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Water supply and plumbing details : Plumbing equipments and
accessories, Types of plumbing systems, BIS specification. Plumbing
layout –details of ducts Drainage system.
Drawing – Water supply and plumbing layout at the building level.
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PLUMBING
includes installation of the pipes, fixtures
and other apparatus inside a building for
bringing in the water supply and removingthe liquid and water borne wastes.
PLUMBING SERVICES
include services like water supply
drainage and sanitation
Water supply
includes the requirements of water supply,
connection of plumbing to public water
supply, design and construction of water
within the premises, inspection and
maintenance of water supply system
Drainage and Sanitation
services include design, construction and
maintenance of drains inside buildings and
from buildings up to the connections to the
public sewer, cesspool or other water
course
Plumbing systems
TERMINOLOGY
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Surfaces sources:Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, runoff from roofs and paved areas
Underground sources:shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells, artesian springs, land springs
Water Supply Ststems
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
Surface and normal underground supplies
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Artesian water:• By definition, artesian water comes from a source deep within the earth.
• The water is protected by layers of clay and rock.
• The opening to the surface is the artesian well.
• The water is protected from environmental pollution and other forms
of contamination.
Artesian wells and springs
Water Supply Ststems
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
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Water Supply Ststems
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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Wholesome water: Suitable for domestic consumption and for foodpreparation purposes. Obtained directly from the water company's main.
Wholesome is often used instead of potable, ie. fit to drink.
Greywater: water from showers, baths, taps and washing machines,
collected, treated, stored and recycled as an alternative to using wholesome
water for sanitary appliances (WC) and for outdoor uses (gardening).
Captured or harvested rainwater: rain water collected and stored from roofsand other external surfaces. An old technology that has evolved to become
integral with contemporary building design. Used for flushing WCs, washing
machines and garden watering.
Cold Water Supply
DEFINITIONS
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Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and magnesium
ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium
(Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations. Hard water is generally not harmful
to one's health.
Types of hardness:
1.Temporary :
Temporary hardness is caused by a combination of calcium ions and bicarbonate
ions in the water. It can be removed by boiling the water or by the addition of lime
(calcium hydroxide). Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate from the
bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution, leaving water that is
softer upon cooling.
2.Permanent:
Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by
boiling. It is usually caused by the presence in the water of calcium and magnesiumsulfates and/or chlorides which become more soluble as the temperature rises.
Despite the name, permanent hardness can be removed using a water softener or
ion exchange column, where the calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged with
the sodium ions in the column.
Cold Water Supply
HARDNESS OF WATER
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Pressure filter- rate of filtration 4 to 12 m3
per m2 per hour. To backwash, valve A is
closed and valves B and C opened.
Compressed air clears the sand of dirt.
Diameter = 2„4 m.
Slow sand filter bed - rate of filtration 0.2
to 1.15 m3 per m2 per hour. Filter beds can
occupy large areas and the top layer ofsand will require removal and cleaning at
periodic intervals.
Cold Water Supply
FILTRATION OF WATER
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Small domestic filter - the unglazed porcelaincylinder will arrest very fine particles of dirt
and even micro-organisms. The cylinder can
be removed and sterilised in boiling water for
10 minutes.
Sterilisation and Softening- Sterilisation by
chlorine injection. Water used for drinkingmust be sterilised. Chlorine is generally used
for this purpose to destroy organic matter.
Minute quantities (0.1 to 0.3 p.p.m.) are
normally added after the filtration process.
Cold Water Supply
FILTRATION OF WATER
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Gravitational Distribution:water from gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir. The water is
filtered and chlorinated before serving an inhabited area at lower level.
Pumped distribution:
water extracted from a river is pumped into a settlement tank, subsequently
filtered and chlorinated. Pump maintenance and running costs make this
process more expensive than gravity systems.Ring main distribution:
water mains supplying a town or village may be in the form of a grid. This is
preferable to radial distribution as sections can be isolated with minimal
disruption to the remaining system and there is no more opportunity for
water to maintain a flow.
