,ay; ,ay; ,ay; ,ay; \\\\d;Wd;Wd;Wd;W

tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspy; tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspy; tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspy; tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;fhzg;gLk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;fhzg;gLk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;fhzg;gLk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;

55

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

gz;ghLgz;ghLgz;ghLgz;ghL

kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;

jpUkzk;jpUkzk;jpUkzk;jpUkzk;

Milfs;Milfs;Milfs;Milfs;

mzpfyd;fs;mzpfyd;fs;mzpfyd;fs;mzpfyd;fs;

jhypjhypjhypjhyp

tpUe;njhk;g[jYk; g';F itj;jYk;tpUe;njhk;g[jYk; g';F itj;jYk;tpUe;njhk;g[jYk; g';F itj;jYk;tpUe;njhk;g[jYk; g';F itj;jYk;

bgz]izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wjy;bgz]izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wjy;bgz]izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wjy;bgz]izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wjy;

gpurtk; ghgpurtk; ghgpurtk; ghgpurtk; ghhhhh;; ;;j;jy;j;jy;j;jy;j;jy;

tPuk;tPuk;tPuk;tPuk;

mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;

MSikj; jd;ikMSikj; jd;ikMSikj; jd;ikMSikj; jd;ik

ek;gpf;iffSk; gHf;f tHf;f';fSk;ek;gpf;iffSk; gHf;f tHf;f';fSk;ek;gpf;iffSk; gHf;f tHf;f';fSk;ek;gpf;iffSk; gHf;f tHf;f';fSk;

g{jk; g[ijaiyf] fhj;jy;g{jk; g[ijaiyf] fhj;jy;g{jk; g[ijaiyf] fhj;jy;g{jk; g[ijaiyf] fhj;jy;

nrhjplk;nrhjplk;nrhjplk;nrhjplk;

mrhPhmrhPhmrhPhmrhPhpppp

Kd;ndhh; tHpghLKd;ndhh; tHpghLKd;ndhh; tHpghLKd;ndhh; tHpghL

rhkpahLjy;rhkpahLjy;rhkpahLjy;rhkpahLjy;

vYkpr;irg;gHKk; g{i$f;Fhpa bghUl;fSk;vYkpr;irg;gHKk; g{i$f;Fhpa bghUl;fSk;vYkpr;irg;gHKk; g{i$f;Fhpa bghUl;fSk;vYkpr;irg;gHKk; g{i$f;Fhpa bghUl;fSk;

jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk;jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk;jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk;jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk;

,iw gf;jp,iw gf;jp,iw gf;jp,iw gf;jp

gjp gf;jpgjp gf;jpgjp gf;jpgjp gf;jp

mf';fhuk;mf';fhuk;mf';fhuk;mf';fhuk;

56

tpsf;F tHpghLtpsf;F tHpghLtpsf;F tHpghLtpsf;F tHpghL

neh;j;jpneh;j;jpneh;j;jpneh;j;jpf;fld;f;fld;f;fld;f;fld;

nfhHpnfhHpnfhHpnfhHp Tt[jy;Tt[jy;Tt[jy;Tt[jy;

rpw;g';fs;rpw;g';fs;rpw;g';fs;rpw;g';fs;

J}h;thUjy;J}h;thUjy;J}h;thUjy;J}h;thUjy;

fUtpfs;fUtpfs;fUtpfs;fUtpfs;

bjhFg;g[iubjhFg;g[iubjhFg;g[iubjhFg;g[iu

57

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

ek; ghuj ehL gHk]bgUk; ehL. ,';F thGk; kf;fs; $hjp/ kjk;/

bkhHp Mfpatw;why; ntWgl;lhYk; ,e;jpah; vd;Dk; czh;nthL thH;e;J

tUfpd;wdh;. "cyfj;jpw;F Md;kPfj;jpYk;/ bja;t gf;jpapYk;/ ed;dlj;ij

apYk; ghujk; Mrhdhf tps';Fk; vd;W tpntfhde;jh; E}y;fspy; fw;W

mwpe;J ,Ue;jhh;. " 1 ,j;jifa gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;gpid cilajhf ek; ehL

jpfH;fpwJ. Mfnt tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhuf; fijfspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;ghLfs;

,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

gz;ghLgz;ghLgz;ghLgz;ghL tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;

gz;g[ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; moahfg; gpwe;jnj gz]ghL vd;Dk;

brhy;yhFk;. "gz;ghL vd;gjw;F ,izahd fy;Ruy; vd;Dk; M';fpyr;

brhy;Yf;Fg; gz;gl;l epiy/ mwpt[ tsh;r;rp/ ehfhpfkhd jd;ik

nghd;wtw;iw/ M';fpyk; - jkpH; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. "2

gz;ghL vd;gijf; Fwpf;f M';fpyj;jpy; "culture" vd;w brhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. "Culture" vd;gjd; bghUs; "The State of being

cultivated" vd;W nfk;gphpl;$] mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. "culture" vd;w

,yj;jPd; bkhHpr;brhy;ypypUe;J M';fpy bkhHpr;brhy; gpwe;jjhk;. mjd;

bghUs; 'gz;gLj;jy;' vdf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;. "3

gz;gLjy; vd;gJ jpUe;jpa epiy my;yJ jpUe;jpa xGf;fk; vd;W

1. e. fpU#;z\h;j;jp/ tpntfhde;jh; fz;l ghujg; gz;ghL/ g.6. 2. m. r';futs;spehafk;/ jkpH; mKJ/ g.19. 3. jkpHh . . . . jkpHh. . . . . gz;ghl;ilf; fhj;Jepy]/ (fl;Liuj;bjhFg;g[) g.2.

58

Twg;gLfpwJ. gz;g[ vd;gJ ew;Fz';fspd; bjhFg;ghFk;. ,J kd;Daph]f;F

kpft[k; ,d;wpaikahjjhf tps';FfpwJ. jpUts;StUk;/

"gz;g[ilahh; gl;Lz;L cyfk; m@jpd;nwy;

kz;g[f;F kha;tJ kd; " 4

vd gz;g[ilath;fshnyna ,t;t[yfk; epiy bgw;wpUf;fpwJ vd;fpwhh;.

"gz;bgdg;gLtJ ghlwpe;J xGFjy; "5

vdf; fypj;bjhifa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

"gz;ghL vd;gJ khe;jd; rKjhaj;jpy; Xh; cWg;gpdd; vd;w

epiyikapy; mwpt[/ ek;gpf;if/ mwthH;f;if/ rl;lk;/ tHf;f';fs; Kjypad

gw;wp bgw;w xUtif thH;f;if KiwahFk;." 6 kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpy;

fl;Lg;ghLs;s kdpjdhf thH;tjw;F ,j;jifa gz;ghLfs; njitg;

gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; jiyKiw jiyKiwahf FGthfr; nrh;e;J fw;w

elj;ij KiwfSk; gHf;ftHf;f';fSk; kug[fSk; nrh;e;j xU bjhFjpna

gz;ghL MFk;."7 ehfhPfk; khwpdhYk; kf;fspd; gz;ghlhdJ mog;gilapy;

khwhjjhf tps';FfpwJ. gz;ghL vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fk; mwpt[ rhh;e;j

epiyapy; Vw;gLk; vz;zw;w fUj;J tot';fspd; (Abstraction) goepiyfs;

\yk; btspg;gLtJ. xU rKjhaj;jpy; Kjd;ikg; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;

midj;Jk; jdpkdpjh;fshYk;/ midj;J cl;FGtpduhYk; gfph]e;J

bfhs;sg;gLgitahf ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhnyna gz;ghL vd;gJ mid

tuhYk; gfph]e;J bfhs;sg;gl;ld (culture is shared) vd;Wk; gfph]e;J

fw;Wzug;gl;lJ "8 (culture is learned) vd;Wk; TWth;.

