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trSwf (11)

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EdkArfbm 2/ 1865 – 0g;&ef;*sD[m'def; (Warren G. Harding) 29a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

EdkArfbm 3/ 1794 – 0DvD,rfcl;vefb&dkif,ef@xf (William Cullen Bryant) tar&DuefuAsmq&m

EdkArfbm 7/ 1867 – rm&Dul&D (Marie Curie) a&'D,dkowW=uGudk=[mzGDwGd[dconhfydkvefEG,fzGg;odyHynmo#if

EdkArfbm 8/ 1922 – c&Dpo#efbmem;'f (Christiaan Barnard) yxrOD;qHk;toJtpm;xdk;ukor_jyKolawmiftmz&duq&m0ef

EdkArfbm 10/ 1483 – rmwdefvlom (Martin Luther) y&dkwufpwdef@*dk%f;udkwnfaxmifol*smrefzkef;awmf}uD;

EdkArfbm 12/ 1840 – atm*wfpxD&dk'def (Auguste Rodin) jyifopfyef;ykynmo#if

EdkArfbm 12/ 1866 – qGef,ufqef (Sun Yat-Sen) w&kwfawmfvSefa&;a*gif;aqmif

EdkArfbm 13/ 1850 – a&mbmhvl;0dpfpwDAdefqef (Robert Louis Stevenson) paumhwdcsfpm&GD;q&m

EdkArfbm 14/ 1889 - *sm0g[mvmae&l; (Jawaharlal Nehru) tdENd,.yxrOD;qHk;0ef}uD;csKyf

EdkArfbm 15/ 1887 – a*smf*sD,mtdkuwfzD (Georgia O’ Keeffe) tar&DueftEkynmo#if

EdkArfbm 19/ 1831 - *sdrf;pfat*gzD;vf (James A. Garfield) 20a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

EdkArfbm 20/ 1925 – a&mbwftufzfc,fae'D (Robert F. Kennedy) tar&DuefEdkifiHa&;orm;

EdkArfbm 21/ 1694 – Adk(vf)xJ&f (Voltaire) jyifopfpm&GD;q&m

EdkArfbm 22/ 1890 – csm;vfpf'Da*g (Charles de Gaulle) jyifopfppfa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;a*gif;aqmif

EdkArfbm 23/ 1804 – z&ef@uvdefydkif;&ufpf (Franklin Pierce) 14a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

EdkArfbm 24/ 1784 – Zmcs,fw,fvm (Zachary Taylor) 12a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

EdkArfbm 25/ 1835 – tef'&l;cge,f*sD (Andrew Carneige) paumhwdcsfEG,fzGg;tar&DuefolaX;}uD;

EdkArfbm 28/ 1757 – 0DvD,Hbvdwfcf (William Blake) tdef*vdcsfuAsmq&m

EdkArfbm 29/ 1832 – vl0Dqmart,fvfacghxf (Louisa May Alcott) tar&Duefpm&GD;q&mr

EdkArfbm 30/ 1835 – rmhcfxGdef; (Mark Twain) tar&Duefpm&GD;q&m

EdkArfbm 30/ 1874 – qm0defpwefcsmcsD (Sir Winston Churchill) +ADwdef0ef}uD;csKyf

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ajrmuftar&duwdkufonfurBmhtaemufzufjcrf;wGifwnf[donhfwdkufjzpf+yD;wdkuf.taemufzufwGifypdzdwfork'N&m/ajrmuf zufwGif tmwdwfork'N&m/t&SdzufwGiftwWvefwdwfork'N&m/ um&d bD,Hyifv,f/ awmifzufwGif awmiftar&duwdkuf&dk@ESifhe,fedrdwf csif; qufpyfwnf[donf? ajrmuftar&duwdkufwGift"duEdkifiH}uD;(3)EdkifiHESifh tjcm;EdkifiHi,ftcsdK@yg0ifwnf[donf? ajrmuftar&du wdkuf. t"duEdkifiH}uD;(3)EdkifiHrSm c,fae'g/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ESifh ruUqDudkEdkifiH&dk@jzpfuwf+yD;wdkuf.tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSmbDvdkufZf/udkp wm&Dum/t,fvfqmaA'dk/ *GgwDrmvm/ [Gef'l&yfpf/eDum&m*GgESifh yem; rm;&dk@jzpfuwfygonf? ajrmuftar&duwdkuf.rlvwdkif;OD;om;(tar &Dueftdef'D,efrsm;uJodk@aomvlrsdK;)rsm;onf+yD;conhf bDpD40000(av;aomif;)avmufwGif b,f&def;(&Dvuf=um;)ZcFg (Bering Strait) rSwqifh qdkufab;&D;,m;ESifh tvmpumudkjzwfum tmo#wdkufrS 0if a&mufvmolrsm;jzpfa=umif; ynmo#ifrsm; us,fjyef@pGm,lqxm;uwfygonf? ajrmuftar&duwdkufonf tmo#wdkufESifh tmz&duwdkufrsm;+yD;v#if urBmwGif wwd,ajrmuft}uD;qHk;wdkufjzpfygonf? Source: The New Book of Knowledge 2005 (Vol. 13)



CLP—Novell Certified Linux Professional

COMOS—complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

CMS—content management system

CNA—Certified Novell Administrator

CNE—Certified Novell Engineer

Coax—coaxial cable

COBOL—Common Business-Oriented Language

COM port—communications port

COO—Chief Operations Officer

COPPA—Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act

CPU—central processing unit

CRM—customer relationship management

CRT—cathode-ray tube

CS—computer science

CSC—common short code

CSS—Content Scrambling System

CST—Computer Service Technician

CTS—carpal tunnel syndrome

CUG—C/C++ Users Group

CVS—computer vision syndrome

CWP—Certified Web Professional

Source: Discovering Computers 2008 by Series, Shelly Cashman

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13- qD&D;,m;rStmqwftpdk;&tedefjzifh qENjyjynfolrsm;/ twdkuftcHjyKolrsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGmaqG;aEG; ajzo#if;r_rsm; rjyKvkyfygu qufwdkufoydwfarSmufr_rsm;jyKvkyfvm;rnfjzpfa=umif;jzifh tm&yftzJG@csKyfrS ajymqdkvdkufonf?