Cold Water Supply
STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
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Pumped distribution:
Cold Water Supply
STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
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Ring main distribution:
Cold Water Supply
STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
C S
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a) Direct system
This system is used mostly in areas
where large level of reservoirs provide a
good mains supplant pressure.In this system all sanitary fittings are
supplied with cold water direct from the
mains.
Cold Water Supply
COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
C ld W t S l
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b) Indirect System
The indirect system of cold water supply
has only one drinking water outlet, at the
sink.
The system requires more pipework than
the direct system and is therefore more
expensive to install, but uniform pressure
occurs at all cistern-supplied outlets.
The water authorities prefer this system
as it imposes less demand on the main.
Also, with fewer fittings attached to the
main, there is less chance of back
siphonage.
Other advantages of lower pressure
include less noise and wear on fittings,
and the opportunity to install a balanced
pressure shower from the cistern.
Cold Water Supply
COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Pl bi t
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Water Supply for Residences
Cold water storage is provided to allow for up to 24 hour interruption of mains water
supply. A minimum of 150 to 200 litres per head per day may be considered adequate
for domestic needs of urban communities.
Plumbing systems
COLD WATER STORAGE CALCULATIONS
Pl bi t
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Requirements for installation and protection of water storage tanks:
• Tanks must be installed on bases, platforms or supports designed to bear the
weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unduedistortion taking place.
• Metal tanks (and other tanks when similarly specified) should be installed with
a membrane of non-corrosive insulating material between the support and the
underside of the tank.
• Tanks must be supported in such a manner that no load is transmitted to the
attached pipes.
• Tanks must be accessible for inspection, repairs, maintenance and replacement.
• Tanks must be provided with a cover, designed to prevent the entry of dust,
roof water, surface water, groundwater, birds, animals or insects, to prevent
contamination.
• Insulation from heat and cold should also be provided.
• Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary
plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-potable water.
• Where storage demand exceeds 4500 litres, storage tanks must be duplicated
and interconnected. For maintenance and repairs each tank must be capable of
isolation and independent operation.
Plumbing systems
COLD WATER STORAGE TANKS
Pl bi t
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Plumbing systems
COLD WATER STORAGE TANKS
Plumbing systems
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Plumbing systems
Water mains
Water mains connection to buildings
The grid distribution of underground pipe
work enables sections to be isolated for
repair and maintenance without severe local
distribution.
Connections to the grid are made by the
local water authority or its approvedcontractor at the expense of the developer or
building owner.
An isolation stop valve is usually provided at
the crown of the water main and a
communicating pipe terminated inside the
property boundary with another stop valvefor the building owner’s use.
The pipe remains the water authority’s
property, but the service pipe is the
responsibility of the building owner.
Plumbing systems
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Plumbing systems
Water meters
•Water meters are installed at the caution of the local water authority.
•All buildings should have metered water supply.
•Meters are either installed in the communication pipe, or by direct annular connection
to the stop valve.• If underground location is impractical, the water authority may agree internal
attachment to the rising main.
Plumbing systems
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Pipes may be of any of the following materials:
cast iron, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, galvanized mild steel tubes,
copper, brass, wrought iron, asbestos cement, polyethylene, unplasticized PVC,
chlorinated PVC, or stainless steel.
The material chosen shall be resistant to corrosion, both inside and outside or shall be
suitably protected against corrosion.
Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes shall not be installed near hot water pipes or
near any other heat sources.
The data required for determining the size of the communication and service pipes are:
a) the maximum rate of discharge required;
b) the length of the pipe; and
c) the head loss by friction in pipes, fittings and meters.
Plumbing systems
MATERIALS FOR PIPES
Plumbing systems
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• The fixture unit concept is a method of calculating drinking-water supply
and drainage piping requirements within buildings where economies may
be made in construction costs.• All pipes should be of such a size as to be capable of serving the fixtures
to which they are connected when all other fixtures in the building are
being operated at the same time.