] 4. Fws; - gz;g[lik/ ghly; 6. 5. fypj;bjhif/ gh. 132/ 5. .8. 6. g.kUjehafk; bry;tuhR (gh.M) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpH; jpwdha;thsh;fs; g.151. 7. gf;jtj;ry ghujp/ gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;/ g.151. 8. bj.nt. b$fjPrd;/ gj;jpufhspapd; g[j;jpuh;fs;/ g.9.

59

"kdpjid Mf;fg;ghijf;Fk; mwpt[ ghijf;Fk; ,l;Lr; bry;tJ

gz;ghlhFk;. kf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; mth;fs; gilj;jf] fUtpfs;/ r\fg;

gHf;f tHf;f';fs;/ ek;gpf;iffs;/ xGf;f';fs;/ bfhs;iffs;/ Kjypatw;wpd;

rhuhk;r';fisg; gz;ghL vdyhk;." 9 xt;bthU kdpjDk; mtDf;F

Vw;gLk; NH;epiyahy; gz;gLj;jg;gLfpwhd;. tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf;

fijfspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs;

kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;kfl;bfhil kWj;jy;

jpUkzj;jpd; bghUl;L kfl;bfhil nfl;gh;. mjhtJ kzk; ngrpr]

bry;tJ kughFk;. jd; ,dk; ,y;iybadpy; kfl;bfhil kWg;gh;. ",td;

,tshk; vd;W ,d';Fwpj;Jg; bgz; ngrp "10 vd ma;ahtpd; mUs;E}y;

TWfpwJ. jd; ,dk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; jd; kfs;fs; brk;gk;kFl;o/

ePyk]kFl;oia tLfh; ,dj;jth;f;F FUk;g[ypahh; jpUkzk; bra;J

bfhLf;ftpy;iy. "xU rKjhaj;jpd; kf;fs; thH;f;if elj;Jk;

bewpKiwisg; gw;wpanj gz;ghL vd;ghh; fhh;iyy;. " 11 tLfh; ,dj;jth;.

bgz; nfl;L te;jjhy; FUk;g[ypahh; jd; kfs;fis miHj;Jf;bfhz;L ,lk]

bgah;e;J te;JtpLfpd;whh;. te;j ,lj;jpy; murh; khh;j;jhz;lth;kh

bgz;fspd; mHfpy; ka';fp ke;jphpaplk; mt;tpU bgz;fisa[k; jdf;Fj;

jpUkzj;jpw;F Vw;ghL bra;ar; brhy;fpwhh;. "Fu';fhdhYk; Fyj;jpy;

bfhs;" vd;Dk; tHf;F rhjpf;Fs; kzk; (caste endogamy) bra;antz;Lk;

vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. 12 Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;l fijapy; murnd

9. <. <Rtugps;is/ rpj;jh;fSk; ntkDk;/ g.96. 10. mU.E}y;. g.170. 11. nt. Kj;Jyf;Fkp/ gz;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidfs;/ g.15. 12. fiyf;fs";rpak;/ bjhFjp 8/ g.65.

60

bgz; nfl;lnghJk;/ kWj;jhy; jz;lidf;F Mshf nehpLk; vdf; fUjp jd;

kf;fs; ,Utiua[k; cuf;fpzw;Wf;Fs; ,wf;fp \of; bfhd;WtpLk;

epiyiaf; fhzKofpwJ. " j';fs; rhjp kf;fSf;fpilna jhd; jpUkzk;

eil bgwKoa[k;. g[jpjhf ntW xUtUld; elf;f KoahJ."13 ,f;fijapy;

jd; ,dk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; kfl;bfhil kWf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ

(rptdpf; nfhzk; ,rf;fpak;kd; fij) brk;gk;kFl;o/ ePyk;kFl;o fijapd;

thapyhf mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis

jtph]f;f ntW ,dj;jpy; jpUkzk; bra;atpy;iy vd;gJ bjhpatUfpwJ.

jpUkzk;jpUkzk;jpUkzk;jpUkzk;

"bgha;a[k; tGt[k; njhd;wpa gpd;dh;

Iah; ahj;jdh; fuzk; vd;g" 14

fst[ kzk; rpy neu';fspy; bgha;j;Jg; nghFk; nghJ Cuhh; Toj; jpUkzk;

bra;J itj;jdh;. " murpay; / gz;ghL/ bghUshjhuk;/ rKjhaf; fl;likg;g[

Mfpa vy;yhj;JiwfspYnk epiwe;J ngha; ,Ue;jJ ek;ehL. xU ehl;il

thHitg;gjw;Fj; njitahd midj;Jnk ,e;j ehl;od; gHikapy; xspe;J

fplf;fpwJ."15 ek; ehl;od; Kf;fpakhd gHikahd epfH;t[fSs; xd;W

jpUkzkhFk;. ,t]/ kz tiffis vl;lhfg; gphpg;ghh; bjhy;fhg;gpah;

"kiwnahh; njaj;J kd;wy; vl;L" vdj; jpUkzj;ij tifg;gLj;Jthh;."16

vz; tifj; jpUkzj;Js;Sk; gpurhgj;jpak; Kiwg;go ts;spj;jpUkzk;

13. mng. b$. v.Jg[th/ ,e;jpa kf;fs; gHf;f tHf;f';fs; rl';Ffs;/ g.44. 14. bjhy;. fw;g;pay; / g.143. 15. e.fpU#;z\h;j;jp/ tpntfhde;jh; fz;l ghujg;gz;ghL/ g.19. 16. bjhy;. fstpay;/ g.89.

61

eilbgw;wJ vd;gJ ,f;fij \yk; bjhpa tUfpwJ. ,yf;fpa';fs; gyt[k;

jpUkzj;ijg; gw;wpf; Twpa[s;sd. nfhtyd; fz;zfpj; jpUkzj;ij

" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - thdj;J

rhyp xUkPd; jifahisf; nfhtyd;

khKJ ghh;g;ghd; kiwtHp fhl;olj;

jPtyk; bra;tJ fhz;ghh; fz; nehd;g[ vd;id. "17

rpyk;gpy; khehaf;fDk;/ khrhj;JtDk; mth;fs; FHe;ijfSf;F mth;fs;

FytHf;fg;go gpurhgj;jpak; Kiwapy; jpUkzk; bra;tpj;jdh; vd;gJ bjhpa

tUfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J ts;spf;fijapy; eilbgw;wj; jpUkzj]jpd;

thapyhfr; rKjhaj;jpy; jpUkzk; bgz;zpw;F ghJfhg;gpida[k;

m';fPfhuj]jpida[k; tH';Ftij mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

Milfs;Milfs;Milfs;Milfs;

,e;jpaf] fyhr;rhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpg;gJ MilahFk;.

