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eJournal uSa

� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

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eJournal uSa

� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

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Irj­kz­hè­ghj­nb­yf­cbkm­cndf­gj­dcñ­lbE 1989 hj wè irj kzh yf qvty yz Fktrc Jhfylé gè ijd e g’zn yb wñ yf dt xèh re. Nfv dèy epzd cz hjp åj hj yñ df nb ökjg wèd, zrè gj åb kb cz, è pf ub yed. Jl yjr kfc yb rb Fktr cf p ct htl ymjÿ irj kb d Ifh­kjn nè (infn Gèd yèx yf Rf hj kè yf) yt pf öj nè kb, ojå qj uj cvthnm cnf kf kb it ot jl ybv cnf nbc nbx­ybv afr njv. E gf v’znm ghj Fktr cf dj yb jh uf yè­pe df kb nj df hb cndj ≤Irj kz hè ghj nb yf cbkm cndf gj dcñ lb≥ (SAVE – CTQD), zrt åj htnm cz pf fn vjc­at he åtp gt rb d irj kè, lt å yt åe kj cnhf öe è dct cghbz kj yf dxfy yñ dcèö irj kz hèd.

Pdèl nj lè wt nj df hb cndj cnf kj pf ufkm yj yf wèj­yfkm yjñ yt rj vth wèq yjñ jh uf yè pf wèæñ pè 150 dèl lè kty yz vb gj dcèö Cgj ke xt ybö Inf nfö è gj yfl 167 000 xkt yèd. Jct htl rb ≤CTQD≥ db ybr kb d gj xfn rj dbö irj kfö, cnfh ibö rkf cfö, rj kt léfö

è uhj vfl cmrbö jh uf yè pf wè zö e 44 inf nfö è xj nb­hmjö èy ibö rhfÿ yfö – Rf yf lè, Yè ut hèÿ, Nhè yè lf lè q Öjh df nèÿ.

Vè cèz nj df hb cndf ≤CTQD≥, cndjht yj uj ex yz vb lkz ex yèd, gj kz ufæ d nj ve, ojå pvty ie df nb yf­cbkm cndj d irj kfö, pf ke xf nb ex yèd e ghj uhf vb p åtp gt rb, hjp gj dèlf nb irj kz hfv ghj yf ckèl rb yf cbkm cndf, cndjhñ df nb vjé kb djc nè lkz uhj vfl­cmrjÿ hj åj nb q db öj dfy yz è db rkf lf nb yf dbx rb dht ue kñ dfy yz rjy akèr nèd. Hfl yb rf vb, zrè ghf wñ­ñnm p rjé ybv dèl lè kty yzv, db cne gf ñnm dxb nt kè, åfnm rb, irèkm yè rjy cekm nfy nb nf èy iè pf wè rfd kt yè lj hjc kè.

Lj­lfn­rj­de­èy­ajh­vf­wèñ­vjé­yf­pyfq­nb­yf­cfq­nè­Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ­fcj­wèf­wèÿ­ex­yèd­ghj­nb­yf­cbkm­cndf­gj­dcñ­lb:­ht­tp://www.nationalsave.org

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dfæ­pf­yb­ét­yf­cf­vjj­wèy­rf.­Èy­ib­vb­ckj­df­vb,­kf­vf­ñnm-cz­dcè­ezd­kty­yz­ghj­dkfc­ye­wèy­yècnm­è­rjv­gt­ntyn­yècnm.­Gj­-vjæ­ve,­gj­xfc­nb­wt­pe­vjd­kt­yj­åf­éfy­yzv­pyfq­nb­cdjæ­vèc­wt.­F­gj­xfc­nb­–­nbv,­oj­lèd­xfn­rf­åf­xfnm­e­pf-cj­åfö­vf­cj­djÿ­èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ.­Yf­dè­ltj,­d­éeh­yf­kfö­è­gj­nt­kt­dè­pj­he­yfc­åjv­åkznm­cnhf­öèn­kb­db­vb­èltz­vb­ghj­nt,­zrb­vb­≤gj­dby­yè≥­åe­nb­lèd­xf­nf.

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Vèf UfvvGhj cf vj gj df ue è cgjhn

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Yf gj gthtl yèq cnj hèy wè: Vèf Ufvv hf lèæ, åj ÿÿ gjl he uf gj rj vfy lè pf åb kf ujk d jcnfy ymj ve vfn xè ÿÿ ghja tcèq yjÿ rf h’æ hb 9 uhel yz 2004 hj re ghj nb éè yj xjÿ påèh yjÿ Vtr cb rb; dyb pe: Vèf dt lt v’zx gt htl nbv, zr pf åb nb ujk e uhè ghj nb rj vfy lb Yè vtx xb yb gèl xfc yf gèd aè yfkm yj uj vfn xe yf Jkèv gèq cmrbö èu hfö 2004 hj re.(© AP/WWP)

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KidsHea lth. Dèy – gt lè fnh, fd njh rèkm rjö rybu ghj plj hj d’z lè ntq.

KidsHea­lth ghj gj yeæ dèl gj dè lèYèk­Fq­pty­åthu

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�0 Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

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ht­tp://www.hiay.org/index.html

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ht­tp://www.pre­ve­ntioninstit­ute.org/children.html

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eJournal uSa

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eJournal uSa

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cmrbq­nht­ye­dfkm­ybq­nf­åèh­ghj­uhf­vb­≤Åfc­rtn­åjk­åtp­rjh­lj­yèd≥­e­gèd­lty­yèq­fa­hb­wè.­nht­ye­dfkm­yè­nf­åj­hb­vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ­ghj­uhf­vb­p­åfc­rtn­åj­ke­q­hj­åj­nb­p­yf­ct­kty­yzv­≤Åfc­rtn­åjk­åtp­rjh­lj­yèd≥­lè­ñnm­d­fa­hb­wè,­Æd­hj­gè,­gèd­lty­yèq­fvt­hb­wè­q­fpèÿ.­ghj­uhf­ve­cndjhb­kb­yf­wèj­yfkm­yf­åfc­rtn­åjkm­yf­fcj­wèf­wèz­è­vèé­yf­hjl­yf­at­lt­hf­wèz­åfc­rtn­åj­ke.­dj­yf­pfq­vf­ænm­cz­hj­åj­njñ­p­vèc­wt­dbv­yf­ct-kty­yzv,­jc­dè­njñ,­gj­gekz­hb­pf­wèæñ­åfc­rtn­åj­ke,­lj­åhj­xby­yèc­nñ­q­gèl­db­oty­yzv­èy­ajh­vj­df­yjc­nè­uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè­p­gb­nfym­dèK/Cyè­Le.

Ghz­vf­vj­df

Ijy Åhtl kè hjp gj dè lfæ ghj nt, zr wt – åe nb yt cöj ébv yf èy ibö

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

kty­yz­lj­ybö.­z­yt­påb­hfd­cz­cnhfé­lf­nb­dèl­ÿöymj­uj­yt­dèu­kf­cndf­xb­pf­plhjc­nè,­wt­ghj­cnj­yt­åe­kj­nj­uj­dfh­nj^­vjæ­hj­pe­vèy­yz­yt­pe­gb­yz­kj­ÿö­è­yt­gj­v’zr­ie­df-kj­jå­hf­pb­dèl­yf­cvè­ijr.­Jl­yfr­dj­yj­lj­gj­vju­kj­vt­yè­pyfq­nb­ghf­dbkm­yt­cnfd­kty­yz­lj­wmj­uj.Nf­rè­ht­xè­nhfg­kz­ñnm­cz­lj­cè­è,­qvj­dèh­yj,­ceg­hj­dj-

lée­df­nb­venm­vt­yt­dct­ébn­nz.­z­pf­délb­åe­le­2­vtn­hb­29­cfy­nb­vtn­hèd­yf­phècn,­è­z­yè­yf­oj­å­wt­yt­ghj­vè-yzd.­Kñ­lb­pf­délb­pdth­nf­nb­venm­yf­vt­yt­edf­ue,­flét­yt­ojl­yz­pec­nhè­xf­æi­kñ­ltq­nf­rj­uj­phj­cne.­z­ec­dè­lj-vbd­wt­le­ét­hf­yj,­è­nt­gth­z­yf­vf­ufñ­cz­yf­dxb­nb­cdj­ÿö­lè­ntq­dèl­xe­df­nb­cdjñ­pyf­xe­oècnm.­Dj­yb­dfé­kb­dè,­è,­uj­kjd­yt,­Åju­kñ­åbnm­ÿö.­Cf­vt­wt­z­öj­nèd­åb­lj­ytc­nb­lj­dfc:­zrjÿ­å­hf­cb,­dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz­q­tn­yèx­yj­uj­gj-öj­léty­yz­db­yt­åe­kb­è­d­zrèq­cb­nef­wèÿ­db­å­yt­jgb­yb-kbcm...­Åju­kñ­åbnm­dfc^­­■

Lev­rb,­db­ckjd­kt­yè­d­wèq­cnfn­nè,­yt­jåj­d’zp­rj­dj­påè­uf­ñnm-

cz­p­gj­ukz­lf­vb­fåj­gj­kè­nb­rjñ­ehz­le­CIf.

Yf gj gthtl yèq cnj hèy wè: uhf dtwm rj vfy lb ≤Lfk kfc Vf dt hèrc≥ Ijy Åhtl kè (pkè df) gj peæ p åj kèkm yb wtñ gèc kz uhb e uhel yè 2004 hj re; dyb pe: Ijy gèl åb hfæ v’zx gèl xfc uhb ghj nb rj vfy lb ≤Lty dth Yf uutnc≥ e cèx yè 2004 hj re.(©­AP/WWP)

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

jéb­hèy­yz­–­tgè­lt­vèz,­oj­dhf­pb­kf­vfq­ét­dcè­rhfÿ­yb­cdè­ne.­gj­zc­yb­nb­ÿÿ,­yfq­idbl­it,­vjé­yf­nbv,­oj­dèl­åe­kb­cz­èc­njn­yè­pvè­yb­d­cnb­kè­ébn-nz,­lj­zrbö­yf­kt­éfnm,­pjr­ht­vf,­xfc­nè­it­rj­hbc-ne­dfy­yz­fd­nj­vj­åè­kz­vb,­crj­hj­xty­yz­oj­lty­ybö­aè­pbx­ybö­yf­dfy­nf­étym­è­åèkm­if­lj­cneg­yècnm­uj­nj­dbö­ghj­ler­nèd­öfh­xe­dfy­yz.

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kèc­nñ­cb­lèy­yz­gèl­nt­kt­dè­pj­hjv­è­jéb­hèy­yzv­(1985­h.),­jgeå­kè­re­dfd­gth­ie­lj­gj­dèlm­ghj­phj­cnfy­yz­rèkm­rjc-nè­db­gfl­rèd­jéb­hèy­yz­ct­htl­lè­ntq­è­gèl­kèn­rèd­e­CIF­(1987­h.)­è­db­ce­yed­gth­it­ghb­ge­oty­yz­ghj­èc­ye­dfy­yz­rhb­nbx­ybö­gt­hèj­lèd­lkz­hjp­dbn­re­jéb­hèy­yz­e­lè­ntq­è­gèl­kèn­rèd­(1994­h.).­Lj­rnjh­Lènw­hjp­vjd­kzæ­p­yf­erj-dbv­ju­kz­lf­xtv­éeh­yf­ke­≤Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb≥­It­hèk­Gtk­kt­hèy.

Gb nfy yz:­Oj­db­yf­pb­dfæ­nt­jéb­hèy­yzv?

Lènw:­E­Cgj­ke­xt­ybö­Inf­nfö­jéb­hèy­yz­d­lj­hjc­kjÿ­kñ­lb­yb­db­pyf­xf­ñnm­zr­èy­ltrc­vf­cb­nè­kf,­oj­lj­hèd­yñæ­30­è­db­obq.­Ojå­db­hf­öe­df­nb­èy­ltrc­vf­cb­nè­kf,­df­ue­d­rè­kju­hf­vfö­ckèl­hjp­lè­kb­nb­yf­rdfl­hfn­gj­rfp­yb­rf­phj­cne­d­vtn­hfö.­Nf­rt­db­pyf­xty­yz­lj­gj­vf­ufæ­db­zdb­nb­kñ­ltq,­zrbv­pf­uhj­éeæ­pyfx­ybq­hb­pbr­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym,­gj­d’zpf­ybö­p­jéb­hèy­yzv,­yf­ghb­rkfl,­lèf­åt­ne-2,­cth­wt-dj-celby­ybö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym­è­hf­re.Yf­lèf­åtn-1­pf­pdb­xfq­pf­ödj­hñ­ñnm­lè­nb­q­gèl­kèn­rb,­

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obq,­ghb­cen­yè­åèj­öè­vèx­yè­jp­yf­rb­afr­nj­hèd­hb­pb­re­lkz­hjp­dbn­re­lèf­åt­ne-2­è­cth­wt­dj-ce­lby­ybö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym­e­lj­hjc­kj­ve­dè­wè.­Yf­dènm­e­g’z­nb-­è­lt­cz­nb­hèx­ybö­lè­ntq­vjé­yf­db­zdb­nb­afr­njh­hb­pb­re­hjp­dbn­re­wbö­ödj­hjå.­E­gj­yfl­60­dèl­cjn­rèd­nf­rjé­ghb­cen­yèq­ghb­yfq­vyè­jlby­èp­èy­ibö­afr­nj­hèd­hb­pb­re­cth­wt­dj-ce­lby­ybö­pf-

Dè kmzv Lènw – kè rfh, lj rnjh yf er, lb htr njh Dèl lè ke öfh xe dfy yz è aè pbx ybö dghfd Yf wèj yfkm yj uj wty nhe ghja èkfr nb rb è pvèw yty yz plj hj d’z ghb Wty-nhè p rjy nhj kñ è ghja èkfr nb rb pf ödj hñ df yjc nè. Dèy – fd njh gj yfl 150 geå-kè rf wèq e yf erj dbö db lfy yzö è ht lfr njh nhmjö rybu, pjr ht vf “A Guide to Your Child’s Nutr ition” (≤Lj dèl yb rf p öfh xe dfy yz lkz lè ntq≥).

