Edi T 10 - BADIPILLALU

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PREPARED BY&

K�V� RAMANA" S�A V� TRIVIKRAMA RAO" S�A" B�VENKATESWARLU" S�A" ZPHS" PALLISARADHI" Z�P�H�S" NAGARAMPALLI" M�P�U�S" KARIPETA"

V�KOTTURU MANDAL" V�KOTTURU MANDAL SANTHABOMMALI MANDAL" SRIKAKULAM �Dt!� SRIKAKULAM �Dt!� SRIKAKULAM �Dt!�

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10th CLASS BIOLOGY

NUTRITION

1. Oxygen was discovered by Priestly (1774). And the name was coined by Lavoisier (1775).

2. C.B.Van Neil (1931) formulated the equation for photosynthesis.

3. The colour of chlorophyll ‘A’ is blue-green and chlorophyll ‘B’ is yellow-green.

4. Pelletier and Caventou extracted chlorophyll in 1817.

5. Maximum Co2 fixation is done by phyto planktons.

6. Jan Ingenhouz (1779) observed that sunlight is essential for release of oxygen.

7. Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency), Merasmas (protein & calories deficiency) are examples for malnutrition.

8. Cuscuta (dodder, a leafless parasitic plant) absorbs food through haustoria.

9. 6Co2+12H2O ---------------------→ C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2.

10. Robert Hill proved that O2 is released from water in photolysis.

11. Engelmann detected the point of maximum rate of photosynthesis.

12. Expansion of RUBP is Ribulose bis Phospate.

13. Light reaction takes place in grana. Dark reaction occurs in stroma.

14. No. of pigment molecules present in photosynthetic unit in each granum is 250-400.

15. Photon is the smallest unit of light.

16. Amoeba takes in food using pseudopodia.

17. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes like trypsin and lipase.

18. Fats are digested by the bile juice secreted by liver is called emulsification.

19. Water soluble Vitamins are B&C. Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K.

20. Vitamin “B12” (Cyanocobalamine) is synthesized by bacteria present in intestine.

21. Deficiency of vitamin‘B1’ (Thiamine) leads to Beriberi.

22. Deficiency of vitamin ‘C’ (Ascorbic acid) causes scurvy disease.

23. Rickets occurs due to deficiency of vitamin ‘D’ (Calciferol).

24. Vitamin ’A’ (Retinol) prevents xeropthalmia, night blindness.

25. Fertility disorders occur due to the deficiency of vitamin ‘E’ (Tocoferol).

RESPIRATION

1. Human physiology written by John Daper.

2. The microscopic air sacs present in lungs are called alveoli.

3. Pharynx is a common passage of digestive and respiratory system.

4. We will find vocal cards in larynx.

5. A flap like muscular valve controls movement of air and food is epiglottis.

6. Lungs are protected by two layers called pleura.

7. Gaseous exchange takes place within the lungs by diffusion.

8. No of lobes present in the left lung of man are two and in the right lung three.

9. Normal shape of diaphragm is dome.

10. In males diaphragm plays important role in respiration, where as ribs in females.

11. The total lung capacity of human is 5800ml.

12. Iron (Fe) is present in the haemoglobin where as Magnesium (Mg) in chlorophyll.

13. The energy currency (ATP) is stored in mitochondria (power houses of the cell).

14. Each ATP (adenosine tri Phospate) molecule gives 7200 calories of energy.

15. Accumulation of lactic acid due to strenuous work results muscular pain.

16. Production of ethanol during anaerobic respiration by yeast is called fermentation.

17. In prokaryotic cells respiration occurs within the cytoplasm.

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18. Respiration through skin (Ex. Frog, Earth worm) is called Cutaneous respiration.

19. Fish respire through gills (bronchial respiration).

20. Insects (cockroach, grasshopper) respire through tracheal respiratory system.

21. In amoeba, hydra and planarians respiration occurs through diffusion.

22. Mangrove trees respire with their Arial roots (root hairs).

23. Gaseous exchange takes place in plants through stomata (leaf), lenticels (stem).

24. Cellular respiration in prokaryotes takes place in cytoplasm.

25. Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria where carbohydrates get oxidized.

