[Margaret Lang, Isabelle Perez] Modern French Gram(BookZa.org)

8/17/2019 [Margaret Lang, Isabelle Perez] Modern French Gram(BookZa.org)

1/534


2/534


3/534

Acknowledgements xi

Introduction xii

How to use this book xvii

Glossary xi x

SECTION AStructures

I The noun group 2

1 Articles 2

2 The definite article 2

3 The indefinite article 9

4 The partitive article 11

5 Demonstrative adjectives 15

6 Demonstrative pronouns 17

7 ossessive adjectives 2!

" ossessive pronouns 22

9 #ouns 23

1! Adjectives 31

11 $ndefinite adjectives% pronouns 4!and adve

12 ersonal pronouns 51

13 &eflexive pronouns 56

14 'mphatic pronouns( position and 56order of

15 &elative pronouns 62

16 $nterro)ative pronouns% adjectives67 and a

17 *ardinal and ordinal num+ers 72

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page20http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page20http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page20http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page20http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page23http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page23http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page62http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page78http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page89http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page89http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page23http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page62http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page78http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page89http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page20


4/534

vi

1" ,ractions 7

19 Approximate -uantities 7

2! Dimensions 7

21 Adver+s of -uantit. "

II The erb group "

22 A)reement of ver+ and su+ject "

23 ,ormation of tenses "

24 The indicative tenses( the present "6 tense

25 The future tense 9

26 The imperfect tense 9

27 The past historic 1!

2" The compound tenses 1!

29 /o0 the perfect is used 1!

3! /o0 the future perfect is used 1!

31 /o0 the pluperfect is used 1!

32 /o0 the past anterior is used 1!

33 The conditional and the conditional 11! perf

34 The su+junctive 11

35 The present su+junctive 11

36 The imperfect su+junctive 11

37 The perfect su+junctive 11

3" The pluperfect su+junctive 11

39 e-uence of tenses( uses of the 117su+junct

4! &eflexive ver+s 12

41 The passive 12

42 The past participle 13

43 The present participle 13

44 The imperative 13

45 The infinitive 14

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page108http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page108http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page108http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page108http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page132http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page132http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page132http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page139http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page108http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page132http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page139


5/534

vii

46 $mpersonal ver+s 145

47 Adver+s 147

4" repositions 156

SECTION !"unctions

III E#position 159

49 &eferrin) to people% thin)s and 159places

491 h.sical characteristics 159

492 ersonalit. 161

493 &elationships 162

494 A)e 165

495 0nership 167

496 Dimensions 172

497 uantit. and num+er 174

49" ualit. 179

499 *omparison 1"!

491! Directions 1"4

4911 ocation 1"7

4912 anner 191

5! #arratin) 194

5!1 resent time 195

5!2 ast time 197

5!3 ,uture time 2!!

5!4 Dates and time 2!1

5!5 e-uence 2!5

51 &eportin) 2!"

52 Asin) -uestions 215

53 #e)atin) 219

I$ Attitude 222

54 8reetin) and leavetain) 222

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page180http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page180http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page180http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181


6/534


7/534

viii

541 8reetin) 22

542 eavetain) 22

55 'xpressin) con)ratulations and appreciat 225

551 *on)ratulations 22

552 Appreciation 22

56 'xpressin) apolo)ies and s.mpath.22"

561 Apolo)ies 22

562 .mpath. 23

57 'xpressin) surprise and dis)ust 232

571 urprise 23

572 Dis)ust 23

5" 'xpressin) contrastin) attitudes% 235emotio

5"1 ies and dislies 23

5"2 reference 23

59 ove and hate 23

6! 'nthusiasm and indifference 24

61 /opes% fears and re)rets 24

62 Approval and disapproval 24

$ Argumentation 24

63 A)reein) and disa)reein) 24

631 A)reein) 24

632 Disa)reein) 24

633 A)reein) to differ 25

64 Assertin) and confirmin) 25

641 Assertin) 25

642 *onfirmin) 25

65 Admittin) and concedin) 25

651 Admittin) 25

652 *oncedin) 25ix

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page247http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page247http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page247http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page250http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page250http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page254http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page254http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page257http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page257http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page257http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page247http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page250http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page254http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page257


8/534

66 *orrectin) and protestin) 255

67*ontradictin) andcritici:in) 25"

6"u))estin) andpersuadin) 26!

6"1 u))estin) 26!

6"2 ersuadin) someone to thin the 2620a. .ou

6"3 ersuadin) someone to do;not to 264do some

6"4 ther 0a.s of persuadin) and dissuadin)264

69 'xpressin) volition 267

691


9/534

724 *onse-uence@implicit 311


10/534

x

725 Aim 312

73 'xpressin) opposition 315

74 tructurin) 321

741 e)innin) 321

742 *ontinuin) 326

743 'ndin) 32"

$I The sounds o% "rench 333

75


11/534

Acknowledgements

Theauthors0ouldlietothanthefollo0in)fortheirpermissiontoreproduce

extractsfromcop.ri)htmaerialB8rasset%aris%&o)erp77?Le Monde 233and95179>pp!3"3%""?(lon%

aris%for/Tro.at%Grandeur Nature,1936>p"6?(The Guardian 162>p95

1!4?(#oaillesfor8 oustai%CetE-ueF>p134?('ditionsa

Dcouverte%collection&epEres%aris%forGp 245?


12/534

Introduction

This+ooisdesi)nedtoprovidethessentialelementsof,rench)rammar%for

studentsinthefinal.earofschoolandinthefirstandlater.earsofhi)her

educationAdvancedlearners0illfindmuchthatisusefulforextendin)their

no0led)eof,rench%andforevisionThe+ooisor)ani:edint0omajor

sectionsBareferencesectiontainin)thestructuresof)rammarnda sectioncontainifun)ction)r almmar'achsectionincludescrossreferencestothe other

Thereference)rammar%0hichisascomprehensiveaspossi+le%has+een

structuar oundedthenounphrase@dealin)0ithallthelementsrela tedothe nounB articles%pronouns% adjectives and num+ers@a 0ith all the elements related to the ver+B

tenses%

Thefunction)r ammarliscomposedofthreeparts%eachdemonstratin)ho0 todothin)s0ithlan)ua)einordertocommunicateThethreeprincipal

functionsidentifiedarexposition%attitudeandar)umentation'achoftheseis

divided into smaller function areas related to the

The %unctions

E#position

*ommunicationinvolves+oth)ivin)ando+tain informationB)0emae statements and0e as -uestions a+out someone or s

(1) referrin) to people% thin)s and places

(2) narratin) events in some sort of se-uence

(3) reportin) 0hat 0e or other people sa. or thin

$nother0ords%0eare)ivin)oro+tainin)informatia+outn0ho%0hat%0hen%

ho0%0hereand0h.'xpositionincludesthree)roupsoffunctionsidentified% ver.

+roadl.%referrin%,as narratin% andreportin%

&eferrin% topeople%thin)sandplacesinvolves)ivin)ando+tainin)


13/534

informatia+outnph.sicalcharacteristics%personalit.%relationships%a)e%


14/534

xiii

o0nershipdimensions%-uantit.and num+er%-ualit.or distin)uishin) characteristics%

comparison% direction% location a Narratin% involves talin) a+out events or

actions in

future time% dates and &eportin% time% anddescri+esse-uence0hat 0e or people sa.

and 0rite &eportin) is usuall. clearl. introductor. ver+ There are man. ver+s 0hich

can 0hichthecommonestisCsa.FomeoftheothersareCthin%remind%as(hope%

+elieve%0ant%su))est%ans0er%admit%for)etF$nterro)astructuivea res included in thissection +ecause 0e need to no0 h

todothis0eas-uestions%andne)at isionclud+ecause%dofcour se%ometimes

0e need to sa. that somethin) is not the case

Attitude

'xpressin) an attitude to0ards someone or somethin introducin) a personal%

su+jective element into com our reaction to someone or somethin)% 0e are evalua @

in a nondetached 0a. And 0e ma. do so spontaneo

*losel.relatedoattitudar thesmotionsandfeelin)s0hichmostofusexperienceandexpressfromtimetotimeThese%too%arepersonaland

su+jective%and%onoccasion%the.ma.infact+eattitudesThefocusofthis

sectis%onthen%onthecommunicationofattitudes%emotionsandfeelin)sand

ho0 0e express them =e loo first%reet ator ta'ethelea(e0a.s in of people 0hen

0e are speain) or 0ritin) to them 0hich0e

express"on%ratulationsandappre"iation,apolo%iesands)mpath),

andsurpriseanddis%ust ,inall.%0econsider0a.sin0hich0e express

contrastin)attitudes%emotionsandfeelin)sB li'es,disli'esand preferen"e,lo(e

andhate,enthusiasmandindifferen"e,hopes andfears,appro(al andisappro(al

Argumentation

'ffective communication usuall. re-uires a certain involves the need to

(1) structure 0hat 0e 0ant to sa. or 0rite

(2) determine the +est strate)ies to emplo.

(3)select the means of expression most suited to and% a+ove all% to a specificcontext or situati

Thestructureisthe plan in0hat0e aresa.in)or0ritin)%thestrate).isthe

fun"tion0e aremplo.in)%andthemeansofexpressionisthe%rammati"al or lexi"al structure>forxample%ver+construction%nounphrase?0hichismost

appropriate for the plan and the function


15/534

xiv

$tma.+ethatsin)le0ordisenou)htoachieve0hat0e 0ant%+utmore

fre-uentl.0eareinvolvedadiscussionorexplainin)somethin)orar)uin) case and so

on ften% there is simpl. not enou)h

0ant to sa.@ thou)h there is more time 0hen 0e are virtuall. impossi+le to tr. to

learn ever. functio /o0ever%if0e arefamiliar0ithsomeindsofplan%0ithvarioust.pesof

function% and 0ith some of the means for expressin use them ourselves% +ut

reco)ni:e them 0hen 0e are other people are sa.in) or 0ritin)

There are man. inds of plan in 0hat is said and in complexit. 'xamples of plans%

or plannin)% are

(1)creatin)clearoverallstructure0ithanintroduction%middlesctionand

conclusion(2) listin) a series of points

(3) puttin) another point of vie0 and defendin) it

(4) proceedin) from cause to effect% or vice versa

$nsomesituations%partsofplansma.+eenou)handindeedappropriatefor

achievin)0hat0e 0ant%forexample%onl.partof>c?Atothertimes0e ma.

need to put into action a full. developed plan% for

>d?,inall.%0emustremem+erthatthereisnosin)lperfect%plansuita+lefor ever.situation or context

Thefunctionsavaila+letous 0hen0e 0anttoachievesomethin)

ar)umentationreman.=e ma.%forexample%0antoa)ree%indicatedou+t%reject%ritici:e=ema. 0ishtoemphasi:ersuade%influence%express o+li)ation=hatever it ma. +e% 0hether 0e are ini

speech%contri+utin)toaconversation%reactin)tocomment%+roadcastor

report%0ehaveatourdisposal0ideran)eofpossi+lemoves=e cannoft% course% no0

ho0 someone is )oin) to react to 0hat 0e need to have access to a ran)e of

responses in reaction% and respond appropriatel.