Ukj åfkm yf tgè lt vèz jéb hèy yzÈy­nth­d’ñ­p­Dè­kmz­vjv­Lèn­wtv

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

ödj­hñ­dfym,­yf­ghb­rkfl,­gèl­db­ot­ybq­rhj­d’z­ybq­nbcr,­gèl­db­ot­ybq­hè­dtym­èy­ce­kè­ye­xb­ukñ­rj­pb­fåj­gèl­db­ot-ybq­hè­dtym­kè­gè­lèd­(gèl­db­ot­ybq­hè­dtym­KYG­fåj­gj­yb-ét­ybq­hè­dtym­KDG­öj­ktc­nt­hb­ye).Ldfl­wznm­hj­rèd­nj­ve­lèf­åtn-2­e­lè­ntq­åed­hèl­rèc­nñ,­

jl­yfr­pf­hfp­dèy­pec­nhè­xf­ænm­cz­dct­xfc­nè­it.­Gjl­tre­lb­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz­lèf­åt­njv-2­cnfy­jd­kznm­vfq­ét­gj­kj-db­ye­dcèö­db­zd­kt­ybö­db­gfl­rèd­lb­nz­xj­uj­lèf­åt­ne.­Yfv­nf­rjé­dè­lj­vj,­oj­jéb­hèy­yz­d­gèl­kèn­rj­dj­ve­dè­wè­p­dt­kb­rjñ­qvj­dèh­yèc­nñ­gt­ht­öj­lbnm­d­jéb­hèy­yz­d­lj­hjc-kj­ve­dè­wè­è,­vjé­kb­dj,­cnfæ­ghb­xb­yjñ­dfé­xjÿ­ajh­vb­jéb­hèy­yz­e­lj­hjc­kbö,­yèé­rj­kb­wt­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz­gj-xb­yf­ænm­cz­eét­d­lj­hjc­kj­ve­dè­wè.D­2000­hj­wè­vèé­yf­hjl­yf­uhe­gf­p­jéb­hèy­yz­db­gec-

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Gb nfy yz:­xj­ve­jéb­hèy­yz­yf­pb­df­ñnm­tgè­lt­vèæñ?

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Gb nfy yz:­xj­ve­jéb­hèy­yz­yf­åe­kj­öf­hfr­nt­he­tgè­lt­vèÿ?

Lènw:­Yfq­èvj­dèh­yè­if­ghb­xb­yf­–­pyfx­yè­pvè­yb­e­lj­drèk-kè.­D­CIF­phj­ckj­cgj­éb­dfy­yz­ÿéè­idbl­rj­uj­ghb­uj­ne-dfy­yz­è­åt­pfk­rj­ujkm­ybö­yf­gj­ÿd,­ghj­gj­yj­df­yè­ghj­ler-nb­öfh­xe­dfy­yz­cnf­kb­hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè­ib­vb,­nj­lè­zr­jåèl­è­dt­xt­hz­dlj­vf­p­hj­lb­yjñ­è­oj­lty­yè­aè­pbx­yè­yf­dfy­nf-éty­yz­cnf­ñnm­hèl­rèc­nñ.­Dct­vty­it­lè­ntq­öj­lznm­e­irj-ke­gèi­rb,­f­gkf­ye­dfy­yz­hf­qj­yèd,­jcjå­kb­dj­yf­gèd­lty-yj­ve­cöj­lè­q­gèd­lty­yj­ve­pf­öj­lè­rhfÿ­yb,­gt­htl­åf­xfæ,­oj­lkz­gt­ht­ce­dfy­yz­e­cdj­ÿö­oj­lty­ybö­cghf­dfö­kñ­lb­vf­ñnm­rj­hbc­ne­df­nb­cz­vf­ib­yf­vb.­Gè­nb­d­vf­uf­pby­gèi­rb­yt­vjé­kb­dj,­flét­yf­ct­kt­yè­gey­rnb­yt­ghb­cnj­cj-df­yè­lkz­ghj­ue­kz­yjr:­nfv­yt­vfæ­nhj­nef­hèd.­Fkt­yf­dènm­

zr­oj­phj­åb­nb­nhj­nef­hb,­irj­kb­è­vf­uf­pb­yb­d­wbö­hf-qj­yfö­hjp­nf­ij­df­yè­nfr,­oj­lèq­nb­lj­ybö­crkfl­yj.­Nt­cf­vt­dèl­åe­df­ænm­cz­è­d­yj­dbö­hf­qj­yfö­èy­ibö­ht­uèj­yèd.­Pè­phj­cnfy­yzv­vècn­pvè­yb­kj­cz­è­ghj­lj­djkm­xt­gj­cnf-xfy­yz­d­ecmj­ve­cdè­nè.­Gj­-vjæ­ve,­è­d­èy­ibö­rhfÿ­yfö­jéb­hèy­yz­gj­d’zpf­yj­pè­pyfx­yb­vb­pvè­yf­vb­d­hf­wèj­yè­öfh­xe­dfy­yz,­nj­ve­oj­kñ­lb­gt­ht­öj­lznm­èp­gt­ht­dfé­yj­hjc­kby­yjÿ­lèæ­nb,­ghj­ler­nèd,­db­hj­ot­ybö­dkfc­yb­vb­he­rf­vb,­yf­cgj­éb­dfy­yz­ghj­vbc­kj­dj­ghb­uj­nj­df­ybö­ghj­ler­nèd­öfh­xe­dfy­yz­p­db­obv­evèc­njv­éb­hèd.

Gb nfy yz:­xb­èc­ye­ñnm­e­cdè­nè­rhfÿ­yb,­zrbö­yt­pf­xt­gb-kf­ghj­åkt­vf­jéb­hèy­yz?

Lènw:­z­nf­rbö­yt­pyfñ.­Gj­ib­ht­yècnm­wmj­uj­zdb­of­d­hèp­ybö­rhfÿ­yfö­hèp­yf,­fkt­yf­dènm­nf­rè­rhfÿ­yb,­zr­Rb­nfq­è­zgj­yèz,­oj­hf­yè­it­yt­cnb­rf­kb­cz­p­wèæñ­ghj­åkt­vjñ,­pf­hfp­pve­it­yè­dct­åèkm­it­pdf­éf­nb­yf­ytÿ.

Gb nfy yz:­zr­åj­hj­nb­cz­p­jéb­hèy­yzv?

Lènw:­Wz­ghj­åkt­vf­db­vf­ufæ­ldj­cnj­hjy­ymj­uj­gèl-öj­le:­zr­p­åj­re­vt­lb­wb­yb,­nfr­è­p­åj­re­cec­gèkm­cndf.­vt­lbx­ybq­gèl­öèl­yt­jå­öèl­ybq­lkz­nbö,­rj­uj­ghj­åkt­vf­cnj­ce­ænm­cz­yfq­åèkm­it.­Cj­wè­fkm­ybq­gèl­öèl­gj­kz­ufæ­d­ghj­uhf­vfö,­zrè­htf­kè­pe­ñnm­cz­d­irj­kfö­è­ct­htl­yf­ct­kty-yz.­Yf­ghb­rkfl,­jl­yf­p­ht­rj­vty­lj­df­ybö­cnhf­nt­uèq­lkz­gèl­db­oty­yz­aè­pbx­yjÿ­fr­nbd­yjc­nè­–­oj­lty­yè­pf­yzn­nz­aèp­rekm­ne­hjñ­d­irj­kfö.z­ddf­éfñ,­dfé­kb­dj­phj­pe­vè­nb,­oj­gtd­yjñ­vè­hjñ­

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Gb nfy yz: Oj­yt­jå­öèl­yj­pyf­nb­gèl­kèn­rfv­ghj­jéb-hèy­yz?

Lènw:­Le­vfñ,­dfh­nj­pf­jöj­xe­df­nb­fr­nbd­yè­èu­hb­è­pf­yzn-nz­d­nj­df­hb­cndè­lhe­pèd.­Lkz­ex­yèd­7–8­rkf­cèd­gt­htu­kzl­nt­kt­dè­pj­hf­–­yt­hjp­df­uf,­dj­yb­cè­lf­ñnm­gèl­nt­kt­dè­pjh­pf­pdb­xfq­nj­lè,­rj­kb­ÿv­åèkm­it­yè­xbv­pfq­yz­nbcm.­Èy­if­cnhf­nt­uèz:­ghb­le­vf­nb­wè­rf­dè­pf­yzn­nz­pf­vècnm­nt­kt­dè­pj-hf,­yf­ghb­rkfl,­ghj­dj­lb­nb­xfc­p­lhe­pz­vb,­uhf­nb­cz­p­yb­vb­d­fr­nbd­yè­èu­hb.­Gèl­kèn­rfv­ht­rj­vty­le­ænm­cz­lkz­dnf­ve­dfy­yz­cghf­ub­gb­nb­dj­le­è­gj­xb­yf­nb­ÿée­p­ce­ge­fåj­cf­kf­ne.

Gb nfy yz:­xb­vjé­yf­pèc­nf­db­nb­ghj­åkt­ve­jéb­hèy­yz­pf­hjp­vf­öjv­è­yf­ckèl­rf­vb­p­yt­gj­dyj­wèy­ybv­öfh­xe­dfy-yzv­è­yt­lj­ÿlfy­yzv?

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xbv åèkm it åfnm rb

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eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

kñ­lb­gèl­lf­ñnm­cz­gjl­dèq­yj­ve­hb­pb­rj­dè,­flét­db­gfl­rb­gj­æl­yfy­yz­vf­kj­uj­phj­cne­q­yf­lkbi­rj­djÿ­df­ub­dét­gj­vè­xt­yè.­Nf­rt­dèl­åe­kj­cz­d­rèkm­rjö­vèc­wzö.­z­yfq­rhf­ot­pyf­qj­vbq­p­lf­yb­vb­gj­Åhf­pb­kèÿ­q­Gt­he.

Gb nfy yz:­zrb­vb­cgj­cjåf­vb­vjé­yf­cnb­ve­kñ­df­nb­aè-pbx­ye­fr­nbd­yècnm­ct­htl­gèl­kèn­rèd?

Lènw:­Dlf­kè­cnhf­nt­uèÿ­yf­åf­pè­irèk.­zr­z­dét­dèl­pyf­xfd,­jl­yf­p­ht­rj­vty­lj­df­ybö­vt­nj­lbr­lkz­gèl­db­oty­yz­aè­pbx­yjÿ­fr­nbd­yjc­nè­–­ddt­lty­yz­oj­lty­ybö­ehj­rèd­aèp-rekm­ne­hb.­Wt­ht­rj­vty­lf­wèz­Hj­åj­xjÿ­uhe­gb­p­ghja­èkfr-nbx­ybö­gj­ckeu­(3).Ghj­uhf­vb,­zrè­pf­jöj­xe­ñnm­lè­ntq­gèi­rb­lèc­nf­df­nb­cz­

lj­irj­kb,­lj­pdj­kznm­pyj­de­phj­åb­nb­aè­pbx­yt­yf­dfy­nf-éty­yz­åe­lty­ybv­zdb­otv.­Ghj­åkt­vf­d­nj­ve,­oj­p­lè­ntq,­zrè­vti­rf­ñnm­e­hf­lèe­cè­vb­kè­dèl­irj­kb,­nèkm­rb­nht­nb­yf­öj­lbnm­lj­irj­kb­gèi­rb,­gj­xfc­nb­xt­htp­nt,­oj­lj­irj-kb­yt­vfæ­gè­ij­öèl­yjÿ­lj­hj­ub,­f­gj­xfc­nb­nj­ve,­oj­wt­yt­åtp­gtx­yj.­Ot­jl­yf­cnhf­nt­uèz­–­jå­vt­éty­yz­xf­ce­cb-lèy­yz­gèl­nt­kt­dè­pj­hjv.­Yf­pyb­éty­yz­rèkm­rjc­nè­db­gfl­rèd­yf­lkbi­rj­djÿ­df­ub­q­jéb­hèy­yz­tatr­nbd­yj­ghf­wñ­ñnm­è­ghj­uhf­vb,­oj­ÿö­ghj­dj­lznm­irj­kb.­Rèkm­rf­hj­rèd­nj­ve­åèå­kèj­nt­rb­gj­xf­kb­ghj­uhf­ve­≤Nbé­ltym­åtp­nt­kt­dè­pj-hf≥,­è­nt­gth­nf­rf­ghj­uhf­vf­htf­kè­pe­ænm­cz­gj­dcèq­rhfÿ­yè.Ot­jl­yf­cnhf­nt­uèz­gj­kz­ufæ­d­nj­ve,­ojå­lj­gj­vju­nb­

lè­nzv­öfh­xe­df­nb­cz­d­irj­kè­plj­hj­djñ­ÿétñ.­vj­hj­pb-dj­è­gt­xb­dj,­zrè­ghj­lf­ñnm­cz­gèl­xfc­jåè­le­d­irèkm­ybö­ÿlfkm­yzö,­ghb­yj­cznm­irj­kfv­ghb­åe­njr.­Irj­kb­pf­hjå-kz­ñnm­uhj­iè­è­pf­lj­gj­vj­ujñ­rjy­nhfr­nèd,­oj­ÿö­dj­yb­gèl­gb­ce­ñnm­p­rjv­gf­yèz­vb,­zrè­dcnfy­jd­kñ­ñnm­fd­nj­vf-nb­p­ghj­lf­ée­yf­gj­ÿd.­Lkz­åf­uf­nmjö­irèk­wtq­ghb­åe­njr­le­ét­dfé­kb­dbq.Wty­nhb­p­rjy­nhj­kñ­yfl­pf­ödj­hñ­df­yèc­nñ­yf­vf-

