1

2

vdJ je;ij fe;jh; itj;jpypq;fk;. vdJ jhahh; vdf;F 10 tajpy; fhykhdjhy; mtuJ tpguq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

je;ijapd; je;ijAk;> jhAk;.

3

jpUke;jpuk; nrhy;tJ vd;d?

vy;yh kjq;fSk; xd;iwNa typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ey;ytw;iwr; nra;. jPatw;iwr; nra;ahNj. ey;ytw;iwr; nra;jhy; vd;Wk; ed;ikiag; ngwyhk;. jPatw;iwr; nra;jhy; xUNghJk; ey;yit elthJ. ,ijNa vy;yhr; rkaj; Njhj;jpu E}y;fSk;> rhj;jpu E}y;fSk; $Wfpd;wd. ,e;E}y;fs; mt;tt; rkaq;fisg; gpd;gw;WNthhpd; tho;f;ifiar; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,iwek;gpf;ifAk;> ,iwgf;jpAk; rka tho;tpd; mbj;jskhf ,Ug;gjhy; rhj;jpu E}y;fSk; Njhj;jpu E}y;fSk; ,y;yhj rkaq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. vj;jidNah rka rhj;jpu Njhj;jpu E}y;fs; irtrkaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> njhd;ikf;fhyk; njhl;Lr; rptQhdNghjk;> jpUtUl;gad;> jpUke;jpuk; Nghd;w E}y;fs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. rptQhdNghjk; rptngUkhdpd; ifapy; vt;NtisapYk; cs;sJ. rptQhdNghjKk; jpUke;jpuKk; rptngUkhdhy; ee;jpnak;ngUkhDf;F cgNjrpf;fg;gl;lit. jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F ke;jpukhiy vd;Dk; jpUg;ngaUk; cz;L.

jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ je;jpuq;fisAk; E}w;Wj;njhz;Z}w;W Ie;J cgjiyg;Gf;fisAk; cilaJ. ,jpYs;s jpUg;ghly;fs; %thapukhFk;. ,j;jpUke;jpuk; jkpo;Ntjhfk KOKjw; fUt+y E}yhFk;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,jd; tpsf;fNk gjpndhU jpUKiwfSk;> gjpd;ehd;F E}y;fSnkd;W irtrpj;jhe;jpfs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,e;E}ypy; irtrka cz;ikfSk;> jpUf;Nfhtpy; topghLfSk; jpUTUtr; rpwg;Gf;fSk; rf;fu mikg;Gk;> ke;jpukhd;Gk; mbahh;fspd; ngUikfSk;> rptFUtpd; jd;ikfSk;> rptg+irapd; ngUikfSk;> rptg;NgWk; gw;wpa tphpTk; tpsf;fkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

jpUke;jpuk; jkpo; NtjkhFk;. rptngUkhdpd; jpUtUshy; jpUthtLJiwapy; jpUtuR kuj;jpd; fPo; mkh;e;J rptid ehs;NjhWk; epidj;Jj; jpU%yh; mUspa nre;jkpo; Mfkk; jpUke;jpukhFk;.

rhe;jD}hpy; gRf;fis Nka;f;Fk; ,iladhd %yd; ,wf;f mtd; Nka;j;j gRf;$l;lk; fyq;fpaJ. mjdhy; %ydpd; clypy; GFe;J gRf;fspd; Jauj;ij mt;topahy; te;j Re;jud; ePf;fpdhd; vd;gJ tuyhW. jpU%yh; gjQ;ryp KdptUld; Kjy;Kiw jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;jhh;. ,uz;lhk; Kiw mth; fapiyapy; ,Ue;J nghjpifia Nehf;fp tUk; NghJ jhd; gRf;fis Nka;f;Fk; ,iladhd %yd; ,we;jNghJ mtdJ gphpitj; jhq;f KbahJ gRf;fs; Jd;gg;gl;ld. mjdhy; ,uf;fKw;w Re;jud; jdJ cliy xU kug;nghe;Js; itj;J tpl;Lj; jhd; %ydpd; clYs;g; GFe;jhh;. gpd; te;J ghh;j;j NghJ jdJ cliyf; fhzhikahy; %ydJ clypy; ,Ue;jthNw jpUke;jpug; ghly;fis vOjpdhh;. Re;jud; vd;w jpU%yDf;F ee;jpnak;ngUkhd; ehjd; vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;. Re;jud; ee;jpapd; mUshy; jhd; %ydJ clk;gpDs; Eioe;jjhf jpUke;jpuk; $WfpwJ. %ydpd; clypy; ,Ue;Nj xd;gJ Mfkq;fisAk; xd;gJ je;jpuq;fshfg; ghbdhh; vd;Wk; jpUke;jpuk; $WfpwJ.

jpUke;jpuj;jpy; mfj;jpah;> jphpGuhjpfs;> ,uhtzd;> rye;jd;> jf;fd;> me;jf mRud;> khh;f;fz;lh; MfpNahiug; gw;wpj; jpU%yh; $wpAs;shh;. ,th;fspy; rpyh; jpU%yUf;F Kw;gl;lth;. rpyh; rkfhyj;jth;.

trpl;lh;> cgkd;dpA> gjQ;ryp> tpahf;fpukh; MfpNahh; jpU%yhpd; fhyj;jth;. ,jdhy; jpU%yuJ fhyk; ,uhkhazf; fhynkd;gjhy; mJ fp.K 6000 vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nghjpif kiy mj;jpaUk;> rye;juDk;> jf;fDk;> me;jf mRuDk; jpU%yUf;F Ke;jpath;fs;.

jkpo;nkhop Kjd; Kjy; cUt vOj;Jf;fisAk;> gpd;Nfhy; vOj;Jf;fisAk;> gpd; tl;l vOj;Jf;fisAk;> mjd; gpd; rJu vOj;Jf;fisAk; nfhz;bUe;jjhf Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. cUt vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; jhd; jkpopy; ,Ue;J rPdk;> flhuk;> RNkhpak;> gpdPrpak;> vFgjpak; Kjypa nkhopfs; gphpe;jd.

4

Nfhy; vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; kuhl;bak;> tq;fk;> Nfhryk;> gY}r;rpak;> Mhpak;> ghsp> gpuhfpUjk; Kjypa nkhopfs; jkpopy; ,Ue;J gphpe;jd.

tl;l vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; njYq;F> fd;dlk;> JS> kiyahsk; Kjypa nkhopfs; jkpopy; ,Ue;J gphpe;jd.

mjd; gpd; jkpOf;Fr; rJu vOj;Jf; fhykhFk;.

Nfhy; vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; Mhpah; jkpo; ehl;Ls; Eioe;jdh;. fug;gh> nkfQ;rjhNuh efuq;fs; kz;khhpahy; mope;j gpd;Ng Mhpah;fs; rpe;J ejpg; gpuNjrj;jpw;F te;J FbNawpdh;. mjd; gpd; tpe;jpa kiy tiu Nghh; nra;J ntd;W Mhpah; th;j;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdh;. Mhpah; th;j;jj;jpw;F ,e;J jhdk; vd;w ngah; ,Ue;jJ. mJ ,e;Jf;fs; tho;e;j ,lk;. MhpaUf;F ,e;Jf;fs; vd;w ngah; ghurPfuhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;J vd;gJ ghurPfr; nrhy;yhFk;. Mhpah;fshy; gy ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpa NghJ murh;fSk;> Kdpth;fSk;> kf;fSk; gzk; gjtp tpUJfSf;fhf Mhpa kjj;jpw;F khwpdh;. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdth;fs; tpRthkpj;jpuh; rdfh; KjypNahuhth;. MhpaNuhL Nrh;e;j tpRthkpj;jpuUf;Fg; gpuk hp~pg;gl;lKk;> rdUf;F Qhdhprpg; gl;lKk; mspj;J Mhpah; nfsutg;gLj;jpdh;. ,ij tpUk;ghj kd;dh;fSk;> kf;fSk;> Kdpth;fSk; tpe;jpa kiyf;Fj; njw;Nf ,Ue;j jf;fzk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpw;F te;J FbNawpdh;. jf;fzj;jpNy jhd; tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyk; njhlq;fpaJ.