"Milapy;yh kdpjd; miu kdpjd; " vd;ghh;fs;. "Ms; ghjp Mil ghjp"

vd;gd Miliaf; Fwpj;J tUk; gHbkhHpfs;. Miliaj; jhdkhff;

bfhLj;J tUk; gHf;fk; kf;fspilna ,Uf;fpwJ. bgz;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp

nfhtpypy; ,Uf;Fk; bgz; bja]t';fSf;Fr; nriya[k;/ Mz;

bja;t';fSf;Fg; gl;L t!;jpu';fSk; mzptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. "gl;L t!;jpuk;

g";R E}yhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l t!;jpu';fs; nghd;wtw;iwf; bfhz;nl

,iwtid my';fhpf;f ntz;Lk;. " 18 jpUtpilf;nfhL rilag;gh;

17. rpyk;g[/ k';fy thH;j]Jg; ghly;/ thpfs; 51-53. 18. gp. ,. vz;. 7.4.

62

nfhtpypy; fhzg;gLk; ghptl;lk; epfH;r;rp ,iwtDf;F cil

mzptpj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

yp']fj;jpypUe;J ,uj;jk; tUtijg; ghh;j;j rilad; vd;w Mjp

jpuhtpld; jd; jiy Kz;lhy; ,uj;jk; tUtij epWj;jf; fl;Lg;nghl;lhd;.

,jd; fhuzkhf MSiur; nrh;e;j rpf;fe;jh; bea;J bfhLf;Fk; ghptl;lj;ij

Mjp jpuhtpluhfpa rilad; Rke;J bfhLf;f/ me;jzh; ,jid ,iwtDf;F

mzptpf;fpwhh;. ,t;thW ,d;Wk; ,th;fsJ tHpj;njhd]wy;fns ghptl;lk;

Rke;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; Rke;J te;j ghptl;lnk xU tUlk; KGtJk;

,iwtDf;F mzptpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. rkag; bghJikf;Fk; rKjha

xw;Wikf;Fk; ,t;thil tHptFf;fpwJ vd;gij mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

"xU Kiw gad;gLj;jpa t!;jpuj;ij kWKiw cgnahfpg;gJ vd;why;

mij ePhpy; eidj;J fha itf;fhky; cgnahfpf;ff;TlhJ.

,f;fijf]Fhpa jpUtpilf;nfhL rilag;gh; nfhtpypy; gad;gLj;jptUk;

Milia xU tUlk; KGtJk; J}a;ik bra;J gad;gLj;jp tUtJ

,f;nfhapypd; rpwg;ghFk;. tz;okiyr;rpak;kDf;Fk; ,rf;fpak;kDf;Fk;

rptg;g[/ k";rs;/ gr;ir nghd;w gl;lhilfs; cLj;jp mHFg;gLj;jpg;

ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;.

"rpd;d";rpW kU';fpdpy; rhj;jpa bra;a gl;Lk] " 19

" - - - - - xy;F brk;gl;Lil ahis xspkjpr; bre; " 20

vd mgpuhkp me;jhjp/ gl;Lk;/ brk;gl;Lk; md;id mgpuhkpf;F mHFr;

bra;jij Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,t;thW kdpjDf;F kl;Lkpd;wp bja;tj;jpw;Fk;

19. khzpf;fthrfk; (bjh. M)/ mgpuhkpg;gl;lh;/ mgpuhkp me;jhjp/ gh.53. 20. nkw;go/ g.84.

63

Mil mzpe;J mHF ghh;f;fpd;wdh; vd;gJ tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fij/

rptdpf;nfhzk; ,rf;fpak;kd; (brk;gk]kFl;o/ ePyk;kFl;o fij)

jpUtpilf;nfhL rilag;gh; Myaf;fij/ nghd;w fijfs; thapyhfj;

bjhpfpwJ.

mzpfyd;mzpfyd;mzpfyd;mzpfyd;fs;fs;fs;fs;

kdpjd; kl;Lkpd;wp bja;tj;jpw;Fk; j';fk;/ bts;sp/ brk;g[/

btz;fyj;jpy; m';fp mzpe;J mHFgLj;JtJk; gytpj eiffs; mzpe;J

mHFgLj;Jtija[k; ehk; fz;Tlhff; fz;L tUfpd;nwhk;. jkpH;j; jha;f;F

Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh; jkpH; E}y;fis mzpfyd;fshf mzpe:;J kfpH]e;jij/

"fhbjhspUk; Fz;lyKk; iff;F tis

ahgjpa[k;/ fUiz khh;gp;d;

kPbjhsph]rpe; jhkzpa[k;/ bky;ypilapy;

nkfiya[k;/ rpyk;ghh; ,d;gg;

nghbjhsph]g{e; jhspiza[k; bghd;Ko

Nlhkzpa[k;/ bghypar; No

epjpbahsph] br';nfhyha; jpUf;Fwisj;

jh';F jkpH; ePL thH;f" 21

vd tUk; ghlyhy; mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. khjtpa[k; jiyKjy; fhy;

tiu mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;jpUe;jhs] vd;gij/

"eyj;jF bky;tpuy; ey;mzp brwp,g;/

ghpafk;/ E}g[uk;/ ghlfk;/ rj';if

mhptfk;/ fhYf;F mikt[W mzpe;J

21. br. itj;jpayp';fk;/ jkpH; gz]ghl;L tuyhW/ g.912.

64

Fw';F brwpjpus] Fw';fpdpw] brwpj;J

gpw';fpa Kj;jiu Kg;gj;J ,UfhH;

epwk;fpsh] g{e;Jfpy; ePh]ikapd; cO,f]

fhkh; fz;oif jd;bdhL gpd;dpa

J}kzpj; njhs;tpid njhSf;F mzpe;J

kj;jf kzpbahL tapuk; fl;oa

rpj;jpur; Nlfk; brk;bghd; iftis/

ghpafk;/ thy;tis/ gtHg; gy;tis

mhpkaph] Kd;iff;F mikt[w mzpe;J

thisg; gFtha; tzf;FW nkhjpuk;

nfH;fpsh; br';nfH; fpsh;kzp nkhjpuk;

th';Ftpy; tapuj;J kufjj; jhs;brwp/

fhe;js; bky;tpuy; fug;g mzpe;J

r';fpyp Ez;bjhlh;/ Ez;"hz] g[idtpid/

mk;fGj;J mftapd; MubkhL mzpe;J

fapw;fil xGfpa fhkh; J}kzp

braj;jF nfhitapd; rpWg[wk; kiwj;J M';F

,e;jpu ePyj;J ,il,il jpuz;l

re;jpu ghzp jifbgW fog;g[ ,iz

m';fhJ mftapd] mHFw mzpe;J

bja;t cj;jpbahL/ brGePh] tyk;g[hp

65

bjha;afk; / g[y;yfk;/ bjhlh;e;j jiyf;F - kzp

ik<h;/ Xjpf;F khz;g[w mzpe;J" 22

vdr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. eif bra;tJ xU fiyahFk;.