14- obm0ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufr_ rjzpfpDyJxkwfvkyfxm;onfh ukefypPnf;rsm;tm; tcGeftcrsm;avsmhh aumuf&eftmo#-ypdzdwfa*gif;aqmifrsm;oazgwlnDvdkufuwfonf?

pOf EdkifiHtrnf

pkpkaygif;

1 tdef'dkeD;o#m; 182 151 143 476

2 xdkif; 109 100 120 329

3 AD,uferf 96 92 99 287

4 rav;o#m; 59 50 81 190

5 pdefumyl 42 45 73 160

6 zDvDydef; 36 56 77 169

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8 vmtdk 9 12 36 57

9 uarBm'D;,m; 4 11 24 39

10 t&SdwDarm 1 1 6 8

11 b&lEdkif;'g&kqvrf 0 4 7 11

pkpkaygif; 554 549 704 1807

Source: http://seag2011.com/

pmrsufESm 6



(t,ifvrS tquf)

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mph-miles per hour wem&Dv#ifrdkifE_ef; (t,if §

tjref)

Mr.-Mister trsdK;om; (OD;)

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17- xdkif0rfonf ol.ig;zrf;oazFmrsm;udkumuG,f&ef qdkrmvD,modk@ ppfzufoHk;oazFmtcsdK@udk ydk@v$wfvm;rnf[kqdkonf?

17- xdkif;ESifhuarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHwyfzJG@rsm; tjiif;tcsufjzpfedefonhfe,fpyfa'orS jyefvnfqkwfcGgvm; uwfrnfjzpfa=umif;jzifh ESpfzuft&m[d}uD;rsm;rS xkwfaz:ajymqdkonf?

18- w&kwf.vlrygaomtmumo,OfwpD;jzpfonhf Shenzhou Vill onf tmumoxJwGifwm0efxrf; aqmif+yD;aemufjyefvnfqif;oufa&muf[dvmonf?

18- a':atmifqef;pk=unf.ygwDonfArmjynf.vmrnfh&GD;aumufyJGrsm;wGif0ifa&muft&GD;cHvm;rnf[k qdkonf?

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21- Armjynf/tD&efESifhajrmufudk;&D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;tm;urBmhukvor*~wGif,if;&[email protected];vGef aomvl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mrSwfwrf;rsm;twGuftzJG@0ifEdkifiHtrsm;pkrSo#Kwfcsa=umif;rJxnfhuwfonf?

22- &mo#m;tmumo,Ofr_; (3) OD;onfurBm+rDjyifokd@ atmifjrifpGmjyefvnfqif;oufvmuwfonf?

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23- tar&Duefjynfzxmifpk.t&SdOa&myqdkif&mumuG,fa&;rl0g'rsm;tm; wefjyefwdkufcdkufonhf tedefjzifh &mo#m;EdkifiHonf,if;.'Hk;ysHrsm;tm; Oa&myZkef.e,fpyfrsm;wGifjzef@=uufcsxm;vm;rnfjzpf a=umif;jzifhqdkonf?

24- ,DrdeforRw tb'lvmqmvm;onf(33)ESpf=umtkyfpdk;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHorRwtjzpfrS tem;,l zdk@Asm,fjzpfa=umif; vufrSwfa&GD;xdk;vdkufonf?

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26- tar&Dueftmumoat*sdefpDemqmonf t*Fg+*dK[favhvma&;'Hk;ysHwpD;tm; ypfv$wfvdkufonf?

27- a[mhpeDrlbm&mhacwfvGef.yxrOD;qHk;aomtaxGaxG&GD;aumufyJGrsm;udkusif;yvm;&eftD*sdjynf olrsm; ysifqifedefuwfAsm,fjzpfonf?

28- qD;&D;,m;tpdk;&onfvl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_rsm;jym;vmedefa=umif;jzifhurBmhukvor*~.tpD&ifcH pmY az:jyxm;onf?

28- tar&DuefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;[,fvm&Dcvdefwef.c&D;pOf rpwifcifrSmyifw&kwf.tem*gwfa*gif; aqmifZD*sdefydef;onf ArmppfOD;pD;csKyfESifhwGdqHkum ESpfEdkifiH=um;ydkrdk&if;ESD;r_[d&ef aqG;aEG;vdkufuwfonf[kqdkonf?

29- urBmh&moDOwktajymif;tvJjzpfr_rsm;onfjyif;xefpGmjzpfyGg;vmedefa=umif;ESifh,if;tm;xda&muf pGmumuG,fvm;&efrSm urBmhEdkifiHa&;a*gif;aqmifrsm;wGif wm0ef[da=umif;jzifhoHk;oyfuwfonf?

30- v#yfppftm;oHk;armfawmfum;rsm;yg0ifonfh wdkusdKarmfawmfjyyJGudkzGifhvSpfjyoonf?

30- tdkifA&Dudk@pfEdkifiH. orRwa[mif; avm&ef@pf*sDbmbdk onf jypfr_rsm;tm;ppfaq;cH&eftvdk@iSg [d*f +rdK@[d tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;&Hk;odk@ atedwGifxGufcGgvm;Asm,fjzpfonf?