uf­ñnm­cz­cndjhb­nb­evj­db,­zrè­å­yt­dgkb­df­kb­yf­nf­rè­ghb­åen­rb,­njå­nj­lj­pdj­kz­kb­irj­kfv­pf­hjå­kz­nb­nè­cf­vè­uhj­iè,­fkt­djl­yj­xfc­pf­jöj­xe­df­kb­cgj­éb­dfy­yz­plj­hj­djÿ­ÿéè.­Pf­jl­yèæñ­èp­cnhf­nt­uèq,­ckèl­gèl­yz­nb­wè­yb­yf­vtyi­plj­hj­de­ÿée­è­pf­hf­öe­yjr­wmj­uj­pyb­pb­nb­wè­yb­yf­plj­hj-dè­ie­ÿée.­Gt­htl­åf­xf­ænm­cz,­oj­lè­nb­htf­ue­ñnm­yf­wè­yb,­è­zr­oj­gèl­yz­nb­wè­yb­yf­vtyi­plj­hj­de­ÿée­è­pyb­pb­nb­wè­yb­yf­plj­hj­dè­ie,­wt­yt­dè­lè­å’ænm­cz­yf­irèkm­ybö­ghb­åen­rfö,­f­cgj­éb­dfy­yz­pvè­ybnm­cz­e­ghf­dbkm­yj­ve­yf­ghz­vè.Èy­if­cnhf­nt­uèz­–­hèp­yè­pf­öj­lb,­oj­ÿö­ghj­dj­lznm­

irj­kb.­Le­ét­dlf­kf­ghj­uhf­vf­≤Gkf­yt­nf­plj­hj­d’z≥­d­inf-nè­vfc­cf­xe­ctnc­(ht tp://www.hsph.harvard.edu/prc/planet.html)­gj­æl­yeæ­d­cj­åè­xj­nb­hb­cnhf­nt­uèÿ:­ybpm­rj­rf­kj­hèq­ye­lèæ­ne,­åèkm­it­aher­nèd­è­jdj­xèd,­vty­it­xf­ce­gt­htl­nt­kt­dè-pj­hjv­è­åèkm­it­aè­pbx­ybö­dghfd.­Ghj­uhf­vf­ghb­pdt­kf­lj­pyfx­yj­uj­pyb­éty­yz­rèkm­rjc­nè­db­gfl­rèd­jéb­hèy­yz­ct­htl­ext­ybwm­ct­htl­yèö­rkf­cèd.­Ht­pekm­nf­nb­lj­ckè­léty­yz­åe­kj­jgeå­kè­rj­df­yj­d­1999­hj­wè,­è­ghj­uhf­ve­pf­hfp­hjp­ib­hñ-ñnm­lkz­db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz­d­irèkm­yèq­cbc­nt­vè­Åjc­nj­yf.

Gb nfy yz:­zr­cbc­nt­vf­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­åj­htnm­cz­p­jéb­hèy­yzv?

Lènw: Ghb­öhj­yèx­ybö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yzö­nb­ge­jéb­hèy-yz­gj­nhèå­yf­cbc­nt­vf­yf­lfy­yz­vt­lbx­yjÿ­lj­gj­vj­ub,­zrf­dèl­hèp­yz­ænm­cz­dèl­nhf­lb­wèq­yjÿ­cöt­vb­dpfæ­vj­lèÿ­gf­wè­æy­nf­p­kè­rf­htv.­Pf­hfp­e­rhfÿ­yè­nfr­åf­uf­nj­ödj­hbö­p­jéb­hèy­yzv,­oj­cbc­nt­vf,­jå­vt­ét­yf­dpfæ­vb­yf­vb­≤kè­rfh–gf­wè­æyn≥,­pf­cnf­hè­kf.­Dj­yf­åf­pe­ænm­cz­yf­vj­lt­kè­yt­dèl­rkfl­yjÿ­lj­gj­vj­ub:­hjp­db­njr­yf­ijÿ­vt­lbx­yjÿ­cbc­nt­vb­db­öj­lbd­p­yt­jå­öèl­yjc­nè­kè­re­dfy­yz­èy­atr­wèq-ybö­ödj­hjå­è­yf­lfy­yz­lj­gj­vj­ub­ghb­nhfd­vfö,­è­dj­yf­yt­ghb­cnj­cj­df­yf­lj­kè­re­dfy­yz­öhj­yèx­ybö­ödj­hjå­xb­ghja­èkfr­nb­rb.­Kè­rf­hè­yt­jn­hb­ve­ñnm­aè­yfy­cj­djÿ­db­uj­lb­dèl­pf­gj­åè­ufy­yz­ödj­hj­åfv­–­dj­yb­pf­hjå­kz­ñnm,­rj­kb­gf­wè­æy­nb­ödj­hè­ñnm­è­kz­uf­ñnm­e­kè­rfh­yñ.Ghb­èlt­fkm­yèq­cbc­nt­vè­kè­re­dfy­yz­yf­lkbi­rj­djÿ­

df­ub­q­jéb­hèy­yz­yfv­yt­jå­öèl­yè­dljc­rj­yf­kt­yè­q­gt­ht-dè­ht­yè­cnhf­nt­uèÿ.­Kè­rf­hè­ve­cb­nb­venm­rt­he­df­nb­öj­ljv­kè­re­dfy­yz,­fkt­cf­vt­kè­re­dfy­yz­ghj­dj­lb­nb­venm­lèæ­nj-kj­ub­fåj­cgt­wè­fkm­yj­gèl­uj­nj­df­yè­vtl­ctc­nhb.­D­jc­yj­dè­kè­re­dfy­yz­ve­cbnm­kt­éf­nb­cf­vj­rjy­nhjkm.­Èltz­ghj­nt,­oj­kè­rf­hè­vf­ñnm­db­hè­ie­df­nb­ghj­åkt­vb­pf­gf­wè­æy­nèd,­pf­cnf­hè­kf­–­gf­wè­æy­nb­cf­vè­db­hè­ie­ñnm­cdjÿ­ghj­åkt-vb.­Hjkm­kè­rf­hz­pdj­lbnm­cz­lj­nj­uj,­ojå­lj­gj­vf­uf­nb­gf­wè­æy­nfv­db­hè­ie­df­nb­cdjÿ­ghj­åkt­vb­fåj­db­pyf­xb­nb­ghj­åkt­ve­nf­ÿÿ­ghèj­hb­ntn­yècnm­è­lj­gj­vju­nb­db­hè­ib­nb­nè­ghj­åkt­vb,­zrè­ec­rkfl­yñ­ñnm­kè­re­dfy­yz.Yt­jå­öèl­yècnm­gjl­èå­ybö­pvèy­cnfæ­dct­jxt­dbl­yè-

ijñ,­fkt­ikz­öb­ÿö­plèq­cyty­yz­gj­rb­oj­yt­zc­yè,­jc­rèkm-rb­wz­ghj­åkt­vf­njh­rf­ænm­cz­cf­vjÿ­ce­nè­yf­ijÿ­cbc­nt­vb­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z.­­■

Cnj­hèy­rf­Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj­wty­nhe­èp­pf­gj­åè­ufy­yz­pf­ödj­hñ­df­yjc­nè­è­pvèw­yty­yz­plj­hj­d’z­Wty­nhe­p­rjy-nhj­kñ­è­ghja­èkfr­nb­rb­pf­ödj­hñ­df­yjc­nè­vèc­nbnm­cz­pf­fl­ht­cjñ: ht tp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/.

1. Cole T.J., Bel liz zi M.C., Flegal K.M., Dietz W.H. Est ablishing a standard de fi nition for child over wei ght and obesity worldwide: int er national survey. (Rj ek N.Lé., Åtk kèw wè V.C., Akè utk R.V., Lènw D.U. Dcnfy jd kty yz cnfy lfh nyj uj db pyf xty yz lb nz xjÿ yf lvèh yjÿ df ub q jéb hèy yz d ecmj ve cdè nè: vèé yf hjl ybq ju kzl) 2000; 320 (7244):1240.

2. Ce nt ers for Disease Control and Pre ve ntion. Increasing physical acti vity: a rep ort on recommen dations of the Task Fo rce on Community Pre ve nti ve Services. (Wty nhb p rjy nhj kñ è ghja èkfr nb rb pf ödj hñ df yjc nè. Påèkm ity yz aè pbx yjÿ fr nbd yjc-nè: pdèn p ht rj vty lf wèz vb cgt wè fkm yjÿ rj vè cèÿ Uhj vfl cmrjÿ ghja èkfr nbx yjÿ ckeé åb) MMWR 2001; 50 (No. RR-18).

3. Gortmaker S.L., et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based int erdisciplinary int er-ve ntion among youth. (Ujh nvtq rth C.K. nf èy. Pyb éty yz jéb hèy yz ikz öjv vèé lbc wbg kè yfh yj uj dnhe xfy yz e irj kfö) Archives of Ped iatrics and Adolesce nt Medicine. 1999; 153(4):409-18.

Hjc­nb­plj­Hj­dbv

eJournal uSa

�0 Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

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vb­cgjh­ne:­åfc­rtn­åj­kjv,­fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbv­aen­åj­kjv,­åtq­cåj­kjv.­z­pf­gb­ce­dfd­cz­yf­pf­yzn­nz­gèc­kz­irj­kb,­ghj­cnj­ojå­p’z­ce­df­nb,­oj­vt­yè­gjl­jåf­ænm­cz­è­zrè­kñ­lb­vt­yè­gjl­jåf­ñnm­cz,­è­hj­pèå­hf­nb­cz,­xb­öj­xe­z­wbv­pfq­vf­nbcm.Èyj­lè­db­zd­kz­ænm­cz,­oj­d­nt­åt­ojcm­yt­db­öj­lbnm.­

Èyj­lè­gj­vb­kz­æi­cz­è­gj­xb­yf­æi­åjz­nb­cz,­oj­p­nt­åt­gj­cvè­ñnm­cz,­–­ye­q­oj?­Nht­åf­ghj­cnj­oj­cb­kb­yf­vf-uf­nb­cz­yt­åjz­nbcm,­oj­p­nt­åt­cvèz­nb­venm­cz­fåj­yt­gj­uj­lznm­cz­p­nbv,­oj­nb­hj­åbi.­Yf­cfv­gt­htl­nht­åf­yf­åhf­nb­cz­cbk­è­åe­nb­cf­vbv­cj­åjñ.­F­gj­-lhe­ut,­rj­kb­pyfq­lti­ne­cghf­de,­zrf­nj­åè­gjl­jåf­ænm­cz­è­zrf­d­nt­åt­lj­åht­db­öj­lbnm,­ckèl­yf­gj­ktu­kb­dj­ytñ­pfq­vf­nb­cz.Pjd­cèv­yt­jåj­d’zp­rj­dj­yf­vf­uf­nbcm­egj­hf­nb­cz­p­ecèv­

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Ghz­vf­vj­df

Vfh dèy Kñ ÿc hjp gj dè lfæ ghj nt, zr pyfq nb cdèq ikzö

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Vfh dèy Kñ ÿc dt lt v’zx e kñn yt dèq uhè 2004 hj re, d zrèq dèy db gt ht lbd ecèö uhfd wèd è yf åhfd 24 jx rf.(© AP/WWP)

eJournal uSa

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e­Aè­kf­ltkm­aèÿ,­infn­Gty­cbkm­df­yèz.­Yf­wmj­ve­cfv­vè­nè­jå­uj­dj­hñ­df­kb­gj­nht­åb­lè­ntq­è­vj­kj­lè.­Ght­pb­lty­nb­Rkèy­njy,­Åei,­Rfh­nth­è­Ajhl,­f­nf­rjé­Yt­ycè­Htq­ufy,­zrf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­kf­cdj­uj­xj­kj­dè­rf,­gj­cnf­db­kb­gt­htl­rhfÿ­yjñ­pf­dlfy­yz­phj­åb­nb­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­lj­åhj­åe­ne­vj­kj­lè­jl­ybv­èp­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö­ghèj­hb­nt­nèd.­Lj­wbö­kñ­ltq­nf­ÿöymj­uj­pf­rkb­re­lj­lèÿ­ghb­æl­yf­kb­cz­åkbpm­rj­30­ue­åth­yf­nj­hèd,­100­vt­hèd­vècn,­145­lt­kt­uf­wèq­uhj-vfl­cmrjc­nè,­åf­uf­nj­rt­hèd­yb­rèd­lè­kj­dj­uj­cdè­ne­q­nb­cz­xè­pf­wè­rfd­kt­ybö­uhj­vf­lzy.Rj­kèy­Gf­dtkk,­zrbq­e­2001­hj­wè­cnfd­Lth­éfd­ybv­

ctr­ht­nf­htv­CIF,­dpzd­yf­ct­åt­jåj­d’zp­rb­uj­kj­db­cfv­vè-ne,­f­puj­ljv­–­è­uj­kj­db-pfc­yjd­yb­rf­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ­≤Yf­lèz­Fvt­hb­rb­–­Cgèk­rf­pf­lkz­vj­kj­lè≥,­cndjht­yjÿ­pf­ht­pekm-nf­nf­vb­qj­uj­ghj­dt­lty­yz.­Léjhlé­D.­Åei­pyj­de­gèl-ndth­lbd­cdjñ­ghb­öbkm­yècnm­lj­wèæÿ­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ­gèc­kz­nj­uj,­zr­e­2001­hj­wè­cnfd­Ght­pb­lty­njv­CIF.­Yb­yèi­yèq­ÿÿ­uj­kj­df­–­lhe­éb­yf­Rj­kè­yf­Gf­dtk­kf­Fkm­vf­Lé­Gf­dtkk.

jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­≤yf­lèz­fvt­hb­rb­–­Cgèk­rf­pf­lkz­vj-kj­lè≥­vfæ­yf­vt­nè­vj­åè­kè­pf­wèñ­kñ­ltq­p­hèp­ybö­if­hèd­fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj­cec­gèkm­cndf,­cghz­vj­df­ye­yf­ajh­ve­dfy­yz­öf­hfr­nt­he­q­yt­jå­öèl­yjÿ­gèl­uj­njd-rb­vj­kj­lè­yf­ijÿ­rhfÿ­yb­q­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­g’z­nb­jc­yjd­ybö­evjd:­yf­kf­uj­lée­dfy­yz­pd’zp­rèd­èp­låfq-kb­db­vb­lj­hjc­kb­vb,­yf­lfy­yz­åtp­gtx­ybö­vècwm­lkz­hèp­yj­uj­hj­le­pf­yznm,­cndjhty­yz­evjd­lkz­plj­hj­dj-uj­hjp­dbn­re,­yf­dxfy­yz­yf­dbx­rfv,­yt­jå­öèl­ybv­lkz­ghf­wtd­kfi­ne­dfy­yz,­è­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­cghb­zn­kb­dbö­vjé­kb­djc­ntq­lkz­uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ­hj­åj­nb.­db­rj­yfy-yz­dcèö­wbö­g’z­nb­evjd­pyfx­yj­gj­rhf­obnm­plj­hj-d’z­è­lj­åhj­åen­yf­cneg­yj­uj­gj­rj­kèy­yz­è­lj­gj­vj­ét­vj­kj­lè­lj­czu­nb­ec­gè­öe­d­lj­hjc­kj­ve­ébn­nè.