The section on ar)umentation provides a comprehen

andthemeansofexpressin)[email protected]

reco)ni:ethem0henpeoplearespeain)d0ritin)$tisrecommendedthat.outr.toputhemintopractincespeechand0ritin)0heneverappropriate The functions

are presenteda%reein% andasdisa%reein%,follo0sassertin% @and"onfirmin%,admittin% and"on"edin%,"orre"tin% and protestin%,"ontradi"tin%

and"riti"i*in%,su%%estin% and persuadin%,expressin)(olition,permissionand o+li%ation,

dou+t and"ertaint), lo%i"al relatiopposition,ns,andstru"turin%


16/534

xv

The e#amples

Theexamplesinthereferencesectionaresimpleillustrationsofthe)rammar

structurein-uestion$nthefunctionalsectionthexamplesareselectedfrom

contemporar.spoenand0ritten,renchtodemonstratethefunctinon

-uestionThe.areactualexamples0hichave+eenusedinouro0n

experience%andthe.are-uoted0ithinasmuchcontextaspossi+letoillustrate the

function and the related )rammar structure

The translations

The examples in +oth the reference and the functio

'n)lish$nthereferensection%translationsareeptascloseaspossi+letothe

,rench%inthefunctionalsection%theotherhand%0herethereisusuall.

su+stantialamountofcontext%the'n)lishe-uivalentisprovided%ratherthan direct and

possi+l.% therefore% stilted version of

"orms and %unctions

The forms in an. livin) lan)ua)e are flexi+le and c

canvar.accordin)totheindividualspeaeror0riter%tothepartofthecountr.

he;shecomesfromorlivesin%andindeedtofashionThereiseld omnl.one0a.ofsa.in)or0ritin)somethiand)%notver.oftenaonetoe-uivalenceoneof

form and function

Thisisclearil.lustratedinthesectiontheimperative>A44?0herethisone)rammarstructureissho0ntohavevariet.offunctionsBtheimperative

formcan+eusedtoexpressanorder%aninstructaninvitation%etc$tisalsoillustraintheedman.functiofnseachofthetensesimilarl.%inthe functional section%man. forms are su))ested for e

directions>49for1!?%example%can+eexpressedthrou)htheimperative%the future

tense% a com+ination of the t0o% etc

Gust as there is a net0or of relations +et0een f a

net0oroffunctionsrelatedoeachsin)lefunctionA)reein)>63for1?%example%isnaturall.associated0ithitsopposite@disa)reein)>63and2?%

then also 0ith a com+ination of the t0o@a)reein) t

&egister

&e)istr efers+.andlar)etothedifferentvoca+ular.and)rammarstructures 0euse0hen0e aretalin)or0ritin)todifferpentople%andthelevelsof formalit. andinformalit. 0e use ,or example% 0e teacher%doctor%apoliceman%atintervie0+utI

fairl.%informal0ith

mem+ersofourfamil.%friendsor0hensimpl.chattin)=eusuall.taeinto


17/534

xvi

accountthestatus%a)e%andtherelations0ehaveip0ithotherpeople%andthe situation 0e

are in% and 0e automaticall. adjust o

Attimes%0es0itchfromformalit.toinformalit.%0henforexample%0e

+e)in to feel more comforta+le 0ith a person% or f

forexample%conversation0ithour+anmana)ers0itchesfromfriendl. conversation to a

re-uest for an increase in a loa

=hat 0e are doin) is -uite normal and accepta+le situation

$nthe)rammaritisnotpossi+letocoverthe0ideran)eoflevelsthatexist +et0een

formalit. and informalit.% +ut 0e have ind

there)isterformalinformalther0ise%examplesshould+etaenas standard re)ister@

the re)ister used +. an avera)e%

DonFt .ou 0ant to tae them round all the museum

Tu eu# pas les balader dans>informal?tousles mus'es( $oule)*ous leur%aire isiter >formal?tous les mus'es(


18/534

How to use this book

This +oo +rin)s to)ether t0o sets of )uidelines o

A@A reference)rammarcoverin)themajorpoints0hichneedto+e

mastered so that .ou )et thin)s ri)ht

@A function)r ammarlcoverin)themajort.pesofcommunication .ou ma.0ant or need to carr. out

At.ourdisposal%then%.ouhavethessentialsof)rammar >section A?and

applicationsofthe)rammarina 0ideselectionoffunctions >section?=hen 0e0erepreparin)this+oo%0e eptinmindthefre-uentchan)es0hichan.

livin)lan)ua)eunder)oes%and0e have%therefore%includedcommentson

exceptionstothe)uidelinesAnd%0hereverappropriate%0ehaveincludedinform0al.sofsa.in)or0ritin)somethin)Themajorit.ofexampleshave crossreferetoincesformationconcernin)oneormore)rammarpointsor concernin)additional details on the function

/o0% then% 0ill .ou use the +ooJ $f% for example

.oulooup54$n1thissecti.oun0illfindanum+erofsu))estions

different0a.sofsa.in)C/iKForC8oodmornin)KF%forexample$tFsnotver. difficult to no0

ho0 to sa. hello% of course% +ut +et0een!on+our,and!onsoir,(ntheotherhand%.oumi)ht0antto persuade someone to do somethin) To find a

suita+l up6"and3.ou0illa)ainfindanum+erofsu))estionsforpersuadin)%and crossreferencestotheappropriate)rammar)uideline=hen.ouarelooin)at

thefunctions%0esu))estthat.oualsoconsiderthemuchlon)ercontextthatis provided to

see 0hat happens to a )rammatical form

Thereareother0a.sofsa.in)and0ritin)thesamethin)s@examplesthe

)ivenhereareonl.su))estions%and.ouare+oundtocomeacrossothermeans

of expression the more .ou come into contact 0ith in.ourprofessionallife=e

recommendthat.ouconsiderthesu))estions provided here% select the form% or forms%

that sui .oumeetalternative0a.sofsa.in)or0ritin)somethin)%addthemto.our

repertoire

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page23http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page23http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page180http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page180http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page23http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page180


19/534

xviii

eforethever+ta+les0ehaveincludedasection0iththesoundsof,rench%

andseveral0ordsfor.outopractisethesoundsHourteacher0ill+ea+leto help .ou

0ith them


20/534

Glossary

an. of the terms used in this )rammar are explai section in 0hich the. are used%

+ut there are some in a specific section +ecause the. occur in severa 0hich ma.

cause difficult. for students The short terms 0hich 0e thin need special attention=e hav usin) this )rammar are familiar 0ith most of the t as noun% ver+% adjective

Aderb A 0ord or phrase 0hich )ives information a+out somethin) occurs There areadver+s of manner% pl and fre-uenc. Adver+s can-%airemodif.avec asoinanver+./adjective -très di%%icile./oranother -beaucoupadver+trop.Adver+s

are al0a invaria+le% unlie some other parts of speech% t spellin) to a)ree 0ithanother part of speech

Antecedent A 0ord or )roup of 0ords 0hich precedes another &elative pronouns% or0ordshave antecedentssuchasce/ to 0hich +ac -L’homme0ui a donn' unpourboire n1a pas beauco

AppositionThe placin) of a 0ord or phrase directl. +eside a to provide moreinformation-Jacques+outChirac,the other Président one de la &'publi0ue.

There is no article +et0een thCohesionThe linin) of 0ords% phrases% sentencohesiveandpara deices/0hich ma. +eclauses% adver+s% pronouns% ne) includeet/ mais/ par contre/ d1abord?

Complement A 0ord or phrase 0hich completes the meanin) of% a+out% somethin) Thecomplement ma. +e a 0ord in direct o+ject-Elale pommea./mang'indirect-Ilo+jectleura endu./the a)ent in apassive-2atartsentencea par 't'l petit ol'egarçon.

ICon+ugationThis refers to all the endin)s of a ver+


21/534

xx

son4.5the demonstrative-ce/adjectivescet/5cettethe4interro)ative.exclamator. adjective0uel>asQuellein maison(6,?(indefinite adjec-certain/ cha0ue/di%%'rents/ diers/ maint/ plusieurs/ aucun/normall. inthe-Ellesin1a)ulaucunr 5thetalent.cardinal num+e used as adjectivesdeu#

+ournau#>as?in

3irect and indirect ob+ectsThe direct o+ject is a noun or pronoun referrin) affected in some 0a. +. an actionThe direct o+ preposition-Ilalelivreu. The o+ject is indirect 0hen it i preposition%7orusuall.de-Nousle donnonsà parents89a d'pendde

nos parents. $ndirect o+jectme/pronounste/lui/arenous/Theseous/ l pronounsare not 7preceded@itis+uilt+. into-Noustheleur pronoundonnons.,ollo0in)de/and other prepositions% the empha used-9ad'pendtoi .de

"inite&efers to the man. parts of ver+s 0hich have endi 0hether the su+ject is sin)ular or plural% the in%initieisthe part of the *ver+er/*0hichir/*andre/ndsin*oir/thisn casthere is no finite endin) )ivin) information a+out or plural% or the tense

Gender and number These are ver. important )rammar concepts in ,re adjectives a)ree 0ith nouns or ver+s 0ith su+ject mistaes% and that can cost .ou marsK 8ender in -le/ilor 4./feminine-la/elle./4and all nouns are masculine or adjectives have to a)ree

0ith their noun #um+er pronoun is sin)ular >just one person% thin) or a people%thin)s or actions? Cit is necessar.F? The ver+ can sometimes+ecome personal +. theiladditio me %autC$ mustF?