jw;fhyj;jpYk; rpwe;j Eqf;f';fisf; bfhz;l eiffs; bra;ag;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. eif mzptJ xU gz;ghlhFk;.

murh';fj;jpYs;s (f$hdh) fUt{yk;/ nfhtpypYs;s j';f

eiffis itj;Jj; jhd; Kd;g[ xU ehl;od; bghUshjhu epiyia

eph]zak; bra]jdh;. jw;fhyj;jpYk;/ j';fj;jpd; kjpg;gPL itj;nj gzj;jpd;

kjpg;gPL bra;ag;gLfpwJ. jw;nghJ rh;tnjr mstpy; j';fj;jpd; tpiy

fLikahf cah;e;J tUfpwJ. vdpDk; ek; ehl;oy; j';fj;jpd; kPjhd

nkhfk; Fiwatpy;iy. vdnt Mguz epWtd';fspd; tpw;gida[k;

mnkhf tsh;r;rp fz;L tUfpwJ. Fwpg;ghfj; jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gz;oiff;

fhy';fspy; j';fk; tpw]gidapy; bgUk; vGr;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. rpy;yiw

tpw;gidapy; kl;Lky;yhky; Kd;ngu th;j;jfj;jpYk; j';fk; tpw;gid tuyhW

fhzhj mstpw;F mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. 23 ehl;L bghUshjhuj;jpy; j';fk;

Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpwJ. " ehl;od; bghUshjhuKk; rpwg;ghd mstpy;

tsh;r;rp fz;L tUfpwJ. j';f Mguz';fs; tpw;gid mjpfhpj;J tUk;

epiyapy; KjyPl;L mog;gilapYk;/ j';fk; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwJ.

j';fj;jpy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; KjyPL ghJfhg;ghdjhft[k; kpFe;j Mjhak;

mspg;gjhft[k; fUjg;gLfpwJ. " 24 ,jd] \yk; gad;ghl;oypUf;Fk;

Mguzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid mwpe;J bfhs]s KofpwJ. ,jpypUe;J

22. rpyk;g[. fly; ML fhij/ thp. 83-108. 23. gp.,.vz;. 7-5.1. 24. gp.,.vz;. 7-5.2.

66

kdpjid my';fhpf;f gad;gLj;Jk; mzpfyid ,iwtDf;Fk;

my';fhpj;Jg; ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. ,J kl;Lkpd;wp nga;fSk; my';fhpj;J mHF

ghh]f;fpd;wd vd;gJ tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fij. nga; eif ,uty; th';fpa

fijfs;/ jpUtpilf;nfhL rilag;gh; Myaf; fijfs; thapyhfj;

bjhpfpd;wd. ,t;thW mzpfydpd; rpwg;gpid ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSk;

cWjp bra;fpd;wd.

jhypjhypjhypjhyp

"k';fyr; rpd;dkhf/ jpUkzr; rpd;dkhf ek; ,e]jpag; gz;ghl;oy; jhyp

Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpwJ. rKjhaj;jpy; jhyp bgz;zpw;F m';fPfhuKk;

ghJfhg;g[k; mspf;fpwJ. xt;bthU rKjha kf;fspd; jhypa[k; ntWghL

cilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. "jpUkzkhdts; vd;gijg; gpwh; mwpa

cjt[k; milahskhfj; jpUkz ehsd;W kzkfs; fGj;jpy; kzkfdhy;

jhyp mzptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jhyp fl;Ljy; jkpHh; Kiw Mhpah; Kiw md;W.

,e;ehspy; ehk; jhyp vd;w brhy;iy jpUkzj;jhypiaf; Fwpf]fnt

brhy;fpnwhk;. 10 - Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;g[ tiu jhyp vd;Dk; brhy;

bjh';Fk; mzpfisf; Fwpf;fnt gad;gl;lJ."25 Mdhy; ,e;ehspy;

ehlwpa[k; goahd fuzk; vd;Dk; kzr;rl';fpid mwpt[ Kjph]e;j rhd;nwhh;

njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. mJ ed;dhs; ghh;j;J ed;kzg; ge;jh;f;fPH; giw KH';fg;

gzpyk; Mh;g;g thypiH kfsph; thH;j;bjhyp rpwf;f fhjyp fGj;jpy;

jiytd; k';fyehz; g{l;o kfpH;jy; "26 ,jid jhyp fl;Ljy; vd;fpnwhk;.

25. rrpty;yp/ jkpHh; jpUkzk;/ g.232. 26. bjhy;. fw;gpay;/ jhrd; ciu/ g.247.

67

,jpypUe;J jhypapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bjhpfpwJ. nfhh;ita[k; jhypa[k;

fl;of;nfh fij thapyhf jhypf;F nga;fs; Tl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLj;jij

mwpe]J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

tpUe;njhk;gYk;/ g';F itj;jYk;tpUe;njhk;gYk;/ g';F itj;jYk;tpUe;njhk;gYk;/ g';F itj;jYk;tpUe;njhk;gYk;/ g';F itj;jYk;

tpUe;njhk;gy; vd;Dk; gz;g[ jkpHh; gz;ghl;onyna jiyrpwe;jjhff;

fUjg;gl;L tUfpwJ. jpUts;StUk;/ xU mjpfhuk; (tpUe;njhk;gy;) KGJk;

rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;. rhd;whf/

" bry;tpUe;njhk;gp tUtpUe;J ghh;j;jpUg;ghd;

ey;tpUe;J thdj; jth;f;F" 27

te;j tpUe;jpdiu cgrhpj;J mDg;gptpl;L ,dp tpUe;jpdh;fs; tUfpwhh]fsh

vdg; ghh]jjpUg;gth;fs; thdj;jthpd; tpUe;jpduhk;. ek; jkpH; kf;fs;

,utpYk;/ tUk; tpUe;jpdiua[k; cgrhpj;jdh; vd;gij/

" my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J thpd; ctf;Fk;

Ky;iy rhd;w fw;gpd]

bky;,aw; FWkfs; ciwtd; Cnu" 28

vd;w ghly; thpfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd..

nga;fs; gpzj;jpidg; g';fpl;L cz;L kfpH;e;jd vd;gij nga; gpzk;

g';fpl;l fij \yk; mwpe;Jbfhs;s KofpwJ. vy;yhg; nga;fSk; TH; Foj;J

kfpH;e;jijj; jf;fahfg;guzpapy; gy ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. rhd;whf/

" mof;f tof;f bG kUfg; nga;fl;Fk

27. Fws;/ tpUe;njhk;gy;/ gh.6. 28. ew;wpiz/ gh. 142. thp. 8 -10.

68

"mof;f tof;f btG kUfg; nga;fl;Fk;

g[j;j nga;fl;F kz;l fghlf;TH;

gpof;f gpof;ft[Wk; tapW gHk;gona

bgUFf bgUFf tha; gUFf gUFfnt. " 29

vd;w ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. g[wehD}w;wpYk; ,r;bray; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