Vfh ut hèn D. Ctk kè – ght pb ltyn è lb htr njh jh uf yè pf wèÿ ≤Yf lèz Fvt hb rb – Cgèk rf pf lkz vj kj lè≥. Èy ajh vf wèñ ghj wñ jh uf yè pf wèñ vjé yf pyfq nb d Èy nth yt nè pf fl ht cjñ: ht tp://www.americaspromise.org.

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

≤Yf­lèz­Fvt­hb­rb≥­–­wt­uj­kjd­yf­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­uhj­vfl­cmrbö­uheg,­f­nf­rjé­vèc­wt­dbö­è­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö­jh-uf­yè­pf­wèq,­zrè­ghfu­yenm­jå’æl­yf­nb­cdjÿ­cb­kb­q­vjé­kb­djc­nè­e­db­rj­yfy-yè­pj­åj­d’z­pfym­yf­ijÿ­rhfÿ­yb­oj­lj­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­g’z­nb­jc­yjd­ybö­evjd­lkz­dcmj­uj­vj­kj­lj­uj­gj­rj­kèy­yz:

•­ låfq­kb­dbö­lj­hjc­kbö,­nf­rbö­zr­åfnm­rb,­yf­cnfd­yb­rb,­gt­lf­uj­ub­è­nht­yt­hb;

•­ åtp­gtx­ybö­vècwm­p­jh­uf­yè-pj­df­yjñ­cnher­ne­hjñ­pf­yznm,­lt­vjé­yf­åe­kj­å­yf­åe­df­nb­pyfym­è­hjp­db­df­nb­cz;

•­ plj­hj­dj­uj­hjp­dbn­re­è­plj­hj-dj­uj­vfq­åen­ymj­uj;

•­ tatr­nbd­yjÿ­jc­dè­nb,­zrf­yf­lfæ­yf­dbx­rb,­gj­nhèå­yè­lkz­ghf­wtd­kfi-ne­dfy­yz;

•­ cghb­zn­kb­djÿ­vjé­kb­djc­nè­lkz­uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ­­hj­åj­nb.

Wè­jc­yj­dj­gj­kjé­yè­ht­ceh­cb­dè­lj­vè­ot­zr­≤G’znm­yt­jå­öèl­ybö­evjd≥,­è­yf­erj­dè­lj­ckè­léty­yz­cdèl­xfnm,­oj­yf­zd­yècnm­wbö­evjd­ghb­pdj­lbnm­lj­lj­czu­yty­yz­åf­éf­yj-uj­ht­pekm­nf­ne.­Lè­nb,­zrbv­lj­cneg­yè­gjl­èå­yè­ht­ceh­cb,­hèl-it­db­zd­kz­ñnm­gj­uf­ye­gj­dtlèy­re­è­vf­ñnm­e­5–10­hf­pèd­åèkm­ie­qvj­dèh­yècnm­lj­czu­nb­ec­gè­öe­zr­ex­yè,­uhj­vf­lz­yb,­åfnm­rb­è­ghja­tcèj­yf­kb,­zrè­hjå­kznm­df­uj­vbq­dyt­cjr­e­ébn­nz­cec­gèkm­cndf.

Pf­gj­he­rf­ec­gè­öe­–­d­vf­cj­dèq­exfc­nè

Cgj­ke­xt­yè­Inf­nb­–­dt­kb­rf­rhfÿ­yf,­zrèq­ghb­nf­vfy-yf­ib­hj­rf­hjp­vfÿ­nècnm.­D­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèñ­≤Yf­lèz­Fvt­hb­rb­–­Cgèk­rf­pf­lkz­vj­kj­lè≥­döj­lznm­rjh­gj­hf­wèÿ,­ht­kè­uèq­yè­nf­uhj­vfl­cmrè­cnher­ne­hb­q­èy­iè­yt­rj­vth­wèq­yè­gfh­nyt-hb,­zrè­ndth­lj­dè­hznm­e­rkñ­xj­de­hjkm­vj­kj­lè­d­vfq­åen-ymj­ve­yf­ijÿ­rhfÿ­yb.­Cgb­hfñ­xbcm­yf­cgèkm­ye­hj­åj­ne­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq­è­vèc­wt­dbö­fr­nb­dèc­nèd,­Cgèk­rf­lj­åb­df­ænm­cz­gj­pb­nbd­ybö­ht­pekm­nf­nèd­lkz­lè­ntq­è­vj­kj-lè,­gj­ckè­ljd­yj­db­rj­yeæ­dpz­nè­yf­ct­åt­pj­åj­d’z­pfy­yz.­Jcm­rèkm­rf­ghb­rkf­lèd­p­ébn­nz­hèp­ybö­ht­uèj­yèd­rhfÿ­yb­yf­gèl­ndth­léty­yz­wèæÿ­nt­pb:

•­ E­dèl­gj­dèlm­yf­pf­rkbr­Ght­pb­lty­nf­jå’æl­yf­nb­pe­cbk­kz­èp­kèr­dè­lf­wèÿ­yf­ckèl­rèd­cgec­nji­kb­dj­uj­we­yf­vè­

d­Gèd­lty­yèq­è­Gèd­lty­yj-Cöèl­yèq­Fpèÿ­è­yf­lfnb­lj­gj­vj­ue­nbv,­önj­gj­cnhfé­lfd­dèl­wmj­uj­cnb­öèq­yj­uj­kb­öf,­gj­yfl­100­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq,­zrè­ghf­wñ­ñnm­p­lènm­vb,­è­10­gfh­nyt­hèd­èp­yf­lfy­yz­ue­vf­yè­nfh­yjÿ­lj­gj­vj-ub,­zrè­vf­ñnm­db­cj­re­ht­ge­nf­wèñ,­jå’æl­yf­kb­cdjÿ­pe­cbk­kz­è­db­cne­gb-kb­p­èyè­wèf­nb­djñ­“Quart ers for Kids”­(≤vj­ytn­rb­gj­25­wty­nèd­lkz­lè-ntq≥).­E­hfv­rfö­wèæÿ­èyè­wèf­nb­db­lè­nb­q­lj­hjc­kè,­zrè­p­yb­vb­ghf­wñ­ñnm,­lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm­éth­ndfv­we­yf­vè,­påb-hf­ñnm­rji­nb­è­gt­ht­lf­ñnm­ÿö­dè­lj-vbv­jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zv,­zrè­pfq­vf­ñnm­cz­yf­lfy­yzv­ue­vf­yè­nfh­yjÿ­lj­gj­vj­ub.­Rji­nb,­pèå­hf­yè­crfe­nf­vb­d­hfv-rfö­ghj­uhf­vb­“Quart ers for Kids”,­f­nf­rjé­e­ht­pekm­nf­nè­db­rj­yfy­yz­gj­pfi­rèkm­ybö­ghj­uhfv,­ghj­tr­nèd,­ghj­lf­ée­lj­vfi­ymjÿ­db­gèx­rb­è­vbn-nz­fd­nj­vj­åè­kèd,­åe­lt­hjp­gj­lè­kt­yj­ct­htl­nbö,­önj­ÿö­gj­nht­åeæ.

•­ E­xfhkmc­nj­yè,­infn­Gèd­lty­yf­Rf­hj­kè­yf,­nt­kt­dè­pèq-yf­cnfy­wèz­WCIV-tV­hjp­gj­dè­lfæ­ukz­lf­xfv­ghj­≤G’znm­evjd≥­è­ghj­nt,­zr­dj­yb­vj­éenm­lj­gj­vju­nb­ÿö­htf­kè-pe­df­nb­yf­vèc­wzö.­E­2004­hj­wè­wz­nt­kt­cnfy­wèz­dpz­kf­ita­cndj­yfl­g’znm­vf­irj­kf­vb­è­db­cne­gb­kf­cgjy­cj­hjv­vèc­wt­djÿ­èyè­wèf­nb­db­xfhkmc­nj­yf.­D­hfv­rfö­wèæÿ­èyè­wèf-nb­db­cnf­dbnm­cz­pf­dlfy­yz­èy­ajh­ve­df­nb­yf­ct­kty­yz­ghj­ghj­uhf­ve­q­db­rj­yfy­yz­g’z­nb­evjd­oj­lj­yfq­yeé­lty­yè-ibö­lè­ntq­vèc­nf.­Uj­kjd­yf­vt­nf­–­pf­ke­xty­yz­lj­hjc­kbö­lj­hj­åj­nb­p­lènm­vb­zr­yf­cnfd­yb­rèd,­ojå­gj­rhf­ob­nb­ébn­nz­nf­rbö­lè­ntq­è­gèl­db­ob­nb­ÿö­yñ­ec­gèi­yècnm.­≤vb­yf­vf­ufæ­vj­cz­pf­ke­xb­nb­yf­cnfd­yb­rèd­e­irj­kb,­jc­rèkm­rb­dj­yb­vj­éenm­lj­gj­vju­nb­lè­nzv­pvè­yb­nb­cdjÿ­ecnfy­jd-rb­q­gt­htu­kz­ye­nb­cdjÿ­cgj­lè­dfy­yz­oj­lj­cf­vbö­ct­åt≥,­–­ddf­éfæ­rj­jh­lb­yf­njh­p­vfh­rt­nby­ue­WCIV­Fdf­Cdtqy.

•­ E­Åke­vèy­unj­yè,­infn­vèy­yt­cj­nf,­cè­v’z­Fk­kt­yèd­–­Lt­dèl,­vt­hè­nf­ÿö­yè­cb­yb­Nhtå­(20­hj­rèd)­è­vtnn­(18­hj­rèd)­–­åt­henm­fr­nbd­ye­exfcnm­d­èyè­wèf­nb­dè­≤Åke­vèy-unjy­cmrt­vj­kj­lèé­yt­rf­at≥.­Pf­lj­gj­vj­ujñ­vèc­wt­dbö­dj­kjy­nt­hèd­è­pf­gèl­nhbv­rb­ajy­le­≤Njx­rb­cdè­ne≥,­zrbq­dèl­pyf­xbd­wñ­cè­v’ñ­Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjñ­ght­vèæñ,­Fk­kt­yb­pèå­hf­kb­rji­nb­lkz­dèl­rhbn­nz­≤Rf­at≥,­oj­cnf­kj­åtp­gtx-ybv­vèc­wtv,­lt­åke­vèy­unjy­cmrf­vj­kjlm­vj­ét­ghj­dj­lb-nb­xfc­gèc­kz­irj­kb.­Wt­rf­at­cnf­kj­xfc­nb­yjñ­pe­cbkm­vèc­wt­djÿ­uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè,­cghz­vj­df­ybö­yf­åj­hjnm­åe­pè­pkjd­éb­dfy­yzv­cgbh­nyb­vb­yf­gjz­vb,­nñ­nñ­yjv­è­yf­hrj-nb­rf­vb­ct­htl­irj­kz­hèd.

Lè nb, zrbv lj cneg yè

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e ébn nz cec gèkm cndf.

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

•­ Uhe­gf­tyth­uèq­ybö­vj­kj­lbö­kñ­ltq­d­Fk­kt­ufy-cmrj­ve­jr­he­pè,­infn­Gèd­yèx­yf­Rf­hj­kè­yf,­jxj­kb­kf­heö­pf­påèh­ghj­ler­nèd­öfh­xe­dfy­yz­d­irj­kfö­wmj­uj­jr­he­ue­q­pèå­hf­kf­30­000­aey­nèd­ghj­ler­nèd­lkz­ghj­lj­djkm­xj­uj­crkf­le,­zrbq­jå­cke­uj­deæ­gj­nht­åb­åèl­ybö­vti­rfy­wèd­jr­he­ue.­Fk­kt­ufy­cmrbq­jr­heu­–­jlby­èp­åf­uf­nmjö­jr­he­uèd,­lt­vè­yèc­nth­cndj­cèkmcmrj­uj­ujc­gj­lfh­cndf­CIF­plèq-cyñæ­ghj­uhf­vb­ghj­lj­djkm­xjÿ­lj­gj­vj­ub­è­ghf­dbkm­yj­uj­öfh­xe­dfy­yz,­pf­åtp­gt­xeæ­plj­hj­dè­evj­db­ébn­nz­lkz­lè­ntq.­Ct­htl­wbö­ghj­uhfv­vjé­yf­yf­pdf­nb­Yf­wèj­yfkm­ye­ghj-uhf­ve­irèkm­ybö­cyè­lfy­rèd,­zrf­lèæ­e­gj­yfl­100­000­irèk­è­lb­nz­xbö­pf­rkf­lèd,­yf­lfñ­xb­ojl­yz­åtp­rji­njd­yè­fåj­lt­it­dè­cyè­lfy­rb­e­ct­htl­ymj­ve­28­vky.­lè­ntq­èp­cè­vtq­p­ybpm­rbv­ghb­åen­rjv.