TRANSPORTATION

1. In amoeba, hydra materials are transported through Brownian movement.

2. Pulse rate in well trained athletes is 40-60. Pulse rate in new born babies is 100-150.

3. Stethoscope was discovered by Rene Laennac in 1816.

4. Heart is covered by two layers called pericardial membranes.

5. Coronary vessels supply blood to the muscles of heart.

6. The larger artery is called aorta rises from upper part of the left ventricle.

7. Girolano Fabrici observed valves in the leg veins.

8. William Harvey described about double circulation of blood.

9. Capillaries in the legs of bat observed by Marcello Malpighi in 1661.

10. The cardiac cycle (contraction and relaxation) completes in 0.8 seconds.

11. No. of beats/min in Blue whale are 7 and 1200 in coaltit (bird).

12. Swelling of feet after overnight journey is called edema.

13. Transportation of materials happens through gastro vascular cavity in Cnidarians (hydra, jelly fish)

14. In Nematyhelmenths (round worm) pseudopodium conducts transportation of materials.

15. Sphygmo manometer is used for measuring blood pressure.

16. Normal blood pressure in healthy man is 120/80 (systole/ diastole).

17. Blood clots in 3-6 min.

18. Thrombokinase released by platelets plays an important role in blood coagulation.

19. The straw yellowish colour liquid portion after formation of blood clot is serum.

20. Vitamin ‘K’ helps in coagulation of blood.

21. Blood does not coagulate in the case of hemophilia.

22. Rhesus factor (Rh) was first discovered in Rhesus monkeys.

23. Thalassemia major can be cured by bone marrow transplantation.

24. Transportation of sugars (food) in plants occurs through phloem and water through xylem.

25. Evaporation of water through stomata of leaves is called transpiration.

EXCRETION

1. Nephrons are functional and structural units of kidneys.

2. Malpighian body consists Bowman’s capsule and glomerules.

3. Glomerules develop from afferent arteriole.

4. The squamous epithelial cells in the walls of Bowman’s capsule are called podocyte cells.

5. ‘U’ shaped renal tubule is called loop of Henle.

6. Filtrate from glomerules is also called primary urine.

7. Concentration of urine depends upon the hormone vasopressin.

8. Deficiency of vasopressin causes diabetes insipidus (excess, dilute urination).

9. The maximum storage capacity of urinary bladder is 700-800ml.

10. Total amount of urine excreted per day is about 1.6-1.8 liters.

11. Amber colour to urine due to urochrome.

12. Kidney failure is called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

13. Artificial filtration of blood by using dialysis machine is called haemo dialysis.

14. Accumulation of water and wastes in the body if kidney failed is called uremia.

15. First kidney transplantation was held by Dr. Charles Hufnagel in 1954.

16. Amoeba, paramecium excretes through contractile vacuole.

17. In platy helminthes and nematodes excretion takes place through flame cells.

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18. In arthropods excretion takes place through Malpighian tubules.

19. Wastes get stored in the fruits in the form of raphides.

20. Morphine secreted by Pepavar somniferum (opium) is a pain killer

21. Reserpine (Rauwolfia serpetiana) is used as medicine for snake bites.

22. Quinine (Cinchona officinalis) is an antimalarial drug. Nimbin (neem) is an antiseptic.

23. Latex secreted by Hevea braziliensis is used to produce rubber.

24. Chewing gum is made from the latex of the chicle.

25. Pollen grains of parthenium cause allergy and asthma.

CO ORDINATION

1. All the living organisms respond to stimuli.

2. The functional and structural unit of the nervous system is neuron.

3. Interruptions in Myelin sheath (made up of Schwann cells) are called nodes of ranvier.

4. A point of contact between two neurons is synapse.

5. Afferent neurons are also called sensory neurons and efferent neurons are motor nerves.

6. Brain is covered by three layers called meninges.

7. Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland.