0ef}uD;tzJG@onfEdkifiHwEdkifiH. tpdk;&tzJG@0if0ef}uD;rsm;(odk@r[kwf) vkyfouf&ifh tpdk;&t}uHyD;olrsm;yg0ifonhftzJG@ jzpfygonf? Cabinet [laom pum;&yfonf+ADwdefbk&ifcsm;vfpf(2)(Charles II) ESifh rdzk&m;tefeD(Anne)&dk@. vufxufwGifv$wfawmf.0ef}uD;tzJG@0if tm; vHk;ESifhtpnf;ta0;rjyKvkyfrD ta&;w}uD;qHk;jzwfp&m[donfrsm;udk xdyfwef;twdkifyifcHtrwfrsm;ESif h t}udKwGdqH kaqG;aEG;r_jyKvkyf &m ,if;rif;wdkifyifcHtrwfrsm;tzJG@udk ac:a0:onhftoHk;tE_ef;rS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkygonf? acwfopf+ADwdef Cabinet wGif tpdk;&tzJG@cGJtoD;oD;rS 0ef}uD;rsm;yg0if+yD; ,if;&dk@udkjynfol@v$wfawmfrS

wqifh 0ef}uD;csKyftedefjzifha&;qJGtwnfjyKxm;[djcif;jzpfygonf? tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGif 0ef}uD;tzJG@0ifrsm;onf tpdk;&XgecJGtoD;oD;.t}uD;tuJrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmforRwtm; txl;t}uHyD;olrsm;tjzpfvnf; aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifuwfygonf? 0ef}uD;tzJG@0ifrsm;tm;&GD;cs,fcef@tyfr_udk jynfol@v$wfawmfrS twnfjyK&yg onf? tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkorRw. Cabinet wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ pdkufysdK;a&;0ef}uD;/ ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ tvkyform;0ef}uD;/ usef;rma&;ESifhvlr_0efxrf;0ef}uD;/ tdk;tdrfESifh+rdK@jywdk;wufa&;0ef}uD;/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ ynma&;0ef}uD;/ pGrf;tif0ef}uD;/ ppfr_xrf;a[mif; rsm;oufomacsmifcsda&;0ef}uD; ESifh w&m;ol}uD;csKyf&dk@ yg0ifuwfygonf?

Source: Webster’s New Explorer: Desk Encyclopedia (2003)

pmrsufESm 8 EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

“tusGef@udk,f tusGef t"dy`g,fjynhf0a& vlom; wa,mufjzpfzdk@twGuf

&nf&G,f }udK;pm; yga&/ ,if;csifhudk&m tusGef

atmifjrifc au Zmt&mudkrqdk tusGef

atmifjrifatmif vkyfaqmif Ed_ifzdk@jzpfyga&”

“urBmavmu}uD;udk tawG;tac:wdu xdrf;csKyfxm;pGmyg”

“owWd[da&vlqdkpGm i&Jrif;}uD;rsufESmudk

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“trSefrSm tawG;tac: wd onfomv#if urBm}uD;.

ppfol&Jaumif;wd jzpfyga&/bZma=umihfvJqdkau tawG;tac:ryga& ppfyJGwda& tEdkifusifh

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(20 a,mufajrmuf

tar&DueforRw)

atmf*wfpwD&dk'def (Auguste Rodin)

(19) &mpkESpf. urBmausmfjyifopfyef;csD/yef;ykynmo#ifwOD;jzpfonfh atmf*wfpwD&dk'def udk 1840ckESpf/EdkArfbmv 12 &ufedwGifjyifopfEdkifiH/yJ&dpf+rdK@YzGg;jrifconf? i,fpOfausmif;om;b0wGif rsufvHk;tjriftm;enf;onhf&dk'defonfpmoifcef;xJ[doifykef;}uD;xufrStuQ&mrsm;udkoJuGJpGmrjrif& ojzifhocsFmudkrkef;wD;onhfausmif;om;wa,muf jzpfca=umif;ol.jyefajymcsufrsm;t&od[d&onf?tEkynmausmif;odk@ ausmif;0ifcGifh oHk;}udrf uso#HK; +yD;aemufydkif;wGif&d k'defonfvGwfvyfaom yef;yk xkqpfol tEkynmo#ifwOD;tjzpf &yfwnfvmc vD onf?

urBmhtausmf=um;qHk;aom yef;yk&kyf=uG rsm;xJwGif ausmufwHk;rsm;udk t+cDjyKxkqpfonhf &dk'def. yef;yk&kyfxkrsm;xdyfqHk;rSyg0ifonf? olxkqpf onhf wwHk;ususif; vl@udk,fcE<myef;yk&kyfrsm;onf tjiif;yGg;zG,f&mjzpf+yD; Ecole des Beaux-Arts rS jyo &efjiif;yg,fjcif;udkvnf; qufwdkufcHc&onf? 1964 ckESpfwGif tEkynmoifwef;wckwufa&mufpOf &dk;pf AsL&uf (Rose Beuret)qdkol trsdK;orD;ESifh wGdqHk/ cspf}udKufum twledefxdkifjzpfuwfonf? (odk@aomf olqHk;yg;cgeD; 1917 ckESpfwGifrS olrESifhvufxyfjzpfvD onf? pum;csyf?)

