8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

1/53

Water supply and plumbing details : Plumbing equipments and

accessories, Types of plumbing  systems, BIS specification. Plumbing

layout –details of ducts Drainage system. 

Drawing – Water supply and plumbing layout at the building level. 

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

2/53

PLUMBING

includes installation of the pipes, fixtures

and other apparatus inside a building for

bringing in the water supply and removingthe liquid and water borne wastes.

PLUMBING SERVICES

include services like water supply

drainage and sanitation 

Water supply

includes the requirements of water supply,

connection of plumbing to public water

supply, design and construction of water

within the premises, inspection and

maintenance of water supply system

Drainage and Sanitation

services include design, construction and

maintenance of drains inside buildings and

from buildings up to the connections to the

public sewer, cesspool or other water

course

Plumbing systems

TERMINOLOGY

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

3/53

Surfaces sources:Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, runoff from roofs and paved areas

Underground sources:shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells, artesian springs, land springs

Water Supply Ststems

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

Surface and normal underground supplies

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

4/53

Artesian water:• By definition, artesian water comes from a source deep within the earth.

• The water is protected by layers of clay and rock.

• The opening to the surface is the artesian well.

• The water is protected from environmental pollution and other forms

of contamination.

Artesian wells and springs

Water Supply Ststems

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

5/53

Water Supply Ststems

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

6/53

Wholesome water: Suitable for domestic consumption and for foodpreparation purposes. Obtained directly from the water company's main.

Wholesome is often used instead of potable, ie. fit to drink.

Greywater: water from showers, baths, taps and washing machines,

collected, treated, stored and recycled as an alternative to using wholesome

water for sanitary appliances (WC) and for outdoor uses (gardening).

Captured or harvested rainwater: rain water collected and stored from roofsand other external surfaces. An old technology that has evolved to become

integral with contemporary building design. Used for flushing WCs, washing

machines and garden watering. 

Cold Water Supply

DEFINITIONS

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

7/53

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and magnesium

ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium

(Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations. Hard water is generally not harmful

to one's health.

Types of hardness:

1.Temporary :

Temporary hardness is caused by a combination of calcium ions and bicarbonate

ions in the water. It can be removed by boiling the water or by the addition of lime

(calcium hydroxide). Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate from the

bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution, leaving water that is

softer upon cooling.

2.Permanent:

Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by

boiling. It is usually caused by the presence in the water of calcium and magnesiumsulfates and/or chlorides which become more soluble as the temperature rises.

Despite the name, permanent hardness can be removed using a water softener or

ion exchange column, where the calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged with

the sodium ions in the column.

Cold Water Supply

HARDNESS OF WATER

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

8/53

Pressure filter- rate of filtration 4 to 12 m3

per m2 per hour. To backwash, valve A is

closed and valves B and C opened.

Compressed air clears the sand of dirt.

Diameter = 2„4 m.

Slow sand filter bed - rate of filtration 0.2

to 1.15 m3 per m2 per hour. Filter beds can

occupy large areas and the top layer ofsand will require removal and cleaning at

periodic intervals.

Cold Water Supply

FILTRATION OF WATER

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

9/53

Small domestic filter - the unglazed porcelaincylinder will arrest very fine particles of dirt

and even micro-organisms. The cylinder can

be removed and sterilised in boiling water for

10 minutes.

Sterilisation and Softening- Sterilisation by

chlorine injection. Water used for drinkingmust be sterilised. Chlorine is generally used

for this purpose to destroy organic matter.

Minute quantities (0.1 to 0.3 p.p.m.) are

normally added after the filtration process.

Cold Water Supply

FILTRATION OF WATER

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

10/53

Gravitational Distribution:water from gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir. The water is

filtered and chlorinated before serving an inhabited area at lower level.

Pumped distribution:

water extracted from a river is pumped into a settlement tank, subsequently

filtered and chlorinated. Pump maintenance and running costs make this

process more expensive than gravity systems.Ring main distribution:

water mains supplying a town or village may be in the form of a grid. This is

preferable to radial distribution as sections can be isolated with minimal

disruption to the remaining system and there is no more opportunity for

water to maintain a flow.