•­ Rjv­gf­yèz­“Sappi Fi ne Paper North America”­db­cne­gb-kf­cgjy­cj­hjv­rjy­reh­ce­yf­yfq­rhf­obq­gkf­rfn­ct­htl­itc­nbr­kfc­yb­rèd­g’z­nb­gj­xfn­rj­dbö­irèk­e­vfc­rt­ujy­Ufq­nè,­infn­vè­xb­ufy,­lt­hjp­nf­ij­df­yf­gf­gt­hj­df­afå-hb­rf­rjv­gf­yèÿ.­Irj­kz­hfv­ghj­gj­ye­df­kb­hjp­gj­dèc­nb­ghj­cdjñ­vfq­åen­yñ­rf­h’æ­he­vj­djñ­gkf­rf­nf,­zrbq­åb­èkñc­nhe­dfd­ÿö­yñ­vt­ne­q­nè­yf­dbx­rb,­zrè­pyf­ljå­kznm­cz­lkz­lj­czu­yty­yz­wèæÿ­vt­nb.­Yf­rjy­rehc­åe­kj­ghtl­cnfd­kt-yj­lt­czn­rb­gkf­rf­nèd.­Gth­ibq­ghbp­e­db­ukz­lè­jå­kè­uf­wèÿ­yf­ce­ve­500­lj­kf­hèd­jn­hb­vfd­Lt­vf­hèj­Nj­vfc.­Rjé­yj­ve­p­xj­nb­hmjö­exfc­yb­rèd,­zrè­pfq­yz­kb­lhe­uè­vèc­wz,­åe­kj­dhe­xt­yj­jå­kè­uf­wèÿ­yf­ce­ve­100­lj­kf­hèd.­Rjv­gf­yèz­“Sappi”­yf­lhe­re­df­kf­2000­ghb­vèh­yb­rèd­gkf­rf­nf­Nj­vf­cf­è­gj-

lfhe­df­kf­1500­èp­ybö­g’znmjv­irj­kfv,­zrè­åhf­kb­exfcnm­e­rjy­reh­cè,­ojå­nè­vju­kb­ghj­lf­nb­ÿö­è­nf­rbv­xb­yjv­pèå­hf­nb­rji­nb.

•­ Gèc­kz­rèkm­rjö­ehf­uf­yèd,­zrè­d­2004­hj­wè­cgec­nj-ib­kb­rèkm­rf­hf­qj­yèd­yf­gèd­lty­yj­ve­pf­öj­lè­Akj­hb­lb,­Rkeå­gèl­kèn­rèd­jr­he­ue­vf­yf­nè,­infn­Akj­hb­lf,­dpzd­exfcnm­e­lj­gj­vj­pè­nbv,­önj­gj­cnhfé­lfd­dèl­cnb­öèq­yj-uj­kb­öf.­11­000­xkt­yèd­Rke­åe­ghf­wñ­df­kb­gkèx-j-gkèx­èp­lj­åhj­djkm­wz­vb­cgjy­cj­hj­df­yjÿ­ehz­ljv­ghj­uhf­vb­“AmeriCorps*VIStA”­è­yt­rj­vth­wèq­yjÿ­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ­“Unit ed Way”,­påb­hf­kb­ghj­ler­nb­öfh­xe­dfy­yz­è­lj­gj­vf­uf­kb­pyfq-nb­ghb­ne­kjr­lkz­nb­czx­kñ­ltq,­xbÿ­lj­vèd­rb­pheq­ye­df­kf­cnb­öèz.

Dcè­wè­fr­wèÿ,­oj­ÿö­ghj­dj­lznm­gj­dcèq­rhfÿ­yè­d­hèp­ybö­cat­hfö,­db­zdb­kbcm­ec­gèi­yb­vb­pf­dlz­rb­nj­ve,­oj­vèc­wt-df­uhj­vfl­cmrècnm­hj­pe­vèæ,­yf­crèkm­rb­dfé­kb­dè­g’znm­evjd,­yt­jå­öèl­ybö­lkz­dyt­cty­yz­ht­fkm­ybö­pvèy­e­ébn­nz­vj­kj-lè.­Ot­dfé­kb­dè­it­nt,­oj­kñ­lb­dnè­kñ­ñnm­cdjÿ­ghb­ywb­gb­d­lèñ.­­■

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ht­tp://www.americaspromise.org.

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kj­lbö­éè­yjr­vj­ét­ghb­pdj­lb­nb­lj­gèl­db­ot­yjÿ­rjy­wty-nhf­wèÿ­njr­cbx­ybö­vf­nt­hèf­kèd,­nf­rbö­zr­cdb­ytwm­(zrbq­yf­rj­gb­xe­ænm­cz­e­rèc­nrfö),­fåj­cnèq­rbö­jh­uf­yèx­ybö­irèl­kb­dbö­ht­xj­dby­(zrè­yf­rj­gb­xe­ñnm­cz­e­éb­hj­dbö­dèl-rkf­lty­yzö).­Wè­yf­dfy­nf­éty­yz­yf­jh­uf­yèpv­lèd­xb­yb­fåj­vj­kj­ljÿ­éèy­rb­gt­ht­lf­ñnm­cz­gkj­le­d­gt­hè­jl­df­uèn­yjc­nè­q­yt­vjd­kz­nè­p­vf­nt­hby­cmrbv­vj­kj­rjv.­Èy­iè­afr­nj­hb­dgkb­de­gt­ht­lf­ñnm­cz­gkj­le­nèkm­rb­nj­lè,­rj­kb­dgkbd­dèl-åed­cz­yt­pf­ljd­uj­lj­pf­xfn­nz­fåj­d­gt­hè­jl­df­uèn­yjc­nè.

Afr­nj­hb­dgkb­de

Dgkbd­yf­drj­kbi­ymj­uj­ct­ht­lj­db­of­yt­hèl­rj­pe­vjd-kñæ­q­gj­dtlèy­re­vj­kj­lè.­E­cdè­nè­èc­yeæ­ib­hj­rbq­cgtrnh­vj­lt­ktq­gj­dtlèy­rb,­jl­yfr­vjé­yf­db­zdb­nb­è­ltz­rè­eyè­dth­cfkm­yè­hb­cb.­Rj­kb­kñ­lb­lj­cz­uf­ñnm­gt­hèj­le­cnf­nt­dj­uj­lj­phè­dfy­yz,­dj­yb­pf­pdb­xfq­cnf­ñnm­yt­pf­kté-yè­ib­vb­dèl­cdj­ÿö­åfnm­rèd.­P­yt­pf­kté­yèc­nñ­ghb­öj­lbnm­vj­åèkm­yècnm,­zrf­xfc­nj­påèkm­ieæ­hb­pbr­jn­hb­vfy­yz­nhfdv,­yf­ghb­rkfl,­d­fd­nj­vj­åèkm­ybö­fdf­hè­zö.vj­kj­lè­kñ­lb­åèkm­it­cöbkm­yè­lj­gjl­èå­ybö­nhfdv,­

jc­rèkm­rb­dj­yb­èv­gekm­cbd­yè­iè­q­jöj­xt­qlenm­yf­hb­pbr,­yt­vfñ­xb­dt­kb­rj­uj­dj­lèq­cmrj­uj­lj­cdè­le.­E­åf­uf­nmjö­db­gfl­rfö­wt­gj­zc­yñ­ænm­cz­déb­dfy­yzv­fk­rj­uj­kñ­fåj­yf­hrj­nb­rèd­(oj­gj­he­ieæ­plfn­yècnm­ndt­ht­pj­vbc­kb­nb),­f­nf­rjé­nbv,­oj­nè­kj­vj­kj­ljÿ­kñ­lb­yb­vty­it­pf­cdjæñ­vf­cjñ­è­nj­ve­åèkm­it­cöbkm­yt­lj­nhfd­ve­dfy­yz.­E­åf­uf-nmjö­ht­uèj­yfö­cdè­ne­vj­kjlm,­zrf­lj­cz­ufæ­cnfye­phè­kjc-nè,­nf­rjé­åèkmi­cöbkm­yf­lj­yf­cbkm­cndf­q­eåbd­cnd.

Dgkbd

yf drj kbi ymj uj

ct ht lj db of yt hèl rj

pe vjd kñæ q gj dtlèy re

vj kj lè.

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

Èy­iè­afr­nj­hb­dgkb­de­lj­drèk­kz,­öjx­è­vtyi­gj­vèn-yè,­phti­njñ­nfr­cf­vj­vj­éenm­ghb­pdj­lb­nb­lj­cvth­nè.­Pf­åhel­yty­yz­gj­dèn­hz­plfn­yt­ei­rj­lée­df­nb­kt­ut­yè­vj­kj­lbö­kñ­ltq,­jcjå­kb­dj­vj­kj­lbö­cgjh­ncvt­yèd,­zrè­pfq­vf­ñnm­cz­yf­ldj­hè,­jc­rèkm­rb­dj­yb­dlb­öf­ñnm­åèkm­it­gj­dèn­hz.­Gèl­xfc­idbl­rj­uj­hjc­ne­jh­uf­yèp­ve­dt­kb­xtp-yt­pyf­xty­yz­vfæ­öfh­xe­dfy­yz,­è­vj­kjlm­vj­ét­déb­df­nb­åèkm­it­ÿéè,­yèé­lj­hjc­kè.­D­nf­rè­gt­hèj­lb­idbl­rj­uj­hjc-ne­ñyfr­fåj­lèd­xb­yf­gèl­lf­ænm­cz­åèkm­ij­ve,­yèé­lj­hjc-kf­kñ­lb­yf,­dgkb­de­irèl­kb­dbö­ht­xj­dby,­zrè­vèc­nznm­cz­d­ÿéè,­d­hjp­hf­öey­re­yf­vf­ce­nè­kf.vj­kjlm­pf­pdb­xfq­ghj­dj­lbnm­åèkm­it­xf­ce­d­nf­rbö­

uhj­vfl­cmrbö­vèc­wzö,­zr­irj­kb,­nf­åj­hb­dèq­cmrj­djÿ­gèl-uj­njd­rb­è­yf­vt­nj­dè­vèc­ntx­rf.­E­ltz­rbö­vèc­wzö­gèl­nhb-ve­ñnm­ufh­yè­evj­db,­nj­lè­zr­d­èy­ibö­èc­yeæ­gèl­db­ot­yf­qvj­dèh­yècnm­pf­åhel­yty­yz­ghj­ler­nèd­öfh­xe­dfy­yz­è­gbn­yjÿ­dj­lb­(yf­vt­nj­dè­vèc­ntx­rf),­pf­åhel­yty­yz­gj­dèn­hz­(afr­nj­hb,­zrè­pf­åhel­yñ­ñnm­gj­dèn­hz,­åe­kj­db­zd­kt­yj­e­åf­uf­nmjö­irj­kfö­CIF)­fåj­vjé­kb­dbq­dgkbd­vf­kj­db­dxt­ybö­trj­kj­uèx­ybö­afr­nj­hèd­(d­evj­dfö­dèq­cmrj­djÿ­ckeé­åb).E­vj­kj­lè­vj­éenm­åe­nb­öj­åè­xb­hjp­df­ub,­gj­d’zpf­yè­

èp­pf­cnj­ce­dfy­yzv­hèp­ybö­gj­nty­wèq­yj­yt­åtp­gtx­ybö­vf­nt­hèf­kèd,­yf­ghb­rkfl,­gj­kñ­dfy­yz­(cdby­wt­dbq­lhèå),­éb­dj­gbc­nf­èy­iè­db­lb­öe­ljé­ymjÿ­ndjh­xjc­nè­(öè­vèx­yè­ht­xj­db­yb­d­rkt­zö­nf­jkèq­ybö­afh­åfö),­rjc­vt­nbx­yè­db­hj­åb­(rktq­lkz­yèu­nèd),­fd­nj­vj­åè­kè­nf­èy­iè­vf­ib­yb­(hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè­db­lb­gfkm­yj­uj,­vfcnbkf­lkz­pvfp­rb,­jkèq­yè­afh­åb­q­db­ökjg­yè­uf­pb).­D­ltz­rbö­ht­uèj­yfö­cdè­ne­nf­rè­öè­vè­rf­nb,­zr­rktq­è­åty­pby,­db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ñnm­zr­yf­hrj­nb­rb,­rj­kb­kñ­lb­cdè­lj­vj­yf­hf­éf­ñnm­ct­åt­yf­pueå­ybq­dgkbd­gjl­èå­ybö­ht­xj­dby.E­dcmj­ve­cdè­nè­le­ét­åf­uf­nj­gèl­kèn­rèd­ghf­wñ­ñnm.­

Hj­åj­nf­vj­ét­lf­df­nb­rj­hbcnm­lè­nzv,­gj­rhf­oeñ­xb­aè-yfy­cj­dt­cnfy­jdb­ot­ÿö­yæ­dkfc­yt­è­xkt­yèd­ÿö­yèö­cè­vtq.­Yf­zd­yècnm­hj­åj­nb­uj­neæ­gèl­kèn­rèd­lj­lj­hjc­kj­uj­ébn­nz­è­cnb­ve­kñæ­db­zd­kty­yz­yb­vb­èyè­wèf­nb­db.­Jl­yfr­yf­lnj­xfc­nj­gèl­kèn­rèd­yfq­vf­ñnm­yf­hj­åj­ne,­zrf­db­rj­ye­ænm­cz­d­yt­åtp­gtx­ybö­evj­dfö,­jcjå­kb­dj­d­rhfÿ­yfö,­lt­yt­vfæ­lj­cnfn­ymj­uj­rjy­nhj­kñ­pf­åtp­gt­rjñ­yf­hj­åj­xj­ve­vèc-wè.­Pf­gj­gthtl­yè­vb­gèl­hf­öey­rf­vb­vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ­jh­uf­yè-pf­wèÿ­ghf­wè,­60­dèl­cjn­rèd­lè­ntq,­zrè­ghf­wñ­ñnm,­gt­ht­åe­df-ñnm­e­yt­åtp­gtx­ybö­lkz­plj­hj­d’z­evj­dfö.