&dk'defonf tDwvDEdkifiHodk@vm;a&muf+yD; aemufol.udk,fydkif[efjzifhxkqpfonhf yef;yk&kyfrsm; jzifhemrnf&vm+yD; 1878 ckESpfwGifjyocGifh&onhf ‘}uD;acwf’ (The Age of Bronze) [k emrnfyD;xm; aom yef;yk&kyfjzifhOa&mywGif vlodrsm;vmonf?&dk'deftm;wdkif;od/ jynfod/ urBmodjzpfvm;pDonfh ol.tjcm;yef;ykvuf&mrsm;rSm 1880 jynhfESpfwGif xkqpf +yD;pD;conhf ‘awG;ac:ol’ (The Thinker) ESifh 1886 ckESpfwGif+yD;pD;onhf ‘terf;’ (The Kiss) &dk@ tygt0ifjzpfygonf? tjcm;emrnfausmfvuf&m wckjzpfonhf ‘i&Jwef;cg;rsm;’ (Gates of Hell) rSm rl 1880 ckESpfwGifpwifxkqpfc+yD; olqHk;yg;vm;csdef 1917 ckESpfxd +yD;qHk;jcif;r[dcygacs?

&dk'def.yef;ykvuf&mrsm;xJwGif}uD;rm;aom &kyfxkrsm;omruti,fpm;xkqpfjcif;rsm;vnf;yg 0if+yD;txifo#m;qHk;wckrSm 1884 ckESpfwGif xkqpfc onhf Eternal Spring onfwcktygt0ifjzpfonf?&dk'defonf ol.tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk e,l;a,mh/wdkusdK/ yJ&dpf/ vD,Gef tp[donhfurBmh+rdK@}uD;/ +rdK@awmf rsm;pGmwGifjycef;rsm;zGifhvSpfIjyocvDonf?ol. atmifjrifausmf=um;r_ESifh tEkynmydkif;qdkif &m}udK;yrf;xnfh0ifr_rsm;udk *k%fjyKonhf tedefjzifh +ADwdefEdkifiH *vufp*dkwuUodkvfrS 1906 ckESpfwGif vnf;aumif;/ atmufpzdk@wuUodkvfrS 1907 ckESpf wGifvnf;aumif; ‘*k%fxl;aqmifygarmuQ’ qkrsm; udktoD;oD;csD;jrSifhuwfvDonf? &dk'def.vuf&mrsm; udk pkpkpnf;pnf;/ txifu&jrifwGdEd_ifonhf edef&m rsm;rSm jyifopfEdkifiH/yJ&dpf+rdK@/ bdkif&Gif[dkw,f(Hotel Biron, Paris) rS Musee Rodin tEkynmjycef;/ tar&D uefjynfaxmifpk/ zDvm',fvfzD;,m; (Philadelphia)

&dk'def.ausmf=um;aomvuf&mwckjzpfonhf

awG;ac:ol (The Thinker) &kyfxk)


James Abram Garfield

*sdrf;pf atb&rf *gzD;vf'f (20 OD;ajrmuftar&DueforRw)

rGD;ed? ? EdkArfbm 19/ 1831?

b0oufwrf;? ? 1831 - 1881

rGD;&yf? ? atmf&def;*sf/ tdk[dkif;tdk; jynfe,f?

trd? ? t,fvDZmbmvl*gzD;vf'f?

tz? ? atb&rf*gzD;vf'f?

r,m;? ? vlc&D;o#m;&l;a'gh*gzD;vf'f?

om;orD;rsm;? ? tJvDZm/ [,f&D/ *sdrf;pf/ r,f&D(armfvD)/ tm&fAdef/ atb&rf/ tuf'Guf?

aumvdyf^wuUodkvf? ? Western Reserve Eclectic Institute; Williams College toufrGD;tvkyftudkif? ? }[deD/ aumvdyfygarmuQ/ aumvdyf ausmif; tkyf}uD;/

EdkifiHa&;vkyfouf? ? tdk[dkif;tdk;jynf e,fv$wfawmftrwf/ atmufv$wf awmftrwf/ orRw?

ygwD? ? &DzgAvDudef?

a'ocHjynfe,f? ? tdk[dkif;tdk;?

orRw &GD;aumufyJG oufwrf; w av#muf twdkuftcHrsm;? ? Neal Dow; James Baird Weaver, John Wolcott Phelps; Winfield Scott Hancock

orRwoufwrf;? ? Mar 4, 1881 rS Sep 19, 1881 xd? (orRw wm0ef xrf;aqmifedefpOf Charles J. Guiteau rS 1881 ck ESpf/ *sLvdkif 2 &ufedwGifypfowfojzifh ,if;'%f&mESifh qHk;yg;onf?)

'kwd,orRw? ? csufpwm tvef tmom (Chester Alan Arthur)

&cdkifa0g[m&tbd"gefusrf; (to#if0go0)

&cdkifa&S;a[mif;+rdK@awmfrsm; (xGef;a&$cdkif—ppfawG aumvdyf) Time Magazine

Oxford Essential Biographical Dictionary

The New York Times Alamanac (2007)

The New Book of Knowledge (2005)

Student Discovery Encyclopedia (2003)

Countries of the World and Their Leaders

Yearbook (2004)

Chronicle of the 20th Century

The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents

http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/

http://www.cnn.com/

http://www.news24.com/

http://www.topix.com/world/south-america

http://www.smh.com.au/

Sources: (atpmapmifygowif;ESifhtcsuftvuftcsdK@udk atmufaz:jyygowif;Xgersm;ESifh pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;rS pkaqmif;&,lygonf?)

rS the Rodin Museum jycef; ESifh qefz&efqpPudk(San Francisco) rS California Palace of the Legion of Honor jycef;&dk@jzpfuwfygonf?

usrf;udk; Grolier: Encyclopedia of Knowledge (Vol. 16)