To modulate

To chan)e or influence the meanin) of a 0ord or are various 0a.s of doin) this%usin) nouns% adje have specific nuances Hou can also% for example% @merel. +.alterin) the intonation .ou use@mae 0 discourteous% friendl. or a))ressive Asli)ht c nuan"e >of meanin)? Hou can achieve a different nu chan)in)% theintonation .ou use

:oodThis refers to the different forms in the conju)a functions for 0hich the ver+ isused o% .ou hav the su+junctive mood >nonfact?( the interro)at conditional mood

>conditions and h.potheses?% the The mood of the ver+ can +e chan)ed accordin)to for example% fact% nonfact% -uestions


22/534

xxi

Transitie and intransitie erbs


23/534

Section A

Structures


24/534

IThe noun group

< Articles

,renchhasthreearticlesBthedefinitearticlth inde%inite%articleandthepartitive articleThe. a)ree 0ith nouns in )ender and num+e a similar 0a. to 'n)lish articles% +ut

there are s


25/534

Elle parleau pr'sident8 heisspeain)tothepresident; chairman


26/534

T/' #L# 8&L 3

Nousaonsdonn'lesbilletsau =e have)iventheticetstothe en%ants8children

ut there is no dechan)eor 7precede0henlaor l1?

2a portedel’ 'cole est %erm'e8The school door is shutElle à al maison8 he is )oin) home

>>8< Contracted %orms=henthe.precede0ords+e)innin)0ithavo0elora muteh/leandlaare

shortenedl1>seeto8> ;lace o% the articleThe article precedes nouns% and adjectives 0hich

la petitable the little ta+legrand garBon the +i) +o.

+ut note thatfollo tout/the. tous/ Call%toute-s.ever.% the


27/534

4 T&L*TL&'

>8D 3i%%erences between "rench and English article$n certain contexts ,rench and 'n)lish articles a

>a? 0here the noun is used in a )eneral senseB

L’ herbe est erte8 8rass is )reenAime*tle*in(il Does he lie 0ineJ

Elle ailamusi0ue8 he loves musicLes ordinateurs deiennent*omputers are +ecomin) less de moins en moinschersand8 less expensive

>+?0ithpartsofthe+od.%ormind%0here'n)lishusesthepossessiveadjctive

>Cm.% .ourIF? ,rench uses the D.?Bdefinite< article >se>

Il secoualatFte8 /e shoo his headOurelesyeu#8 pen .our e.esIl a %roidau pieds8 /e has cold feetElle a à mlatFtel8 he has a headacheElle a perdulam'moire8 he has lost her memor.Il sou%%redu dos8 /e has +ac pro+lems

and 0ith reflexiveD>8vefor +sa)re>sement of D8pa?er ticiple%eferrin) to the o0nerB

Elle s1estlescheeu#la'8 he 0ashed her hair

=hensomethin)sdonetosomeoneelse%thatotherpersonisindicated+.

includin) an indirect o+ject D8?B pronoun >see

Ellelui a saisi la main8 he too his;her hand Ellelui a la' les cheeu#8he

0ashed his;her hair

Thedefinitearticleisalsoused0ithpartsofthe+od.indescriptionfollo0in) aoir >seeD8?B<

2e b'b'alesmains dodues8 The +a+. has chu++. handsEllealescheeu# longs8 he has lon) hair

#otetheuseofthepossessiveadjctivemon/tonICm.%.ourI0ithFver+s other

aoir?than

Ilcaressa salongue barbe noire/e8stroed his lon) +lac +e

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page189http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page189http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page189http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page189http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page181


28/534

And note the follo0in) descriptive phrases D8?B


29/534

T/' #L# 8&L 5

la %emmeau yeu# erts the 0oman 0ith the )reen e.esla maisonau %enFtres ouertesthe house 0ith the open 0indoIl marchaitlesmains derrire/e 0as 0alin) 0ith his handsledos8 +ehind his +ac

,renchnormall.usesthesin)ularfomofnounsifthe.refertosomethin)of 0hich

0e have onla.vieone%Clif latFteF%)Chead;faceF% lecou CnecFB

Elle leur la viesau'8 he saved their lives

>c? in man. expressions of time% and 0ith8seasons%?BD

7 trois heuresdumatin!de at three in the mornin); l’ aprs*midi afternoon

II arrieralesseptersheures/eFll8 arrive a+out seven oFcl Elle le %erala semainepndat8 he 0ill do it durin) the 0ee

#ote the 'n)lish e-uivalent 0ith the use or omissi la

semainedrnire6prochainelast;next 0ee

au +our le +our from da. to da.

Elle traaillematin8 he 0ors in the mornin)>s?

Ils iennentle +our8 The. come durin) the da.

touslesendredis ever. ,rida.

touteslesemaines ever. 0ee

touslesdeu# +ours ever. second;other da.

>+ut

Elle le rencontrepar troissemainehe%ois8meets him three times a

ome examples 0ith the seasonsB

L’ hier est mereilleu#=inter 8 is 0onderfulOn y l’ a't' prochain8 =e are )oin) there next summer

The article is en?omittedhier/en0ith't'/enautomneCin 0inter% summe autumnF%+utau printempsnotCin sprin)F

ome examples 0ith dates and use of the articleB

Nousommeslemardi


30/534

le >J mai


31/534

6 T&L*TL&'

Le +eudi on a au march'n8Thursda.s0e)oto>the?maret

On se oitle8" >ever. Thursda.?

ee .ou on the 7th

+ut no article

Nous sommes mardi8 $tFs Tuesda.Il me le donnera +eudi/eFll8 )ive it to me on Thursda. lundi dernier last onda.

ome examples 0ith festivals% 0hich are usuall. fe

7la Toussaint at /allo0eFen;on All aintsF Da.

7la ;entecKte at =hitsun

+ut

à NoLl at *hristmasà ;M0ues at 'aster

>d? in certain expressions of price% pa.% -uantit.

Cela se end 7lekiloeuros8That costs 3! euros a ilo Cela se endcin0uante7>euroslesThatcosts2 eurosfift.>for?a


32/534

>


33/534

T/' #L# 8&L 7

Ilreientdu

:ans/deLa &ochelle/d esEche

lles8EllehabiteLeHare8Elleau aHa

re8IlestàLa&ochelle8

/eis just+acfro

me

a

ns%

a

&o

che

lle%

es

'chelle

s

h

e

live

s in

e

/a

vre

h

e

i

s

)

o

i

n

)

t

o

e

/

a

v

r

e

/e

i

s

i

n

a

&

o

c

h

e

l

l

e

=

it

h

co

u

n

t

r

i

es

a

nd

re

)io

nst

hearti

cle

isusuall.

includedi

fthenam

eofthe

countr.is

masculin


34/534

e

si

n

)

ul

a

r%

o

r

m

a

s

c

ul

in

e

o

r

f

e

m

Ilreientd es

;hilippines/

e8

i

s

j

u

s

t

+

a

c

f

r

o

m

t

h

e

h

ili

p

p

Ell

e au a;o

r tu

gal8h

e is

)oi

n)

to

or

tu)

al

ut

0h

enn

am

esofco

untr

ies

and

re)i

ons

aref

emi

nianedsin

)ul

arm

ost

@

and

ofth

em

are

*enisus

edf

orCt

o;ia

ndFther

eis

noa

rticller6demeBenurer Allemagne/enEcosse/en

CharenteCto)oto;linve8er man.%c

otland%th

e *harent

3eFisusedforCfromF

andthereisnoarticl

eBreenir de&ussie/ d’ Espagnde;roence/Ctoreturn

from&ussia%

pain%

rove

NOTE $f

theto0n

or

countr

. is

-ualifi

ed

+.la an

adject

ChinemoderneCm


35/534

o

d

e

r

n

*

hi

n

aF

T

h

e

a

rti

cl

eis

al

s

o

u

s

e

d

0h

e

s

o

u

t

h

%

e

a

st

a

n

d

0

e

st

B

eno

rdela "r anceCthe

nor

tho

f,r

an

ceF

%lesudd e

l’ Angleterr eCthe

so

uth

of

'n)la

ndF

T

h

e

r e

i

s

n

o

p

r

ec

i

s

e

p

a

t

t

e

r

n

i

n

s

o

m

e

e

x

p

r

e

s

s

i

o

n

s

T

h

e

.

s

i

m

p

l

.

h

a

v

e

t

o

+

e

l

e

a

r

n

e

d

o

m

e

e

x

a

m

p

l

e

s

B

les

insde"r ance the0ines of

,rance;,

rench

0ines l1histoid e"rance

thehistor. of

,rance;,


36/534

re

n

c

h

hi

st

o

>

a

n

.

p

hr

a

s

e

s

h

a

v

et

h

e

p

a

t

t

e

r n

deM

n

o

u

n

0h

i

c

h

i

s

v

e

r .

s

i

m

i

l

a

r

to

a

n

a

d

j

e

c

ti

v

e

B

une'char ped

eso

ieblan

cheC

a

0

h

i

t

es

i

l

s

c

a

r

f F

%

unemaisond e ca

mpa

gneCa hous

e in

the

count

r.F?+ut

la g'ographiela capitaledela

and

le

pr'sidentla&'publi0uethepresidentof,rance;the ,ren

Ther

eisa

rule

ofth

um+

fora

fe0p

hras

esBfe

mini

neco

untri

esn

oarti

cle%

@

masculin

e


37/534

c

o

u

n

t

r

i

e

s

i

n

"

lude

an@

articl

eB

" T&L*TL&'

la reined’ Angleterrel1ambassaded’ Autriche

>+ut

l1empereur du aponl1ambassadedu S'n'gal

>f? in titles% formsof address% and-ualified pro

leg'n'ral deGaulle 8eneralde 8aulle

As*tuconnule;r'sident

Did .ou no0resident

:itterrand(itterrandJ

$oil7ledocteurPnock8 /ere;thereis Doctor Nnoc

:8le;r'sident4>r?

resident%I:essieurslesd'l'gu's4 Dele)ates%Ileieu# :8Guiat

old r 8uiat

la petite Isabellelittle $sa+elle

ut the article isnormall. omitted+efore a noun


38/534

le g'n'ralde;r'sidentGaulle/8eneraldelade8aulle%>the?resid

entof r'publi0ue ,rance;aris/ capitale dela aris%"rance thecapital of ,rance

Articles are not

usedEli)abetQEli)ab

ethntilesIIsuchastheHnriecondF% I$C/enr. the ,ourthFB

insa) ,renchEli)abeth.ou deu#/0ould Henri 0u

>)?0ithn

amesoflan

)ua)es%us

eofthearticl

eisalsovari

a+utle%itis

normall.

omittedpar ler?after

;arle)*ousitalien(Do .ouspea $talianJ

Il ne parle pas%ranBais/edoesnFt8spea ,rench

Il est di%%icile de$trouer isdifficult tofind an e-ui un'0uialent enanglaisin'n)lish;an8'n)lish e-uivalen

+ut


39/534

Apprene)*l’ ousespagnol7l1'cole( Are .oulearnin) panish at

L’ allemandest une

langue8erman is acomplicated lan) compli0u'e8


40/534

T/' #L# 8&L 9

#otetheuseofcapitallettersin'n)lish%+utnotin,rench%fornamesof

lan)ua)es*apitarelsusedin,renchonl) ifreferrin)toahuman+ein)@0hatever his;her nationalit.B

le "ranBais/ la "ranBaisethe,renchman% the ,rench0oman le %ranBais >the?,rench >lan)ua)e? %ranBais/ %ranBaise-s.,rench >adjective?