E­Cgj­ke­xt­ybö­Inf­nfö­è­d­åf­uf­nmjö­èy­ibö­rhfÿ­yfö­cdè­ne­lè­nb­pfq­yz­nè­yf­cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrbö­hj­åj­nfö,­jcjå­kb­dj­zr­oj­dj­yb­db­hjc­nf­ñnm­e­ath­vth­cmrbö­hj­lb­yfö­(drkñx­yj­èp­ct­pjy­yb­vb­hj­åèn­yb­rf­vb).­Åe­kj­dcnfy­jd­kt­yj,­oj­d­wbö­lè­ntq­gèl­db­ot­ybq­nhfd­vf­nbpv,­è­wt­gj­d’z­pe­ñnm­yt­nèkm­rb­p­dèl­cen­yèc­nñ­d­ybö­hjp­cel-kb­djc­nè­q­db­cj­rbv­hb­pb­rjv,­fkt­q­èp­nbv,­oj­jå­kfl-yfy­yz­xfc­nj­crjy­cnhe­qj­df­yj­lkz­åtp­gtx­yjÿ­trc­gkef-nf­wèÿ­lj­hjc­kb­vb,­fkt­yt­gèl­kèn­rf­vb.E­rhfÿ­yfö,­zrè­hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz,­yt­uf­nbd­yè­trj­kj­uèx­yè­

dgkb­db­xfc­nj­gj­d’zpf­yè­p­hj­åj­njñ­p­yt­åtp­gtx­yb­vb­ht­xj­db­yf­vb,­nf­rb­vb­zr­cdb­ytwm­è­gtc­nb­wb­lb,­hj­åj-njñ­yf­de­kb­wè­e­drhfq­pf­åhel­yt­ybö­vècm­rbö­hf­qj­yfö­è­rjy­nfr­njv­p­öè­vè­rf­nf­vb­d­ghj­wt­cè­gj­ie­re­ghb­lfn­ybö­lkz­gj­dnjh­yj­uj­db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz­vf­nt­hèf­kèd­yf­vècm­rbö­pdf­kb­ofö.­Pf­rj­yb,­oj­jå­vt­ée­ñnm­ltz­rè­db­lb­hj­åèn­lkz­lè­ntq­vj­kjl­ij­uj­dè­re­q­uf­hfy­ne­ñnm­åtp­gt­re­yf­hj­åj­xj­ve­vèc­wè­lkz­dcèö­kñ­ltq,­åe­kb­q­kb­if­ñnm­cz­yfq­tatr­nbd­yè­ibv­èycnhe­vty­njv­pf­gj­åè­ufy­yz­ltz­rbv­èp­wbö­yt­cghb­zn­kb­dbö­afr­nj­hèd.

Db­cyjd­rb

vb­pyfæ­vj,­oj­vj­kjlm­xfc­nj­cghbq­yzn­kb­dè­if­lj­ltz­rbö­yt­åtp­gtr­lj­drèk­kz­è­åèkm­it­cöbkm­yf­lj­ybö.­Djl­yj­xfc­åf­uf­nj­p­nj­uj,­oj­æ­gèl­cnf­djñ­lkz­pf­yt­gj­rj-æy­yz,­db­nè­rfæ­p­yf­ij­uj­pyfy­yz­åèj­kj­uèÿ­nf­lj­ckè­létym­ndf­hby­yj­uj­cdè­ne,­f­yt­p­ghz­vj­uj­cgj­cnt­ht­éty­yz­pf­dgkb­djv­trj­kj­uèÿ­yf­plj­hj­d’z­vj­kj­lè.­E­yfq­åkbé­xè­rèkm­rf­hj­rèd­wt­cnfy­jdb­ot­gj­dby­yj­pvè­yb­nbcm,­jc­rèkm-rb­d­ecmj­ve­cdè­nè­p’zd­kz­ñnm­cz­xbc­kty­yè­yj­dè­yf­erj­dè­lf­yè­zr­ghj­åèj­kj­uèx­yè­pvè­yb,­oj­dèl­åe­df­ñnm­cz­d­gt­hè-jl­gjl­jhjc­kè­ify­yz,­nfr­è­ghj­lj­dujn­hb­df­kbq­dgkbd­yf­drj­kbi­ymj­uj­ct­ht­lj­db­of­yf­plj­hj­d’z­kñ­lb­yb.Nj­ve­nfr­dfé­kb­dj­ghj­ljd­ée­df­nb­xbc­kty­yè­gj­njx­yè­

lj­ckè­léty­yz­dgkb­de­lj­drèk­kz­yf­plj­hj­d’z­lè­ntq,­gèl-kèn­rèd­è­vj­kj­lè.­Djl­yj­xfc­plf­ænm­cz­hj­pev­ybv­pf­cnj­cj-de­df­nb­ght­dty­nbd­ybq­gèl­öèl­è­pf­öb­of­nb­vj­kjlm­dèl­gj­nty­wèq­yj­irèl­kb­dbö­db­lèd­dgkb­de­pf­hf­lb­jöj­hj­yb­ÿÿ­plj­hj­d’z­è­plj­hj­d’z­yf­cneg­yj­uj­gj­rj­kèy­yz,­njå­nj­lè­ntq­ce­xfc­yjÿ­vj­kj­lè.­­■

Lev­rb,­db­ckjd­kt­yè­d­wèq­cnfn­nè,­yt­jåj­d’zp­rj­dj­dè­ljå­hf­éf-

ñnm­gj­ukz­lb­xb­gj­kè­nb­re­ehz­le­CIf.

Hjc­nb­plj­Hj­dbv

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

Ghb uke ib ve pb re^Uj­kjc­yf­ve­pb­rf­yt­nèkm­rb­pf­df­éfæ­df­ibv­åfnm­rfv,­fkt­q­vj­ét­gj­irj­lb­nb­dfi­ckeö.­Jcm­oj­rf­éenm­af­öèd­wè.

Zr uex yècnm ie ve, nfr è nhb df kècnm xf ce, ghj­nz ujv zrj uj db gj nhfg kzæ nt gèl dgkbd wmj uj ie ve, db pyf xf ñnm qj uj plfn yècnm gj irj lb nb ckeö. Hèd yè ie ve db vè hñ ñnm cz d lt wb åt kfö (lÅ). Xbv db obq hè dtym e lt wb åt kfö, nbv uj kjc­yè ibq iev. Pde rb, uj kjc yè iè pf 80 lt wb åt kèd, ddf éf ñnm cz gj nty wèq yj yt åtp gtx yb vb. Ghb rkf­lb hèd yèd ie ve, oj ÿö trc gth nb ddf éf ñnm yt­

åtp gtx yb vb, – wt ie vb, oj ÿö en dj hñ ñnm uf pj­yj rj cfh rb, hjr­rjy wth nb, dj uyt gfkm yf påhjz, at æh dth rb, lb yf vè rb yf dei yb rèd, vj nj wbr kb, nhfr nj hb, gj åe nj dè ghb kf lb (vt öf yèp vb lkz gjl hèå yty yz öfh xj dbö dèl öj lèd, lkz gt ht hjå rb öfh xj dbö ghj ler nèd, vèr ct hb è n.l.) è uex yè èu hfi­rb. Dcè dj yb vj éenm en dj hñ df nb iev, åèkm ibq pf 90 lt wb åt kèd, f ltz rè p ybö – lj 140 lt wb åt­kèd. Yf dt lt yf ybé xt cöt vf ie vèd lfæ ezd kty yz ghj db hf ét yè d lt wb åt kfö ct htl yè hèd yè nbö pde rèd, zrè db ojl yz xeæ nt yf drj kj ct åt.

Gt htl he rj df yj p lj pdj ke Fvt hb rfy cmrjÿ fcj wèf wèÿ vjd kty yz, vj db è cke öe, www.asha.org.

Yt­cnth­gyè:150 lÅ – yfq uj kjc yè if hjr­ve pb rf

140 lÅ – gj cnhè kb dj uyt gfkm yjÿ påhjÿ, pder gj dèn hz yjÿ nhb dj ub, pder ht fr nbd yj uj ldb ue yf

130 lÅ – pder hex yj uj dèl åèq yj uj vj kjn rf

120 lÅ – pder, zrbq ke yfæ ghb pkt nè ht fr nbd­yj uj kè nf rf, uex yf hjr­ve pb rf yf dèl cnfyè dèl 4 lj 6 ae nèd (dèl 1,2 lj 1,8 vtn hf), pder cnt­htj cbc nt vb d fd nj vj åè kè, ht gt nb wèz jh rtc nhf

Yf­lpdb­xfq­yj­uex­yè:110 lÅ – pder hjr­ve pb rb, pder fdèf vj lt kè

106 lÅ – pder yf åj he kb nfdh è ueh rèn åf cj dbö åf hf åf yèd

100 lÅ – pder ft hj cf ytq, pder kfy wñ uj djÿ gbk rb è gytd vf nbx yj uj lhb kz

90 lÅ – pder uf pj yj rj cfh rb, pder dth cnf nèd e wt öe, pder dfy nfé yj uj fd nj vj åèkm yj uj nhfyc­gjh ne, pder gèl ptv rb

Le­ét­uex­yè:80 lÅ – lpdè yjr åe lbkm yb rf, pder gj édfd kt­yjÿ de kb wè

70 lÅ – pder èy nty cbd yj uj lj hjé ymj uj he öe, pder gb kt cj cf

60 lÅ – pder hjp vj db, pder gj celj vbq yjÿ vf ib yb

Gj­vèh­yè:50 lÅ – iev pdb xfq yj uj lj oe

40 lÅ – ghb uke it ybq pder e nb öèq rèv yf nè

Ckfå­rè:30 lÅ – it gèn, ghb uke it yè pde rb d nb öèq åèå kèj nt wè

eJournal uSa

�� Ukj­åfkm­yè­ghj­åkt­vb­/­Cè­xtym­2005­hj­re

Aspy,­Cheryl­B.,­et­al. “Adolesce nt Violen ce: the Prote cti ve Effe cts of Youth Assets”­(Tc­gè­xt­hèk­nf­èy.­≤Yf­cbkm­cndj­ct­htl­gèl­kèn­rèd:­pf­gj­åèé­ybq­tatrn­pf­dlz­rb­pe­cbk­kzv­vj­kj­lè≥), Journal of Counseling and De velopme nt: JCD, vol. 82, no. 3, Summer 2004, pp. 268–277.

Blum,­Robe­rt­W.­and­He­at­her­P.­Libbey. “School Conne-ct ed ness – Stren gt hening Hea lth and Educational Outc omes for teens: Exec uti ve Summary”­(Åkev­Hj­åthn­è­Öè­nth­Kèå­åè.­≤Pd’z­pjr­vèé­irj­kf­vb­–­pvèw­yty­yz­plj­hj­d’z­è­gèl­db­oty­yz­jc­dèn­yèö­ht­pekm­nf­nèd­e­gèl­kèn­rèd:­ht­pñ­vt≥),­Journal of School Hea lth, vol. 74, no. 7, Se ptember 2004, pp. 231–232.

Brook,­Ju­dith­S.,­et­al. “tobacco Use and Hea lth in Young Adulthood” (Åher­Lée­lèn­nf­èy.­≤Déb­dfy­yz­nñ­nñ­ye­è­plj­hj-d’z­d­ñyj­ve­dè­wè≥),­Journal of Ge ne tic Psychology, vol. 165, no. 3, Se ptember 2004, pp. 310–323.

Currie,­Candace,­Chris­Robe­rts,­Antony­Morgan,­Rebecca­Smith,­Wolfgang­Sette­rt­obu­lte,­Oddrun­Samdal­and­Vivian­Ba­rnekow­Rasmussen,­eds. Young Peo ple’s Hea lth in Conte xt. Hea lth Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study: Int er national Rep ort From the 2001/2002 Survey (Gèl­htl.­Rfh­hè­Rty­ltc,­Rhè­cf­Hj­åth­ncf,­Ty­nj­yè­vjh­uf­yf,­Ht­åtr­rb­Cvèn,­Dj­kma­ufy­uf­Ctn­nth­nj­åfkm­nf,­Jl­lhey­Ctv­lfk­è­Dè­dè­fy­­Åth­yt­rje­Hfc­vec­cty.­Plj­hj­d’z­vj­kj­lè­d­rjy­ntr­cnè.­Lj-ckè­léty­yz­gj­dtlèy­rb­lè­ntq­irèkm­yj­uj­dè­re­d­rjy­ntr­cnè­ÿöymj­uj­plj­hj­d’z.­vèé­yf­hjl­ybq­pdèn­p­Ju­kz­le­Dctc­dèn­ymjÿ­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ­plj­hj­d’z­pf­2001–2002­hj­rb).­Ge neva: World Hea lth Organiz ation, 2004 ht tp://www.euro.who.int/Docume nt/ e82923.pdf.

Evans-Whipp,­Tracy,­et­al. “A Rev iew of School Drug Policies and their Imp act on Youth Substa nce Abuse”­(Tdfyc-Dègg­Nhtq­cè­nf­èy.­≤Ju­kzl­irèkm­yjÿ­gj­kè­nb­rb­oj­lj­gb­nfy­yz­yf­hrj­nb­rèd­è­ÿÿ­dgkbd­yf­pkjd­éb­dfy­yz­vj­kj­lè­yf­hrj­nbx­yb-vb­ht­xj­db­yf­vb≥),­Hea lth Promotion Int er national, vol. 19, no. 2, 2004, pp. 227–234.

Fardy,­Paul­S.,­Ann­Az­zollini­and­Ariela­Herman.­“Hea lth-Based Physical Education in Urban High Schools: the PAtH Program” (Ath­lè­Gjk,­Tyy­Fp­pj­kè­yè­q­Fhèt­kf­Uth­vfy.­≤Aè-pbx­yt­db­öj­dfy­yz,­åf­pj­df­yt­yf­pf­cf­lfö­plj­hj­d’z,­e­vècm­rbö­db­obö­irj­kfö≥),­Journal of teaching in Physical Education, vol. 23, no. 4, Oct ob er 2004, pp. 359–371.

Farrington,­Jan. “Why teens Ne ed More Sle ep” (Afh­hèy­unjy­Léty.­≤xj­ve­gèl­kèn­rb­ve­cznm­åèkm­it­cgf­nb≥),­Curre nt Hea lth 2, vol. 30, no. 3, November 2003, pp. 6–12.

Food­and­Agricultu­re­Organiz­ation,­Unit­ed­Nations­Environme­ntal­Programme­and­World­Hea­lth­Organiz-ation. Child Pesticide Poisoning: Info rmation for Advocacy and Action­(Jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­p­öfh­xe­dfy­yz­è­cèkmcmrj­uj­ujc­gj­lfh-cndf,­Ghj­uhf­vf­jöj­hj­yb­lj­drèk­kz­JJY­è­Dctc­dèn­yz­jh­uf-yè­pf­wèz­plj­hj­d’z.­Lb­nz­xè­jn­he­æy­yz­gtc­nb­wb­lf­vb.­Èy­ajh-vf­wèz­lkz­pf­öbc­ne­q­lèÿ). Rome: FAO, UNEP and WHO, 2004; ht tp://www.fao.org/newsroom/common/ecg/ 51018_en_maquette_childhood.pdf.

