given off, arid brilliant yellow crybtals of dichlor-dinitro-dip}ienylurea separate out. T h i a body has the forru1i1,t .

X HC,II,CIKOO, ~ ' 0 b H C , J I $ l X o 2 *

a i d i b irisoluble 111 hater, d i g h t l ~ soliilile in alcohol, and fuses at 208-2 10

Z({PII? . *VOA. t i ( r i l i l i Ioditnett2~/, ba8ed upon the use of Perntarbeat S twr~darr l S d w -

tions, E. ALLARY.-Modified method of J. Pellieux and E. Allary. n'oticerl elwwhere.

O u the Oxidiitlou of' Formic Acid and Oxalic Acid bg means of' .4tthitaotbittcu,? Ozitle o f ~ o ~ p e r , P. C A Z E ~ E L \ E.- If oxalic or for- niic. avicl I S heated in a healed tube, at 1503, with ammoriiacal oxide of copi)cr, it I S quickly changc~d t o carbonic. acid. T h e reaption is reprr- seutecl thus for formic acid .

C'l1202 + i(CuHAO,) + 2(NI€,) = C'O,H,(NH,), + Cu,O + YH,O. CO,H,(NH,), + CU,O j- 0 = C'O,Cu(NH,), + CUHZO,.

Journal fuer Yraktische Chemie. .Vti/: . % i ~ i ~ ~ , J7d. S L X .

Abstractor. E D G A R EVERHART. PH. D

Pgvomecoruic Acid , ITERXAXS O w (19, 1 iT).--The free acid has a constant boiling point of about i ?p jo , and leaves only a slight carhoiiacwiis residue after distillation. I ts vapor density could not be a t i r n a t e d on account of its slow evaporation and part,ial decompo- sition. I t has oiily feeble acid properties, turning litmus only slightly wine-red.

'l'hew are twcp classes of salts formed, both being well character- ized, and c~ystal l ine ; the neutral, C,H,O,M, and C,H,O,M + C,H,O,. 'l'he latter are c:tlled tliyyromeconates. Both classes of salts are unstable, have alkaline reaction, itre decomposed by water at looo, and deflagrate whep heated strongly. Wheri the base is added in excess, the pyrorne'coriic acid is quickly decomposed with the forma- tion of much formic acid.

H C - I and I1,SO, form cornpourids with the acid, having the respec- tive forrnul:e, C,H,O,HCI, and 2CsH,0,.H,S0,. Both cornporilids are decomposed hy water. Nitric acid, added to a solutiori of C,H,O, in acetic acid, forms a nitro-I)yrornec:oiiic acid, C',H,(NO,)O,, which is decomposed by boiling water. 'The nitro compound crystallizes in yellow prisms, arid easily forms salts with bases. Yn and HCI reduce

ABS'I'RACI'S : J U r R S A L FL'ER PKAK'I'ISCHE CIIEMIE. 49 1

it to the corresponding amide, C,H,(JSHH,)O,, which crystallizes in colorless needles, and acts as a powerful reducing agent.

Nitroso-dipyromeconic acid is obtained as a yellow precipitate, by conducting nitrous acid into an ethereal solution of the pyromeconic acid. An excess of the precipitant produces nitro-pyromeconic acid. T h e nitroso compound is very unstable, and, by water and alcohol, is changed, first, into pyrorneconic acid and nitroso-yyromeconic acid, but, after longer standing, into a product having the coinposition, (',H,NCI, + C,H,O,. This last crystallizes from cold water in mono- symmetric tables, and, on boiling with chloroform, is split u p into pyromeconic acid and an insoluble C,II,NO,, which the author calls oxy-pyromecazonic acid. I t crystallizes either anhydrous in colorless ntxdles, or with water, in short, thick prisms which are soluble in hot water and alcohol, but insolrtble in ether and chlwoform. I t is H

monobasic. acid. An excess of the base, however, easily decomposes i t . l'he soda, potash, baryta and lime salts have been prepared. W i t h hydro- chloric acid it forms a hydrochlorate, C,H,NO,HCI. By long diges- tion with tin and hydrochloric acid, it is reduced to pyromecazonic, an isomere of amido-pyrorneconic acid. This last body cryYtallizes i n plates ; i* soluble, with difficulty, in wnter and alcohol, and illsoluble in ether. I t reduces silver solutions immecliately. and forins an indigo blue color with ferric, chloride. Can he partially sublimed. 111

alkalies it is easily sc~liible, but may then be readily oxidized by the oxygen of the air.

