KSubkop met uitleg cq omschrijving

30 December 2008

Building guidelineEnergy efficient cooling. Planning and construction of offices and other buildings.

COOL Tools

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Publication : KOW XEsperantoplein 19 Postbus 2052501 CE The HagueThe NetherlandsT +31 (0)70 346 66 00 I www.kow.nl

Text : ir. Tjerk Reijenga, BEAR Architects, Gouda (NL)/KOW Consultants, Den Haag (NL)

ir. Peter Teeuw, BEAR Architects, Gouda (NL)/KOW Consultants, Den Haag (NL)

dr. Teunis van Woudenbergh, DWA Installatie- en Energieadvies, Bodegraven (NL)

Graphic design : Mirjam Schmull, KOW ConsultantsContact : tjerk@bear.nl©2008 BEAR Architecten, Gouda (NL)

DWA Installatie- en Energieadvies, Bodegraven (NL)

This book is printed on paper with the FSC label

Colofon

www.coolregion.euwww.coolregion.infowww.bear.nl www.dwa.nl www.kow.nl

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Content

1. Introduction

2. Design measures 2.1 Urban planning 2.2 Site 2.3 Envelope 2.4 Shading 2.5 Lighting 2.6 Devices 2.7 Technology

3. Integrated planning process 3.1 Importance of integrated planning process 3.2 Important decision points 4. Further information 5. Sources

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Introduction

The guidelines aims to reduce energy de-mand for cooling and at the same time cre-ate a comfortable indoor summer comfort in a sustainable way. The goal is to provide consultation in the process of constructing or refurbishing the building with regard to the “avoidance of cooling and energy ef-ficient production of cooling”. The guidelines point out the state-of-the-art-know-how about energy efficient cooling and increases the knowledge for the participating planners and architects during the consulting process.

Target group/user profileThe aimed target group are the building owners. The cost of a building is normally ten-fold the annual energy costs of a build-ing. However, energy costs are rising latest decennia, and cooling starts to be an impor-tant item on the energy bill, with a contribu-tion of 15-20% for conditioned offices.

Sustainability

Sustainable cooling means with no or lim-

ited use of resource energy and through the

use of environmentally non-harmful materi-

als. A sustainable cooling system is also

user-friendly, besides shortcoming is the

system cas easy be recognized by the user

or the system itself.

„Human habitat“

Not only energy savings, but also comfort is

an important issue. It is found that people

do like to have influence on their micro

climate, and their toleration is much big-

ger in that case. See e.g. [Ref. 1]. A small

improvement in user satisfaction translates

into large improvement of productivity.

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Introduction

Integrated planning processThe best results will be obtained when

the planning process for cooling a build-

ing is approached as an integrated proc-

ess between different partners during all

phases, from initiative to eventual (re)use of

the building.

EPBD & CoolingIn the Netherlands, the labelling of energy-efficiency within the frame of the EPBD (Energy Performance Building Directive) will be based on the EPN (Energy Performance Standard) for newly built, and EPA (Energy Performance Advice) for existing buildings. Energy efficient cooling will have a signifi-cant effect on the labelling of a building. For more information, see [Ref. 2, 3].

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2.0 Design measures

The design measures to be taken to reduce the demand of cooling can be subdivided in themes:

2.1 Urban planning

2.2 Site

2.3 Envelope

2.4 Shading

2.5 Lighting

2.6 Devices

2.7 Technology

Every theme is explained more in detail and

separate design measures.

Active cooling should be kept to a minimum.

If active cooling has to be used, innovative

solutions should be considered that reduce

the energy consumption and environmental

pressure (see chapter 2.7, Technology).

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The accumulating properties of a green roof moderates

the high temperatures during summer, and the loss of

heat during winter.

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2.1 Urban planning

Heat island effectThe surrounding temperature is important for the afford to decrease the heat load. More particular for passive cooling options that are based on relative cool air.The urban landscape with a lot of thermal mass and dark, heat absorbing surface can have a 4 – 5 degrees Celsius higher tem-perature compared to a green surrounding. Parks and green corridors that reach the heart of the city can improve the micro climate. As an example, the Vondelpark in Amsterdam has the direction of the main wind direction and fresh air can reach the heart of the city.

Measures:1.1 Avoid thermal mass in the exterior1.2 Avoid heat pollution from air condition-

ing in the open air in summer1.3 Introduce evaporative surfaces in urban

areas1.4 Introduceheatreflectivematerialsin

urban areas1.5 Introduce parks and green belts in

urban areas1.6 Create wind-enhancing structures1.7 Build compact and high with fresh-air

corridors OR diluted with green areas1.8 Design green city-lungs in relation to the

main summer wind direction

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2.2 Site

Measures to improve the micro climate can be taken on the scale of the environ-ment of the building. These measurements are meant to lower the air temperature, to increase de humidity, to decrease the ab-sorption and to increase wind speed around a building.