• A fixture unit (f/u) value is assigned to each type of fixture based on its
rate of water consumption, on the length of time it is normally in use and
on the average period between successive uses.• The fixture unit values are added and this gives a basis for determining
the flow that may be expected in a water or drainage pipe to which two
or more fixtures are connected. The total is then reduced by a factor,
usually in the order of 0.6 to 0.7, but depending upon the margin of
simultaneous use protection necessary under local conditions
• The total number of fixture units connected to each branch pipe is then
added, multiplied by the factor referred to above, and the result used to
calculate the flow in water or drainage pipes in accordance with tables in
national building codes
Plumbing systems
FIXTURE UNIT CALCULATIONS
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Plumbing systems
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Plumbing systems
Joints on Water Pipes
Copper pipes may be jointed by bronze
welding. Non-manipulative compression
joints are used on pipe work above ground
and manipulative compression joints are
used on underground pipe work.
Capillary joints have an integral ring of soft
solder. After cleaning the pipe and fitting
with wire wool and fluxing, heat application
enables the solder to flow and form a joint.Solder alloy for drinking water supplies must
be lead free, i.e. copper and tin.
The Talbot joint is a push-fit joint for
polythene pipes. A brass ferrule or support
sleeve in the end of the pipe retains the pipe
shape. Threaded joints on steel pipes aresealed by non-toxic jointing paste and hemp
or polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) tape.
A taper thread on the pipe will help to
ensure a water-tight joint. Union joints
permit slight deflection without leakage.
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Cold Water Supply
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The drain valve has several applications and is
found at the lowest point in pipe systems,
boilers and storage vessels.For temperatures up to 100C valves are usually
made from brass.
For higher temperatures gun metal is used.
Brass contains 50% zinc and 50% copper. Gun
metal contains 85% copper, 5% zinc and 10%
tin.
Cold Water Supply
Valves Used for Water
Plumbing systems
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Plumbing systems
Taps Used for Water
The pillar tap is used to supply water to basins,
baths, bidets and sinks. Combined hot and cold
pillar taps are available with fixed or swiveloutlet. The outlet of these taps must be bi-
flow, i.e. separate waterways for hot and cold
water to prevent crossflow of water within the
pipework.
The bib tap is for wall fixing, normally about
150mm above a sanitary appliance. The
`Supatap‘ bib tap permits a change of washer
without shutting off the water supply. It is also
available in pillar format. Quarter-turn taps are
easy to operate by hand or elbow, therefore
are suitable for use by the disabled and
medicalpractitioners.
Plumbing systems
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The `Supatap' bib tap permits a change ofwasher without shutting off the water supply.
It is also available in pillar format. Quarter-turn
taps are easy to operate by hand or elbow,
therefore are suitable for use by the disabled
and medical practitioners.
Plumbing systems
Taps Used for Water
Plumbing systems
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Drainage — The removal of any liquid by a system constructed for the purpose.
Plumbing systems
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Systems of Drainage
a) Combined system
A system in which foul water
(sewage) and surface water
are conveyed by the same
sewers and drains.
Plumbing systems
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Plumbing systems
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
b) Separate system
A system in which foul water
(sewage) and surface water
are conveyed by the separate
sewers and drains.
Plumbing systems
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g y
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
c) Partially separate system
A modification of the separate
system in which part of the
surface water is conveyed by
the foul (sanitary) sewers and
drains.