Webster’s New Explorer: Desk Encyclopedia (2003)

http://www.auguste-rodin.com/

http://rodin-web.org/bio/default.htm

http://www.rodinmuseum.org/286-97.html

http://davidputmanlive.com/?p=476

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ausmhBumndK (&cdkiforD;ysdK) 17.10.2011


pmrsufESm (12) ae&l; rS

(tdENd,. vGwfvyfa&;ESifh EdkifiHhydokumrsm;jzpfuwfonhf *sm0g[mvmae&l; ESifh r[wWr*END)

}[d&dk;qefI usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;a&;t+cDcH0g'D jzpfol *ENDESifh EdkifiHwumtjrif[daom ae&l;&dk@=um;wGif rwluGJjym; onhf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m t,ltquJGvJGr_rsm;/ rsm;pGm[dedefc onhfwdkif 1916 ckeSpf/ tdENd,trsdK;om; uGif*&ufwGif pwifwGdqHkcsdefrSpI ol&dk@ESpfOD;onf wOD;tay:wOD;em;vnfr_[d[d/ wJGzufnDonhf tENd,a*gif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmvwfuwfygonf? 1919ckESpf ujzpfyGg;onhf trR&Dpwm (Amristar) owfjzwfr_udpP t+yD;wGif *END uJodk@yif ae&l;onfvnf; tEdN,. uGif*&ufygwDESifh xifo#m;onhf trsdK;om;a*gif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvmcygonf? 1929 ckESpfwGif ygwDOuUXtjzpf &GD;aumufwifajrSmufjcif;cH&onf? ol. tm%m zDqefr_ ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tjcm;wuf=uGv_yfo#m;r_rsm;a=umihf +Adwdo#ftpdk;&onf ae&l; tm; axmift}udrf}udrfcsxm;cvDonf?

'kwd,urBmppft+yD;/ EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tyD;t,l jyKvkyfr_wGifae&l;yg0ifygufouf+yD;/ [dENLvlrsm;pktdENd,ESifh rlqvdef vlrsm;pk ygudpPwef[lIESpfEdkifiHcJGum oD;jcm;pDvGwfvyfa&;&,l c uwfonf? ,if;odk@jzifh 1947ckESpf/ =o*wfpfv (14) &ufedwGif tdENd,EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&; &[d&mae&l;onfEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;aom 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcygonf?

ygudpPwefEdkifiHwGif;[d [dENL'kuQonfrsm;udpP/ ESpfEdkifiH e,fpyfta&;udpPrsm;udkt+cDcH+yD; 1948 ckESpfwGif ygudpPwef EdkifiHESifh vnf;aumif;/ 1962ckESpfwGif w&kwfEdkifiHESifhvnf;aumif; ppfruf jzpfyGg;r_rsm; [dedefc uwfayonf?

*sm0g[mvmae&l;onf tdEN,0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf (17) ESpf =um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf 1964 ckESpfwGif vl}uD;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGeftedpP a&mufvm;ygvDonf?

usrf;udk;

Grolier: Encyclopedia of Knowledge (Vol. 13) Webster’s New Explorer: Desk Encyclopedia (2003)

a'gufwmqGef,ufqef

(Dr. Sun Yat-Sen)

refcsL;&dk@}uD;pdk;onhf uGdef (Qing) rif;quf 1911 ckESpfwGif jyKwfus+yD;aemuf w&kwfjynf.awmfvSefa&;a*gif;aqmifESifhacwfopf w&kwforRwEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;orRwjzpfcolqGef,ufqefudk 1866 ckESpf/ EdkArfbmv 12 &ufedwGifzGg;jrifconf?

qGef,ufqefonf[m0dkiftD rS c&d,Hpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif (3) ESpf cef@ynmoif=um;+yD;aemuf *GefZl;(Guangzhou)/ uefwkef(Canton) ESifh a[mifaumif (Hong Kong) wGifqD;ynmudkavhvmum 1892 ckESpfwGifq&m0efbJG@&onf? xdkaemufolonf w&kwfawmfvSef a&;. wuf=uGv_yfo#m;olwOD;jzpfvm+yD;aemuf 1895 ckESpfwGif EdkifiH


pmpOfrSm,lvdkv#if atowif;pOf0,f,ltm;yD;vdkolrsm;tedefjzifhatmuf az:jyygeD;pyf&mpmpOfulnDjzef@csD yD;olrsm;rSwqifhqufoG,f0,f,l E_difuwfygonf? txl;aus;Zl; wifygonf?

udk OD;odef;armif (tdkiftdk0g)

Ø 515-326-4622

udk ausmfodef; (csDum*dk)

Ø 773-414-2813

udk atmifxGef;pdef (ydpfbmh*f)

Ø 412-403-7822

udk cdkifrif;ZH (bmzJvdk)

Ø 716-308-3566

udk qef;v_dif (rD0ghuD)

Ø 414-484-5738

*dk;acs (,lwm;)

Ø 801-512-1036

udk ausmfodef; (rDZl&D)

zkef; 816-294-8451

udk apmodef;armif (csDum*dk

Ø 630-749-8083

pmrsufESm 8 odk@

jyifyodk@ xGuf+yD; wdrf;ao#mif&onf? tar&Duefjynf axmifpk/ tdef*vef ESifh *syefEdkifiHrsm;odk@ a&muf[d onf?

qGef,ufqefonf1905ckESpfwGif “xifref *dkif” (Tongmengui)[ktrnf&onhf “o*F[todkif; t0dkif;” (Alliance Society) udk *syefjynfwGif zJG@pnf; wnfaxmifonf? xdktzJG@tpnf;rSwqifh 1907 ckESpfwGifol. EdkifiHa&;/ awmfvSefa&;qdkif&m a=umfjim pmwrf;udkxkwfjyefa=umfjimonf?