Nfhy; vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; gjpdhW caph; vOj;Jf;fSk; gjpide;J nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; tof;fpypUe;jd. mJ Nghy tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; Ik;gj;njhU vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jd.

ghuj fhyj;jpw;Fr; rw;W Kd; gpd; jkpOf;Fr; rJu vOj;J Muk;gkhdJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpOf;Fg; gd;dpuz;L caph; vOj;Jf;fSk;> gjpndl;L nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; ,Ue;jd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Jthu gjpapypUe;J te;j cNyhghKj;jpiu mfj;jpah;> Ngufj;jpah;> rpw;wfj;jpak; vd;w ,U ,yf;fz E}y;fis vOjpdhh;. mj;Jld; jkpOf;Fr; nre;jkpo; vdg; ngahpl;lhh;. mg;NghJ jhd; MAj vOj;Jj; jkpopy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. MAj vOj;Jld; jkpo; nkhopapy; Kg;gj;njhU vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jd.

,f;fhyj;jpy; jhd; tlehl;bd; nkhopfshd Mhpak;> gpuhfpUjk; Mfpatw;iwr; rPh; nra;J rk];fpUjk; vd;w nkhopia tpahrh; cUthfpdhh;. mj;Jld; tpahrh; gy Guhzq;fisAk; ,jpfhrq;fisAk; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjpdhh;. tpahrh; mjw;Fj; jkpopy; ,Ue;j Nfhy; vOj;Jf;fisNa fUtpahff; nfhz;lhh;. mjdhy; rk];fpUjj;jpw;F tljkpo; vd;w ngah; cz;lhdJ.

jpU%yh; ,uhkhaz fhyj;jth;. ,uhkhahz fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; tl;nlOj;Nj tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ ,uhtzdpd; Nrid nkhopahf ,Ue;jJ. njYq;F. mk;nkhopia cUthf;fpa ,uhtzd;> jkpo; tl;nlOj;Jf;fisNa rpwpJ khw;wp mikj;jhd;. mk;nkhopf;Fk; Ik;gj;njhU vOj;Jf;fNs ,Ue;jd.

jpU%yh; mijj; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; 942> 943> 944 Mk; ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,uhtzd; jpU%yhpd; fhyj;jtd;. mf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; ,uhk ,uhtz Aj;jk; eilngw;wJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; tlehl;by; jkpo; nkhop nghJ nkhopahf ,Ue;jJ vd;W gpd; te;j Muha;r;rpahsh; $Wfpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; mg;NghjpUe;j Ie;J fz;lq;fspYk; jkpo;nkhop tof;fpypUe;jJ.

Ie;J kz;lq;fs; vd;W jpU%yh; $wpaJ Mrpah> INuhg;gh> Mgphpf;fh> mnkhpf;fh> mT];jpNuypah vd;Wk; fz;lq;fisNaahFk;. jpU%yhpd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; jkpo; ehlhf ,Ue;jJ. fly; fle;j ehLfspYk; jkpoh; tho;e;jdh;. mjdhy; thd;kPfp jdJ ,uhkhahzj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopia kJunkhop vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhh;.

MhpaUf;F nkhopapUf;fhjjhy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; khw;wk; nra;J jkJ nkhopahf;fpdh;. mjd; gpd; jkpoh;fis mth;fs; jhf;fp mopj;jikahy; jkpoh;fs; njw;fpy; ,Ue;j jf;fzj;jpy; Vw;fdNt jkpoh;fs; tho;e;J te;jikahy; tlf;fpy;

5

,Ue;J ,lk;ngah;e;j jkpoh;fs; jf;fzj;jpy; tho;NthUld; te;J Nrh;e;jdh;. ,f;fhyk; tl;nlOj;Jf; fhykhFk;. tl;nlOj;Jf;fhy ,Wjpapy; jhd; ,uhkhahzk; vOjg;gl;lJ.

,e;epiyapy; rptg;G ,e;jpa tk;rj;jtdhd ,uhtzidj; jkpo; ehl;by; ,Ue;J Juj;jj; jkpoh;fs; ,uhkdJ cjtpia ehbdh;. mjd; gpd; Mhpa ehfhpfk; jkpo; ehl;by; gut Muk;gpj;jJ. mjd; gadhf Mhpa tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gpuhkzh;fs; jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;jdh;. mjdhy; nkhopf; fyg;G cz;lhdJ. gpuhkzhpd; g+irfs; Muhjidfisr; nra;af; $lhJ vd;Wk; jkpo;j; nja;tkhd rptidj; jkpopy; mh;r;rpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; typAWj;jpAs;shh;.

vz;zhapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G jpU%yh; Re;juehjd; vd;Dk; ngaUld; Kjy; jlit njd; ehlhd jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;jhh;. mjd; gpd; mth; jpUf;ifiyf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F jtk; nra;jhh;. ,uhk ,uhtz Aj;jk; Kbe;j gpd; fp.K 3100 Mk; Mz;by; mjhtJ 5041 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G nghjpif kiyapy; tho;e;j mfj;jpaiur; re;jpg;gjw;fhff; fapiyapy; ,Ue;J te;jhh;. ,J mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ njd;ehl;L ahj;jpiu MFk;.

jpU%yh; fapyhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJ kfhejpf;fiuapy; Jthuuifapd; murdhd fz;zid xU Ntld; nfhd;W mtdJ cliyj; jP %l;b vhpj;jhd;. mg;NghJ ngU kio nga;jJ. mjdhy; miu Fiwahf vhpe;j fz;zdpd; cly; nts;sj;jhy; js;sg;gl;Lr; nrd;W g+hpf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; xJq;fpaJ. mt;t+uth;fs; mt;Tliyf; fz;L> mJ Jthuiff;Nfh khd; fz;zdpd; cly; vd milahsk; fz;L mjid vLj;J mlf;fk; nra;jdh;. mt;tplk; jhd; jw;Nghija n[fd;dhjkhFk;. ,ij jpU%yh; Nehpy; fz;ljhfj; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mjd; gpd; mth; nghjpifia Nehf;fp tUk; topapy; jhd; gRf;fis Nka;j;j Mad; ,we;jhd;. mjd; gpd; jpU%yh; vd;w ngaUlDk; %ydpd; clYlDk; jpUthtLJiwia mile;J> mq;fpUe;j rptd; Nfhtpypd; ntspg;gpufhuj;jpy; tlNkw;F %iyapy; epd;w Xh; murkuj;jbapy; 3000 tUlq;fs; Nahfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mz;LfSf;F xU ghlyhf jkpo; %thapuk; vd;w jpUke;jpuj;ijg; ghbdhh;. mth; fp.K. 100 ,y; guKj;jpaile;jhh;. guKj;jpailA Kd; jpUke;jpuj;ijj; jdJ VO rPlh;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jhh;. mj;Jld; gy klq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;. jpUke;jpuk; Rtbia mf;Nfhtpypd; gyp gPlj;jpd; fPo; itj;jhh;. mijj; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; vLj;jhh; vd;W Njthug; gjpfq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. jpU%yh; MhpauJ g+ir Kiwfshd ahfq;fs;> Nts;tpfs;> rk];fpUj mh;r;ridfis Vw;ftpy;iy. mij Vw;ff; $lhnjd;W jpUke;jpug; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; $wpAs;shh;. rptDf;Fj; jkpopy; g+ir nra;a Ntz;Lk; rptd; jkpod; vd;gJ jpU%yuJ nra;jp. ,J gy jpUke;jpug; ghly;fspy; cs;sJ.

jpUke;jpuKk; FwSk;

jpUts;Sthpd; ,aw;ngah; neLkhwd; ts;Std; vd;gjhFk;. ts;Sth; ,sk; tajpy; njhy; fhg;gpaj;ijAk; jpUke;jpuj;ijAk; ed;F fw;wth;. mjdhy; kpFe;j mwpTilatuhf ,Ue;jhh;. mth; Nghh;tPuh;. murDf;fhf ths;g;gilf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpg; gy Nghh; Kidfisf; fz;lth;. ntw;wp nfhz;lth;. ,th; fUq;if xd;ths; ngUk; ngah; tOjpAld; jdpj;Jk; gy jlitfspy; gifth;fSlDk; Nghhpl;L ntw;wp ngw;wth;. mjdhy; khed; vwpe;j thshy; neLkhwd; “ts;Stdhh;” vd;w ehkj;ijg; ngw;wth;. mjdhy; jhd; mth; murdpd; rfy Fzq;fisAk; kf;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; murpaypy; vOjpdhh;. jpUke;jpuk; ts;StUf;F Ke;jpaJ mjdhy; ts;Sth; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J gy gFjpfis vLj;jhz;Ls;shh;.

jpUke;jpuj;jpy; xd;gJ je;jpuq;fs; cs;sd. mjpy; Kjy; ehd;F je;jpuq;fSk; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;fpidAk; $Wfpd;wd. mjdhy; mit NtjkhFk;. mjpy; mjpfhu itg;G Kiw jpUke;jpuj;jpy; cs;sJ Nghy ,Uf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf epiyahik> nfhy;yhik> Gy;yhy; kWj;jy;> gpwd;kid eathik> kfsph; ,opT> ey;FuT> md;Gilik vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

jpUke;jpuj;jpy; ts;Sth; vLj;jhz;l rpy gFjpfs; gpd;tUkhW.