Foshie,­Vangie­A. “Assessing the long-term Effe cts of the Safe Dates Program and a Booster in Pre ve nting and Reducing Adolesce nt Dating Violen ce, Victim iz ation and Per pe tr ation”­(Aj­iè­Dty­uè.­≤Lj­czu­yty­yz­lj­dujn­hb­df­kj­uj­tatr­ne­pf­dlz-rb­ghj­uhf­vfv­åtp­gtx­ybö­gt­hèj­lèd­è­gj­gt­ht­léty­yz­nf­pvty­ity­yz­gèl­kèn­rj­dj­uj­yf­cbkm­cndf,­éjh­cnj­rjc­nè­è­ghf­dj-gj­he­itym≥), American Journal of Public Hea lth, vol. 94, no. 4, April 2004, pp. 619–624.

Fu­lton,­Ja­net­E.,­et­al. “Public Hea lth and Clinical Recommen-dations for Physical Acti vity and Fit ness”­(Aek­njy­Lét­ytn­nf­èy.­≤Uhj­vfl­cmrt­plj­hj­d’z­è­rkè­yèx­yè­ht­rj­vty­lf­wèÿ­p­aè­pbx-yjÿ­fr­nbd­yjc­nè­q­aèn­yt­ce≥), Sports Medicine, vol. 30, no. 9, 2004, pp. 581–599.

Goldman,­Lynn­R.,­et­al. “Environme ntal Ped iatrics and Its Imp act on Gover nme ntal Hea lth Policy”­(Ujk­lvfy­Kèyy­nf­èy.­“Trj­kj­uèx­yf­gt­lè­fn­hèz­nf­ÿÿ­dgkbd­yf­ehz­lj­de­gj­kè­nb­re­e­cat­hè­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z”), Ped iatrics, vol. 113, no. 4, April 2004, pp. 1146–1157; . ht tp://ped iatrics.aappubl ications.org/cgi/rep rint/113/4/S1/1146.

Gordon,­Br­uce,­Richard­Mackay­and­Eva­Re­hf­uess. Inher iting the World: the Atlas of Children’s Hea lth and the Environme nt­(Ujh­ljy­Åhñc,­Hè­xfhl­vtc­rè­è­Tdf­Ht­ae­ÿcc.­Cdèn­e­cgf­ljr:­fn­kfc­lb­nz­xj­uj­plj­hj­d’z­è­lj­drèk­kz). Ge neva: World Hea lth Organiz ation, 2004; ht tp://www.who.int/ ceh/publ ications/atlas/en/index.html.

Grunbaum,­Jo­Anne,­et­al. “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – Unit ed St ates, 2003” (Uhñy­åf­ev­Léj­Tyy­nf­èy.­≤Cgj­cnt­ht-éty­yz­pf­hb­pb­rj­df­yjñ­gj­dtlèy­rjñ­vj­kj­lè­–­Cgj­ke­xt­yè­Inf­nb,­2003≥),­Morbi dity and Morta lity We ekly Rep ort, vol. 53, no. SS-2, May 21, 2004, pp. 1–96; ht tp://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/SS/SS5302.pdf.

Åèå kè ju hf aèzLj­lfn­rj­df­kè­nt­hf­ne­hf­p­gb­nfym­plj­hj­d’z­è­lj­åhj­åe­ne­vj­kj­lj­uj­gj­rj­kèy­yz

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Hemphill,­Sheryl­A.,­et­al. “le vels and Family Correl ates of Positi ve Adolesce nt De velopme nt: a Cross-National Comparison”­(Utv­aèkk­It­hèk­nf­èy.­≤Cgèd­dèl­yj­ity­yz­hèd­yz­hjp­dbn­re­è­cè-v’ÿ­p­gj­pb­nbd­yjñ­gèl­kèn­rj­djñ­gj­dtlèy­rjñ:­vèé­yf­wèj­yfkm-ybq­gj­hèd­yzkm­ybq­fyf­kèp≥),­Family Matters, no. 168, Wint er 2004, pp. 28–35.

Hinnant,­Laurie,­Christian­Nimsch­and­Brenda­Sto­ne-Wiggins. “Exami nation of the Rel ationship Bet we en Community Support and tobacco Control Acti vit ies as a Part of Youth Empowe rme nt Programs”­(Uèy­yfyn­Kj­hè,­Rhèc­nè­fy­Yèvi­è­Åhty­lf­Cnj­ey-Dèu­uèyc.­≤Ljc­kè­léty­yz­dèl­yj­cby­vèé­uhj-vfl­cmrjñ­gèl­nhbv­rjñ­è­lè­zkm­yèc­nñ,­cghz­vj­df­yjñ­yf­rjy­nhjkm­pf­déb­dfy­yzv­nñ­nñ­ye,­zr­xfc­nb­yf­gj­dyj­df­étym­vj­kj­lèé­ybö­ghj­uhfv≥),­Hea lth Education & Behavior, vol. 31, no. 5, 2004, pp. 629–640.

Kel­ley,­Thomas­M. “Positi ve Psychology and Adolesce nt Me ntal Hea lth: False Promise or tr ue Brea kthrough” (Rtk­kè­Nj­vfc.­≤Gj-pb­nbd­yf­gcb­öj­kj­uèz­è­vty­nfkm­yt­plj­hj­d’z­gèl­kèn­rf:­afkm-ib­df­jåè­wzy­rf­ghfd­lb­dj­uj­lj­czu­yty­yz≥),­Adolescen ce, vol. 39, no. 154, Summer 2004, pp. 257–278.

Kohn,­Alf­ie. “Re building School Cultu re to Make Schools Saf er”­(Rjy­Fkm­aè.­≤Gt­ht­åe­le­df­nb­irèkm­ye­rekm­ne­he,­ojå­phj­åb-nb­irj­kb­åtp­gtx­yè­ib­vb≥),­Education Digest, vol. 70, no. 3, November 2004, pp. 23–30.

Kowalski,­Kathiann­M. “Alcohol: a Real th re at,”­(Rj­dfkmcrè,­Rf­cè­zyy.­≤Fk­rj­ujkm:­ht­fkm­yf­pf­uhj­pf≥), Curre nt Hea lth 2, vol. 30, no. 4, De cember 2003, pp. 6–11.

Lopez,­Ralph­I. teen Hea lth Book: A Pare nt’s Guide to Adolescent Hea lth and Well Being (Kj­gtp­Hfkma.­Ryb­uf­ghj­plj­hj­d’z­è­åkf­uj­gj­kex­xz­gèl­kèn­rèd.­Gj­cèå­ybr­lkz­åfnm­rèd). New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003.

Lyznicki,­James­M.,­Mary­Anne­McCaff­ree­and­Carolyn­B.­Robinowitz. “Childhood Bullying: Implications for Physicians” (Kbp­yèw­rè­Létqvc,­vt­hè­Tyy­vfr-Rta­ahè­è­Rt­hj­kfqy­Hj­åè-yj­dèw.­≤Lb­nz­xè­cnhf­öb.­vèh­re­dfy­yz­lkz­kè­rf­hèd≥), American Family Physician, vol. 70, no. 9, November 1, 2004, pp. 1723–1728 ht tp://www.aafp.org/afp/20041101/1723.html.

Marks,­Andrea,­and­Betty­Rot­hba­rt. Hea lthy teens, Body and Soul: A Pare nt’s Comp lete Guide (vfhrc­Fy­lht­è­Åtn­nè­Hjn-åfhn.­Plj­hj­dè­gèl­kèn­rb,­nè­kj­è­le­if:­db­xth­gybq­lj­dèl­ybr­lkz­åfnm­rèd). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2003.

Mastny,­Lisa. “the Hazards of Youth”­(vtc­nyb,­Kfq­pf.­≤Yt­åtp-gt­rb­vj­kj­lj­uj­dè­re≥), World Watch, vol. 17, no. 5, Se ptember/Oct ob er 2004, pp. 18–21.

Michaud,­Pier­re-Andre,­Robe­rt­W.­Blum­and­Gail­B.­Slap. “Cross-Cultural Surveys of Adolesce nt Hea lth and Behavior: Progress and Prob lems” (vfq­xj­el­G’æh-Fy­lht,­Hj­åthn­Åkev­è­Utqk­Cktg.­≤vèé­rekm­neh­yè­lj­ckè­léty­yz­plj­hj­d’z­è­gj-dtlèy­rb­gèl­kèn­rèd.­Ghj­uhtc­è­ghj­åkt­vb≥),­Social Scien ce & Medicine, vol. 53, no. 9, November 2001, pp.1237–1246.

Nonnemaker,­James­M.,­Clea­McNe­ely­and­Robe­rt­W.­Blum. “Public and Private Domains of Religiosity and Adolesce nt Hea lth Risk Behaviors: Ev iden ce from the National longitudinal Study of Adolesce nt Hea lth” (Yf­yyt­vtq­rth­Létqvc,­Rkè­vfr-Yè­kè­è­Hj-åthn­Åkev.­≤Geå­kèx­yf­è­ghb­dfn­yf­cat­hb­ht­kè­uèq­yjc­nè­q­hb-pb­rj­df­yf­gj­dtlèy­rf,­oj­dèl­åb­df­ænm­cz­yf­plj­hj­d’ÿ­vj­kj­lè.­Lf­yè­Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj­lj­ckè­léty­yz­gèl­kèn­rj­dj­uj­plj­hj­d’z≥), Social Scien ce and Medicine, vol. 57, no. 11, De cember 2003, pp. 2049–2054.

Oman,­Roy­L.,­et­al. “the Pote ntial Prote cti ve Effe ct of Youth Assets on Adolesce nt Alcohol and Drug Use” (Jvty­Hjq­nf­èy.­≤Gj­nty­wèq­ybq­pf­öbc­ybq­tatrn­lj­czu­ytym­vj­kj­lè,­cghz­vj-df­ybö­yf­åj­hjnm­åe­p­déb­dfy­yzv­gèl­kèn­rf­vb­fk­rj­uj­kñ­q­yf­hrj­nb­rèd≥),­American Journal of Public Hea lth, vol. 94, no. 8, August 2004, pp. 1425–1430; ht tp://w3.ouhsc.edu/hps/Oman_et_al_04.pdf.

Pat­ton,­Geo­rge­C.,­et­al. “Pube rty and the Onset of Substa nce Abuse and Use”­(Gtn­njy­Léjhlé­nf­èy.­≤Cnf­nt­df­phè­kècnm:­­db­uj­lb­q­pf­uhj­pb≥),­Ped iatrics, vol. 114, no. 3, Se ptember 2004, pp. e300–e306; ht tp://ped iatrics.aappubl ications.org/cgi/ rep rint/114/3/e300.

Rapp-Paglicci,­Lisa­A.,­Cat­her­ine­N.­Dulmus­and­John­S.­Wodarski,­eds. Handbook of Pre ve nti ve Int er ve ntions for Children and Adolesce nts (Gèl­htl.­Htgg-Gfu­kèx­xè­Kfq­pb,­Rtn-hèy­Lfk­kfc­è­Léj­yf­Dj­lfh­crè.­Gj­cèå­ybr­p­ght­dty­nbd­yj­uj­pf­öbc­ne­lè­ntq­è­gèl­kèn­rèd).­New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

Resnick,­Michael­D.,­Marjo­rie­Ireland­and­Iris­Borowsky. “Youth Violen ce Per pe tr ation: What Prote cts? What Pred icts? Findings from the National longitudinal Study of Adolesce nt Hea lth” (Htp­yèr­vfqrk,­vth­léj­hè­Fq­hktyl­è­Fq­hèc­Åj­hjd-crè.­≤Ghf­dj­gj­he­ity­yz,­gj­d’zpf­yè­p­éjh­cnj­rèc­nñ­vj­kj­lè.­Oj­pf­öb­of­nb?­xj­ve­pf­gj­åè­uf­nb?­Lf­yè­Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj­lj-ckè­léty­yz­gèl­kèn­rj­dj­uj­plj­hj­d’z≥), Journal of Adolesce nt Hea lth, vol. 35, no. 5, November 2004, pp. 424e1–424e10; ht tp://www.allabo utkids.umn.edu/cfahad/JAHViolen ce.pdf.

Rew,­Lynn. Adolesce nt Hea lth: a Multidisciplinary Approach to theory, Research, and Int er ve ntion­(H’ñ­Kèyy.­Plj­hj­d’z­gèl­kèn-rèd.­vekm­nb­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­ybq­gèl­öèl­lj­ntj­hèÿ,­lj­ckè­létym­è­dnhe­xfy­yz).­thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publ ications, 2004.

Seth,­Carrie­McVicker­and­Maria­Garin­Jo­nes. “Providing Options and Opportu nit ies for Youth”­(Ctn­Rth­hè­vfr-Dè­rth­è­vf­hèz­Ut­hèy­Léjyc.­≤Pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­vjé­kb­djc­ntq­lkz­vj­kj-lè≥),­Children’s Voice, vol. 13, no. 6, November/De cember 2004, pp. 14–18; ht tp://www.cwla.org/programs/r2p/cvarti clessei0411.pdf.

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Strauch,­Ba­rbara. the Primal teen: What the New Discover-ies Abo ut the teen age Brain tell Us Abo ut Our Kids­(Cnhjö­Åfh­åf­hf.­Ghb­vè­nbd­ybq­gèl­kè­njr.­Oj­yfv­hjp­gj­dè­lf­ñnm­ghj­yf­ibö­lè­ntq­yj­dè­dèl­rhbn­nz­oj­lj­vjp­re­gèl­kèn­rèd).­Westminster, MD: Knopf Publishing Group, 2004.