tqdkyga=umfjimpmwrf;Y t"duaz:jycsuf(3)csufyg 0ifonf? ,if;&dk@rSm-

♦ trsdK;om;a&; (Nationalism)

♦ 'Drdkca&pDa&; (Democracy) ESifh

♦ jynfol@toufrGD;0rf;ausmif;b0(jynfhpH k)a&; (People’s Livelihood) &dk@ jzpfuwfyg onf?

xdkaemufqGef,ufqefonfol. awmfvSef a&;t,ltqESifhoDtdk&Drsm;udkjynfoltrsm;od[dem; vnfvmatmifjyKvkyf+yD;jynfya&mufw&kwftrsdK; om;rsm;xHr S& Hy H ki G Dr sm;aumufc Hp kaqmif;onf? 1911c kE Sp f /awm fvSe fa&;tqH k ;owf +y D ;aemuf qGef,ufqeftm;acwfopfw&kwfjynf.orRwtjzpftrnfwifoGif;/wifajrSmufuwfvDonf?

bk&ifhtdefyg,mpHepftm;vHk;0zsufodrf;ydkufumpHepfopfESifhcsDwufedefonhfacwfopfw&kwfjynf.vdktyfcsuft& ,Gefo#Dudkif (Yuan Shikai) udkorRw opftjzpf wifajrSmuf&efta=umif;zefvmaomtcg qGef,ufqefonforRw&mxl;rSE_wfxGufyD;vdkufvDonf? odk@&mwGif,Gefo#Dudkif. tdefyg,mto#ifocif vkyfvdkr_ESifhtm%mo#ifqefqef rif;rl}uD;pdk;vdkonhf rl0g'qdkif&mrsm;ydkrdkyDjyifvmaomtcgqGef,ufqefESifh ol.vkyfaz:udkifzuf qGifa*smuf&ef (Song Jiaoren) &dk@onf “w&kwfjynfol@trsdK;om;ygwD” jzpfonhf aumufrdefwef (Kuomintang) udkzJG@pnf;wnfaxmif um,Gefo#Dudkiftm;twdkuftcHjyKuwfvDonf?

a'gufwmqGef,ufqefonfol.aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;udk0g&ihf/obm&ihfEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;wOD;tjzpf &yfwnfv#uf 1925 ck/ rwfv 12 &ufedwGif uG,fvGef tedpPa&mufvm;ygvDonf?

(1924 ckESpfwGifwnfaxmifconhf qGef,ufqefwuUodkvf)

olruG,fvGefrD 1924ckESpfwGif a'gufwm qGef,ufqefonf w&kwfjynf *GefZl; t&yfY qGef,ufqefwuUodkvf (Sun Yat-Sen University)udkwnfaxmifc.? qGef,ufqefuG,fvGef+yD;aemuf olpwifconhf orRwEdkifiHawmfvSefa&;udk csefudkif csdwf rSqufcHonf?

usrf;udk;

Grolier: Encyclopedia of Knowledge (Vol. 18)

Countries of the World (2004 – Vol. 1)

http://bridging-the-gap.eu/en/Project/Partners/Sun-Yat-Sen-University/

okw eef Y &o udkvnf;aumif;

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vnf;aumif;

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(2) pyspfEG,fwd csdKa&Aif

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pyspfoD;cdkif[dedefpGma& trSefrSm ,if;tyif}uD;u r[kwf? ,if;tyif}uD;rSmwG,fyemaygufedefa& pyspfEG,fyifuoD;edefpGm jzpfa=umif;+rDcGD;wGdvdkuf&a&? qdkau – urBmh+rDqJGtm;? *&ufADxD ta=umif;udk 21 &mpk+rDcGD;u tvSyvem;vnf;xm;a&taumif?opfyif}uD;+cD&if;em;upyspfEG,fudk&mjzwfyvdkufzdk@qdkau,if;pyspfoD; wda& *&ufADxD (Gravity) a=umifh=uGDusvmzdk@pGm&mrem;? e,lwef (Newton) u yef;oD;}uGDusvmpGmudkjrifvdk@ *&ufADxD udk az:xkwfEd_if c a&? a,au a'+rDcGD;uvnf; *&ufADxD udk toHk;csAsm,f pyspf oD;}uGDatmifvkyfvm;zdk@qdka& taumifrsdK;?

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a'taumifu yaygh(ayghaygh) r[kwf? avhvma&? pl;prf;/ okawoejyK a&? ,if; pyspfoD;[dedefa& tyifudk vSnfhyem/ ywfy em aoaocsmcsm avh-vma&? axm—wGdAsm,fvrf;p wp?

21 &mpk,Hkwrf;yHkjyifrsm; (rsufESmzHk;) rS


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(3) v,form;eef Y ½GSDO tkaombJief;

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pmrsufESm 18 odk@

pmrsufESm 16

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0defpwefvD,dkemh'fpydefqmcsmcsD (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill)