1. mfuKjy vOj;njy;yhk;

6

MUk; mwpahh; Mfhuk; mtndd;W

2. Mjpgftd; Kjw;NwAyF mwpTilahh; neQ;NrhL MjpgftDk;

3. kyh;kpir Vfpdhd; NghJ fe;NjWk; g+hp rilahdb

4. ,iwtd; nghUs; Nrh; Gfo; Ghpe;jhh; nghUsJtha; epd;w Gz;zpad;

5. vz;Fzj;jhd; vz;rhjp J}a;ikAk;

6. jdf;Ftikapy;yhjhd; jd;idnahg;ghh; xd;W kpy;yhj; jiytd;

7. mwthop me;jzd; mwthop me;jzd; Mjp guhgud;

8. jhdk; jtk; ,uz;Lk; tpisf;Fk; jtk; mwk; Nghy; JizahNk

9. cud; vd;Wk; Njhl;bahd; mlf;f mwpntDk; Njhl;bia

10. Rit xspA+Nwhir MNk Rit xsp a+Nwhir ehw;wk;

,tw;iw tplg; gy jpUke;jpug; ghly;fspy; fUj;ij mg;gbNa vLj;J ts;Sth; ghbAs;shh;. xOf;ff; fUj;jhdhYk; rhpNtnwe;jf; fUj;jhdhYk; rhp mit khWglhjit. mjdhy; gz;ila Gyth;fs; mtw;iwg; ghba NghJk; mit fUj;jhfNt fUjg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ts;Sth; mjd; mbfisr; rpwpJ khw;wpf; $wpAs;shh;.

nghJthf me;ehspy; nkhopngah;g;G E}y;fs; mjpfkhf ntsp te;jd. ,uhkhahzk;> ghujk; vd;gtw;iwr; nrhy;yyhk;. Mdhy; jpUke;jpuk; nkhopngah;g;G E}y; my;y. jdpj; jkpo; E}y;. nghJthf MhpaUf;F tpiy Nghdth;fs; jkpio kjpg;gjpy;iy. jkpopy; ey;y E}y;fs; te;jhYk; mij tlnkhopapd; nkhopngah;ngd;Nw $Wth;. ,jw;fhf Xh; mwpQh; $l;lj;ij Mhpah; gzk; nfhLj;J mikj;J itj;jpUe;jdh;. mj;Jld; ey;y jkpo; E}y;fisAk; Ntjq;fisAk; cgepljq;fisAk; jkpopy; ,Ue;jijf; fz;l Mhpah; mtw;iw tlnkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;J tpl;L jkpo;r; Rtbfis vhpj;J tpl;ljhf kiwkiyabfs; $wpAs;shh;. mjpy; cz;ik ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. jkpoh;fs; Jzpe;J MhpaUld; NghuhlhJ gae;J ,lk;ngah;e;J nfhz;bUe;jjhy; jhd; cyfj;jpy; xU jkpo; muir mikf;f Kbatpy;iy.

Muk;gj;jpy; Mfkq;fs; xd;gJ jhd; ,Ue;jd. mit rptngUkhdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lit. mtw;iw jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuk; vd;w E}yhf Mf;fpAs;shh;. xd;gJ je;jpuq;fSk; xd;gJ Mfkq;fNsahFk;. mjd; gpd; Mhpah; jkJ gpiog;Gf;fhfg; gy Mfkq;fis vOjpdh;. Mfkq;fs; fl;blf; fiyiaAk;> g+ir KiwfisAk;> ahf Fz;l mikg;Gf;fisAk; $Wgit. irt rkak; ,tw;iw Vw;ftpy;iy. Mhpauhd gpuhkzh;fs; jkpo; ehl;Ls;g; GFe;J jkJ gpiog;Gf;fhfg; g+ir Kiwfis cUthf;fpdh;. ,d;W Mhpahpd; flTisg; ghh;g;gjw;Fg; gy Mapuk; &ghf;fisr; nryT nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j epiy NtW rkaq;fspy; ,y;iy. irtrkak; jdJ <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhfr; nra;Ak; g+irfis mtutiuNa nra;ar; nrhy;fpwJ. Rj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; kyh;e;j g+f;fis itj;Jj; jpUKiwfis XJk;gb $WtNjhL ekrpta>

7

rptaek> rptarpt> rptrpt vd;w jkpo; ke;jpuq;fis XJk; gb jpUke;jpuk; $WfpwJ. ,e;j Kiw gpuhkzh;fshy; gpiog;Gf;fhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. Raeyk; kpf;f jkpoh;fs; NghhplhJ ,lk;ngah;e;jJ Nghyr; Raeyj;jpw;fhfj; jkJ rka mDl;lhdq;fisAk; tpl;L tpl;ldh;. ,J fle;j 6000 tUlq;fshf eilngw;W tUfpwJ.

nghJg;ghapuk;

,jpy; flTs; tho;j;J Ik;gJ ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rptdJ ngUikfs; tphpthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

mLj;J Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; Kiwik gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rptngUkhd; jhd; KO Kjy;td;. mad;> mhpahy; $l rptdpd; ngUikia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ. mud; mhpiaAk; Vida Njth;fisAk; rfy caphpdq;fisAk; gilj;jtd; rptd;. mtid tpl Nkyhd nja;tk; ,y;iy vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mLj;J Ntjj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. mjd; gpd; Mfkj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

mjd; gpd; me;jzh;fs; iff; nfhs;s Ntz;ba xOf;f newpfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ. mLj;J MFjp Ntl;ly; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

mLj;Jj; jpUf;Fwspy; $wg;gl;l murhl;rp Kiw> thdr; rpwg;G> mwQ;nra;thd; jpwd;> mwQ;nra;ahd; jpwd; mit mlf;fk; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

mjd; gpd; jw;rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpy; FU guk;giu gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ. mjw;fLj;jjhfj; jpU%yh; jdJ tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpwhh;.

Kjyhk; je;jpuk;

,J fhuzhfkhFk;. ,jd; fz; Kjypy; cgNjrk; $wg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; ahf;if epiyahik> nry;tk; epiyahik> ,sik epiyahik> caph; epiyahik> nfhy;yhik Gyhy; kWj;jy;> gpwd;kid eathik> kfsph; ,opT> ey;FuT> md;Gilik md;G nra;thiu mwpthd; rptd; fy;tp Nfs;tp Nfl;likjy;> fy;yhik eLT epiyik>fs;Sz;zhik gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ,tw;iwg; gbj;j ts;Sth; ,uz;L mbapy; kpfr; RUf;fkhfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; Fwshf;fpAs;shh;.

,uz;lhk; je;jpuk;

,uz;lhk; je;jpuk; mfj;jpaj;jpy; njhlq;fp %tifr; rPt th;f;fj;jpy; KbtilfpwJ. rptidg; gw;wpAk;> rptdpd; ,lg;ghfj;jpy; mkh;e;j cikiag; gw;wpAk;> mth;fsJ ngUikfisg; gw;wpAk; $wpa jpU%yh; 436 MtJ ghlypy; ,Ue;J 474 MtJ ghly; tiu mjhtJ 39 ghly;fspy; fUTw;gj;jp gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;. ,we;j Xh; caph; tpidf;Nfw;wthW gpwg;ngLf;fpwJ. mjdhy; cly; khWNk jtpu caph; khWtjpy;iy. capuhdJ ,uz;L epiyf;Fl;gLk;. xd;W rptid mile;J rptDlNdNa $bapUf;Fk; ,d;gepiy. mLj;jJ ghtq;fisr; nra;J tpidia mjpfhpj;J mLj;jLj;Jg; gpwtpfis vLj;Jj; Jd;gg;gLk; epiy. ,t;thW caph; ,U epiyfSf;Fl;gLk; fhuzk; tpid vd;w nrayhFk;. MZk; ngz;Zk; $b mDgtpf;Fk; ,d;gj;ijg; Nghd;w Xh; ,d;gk; NtW vjpYk; ,y;iy vd;W $Wk; jpU%yh; ,t; ,d;gj;ij caphpd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU nrayhff; nfhs;fpwhh;. xUtdpd; Gz;zpa ghtq;fs; mtdJ gps;isfs; %yNk gpwh; mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mjdhy; jpU%yh; mt;TwTf;F kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwhh;. mjdhy; mth; kpf kpfr; rpwe;j gps;isfisg; ngWk; KiwfisAk; Nehahd> Fiwghlhd gps;isfisg; ngWk; KiwfisAk; $Wfpwhh;. rptdUs; ,Ue;jhy; ey;y gps;isfisg; ngwyhk;. mg;gbahapd; rptdUisg; ngWtJ vg;gb vd;W jpU%yh; tphpthff; $Wfpwhh;. ,tw;iw kpf tphpthf vOjpAs;Nsd;. mtw;iwg; gbf;fTk;. ehL tsKs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mwpT kpf;f kf;fs; mq;F thoNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; nrhy;fpwhh;.