It acts as a reducing agent, and is no nitroso compotind.

On the C'orbwtit rrtiori of the tr-ilirrm.Ido-anthraquinorie ohtrtlaed bil the lierlttctiutc of t lwt L)ir&itr.o-ccntl~r.rq~~i~~otie, wh4r.k i s m a d e 61j the Ar*tinri of (I Mictrtr*e of 3 i t r l c arid Su.?pkur4c Ariclw on ilritWrrrqui,Lor&e, H. V O N PERGER (19, 209).--8incc, by the melting with potash, alizarine is obtained, while the action of ammonia or aliz- arine produces another diamiclo-anthraquir~one having quite different properties, it was converted illto the moiiosulplionate by the action of fiimiiig sulphuric acid a t the ordinary temperatiire. T h e acid was crystallized out of alcohol. W'lirn the two amido groups were elim- inated froin the diamido-anthraquinone-sulphonic acid, an anthraqui- none-dphonic acid was obtained that was identical with that obtained directly from aiithraqiiinone, and which, when heated with potash to 150-160°, yielded oxy-anthraquinone ; by a higher temperatiire, how- ever, alizarine.

F. U POWER (19, 223) . A n A n a l ~ e d s of the Mitierul S p i i z g at Rosheim, in Atwntin,

AHB'l'RhCTS : .JOURNAL F U k R PR.\KTISCHE CHEMIE. 493

Da the Bel&a?*ior of Glue and t?Le Carbohgdrates wi th Chro- ntntes, cinder the Inflrience of Light, J. 31. EDER (19, 294).-It was found tha t chromic acid, in the light, fornia a coagnlum with glue, u hich dissolves on warming. Further, that glue with a bichromate, in dry condition, could be kept in the dark for a long time without cliange, but if moistened and heated, it became insoluble. In the light, even H hen perfectly dry, the glue arid bichromate are changed in a few seconds, the glue becoming insoluble in hot water, and the chromic acid becoming yeduced to chromium trioxide. Formic acid is produved ill corisiderable quantities by the oxidation of glue. Sugar, when mixed with a ohromate, is much less sensitive to the light. T h e mixture loses its hygroscwpic character, but not its solubility. Dextrine behaves like sugar. Albumen, with chromates, is very susceptible to the influence of light.

CniLtrlbtctionx to the Ciwmistryj of the Bile, G. IIL EFNEK,

(19, :3O2).--The secretion of glycocholic acid, the beparation of several important constituents of the bile, arid on the preparation of cholic acid and cholamide.

O?L the So~ircw of H i p p w i c Acid in the Urine of Herblwrotrs i i n i t n d s , 0. h h w (19, .'Jog).-Quinic acid was found in ordinary meadow hay. This acid would be changed into hippuric. during thcb process of digcstion. Iknzoic acid was also recognized in vraiiberrieq.

OW tibe Constitution of Dic?doi*-nxol~wnoZ, R. QCHXIITI (19, :3 I .L).-R. IIirscli had advanced the opinion that the body olJtaitied from para-amidophenol, by chloride of lime, conld not be dichlor-azo- l,iieriol, bu t rather chlorquinonimide, because hydrochloric. acid clranges it directly into diclilor-amidoplienol. In order to throw home light on the subject, para-azophenetol was digested a loiig time i l l scaled tube*, with hydrochloric acid, a t a temperature of 150'. T h e result of the reaction was para-amidochlorphenol ; hence, azo coniponnds can be changed directly into chloriiiatcd amides by t1ydrochlt)ric acid. Para- azophcnol yielded, under like treatment, benzidine, aniline and para- c.hloraniline. Para-amidophenetol, however, did not yield with rhloride of lime azophenetol, but the same product as para-amitlophenol. T h e conclusion arrived a t was that Hirsch was justified in his opinion, hilice in the formation of qninoniniirle the ethyl group must be elim- inated from the amidophenetol.