Cold Water Supply

STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

11/53

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

12/53

Pumped distribution:

Cold Water Supply

STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

13/53

Ring main distribution:

Cold Water Supply

STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION

C S

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

14/53

a) Direct system

This system is used mostly in areas

where large level of reservoirs provide a

good mains supplant pressure.In this system all sanitary fittings are

supplied with cold water direct from the

mains.

Cold Water Supply

COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

C ld W t S l

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

15/53

b) Indirect System

The indirect system of cold water supply

has only one drinking water outlet, at the

sink.

The system requires more pipework than

the direct system and is therefore more

expensive to install, but uniform pressure

occurs at all cistern-supplied outlets.

The water authorities prefer this system

as it imposes less demand on the main.

Also, with fewer fittings attached to the

main, there is less chance of back

siphonage.

Other advantages of lower pressure

include less noise and wear on fittings,

and the opportunity to install a balanced

pressure shower from the cistern.

Cold Water Supply

COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Pl bi t

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

16/53

Water Supply for Residences

Cold water storage is provided to allow for up to 24 hour interruption of mains water

supply. A minimum of 150 to 200 litres per head per day may be considered adequate

for domestic needs of urban communities.

Plumbing systems

COLD WATER STORAGE CALCULATIONS

Pl bi t

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

17/53

Requirements for installation and protection of water storage tanks:

• Tanks must be installed on bases, platforms or supports designed to bear the

weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unduedistortion taking place.

• Metal tanks (and other tanks when similarly specified) should be installed with

a membrane of non-corrosive insulating material between the support and the

underside of the tank.

• Tanks must be supported in such a manner that no load is transmitted to the

attached pipes.

• Tanks must be accessible for inspection, repairs, maintenance and replacement.

• Tanks must be provided with a cover, designed to prevent the entry of dust,

roof water, surface water, groundwater, birds, animals or insects, to prevent

contamination.

• Insulation from heat and cold should also be provided.

• Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary

plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-potable water.

• Where storage demand exceeds 4500 litres, storage tanks must be duplicated

and interconnected. For maintenance and repairs each tank must be capable of

isolation and independent operation.

Plumbing systems

COLD WATER STORAGE TANKS

Pl bi t

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

18/53

Plumbing systems

COLD WATER STORAGE TANKS

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

19/53

Plumbing systems

Water mains

Water mains connection to buildings

The grid distribution of underground pipe

work enables sections to be isolated for

repair and maintenance without severe local

distribution.

Connections to the grid are made by the

local water authority or its approvedcontractor at the expense of the developer or

building owner.

An isolation stop valve is usually provided at

the crown of the water main and a

communicating pipe terminated inside the

property boundary with another stop valvefor the building owner’s use.

The pipe remains the water authority’s 

property, but the service pipe is the

responsibility of the building owner.

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

20/53

Plumbing systems

Water meters

•Water meters are installed at the caution of the local water authority.

•All buildings should have metered water supply.

•Meters are either installed in the communication pipe, or by direct annular connection

to the stop valve.• If underground location is impractical, the water authority may agree internal

attachment to the rising main.

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

21/53

Pipes may be of any of the following materials:

cast iron, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, galvanized mild steel tubes,

copper, brass, wrought iron, asbestos cement, polyethylene, unplasticized PVC,

chlorinated PVC, or stainless steel.

The material chosen shall be resistant to corrosion, both inside and outside or shall be

suitably protected against corrosion.

Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes shall not be installed near hot water pipes or

near any other heat sources.

The data required for determining the size of the communication and service pipes are:

a) the maximum rate of discharge required;

b) the length of the pipe; and

c) the head loss by friction in pipes, fittings and meters.

Plumbing systems

MATERIALS FOR PIPES

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

22/53

• The fixture unit concept is a method of calculating drinking-water supply

and drainage piping requirements within buildings where economies may

be made in construction costs.• All pipes should be of such a size as to be capable of serving the fixtures

to which they are connected when all other fixtures in the building are

being operated at the same time.