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Plumbing systems
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g y
DRAINAGE SCHEME
Plumbing systems
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Pipe System—
The system to be adopted will depend onthe type and planning of the building in which it is to be
installed and will be one of the following:
a) Single stack system
A system in which there is one soil pipe into which allwater closets, baths, sinks, and basins discharge. In
this system there is no trap ventilation.
b) Single stack Partially Vented
(or One-pipe system Partially vented)—In addition to
the single stack system, there is a relief vent, which
ventilates only the traps of water closets.
g y
PIPE SYSTEM
Plumbing systems
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PIPE SYSTEM
Plumbing systems
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c) One-pipe system
The system of plumbing in which the
wastes from the sinks, baths and wash
basins, and the soil pipe branches are
all collected into one main pipe, which
is connected, directly to the drainage
system. Gully traps and waste pipes
are completely dispersed with, but all
the traps of the water closets, basins,
etc, are completely ventilated to
preserve the water seal.
PIPE SYSTEM
Plumbing systems
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d) Two-pipe system
The system of plumbing in which soil
and waste pipes are distinct and
separate. The soil pipes being
connected to the drain direct and
waste pipes through a trapped gully.
All traps of all appliances are
completely ventilated in this system.
PIPE SYSTEM
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Plumbing systems
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LOSS OF TRAP WATER SEAL
The most obvious cause of water seal loss is leakage due to defective fittings or poor
workmanship. Otherwise, it may be caused by poor system design and/or
installation:
Self siphonage : as an appliance discharges, the water fills the waste pipe and
creates a vacuum to draw out the seal. Causes are a waste pipe that is too long,
too steep or too small in diameter.
Induced siphonage : the discharge from one appliance draws out the seal in the
trap of an adjacent appliance by creating a vacuum in that appliance's branch
pipe. Causes are the same as for self-siphonage, but most commonly a shared
waste pipe that is undersized. Discharge into inadequately sized stacks can have
the same effect on waste branch appliances.
Back pressure : compression occurs due to resistance to flow at the base of a
stack. The positive pressure displaces water in the lowest trap. Causes are a too
small radius bottom bend, an undersized stack or the lowest branch fitting too
close to the base of the stack. Capillary action - a piece of rag, string or hair caught on the trap outlet.
Wavering out gusts of wind blowing over the top of the stack can cause a partial
vacuum to disturb water seals.
Plumbing systems
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LOSS OF TRAP WATER SEAL
Plumbing systems
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CESSPOOLS
A cesspool is an acceptable method of foul
water containment where main drainage is notavailable. It is an impervious chamber
requiring periodic emptying, sited below
ground level. Traditional cesspools were
constructed of brickwork rendered inside with
waterproof cement mortar. Precast concrete
rings supported on a concrete base have alsobeen used, but factory manufactured glass
reinforced plastic units are now preferred. The
Building Regulations require a minimum
capacity below inlet level of 18000 litres. A
cesspool must be impervious to rainwater, well
ventilated and have no outlets or overflows. Itshould be sited at least 15 m from a dwelling.
Capacity is based on 150 litres per person per day at 45 day emptying cycles,
e.g. a four person house: 4x150x45=27000litres (27m3)
Plumbing systems
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SEPTIC TANK
Where main drainage is not available a septic tank is preferable to a cesspool. A septic
tank is self-cleansing and will only require annual desludging. The tank is a watertight
chamber in which the sewage is liquefied by anaerobic bacterial activity. Traditionally
built tanks are divided into two compartments with an overall length of three times thebreadth. Final processing of sewage is achieved by conveying it through subsoil drainage
pipes or a biological filter.
Capacity C= (180 X P) + 2000
e.g. a ten person house C=(180x10)+2000=3800litres (3.8m3)
Plumbing systems
SEPTIC TANK
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SEPTIC TANK
Plumbing systems
SANITARY FITTINGS W t Cl t
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SANITARY FITTINGS - Water Closets
Plumbing systems
SANITARY FITTINGS W t Cl t
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SANITARY FITTINGS - Water Closets
Plumbing systems
APPLIANCES B i d t b
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APPLIANCES – Basins and tubs
Plumbing systems
APPLIANCES B i
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APPLIANCES – Basins
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Plumbing systems
APPLIANCES Bidets
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APPLIANCES – Bidets
Plumbing systems
APPLIANCES Kitchen
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APPLIANCES – Kitchen
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