,jid/

" gpze;jpd; FWehp epzk; jpfH; gy;y

ngva; kfsph] gpzk; jGcg; gw;wp

tpsh; Cd; jpd;w btk;g[yhy; bka;ahh;. " 30

vdg; nga; kfsph]epiy Twg;gLfpwJ.

jkpHhpd; jiyrpwe;j gz;ghlhd tpUe;njhk;g[jy;

tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fijapYk; (,iwtDf;Fg; gilf;fg;gLk; cztpid

gfph]e;jspj;jy;) nga; fij (nga; gpzk; g';F itj;j fij) apYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ vd;gjw;F ,yf;fpa';fSk; rhd;W gfh]fpd;wd.

bgz;izj; bja;tkhfg; bgz;izj; bja;tkhfg; bgz;izj; bja;tkhfg; bgz;izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wjy;nghw;Wjy;nghw;Wjy;nghw;Wjy;

bgz;izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wk; gHf;fk; Mjpfhyj;jpnyna ,Ue;J

te;jpUf;fpwJ. " ntj fhyj;jpYk; njtp tHpghL ,Ue;jJ. kfhghuj

g[uhz';fSk; rf;jp tHpghl;ilg; gw;wpf; TWfpd;wd. " 31 rf;jp tHpghL

kpft[k; Kw;gl;lJ vd;fpwhh;fs;. " Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd; fUj;jpd;;go

rpe;Jbtsp ehfhPfk; Vwj;jhH fp.K.4000 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;ljhFk;. me;j

ehfhPfj;jpd; RtLfshf bkhf";rjhnuh/ Mug;gh vDk; ,l';fspy;

29. c.nt.rh. jf;fahfg;guzp/ gh.770. 30. g[wk;/ gh.359. 31. rz;KfRe;juk; (gh.M.) fkyf;fz;zd;(bjh.M.) <nuhL tl;lhuj; bja]t';fs;/ g.16.

69

mfH;thuha;r;rpfspy; fpilf;fg;bgw;w cyf md;idapd; kz;rpiyfisf;

bfhz;L rf;jp tHpghL kpfkpfj; bjhd;ikahdJ vd;gJ g[ydhFk;." 32

tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; rpW kug[ bewp bja;tkhFk;. gy;ntwpl';fspy; thGk;

kf;fs; tz;okiyr;rpak;kidf; Fy bja;tkhf tHpgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. " Fy

bja;t';fs; bgUk;ghYk; bgz; bja;t';fns vdyhk;. " 33 " bgz;izj;

bja;tkhff; fUjp tHpgLk; gH';Fo my;yJ ehl;Lg;g[wr;rkakhdJ cah;

rka';fSk;/ tHpghLfSk; njhd;wpa fhyj;jpYk; mjndhL gpd;dpg;

gpize]n;j te;Js;sJ. " 34 ,jidg; nghd;W fhsp tHpghLk; ehl;Lg;g[w

kf;fspilna mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. " njtpaUs; fhsp

bja;tj;jpd; tHpghL ,e;jpahtpy; g[fH;bgw;W tps';FfpwJ. mfehD}W/

bghUeuhw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; " fhd; mkh; bry;yp " vd;Wk;/ fhLiwf; flt[s;

vd;Wk; njtpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd" 35 ,t;thW Ma;tpw;F

vLj;Jf;bfhz;l fijfspy; bgz; bja;t tHpghl;ow;F rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpa

g';F ,Ug;gij mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

gpurtk; ghh;j;jy;gpurtk; ghh;j;jy;gpurtk; ghh;j;jy;gpurtk; ghh;j;jy;

gpurtk; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahdbjhU epfH;thFk;. tz;okiyr;rp

ak;kDk;/ bghd;dhh;klj;J ,rf;fpak;kDk; gpurtk; ghh;j;jdh;. ,nj nghd;W

ntW Ch;fspYk; fijfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. g{jg;ghz;oapy; g{jg;ghz;o

mHnfRthp mk;kDk;/ "jpUr;rpapy; rptbgUkhDk; gf;ijapd; ntz;L

nfhSf;fpz';fp fUt[w;w bgz;zpd; jha; cUtpy; brd;W gpurtk;

ghh;j;jhh; vDk; fijia mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp " 36 tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J

32. br.itj;jpayp';fd;/ jkpH;g;gz;ghl;L tuyhW/ gh.746. 33. rz;KfRe;juk;/ (g.M) fkyf;fz;zd; (bjh.M.) <nuhL tl;lhuj;bja;t';fs;/ g.26. 34. f.Fsj]J}uhd;/ j":ir efhpa rf;jpf; nfhapy;fs;/ g.7. 35. rz;KfRe;juk;/ (g.M) fkyf;fz;zd; (bjh.M.) <nuhL tl;lhuj; bja]t';fs;/ g.7. 36. gp.,.v. 7.2.

70

bgz;qf;Fg; bgz;nz jhd; gpurtk; ghh;f;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ ekJ ,e;jpag;

gz;ghbld;gJ bjhpa tUfpwJ.

gpurtj;jpw;fhf md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu fUt[w;w bgz;izj; jha;tPL

mDg;g[tJ vd;gJ eilKiwg; gHf;fkhf cs;sJ. jha;tPL tuhj

NH;epiyapy; bgz;zpd; jha; fU[t[w;w bgz;zpd; tPl;ow;Fr; bry;YjYk;

jtph]f;fKoahj xd;whFk;. vdnt/ ,jid ,iwtidr; rk;ge;jg;gLj;jp

TWjy; vd;gJ kug[. rpyh] mr;rk; fhuzkhft[k; ,iw ek;gpf;if

fhuzkhft[k; ,t;thW TWfpwhh;fs; vd;gij mwpe;J bfhs;sKofpwJ.

gpurtj;jpw;Fj; jha;tPL bry;Yjy; vd;Dk; jkpHh; tHf;fk; bjhpfpwJ.

FHe;ij bgw;wth;fisg; brj;J gpiHj;J te;jpUf;fpwhs]. g[J gpwtp

vLj;jpUf;fpwhs; vd;W TWth;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; gpurtj;jpd; nghJ ,wg;g[

vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; gpurtk; vd;whny Kd;g[ gae;jdh;.

,d;W kUj;Jth;fspd; rpwe;j ftdpg]ghy; fUt[Wk; nghJk; gpurtj;jpd;

nghJk; jLg;g[ Crp/ kUe;Jfs; \yk; mjpf ftdpg;g[ fUt[w;wth;fSf;Fj;

jug;gLfpwJ. "ekJ muRk; epahatpiyf;filfspy; mnahod; fye;j cg;g[

,ytrkhff; fw;gpzpg; bgz;fSf;Fj; ju ghpe;Jiu bra;Js;sJ."37 ,jdhy;

jw;fhyj;jpy; ,wg;g[ epfH;t[fs; rpy ,lj;jpy; ele;jhYk; ,wg;g[ tpfpjk]

mjpfkhff; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpypUe;J gpurtfhyj;jpd; jhd;

bgz;qf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;oUf;fpwJ vd;gJ

tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fij thapyhf mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ .

tPuk;tPuk;tPuk;tPuk;

tz;okiyr;rp mk;kd; fij \yk; bgz; bja;tj;jpd] tPuk;

37. gp.,.v. 7.6.