>h? 0ith meals% )ames and musical instrumentsB

pendantledRner durin) dinner

+ouer au tennis to pla. tennis

+ouer du iolon to pla. the violin

>i? 0ith other parts of speech to form nounsB

lespaures the poor >people?

lemanger leetboire food and drin

lesbless's the injured

lesdires statements% sa.in)s

lesaoir no0led)e

lerouge red >colour?% red 0ineleprimaire/lesecondairethe primar.% secondar. level of e

>j?notethatifthenounsare-ualified%+.relativeclauseforexampl deMthe% definitearticle are usedB

Il a bu unedu cara%einqu’on a acheté en #ustralie8/e dran a carafe of the 0ine 0e +ou)ht in Aust

n ciel couertdesnuagesqui annoncent une temp$te8 A s. full of storm clouds

The inde%inite article

The indefinite un-e./articlesdes/areCa%de6d1an( some% an.F $ndefi are repeated inlists( their 'n)lish e-uivalents a

1aiun h'rissonu chatet 7 la maison8


41/534

$ have a hed)eho) and a cat at home

Il ydesalires int'ressants dans ce magasin8


42/534

1! T&L*TL&'

There are some interestin) +oos in this shop

%ne %emme m1a t'l'phon' ce soir8 A 0oman telephoned me this evenin)

a*t*desiloitures deant la mairie(

Are there >an.? cars in front of the to0n hallJ

8< 3i%%erences between "rench and English inde%in$n certain contexts ,rench and 'n)lish articles a

>a? the article is used 0ith a+stract nouns -uali

un '0uilibre par%ait perfect +alance;e-uili+riumaecune grande 'motion full of emotion

>+? the article is not used 0hen talin) a+out occ

Il est pro%esseur8 /e is a teacher1ai 't' nomm' ministre$Fve8 +een appointed minister Son %ils estprotestant/is;her 8 son is a rotestantSa %emme est 'cossaise/is8 0ife is cottish

+ut 0hen the noun is -ualified%isusedB the article

Son cousin peintrestc'lbre8/is;her cousin is a famous pa

#ote the alternative possi+ilitiesB

D

Il est d'puC’ estun'8d'put'68 /e isa mem+erof the#ational Assem+l.

Elle est italienneC’ est86une heFs >an? $talianItalienne8

>c? the article is also omitted 0hen t0o nouns are

2e gouernement/repr'sentantdupeuple/n1apasledroitde luire%user un r'%'rendum8

The)overnment%therepresentaof theivepople%doesnothavethe ri)htto refuse them a referendum

>d? the article is used for emphasisB

Elledesa pieds, =hat feet sheFs )otK Il %aitunemps, =hatama:in) 0eatherK


43/534

T/' #L# 8&L 11

>e? the sin)unlandr uneformsare the same as the num+er Cone to another num+erB

Il a unbuerre de in8/e dran a;one )lass of 0ine

>f? there is no article0uel,afterC0hatthe>a;an?KFBexclamator.

Quel imb'cile, =hat an idiotKQuelle coUncidence, =hat a coincidenceK

Quelles drKles d1histoires,=hat stran)e talesKQuels hommes distingu's, =hat distin)uished menK

D

The partitie articleThepartitivearticlesaredu/dela/des/de6d1Csome%an.Feforea0ord +e)innin) 0ith avo0elh/duandor de ala@dmutede l1?honneur ChonourF% del’ ailC)arlicF%del’ herbeC)rassF%del’ eauC0aterF The article ma.in 'n)lish% +ut not in ,rench The article is repe

Il a demand'du sucredu etlait/e8 ased for >some? su)ar andTu eu#dela moutardedu sel(etHou 0ant >some% an.? mustard a

D8< How the inde% inite and partitie articles are>a?ina ne)ativecontextun/une/du/dela/des@de6d10henthenounthe. precede is

made ne)ative% and their meanin) is Cno

pasde monnale/d’ eaupls no chan)e% no more 0ater Il n1ad’ argentpas8 /e hasnFt an. mone.Elle n1ade pluspatience/d’ humour/he hasno patience%humouror de tendresse8 affection left

utifthespeaeror0riterintendsthene)ativetofocusonsometh inthe) sentence otherthan the noun% the articles remain

D

Il ne m1a pasde conseilsdonn'8 /e didnFt )ivead(i"eme an.Il ne m1a pasdes donn' /e didnFt%i(eme an. advice%conseils/ il me les a endus,hesold it to meK

>+? the articles also remain unchan)ed 0hen expres

Elle n1achtedu inpasmaisdelabire8he doesnFt +u. 0ine% she +u.s +eer


44/534

12 T&L*TL&'

Elle n1a pasdes liresdonn' desmaisC3 pour l1anniersaire de neeu8

hedidnFt)ive+oostohernephe0forhis+irthda.%she)avehim *Ds

>c? 0hen theun-e.articleexpresses a num+er% there is no chan

2e gouernement n1aaitund'put'pashonnFte8The )overnment did not have one honest mem+er

Il n1y aaitune%emmepas au gouernement8There 0as not a sin)le 0oman in the )overnment #ote the meanin)s in the

follo0in) examplesB

Elle n1aunepaspaire de chaussures8 Elle en a trente8he doesnFt have one pair of shoes he has thi

Elle n1ade chaussurespas8 Elle n1a 0ue des pantou%leshe hasnFt an. shoes he onl. has slippers

>d? the articles are not chan)ed 0hne4n0uetheConl.FBne)ative

Ellen’ aqu’un mouchoir8 he has onl. one handerchie

Ellen endque deschapeau#8 he onl. sells hatsIlne boitque du in8 /e onl. drins 0ine

>e? after ni4niCneitherIsansnorFC0ithoutFor the partitive artic >seea?B

Elleneprendni sel/ni poire/ni he doesnFttaesalt%pepperor moutarde8 mustardIl boit sansdu laitth'8 /e drinstea0ithoutmil;/e

Il est sanssortichapeau8doesnFt tae mil in his tea/e has )one out 0ithout a hat

ut if the noun is -ualified in some 0a. the artic

Elle estsanssortieunchapeauqui pourrait la protéger 8he has )one out 0ithout a hat 0hich could )ive

Nous n1aonsniletempsni l’ argent pour le &aire8=e have neither the time nor the mone. to do it

$f the veFtre/+theis articles remain unchan)edB

Cen1est pasun d'sastre8 $tFs not a disaster

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page241http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page241http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page241


45/534

T/' #L# 8&L 13

Ce nesont pasdes chaussures8 The.Fre not shoes

#otethat0henthedefinitearticles le/la/lesarepreceded+.de inver+ constructionse suchsouenir asCtoderemem+erF%parler Ctode spea a+out

the.arechan)edtodu/dela/del1/desThe.remaintheseformsina ne)ative contextB

D

Nousne parlionsdespasictimes de la guerre8=e 0ere not speain) a+out the victims of the 0

Ellen’ a paspeur des chiens8he is not afraid of do)s

D8> "orms o% the inde%inite and partitie articles a noun

Theindefiniteandpartitivearticles des@de6d10henanadjectiveprecedesanounB

Ellede agrandsyeu# bleus8 he has +i) +lue e.esIl nous raconte tou+ours/e al0a.s tells us interesti d’intéressanteshistoires8

1ai deeusesnouelles8 $Fve had some ne0s a+out him

#ote that there are some exceptions to this rule 0h a unitB

C1estdu bon ca%', $tFs )ood coffeeK

des petits pains rolls

$f the adjective follo0s the noun%desremainsoris virtuall.unchan)ed

Il nous racontetou+oursdes /e al0a.stellsus un+elieva+le

histoincro'ablesres8 stories

anddesal0a.s@d1+eforeautre-s.?

On d1autresdeoirs 7 %aire=e8have >more? other home0or Il end1autres8 /e hasothers;more of them

D8 "orms o% the partitie articles in e#pressionsThe partitive@de6d1articlesinexpressions of >see>a?0ithadver+ssuchasasse)deCenou)hF%autantdeCasmuch%asman.F%

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page102http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page102http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page102http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page196http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page102http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page196


46/534

beaucoupde Ca lot of%combienman.F%de(Cho0 much% ho0moinsman.JF%de


47/534

14 T&L*TL&'

ClessF%-un. pdeuC>a? littleF%plusdeCmoreF%tant Casde much;man.% so mu man.F%tropdeCtoo much;man.FB

Combien de gens( /o0 man. peopleJ

peu degens fe0 people

#ote thatbienCa lot of% man.F is follo0ed +. the full p

Il biena du mal 7 suire les cours d1allemand8/e is havin) a lot of difficult. follo0in) the

>+?0ithadjectives0hichexpressanamount%orlac%ofsomethin)%suchas

entour'deCsurrounded+.F%couertdeCcoveredin;0ithF%idedeCempt.of%

lacin) inFB

vide desens meanin)less

rempli delires full of +oos

>c?0ithnounssuchasunebouteilledeCa+ottleofF%unman0uedeCalac ofFB

une bouteille de-in. rouge a +ottle of red 0ineun manque de ressources a lac of resources

D8D"ormso%thepartitiearticlesa%terinde%inite/neuterandnegatiepronouns

3e6d1isalsousedafterindefineuterite%andne)ativepronounsB0uel0u1unCsomeoneF%0uel0uechoseCsomethin)F%ceci6celaCthis;thatF%ce0ui6ce0ue C0hatF%-ue0uoi(C0hatF%C0hatJF%personneCno+od.F%rienCnothin)FB

quelqu’un d’ int'ressant someone interestin)quelque chosed’ acceptable somethin) accepta+leriend’ urgent nothin) ur)ent