A Netv Dye-Stcctf' fvotr& C),.ti&o-at)Li~Co~~ltei&O1, G. FlSCHER (19, 3 17).-The author has foiuid that , by the oxidation of ortho-amido- phenols (best oxidized by means of ferricyanide of potassium), a red

494 ABBTBAC'D3 : JOURNAL FUER PRAKTIBCHG CHEMIB.

coloring matter is obtained that can he purified by sublimation. It forms garnet-red needles which sublime without melting at 241'. TI is scarcely soluble in water, and, with difficulty, in alcohol, ether, &c., with a green fluorescence, possesses feeble basic properties, and dissolves in acids with a blue or deep violet color, The cornporrition of the dye-stuff is C,H,,N,O,.

O n a Grey Modification of T in , A. ~ C H E R T E I . (19, 322).- Schertel obtained a piece of tin that had been found in a walled-up window niche of the Cathedral a t Freiberg, and that had lain there for several centuries. This modification of tin can be pulverized between the fingers ; it# specific gravi ty is 5.8 ; by heating merely irt t h e vapor of aceton, it changes iuto ordinary tin ; its color is leaden grey, and its fracture uneven. It is electro-negative to ordinary tin in a weak solution of caustic potash, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid, bu t electro-positive in nitric acid.

Notice on Malonic U C C ~ , H E R B v. MILLER (19,32@).--The author finds that the best method of preparing this acid consists in treat- ing potassium chloracetatc in a concentrated solution with potah Rium cyanide (not in excess), and in decomposing the potassium cyanacetate, BO obLained, by potassic hydrate. Potassium malonate crystallizes with two niolecules of water ii i transparent monosymmet- ric crystals, which deliquesce in moist air. I n the electrolysis of this ealt, carbonic acid and hydrogen, with minute traces of ethylene, are given off.

O n the Pi*eprcration of Cr?ptrcUinu Albumen Compounds, E. DRECHSEL (19, 331).-The preparation of these, according to Sctimiedeberg, is attended with difficulty, but i t can be eanily effected by dissolving the crystalloids, freshly precipitated by carbonic acid, b y digestion in water and magnesia, and bringing in a dialyzer placed in absolute alcohol. When the water diffuRes in the alcohol, the granular crystals can be readily separated from the liquid. This method of '' alcohol dialysis," the author recommends for the piepar- ation of other albumen compounds in a crystalline condition. I3y this meaiis urea in blood may be easily detected.

The Polrstbit~t)j of the &ietence of Fuiigoid Growth 496 the Absence of OzEygew, M. MENCEI (19, 337).-This research is intended t o refnte the conclusions of Gunning (Berichte d. d. Chem. Gesell., 11, 1380), who thinks that without access of oxygen decomposition cannot take place. From his experiments, the author taoncludes tha t the fungi die in sealed tubes, not by reason of the

A13R'TRACTG : JOCRNAL FUER PHAKTISCHE: CHEMIE. 495

absence of oxygen, but because of the gaseous products produced from themselves.