Measures: 2.1 Apply vegetation around buildings for cooler air2.2 Apply vegetation around buildings for higher humidity2.3 Apply vegetation around buildings for direct shading of facades2.4 Apply green roofs to increase evapora tive cooling2.5 Apply green roofs to reduce extent of heat absorbing surface2.6 Apply water around buildings to cool the breezes2.7Applylightreflectivesurfacesaround buildings2.8 Reduce the extend of hard surfaces2.9 Choose a building orientation with the main facade on south2.10 Design irregularities in facade to create turbulence

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2.3 Envelope

The design of the façade has an important influence on the heat load of a building. Use of daylight can save energy but it should be avoided to heat up the building in the summer.The floor lay-out has a direct relation with the sun orientation. Spaces that are sensi-tive for heat load and where a more equal temperature is required, should be on the north – or south façade. Less sensitive spaces on the west or east façade. The goal is to lower the heat load of spaces.The building construction and the thermal mass of the building will influence the indoor climate as well. Direct or indirect thermal mass can wipe out indoor temperature peaks.

Measures:3.1 Apply thermal mass in the building interior3.2 Apply off-line mass in the building with a termodeck (phase change material - PCM)3.3 Apply off-line mass in the building with a labyrinth (create surface)3.4 Apply off-line mass in the building with a stone/rock store3.5 Apply off-line mass in the building with earth tubes3.6Applyhighalbedo(e.g.white/reflec- tive) roofs to minimise heat absorption3.7 Apply green roofs to minimise heat absorption3.8 Apply high insulation to minimize heat transmission3.9Minimizeinfiltrationtominimizeheat leakage3.10 Apply operable windows for ventilation3.11 Avoid large windows in the west facade3.12 Avoid sensitive space behind the west facade3.13Applylightreflectingsystems3.14 Apply heat recovery systems when indoor air is cooler than outside air

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Shading louvres block direct sunlight without blocking

the view.

Generous overhang blocks sun during peak hours when

the sun is high in the sky.

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2.4 Shading

Shading sun-heated elevations is the main measurement to lower the heat load of a building. The less effective are inside venetian blinds and the most effective are moveable outside venetian blinds. For each orientation a fine-tuning will be needed.A combination of solar shading and daylight regulation may be needed depending on the function of the adjacent space.

Measures:4.1 Apply outside shading systems4.2 Apply overhangs on facade to increase shading4.3Applyacombinationoffixedandadjust able shading systems4.4 Apply selective solar glazing4.5 Apply multifunctional glazing systems4.6Applyholographicorprismaticfilmshad ing systems

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2.5 Lighting

DaylightThe advantage of daylight use is the energy conservation and lack of heat produced by artificial lights. Main concern is how to get daylight inside a building without heating it with sunlight. In general this will mean the use of indirect daylight or daylight transmis-sion.The design of windows in relation with solar shading is of main importance.

Measurements:5.1 Apply natural light where possible5.2 Apply an atrium for natural light5.3 Apply a second daylight opportunity (roof, facade)5.4 Apply light shelves5.5Applyinternalshadingforlightadjust ment

Artificial Light An addition to the use of daylight is artificial light. The lighting plan will need zoning for efficient daylight use. The artificial light has to respond immediately to the level of exist-ing daylight. Rooms that are less used can have motion switches to switch the artificial light to save energy and to decrease the heat production of artificial lights.

5.6Minimisethepoweranduseofartificial lights5.7 Place movement detectors5.8 Place daylight sensors

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LED ceiling

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2.6 Devices

Energy efficient devices but also stand-by killers can add to energy conservation and to a lower internal heat load. Frequently used devices that produce heat can be grouped in ‘hot-spots’ to make local cooling or heat extraction easier.

Measurements:6.1Chooseenergy-efficientdevices6.2 Use stand-by killers6.3 Use thin-clients (terminals)6.4Useenergy-efficientscreens6.5 Minimize hidden energy-consumers, like chargers, electric valves etc.6.6 Design ‘hot-spots’ for devices like printers and copiers.

daylight sensor

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COOLINGAPPLY

HEATINGAPPLY

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2.7 Technology

Ventilation – CoolingBasically starting point is natural ventilation. It is possible to avoid mechanical cooling in buildings were temperatures can rise up to 26°C.Natural ventilation / cooling uses cool night air to coll the thermal mass of the building and try to keep out the heat during the day. Other passive techniques can be applied like evaporative cooling of ventilation air.

Measurements:7.1 Apply night cooling (natural ventilation) 7.2 Apply night cooling (mech. ventilation)7.3 Apply solar chimneys7.3 Apply evaporative cooling 7.4 Apply down draught evaporative cooling7.5 Apply desiccant cooling Generation7.6 Apply absorption cooling7.7 Apply solar collectors as energy source e.g. for desiccant or absorption cooling7.8 Apply ground cooling (water)7.9 Apply ground cooling (air)7.10 Apply an aquifer (incl. heat pump for combined cold loading & space heating)7.11 Apply an ice storage7.12 Apply sea/river water cooling

SupplyThere are many options to supply cool air into spaces. Take the most energy efficient option.