71

g[yg;gLfpwJ. "ghgpnyhdpaf; fijapy; Xh; cyfkhjh ek;gpf;ifa[k;/

mtSila njtuhl;ofSk; kl;Lnk ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,f;fij

gpwe;jpUf;fntz;Lk;. bgz;nz typika[k; Mjpf;fKk; cilats;. Mz;

mtSf;F m";rp thGk; typikaw;w $Ptd;. fUt[Wtjw;F Mz;

njitapy;iy vd;Wk]/ fhw;W kl;Lnk nghJk; vd;Wk; mf;fhy kf;fs;

fUjpdh;. "38 r';f fhyg; bgz;fSk; tPuj;jpy; rpwe;J tps';fpdh; vd;gjid/

"mly;nt yhlth;f; fd;wpa[ kt;tpy;

kltud; kfsph]f;F kw kpFj; jd;W" 39

g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy tpsf;FfpwJ. tz;o kiyr;rpak;kd; jPtl;o

bfhs;isah;fsplk; nghhpl;L kf;fspd; cilikfisf; fhg;ghw;wpdhs;.

,jidg; nghd;W bgz; bja;t';fs; tPuj;jpy; rpwe;jth;fshf ,Ue;jhh;fs;

vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; gy cs;sd. kfplhNuid (vUikf;flhj;

jiya[ila mRuid) fhspnjtp tjk; bra;jij

"thp tisf;if thnse;jp khkaplw;brw;Wf;

fhpajphp nfhl;Lf; fiykpirnky; epd;whahy;

mhpaud; g{tpnyhd; mfkyh;nky; kd;Dk;

tphpfjpu"] nrhjp tpsf;fhfp naepw;gha;. " 40

vd rpyk;g[ tpsf;FfpwJ. fd;dpahFkhp mk;kd; ghzhRuid tje;bra;jJk;

tPuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. fhty; bja;t';fshft[k;/ nehia

cz;Lgz;qgtshft[k; mr;rj;ij cz;L gz;qgtshft[k;

38. eh. thdkhkiy/ jkpHh; gz;ghLk] jj;JtKk;/ g.83. 39. g[wk;/ bgz;gh. gh.175. 40. rpyk;g[. ntl;Lt thp. 103-106.

72

mr;rj;ijg; nghf;Fgtshft[k;/ kiHia cz;Lgz;qgtshft[k;/

btw;wpia mspg;gtshft[k; caphpd';fisf; fhg;ghw;Wgtshft[k; ,g;bgz;

bja;t';fs; tps';Ffpd;wd. ,it btt;ntW fhy';fsp;y; btt;ntW

gFjpfspy; btt;btW bgah;fSld; tHpglg;gLfpd;wd."41 tz;okiyr;rp

ak;kd; njhw;wk; g[jpjhf fhz;gth;fSf;F mr;rk; jUtjhft[k;/ fUt[w;w

bgz;fSf;F mr;rj;ijg; nghf;Fgtshft[k;/ Ch; kf;fSf;Ff; fhty;

bja;tkhft[k; tps';Ffpwhs; vd;gJ tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fijthapyhfj;

bjhpfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J jPikia mHpj;J ed;ikiaj; jUtJk;

Jd;gj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp ,d;gk; jUtJk;/ Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;l

fijapy; bgz; bja;tj;jpd; gz;ghfr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;mwtHpapy; jpul;ly;

epahakhf rk;ghjpj;j bghUisa[k;/ kf;fisa[k; tz;oia kwpj;J

flt[ns ntw;WUtpy; te;J fhg;ghw;Wk; flikia (Duty conscious)

fhzKofpwJ. ,f;fij \yk; bgz; bja;t';fspd; flikia mwpe;J

bfhs;s KofpwJ. ,f;fijfspypUe;J bgz;bja;tj;ijg; nghy

bgz;fSk;/ kf;fSk; tPuk; cilath;fshf tps';fntz;Lk; vd;gij

tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fij mwpt[Wj;JfpwJ.

MSikj; jd;ikMSikj; jd;ikMSikj; jd;ikMSikj; jd;ik

MSikj;jd;ik vd;gJ gy;ntW gz;g[fis xUth;

bfhz;oUg;gjhFk;. "Qpuh Fyp l!; vd;fpw fpnuf;fj; jj;Jt "hdp

kdpjdpd; MSik vy;iy tuk;gw;wJ vd;Wk; Twpa[s]shh;. MSik gw;wpa

41. f.Fsj;J}uhd;/ j";ir efhpa rf;jpf; nfhapy;fs;/ g.1.

73

rpe;jid mf;fhyj;jpnyna ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gijna ,f;Tw;W

czh;j;JfpwJ. "42 ,e;j MSik thapyhfj;jhd; Fz';fs; gy;ntW

elj;ijfshf btspg;gLfpd;wd. "vg;nghnjh - v';nfh - vg;gonah vjph]ghuhj

jUzj;jpy; jpLf;bfd xU bghwp c';fSf;Fs; kpd;dy; nghy; gspr;rpLk; mJ

czh;j;Jk; mh]j;jj;ij g[hpe;J bfhz;lhy; c';fSf;Fs; g[jpa MSik rf;jp

gpwf;Fk;. "43 jw;fhyj;jpy; MSikj; jd;ik (personality development)

Vw;gLtjw;F gapw;rp tFg;g[fs; elj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Kw;fhyj;jpy;

,iwtd;/ ,iwtpapd; tPukpF fijfisf; Twp mj;jFjp Vw;glr;

bra;jdh;. rhd;whf tPu rpth$papd; jha; $P$hgha; ,uhkhazk;/

kfhghujk; nghd;w fijfis kfDf;Ff; Twp jd;Dila MSikj;

jd;ikiaa[k; nrh;j;Jg; g[fl;o tPudhf tsh;j;jij/ tpu rpth$p fij

thapyhf mwpe:]J bfhs;s KofpwJ. Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;l

fijapypUe;J bgz; bja;tj;jpd; MSikj;jd;ikia mwpe;J bfhs;s

KofpwJ. ,t;thW tz;okiyr;rpak;kidg; nghy bgz;zpw;F cjt[jy;/

rhpahd neuj;jpy; rhpahd KobtLj;jy;/ tPuk;/ nghd;w MSikj;jd;ikf;F

,f;fij rhd;whfpwJ. tz;o kiyr;rpak;kidg; nghd;W bgz;fSk;

MSikj;jd;ika[ld; tps';f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,f;fij xU tofhyhf

mikfpwJ.

ek;gpf;iffSk;/ gHf;ftHf;f';fSk;ek;gpf;iffSk;/ gHf;ftHf;f';fSk;ek;gpf;iffSk;/ gHf;ftHf;f';fSk;ek;gpf;iffSk;/ gHf;ftHf;f';fSk;

tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspy; ek;gpf;iffSk; gHf;f

42. "h. !;Ogd;/ gz;ghl;L nth;fisj;njo/ g.293. 43. jpdj;je;jp/ ehspjH;/ 20-03-2011.