Unit­ed­Nations. Economic and Social Council. World Youth Rep ort 2003: the Global Situ ation of Young Peo ple (Jh­uf­yè-pf­wèz­Jå’æl­yf­ybö­Yf­wèq.­Trj­yj­vèx­yf­è­cj­wè­fkm­yf­hf­lf.­Cdè­nj­dbq­vj­kj­lèé­ybq­pdèn­2003­hj­re.­Ukj­åfkm­yf­cb­nef­wèz­p­vj­kjl­lñ).­Ge neva: UN, 2004 ht tp://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/wyr/.

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U.S.­National­Instit­ute­of­Medicine. Pre ve nting Childhood Obesity: Hea lth in the Balance (Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq­èy­cnb­nen­vt-lb­wb­yb­CIF.­Pf­gj­åè­ufy­yz­lb­nz­xj­ve­jéb­hèy­yñ.­Plj­hj­d’z­d­hèd­yj­df­pè).­Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005 ht tp://www.nap.edu/books/0309091969/html/.

U.S.­National­Instit­utes­of­Hea­lth. National Instit ute of Environme ntal Hea lth Scien ces. Ce nt ers for Children’s Environme-ntal Hea lth and Disease Pre ve ntion Research. Symposium on Children’s Environme ntal Hea lth: Ide nt ifying and Pre ve nting Environme ntal Risks (Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq­èy­cnb­nen­plj­hj­d’z­CIF.­Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq­èy­cnb­nen­yf­er,­gj­d’zpf­ybö­èp­plj­hj-dbv­lj­drèk­kzv.­Wty­nhb­lb­nz­xj­uj­trj­kj­uèx­yj­uj­plj­hj­d’z­è­lj­ckè­létym­èp­pf­gj­åè­ufy­yz­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yzv.­Cbv­gj­pè­ev­p­lb­nz­xj­uj­trj­kj­uèx­yj­uj­plj­hj­d’z:­db­pyf­xty­yz­trj­kj­uèx­ybö­yt­åtp­gtr­è­pf­gj­åè­ufy­yz­ÿv).­Bet hesda, MD: National Instit utes of Hea lth, 2003 ht tp://www.niehs.nih.gov/translat/children/chrpt-03.pdf.

Ver­kler,­Erin. “try a litt le ten der ness” (Dth­rkth­Thèy.­­≤Cghj­åeq­db­zdb­nb­lt­kè­rfn­yècnm≥),­Pre ve ntion, vol. 56, no. 10, Oct ob er 2004, pp. 129–130; ht tp://www.pre ve ntion.com/ arti cle/0,5778,s1-6-79-83-4510-1,00.html.

Wilkinson,­Ross­B.­“the Role of Pare ntal and Pe er At tachme-nt in the Psychological Hea lth and Se lf-Esteem of Adolesce nts” (Dèk­rèy­cjy­Hjcc.­≤Hjkm­pd’zp­re­p­åfnm­rf­vb­è­hj­dtc­yb­rf­vb­e­gcb­öj­kj­uèx­yj­ve­plj­hj­d’ÿ­q­cf­vjj­wèy­wè­gèl­kèn­rèd≥), Journal of Youth and Adolescen ce, vol. 33, no. 6, 2004, pp. 479–493.

Windle,­Michael. “Alcohol Use Among Adolesce nts and Young Adults”­(Dèylk­vfqrk.­≤Déb­dfy­yz­fk­rj­uj­kñ­gèl­kèn­rf­vb­è­vj­kjl­lñ≥), Alcohol Research and Hea lth, vol. 27, no. 1, 2003, pp. 79–85; ht tp://www.findarti cles.com/p/arti cles/mi_m0CXH/is_1_27/ai_112937517/pg_1.

Windle,­Michael­and­W.­Alex­Mason. “Ge neral and Spec-ific Pred ictors of Behavioral and Emotional Prob lems Among Adolesce nts”­(Dèyk­vfqrk­è­Fgtrc­vtq­cjy.­≤Pf­ufkm­yè­q­jr-ht­vè­gt­htl­åf­xty­yz­gj­dtlèy­rj­dbö­nf­tvj­wèq­ybö­ghj­åktv­e­gèl­kèn­rèd≥). Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, vol. 12, no. 1, Spring 2004, pp. 49–61; ht tp://www.findarti cles.com/p/arti cles/mi_m0F CB/is_1_12/ai_114005542.

Wise,­Paul­H. “the transform ation of Child Hea lth in the Unit ed St ates” (Dfqp­Gjk.­≤Nhfy­cajh­vf­wèz­lb­nz­xj­uj­plj­hj­d’z­e­Cgj­ke­xt­ybö­Inf­nfö≥),­Hea lth Af fairs, vol. 23, no. 5, Se ptember/Oct ob er 2004, pp. 9–25.

World­Hea­lth­Organiz­ation. Shape the Futu re of life [Shape Hea lthy Environme nts for Children] (Dctc­dèn­yz­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­plj­hj­d’z.­Ndj­hb­vfq­åen­yæ­ébn­nz­[Ndj­hb­plj­hj­dt­lj­drèk­kz­lkz­lè­ntq]).­Ge neva: WHO, 2003 ht tp://www.who.int/world- hea lth-day/2003/info rmat erials/Hec-Br oEn.pdf

World­Hea­lth­Organiz­ation. Wat er for Hea lth: WHO Guidel-ines for Drinking-Wat er Quality. 3rd ed. (Dctc­dèn­yz­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­plj­hj­d’z.­Dj­lf­lkz­plj­hj­d’z.­Drf­pèd­rb­DJP­oj­lj­zrjc­nè­gbn­yjÿ­dj­lb.­3-æ­dbl.), Ge neva: WHO, 2004 ht tp://www.who.int/wat er_sanit ation_hea lth/dwq/wate rfo rhea lth3/en/.

Yoo,­Seunghyun,­et­al., “A Qualit ati ve Evaluation of the Stu de-nts of Service (SOS) Program for Sexual Absti nen ce in louisiana”­(qe­Cty­uey­nf­èy.­≤zrèc­yf­jwèy­rf­Ghj­uhf­vb­cne­ltyncmrjÿ­ckeé­åb­SOS,­cghz­vj­df­yjÿ­yf­ctr­ce­fkm­yt­en­hb­ve­dfy­yz­d­Keÿ­pèf­yè≥), Journal of School Hea lth, vol. 74, no. 8, Oct ob er 2004, pp. 329–334.

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Yf lèz Fvt hb rb – Cgèk rf pf lkz vj kj lè(America’s Promise–t he Alliance for Youth)ht tp://www.americaspromise.org/

Rfv gf yèz åj hjnm åb p re hèy yzv ct htl lè ntq­(Campaign for tobacco-F ree Kids)ht tp://www.toba ccof re ekids.org/

Dctc dèn yz hf lf jöj hj yb plj hj d’z(Global Hea lth Council)

Plj hj d’z lè ntq(Child Hea lth)ht tp://www.globa lhea lth.org/

Èyè wèf nb db d uf ke pè jöj hj yb plj hj d’z lkz vj kj lè­(Hea lth Initi ati ves for Youth)ht tp://www.hify.org/index.html

≤Plj hj dbq öj kj lbkm ybr≥(the Hea lthy Re fr iger ator)ht tp://www.hea lth yfr idge.org/

Èy cnb nen åtp gt rb lj hjé ymj uj he öe(Insurance Instit ute for Highway Safety)ht tp://www.iihs.org/safety_fa cts/teens/teen ager.htm

Lè nzv ghj plj hj d’z(KidsHea lth)ht tp://www.kidshea lth.org/

Pf ufkm yj yf wèj yfkm yt nhb df kt lj ckè léty yz plj hj d’z yt gj dyj kèn yèö(National longitudinal Study of Adolesce nt Hea lth)ht tp://www.cpc.unc.edu/proje cts/addhea lth

Yf wèj yfkm yè jh uf yè pf wèÿ vj kj lèé yjÿ åtp gt rb (National Organiz ations for Youth Safety)ht tp://www.noys.org/

Yf wèj yfkm yf rfv gf yèz e PVÈ p åj hjnm åb p yf hrj vf yèæñ ct htl vj kj lè(National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign)ht tp://www.mediacampaign.org/

Yf wèj yfkm yf rfv gf yèz e PVÈ p åj hjnm åb p yf hrj vf yèæñ ct htl vj kj lè(National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign)Dèkm yf tyth uèz(Free Vibe)ht tp://www.fre ev ibe.com/

Yf wèj yfkm ybq èy ajh vf wèq ybq wtynh p gb nfym hjp dbn re vj kj lè(National Youth De velopme nt Info rmation Ce nt er)ht tp://www.nydic.org/nydic/

Yf wèj yfkm ybq ht ceh cybq wtynh p gb nfym pf gj åè ufy yz yf cbkm cnde oj lj vj kj lè(National Youth Violen ce Pre ve ntion Resource Ce nt er)ht tp://www.saf ey outh.org/scripts/teens.asp

Pf hf lb lè ntq(Para los Niños)ht tp://www.paralosninos.org/home.html

Ght pb ltyncmrf hf lf p aè pbx yjÿ rekm ne hb è cgjh ne­(Preside nt’s Council on Physical Fit ness and Sports)ht tp://www.fit ness.gov/

Èy cnb nen ghja èkfr nb rb(Pre ve ntion Instit ute)Lè nb è vj kjlm(Children and Youth)ht tp://www.pre ve ntioninstit ute.org/children.html

Gj ie rj dbq èy cnb nen(Search Instit ute)ht tp://www.search-instit ute.org/

Irj kz hè ghj nb yf cbkm cndf gj dcñ lb(Stu de nts Against Violen ce Ever ywhe re)ht tp://www.nationalsave.org/

Jy kfq yj dè gj hf lb gèl kèn rfv(teen Advice Online) ht tp://www.teenadviceonline.org/

Eg hfd kèy yz JJY p yf hrj nb rèd è pkj xby yjc nè(Unit ed Nations Of fi ce on Drugs and Crime)Ukj åfkm yf vj kj lèé yf vt ht éf(Global Youth Ne twork) ht tp://www.unodc.org/youth net/

Wty nhb rjy nhj kñ è ghja èkfr nb rb pf ödj hñ dfym CIF(U.S. Ce nt ers for Disease Control and Pre ve ntion)Gb nfy yz jöj hj yb plj hj d’z: vj kjlm è gèl kèn rb(Hea lth topic: Adolesce nts and teens)ht tp://www.cdc.gov/hea lth/adolesce nt.htm

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Ctr wèz jöj hj yb plj hj d’z lè ntq è irj kz hèd(Division of Adolesce nt and School Hea lth)Plj hj dè irj kb – plj hj df vj kjlm(Hea lthy Schools, Hea lthy Youth)ht tp://www.cdc.gov/Hea lthyYouth/index.htm

Lt gfh nf vtyn jöj hj yb plj hj d’z è cj wè fkm ybö ckeéå CIF(U.S. Dep artme nt of Hea lth & Human Services)Fl vè yèc nhf wèz p gb nfym cè v’ÿ q lb nb yb(Administr ation for Children and Fami lies)ht tp://www.acf.hhs.gov/acf_abo ut.html

Lt gfh nf vtyn jöj hj yb plj hj d’z è cj wè fkm ybö ckeéå CIF(U.S. Dep artme nt of Hea lth & Human Services)Eg hfd kèy yz ghj uhfv ghja èkfr nb rb df uèn yjc nè yt gj dyj kèn yèö(Of fi ce of Adolesce nt Pregnancy Programs)ht tp://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/tit lexx/oapp.html

Yf wèj yfkm yf fl vè yèc nhf wèz åtp gt rb he öe yf ij ctq ybö lj hj ufö CIF(U.S. National Highway tr af fic Safety Administr ation)Åtp gt rf dj lè ÿd-gj xfn rèd wèd(New Driver Safety)ht tp://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/peo ple/injury/newdriver/

Yf wèj yfkm ybq èy cnb nen db dxty yz pkjd éb dfy yz fk rj uj ktv è fk rj uj kèp ve CIF(U.S. National Instit ute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)Déb dfy yz fk rj uj kñ yt gj dyj kèn yè vb: cth qjp yf ghj åkt vf jöj hj yb plj hj d’z(Under age Drinking: A Major Public Hea lth Challen ge)ht tp://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publ ications/aa59.htm

Yf wèj yfkm ybq èy cnb nen plj hj d’z lè ntq è hjp dbn re kñ lb yb CIF(U.S. National Instit ute of Child Hea lth and Human De velopme nt)ht tp://www.nichd.nih.gov/

Yf wèj yfkm ybq èy cnb nen CIF p db dxty yz dgkb de lj drèk kz yf plj hj d’z kñ lb yb(U.S. National Instit ute of Environme ntal Hea lth Scien ces)Wty nhb ghja èkfr nb rb lb nz xbö pf ödj hñ dfym è db dxty yz dgkb de lj drèk kz yf plj hj d’z lè ntq(Ce nt ers for Children’s Environme ntal Hea lth and Disease Pre ve ntion Research)ht tp://www.niehs.nih.gov/translat/children/children.htm

Yf wèj yfkm ybq èy cnb nen CIF p db dxty yz uke öj nb q èy ibö rj ve yè rf nbd ybö gj he itym(U.S. National Instit ute on De af ness and Ot her Communication Disorders Wise Ears)ht tp://www.nidcd.nih.gov/hea lth/wise/index.asp

Yf wèj yfkm ybq èy cnb nen ghj åktv yf hrj vf yèÿ CIF (U.S. National Instit ute on Drug Abuse)ht tp://www.nida.nih.gov/

Eg hfd kèy yz yf wèj yfkm yjÿ gj kè nb rb rjy nhj kñ pf yf hrj nb rf vb CIF(U.S. Of fi ce of National Drug Control Policy)ht tp://www.whit ehousedrugpolicy.gov/

Rjh gec cdj åj lb CIF(USA Fre edom Corps)Vj kj lèé yè lj czu yty yz(Youth Achie veme nt)ht tp://www.usaf re edomcorps.gov/conte nt/priorit ies/youth/index.asp

Dctc dèn yz jh uf yè pf wèz plj hj d’z(World Hea lth Organiz ation)Yf cbkm cndj e vj kj lèé yj ve ct ht lj db oè (Youth Violen ce)ht tp://www.who.int/violen ce_injury_pre ve ntion/violen ce/youth_violen ce/en/

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