8

%d;whk; je;jpuk;

%d;whk; je;jpuk; tPuhffkhFk;. mJ ml;lhq;f Nahfj;jpy; njhlq;fp tuR+yj;jpy; KbtilfpwJ. ,d;gnkd;gJ ,y;tho; jtepiy vd;Wk; kzkf;fs; ,UtiuAk; rptDk; rpitAkhff; fUJtNj jkpouJ gz;ghFk;. ,y;tho;tuh; rptepidTld; mwtopapy; ,y;tho;T tho;e;J rptid miltij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd topKiwfs; ,j; je;jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

ehd;fhk; je;jpuk;

ehd;fhk; je;jpuk; rpj;jhfkhFk;. ,J mrigapy; njhlq;fp Nahfj;jpy; KbtilfpwJ. ,J rptngUkhdpd; mbikahFjy; gw;wpAk;> jpUite;njOj;jpd; ngUikfs; gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ. mj;Jld; rf;fu topghL gw;wpAk; mk;ikapd; ngUikfisAk; rf;fuq;fis mikg;gJ gw;wpAk; tphpthff; $WfpwJ.

Ie;jhk; je;jpuk;

Ie;jhk; je;jpuk; thJs MfkhFk;. ,J Rj;j irtj;jpy; njhlq;fp cl;rkaq;fs; gw;wpr; nrhy;yp Kbf;fpwJ. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;Fk; mwk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. me;j mwj;jpd; thapyhfg; NgW cz;lhFk;. NgW vd;gJ rpj;jhe;j irtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;. cyfpy; cs;s rkaq;fis ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit KiwNa rptngUkhdpd; cz;ikia czuhik> rptdpd; Kjd;ikia czuhik> NgWngWk; newpia czuhik Ngw;wpd; ,ay;ig czuhik vd;gdthFk;. NgW vd;gJ jpUtbf;fiog;G. ,t;thW Ie;jhk; je;jpuk; $WfpwJ.

Mwhk; je;jpuk;

Mwhk; je;jpuk; tpahkshfkk;. ,J rptFU jhprdj;jpy; njhlq;fp gf;Ftdpy; KbtilfpwJ. rptnewpapy; tho;gth;fSf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;J mUSk; rptFUitg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ,j;je;jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rptNd rptFUthf te;J jdJ mbath;fSf;F Ntz;batw;iwr; nra;J Ml;nfhs;Sk; Kiwik gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

Vohk; je;jpuk;

,J fhNyhj;juhfkkhFk;. ,J Mwhjhuk; Kjy; ,NjhgNjrk; tiu tphpthff; $WfpwJ. ,J Ngw;W topghlhFk;. Ngw;W topghL vd;gJ rptypq;f topghL vd;gJ rptypq;f topghlhFk;. mjw;fhd toptiffisg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. rptg+ir> FUtpd; g+ir rptdbahh;fspd; topghL> rptdbahh;fspd; epiyfs; gw;wp tphpthff; $WfpwJ. rptNahfpfis vt;thW mlf;fk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;> rptNahfpfspd; ngUik> mth;fis topgLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; rptypq;f topghl;bd; gad;fs; gw;wpAk; ,j;je;jpuk; $WfpwJ. mj;Jld; rptidj; jkpopy; Muhjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; Ie;njOj;jpd; kfpikAk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

vl;lhk; je;jpuk;

vl;lhk; je;jpuk; Rg;gpuuhfkkhFk;. ,J clypy; gQ;rNgjk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; njhlq;fpr; Nrhjidapy; KbtilfpwJ. ,J cliyg; gw;wpAk; mjd; jd;ikfisg; gw;wpAk; mjd; nraw;ghLfs; vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. mj;Jthf;fs;> Nfty rfy Rj;jepiy gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ. capiug; gw;wpapUf;Fk; gir kykhfpa

9

Mztj;ij mfw;Wk; Kiw gw;wp tphpthff; $WfpwJ. mj;Jld; Kj;jpiag; gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.

xd;gjhk; je;jpuk;

xd;gjhk; je;jpuk; kFlhfkkhFk;. ,J FUkl jhprdk; Kjy; rh;t tpahgp tiu tpgukhff; $WfpwJ. Kf;fpakhfr; rptd; QhdFUthf te;J jhprdk; nfhLg;gJ gw;wpr; rpwg;ghfr; $WfpwJ. gpuzt rhkhjp gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ X nkhop jhd; J}yg; gpuztk; vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. mj;Jld; caphpd; ,ay;ghd epiy> ghpa Ie;njOj;jpd; ngUik> Ez;ik Ie;njOj;J vd;gd gw;wp kpftk; tphpthff; $WfpwJ.

jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ Mfkq;fisg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. xt;nthd;iwAk; xt;nthU je;jpukhf mikj;Jf; $WfpwJ. jpU%yiur; rptd; mioj;J eP g+Tyfpw;Fr; nrd;W irt rka tpjpfisAk; jj;Jtq;fisAk; cdJ khzth;fSf;F czh;j;J. mj;Jld; mtw;iw E}yhf;F. cdJ khzth;fs; jkpo; %thapuk; vd;w ke;jpuj;ij kf;fSf;F cgNjrpg;ghh;fs; vd;W $wpajhy; jhd; jpU%yh; g+kpf;F te;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

mg;nghOJ xd;gJ Mfkq;fNs jkpopy; ,Ue;jd. mt;xd;gJ Mfkq;fisj; jtpu NtW vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mhpah;fs; xd;gJ Mfkq;fisAk; tlnkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;J tpl;Lj; jkpo;r; Rtbfis mopj;J tpl;ldh; vd;W kiwkiyabfs; $Wfpwhh;. mjpy; cz;ik ,y;yhky; ,y;iy.

mjd; gpd; Vida Mfkq;fs; Mhpauhy; tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;ld. Mhpah; gyk; kpf;f murh;fshf ,Ue;jikahy; mth;fs; nrhy;tij ahUk; kWf;ftpy;iy. jkpo; mwpQh;fs; gzj;jpw;fhf MhpaNuhL Nrh;e;J nfhz;ldh;. ,jdhy; mth;fs; nrhy;tNj jj;Jtkhapw;W. jkpopy; vOe;j Mfkq;fs; fl;blf;fiy gw;wpf; $wtpy;iy. Nfhtpy;fisf; fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wtpy;iy. kuepoypy; rptypq;fj;ij mikj;Jj; jkpohy; g+ir nra;Ak; gbNa jpUke;jpuk; $WfpwJ. gpd; vOjg;gl;l Mfkq;fs; jhd; fl;blf; fiy Xk Fz;l mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. jpUke;jpuk; fphpiafs;> ahfq;fs; Kjypad nra;af; $lhnjd;W $WfpwJ. Rj;jkhd g+kpapy; G+j;j kyh;fis itj;J jpUite;njOj;ijAk; jpUKiwfisAk; Xjpdhy; NghJk;. mJ jhd; rptDf;F tpUg;gkhdJ vd;W jpU%yh; $Wfpwhh;. ,tw;iw tphpthff; fijfspy; $wpAs;Nsd;.

jpU%yh; Mhpag; gpuhkziuAk; mth;fsJ g+ir KiwfisAk; Vw;ftpy;iy. rptd; jkpod; vd;Wk; Ie;njOj;ijAk; jpUKiwfisAk; Xjpg; gpuhh;j;jid nra;AkhWk; $Wfpwhh;. mj;Jld; fphpiafs;> ahfq;fs;> Nts;tpfs; vijAk; nra;af; $lhJ vd;W fz;bg;Gld; $Wfpwhh;. xU jPa nraiyr; nra;jhy; mjw;fhd jz;lid cz;nld;Wk; mijg; ghpfhuq;fs; nra;J mfw;w Kbahnjd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;. xU jPatd; xU gR khl;ilf; fsthfg; gpbj;Jr; nrd;W mij ntl;bg; gyUf;Fk; mjd; khkprj;ijf; nfhLf;f epidj;jhd;. mij ntl;ba NghJ mjd; tapw;Wf;Fs;f; fd;W ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; gae;j mtd; xU Rthkpahhplk; nrd;W mjw;Fg; ghpfhuk; nra;Ak; gbAk;> mjw;fhfg; gzj;ijj; jUtjhfTk; $wpdhd;. mjw;F me;jr; Rthkpahh;>“eP vdf;Fg; gzk; juj;Njitapy;iy. ,we;j me;jg; gRTf;Fk; fd;wpw;Fk; capiuf; nfhLj;J vOg;gp tpL. eP nra;j ghtk; ePq;fp tpLk;” vd;whh;.

xU nraYf;Fg; ghpfhuk; nra;a KbahJ. ehk; nra;j tpidg;gbNa tho;T mikfpwJ. mjdhy; ,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; tUfpd;wd. mij ePf;ff; flTisj; njho Ntz;Lk;. mijf; flTs; ePf;fpdhy; jhd; ed;ik cz;lhFk;.

xU ngz;zpw;Fj; jpUkzk; eilngwhtpl;lhy; rptid KO kdJld; njhOJ Ie;njOj;ij XJjy; Ntz;Lk;. rptdpd; mUshy; ghtq;fs; ePq;FNk jtpug; ghpfhuq;fshy; ePq;fhJ.