Quoi deneu%( =hatFs ne0J(out ce qu’ ilaaitde alable't''ver.thin)valua+lehehadhas+een ol'8stolen

#otetheexpressionlaplupartdeCmostofF0hichisfollo0ed+.thefull partitive >the

ver+>>8is?B8see

La plupart des'tudiaontsr'ussi dans les trois matires8


48/534

ost of the students have passed in the three s


49/534

T/' #L# 8&L 15

And note the prepositiond1aprsCaccordin) toFB

)’après la m't'o il a pleuoir8 Accordin) to the 0eather forecast itFs )oin) to

Articlesareomittedfroman.expressinons,rench%of0hichthefollo0in) represent a

ver. small selectionB

rendre sericeto help7tomber par toerrefall do0n%aire signe tode indicateaoir enietode0ant tomettre %in 7to end en auto +. car en 'lo67 bicyclette+ic.clesous pr'te#teon thede pretext of par hasard +. chancesans gFne 0ithout em+arrassment

soit indi%%'rencsoit ressentiment/either indifference or resentm Plus ilcr moinse/elle 'couteThe8 more he shouts% the less s Plus elletraai plusellegagne/8Themoreshe0ors%themoreshe

earns

3emonstratie ad+ecties

Therearethreesin)ularfoms+utonl.onepluralformofthedemonstrative

adjectiveThe.a)reein)enderandnum+er0iththenoun%andthe'n)lish e-uivalent is

Cthis% these% that% thoseF% or simpl

8< "orms

in)ular lural

asculine ce -cet. ces

,eminine cette ces

The formcetis used +efore masculine sin)ular nouns +e a muteh? cet en%antCthiscethildF%hommageCthis tri+uteF%cetteaddiCthision additionF%cettehabitationCthishouseF%cesamisCthesefriendsF%cesactiit's CtheseactivitiesF%ceshommesCthese cesmenF%histoir Cthese storiesF

Il acelulivre8/e has read this +oo

Elle n1aimecet hommepas8he does not lie the man

Cette *eune étudian1ate pas traaill'cetteannée8


50/534

That .oun) student has not done an. 0or this .


51/534

16 T&L*TL&'

On a u tropces&ilmsdedont ous ae) parl'8=eFve seen too man. of those films .ou spoe a+

8> Adding+ci and+l to nouns

. addin)*citothenounitispossi+letoemphasi:e proximit) inspaceortime%and+.addin)*l7tothenounitispossi+letoemphasi:edistan"einspaceortimeAdditionof *cior *l7alsohelpstodistin)uish+et0eent0oormore people orthin)s

Il est entr'cette &en$trepar8+ci /e entered +. this 0indo0

Elle est ceenuematin+là8

he came that mornin)2a0uelle pr'%r Cettesrobe*tu(+ oucicette robe+ (là=hich do .ou preferJ This dress or that oneJ

52The1demonstradjective%orthedemonstradjectiveMnounM *l7 often carr. apejorative% o+se-uious or contemptuo

Ce ean est un peun1estinsol*cent/Thatpas( Gohn is a +it rude% iCes dames sont series( Hou are +ein) served% ladi

Elle ne pouaitcet hommetol'rer +là8 he couldnFt stand that ma

52*2ciand*l7arepresentinoici/oil7/ici/l7Chere%thereFdenotin)proximit.ordistanceutincreasin)l.todatheformsoil7andl7areusedinpreferenceoiciandtoici?

oilàton lire8/ere;there is .our +oo

J

e ne sais pas 0uand illà maintenantarrier8 Il est$ donFt no0 0hen heFll arrive /eFs here no0

8 &epetition o% the demonstratie ad+ectie in liethedefinitearticle>s>e8?thedemonstradjectiveisusuall. repeated in lists

Cette maisonetce beau *ardinme plaisent beaucoup8$ lie this house and the lovel. )arden ver. mu


52/534

T/' #L# 8&L 17

J3emonstratie pronouns

Demonstrativepronounsaresimpleor compoundLnliedemonstrative

adjectivthearesseparateformsforthemasculindfeminineplurals>see

8?see


53/534

NOTE Celui*l76ma.*cimean Cthe former% thelatterF $n sen Cthe latterFce

isdernier usometimesd% r celuiplaces*ci


54/534

1" T&L*TL&'

J8 The neuter ce!c’-pronounsceci,cela-ça

>a?ce6c1

Ce6c1isnormall.com+ined0ithFtretoformc1estor cesont/0hichareoften follo0ed+.a relativepronoun-ce0ui/ce0ue/cedont.or+.anemphatic pronounsee8c?>

C’est une belle maison, $tFs a lovel. houseKC’était ce quetu oulais8 $t 0as 0hat .ou 0antedC’est moi. C’est nous. $tFs me $tFs us

=ithathirdpersonpluralpronounce6c1isnormall.follo0ed+.athirdperson plural

ver+B

Ce sont eu. C’étaient elles. $tFs them $t 0as them

and noteB

C’est 7 moiC’était 87 elles8 $tFs mine $t 0as theirs

Ce6c1also occurs in a fe0 set phrasesB

Ce me semble4 $t seems to meISur ce4 And at that pointICe disant4 And sa.in) this;thatICe %aisant4 And as he;she did this;thatI

>+?c1estandil>impersonal?estCit is% that isF

C1estusuall.+a"' referstoa previousl. mentioned idea or ma

Il parle bien %ranBais8/e speas ,rench 0ell

Oui/c’est rai8Hes% thatFs true

#otethatthereareman.expressionsofthet.pec1estMadjectivereferrin)@all+ac to somethin)B

C’est possible8 $tFs possi+leC’est di%%icile8 ThatFs difficult


55/534

T/' #L# 8&L 19

$f FtreMadjectivearefollo0ed+.aninfini theive%preposition7listhe adjectiveand the infinitive

C’était %acile 7 %aire8 $t 0as eas. to do

Ilestusuall.refersforard toa ne0ideaTheprepositlinin)onFtre Madjectiveto andeinfinitive is

V

/lseraint'ressantdele %aire8 $t 0ill +e interestin) to d /ln’est pas%aciledeparlergrec8$tFs not eas. to spea 8ree

NOTE Theseareonl.)uidelin=hesnthe.arespeain)%,renchpeopledonot al0a.s o+serve the differences +et0een the t0o t.p

>c?ceci/ cela

Ceci/lie*ci/refers to somethin) near cela/inliet*mel7/refersorspace% to somethin)more distant in time or space

&egarde)ceci , oo at thisKCela ne m1appartient pasThat8 does not +elon) to me

#otethespellin)of cela?thereisno accentAndnotealsothatcecirefersfor0ardtosomethin)a+outto+esaid%0hereascelarefers+actosomethin) 0hichhas +een saidB

Ecoute)ceci 4 isten to thisI

Ae)*ous entenducela( Did .ou hear thatJ

>d?aO

9a -Xcela.isusedinformall.%mainl.0henspeain)$tma.havepejorative meanin)

0a ne se dit pas8 Hou donFt sa. that ind of thin 0a a( Commentçaa( Hou NJ/o0Fre thin)sJ

0a c1est impossible,ThatFs impossi+leK ;our0uoiça( =h.Fs

thatJ0a sent mauais, That smells a0fulK


56/534

and in ver. informal useB


57/534

2! T&L*TL&'

0a se croit capable de Andle he;sh%aire, thins he;she can d

V

;ossessie ad+ectiesTheseadjectivesdenoteo0nershiporrelationshipThe.areal0a.splaced

+eforethenounthe.-ualif.%andthe.al0a.sa)ree0iththatnounThe.also

indicatethenum+er>sin)ularorplural?oftheo0nerThe'n)lishe-uivalents are Cm.%

.our% his% her% its% our% .our% theirF

V8< "orms and %unctions>a? =hen thereone iso0neronl.the forms areB

mon/ ton/ son+efore a masculine sin)ular noun ma/ ta/ sa +efore a

feminine sin)ular noun

mes/ tes/ ses+efore a plural noun >masculine or feminine

V

mon lirem. +oo ma oiturem. car mes gantsm. )loveston billet.our ticettamain .our handtes %rres.our

+rothersson dos his;her;itssa his;her;itsses%leurshis;her;its+ac nourriturefood flo0ers

=henthepossessiveadjctiveisfollo0ed+.a femininenounoradjective% +e)innin)

0ith a vo0elh/ma/ta/or saremuterplacedmon/ ton/+. son

mon 1ton, son2amie m. >.our% his% her% its? frimon 1ton, son2horloge m. >.our% his% her? cloc

mon 1ton, son2ancienneinstitutricem.>.our% his% her? old teacmon 1ton, son2horrible maisonm. >.our% his% her? horri+le

Ton/ta/tesarethefamiliarfomsoftheadjectiveandcorrespondtothe personalpronountu

>+? =hen theremorethanisoneo0ner the forms areB

notre/ otre/ l+eur fore a sin)ular noun >masculine or femin nos/ os/ leurs+efore a plural

noun >masculine or feminin

notre our cousinvotre pre.our father leur oncletheir unclecousin-e.


58/534

nos our carsvos lires.our +oosleurs amiestheir oitures friends


59/534

T/' #L# 8&L 21

$otre/osarethepoliteandpluralformsandcorrespondtothepersonal pronounousThe.canthereforerefertoone o0ner>politel.?ortose(eral o0ners

>c? ie the articles>8?%pose>ssiveee adjectives are usual nouns in lists% unless

the nouns refer to almost i

son onclesa ettante his;her uncle and auntmon auto maetbicyclette m. car and m. +ic.cleleur tableleursetchaises their ta+le and chairs

$n a fe0 expressions the possessive adjective cove

leursall'es et enuestheir comin)s and )oin)svos nom et pr'noms.our surname and first names;.our fu

>d? ome points to remem+erB

$n,rench%possessiveadjctivesa)ree0iththenoun-ualified%0hereasin

'n)lish the. a)ree 0ith the o0nerB

Il a trou'samontre8 /e has found his 0atch Elles ont leur perduclé 8 The.have lost their e.