• A fixture unit (f/u) value is assigned to each type of fixture based on its

rate of water consumption, on the length of time it is normally in use and

on the average period between successive uses.• The fixture unit values are added and this gives a basis for determining

the flow that may be expected in a water or drainage pipe to which two

or more fixtures are connected. The total is then reduced by a factor,

usually in the order of 0.6 to 0.7, but depending upon the margin of

simultaneous use protection necessary under local conditions

• The total number of fixture units connected to each branch pipe is then

added, multiplied by the factor referred to above, and the result used to

calculate the flow in water or drainage pipes in accordance with tables in

national building codes

Plumbing systems

FIXTURE UNIT CALCULATIONS

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

23/53

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

24/53

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

25/53

Plumbing systems

Joints on Water Pipes

Copper pipes may be jointed by bronze

welding. Non-manipulative compression

 joints are used on pipe work above ground

and manipulative compression joints  are

used on underground pipe work.

Capillary joints have an integral ring of soft

solder. After cleaning the pipe and fitting

with wire wool and fluxing, heat application

enables the solder to flow and form a joint.Solder alloy for drinking water supplies must

be lead free, i.e. copper and tin.

The Talbot joint is a push-fit joint for

polythene pipes. A brass ferrule or support

sleeve in the end of the pipe retains the pipe

shape. Threaded joints on steel pipes aresealed by non-toxic jointing paste and hemp

or polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) tape.

A taper thread on the pipe will help to

ensure a water-tight joint. Union joints

permit slight deflection without leakage.

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

26/53

Cold Water Supply

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

27/53

The drain valve has several applications and is

found at the lowest point in pipe systems,

boilers and storage vessels.For temperatures up to 100C valves are usually

made from brass.

For higher temperatures gun metal is used.

Brass contains 50% zinc and 50% copper. Gun

metal contains 85% copper, 5% zinc and 10%

tin.

Cold Water Supply

Valves Used for Water

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

28/53

Plumbing systems

Taps Used for Water

The pillar tap is used to supply water to basins,

baths, bidets and sinks. Combined hot and cold

pillar taps are available with fixed or swiveloutlet. The outlet of these taps must be bi-

flow, i.e. separate waterways for hot and cold

water to prevent crossflow of water within the

pipework.

The bib tap is for wall fixing, normally about

150mm above a sanitary appliance. The

`Supatap‘ bib tap permits a change of washer

without shutting off the water supply. It is also

available in pillar format. Quarter-turn taps are

easy to operate by hand or elbow, therefore

are suitable for use by the disabled and

medicalpractitioners.

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

29/53

The `Supatap' bib tap permits a change ofwasher without shutting off the water supply.

It is also available in pillar format. Quarter-turn

taps are easy to operate by hand or elbow,

therefore are suitable for use by the disabled

and medical practitioners.

Plumbing systems

Taps Used for Water

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

30/53

Drainage — The removal of any liquid by a system constructed for the purpose. 

Plumbing systems

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Systems of Drainage

a) Combined system 

 A system in which foul water

(sewage) and surface water

are conveyed by the same

sewers and drains.

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

31/53

Plumbing systems

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

b) Separate system

 A system in which foul water

(sewage) and surface water

are conveyed by the separate

sewers and drains.

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

32/53

g y

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

c) Partially separate system

 A modification of the separate

system in which part of the

surface water is conveyed by

the foul (sanitary) sewers and

drains.

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

33/53

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

34/53

g y

DRAINAGE SCHEME

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

35/53

Pipe System—

 The system to be adopted will depend onthe type and planning of the building in which it is to be

installed and will be one of the following:

a) Single stack system

 A system in which there is one soil pipe into which allwater closets, baths, sinks, and basins discharge. In

this system there is no trap ventilation.

b) Single stack Partially Vented

(or One-pipe system Partially vented)—In addition to

the single stack system, there is a relief vent, which

ventilates only the traps of water closets.

g y

PIPE SYSTEM

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

36/53

PIPE SYSTEM

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

37/53

c) One-pipe system 

The system of plumbing in which the

wastes from the sinks, baths and wash

basins, and the soil pipe branches are

all collected into one main pipe, which

is connected, directly to the drainage

system. Gully traps and waste pipes

are completely dispersed with, but all

the traps of the water closets, basins,

etc, are completely ventilated to

preserve the water seal.