8. Diencephalon is the centre for emotions, blood pressure, temperature, hungry and sleep.

9. Cerebellum maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.

10. Medulla oblongata controls cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities.

11. No. of cranial nerves are 12 pairs and spinal nerves are 31 pairs.

12. The dilation of pupil influenced by autonomous nervous system/ adrenal gland.

13. Islets of langerhans (Insulin producer in pancreas) were discovered by Paul Langerhans in 1868.

14. In 1905 Starling had coined the term hormones which are secreted by ductless glands.

15. Adrenaline is also called Fight and flight hormone.

16. Thyroxin secreted by thyroid is responsible for growth rate and metabolic activity.

17. Closing of stomata, seed dormancy is caused by Abscissic acid.

18. Auxins influence the cell elongation, differentiation of shoots and roots.

19. Cytokinins promote cell division, opening of stomata, anti aging of leaves.

20. Ripening of fruits caused by ethylene.

21. Gibberellins promote elongation of stems, breaking the seed dormancy.

22. In 1926 F.W.Went discovered auxins.

23. The nastic movement of touch me not plant is called thigmonasty or thigmo tropism.

24. Due to chemo tropism pollen tubes grow to reach ovule.

25. The shoots of creepers bends towards sunlight because of photo tropism.

REPRODUCTION

1. Single celled organisms (bacteria, amoeba and paramecium) reproduce by fission.

2. Reproduction through budding occurs in yeast. Fragmentation occurs in spirogyra, lichens.

3. We get seedless fruits due to parthenogenesis (shift from sexual to asexual reproduction).

4. Vegetative reproduction through leaves takes place in Bryophyllum.

5. Reproduction in fungi (rhizopus, mucor) occurs through spores.

6. Spores containing leaves in fern are called as sporophylls.

7. External fertilization is common in aquatic animals (fishes and amphibians).

8. Epididymis (sperms are stored temporarily) is formed by vasefferentia.

9. The development of male reproductive organs regulated by testosterone.

10. The release of ovum by rupturing of graffian follicle is called ovulation.

11. From the 3rd

month of pregnancy the embryo is called as foetus.

12. The secretion of mammary glands after delivery of baby is called as colostrums.

13. Bottle guard and papaya are examples for unisexual flowers.

14. No. of cells present in pollen tube are two.

15. Central cell (secondary cell) in embryo sac contains two polar nuclei.

16. The second fertilization in plants gives rise to endosperm.

17. Mitosis was discovered by Walther Fleming in 1879.

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18. The structure of deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) is discovered by Watson & Crick.

19. DNA synthesis takes place in interphase (“S” stage).

20. Johnson and potu Rao revealed the structure of interphase chromosomes.

21. Theodor Boveri confirmed the meiotic division in 1904.

22. Cells that contain only one set of chromosomes are called haploid.

23. AIDS (Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome) is caused by HIV.

24. Prevention of pregnancy in women is called contraception.

25. Birth control surgery in males called vasectomy and in females called tubectomy.

CO ORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESS

1. Increasing ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger.

2. Leptin suppresses hunger.

3. Pavlov conducted experiments on conditional reflexes.

4. The formula of teeth is 2:1:2:3 (incisors, canines, premolars, molars).

5. The grinding and chewing of food by tooth is called mastication.

6. Saliva secreted by salivary glands changes the medium to alkaline.

7. The chemo receptors in nose are also called olfactory receptors.

8. The 5th

cranial nerve controls the movement of muscles in the jaw.

9. Saliva secretion and movements in digestive system are under the action of autonomous nervous system.

10. Food forms into bolus as a result of chewing.

11. Amylase breaks starch into sugars (glucose).

12. pH beyond ‘7’ is alkaline and below ‘7’ is acidic.

13. Animals which are active during nights are called nocturnal animals.

14. Animals which are active during day are called diurnal animals.

15. Mucus lubricates and protects the walls of oesophagus.

16. The motion that propels the bolus into stomach is called peristalsis.

17. Peristalsis movement is controlled by autonomous nervous system.

18. The burning and belching sensation in stomach is due to the secretion of HCL.

19. Digestive juices turn the food into chime.

20. Pyloric sphincter is present at the opening of stomach and duodenum.

21. Reverse peristalsis occurs in ruminants (cow, buffalo).

22. Emptying of stomach takes place in 4-5 hrs and small intestine is 30-40 hrs.

23. Production of secretin and cholecystokinin stimulate to release of pancreatic juice, bile juice and succus

entericus.