Nrhjplk; gpiog;Gf;fhf Mhpauhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rptdpd; Mizg;gb jhd; cyfk; ,aq;FfpwJ. Nfhs;fshy; vJTk; nra;a KbahJ. Nfhs;fSf;Fr; rf;jp

10

,y;iy. rptd; vijr; nrhy;fpwhNwh mijr; nra;Ak; gzpahsh;fs; jhd; mth;fs;. gzpahsh;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtij tpLj;Jr; rptidj; njhOq;fs; ahTk; ed;whf eilngWk;.

vkJ maypy; cs;s Nghypr; rhkpahh; xUth; Njrpf;fhia ntl;bg; gyd; nrhy;thh;. vJTk; eilngw;wjpy;iy ,Ue;Jk; %lh;fs; nrd;W mth; nrhw;gb elf;fpwhh;fs;. ,Jtiu mth; nrhd;dJ vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy.

fhiyapy; njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; gyTk; Nrhjplj;ijr; nrhy;fpd;wd. ,U gQ;rhq;fq;fs; cz;L. xd;wpy; RgNeuk; kw;wjpy; kuzNahfk;. mijtpl gj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; ,d;iwa gyd; $wg;gLfpwJ. gj;Jk; gj;J tpjkhfr; nrhy;fpwJ. thf;fpa gQ;rhq;fj;jpy; Rf;fpud; vl;by; ,Ue;jhy; fzpj gQ;rhq;fj;jpy; Rf;fpud; Vopy; ,Ug;ghh;. xU gQ;rhq;fk; RgNeuk; vd;W nrhy;y kWgQ;rhq;fk; mJ RgNtis my;y vd;W $WfpwJ.

jpU%yh; Nrhjplj;ij Vw;ftpy;iy. rptid tzq;FNthh;f;Fj; Jd;gkpy;iy vd;fpwhh;.

“irth;fs; rptid tzq;Fgth;fs;. mth;fs; rptid tzq;fp tpl;L vijAk; nra;ayhk;. RgNtis ghh;f;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. ahTk; tpidg;gb eilngWtjhy; rptdplk; ahtw;iwAk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L vijAk; nra;Aq;fs;” vd;fpwhh; jpU%yh;.

ey;y ehs; ghh;j;J RgNtisapy; nra;j jpUzq;fs; E}W tPjKk; gpur;rpidg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. RgNtisapy; nra;j gy tpahghu epiyaq;fspy; tpw;gid eilngwtpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J vd;d njhpfpwJ. RgNtis> Muhjid ahTk; Nghypahdit. flTsplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;Lf; fhhpakhwDg;Gq;fs; mit ntw;wp ngWk;.

Gj;jh; irt rkaj;jth;. mth; fphpiafs;> ahfq;fs;> g+irfis Vw;ftpy;iy. jpahdj;ij kl;Lk; Vw;whh;. gw;ww;wkdJld; nra;ag;gLk; MuhjidiaNa mth; typAWj;jpdhh;. mijNa jpU%yUk; nrhy;fpwhh;. irt rkaj;jtuhd Gj;jh; kdxLf;fj;ij typAWj;jpdhh;. mijNa jpU%yUk; nrhy;fpwhh;.

tpidg;gb miktJ tho;f;if. mij khw;w KbahJ khw;w Ntz;Lkhdhy; flTisj; njho Ntz;Lk;. flTs; jhd; vijAk; khw;Wthh;. akd; khh;f;fz;Nlaiuf; ftu te;j NghJ rptngUkhd; fhyhy; cijj;J khh;f;fz;Nlaiuf; fhg;ghw;wpath;. mjdhy; flTis tzq;Fq;fs;. mtuhy; jhd; cq;fSf;F ed;ik nra;a KbAk;. NtW vtuhYk; cq;fisf; fhg;ghw;w KbahJ. ,J jhd; cz;ik. mjdhy; rptid Ie;njOj;jhYk; jpUKiwfshYk; tzq;Fq;fs;. NtW vijAk; nra;ahjPh;fs;.

jpU%yh; Nrhjplj;ij KOikahf epuhfhpf;fpd;whh;. rptd;> R+hpadhfTk;> re;jpudhfTk;> mf;fpdpahfTk; ,Ug;gtd;. mit jhd; mtdJ Kf;fz;fs;. Kf;fz;fshy; mtd; cyif msg;gtd;. cyfpy; cs;s ahTk; rptdpd; Mizg;gbNa ,aq;Ffpd;wd. Nfhs;fs; cl;glf; flTs;fs; midtUk; rptdpd; Mizg;gb jhd; elf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb elf;fhjth;fs; jz;bf;fg;gl;l tuyhW Guhzq;fspy; cz;L. cjhuzkhfg; gpukhTk; tpl;LZTk; mb Kb Njba tuyhW midtUf;Fk; njhpAk;. Mhpag; gpuhkzh;fs; jhd; fphpia KiwfisAk;> Nrhjplj;ijAk; jkJ gpiog;Gf;fhf Vw;gLj;jpdh;. ,d;ndd;d fphpia nra;jhy; ,d;ndd;d gad; fpilf;Fk; vd;W gpuhkzh; $wpaJk; Mir kpFe;j kdpjh; mf;fphpiafis tpUg;NghL nra;jdh;. mtw;iwr; nra;Jk; vitAk; elf;ftpy;iy. vdf;Fj; njhpe;j xUthpd; ngz;Zf;Fg; Ngrp te;j khg;gpisfisj; njhopy;> rhjp> rkak;> jFjp Kjypatw;iwg; ghh;j;J tpyf;fpdhh;. mtuJ ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa Nrhjplh; cq;fs; ngz;Zf;Fg; ngUk; cj;jpNahfj;jpy; cs;stNd fztdhf tUthd; vd;W nrhy;ypg; gy;NtW tpjkhd ghpfhuq;fisr; nra;jhh;. mg;ngz;Zk; Nrhjplj;ij ek;gpdhs;. ,g;Ngh mWgJ taJ. jpUkzkhftpy;iy. ,g;NghJk; ghpfhuq;fs; nra;fpwhh;fs;.

Nrhjplk; cz;ik my;y. ,uz;L gQ;rhq;fq;fs; cz;L. xd;wpy; RgNeuk; mLj;jjpy; kuzNahfk;. xU gQ;rhq;fj;jpy; Rf;fpud; vl;by; ,Ug;ghh;. kW

11

gQ;rhq;fj;jpy; mNj Rf;fpud; xd;gjpy; ,Ug;ghh;. Mwhapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Ng g+kp

jd;idj; jhd; Rw;w xU ehshFnkd;Wk;> g+kp R+hpaidr; Rw;w 365 ¼ ehshFk; vd;Wk;> Nfhs;fs; vt;thW ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;Wk; jpU%yh; $wptpl;lhh;. mjpy; gy rh;r;irfs; ,Ue;J jw;NghJ jhd; mJ Vw;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhs;fs; rf;jpapy;yhjit. mit rptdpd; Mizapd;wp ,aq;f Kbahjit. mjdhy; rptid tzq;Fq;fs; vd;fpwhh; jpU%yh;. ghpfhuq;fs; vitAk; gadspf;fhJ. vjw;Fk; ghpfhuk; rptid tzq;FtNjahFk;.