'achofthethirdpersonssin)ular -son/sa/ses.hasthree'n)lishe-uivalentsB sonChis%her%saChis%tsF(her%sesChis%itsF(her% itsF

son bol his;her;its +o0lsa mre his;her;its mother ses +ouets his;her;its to.s

$fitisfeltnecessar.toidentif.exactl.0hoor0hatheo0neris%a,rench speaer

0ill7andaddthe appropriate emphatic?B pronoun >se

son bolà elle her-its+o0l

ses +ouetsàlui his-itsto.s

#ote the use of possessive adjectives in forms of

madame/ :adam rs% s

mesdames adies

mademoiselle iss% s

mesdemoiselles adies


60/534

monsieur ir% r

messieurs 8entlemen


61/534

22 T&L*TL&'

mesdames/ mesdemoissieurselles/ adies and 8entlemen

&emem+erthe,renche-uivalentofphrasessuchasC0ithhishands+ehindhis

+acFlesmainsderrireledos>see>8bD?%andcertainotherphrasesin0hich

,rench and 'n)lish do not correspondB

Yue sait*monellesu+et(7 =hat does she no0 a+out meJIl a reBulersnouellesde8 /e has had ne0s of themNon/mon ieu#8 #o% mate;old chap;eut*Ftre/moncolonel8 erhaps% *olonel

$nthelastt0oexamples%thefirstpersonpossessivesexpressaffectionand;or respect and

are used 0hen talin) directl. to some

,inall.% note the t0o possi+le 'n)lish translatio

un dems amis a friend of mine;one of m. friendsun delursamis a friend of theirs;one of their friun m'decinleursdeamisa doctorfriendoftheirs;oneoftheirdoctor friends

;ossessie pronounsiethepossessiveadjctivthpossessies%pronounsindicate0hotheo0ner

is%+uthe.musta)ree0iththe)enderandnum+eroftheo+jecto0ned >seeV?The 'n)lish e-uivalents are Cmine% .ours% his% her

8< "orms>a? =hen thereone iso0neronl.the forms areB

le mien/ la mienne/ les miens/ les miennes le tien/ la tienne/ les

tiens/ les tiennes.our le sien/ la sienne/ les siens/ les sienneshis;hers;its

2e tienIcorresponds to the personaltu pronoun>+? =hen theremorethanisoneo0ner the forms areB

le nKtre/ la nKtre/ les nKtres ours

le Ktre/ la Ktre/ les Ktres .ours

le leur/ la leur/ les leurs theirs

2eKtreIcorrespondstothepersonalpronounous#ote

theaccentsonthe pronounsnKtre-s./Ktre-s./+utnotonthenotre/adjectivesotre

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page42http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page42http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page42http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/HYPERLINK%23page42


62/534

T/' #L# 8&L 23

$oil7 ma oiturela8tienneOZ( est/ere is m. car =here is .ours >.our one?J

Il adore son petit %rrelemien88 e d'teste/e loves his little +rother $ hate mine

Elle a r'ussi son e#amen/ maisles leursnos8 amis ont rathe has passed her exam% +ut our friends have f

NOTE There is no need to translate the 'n)lish ConeF

>c?Thepossessivepronounsma.follo07or de/in0hichcasethecontractedformsau6au#/ du6desmust +e used

Nous pensons souent 7 nosau amisleurs8( ;ensent*ils=e often thin of our friends Do the. thin of

Elle ne craint pas son chidesn/v3tresmais8 elle a peur he is not fri)htened of his;her do)% +ut she i

8>4tre= e#pressing ownership

Lsuall.%follo0in)Ftre/o0nershiporpossessionisexpressed+.7Memphaticpronoun7MaorticleMnoun ,or other 0a.s of Dexpressin)

C1estàelle8 $tFs hers2es +ournau#sontà eu 8 The papers are theirs2e lireestau pro&esseur 8 $tFs the teacherFs +oo

Nouns

,renchnounsaremasculineorfemin in)enderThereare)uidelines0hichhelptoidentif.the)enderofthemajorit.ofnouns%+utthereareman.

exceptionsandtherefore%unless.ouarea+solutel.sure%itisal0a.s+etterto

chec )enders and to learn a noun8and [+? male animalsB


63/534

le chienCdo)l1Mne%Cdone.F%leeauCcalfF


64/534

24 T&L*TL&'

>c? da.s% months% seasons% points of the compass%

+eudiThursda.F%octobreCcto+erF%automneCautumnF%lesudCsouthF% l1orientCthe 'ast>ern 0orld?F

>d?metalan)ua)es%treesandshru+s%0ei)hts%measures%currencies%letters%

num+ersB

l1or C)oldF%le%ranBaisC,renchF%lecerisier Ccherr.letreeF%kiloCiloF%lemillimtreCmillimetreF%l1euro/CeuroF%leQb1/le Q


65/534

T/' #L# 8&L 25

la mreCmotherF%la%illeC)irl;dau)hterF%lagrand*mC)randmother1

>+? female animalsB

la chreC)oatF%lalionneClionessF%laacheCco0F%la +umentCmareF

>c? names of festivalsB

la;entecKteC=hitsunF%laToussaintCAllaintsFDa.F%la NoLlC*hristmasF%;M0ues>f pl? C'asterF

+ut NoLlismasculinGo.euxNoLlKCerr.*hristmasisF%;M0uesin;M0ues tomb'est au mois deC'aster mars 0as in arch this .ear

>d? academic su+jects at school or universit.B

l1histoireChistor.F%lesciencesnaturellesC+iolo).F%lesmath'mati0uesCmathsF%lalectureCreadin)F

+ut le calculCarithmleticF%dessinCdra0in)F%ledroitI Qlaw1

9.4 How to identi%y %eminine nouns according to e

(1) most nouns *eondin)are masculineB

le camionClorr.F%lecrayonCpencilF

+ut nouns end*aison/n)in*ssion/ *sion/are normall.*tion/*#ionfeminine

lacombinaisonCcom+inationF%lacommissionCcommissionF%lad'cision

CdecisionF%lanationCnationF%lar'%le#ionCthou)htFI

>+? man. nouns endin)e? in a silent

laparoleCthe>spoen?0ordF%lam'moireCmemor.;dissertationF% lariireCtheriver;neclaceF%tasseCthecupF%laisiteCthevisitF%larentr'eCreturntoschool;univers laminet.F%Cexpression;mineF% lad'%enseCdefenceF%lamonnaieCchan)eF

+ut leman0ueClac1incend%Cf ire1/lelyc'eCsecondar.school;l.ceF% le mus'eCmuseumF%lel'gumeCve)eta+leF%silenceCsilenceF%%leueC>+i)? riverF%leterritoireCthecountr.;,ranceF% legenreCindF%legroupeC)roupF%le sericeCserviceF%lecontrKleCcontrolFI


66/534

26 T&L*TL&'

This)roupisperhapsthemostdifficulttoclassif.sincethereareman.

exceptions0hicharemasculindthe.are0ords0hichareusedfre-uentl. 'xtra caremust% therefore% +e taen e0ith all noun

>c? )eo)raphical names e?ndin) in a silent

la"ranceC,ranceF%l1AngleterreC'n)landF%!retagneCrittan.F%la 2oireCtheoireF%laTamiseCthe ThamesF

+ut le:e#i0ueCexicoF%leCambodgeC*am+odiaF%le&hKneCthe&honeF%le 3anubeCthe Danu+eFI

Those 0hich do enotareendusuall.in masculineB

leCanadaC*anadaF%le3anemarkCDenmarF%leaponCGapanF%leHainautC/ainautF%le$ar C


67/534

T/' #L# 8&L 27

95ome3nounsadd*ssetothemasculinenountoformthefemininecounterpartB

un hKte6unehKtesseChost;hostessF%lemaRtre6lamaRtresseCmaster; mistressF

954 ome nouns have a different form for the opp

le %ils/ la %ille son% dau)hter l1homme/ la %emme man% 0omanle monsieur/ la dame )entleman% lad.l1oncle/ la tante uncle% auntle speaker/ la speakerineannouncer;+roadcaster le compagnon/ lacompagnecompanion

955 ome nouns ma. have either )ender% 0hichever

un6une en%antCchildF%un6une propri'taiun6uneCo0ner F% 'leCpupilF

956 There are a fe0 nouns 0hich ma. +e masculine are usuall. )iven masculine

)enderB

un6une aprsCan*midiafternoonF

8J Change o% gender and a change o% meaningomenounsma.+eeithermasculineorfeminine%+uthemeanin)chan)es

accordin) to the )enderB

le lire the +oo la lire the poundle mode the method la mode fashionle tour the turn la tour the to0er le criti0ue the critic la criti0ue criticismle poste the radio;jo+laposte the post officele physi0ue ph.si-ue la physi0ue ph.sics

8V Genspecial care should +e taengens0ithCpeopltheF%plural0hichnounma.

accompanied +. or masculinefeminine adjectivesB

>a? 0hen adjectivesfollo genthe. are masculineB

lesgens bons et courageu# )ood% coura)eous people

>+? 0hen adjectiv pre"edegensthe. are feminineB


68/534

2" T&L*TL&'

toutes ces gensbonnes all these )ood people

>c? if adje prec edetivesandfollo gensthe. are feminine and mascu

les ieillesgenspeu int'ressants old% +orin) people

8 Gender o% compound nouns>a?$foneelementise-uivalenttoanadjective%thecompou ndountaesthe

)enderofthemainnounBleche& *d1WureC0orofartF%lamain *d1Wure C0orforceF%letimbre*posteCposta)e stampF

>+?$foneelementisanadjectiveoranadver+%thecompou ndountaesthe)enderofthenounBlabelle&ille*Cdau)hter>+utinnotela0F le rouge+gorge Cro+inF?%lenon paiement * Cnonpa.mentF%lanonagression* Cnona))ressionF

>c? $f one element is a preposition% the compound l1en*tFteCheadin)F

>d?$fthefirstelementisver+al%thecompoundnounismasculineB le para pluie Cum+rellaF%letire*bouchonCcorscre0F

8 ;lural %orms o% nouns and ad+ectiesThe plural forms in most cases simpl. add s to th Thefinalsisrarel.heard@

unlessiaisonre-uired%+utitmust +eusedin0ritin)BdestrousCholesF%deshommesCmenF%lesennemisCenemiesF%bons6 bonnesC)oodF%%ous6%ollesCmadFpecialattentionshould+e)iventothe follo0in) )roupsB

>a? small)roupofnounsendin)*ouadd#?bi+ou#Cje0elsF%caillou#Cpe++lesF%chou#Cca++a)esF%genou#CneesF%hibou#Co0lsF% +ou+ou#Cto.sF%pou#CliceF

>+?nounsandadjectivesendin)*au/*eu/*eauadd#?destuyau#Cpipes;tipsF%descheeu#ChairF%noueau#Cne0F >utpneusnoCt.resF%bleusC+lue;+ruisesF?