0defpwefcsmcsD udk zcif avmh'f&ef;a'gvfcsmcsD (Lord Randolph Churchill) ESifhtar&Duefrdcifjzpfol&dk@rS 1784 ckESpf/EdkArfbmv 30 &ufedwGif ,lEdkufwuf udef; 'rf;EdkifiH/ 0l;'fpawmhcf (Woodstock) Y zGg;jrifconf? csmcsDonf[m&dk;(Harrow)ESif hqef;'f[mh'f(Sandhurst) ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;+yD;aemuf +ADwdefppfzuf wGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmifonf? xdkaemufouU &mZf 1900 jynfhESpfwGif cifqm;aA;xdAf(Conservative) ygwD. v$wfawmftrwfwOD;jzpfvmonf? xdkaemuf 1900ESifh1930ckESpf=um; q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif olonf vDb&,fESifh cifqm;aA;xdcftpdk;&rsm;. tqifhjrifhwm 0efrsm;pGmudk xrf;aqmifcvDonf? 'kwd,urBmppfyJG umvtwGif;wGifcsmcsDonf +ADwdef&Dwyf.t}uD;tr_; wm0efudk xrf;aqmif+yD; 1940ckESpf/ arvwGif ,lEdkuf wufudef;'rf;. 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpf vmcvDonf? olonftqdkygwm0efrsm;udk 1945ckESpf xdxrf;aqmifconf? 1951ckESpfwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0ef udk 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuftjzpf jyefvnfxrf;aqmif+yD; 1955ckESpfwGif wm0efrStem;,lonf?

odk@aomfolonf +ADwdefjynfol@v$wfawmf. tzJG@0ifwOD;tjzpf 1964ckESpftxd qufvufwm0ef

xrf;aqmifedefc &m csmcsD.ol&Jaumif;qefaom pGef@ v$wf/pGef@pm;r_rsm;/ rdrdudk,frdrdoH"dXgefcs/&if;ESD;jrSyfESHum EdkifiHawmfESifhvlom;vGwfajrmufr_rsm;twGuf xnfh0ifr_ rsm;udk *k%fjyKonhftedefjzifh tJvdZbufbk&ifr(2) rS *k%fxl;aqmifbJG@rsm;udktyfESif;+yD; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tjcm;*k%fjyKqkrsm;pGmudkvnf; 0defpwefcsmcsD vufcH&[dcvDonf? ,if;&dk@txJY 1963ckESpfwGif orRw c,f ae'D. uruxjyKr_jzifhcsmcsDtm;yD;tyfconhf *k%fxl; aqmiftar&DuefEdkifiHom; tjzpfcsD;jrSifhr_onfvnf; wck tygt0ifjzpfygonf?

EdkifiHa&;wm0ef/ ppfa&;wm0efrsm;tjyif 0defp wefcsmcsDonf pm&GD;jcif;udkvnf;0goemxHkpGm aqmif &Gufcolvnf;jzpfygonf? ol.yxrOD;qHk;aompmyD &GD; om;r_udk The Story of Malakand Field Force (1898)jzifhpwifconf? ,if;aemufwGif ql'efcrfydef; ESifh tdka':ref(bdk;0g;)wdkufyJGrsm;ta=umif;udk t+cDjyK&GD;om; xm;onhf The River War (1899)/ 1900 jynhfESpfwGif &GD;om;conhf/ ol. wyk'fwnf;aom 0xkjzpfonhf Sav-rola ESifh [email protected]`wWdta=umif;udk &GD;om; xm;onhf Lord Randolph Churchill pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; xkwf0Dconf? ol.tjcm;atmifjrifausmf=um;onhf b0twˆKy`wWdt&GD;tom;wckrSm the Duke of Marlbor-ough jzpf+yD; twJG(4)wJGcGJv#uf 1933 ESifh 1938 ckESpfrsm; twGif;wGifxkwf0Dconf?

0defpwefcsmcsDonf yxrurBmppfESifh 'kwd, urBmppfESpfckvHk;wGif twdkif;twmwckxd t"duus onhf tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpfyg0if/ &yfwnfzl;oljzpf&m yxrurBmppfta=umif;udk 1923 ESifh 1929 ckESpfrsm; twGif;wGiftwJG(4)wJGcJGI&GD;om;xkwf0Dconhf The World Crisis pmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;/ 'kwd,urBmppf ta=umif;udk&GD;om;xm;onhf the Second World War pmtkyfudktwJG(6)wJGcJGv#uf 1948 ESifh 1953-54 ckESpf rsm;=um;wGifvnf;aumif; xkwf0DcvDonf?


pmrsufESm (12) odk@

olonf 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efrS tem;,l+yD;aemuf ydkif; 1956 ESifh 1958 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif a History of the English-speaking Peoples pmtkyfudkvnf;twJG (4) wJGcJGv#uf &GD;om; xkwf0Dc vDonf?

csmcsDonf tm0ZGef;&$ifI pum;ajymaumif;olwOD;vnf; jzpf&m ausmf=um;/xifo#m;onhf'gZdefaygif;rsm;pGmaom rdef@cGef;rsm; udkvnf;yD;coljzpfygonf? ,if;&dk@teuftxifo#m;qHk;rSm The Unre-lenting Struggle (1942)/ The Dawn of Liberation (1945) ESifh Victory (1946) &dk@ tygt0if jzpfygonf?

,if;odk@jzifhcsmcsDonf 1953ckESpfwGif pmyDqdkif&mEdkA,fqkudk csD;jrSihfjcif;cHc&+yD; “ol.aumif;rGefvGef;onhfordkif;ESifh twKywWd qdkif&m&GD;om;r_rsm;/ vlom;wefzdk;umuG,fa&;qdkif&m txl; a[m ajymr_rsm;twGuf” &GD;cs,fyD;tyfjcif;jzpfa=umif; EdkA,fqk&GD;cs,fa&; aumfro#def.az:jycsufwGif&GD;om;xm;[dygonf?

qm0defpwefcsmcsDonf 1965ckESpf/ *sefe0g&Dv 24 &ufwGif vef'ef+rdK@Y uG,fvGefonf?