on Pnra-os~ twd icy lk acid, A. GOLDBERG (19, 359).-Tbis acid was made by melting iodosalicylic acid with caustic potash. T h e iodosalicylic acid was not obtained directly from salicylic acid, bo t by treating para-diazosalicylic acid with a concentrated aqueous solu- tion of hgdroiodic acid. The oxysalicylic acid, 1 : 2 : 5 (CO, = 1) melts a t 196', and, on distillation with pumice, yields hydroquinone. It crystallizes i n prisms, soluble i n water, alcohol and ether ; in it8 aqueous solution, ferric chloride colors it deep blur, and in i ts amrnon- iacal solution, argentic nitrate produces a precipitate, which soon turns brown and forms the silver mirror. An alkaline solution, in contact with air, is colored a reddish-brown. I t s ammoriir~m salt crystallizes in needles, as also does its barium salt. The ethyl-ester of oxysalicylic acid melts a t S j 0 , is volatile with water vapor, and p o w w e s a friiity smell. In decomposing the diazosalicylic acid directly with water, a good yield was obtained only when the acid suspended in water was saturated wi th concentrated sulphuric acid, and the sulphate decorn- posed by boiling with water.

On Orthr~--dinniidodiphelletol, R MOE:HI,AU (19, QPI).-A research ,m the base obtained by the decomposition of ortho-hydram- phenetol with acids. This base Ntands in the same relation to benzidine and toliiidine as hydrazophenetol to hydrazobenzole and hgdrazotoluol, and can, therefore, be called ortho-diarnidodiphenetol (ortho-diethoxy- benzidine), C, H,(O~',H,)NH,-C,H,(OC,"II,.

The free base crystallizes from hot water in colorlesv needle8 or leaves, melts a t l l S o , distils under partial decomposition ; is scarcely soluble in cold, more easily in hot water-easily in alcohol and ether, and is easily oxidized in the air. The hydrochlorate salt obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on the hydrazophrnetol, crystallizes in needles or plates that are easily acted npon by air, melts with decomposition above 120', and is colored red by oxidizing aubstances. The stannous double chloride is adapted to the pre- paration of pure ortho-diamidodiT.'Iieiietol. It crystallizes in rhombic plates. The hydrochlorate reduces the salts of the precious metals. A platinum double salt, however, can be prepared by adding a solution of platinic chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid, to an alcoholic bolution of the hydrochlorate. T h e salt ir, e a d y decomposed by water, and appears to contain three molecules of 11,O. T h e sulphate forms uhining needles, Noluble in warm water, and i n decomposed a t 100'. The nitrate forms colorless needles.

On the Action oj'CltZoride offiirnr! on Ethyl Alcohol. E. S c r i s r r ~ ~ and Dr. GOLDBERG (19, 393).-1Sy tlie gradual warming of alcohol with chloride of lime, a yellow oil is formed, which t?xplotlths un(ler t l w influence of light and heat. The explosive yellow i i i I c 5 0 1 1 i t i riot bt. isolated or determined, llrit, the author s ~ ~ p p o s e , ~ i t t i ) I W nn ethyl-ether hypochlorite. l 'hc. products of the t1ei.orziposition ,)I' rhc, o i l I U V P been invePtigated and recognized as aldehyde, I ~ l O l i O C . ~ i ~ O ~ ; l C . ( . ~ a!, di- cliloracetal, aiid a yellow oil that boils at :i-?*', and suppostitt to 1~ chlormethyl-ethyl-ether.

A n ddcantageotc.u Method of Prepara t ion of PharboCglycdlic. Acid, uud O M PllrognZloZtrigZ!/coUic Acid, PIERO G i ~ c ~ o s a (19, 3%). -1 he method recorniriended is to melt on the watcr bath equivalent amount8 of phenol and nionocbloracetic acid, and to add, with von- s tant stirring, four parts by weight of caustic soda (spec. gr., l.:j). A violent reaction takes place, and, after cooling, the inass solidifieli. T h e sodium salt freed from the mother liquor and treated with hydro- chloric, aci(1, yields the free acid, C,,H,O.CH,CO,FI, rrhich may readily be purified by vryst,aIIization from warm water. ]Villi broinirie water the acid yields R inonobromine derivative. I n like manner, from monochloracetic aeid and pyrogallol, is made ~~yrogalloltri#I~collic. acid, which crystallizes in long, rhombic needles. It is svlul)le in hot water, melts a t 198', and yields crystallizable salts. 'l'ht: neutral potassium salt is changed by acetic acid into a, difficultly soluble w i d salt, C,,H,,O,K + E€,().