(3) if nouns and adjecs/#/tiveshere) endis noin chan)esourisinthe p

Cmouse;miceF%pri#Cprice>s?F%ne)Cnose>s?F%grisC)re.F%heureu#Chapp.F(4) the majorit. of nouns and*alchan)eadjectives*au#?to endin) i

cheal6cheau Chorse>s?F%moral6mor au Cmoral'gal6l'gF%au Cle)alF% international6inter au Cinternational1

+ut there are a fe0 exceptions to this important r

bal6balsC+all>s?F%%estial6%estialsCfestival>s?F%naal6naalsCnavalF% %atal6%atCf a%inal6%inalstalF%or %inau#CfinalFI


69/534

Theonl) 0a. to +e sure is to chec in a dictionar.


70/534

T/' #L# 8&L 29

>e? nouns end*ailaddn)s?in

chandail-s.Cs0eater>s?F

+ut a fe0 ch*au#?n)e to

traail6traau#C0or% road0oitrail6itr sF%Cstainedu#)lass 0indo sFI

and adjectives*eilenads?in)d in

pareil-s.Calie% similarF

>f? notel1Wil6lesCe.e>s?F%yeu#le ciel6lesandC.%cieskies1/lcieu#Csies@firmament% climate% paradiseF

>)? some nouns are used onl. in the sin)ularB

l1'lectricit'Celectricit:oyenF% CtheAge iddle A)esF

and some nouns are used onl. in the pluralB

lesmWursCcustoms%+ehaviourF%lesenironsCoutsirts%vicinit.F%les

%raisCexpenslesF%iresCfoodstuffsF%lesalentoCsursroundin) areasF>h? famil. names do not normall. chan)eB

2es 3upont n1aiment pasThlesDuponts donFt lie the

&'gnier8 &)nier famil.

#ames important in histor. or art can +e used in t

1ai plusieurs :onets$have8 several paintin)s +. onet

>i? and some special casesB

monsieur6messieurs ir% r;8entlemen madame6mesdames adam% rs;adies mademoiselle6mesdemoisellesiss% s;isses% Houn) adies bonhomme6bonshommes fello0;fello0s

9.10 The plural o% compound nouns(1) $f the noun is 0ritten as a sin)le 0ord% the rules a+oveB


71/534


72/534

3! T&L*TL&'

lesporte%euillesC0alletsF%lesportemanteau#Ccoatpe)s;coatstandsF%lespasseportsCpassportsF

>+? ome )uidelines for compound nouns formed 0ith

nounMnoun s>+othM?Blesche%sCadministrative*lieu# centresFnounMadjectives?Bles>+othMco%%resCsafesF*%orts adjectiveMnouns?Bles>+othMrouges*Cro+insFgorges adjectiveMadjectives?Bles sourds>+othM*Cdeaf muetsmutesFnounMprepositionM>mainnounMs?Blesche%s*d1WureC0orsof

artF

ver+Mnoun s>nounM?Blesbouche*Cstandtrous+ut insFsee8?ver+Mver+ >noleschan)e?Blaisse)CpassesF*passer ver+Madver+

>noleschan)e?Bpasse*partoutCmaster e.sF adver+Mnoun s?B>nounMleshaut*parQloudspeakers1

NOTE < nl.nounsandadjectivusetodsformcompoundounscan+e madeplural

NOTE >=here +oth nouns are of e-ual value% +oth +ecom +ut if the second noun ise-uivalentfirst to nouna prepositiononl)

is made pluralBlestimbresCstampsF*postede poste.>P

>c?somecompoundounsarevaria+leB)les%aprs*midi6lesaprs*midisCafternoonsF%lesgrand*mres6les grandsC)randmoth*mrers1

>d?somehaveans eveninthesin)ularBele%porte*cl's/lesporte*cl'sCe.rin)>s?F%lepare*chocs/ lesC+umppare*r>s?Fchocs

>e? for some there is no chan)elesabatin*theCli)htsh +our plur adesF%lB lespare*

briseC0indscreensF%lespour et lesCthecontrepros and consF8a?)enerall.imported0ordsformtheirplural+.addin) s?lesr'%'rendums/

lesmeetings/ les bi%tecks/ les panoramas/ les m'dias>+? some do not leschan)eBeto/eles) post*scriptum>c?someeepthepluralformoftheirlan)ua)eofori)inBe lesportsmen/

lesgra%%iti>d?some0ordsofatinori)inhave+oth,renchandatinpluralsBe) les

ma#imums6ma#ima/ les minimums6minima

>e?andthe'n)lish0ord+a+.+ecomesbabiesor babys/whisky+ecomeswhiskiesor whiskys/ sandwich+ecomesandwichesor sandwichsI


73/534

*ertainnounsma.havechan)eofmeanin)thepluralformB leslettres Cletters% artssu+jects%lesa%%airesC+usiness%literatureF%affairsFI


74/534

T/' #L# 8&L 31

8c? participles used as adjectivesB

un ourier %atigu' a tired 0orer une histoire connue a 0ellno0n stor.l1eau courante runnin) 0ater

>d? adjectives -ualified +.*meant?adver+ endin) in

un homme e#trFmement laidan extremel. u)l. manun en%ant incroyablemstupidentan un+elieva+l. stupid chi


75/534

32 T&L*TL&'

ad+ecties are usuallybe&orethe nounplaced>a?beauChandsomeF%bonC)oodF%bre% CshortF%dernier ClastF%gentilCniceF%

grandC)reatF%grosC+i)F%hautChi)hF% +euneC.oun)F% +oliCprett.F%longClon)F%mauaisC+adF%meilleur C+etterF%moindreClesserF%nombreu#Cman.F%noueau

Cne0F%petitClittlpremier F%CfirstF%asteChu)eF%ieu#ColdF%raiCrealF%ilain Cu)l.FI

une belle %emme a lovel. 0omande gros pieds +i) feetun long oyage a lon) journe.la premire page the first pa)e

>+? some of these% in certain contexts% follo0 the

la mar'e haute hi)h tided1un ton bre% curtl.

and 0ith da.s of the 0ee% seasons% parts of the .

l1't' prochain next summer la semaine dernire last 0ee

other0ise% the. precede the nounB

le prochain arrFt the next stopla premire6derniresemainedesthe first;last 0ee of the acances

ver.? old house;a former house

cher? un lirecher 6meschersamis

an expensive +oo;m. dear friends

dernier? lund ernier6ladernièrepage

last onda.;the last >of a series? pa)e

noueau? un motnouveau 6unenouvelleoiture

a ne0 >ori)inal? 0ord;a ne0 >could +esecondhand? car

paure? une %ille pauvr 6une pauvre %ille


76/534

a poor >not rich? )irl;a poor )irl >pit. her?

propre? lesmains propres 6tes propresparoles


77/534

T/' #L# 8&L 33

clean hands;.our o0n 0ords

seul? une %emmeseule 6lesul candidat a lonel. 0oman;the onl. candidate


78/534

34 T&L*TL&'

nominé 6nominée Cnominated%shortlistedF%'ner6'neréeCexcited% irritatedF

>+?ifthemasculineadjectiveendsin *as/*el**eil/*en/*et/*ondou+lethelast

consonant ande? add

bas6basseClo0F%traditionnel6traditionnelleCtraditionalF%pareil6pareilleClieF%italien6italienneC$talicadet6cadetnF%teC.oun)er>+rother;sister?F bon6bonne C)oodF

NOTE E#ceptions*et@*te?complet;complèteCfull%completeF%in0uiet6in0uiète C0orriedF%concret6conQconcrete1èteI

>c? some feminine adjectives re-uire specific chan

*er@*re premier6pèreemi first

*%@*e attenti%6attentive attentive

*eu#@*euse heureu#6heureuse happ.

*teur@*trice consolateur6consolatrice comfortin)*eur@*euse menteur6menteuse deceitful

e?adjectivesendin)*in/*ain/*ein/*unadde >the.donot dou+lethelastconsonant?Boisin6oiseCneighbouring1/hautain6hauteChainu)ht.F%plein6 pleinCfullF%commun6communeCcommonFI(6) adjectives*gu@endin)*guL? inaigu6aigu6CsharpF V>see8?J also

(7) some special formsB

blanc6blancheC0hiteF%dou#6douceCsoft%)entleF%%aori6%aorite

CfavouriteF%%rais6%ra7cheCfresh%coolF%% ranc6%rancheCfran%openF%long6 longue


79/534

Clon)F%public6publiqueCpu+lisec6sècheF% Cdr.FI


80/534

T/' #L# 8&L 35

1!5There2arefiveadjectives0hichhavet0omasculinesin)ularforms@the

secondisused+eforeamasculinesin)ularnoun+e)innin)0ithavo0elora

muteh$tisfromthesecondformthatthefeminineadjectiveisformed+. dou+lin) thelast consonante? and addin)

unbeau garBon unbel arbre unebelledamea handsome +o. a fine tree a +eautiful lad.

un homme&ou un&ol espoir une&olleamiea cra:. man a sill. hope a foolish friend

un coussinmou unmol abandon unemolle r'sistancea soft cushion listlessness fee+le resistance

unnouveau directeurunnouvel habit unenouvellerobea ne0 mana)er a ne0 coat a ne0

unvieu soulier unvieil homme unevieille%emmean old shoe an old man an old 0oman

The t0o masculine sin)ular one pluralforms beau#/haveformBonl.%ous/ mous/ noueau#/ ieu#

a?grandoesnotaddane infemininecompounounsBdgrand*mre C)randmotherF%*

routeCmain road;hi)h0a.F%grand*rueCmain streetF%+?Theadjectivesgrand/large/%rais/premier/dernier follo0ed+.a pastparticiple a)ree 0ith their nounB

une %enFtregrand ouerte a 0ide open 0indo0les %leurs&ra7chescueillies freshl. cut flo0ers

#otethatinthecaseof mortCdeadF%noueauCne0F%courtCshortF%hautChi)hFfollo0ed+.a pastparticiplethereisno a)reement%0hateverthe)enderand

num+er of the nounB


81/534

36 T&L*TL&'

une en%antmort *n'e a still+orn child

leurs nouveau %ils*n's their ne0+orn sons

>c?demiChalf% precedin) and lined to a noun +. a hitsnoun%+ut0henitfollo0sanounandislinedtoit+. et/ita)reesin)ender onl.B

unedemi *heure a half hour troisdemi *kilos three half ilosune heuredmiet an hour and a half;13!di# litresdemi et ten and a half litres