kuzj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthfj; jpU%yh; $Wfpwhh;. kuzkile;jJk; cliyg; ghilapy; itj;Jj; J}f;fpr; RLfhl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ giwNksk; mbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jfdk; nra;j gpd; m];jpia ms;spr; nrd;W Gdpj ePhpy; nfhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd; me;ePhpy; ePuhb tpl;L me;ePiu vLj;J te;J tPl;ilf; fOTjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nky; vJTk; nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. capuhdJ ,we;jTld; tpidg;gb rptdpd; Mizg;gb xU fh;g;gg;igf;Fs;r; nrd;W tpLfpwJ. Md;kh miyAk; vd;gJ cz;ikf;F khwhdJ. mjdhy; ,wg;gpd; gpd; ve;jf; fphpiafSk; nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;Wk; jpU%yh; $Wfpwhh;.

jpUkzk; vd;gJ rptdhy; epl;rapf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ cw;whh; cwtpdh;fs; nghpath;fs; Mrphpah; KjypNahh; $b epw;gh;. Ch;g; nghpath; xUth; jhypia vLj;J kzkfdplk; nfhLg;ghh;. kq;fy ,ir ,irf;fg;gLk;. nghpath;fs; g+f;fshYk;> mhprpahYk; tho;j;Jth;. mjd; gpd; RgNtisapy; kzkf;fs; xd;W Nrh;td. md;W jpUkzk; xU tpohthff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. ,jpy; gpuhzkh;fs; fye;J nfhs;tjpy;iy. 1960 – 1970 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ,t;thW jhd; fpuhkq;fspy; jpUkzk; eilngw;wJ.

jpUke;jpuk; cyf epfo;Tfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; $WfpwJ. ngha;> nghwhik> tQ;rfk;> R+J> ed;ik> jPik> epfo;Tfs;> fy;tp> fy;yhik> tpgr;rhuk; vd;W mJ $whj tplaq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ehd; vdJ tho;NthL jpUke;jpuj;ij xj;Jg; ghu;j;Njd;. mit ahTk; rhpahf ,Ue;jd. ez;gh;fs; mayth;fspd; tho;NthLk; xj;Jg; ghh;j;Njd;. mitAk; rhpahfNt ,Ue;jd.

vJ elf;f Ntz;LNkh. mJ jhd; elf;Fk;. mij khw;wr; rptdhy; jhd; KbAk; vd;gJ jpUke;jpu thf;F. mJ cz;ik. ehd; 1.9.1989 ,y; Nfhg;gha; ehtyh; tpj;jpahyaj;jpw;F mjpguhf epakpf;fg;gl;Nld;. mg;NghJ ve;j trjpfSk; ,y;yhj xU kpfr; rpwpa ghlrhiyahf mJ ,Ue;jJ. Rkhh; 130 tUlq;fshf FbePiu khzth;fs; tPl;by; ,Ue;Nj nfhz;L te;jdh;. mjdhy; xU ePh;j;jhq;fp mikf;f tpUk;gp mjw;fhd eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;Nld;. mjw;fhd mj;jpghukpl;Nld;. 1.2.1990 ,y; ehd; cjtp Mrphpauhff; Nfhg;gha; kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpw;F ,lkhw;wg;gl;Nld;. mg;NghJ nry;tp. jpyftjp nghpajk;gp fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhh;. ehd; Vd; ,lkhw;wg;gl;Nld; vd;gJ vdf;Fj; njhpahJ. fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsiur; re;jpf;f Kaw;rpj;Njd;. Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; xU fbjj;ij vOjpg; gjpTj; jhspy; mDg;gpNdd;. vd;id ,lkhw;wk; nra;j fhuzk; vd;d? vjw;fhfr; nra;jPh;fs;. mJ epahakhdjy;y. ,jw;fhd jz;lid cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; vd;W vOjpNdd;.

xU khjk; fopa Ie;jhk; Mz;L fw;w gpughfud; vd;w khztd;. taypy; cs;s fpzw;wpy; ePh; Fbf;fr; nrd;W jtwp tpOe;J kuzkhdtd;. mLj;j rpy khjq;fspy; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh; fl;lha Xa;tpy; mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. rptd; jtwhdtw;iwr; nra;jhy; jz;bf;fg;gLth; vd;gij czh;j;jpdhd;.

ehtyh; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpid ,Ue;jJ. mJ GypfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; ahUk; mjpgh; gjtpNah;f;fg; gag;gl;ldh;. mjdhy; jhd; ehd;> vdf;Fj; njhpahkNy epakpf;fg;gl;Nld;. Gq;FL jPtpy; ,Ue;J te;j mjpgh; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;f KbahJ ,lkhw;wk; ngw;Wr; nrd;wjhy; kPz;Lk; 1.2.1991 ,y; ehd; mjpguhf epakdk; ngw;Nwd;.

ghlrhiy mRuNtfj;jpy; tsh;e;jJ. kf;fs; vd;NdhL ,ize;J nrayhw;wpdh;. mjdhy; gUj;jpj;Jiw tPjpapy; Rw;W kjpy; fl;bNdd;. khzth;fs; xt;nthU tiuAk; rPNke;Jf; fw;fs; nfhz;L tUk;gb nrhd;Ndd;. Njitahd fw;fs; Nrh;e;jd. ,Ugj;ije;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l Nkrd;khh;fs; ngw;whuhf ,Ue;jdh;. kpFjpg; ngw;whh;

12

$ypfshf xt;nthU ehs; Ntiy nra;jdh;. ,uz;L gf;f kjpy; Rth; ,uz;L thuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; ghlrhiy %ba gpd;G ghlrhiy tstpy; nrd;w ghij %lg;gl;lJ.

mjd; gpd; ePh;j; jhq;fp mikj;J vy;yh tFg;giwf;Fk; ePh; toq;fpNdd;. ,J rpukjhd Kiwapy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

ehtyh; rpiyia mikj;Njd;. fzdp trjpiar; nra;Njd;. Nfhtpy; fl;bNdd;. ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j gioa khzth; xUth; ghlrhiyf;F mUfpy; tpw;gidf;fhf ,Ue;j epyj;ijj; jhd; thq;fpj; jUtjhff; $wpdhd;. mtid ek;gp mr;rthuk; nfhLj;Njd;. mtd; gzk; mDg;gtpy;iy. mijr; rptdplk; xg;gilj;Njd;. rptdUshy; gzk; te;jJ. mf;fhzpia ehd; thq;fpaijg; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vJTk; ghlrhiyapy; ,y;iy. Nghh; ele;j Ntisapy; xU &gh thq;FtNj ,ayhj fhhpak;. ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd &ghit rptd; je;jhd;. Nfhg;gha; kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; Mrphpauhf gzpGhpe;j flTs; Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; kfd; fe;jNjth tPjpapy; epd;w vd;id kwpj;J xU ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ijj; je;jhh;. mtiu vdf;F Kd;gpd; njhpahJ. mth; vkJ ghlrhiyapy; fw;fTk; ,y;iy. mtiu ehd; gzk; Nfl;fTk; ,y;iy. rptd; vdJ epiyia czh;e;J mtiu mDg;gpdhh;. mth; Vd; je;jhh;> vjw;Fj; je;jhh; vd;Wk; vdf;Fj; njhpahJ. ek;gpath;fs; jpl;lkpl;L Vkhw;wpa NghJk; rptd; vdJ epiyia mwpe;J cjtpaij vd;dhy; kwf;f Kbatpy;iy. jkJ Njitf;fhf NrUgth;fs; jkJ Njit Kbe;jJk; tpyfp tpLthh;fs;. ,J gy tplaq;fspy; vdf;F ele;jJ. vdpDk; rptdpd; cjtp ,Ue;jjhy; vtuhYk; vd;idj; Jd;gg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. mth;fNs Jd;gg;gl;ldh;. mjw;F Kd; fhzpiaj; je;j ehtyh; tpj;jpahyaj;jpd; mjpgh; xUth; gzk; nfhLf;Fk; jtiz jg;gpajhy; ehd; nrhy;ttijf; NfshJ ePjpkd;wk; nrd;whh;. mjdhy; ePjpkd;wr; nryTf; fhirAk; fl;bNdd;. gj;Jg; gjpide;J tUlq;fs; mjpguhf ,Ue;j me;jg; ngUk; kdpjd; nryTf; fhirg; ngw;wJ vdf;F kpFe;j Jd;gj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. 125 tUlfhykhf kio fhyj;jpy; Njq;fp epd;w nts;sj;ij 500 iuf;fh; Nyhl; kz; gwpj;J epug;gpNdd;. ,jdhy; 125 tUlq;fshf nts;sj;jpy; ePe;jpa khzth;fSf;F mjpypUe;J tpbT fpilj;jJ. mij vdJ khztp xUj;jp cjtp nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;wpy; nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;j NghJ nra;J je;jth;. nra;J je;j QhdNrfuk; Qhd&gpf;F ed;wp kl;Lk; nrhd;dhy; NghjhJ. ,t;tsT nra;Jk; chpa mjpfhhpfs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;stpy;iy. jkJ ifahl;fs; VjhtJ mw;gkhfr; nra;jhy; $lf; $l;lq;fspy; ghuhl;Lthh;fs;. ,J ,g;NghJk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.mjd; gpd; ehd; ey;Y}h;f; fy;tpf; Nfhl;lf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuhfg; gjtp cah;T ngw;Nwd;. ,J vdf;Ff; flTs; je;j ghpR. ,yq;ifapNyNa kpfr; rpwe;j fy;tpf; Nfhl;lk; ey;Y}h;. MWKf ehtyh; gpwe;j Ch;. ehd; nrd;w gpd;G jhd; tof;F eilngw;wJ. mjd; gpd; te;j mjpgh; mijg; gw;wp vjpYk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. ,J gw;wp ehd; vOJk; E}y;fspy; vy;yhk; vOjpAs;Nsd;. fy;tp tuyhW KOtJk; vOjpAs;Nsd;. 1990 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd; aho;g;ghzf; fy;tp gbg;gbahf tPo;r;rpaile;J filrp epiyf;F te;J tpl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; Nghh; my;y. fy;tp mjpfhhpfs;. juKs;s mjpgh;fs; E}w;Wf;F Nky; ,Ue;Jk; jukpy;yhj mjpgh;fNs cah;jug; ghlrhiyfSf;F mjpgh;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhh; mjpfhhpfspd; cwtpdh;fs;> ez;gh;fs;. ehd; juk; xd;W mjpguhf gjpide;J Mz;Lfs; Xh; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyapy; mjpguhff; flikahw;wpNdd;. ehd; cah; fy;tp fw;w ghlrhiy mUfpy; ,Ue;jJ. 1995 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngah;tpd; NghJ fy;tpf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jth;fs; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsiu mioj;J Nfhg;gha;f; fpwp];jtf; fy;Y}hpf;F mjpguhf vd;id epakpf;Fk;gb $wpr; nrd;wdh;. vdf;F Kd;dhy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ rk;gjpj;j fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh; mth;fs; td;dpf;Fr; nrd;wJk; jdf;Fk; jdJ kidtpf;Fk; Ntz;ba tiu mjpguhf epakpj;jhh;. md;W njhl;lJ rdpad;. 2000 khzth;fs; fw;w jiyrpwe;j mg;ghlrhiy ,d;W ngUk; ghpjhgj;jpw;Fhpajhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