PIPE SYSTEM

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

38/53

d) Two-pipe system

The system of plumbing in which soil

and waste pipes are distinct and

separate. The soil pipes being

connected to the drain direct and

waste pipes through a trapped gully.

All traps of all appliances are

completely ventilated in this system.

PIPE SYSTEM

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

39/53

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

40/53

LOSS OF TRAP WATER SEAL

The most obvious cause of water seal loss is leakage due to defective fittings or poor

workmanship. Otherwise, it may be caused by poor system design and/or

installation:

Self siphonage : as an appliance discharges, the water fills the waste pipe and

creates a vacuum to draw out the seal. Causes are a waste pipe that is too long,

too steep or too small in diameter.

Induced siphonage :  the discharge from one appliance draws out the seal in the

trap of an adjacent appliance by creating a vacuum in that appliance's branch

pipe. Causes are the same as for self-siphonage, but most commonly a shared

waste pipe that is undersized. Discharge into inadequately sized stacks can have

the same effect on waste branch appliances.

Back pressure : compression occurs due to resistance to flow at the base of a

stack. The positive pressure displaces water in the lowest trap. Causes are a too

small radius bottom bend, an undersized stack or the lowest branch fitting too

close to the base of the stack. Capillary action - a piece of rag, string or hair caught on the trap outlet.

Wavering out gusts of wind blowing over the top of the stack can cause a partial

vacuum to disturb water seals.

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

41/53

LOSS OF TRAP WATER SEAL

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

42/53

CESSPOOLS

A cesspool is an acceptable method of foul

water containment where main drainage is notavailable. It is an impervious chamber

requiring periodic emptying, sited below

ground level. Traditional cesspools were

constructed of brickwork rendered inside with

waterproof cement mortar. Precast concrete

rings supported on a concrete base have alsobeen used, but factory manufactured glass

reinforced plastic units are now preferred. The

Building Regulations require a minimum

capacity below inlet level of 18000 litres. A

cesspool must be impervious to rainwater, well

ventilated and have no outlets or overflows. Itshould be sited at least 15 m from a dwelling.

Capacity is based on 150 litres per person per day at 45 day emptying cycles,

e.g. a four person house: 4x150x45=27000litres (27m3)

Plumbing systems

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

43/53

SEPTIC TANK

Where main drainage is not available a septic tank is preferable to a cesspool. A septic

tank is self-cleansing and will only require annual desludging. The tank is a watertight

chamber in which the sewage is liquefied by anaerobic bacterial activity. Traditionally

built tanks are divided into two compartments with an overall length of three times thebreadth. Final processing of sewage is achieved by conveying it through subsoil drainage

pipes or a biological filter.

Capacity C= (180 X P) + 2000

e.g. a ten person house C=(180x10)+2000=3800litres (3.8m3)

Plumbing systems

SEPTIC TANK

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

44/53

SEPTIC TANK

Plumbing systems

SANITARY FITTINGS W t Cl t

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

45/53

SANITARY FITTINGS - Water Closets

Plumbing systems

SANITARY FITTINGS W t Cl t

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

46/53

SANITARY FITTINGS - Water Closets

Plumbing systems

APPLIANCES B i d t b

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

47/53

APPLIANCES – Basins and tubs

Plumbing systems

APPLIANCES B i

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

48/53

APPLIANCES – Basins

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

49/53

Plumbing systems

APPLIANCES Bidets

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

50/53

APPLIANCES – Bidets

Plumbing systems

APPLIANCES Kitchen

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

51/53

APPLIANCES – Kitchen

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

52/53

8/17/2019 s6 Bmc Module 204

53/53