC




Three poss ib le scenar ios : best , midd le and wors t

ser v ice l i fe : 50 years

p roper ty va lue :

- “bu i ld ing” : typo logy and aes the t ic o f the bu i l d ing

- “po l l u t ion” : l eve l o f no ise and a i r po l l u t ion

- “g reen” : p resence o f g reen/g reen areas

Literatuurstudie

101

102

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103

1. LCC




Both ins ta l l a t i on and main tenance costs p lay a dec is ive ro le fo r

sus ta inab i l i ty

D i rect g reen façade is economica l l y sus ta inab le

pay back per iod o f 20 years

Literatuurstudie

104

1. LCC




I nd i rect g reen façade is (a lmost) susta inab le in case o f HDPE

pay back per iod o f 16 years

h igher in i t i a l cos t fo r s tee l mesh

Literatuurstudie

103

104

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105

1. LCC




I nd i rect g reen façade combined wi th p lan te r boxes: on ly

economica l l y sus ta inab le fo r the bes t scenar io , due to i ts

ins ta l l a t ion and main tenance costs (wate r ing sys tem)

Literatuurstudie

106

1. LCC




L iv ing Wal l Systems: not economica l l y susta inab le due to h igh

i ns ta l l a t ion and main tenance costs

Literatuurstudie

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106

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107

1. Luchtkwaliteit

– Manes, F. , Sa lvator i , E . , La Tor re , G. , V i l la r i , P. , V i ta le , M. ,

B iscont in i , D. & Incer t i , G. (2008). Urban green and i ts

re la t ion wi th a i r po l lu t ion: ecologica l s tud ies in the

Metropol i tan area of Rome. I ta l ian journa l of pub l ic

hea l th . Year 6, Volume 5, Number 4 pg. 278 -283.

Urban t rees : reduce a i r tempera ture and remove a i r po l l u tan ts

HEREPLUS (EU FP7)

Ozone (O3) and Par t i cu la te Mat te r (PM)

eva lua te the funct iona l ro l e o f u rban g reen

Rome: h igh l eve ls o f u rban t ra f f i c

Med i te r ranean c l imate : photochemica l smog

Literatuurstudie

108

1. Luchtkwaliteit

– Manes, F. , Sa lvator i , E . , La Tor re , G. , V i l la r i , P. , V i ta le , M. ,

B iscont in i , D. & Incer t i , G. (2008). Urban green and i ts

re la t ion wi th a i r po l lu t ion: ecologica l s tud ies in the

Metropol i tan area of Rome. I ta l ian journa l of pub l ic

hea l th . Year 6, Volume 5, Number 4 pg. 278 -283.

European Commiss ion: s t ra tegy fo r sus ta inab le urban

deve lopment

Vege ta t ion : aes the t ic and recreat iona l bene f i ts , reduce a i r

tempera ture and remove a i r po l l u tan ts

Trees can remove l a rge quant i t i es o f ozone f rom the a tmosphere

quant i f y the ro le o f vege ta t ion as a s ink fo r po l l u tan ts

impor tan t env i ronmenta l paramete rs : l i gh t and tempera ture

Literatuurstudie

107

108

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109

2. Luchtkwaliteit

– Pugh, T. A . M. , MacKenzie , A . R. , Whyat t , J . D. &Hewi t t ,

C. N. (2012) . E f fect iveness of Green In f ras t r uc tu re for

Improvement of A i r Qual i ty in Urban Stree t Canyons.

Envi ronmenta l Science & Technology pg. 7692 -7699.

Reduce o f concent r a t ion :

- cont ro l l i ng emiss ions

- increas ing d ispers ion

- increas ing depos i t ion ra tes

Literatuurstudie

110

2. Luchtkwaliteit





Depos i t ion to vege ta t ion : ve r y modest improvement (<5%) to

urban a i r qua l i ty

depos i t ion ↑=> NO2

-40% and PM -60%

vege ta t ion can crea te an e f f i c ien t u rban po l l u tan t f i l te r

depos i t ion to vege ta t ion i s h igher :

- metabo l ic up take by the p lan t

- “s t ick iness” o f the l ea f sur face

- l a rge sur face area

- ae rodynamic p roper t i es

Literatuurstudie

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110

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111

2. Luchtkwaliteit





Res idence t imes ↑ as he igh t /w id th o f the canyon increases and

above- roof w ind speed decreases

So lu t ion : g reen wal l s o r s t ree t t r ees

C iT TyCAT and C iT Ty-St ree t

(a tmospher i c chemis t r y mode l )

Literatuurstudie

112

2. Luchtkwaliteit





Green wal l s : any type o f wa l l g reen ing , f rom Hedera to a

comp le te ve r t i ca l canopy o f g rass or b road leaved p lan t spec ies

S ing le -s ided l ea f a rea index (LAI ) : 1 -2m² leaf /m² wal l par t i c l e

Depos i t ion ra tes :