>d?nuC+areF%precediand)linedtoa noun+.a h.phen%doesnota)ree0ithits noun% +ut 0hen it follo0s a noun it a)rees 0it

nu *tFte +areheaded nu *pieds +arefoot

Elles sonue,t piedstFtenus8 The. are +areheaded% +arefoot

10.7 Agreement o% ad+ecties o% colour

(1) adjectives of colour normall. a)ree in )ender

une %leur blanche a 0hite flo0er

des %leursblanches 0hite flo0ers

>+? compound adjectives do not a)ree 0ith their no

une +upebleu &oncé a dar +lue sirtdes +upesbleu&oncé dar +lue sirts

>c? if the adjective of colour is also a noun% the

une robecitron a lemon dressdes robescitron lemon dresses

#otethexceptionsBdesnuagesroses CpincloudsFandalsomaue/%aue/'carlate?

d? if t0o or more colours are involved% the adject nounB


82/534

T/' #L# 8&L 37

une chemiseblanc1he2etvert1e2 a 0hite and )reen shirtdes chemisesblanc1hes2etvert1es2 0hite and )reen shirts


83/534

3" T&L*TL&'

NOTE $n comparisonsnema. +e added0ue0henisfollo0ed +. a ver+

Il estmoins

stupidequ’

onne

-le. pensait8/e is less stupid than >not as stupid as? 0e th

>+? the adver+splus/moinsma. +e -ualifiedbeaucoup/+. un peu?

Elle unest peu plusintelligentequeson %rre8he is a little more intelli)ent than her +roth

Ce lire*beaucoupciestmoins cher que celui*l78This +oo is much cheaper than that one

>c?thexpressionsdeplusenplus6demoinsenmoinsCincreasin)l.;lessand lessF ma.modif. an adjective%deenir? often 0ith

2es n'gociations sontdeplusdeenues pluscompli0u'es8The ne)otiations have +ecome more and more comp

>d?comme ClieF is used in similesB

blanc-he.comme neige lissecomme de lasoie %ortcomme un bWu%

as 0hite as

sno0 assmooth as

sil as

stron) as an

ox

NOTEmallchan)es

ineachphrase

@

ustheofanartic

leinsomeThe.

have to +elearned

individuall.

Mnoun?de >M

or

le -la/MnounMles. -la/ les.Madjectiveplus6moinsde?

>MSa maisonla est plusbelle deillela8


84/534

/is house is the most+eautiful >one? in theto

Elle a mis sonle

chap

eau p

luschic 8he put on hersmartest hat


85/534

T/' #L# 8&L 39

C1est desun plus intéressantsbMtimentsdelaille m'di'ale8$tFs one of the most interestin) +uildin)s in t

NOTE Thepossessiveadjctive-mon/ma/mes4.canreplacethedefinite article%de and-deu/ la/ de isl1/usdeds.0here 'n)lish uses Cin% o

or mon/ ma/I?mesmeilleur-e.-s.C+estF

Ses r'sultatsmeilleurssontqueles miens8

/er;/is results are +etter than mineElles nossontmeilleuresamies8The. are our +est friends

C1estla meilleure0ualit'qu’ onpuisse acheter8$tFs the +est .ou can +u.

>+?mauaishast0odifferentcomparativeandsuperlativeforms@0ith differentmeanin)sB

1● plus mauais-e.-s.C0orseFle/andla/>or mon/les ma/I?mesplusmauais -e.-s.C0orstF >in terms of -ualit.?

2● pire-s.C0orseFle/andla/>or mon/les ma/I?mespire-s.C0orstF >in a mor sense?

2e in'tait plus mauvais quele repas8The 0ine 0as 0orse than the meal

C1estle plus mauvaisrestaurantdu 0uartier8

$tFs the 0orst restaurant in the arean escrocdela pireespce,The 0orst ind of cheatK

9a seraton pireennemi8/eFll +e .our 0orst enem.

>c?petithast0odifferentcomparativeandsuperlativeforms@0ithdifferentmeanin)sB

1● plus petit-e.-s.CsmallerFle/ andla/>or mon/les ma/I?mesplus petit-e.-sCsmallestF >in terms of si:e?2● moindre-s.ClesmallerFs%andle/la/les>or mon/ma/mesI? moindre-s.


86/534

Cleast% smallestF >in a moral sense?


87/534

4! T&L*TL&'

Elles plussont petites0ue les autres8The. are smaller than the others

Il estleplus petit en%antsdes8/e is the smallest of the children

e le considreun moindrecommemal8$ consider it to +e a lesser evil

Elle n1ale pasmoindredoute8he hasnFt the least dou+t a+out it

and noteB

3ernier point 7 souligner desmoindres8et nonast +ut not least


88/534

(oute %emme est belle 7 mon ais8'ver. 0oman is +eautiful in m. opinion


89/534

T/' #L# 8&L 41

$n some expressions the article is omittedB

7tout pri# at an. price

7touteheure at an. time

detouscKt's on >from? all sides

>+? prontous/nB toutes/ tout le monde/ tout ce 0ui60uCall >of .ou?% ever.one% ever.thin)% +oth >of .ou?

(ous sont arri's 7 temps8The. all arrived on;in time

$ous poue) lestoutesmanger8Hou can eat all of them

(out le mondeconnaRt ses d'%auts8'ver.one is a0are of his;her faults

e t1ai racont'toutceque +e sais8$Fve told .ou all $ no0

The prontoutn>ms onl.? often precedes past participle

Nous ous tout aonsracont'8=e have told .ou ever.thin)


90/534

42 T&L*TL&'

>d?Theadver+toutCcompletel.%-uiteFadopthesfeminine)enderandnum+er0henitprecedesafeminineadjective+e)innin)0ithaconsonantoraspirate h>see8?

C1est une oituretout e#traordinaire8$tFs -uite an extraordinar. car

Elle est toutearri'seule8he arrived +. herself

2eurs chaussurestoutes'taientmouill'es8Their shoes 0ere soain) 0et

Elles tout sontheureuses d1entendre os nouelles8The. are -uite deli)hted to hear .our ne0s

Elle touteesthonteuse8

heFs completel. ashamed


91/534

1en uai plusieurs8


92/534

T/' #L# 8&L 43

$ sa0 several >of them?

invaria+le? Ceach% ever.F

Chaque en%ant portait un chapeau8'ach child 0as 0earin) a hat

A chaque %enFtre il y aait des rideau#8 At ever. 0indo0 there 0ere curtains

>+? pronounBchacun-e.Ceach >one?% ever. >one?F

Il a r'ponduchacne7des %emmes8/e ans0ered each of the 0omen

Chacun te l1e#pli0uera8'ach one 0ill explain it to .ou


93/534

44 T&L*TL&'

Elle a donn' le cadeauautretante78sonhe )ave the present to her other aunt

Nous aonsd1autresu%ilms8=e have seen >some? other films

Elle a troautre'amiun8he has found a ne0;another friend

Son opinion autreest8 tout/is;her opinion is -uite different

>+? pronoun

Thepronounautre-Csomeone.else%othersFma. +e preceded+.theindefinite or definiteun-e./ d1/articlesl1/les

%ne autreaurait accept'8omeone else 0ould have accepted

Elle n1end’autrespas8he hasnFt an. others;more

OZ sontles autres(=here are the othersJ

>c?autre choseCsomethin) elseF

Il n1aime pas ce cadeauautrechose88Il eut/e doesnFt lie this present /e 0ants somethin

>d?d1autruiCof others% other people% someone elseF@use ,rench

Sans l1aided’autrui on n1aurait pas su le %aire8=ithout someone elseFs help 0e could not have d

Neprene) +amais d’autrui les8biens

#ever tae other peopleFs propert.


94/534

Ils se tenaientlesunsserr'scontreles autres8


95/534

T/' #L# 8&L 45

The. 0ere standin) close to)ether

Les unsbuaient/lesautres%umaient8ome 0ere drinin)% others 0ere smoin)

of them? spea ,rench +etter than >the? o

117l’un1e21l’autre-l’un1e2et!oul’autre-ni l’un1e2ni l’autreCeachother(+oth;one or the other( neitherF

[email protected]:in)reflexive pronoun

Ilss’ aimentl’un l’autre8

The. love each otherElle a init' ;atrickL’un etl’autre2auriendront88he has invited atric and a0rence The.Fll +

e les ai init'es L’unetoutesl’autrelesa deu#enir88$ have invited +oth of them ne or the other 0

On a pos' la 0uestion 9i au#l’undeu#nil’autre%rresn1ar'pondu88=e ased +oth +rothers #either replied

'ach set of pronouns has plural formsB

9i les un1e2s ni les autresn1ont oulu commencer8#either )roup 0anted to +e)in

e l1ai commau ni0u'unset au autres8$Fve informed +oth )roups


96/534

46 T&L*TL&'

$f on clearl. refers to a feminine and;or plural noun referrin) to the noun must a)ree0ith the noun Th

Alors/onestcontentes,les petites(

=ell% are 0e happ. no0% )irlsJ:n estdevenus bon copains8=e +ecame )ood friends


97/534

=e found the house ourselves


98/534

T/' #L# 8&L 47

>+? pronoun

le/ la/ les=mFme-s.CthesameF

1aime ton chapeau5lem$meoi/8 +1ai$ lie .our hat( $Fve )ot one the same

;our lui un ca%'5le m$mepour8 elle A coffee for him( the same for her

Ce sont tou+ourslesm$me0ui sont les derniers8$tFs al0a.s the same >ones? 0ho are last

>c? adver+

:Fme >invaria+lCevenF?usuall.follosthever+%+ut pre"edes thepast participle:Fmema. +e follo0ed +. an emphatic pronoun

On pourrait m$mere%userd1y aller8=e could even refuse to )o


99/534

4" T&L*TL&'

%ne si belle +ourn'e,3es cadeau#tellement co+? adver+B0uel0ue>invaria+le? Csome% approximatel.F

Il yquelquea trente ans 0u1elle a 0uitt' la "rance8he left ,rance some thirt. .ears a)o

Quelque stupides 0u1ils so

[Margaret Lang, Isabelle Perez] Modern French Gram(BookZa.org)

Documents

Transcript of [Margaret Lang, Isabelle Perez] Modern French Gram(BookZa.org)