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Grolier: Encyclopedia of Knowledge (Vol. 4) Webster’s New Explorer: Desk Encyclopedia (2003) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/

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(Jawaharlal Nehru)

20 &mpk tdENd,ordkif;wGif txifo#m;qHk; EdkifiHa&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;a*gif;aqmifESpfOD;rSm r[wWr*ENDESifh *sm0g[mvmae&l; &dk@yifjzpfuwfygonf? *END.trsdK;om;a&;ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m OD; aqmifOD;&GufjyKr_rsm;aemufuG,frS EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk vkyfudkifaqmif &Guf,ufyif; vGwfvyfaomtdENd,. yxrOD;qHk;aom 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfcol *sm0g[mvmae&l; udk tvm[mbuf(Allahabad) +rdK@wGif 1889 ckESpf/ EdkArfbmv (14) &ufedwGif zGg;jrifconf? zcifjzpfol rdkwD vmae&l;(Motilal Nehru)onf }[deDwOD;jzpf+yD; tdENd, trsdK;om; v_yfo#m;r_. OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKolrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0if jzpfcyg onf?

ae&l; ti,facsb0u rdrdtdrfYyif pmyDoif=um;avhvm r_rsm;jyKvkyfc+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tdef*vefEdkifiHcdrf;b&dcsf (Cambridge)t&yf[d[m&dk;ausmif; (Harrow School) ESifh x&DeDxDaumvdyf (Trinity College) &dk@wGif ynmqnf;yl;conf? tdef*vefwGifynm qnf;yl;+yD;I tdENd,odk@jyefvmcsdefY ae&l;onf taemufwdkif;qefr_ rsm;/ rsm;pGm[dedefcolwOD;jzpfa=umif;jzifh qdkygonf? 1916 ckESpfwGif umrmvmum;vf (Kamala Kaul) qdkoltrsdK;orD;ESifhvufxyfuwf+yD; ol&dk@ZeD;armifESHwGiftdEND&m (Indira) [lonhfwOD;wnf;aom orD;acs udkxGef;um;cuwfvDonf? (ae&l;.az:jyygwOD;wnf;aom orD; tdEND&m*END onf 1966 ckESpfwGif tdENd,.0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? pum;csyf?)

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qufoG,f&efvdyfpm 1107 S Washington St.

Wheaton, IL 60189 U.S.A.

Ø1-630-682-3616 (Home)

Ø1-630-956-3382 (Cell) [email protected]

Edi tors Group: Oo Thein Maung

Lw on Pi Ni Tauk Kray

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ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm

21 &mpk,Hkwrf;yHkjyifrsm; 1 t,f'Dwmhpum; 2 EdkArfbmv 3 EdkArfbmv &ufpOfurBmhowif;rsm; 4-7 +rDyHk=unhf,ufyif;owif;zwf/ owif;zwfyem+rDyHk=unhf 10-11 EdkArfbmzGg; xifo#m;oltcsdK@ 17 tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm; 19 uGef*dkEdkifiH 20

+yD;conhfESpfaygif;1500cef@uuGef*d kjrpf0Srf;atmufydkif;onfEdkifiH i,frsm;pGmwnf[dedefconhf a'owck jzpfayonf? odk@aomf,if;a'od,EdkifiH i,frsm;Ytm;enf;csufrsm;pGm[dedefc &m (16)&mpkwGif ay:wl*D&[email protected];ydkuf jcif;udkcHc&onf? wzefay:wl*D&dk@xuf tiftm;ydkrdkomvGefonhfjyifopfwyfuuGef*dka'otm;xyfrHodrf;ydkufjyefonf?1960ckESpf/ aty&,fv(15)&ufedwGif jyifopf&dk@vufatmufrSvHk;0vGwfvyf a&;&[donf? uGef*dkEdkifiHonf tmz&d uwdkuf. taemuftv,fydkif;wGif tD auGwmudkjzwfv#ufwnf[daom EdkifiH jzpfonf? 26 ESpf=umcef@}uD;pdk;conhf rmhpf/vDedef0g'onf 1990 wGif tqHk; owf +y D ;ygwDp H k' Dr d kca&pDenf;us& G D ; aumufyJGrsm;jyKvkyfr_[daomfvnf;rJr ormr_rsm;/tm%mvuf[djzpfedefonhf ygwDtedefjzifhtwdkuftcHrsm;tm;ab; z,fypfjcif;rsm;[dedefayonf?

w&m;0iftrnf? ? uGef*dkorRwEdkifiH?

EdkifiHwnfaxmifonhfckESpf? ? 1960

+rdK@awmf? ? b&mZmADvf

t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;? ? yGifwDEdGKif/ yl;vf/ AGefZm/ ulAufwD?

vlOD;a&? ? 4²2 oef; (*sLvdkif § 2011) vlOD;a&odyfwnf;r_E_ef;? ? 1 pwk&ef; rdkifv#if 28 a,muf (1 pwk&ef;cDvdkrD wmv#if 11 a,muf)

tus,ft0ef;? ? 132046 pwk&ef; rdkif ( 342000 pwk&ef;cDvdkrDwm)

ajymqdkonhfbmompum;? ? uGef*dk/ wDuD/ vdef*gvm/ jyifopf?

udk;uG,fonhfbmom? ? rd&dk;zvm udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ 50 &mE_ef;/ &dkref cufovd 25 &mE_ef;/ y&dkwufpwifh 23 &mE_ef;/ rlqvdef 2 &mE_ef;?

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tpdk;&? ? orRw pHepf?

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c,fvdk&Dpm;oHk;r_? ? 2221 c,fvdk&D

vmrnfh EdkifiHwuma&;&m &uQdKifowif;pOf wGif

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ESifh ESif;csdKvd_if(ajrmufOD;) . ‘usnfqHwvSnhf vrf;wvSnfh’

aqmif;yg;rsm;udk&GD;cs,fxm;[dygonf? aus;Zl;wifygonf?

(t,f'DwmtzJG@)

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