74

tHf;f';fSk; ,lk; bgWfpd;wd. "jdpkdpjDk; r\fKk; Tl;lhf mike;J

cUthf;fpa gHf;f tHf;f';fs; fhyg;nghf;fpy; kf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;

epajpahfpwJ. kdpjh;fspd; thH;tpy; gphpf;fKoahj m';fkhf

ek;gpf;iffSk; tps';Ffpd;wd. " 44

g{jk; g[ijaiyf; fhj;jy;g{jk; g[ijaiyf; fhj;jy;g{jk; g[ijaiyf; fhj;jy;g{jk; g[ijaiyf; fhj;jy;

gH';fhyj;jpy; g[ijaiyg; g[ijj;J (my;yJ) kiwj;J itf]Fk;

gHf;fk; ek; kf;fspilna ,Ue;jJ. ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; fs;th;fsplkpUe;J

jk; bghUl;fisf; fhg;gjw;fhft[k;/ bghd;/ bts;spf;fhRfs;/ Mguz';fs;

nghd;wtw;iwr; nrkpg;gjw;fhft[k; ghjhs miwapnyh my;yJ

ghidapypl;nlh g[ijj;J itj;jdh;.

,iwtdJ Mguz';fs; cila g[ijaiyg; g{jk; fhf;Fk; vDk;

ek;gpf;if cs;sJ. g{jk; g[ijaiyf; fhf;fpwJ vd;W TWk; nghJ ,iwtd;

eiffis ahUk; vspjpy; jpUlkhl;lhh;fs;. g{jj;jpd; kPJs;s gak;

fhuzkhf g[ijay; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ek; kf;fspilnaf;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. " jpUtde;jg[uj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gj;kehgrhkp nfhtpypYk; 6

ghjhs miwfs; (epytiwfs; ) ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit gy Mz;Lfshf

g{l;lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. me;j miwfspy; gj;kehgRthkpf;Fhpa mhpa

fiyEl;gk; bfhz;l j';f eiffs;/ itu/ it?hpa eiffs; gH';fhy

bghf;fp#';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd" 45 vdt[k; "xd;wiu yl;rk; nfho

bgWkhdKs;s j';f/ itu/ it?hpa eiffs;/ Fl';fs;/ bey;kzpfs;/

44. nf.vk;.nf. nfhkjpr';fh;/ r\ftpay; nehf;fpy; ePjp ,yf;fpak;/ g. 57. 45. gp.,.vz]. 7.7

75

bts;spg;bghUl;fs; nghd;wtw;iw ghjhs miwapypUe;J

fz;Lgpoj;jpUf;fpd ;; ;;wdh;. " 46

nrhjplknrhjplknrhjplknrhjplk]]]]

mwptpay; vj;jifa Kd;ndw;wk;fz;L Mf;fg;ghijapy; brd;W

bfhz;oUe;jhYk; nrhjplj;jpd; kPJ kf;fs; mjpf ek;gpf;iff;

bfhz;oUf;fpd]wdh;. brk;gk]kFl;o/ ePyk;kFl;o ,UtUk; FUk;g[ypahUf;Fg;

gpwe;j cld; fhyf;fzpaid miHj;J g[U#k; itj;Jg; ghh;j;jdh;.

"mwptd;/ fzp vd;w jkpH;r;brhw;fs; gHe;jkpHpy; ,Uf;f/ fhg;gpaf; fhye;

bjhl;L "nrhjplh; " vd;w brhy; jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tH';fg;gl;oUg;gijf;

fhzKofpwJ. " 47 nkYk; khspiffSk;/ kz;lg';fSk; fl;llf; fiy

E}y; mwpe;j g[yth;fshy; ehs; Fwpf;fg;bgw;W ehHpif ghh;j;J/ neuwpfapwpl;L

jpirfisa[k;/ mj;jpirfspy; epw;Fk; bja;t';fisa[k; nehf;fp

mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,jid/

"tphpfjph] gug;gpa tpad;tha; kz;oyk;

,Unfhw; Fwpepiy tGf;fhJ Flf;nfh

bghUjpw"; rhuh miuehs; mikaj;J

E}ywp g[yth; Ez;qjpw; fapwpl;Lj;

njv'; bfhz;L bja;tk; nehf;fp

bgUk;bgah; kd;dh;f;bfhg;g kidtFj;J"

vd]W beLey;thil mofs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. " gfypnyh/ ,utpnyh gjpide;J

46. gp.,.vz;. 7.7 47. jp.kfhbyl;Rkp/ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nrhjplk;. g.130

76

,UgJ ehHpiff;Fs; gpwg;gth; cyfpy; gpufhrpg;gh; vd;W 'nrhjpltpjp'

TWfpwJ.

g';Fdp khjj;jpy; bgsh;zkpapy; g';;Fdp cj;jpuehspy; mUr;Rdd;

gpwe;jhd; vd;gij

"v';Fed; epkpj;j"; bry;y tUepy kfpH;r;rp Tug;

g';Fdp epiwe;j jp';f shgjd; gapYehspy;

bt';Fdp tphptpy; thif tpraDk; gpwe;jhd; btd;wpg;

g';Fd bdd;W ehkk; gFjpahw; gilj;jpl;lhnd " 48

,t;thW ey;y ehspy; ey;y neuj;jpy; gpwg;gth; thH;tpy; kpFe;j rpwg;gpid

milth; vd nrhjplk; TWfpwJ.

bghpag[uhzj;jpy; nfhr;br';fzdJ tuyhw;wpidf; fhzKofpwJ.

"gpwthJ xU ehHpif fHpj;J vd;

gps;is gpwf;Fk; ghpR vd;fhy;

cw Mh;j;J vLj;Jj; J}f;Fk; vd

cw;w bray; kw;wJ Kw;wp

mwthzh;fs; brhy;ypa fhyk;

mizag; gpzptpl;L mUkzpia

,wthJ xHpths; bgw;bwLj;J vd;

nfhr; br';fz;zhndh"49

vd;whs;. ,t;thW gpurt fhyj;jpy; xU ehHpif fHpe;J gpwe;jjhy; rpwe;j

murdhf rpte;j fz;fis cilatdhf nfhr;br';fzhd; tps';fpdhd;.

48. jp.kfhbyl;Rkp/ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nrhjplk;/ g.130. 49. bghpag[uhzk;/ nfhr;br';fl;nrhH ehadhh;g[uhzk;/ gh. 4211.