- sur face p roper t i es

- or ien ta t ion o f the sur face

- w ind speed

Literatuurstudie

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2. Luchtkwaliteit





Adop t ion o f g reen wal l s across l a rge areas o f s t ree t canyons :

reduce NO2

by 15% and PM10

by 23% as above - roof w ind = 1m/s

and h/w=1

dependent on res idence t ime (w ind speed and canyon

geometr y) and f ract ion o f canyon wal l g reen ing , NOT on in i t i a l

po l l u tan t concent r a t ion

Urban t rees can re l ease VOCs

green ing o f in -canyon sur faces is more e f fec t i ve than g reen ing

o f roofs

Literatuurstudie

114

2. Luchtkwaliteit





I n -canyon g reen ing cou ld be an e f fec t i ve too l to reduce s t ree t -

l eve l concent r a t ions o f NO2

and o ther po l l u tan ts th roughout dense

urban areas

S t ree t canyon vege ta t ion : na tura l buf fe r aga ins t h igh -po l l u t ion

ep isodes

St ree t t r ees increase depos i t ion , bu t they reduce mix ing

S t ree t t r ees w i l l r educe s t ree t - l eve l PM10

but increase NO2

concent ra t i ons in h igh ly po l l u ted canyons

Literatuurstudie

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2. Luchtkwaliteit





I n -canyon vege ta t ion improves urban a i r qua l i ty substan t i a l l y

S t ree t t r ees : case -by-case bas is

Wider bene f i ts o f g reen ing :

- reduced sur face tempera ture

- no ise po l l u t ion

- increased b iod ive rs i ty

Cha l l enges: ensur ing vege ta t ion hea l th and min imiz ing damage to

non-g reen in f ras t r uc tu re

Literatuurstudie

116

2. Luchtkwaliteit





Viab i l i ty o f g reen in f ras t r uc ture : ex is tence o f su i tab le p lan t

spec ies and costs o f main tenance

I n-canyon vege ta t ion : b iggest bene f i ts fo r s t ree t - l eve l a i r qua l i ty

Literatuurstudie

115

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117

3. Luchtkwaliteit

– Vos, P.E.J . , Maiheu , B. Vankerkom, J . & Janssen S.

(2012). Improving loca l a i r qua l i ty in c i t ies : To t ree or not

to t ree? Envi ronmenta l Pol lu t ion XXX pg. 1 -10 (ar t ic le in

press).

Use o f compute r mode ls (ENVI -met)

roads ide urban vege ta t ion : increase o f po l l u tan t concent ra t i ons

( loca l l y )=> reduct ion o f vent i l a t ion

Urban vege ta t ion ≠ v iab le so lu t ion fo r a l l ev ia t ing a loca l a i r

po l lu t ion hotspot

Literatuurstudie

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3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

Wind speed a t a he igh t o f 10m: 3 m/s

4 paramete rs :

- geometr y o f the bu i l d env i ronment (s t ree t canyon and de tached

hous ing)

- type o f po l l u tan t (NO2, PM

10and EC)

- meteoro log ica l cond i t ions (w ind perpend icu lar (90 ° ) to the

s t ree t and ob l ique w ind (45 ° ) )

- vege ta t ion (d i f fe ren t types: t rees , hedges and g reen bar r i e rs ;

d i f fe ren t he igh t , l ocat ion , poros i ty and f i l te r ing capac i ty)

Literatuurstudie

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3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

Geometr y o f the bu i l d env i ronment

d is t inc t i on be tween foo tpath on l eeward and windward s ide

Literatuurstudie

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3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

Vege ta t ion

144 d i f fe ren t scenar ios

Literatuurstudie

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3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

High impermeab le g reen bar r i e rs l ead to a s ign i f i cant

improvement in a i r qua l i ty

Vege ta t ion w i l l p r imar i l y a f fec t the concent r a t ions o f t ra f f i c

re l a ted po l l u tan ts such as NO2

and EC.

Literatuurstudie

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3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

Trees s ign i f i cant l y increase the po l l u tan t concent ra t i ons.

Hedges have the tendency to de te r io ra te the a i r qua l i ty (=>

hor i zonta l t ranspor t o f po l l u tan ts) .

H igher g reen bar r i e r : l ower concent ra t i ons a t foo tpath

H igher hedge : increase the po l l u tan ts concent ra t i ons ( l ess

vent i l a t ion) .

Literatuurstudie

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3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

- 19 d i f fe ren t rea l - l i fe

u rban vege ta t ion des igns

- w i th and wi thout vege ta t ion

- 1 w ind d i rect ion (90 ° )

Literatuurstudie

124

3. Luchtkwaliteit




press).

Only ra the r h igh (3 -4m) impermeab le screens l ead to a

s ign i f i can t reduct ion in concent ra t i ons a t the foo tpath . =>

rea l i s t i c and des i rab le?

Trees and hedges have an oppos i te e f fec t . => urban vege ta t ion

obst r ucts the w ind f l ow.

Literatuurstudie

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1. www.gevelgroen.be

2. Spreker:

– WTCB: [email protected]

Meer info?

Met de financiële steun van:Met de financiële steun van:

125

126

http://www.gevelgroen.be/

mailto:[email protected]

WP 1: literatuurstudie - GevelGroen...Algemeen –Elgizawy, E.M. (2016). The Effect of Green Facades...

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Transcript of WP 1: literatuurstudie - GevelGroen...Algemeen –Elgizawy, E.M. (2016). The Effect of Green Facades...