24. Ville which are present on in surface of small intestine absorb the digested food.

25. Nervous system in digestive system is often called as second brain.

HEREDITY

1. The process of acquiring change is called evolution.

2. Mendel (Father of genetics) experiments stands for Heredity.

3. TT or YY, Tt or Yy are responsible for a dominant character.

4. The study of fossils (evidence of ancient life forms) is called palaeontology.

5. Differences in characters with in closely related groups of organisms are called variations.

6. Mendel had chosen 7 pairs of characteristics for his study in pea plants.

7. Externally visible characters are called phenotype.

8. The phenotypic ratio in monohybrid cross is 3:1, and genotypic ratio is 1:2:1.

9. Alleles are same for character in homologous and different in heterologous.

10. Phenotypic ratio in di hybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.

11. Transmission of characters from parent to offspring is called heredity and the process is called inheritance.

12. Mendel factors are now known as genes (segment of DNA).

13. Each human cell contains 22 (autosomes) + 1 (allosomes) pairs of chromosomes.

14. The allosomes (sex chromosomes) present in female are XX and in males are XY.

15. Variations are formed during sexual reproduction or because of errors in DNA copying.

16. Change in frequency of genes in small population is known as genetic drift.

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17. The law of inheritance of acquired characters was proposed by Lamarck.

18. Augustus Weismann proved in rats that the body changes won’t be passed to its offspring.

19. Theory of natural selection was proposed by Darwin.

20. Charles Lyell wrote the book “The principals of geology”.

21. Evolution of new species is called speciation (macro evolution).

22. Evolution of homologous traits is called divergent and heterologous is convergent evolution.

23. Paleontologists determine the age of fossils by carbon dating.

24. Evolution of man: 1. Homo habilus 2. Homo erectus 3. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 3.Homo sapiens

(present man).

25. There are nearly 180 vestigial (not useful) organs in man (moving museum of vestigial organs).

Ex. Pinna, hair on skin, appendix

OUR ENVIRONMENT

1. The region of the world of living things is called biosphere.

2. The living organisms maintain a balance with its biotic and aboitic factors.

3. Sunlight is the main source of energy for all living organisms.

4. The position fit for animals in food web is called niche.

5. Charles Elton (1927) showed tropical levels in the shape of ecological pyramid.

6. Sun light is the main source of energy for an ecosystem.

7. Charles Elton put the producers at the base and carnivals at the tip of pyramid.

8. Energy flow from one organism to another shown in food chain.

9. Population in food chain in each tropical level shown in pyramid of number.

10. In an aquatic ecosystem the pyramid of biomass is inverted.

11. The organic material produced during photosynthesis is called biomass.

12. Biomass is also used as bio fuel.

13. Flow of material between organism and environment is called mineral circulation or Bio geo chemical cycle.

14. Kolleru had been declared as bird sanctuary in 1999.

15. The process of entry of pollutants into food chain is known as bio-accumulation.

16. The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they more from one tropical level to the next is known as bio

magnification.

17. Methyl mercury in food causes minemate disease.

NATURAL RESOURCES

1. Ground water levels increase with percolation tanks.

2. Centre for world solidarity is situated at secunderabad.

3. Available surface fresh water is 0.01%.

4. ICRISAT (secunderabad) – International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics.

5. UNDP- United Nations Development Programme.

6. FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization.

7. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and minerals are non renewable resources.

8. Forests serve as lungs of the world.

9. Wood products can be replaced with bamboo.

10. Soil erosion can be reduced with contour strip cropping.

11. Variety of the living thing that populates the earth is called bio diversity.

12. Seeds of Jatropa curcas used for production of bio diesel.

13. IUCN- International Union for the Conservation of Nature (1948).

14. World conservation strategy was proposed by IUCN in 1980.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

1. CO2, NO2, CFC (Chloro Fluro Carbons) are examples for Green house gasses.

2. Green house gasses maintain temperature on earth. Excess presence of these gasses causes Global

warming.

3. CFC are used in refrigerators and air conditioners.

4. Presence of solid particles and liquid droplets present in air are called particulate matter (aerosols).

5. Gujarat stands first place in our country in utilizing solar energy.

6. CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) is energy efficient and generate little heat.

7. There will be better yield if we grow different plants in the field by attracting more insects.

8. The three “R”s are Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

9. Waste materials produce methane gas.

10. Substances that are broken by down by biological process are said to be biodegradable.

11. Shele explained about fluorine in 1771. In 1886 Maizen separated fluorine element from its ore.

12. Drinking of fluorine polluted water causes fluorosis.

Prepared by:

V.TRIVIKRAMA RAO, B. VENKATESWARLU,

S.A (BIOLOGY), S.A (BIOLOGY),

Z.P.H.S, NAGARAMPALLI, M.P.U.P. S, KARIPRTA

V.KOTTURU MANDAL, SANTABOMMALI MANDAL

SRIKAKULAM (DIST). SRKAKULAM (DIST).

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