ghlrhiyapd; gpuhh;j;jid kz;lgj;jpy; ,Ue;j gps;isahUf;Ff; Nfhtpy; fl;b mjpy; gpujpl;il nra;Njd;. ghlrhiy ,yq;ifapy; rpwe;j ghlrhiyfspy; xd;whf mg;NghJ jpfo;e;jJ. nra;a Kbahj gy nray;fisr; nra;a itj;jJ vdJ Kaw;rpAk; Neh;ikahd elj;ijAk; jhd;. xOf;fKs;stdpd; Nfhhpf;iffisr; rptd; clNdNa Vw;Wj; jFe;j eltbf;if vLg;ghh; vd;W jpU%yh; $Wfpwhh;. gy

13

Nritfisr; nra;j NghJk; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; cs;s mjpfhhpfs; vd;id ntWj;jikf;Ff; fhuzk; mjpfhhpfspd; kidtpkhh;. ,dj;jth;fs; vd;NdhL Nghl;bapl;L nty;y KbahikNa. vg;nghOJk; vt;NtisapYk; rptd; vd;Dld; $l ,Ue;jikahy; vdf;F ntw;wpfNs te;jike;jd.

2005 Mk; Mz;L Xh; Mrphpah; vdJ nray;fs; gw;wpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsUf;F Kiwapl;lhh;. vdJ ez;guhf ,Ue;j mjpfhhpfs; ,Uth; mjw;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fpdh;. fy;tpg; gzpg;ghshpd; jiyikapy; te;j tprhuizf; FO gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; Muha;e;jJ. gpd; vdf;Fg; gjtp cah;T nfhLf;FkhW rpghhpR nra;jJ. mjdhy; jhd; vdf;Ff; Nfhl;lf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh; gjtp fpilj;jJ.

jpUke;jpuj;jpy; rptgf;jp gw;wpAk; rptdbahh;fspd; nray;fs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;lit vdJ tho;tpYk; eilngw;wd.

1985 Mk; Mz;Lk; 2006 Mk; Mz;Lk; kpfkpf Kf;fpakhd fhyk;. ,f;fhyq;fspy; ngUk; nry;thf;Fk; ngUk; ed;ikfSk; rptdUshy; te;J Nrh;e;jd. mj;Jld; rptd; vd;idj; jPanray;fs; nra;ahtz;zk; jLj;jhl; nfhs;thd;. ,it gw;wpj; jpUke;jpuf; fijfspy; tpgukhf vOjpAs;Nsd;. jpUke;jpuf; fijfs; vd;wJk; flTisg; gw;wpa fijfs; vd;W vz;z Ntz;lhk;. r%fj;jpy; eilngWk; ey;y nfl;l nray;fisf; fijfshf vOjpAs;Nsd;. Kd;G ehd; vOjpa jpUtUl;gad; fijfs; r%ff;fijfNs. mijj; jpUthtLJiw MjPdk; rpj;jE}nyd Vw;Ws;sJ.

vd;idg; gopthq;fg; gyh; Kad;wdh;. Kbatpy;iy. gzgyKk; mjpfhu kpLf;Fk; cs;Nshh; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gy;Yilgl;ldh;. mjdhy; ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; rhjidfisf; $l mth;fshy; Vw;Wg; ghuhl;l Kbatpy;iy. ,jw;Ff; fhuz fh;j;jh rptd;. mtd; ey;yth;fisj; jz;bf;f tplkhl;lhd;.

,yf;fpaj; JiwapYk; vdJ rhjidfis Kwpabf;f ahuhYk; KbahJ. Vwf;Fiwag; gj;jhapuk; fijfis vOjpAs;Nsd;. vdJ kdKk; clYk; NrhUk; NghJ rptd; vd;Ds;Ns Njhd;wp Nrhh;it mfw;wpj; jplj;ijf; nfhLg;ghd;. 20 Mk; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fy;tp tuyhw;iw vdJ E}y;fspD}lhfj; jhd; vjph;fhyr; r%fk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J rptdJ nray;. Njitahdtw;iwj; NjitNaw;gLk; NghJ nrayhw;w itg;gtd; rptd;. mtd; mope;J nfhz;bUe;j jj;Jt E}y;fisr; rpWth;fSk; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;gb vd;idf; nfhz;L fijfshf;fpdtd;. ,J tuyhW fhzhj cz;ik.

vd;idg; gop thq;f epidj;j rfyUk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ey;ytw;iwr; nra;gtid jz;bg;gtDk; jLg;gtDk; flTshy; jz;bf;fg;gLth; vd;gjw;F vdJ ghlrhiy tho;f;if Xh; cjhuzkhf mike;jJ. mjpfhhpfs; gopthq;f epidj;j Nghnjy;yhk; mit ed;ikahfNt Kbe;jd. ,ij ehd; vOJtjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,ij thrpg;gth;fs; czh;e;J tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt vijAk; kdpjdhy; KbntLf;f KbahJ. flTs; KbntLg;gij kdpjh;fs; tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J tpjpapd; fl;lis.

jPatw;iw nra;af; $lhJ. nra;jhy; mj;jPa nraypy; VjhtJ xU ed;ik cz;lhff; $bajhfr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xU ehs; rpy ghlrhiy khzth;fs; tPjpahy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mg;NghJ ngUk; Nghh; eilngw;w fhyk;. vkJ ghlrhiyf;F mUfpy; cs;s ghlrhiy khzth;fs; mth;fs;. tPjpahy; khzth;fs; nry;tijf; fz;l fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh; mth;fis mioj;Jf; nfhz;L vkJ ghlrhiyf;F te;J vd;idg; nghWg;gpy;yhjtd; vd;W Vrpdhh;. mth;fs; vkJ ghlrhiy khzth;fs; my;y vd;W nrhy;y mth; tpltpy;iy. vd; kPjpUe;j Mj;jpuk; jPu Vrptpl;Lr; rk;gtj;jpul;Lg; Gj;jfj;ijf; Nfl;lhh;. mg;NghJ ehd; khzth;fisg; ghh;j;J ePq;fs; ve;jg; ghlrhiyapy; gbf;fpwPh;fs; vd;W Nfl;Nld;. mth;fs; jhk; gbf;Fk; ghlrhiyapd; ngaiur; nrhd;dhh;fs;. mjpfhhp Mr;rhpag;gltpy;iy. rhjhuzkhf Nghh;f; fhyj;jpy; gpw ghlrhiyfspy; gbf;Fk; khzth;fisAk; Nrh;j;Jf; fw;gpAq;fs;. Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rpukk;” vd;whh;.