7.13 Apply displacement ventilation7.14 Apply induction ventilation7.15 Apply chilled ceilings/beams7.16 Apply slab cooling (air)7.17 Apply slab cooling (water/concrete core cooling)

ComfortAt higher indoor temperatures and humidity, the indoor climate can be improved by pas-sive measurements like air-movement with a ceiling fan or by evaporation.

7.18 Apply ceiling fans to raise summer comfort7.19 Use of indoor vegetation as cooling medium7.20 Use of streaming water (indoor pond)

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3. Integrated planning process

Integral design:

First phases

Latter phases

- Customer

- Project developer- Architect- Planner

- Constructor

3.1 Importance of integrated planning process

Traditionally, the different actors in a build-ing project work sequently. However, this implies that the feedback from knowledge is minimal: installers will have to fit to what the constructor has made, the architect and consultant just execute what the project developer has in mind. When project developer, architect and con-sultant sit around the same table, there is a maximum exchange of knowledge, and the chance that a building is optimised to more than just one parameter ( comfort, design, low energy, durability, safety, etc.) increases. For the latter phases in the building process, like final and technical design, the participa-tion of a constructor is recommended. This is represented in the figure on the right. Schematic expression of proposed structure for integral design

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3. Integrated planning process

3.2 Important decision points

Specification of requirementsDraw up the ambition for sustainability •

Preliminary designpossibilities for prevention of cooling/• passive cooling (see chapter 2)choice of installation concept for active • cooling (see chapter 3)

Final designEnergy calculation• Dimensioning of installation concept•

Technical designExact description of applied measures • by a standard layout, describing mate-rial use, and most important charac-teristics Technical drawings in which dimensions • of applied measures are incorporated

ConstructionAccording to technical design, changes • are written down in “note of additions”.

First acceptance of the buildingCheck the implemented measures from • the technical design, taking account of the “notes of additions”.

Management, maintenance and monitoringTrain building managers and occupants • on how to use, monitor the perform-ance of and adequately operate and maintain the building.

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4. Further information

Benchmarks and checklistsA benchmark for the energy use of a • building is the energy performance rating. The calculated energy perform-ance is related to the permitted energy performance. The energy use is calcu-lated according to the building regula-tions (Energy performance standard NEN2916 / NPR2917)A related benchmark is the labelling • of new or existing buildings due to the EPBD. It measures the energy ef-ficiency of a building from class A to G.A more specified benchmark is the • GreenCalc index, which assess and compare the sustainability of a build-ing, the energy use included. Information on the EPBD [Ref. 2,3]• Governmental checklists (‘Nationaal • pakket’) sustainable building.

ContactsInformation and contact information • about most governmental benchmarks and checklists: [Ref. 5]

Recommendations software & other toolsSteady state energy simulation (statis-• tic weather input).

Dynamic energy simulation (hourly • wheather data)Transys [Ref. 6]• EnergyPlus [Ref. 7]•

Preliminary design as well as constructed buildings can be indexed by GreenCalc, a tool to assess and compare the “environ-mental sustainability” of buildings. The program has been developed by the RGD (Dutch Government Buildings Agency) to quantify ‘sustainability’. The environmental index expresses the sustainability of a building in one number, based on 1990 as the reference year. A building with a 1990 sustainability level has as environmental index of 100. The higher the level of sus-tainability, the higher the index. The energy module calculates the energy consumption during the lifetime of the building. This module is based on the Dutch standard NEN 2916. GreenCalc also calculates the Energy Performance Norm as an extra option for predicting energy consumption. GreenCalc inform for all phases, from initiative to eventual construction and the use of the building.

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5. Sources

The project CoolRegion forms part of the project „Energy Efficiency in Buildings“ (previously called SAVE) of the EU Energy programme „Intelligent Energy-Europe“.

For a list of all projects on, see

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/

projects/buildings_en.htm

SAVE projects that have a link with the EPBD

are summarized on the buildingsplatorm.org

webpage:

http://www.buildingsplatform.org/cms/

index.php?id=187.

One of the precedessor of CoolRegion is

KeepCool contains lots of useful informa-

tion, the final report is:

Unterpertinger, Dr. Fritz (ed.)

[Österreichische Energieagentur – Austrian

Energy Agency], Service Buildings Keep

Cool: Promotion of sustainable cooling in

the service building sector Final Report,

Vienna 2007

For an overview of technical guidelines for building and installations in different coun-tries, see for example:http://www.rehva.com/?download=matrix_of_national_guidelines.pdf.

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6. Literature

1 R. De Dear, G. Brager, D. Cooper,”developing an adaptive model of thermalcomfort and preference”, final report ASHRAE RP-884, 1997

2 www.buildingsplatform.org/cms/

3 www.epbd.nl

4 www.duurzaambouwen.senternovem.nl/

5 www.senternovem.nl

6 sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys

7 www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energy plus

8 www.onroerendgroen.nl

9 www.duurzaamgebouw.nl

10 www.dgbc.nl