On Cycinamide, G. PRAETORIUS-SEIULER (19, :3!B).-'J'hv anthor attempt,eti to prepare oxyguanidine from hydrochloric hyclroxylaniinr and cyanamide. H e succeeded in obtaining a platinuiii salt, having the composition, iCH,K;,OHCIPtCI,, but neither the free base nor ita hydrochloric acid salt could be isolated. By heating cyanamide with salicylic acid in a11 absolute alcohol solution, salicylic acid ether arid urea RTere obtained, hut the action of cyanamide on lactic acid yielded only urea and no lactic acid ether.

r 1

I tentdts of the Worzuegtnn North Sea Expedition, HERCULES TOKNUE (19. 4Ol).-The author communicates his investigations on the gases held by the sea water a t different depths. He confirmv the results obtained by Jacobsen. Tables are given with the amounts of K arid 0, held in solution a t different depths.

On the Antiseptic action of Acids, NADINA SIERER (19, 433).- I n a variety of experiments, the author has determined what percent- age of acid was necessary to prevent putrefaction in solution^ that

were favorable t o the development of fermentation. H e found that 0.5 per cent. of hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric or acetic acid was fully sutficient for tbe purpose, while of butyric acid 1 per cent. was necessary, and of laetic acid somewhat more. Even 4 per cent. of boracic acid was not capable of entirely stopping fermentation. Finally, phenol was fourid to possess extraordinary antiseptic qiiali- ties in a 0.5 per cent. solution. In these acid solutions, however, there waH always R mould.

On the Antieeptlc Qualities of P p o g w U o l , IT. &.WET ( IS, 445\. -It was found that pyrogallol, in a 1 to 13 per cent. solution, wab able t o prevent the decomposition of animal tissue. A solution containing f rom 2 to 23 per cent. pyrogallol removed the smell from a strongly smelling sirbstance tilled with bacteria, and destroyed the hacteria. Finally, 2 per rent. was enough to hinder alcoholic fermentation, as well as the vegetation of mould.

On the action of Chlorine on DibenzvZ, R. KADB (19, 461).-1f chlorine be conducted over dibenzyl that has been previously melted with iodine, the dibenzyl melts, and if the operation be interrupted a t the proper time, dichlor-dibenzyl is obtaitied. It crystallizes in shining plates that melt a t 1 I?'. It can be distilled unchanged, and by oxida- tion yields para-chlorbenzoic acid, If the diheiixyl, mixed with iodine, be powdered, and chlorine he conducted over it, at first tolnylene, a i d afterw'srdu dichlortoluylene, are produced. l'oluylene is also made when chlorine i n passed into diberizyl wpor. Toluylene melts a t 120°, dic*hlortoluylene at 170". Finally, by the action of potassic. chlorate on dihenzyl, toluylene (C14H12) is produced

illethodn of Estimating Chenaicnl Afflnittj, UT. OSTM'ALI) (19, 46F).-Nol suitable for abstraction.

Notlce on Cvnmethirre (C,kI,,hT,), E. Y. b i E Y E R (I9,484).-Cyane- thine, which, according t o the experiments of the author, behaves with ethyl iodide and acetyl chloride as R trivalent base, when heated with moderately dilute d p h u r i c acid to 180-200~, gives off ammonia arid takes up the eleinents of water, yielding a beautifully crystallizing base containing oxygen, and having the composition; CoH14N,0.

On the CompoPOtion a n d Banlcitjj of H~~pow4phwrCc A d d , H. KOLBE (19, 485).-l1lie aiithor haH tried all possible menns to form acid salts of hypoHulphuric acid, but in vain. He, therefore, regards it as a monobasic, acid, having the composition, HSO,, not H,S,O,, as generally given.