14

J}ug; ghlrhiy khzth;fs; gyh; vkJ ghlrhiyapy; fw;fpd;wdh;. mth;fshy; gazk; nra;a Kbahj epiy. mth;fisg; gw;wp ehd; $wtpy;iy. Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;Fg; Gj;jp kl;Lk; vd;ghh;fs;. mijr; nrhd;dhy; mth; mjw;Fk; fz;ldk; njhptpg;ghh;. vdf;Fs;s mjpfhuj;ij ,of;f ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy.

,d;ndhU Kiw vdJ ghlrhiyf;F te;j mth; vkJ ghlrhiyapy; juk; xd;W tFg;G %d;W gphpTfis cilaJ. mij ,uz;lhff; Fiwf;Fk;gb $wpdhh;. ghlrhiy kpfTk; jukhf eilngWtjhy; maypy; cs;s ,UgJ ghlrhiyfspy; juk; xd;wpy; 5 – 10 khzth;fNs fw;wdh;. mg;ghlrhiyfSf;F mUfpYs;s khzth;fs; vdJ ghlrhiyf;F te;J tpLth;.

ngw;Nwhh;fs; gyh; vdf;F Ntz;bath;fis mioj;Jf; nfhz;L tUthh;fs;. mjdhy; juk; xd;W mDkjp ngUk; rpukkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; tFg;igf; Fiwf;Fk; gb fbjk; jUkhW Nfl;Nld;. mtuhy; juKbahJ vd;W vdf;Fj; njhpAk;. rpy ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;G fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuJ ez;gh; jdJ Ngug; gps;isf;F mDkjp Nfhhp te;jhh;. ehd; mthplk; xU fbjk; thq;fp tUkhW $wpNdd;. mth; tutpy;iy. mjd; gpd; mth; jdJ el;igj; Jz;bj;J tpl;lhh;. ehd; epidg;gijj; jhd; nra;Ntd;. ePjpaw;w nray;fis epidf;f khl;Nld;. mjdhy; ehd; tFg;igf; Fiwf;ftpy;iy. mjd; gpd; mth; tuTk; ,y;iy. xOf;fkhdtd;. ePjpkhd; rptDf;fd;wp NtW vtUf;Fk; gzpakhl;lhd;. kjpf;fTk; khl;lhd;. ,J jpUke;jpu thf;F.

mjpgUf;F vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk; cz;L. mijj; njhpe;j kdj; Jzptpy;yhj mjpgh;fs; mjpfhhpfsplk; Nfshky; vijAk; nra;a khl;lhh;fs;. ehd; mDkjp ngw Ntz;batw;wpw;F kl;Lk; mDkjp ngWNtd;. mjpfhhpf;F cjtpahf Xh; mjpfhhp ,Ug;ghh;. mth; mjpfhhpahf ele;J nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,d;ndhU mjpfhhpapd; ifahsuhd mjpgh; jhd; mjpfhhpahfr; nraw;gLthh;. vy;NyhUk; me;j mjpgiu tpOe;J Fk;gpLth;. ehd; mtiu kjpg;gjpy;iy. kjpj;jhy; ehd; epidj;jtw;iwr; nra;a KbahJ. mth; nrhy;tijj; jhd; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; ghlrhiy Kd;Ndw khl;lhJ. ghlrhiyf;Fj; njhy;iyfs; nfhLj;j vtUk; epk;kjpahf thotpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J xOf;fkhff;; flik nra;gth;fis nfLf;f ahuhYk; KbahJ vd;W czh;e;J nfhz;Nld;. xOf;fKs;stiur; rptd; jd;dbatdhf Vw;ghh;. ,J cz;ik. jpUke;jpuk; nrhy;Yk; ke;jpuk;.

vdJ Nritf; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w rk;gtq;fisg; gy;NtW E}y;fspy; vOjpAs;Nsd;. mtw;wpy; jtwpait jpUke;jpuj;jpy; fijfshf vOjpAs;Nsd;. ,j;Jld; vdJ vOj;Jg; gzpia epiwT nra;aj; jPh;khdpj;Js;Nsd;. ,Ug;gpDk; xU epWtdk; rpy E}y;fis vOjpj; jUkhW Nfl;fpwJ. vOjyhk; Mdhy; ePz;l J}uk; thfdj;jpy; nrd;W fzdpapy; gjpT nra;a Kbatpy;iy. mth;fNs mg;gzpiar; nra;jhy; vOjpf; nfhLf;f KbAk;.

ehd; mzpe;Jiu thq;Ftjpy;iy. vz;gJ gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l xU E}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu ngwg; gy Kiw nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. mJTk; jkf;Fs;s gpur;rpidfisr; nrhy;ypf; filrpapy; E}iy thrpf;fhkNy mzpe;Jiu jUth;. ,jdhy; jhd; mzpe;Jiuia ehd; ngWtjpy;iy. ntspaPl;L tpohTf;F gy Mapuq;fs; nryT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 10 – 15 Ngh; tUthh;fs;. mth;fs; Ngr;irf; Nfl;fkhl;lhh;fs; Vndd;why; NgRgth; E}iy thrpf;fkhl;lhh;. rpy gf;fq;fis thrpj;J tpl;L mjpy; cs;s jtWfis tpkh;rpg;ghh;. mjdhy; ntspaPL nra;tJ vdf;Fg; gpbg;gjpy;iy. tpohTf;F te;jth;fSk; Ngr;irf; Nfl;gjpy;iy. rkPgj;jpy; xU E}y; ntspaPl;L tpohTf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. cwtpdh; cl;gl 25 Ngh; $l tutpy;iy. E}yhrphpaUf;Fr; nryT mjpfk;. me;jr; nryT xU gj;jphpifapy; tpsk;guQ; nra;ag;NghJk;. gj;jphpifapy; te;jhy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; ghh;g;ghh;fs;.

ehd; kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwNa vOJNtd;. mjdhy; vdJ Mf;fq;fisg; gyUk; thrpf;fpd;wdh;.

,yq;ifapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpUJfs;> gl;lq;fs;> ghpRfs; gw;wpf; $w Ntz;Lk;. vd;idj; jtpu NtW vtUk; ,tw;iwg; gw;wp vOj khl;lhh;fs;. tpUJfis tpUk;GNthh; Coy;fisf; fz;bf;f khl;lhh;fs;. rpq;fs muirg; nghWj;jkl;by; jkpoh;fisNa E}y;fisj; njhpT nra;Ak; gb gzpf;fpwJ. mth;fs; jkf;F

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tpUk;gpNahUf;F mtw;iwf; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. 2017 Mk; Mz;L Kjyikr;rh; tpUJf;fhf vd;id mioj;jdh;. ehd; vOjpasT E}y;fis ahUk; vOjtpy;iy. thfdk; gpbj;J mtw;iw Vw;wpr; nrd;Nwd;. vdf;F E}W Gs;spfs; NghLtjhf FOtpd; jiyth; njhptpj;jhh;. gpd;G vd;dpYk; ghh;f;fg; Gs;spfs; $lg;ngw;w xUtUf;F mt;tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. tpUJ ngw;wth; xU E}iyf; $l vOjpajhf ehd; Nfs;tpg;gltpy;iy. mjdhy; ,g;Ngh tpUJ ju mioj;jhYk; nry;tjpy;iy. mioj;jhYk; jukhl;lhh;fs;. tpUJ vd;gJ xU FOthy; ghprPypf;fg;gLtJ vdJ E}y;fis ,izaj;jpy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhNdhh; thrpf;fpdwdh;. mJ NghJk;. ,jw;F vjph; fhyk; gjpy; $Wk;. mjw;fhd jfty;fshfj; jhd; ehd; ,tw;iw vOJfpNwd;.

,q;Fs;s ahUk; vdJ E}y;fis tpkh;rpg;gjpy;iy. KfE}ypy; vJ E}y;fspd; ml;ilg; glq;fisg; Nghl;lhy; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,ufrpakhf thrpg;ghh;fs;. Vndd;why; ahUk; vOjhjtw;iwNa ehd; vOJtjhy; mij mwpe;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;.

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