Module -4 Pom

8/13/2019 Module -4 Pom

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Direction & Controlling

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Planning and organization provide foundationto the organization and direction initiatesaction by its workforce towards achievementof its goals.

Having appointed to the work force managersensures they work to achieve theorganizational standards of performance andin course of doing so satisfying their personel

needs & wants. They work as a catalysts for achieving

organizational & individual goals.

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“Directing is a managerial function that involvesthe responsibility of managers for

communicating with others what their roles arein achieving the company plan”

“Getting all the members of group to want andto strive to achieve objectives of the enterprise

and of the members because the memberswants to achieve these objectives”

Skills for directing :1) Diagnose

2) Adapt3) communicate

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Process of action Ongoing process

Not supported by rules

Directing is situational Behavioral science

Understanding the group behavior

Participative in nature

Pervasive

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Initiates action Creation of sound work environment

Development of managers

Behavioral satisfaction Increase in productivity

Achieves coordination

Facilitates control

Facilitates growth

Facilitates change

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Appropriate selection of employees Participation

Communication

Counseling and guidance

Unity of command Unity of direction

Synthesis of conflicting objectives

Direct supervision

Contribution Use of informal organization

Follow-up

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Supervision function

Leadership function

Communication function

Motivation function

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Effective plan, organizational structures,effective directions and intelligent staff can noteffectively work if organizational activities cannot controlled scientifically and deviations

always arises. Controlling can not preventdeviations, it can only minimize them by takingactions that reduce their recurrence.Controlling is taking steps to ensure that actualperformance conforms to planned performance, by preventing deviations and taking correctivemeasures to reduce their recurrence.

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“controlling is the measurement and correctionof performance in order to make sure thatenterprise objectives and the plans devised toattain them are being accomplishment”

“controlling is determining what is beingaccomplished that is evaluating the

performance and if necessary, applyingcorrective measures so that performance takeplace according to plan”

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It is an pervasive function It is a process

It is an inevitable function of management

It is closely associated with all managerialfunctions

It is a corrective devise

It is a positive function

It is a means not an end

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It helps in detecting mistakes It helps in managing complex situations It helps managers face change and

uncertainties It helps managers in monitoring the actions

of employees It facilitates delegation It facilitates decentralization Coordination Psychological impact

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Feed forward control Concurrent control

Feed back control

-quality and quantity controls-financial controls

-control on employee’s performance

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no

yes

Establishstandards

and

methods ofmeasurem

ent

Measure

performance

Doesperform

ancematchwith

standards

Takescorrectiv

actions

Do nothing

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Types of standards :- Time standards

- Production standards

- Cost standards- Quality standards

- Behavioral standards

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Participative standards

Positive responses during evaluation

A coaching rather than directive role ofsupervision

Management by objectives

Human resource accounting

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Inaccurate controls Excessive controls

Unachievable standards

Fear of accountability Unpredictable standards

Lack of authority over area of control

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Explain the need for control Change the attitudes of workers

Realastic control

Reasonable standards of performance Revaluation of control

Focus of attention

Participation of employees

Range of control Flexible control

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Budget as a control devise

Profit & loss control

Control through return on investment

Management audit and accounting firms

Bureaucratic and clan control

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“A budget is a statement showing futureincomes, expenditures and profits of the firm”

“It is the process of stating in quantitativeterms, planned organizational activities for agiven period of time”

It is a future projection of the firm’s financialposition

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Standards of performanceBudget facilitate planning

Basis for coordination

Motivation & job satisfactionFacilitates control

Facilitates delegation of authority

Financial planning

Optimum utilization of scarce resources

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Overspending Inflexibility

Projection of future

Hindrance to innovation & change Overemphasize on budgeted goals

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In budgeting past performance generallyprovides basis for future performance but zerobase budget does not follow this norm.

In zero base budgeting it assesses its currentyear’s activities, corelates them with its goalscarries cost benefit analysis of each activities

and allocates fresh recourses to each activity

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Justification made on current & futurecondition

Activities are ranked on the basis ofimportance

Allows freedom to managers

Involvement at all levels promotesparticipation in planning

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Information technology has promoted thedevelopment of MIS.

Management information system is an

integrated, user machine system for providinginformation to support operations, managementand decision making functions in anorganization

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A computer may be defined as a devise, whichoperates upon data which comes in variousshapes and sizes depending upon the types ofcomputers

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Main frame computer :

Mini computer :

Micro computer/ personal computer :

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Top level: for retrive information from database for facilitating the application ofdecision models

Middle level: computers facilitatescommunication among different levels oforganization

Lower level: computers are used for

scheduling, daily planning and controlling atthe lower level management

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Data management :

Data analysis :

Word processing :

Communication :

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Resistance to use computers : Speech recognition device :

Telecommuting :

Computer networks : Internet :

Information security :

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Electronic commerce commonly known as e-commerce refers to the buying and selling ofthe products or services through electronicsystems such as internet and other computer

networks.The amount of trade conducted electronicallyhas grown extraordinarily with wide spreadinternet usage.

electronic fund transfer, supply chainmanagement, internet marketing, onlinetransactions etc..

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It is a common measure of how well acountry, industry or business unit is using itsresources in its broad sense, productivity isdefined as …

productivity = Outputs/inputs

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Partial productivity

Total factor productivity

Total productivity

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Inventory planning & control Just in time

Outsourcing

Operation research Value engineering

Work simplification

Quality circle

Total quality management Computer aided techniques

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Economic environment Political environment

Legal environment

Social environment Demographic environment

Natural environment

Technological environment

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Globalization means integration with the worldeconomy. In simple economic term it refers tothe process of integration of the world into onehuge market.

In a business globalization means two things :1, the company commits itself heavily withseveral manufacturing locations around theworld and offers products in several diversified

industries.2, it also means ability to compete in domesticmarket with foreign competitors.

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Historical tendencies :

Conceptual tendencies :

Modern tendencies :

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System’s approach to management

Conceptual or situational approach tomanaging :

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Popularity & use of principle of management :

Operational school of management :

Confluence of leadership & motivationalconcept :

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MNCs management practices

Case study approach to management education

Emphasis on behavioral approach to management

Professionalization of management

Technological revolution

Environment of global competition

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Multiplicity of roles

No average person

Importance of personal dignity

Consideration of the whole person

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The word create denotes originating orconceiving an idea or a thing that did not existbefore..

Creativity generally refers to the social processinvolving the generation of new ideas orobjects into something new..

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Act

Process

Object

Person

environment

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Convergent thinking

Divergent thinking

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Challenging work

Supportive supervision

Organizational & work group culture

Workload pressure and resources

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Experience

Assumption

Judgment

Right answers

Fear of failure

Conformity

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Preparation

incubation

illumination

verification

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Brain storming

Group discussion

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Innovation means a new way of doingsomething.it may refer to the incremental,radical and revolutionary changes in thinking,product, services ,processes or organizations

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Technological innovation

Organizational innovation

Social innovation

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Individuals

Firms

Universities

Government funded research

Private non-profits

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Harmonizing the need of individuals with thedemand of enterprise through leadingfunction is the most significantsynchronization of organizational features

and individual needs.. It is a essence of directing , harmonizing

objective means establishing concurrencebetween personal goals and organizational

goals of the member of organization.

Module -4 Pom

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