77

,t;thW nrhjplj;ijg; gw;wpa ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; brk;gk;kFl;o ePyk;kFl;o

fij/ (rptdpf;nfhzk; ,rf;fpak;kd; fij) fUg;g[nfhL gj;ufhspak;kd;

fijapy; tUk; nrhjplf; fUj;Jfis cWjp bra;tjhf cs;sd. ,d;iwa

E}w;whz;oYk; vy;yhj; jfty; bjhlh;g[ rhjd';fspYk; tUfpd;w uhrpgyid

kf;fs; tpUk;gpf; nfl;fpwhh;fs;. gof;fpwhh;fs;. ,jpypUe;J nrhjplj;jpd; kPJ

kf;fspilna ,Uf;Fk; Mh;tk; bjhpfpwJ.

mrhPhpmrhPhpmrhPhpmrhPhp

r';f fhyj;jpy; mrhPhp gw;wpa ek;gpf;if kf;fspilnaf; fhzg;gl;ld.

mde]j gj;kehgbgUkhs; nfhtpypy; mrhPhp nfl;ljd; \ynk kzpaof;Fk;

rpWtdhf te;jtd; kiwe;J/ mde;j gj;kehg bgUkhs; jpUtde;jg[uk;

nghFk; epfH]r;rp ntjpaDf;Fj] bjhpe;jJ.

rpyk;gpYk; mrhPhp gw;wpa ek;gpf;iff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jid/

"fha;fjph]r; bry;tnd fs;tndh vd; fztd;

fs;tndh my]yd; fU';fay;fz; khjuha;

xs;bshp cz;qkpt; t{bud;w bjhUFuy; "50

vd;Dk; ghly; thpfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

kzpnkfiyapYk;/

"Mjpiu nfSd; mUk;bgww; fztid

Ch]jpiu bfhz;lh';F ca;g;gg; nghfp

ef;f rhuzh; ehfh; thH;kiyg;

50. rpyk;g[. (kJiu fh) Jd;gkhiy/ thp.; 51-53.

78

gf;fk; nrh;e;jdd;/ gy;ypahz;ouhd; ;

re;jpu jj;jd; vDnkhh; thzpfd;

t';fe; jd;bdhLk; te;jdd;njhd;Wk; ;

epd; bgUe; Jd;gk; xHptha; ePbad

me;jue; njhd;wp mrhPhp aiwjYk; "51

vd;Dk; thpfs; Mjpiuf;F mrhPhp ciuj;jjhf tUfpd;wd.

nkYk; g";rghz;lth;fs; tdthrj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ jz;zPh;

jhfbkLf;fpwJ. jhfj;jhy; er;Rg; bgha;ifapy; jz;zPh] Fof;fr;

brd;wnghJ mrhPhpapd] FuYf;Fj; jh;kid jtph]j;j ehy;tUk; gjpy; TwhJ

nghfnt ,we;jhh;fs;. "jh;kdplk; ePa[k; gjpy; Twhtpl;lhy; ,we;J tpLtha;

vd;wJ. jh;kDk; mrhPhp nfl;l nfs;tpfSf;F rhpahd tpiliaf; Twpdhd;.

",jdhy; mrhPhpapd; nfs;tpfSf;F rhpahd tpiliaf; Twpajhy;

midtUk; caph]g; bgw;W vGe;jdh;. mrhPhpapd; nfs;tpfSf;F jh;kd; tpil

Twpajhf tpy;yp ghujk; ciuapy; tUfpd;wd. " 52

RrPe;jpuj;jpy; khuhaf;Fl;o vd;gtUf;F kfshfj; njhd;wpath; mwk;

tsh]j;;jhh;. ,iwtd; nky;bfhz;l gw;W fhuzkhf ,iwtidna

jpahdpj;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jhh;. bgw;wth;fSf;F mts; igj;jpankh vdj;

njhd;Wk; tz;zk; ,Ue;jjhy; RrPe;jpuj;jpw;F miHj;J te;jdh;. nfhtpiy

Kk;Kiw tyk; bra;J tz';fpa neuj;jpy; mwk; tsh;j;jhis fhztpy;iy.

bgw;nwhh; ,iwtdplk; mGJ ntz;oa nghJ "mwk; tsh;j;jhis

51. nkfiy/ Mjpiu gpr;irapl;l fhij/ thp. 37-44. 52. tpy;yp/ gh. ciu/ 4.105.

79

ahk; Ml;bfhz;nlhk; " 53 vd;w mrhPhp Fuy; kl;Lk; nfl;lJ.

,t;thW mrhPhp gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ,yf;fpa';fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;l _ mde;j gj;kehgbgUkhs; fijapy; cs;s

mrhPhpf;F tYr; nrh;f;Fk; tpjkhf rpyk;g[/ nkfiy/ tpy;yp ghujk; mfpyj;jpy;

mw;g[[jf; nfhtpy; vd;w E}ypYs;s fUj;Jf;fs; mike;Js;sd.

Kd;ndhh; tHpghLKd;ndhh; tHpghLKd;ndhh; tHpghLKd;ndhh; tHpghL

,we;j Kd;ndhh;fis bja;tbkd tz';fp tUjy; xU kughFk;.

"Kw;gl;l tHpghl;L kf;fs; cyifa[k;/ kdpjh;fisa[k; thH;fpd;w xd;whfnt

xnu nghf;fpy; nehf;fpdhYk; ,we;j kdpjh;fisna bghpJk; kjpj;jdh;.

mth;fSld; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;st[k; tpUk;gpdh;. ,th;fis tHpglt[k;

bra;jdh;. " 54 ,we;jth;fSf;F xt;nthh; Mz;Lk;. me;epidt[ ehsd;W

rkhjpapy; tpsf;nfw;wp tHpghL elj;jp g{khiyapl;L ghahrk; gilj;Jj;

bja;tbkd tz';fp tUfpd;wdh;. "Mjpapy; kf;fs; jk; \jhijah;fisg;

nghw;wp tHpgl]L te;jdh;. Mtpahfpg; nghd Kd;ndhh;fs; jkf;Fk;

jk;Fyj;jpw;Fk; jP';F bra;J tplf;TlhJ vd;W m";rpdh;. mjd;

btspg;ghlha; mth;fSf;Fg; gpoj;jkhdg; bghUs;fis itj;J tHpgl;ldh;.

,J ehsiltpy; rpW bja;t tHpghlha; khwpd. "55 ,we;jth;fis

53. R.jh. j';fk;/ mfpyj;jpy; mw;g[jf; nfhtpy;/ g.102. 54. m.fh. bgUkhs;/ bja;t';fs; Kisf;Fk;/ epyk;/ g. 38. 55. nfhkjpr';fh;/ r\ftpay; nehf;fpa ePjp ,yf;fpak;/ g.62.

80

vhpa{l;oath;fSf;Ff; fly;/ MW nghd;w ePh]epiyfSf;Fr; brd;W 'jh;g;gzk';

bra;J tHpgLfpd;wdh;. gpj;Uf;fs; Rth;f;fk; g[f itf;f g[jy;th]fs;

jh;g;gzk; bra;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ vd;gij/

"bjd;g[y'] thH;eh;f;F mU';fld; ,Wf;f

bghd;nghw; g[jy;tiu bgwh m jpUk; " 56

vd;w g[wg;ghly; TwfpwJ.

"xU Foapy; ,we;njhh;/ bjd;jpirapd; fz; ,Ue;J jd; Foapy;

gpwf;Fk; g[jy;th; jk;ik nehf;fpg; gilf;Fk; nrhWk; ePUk; cz;L thH;th; vd

xsit R.Jiurhkp gps;is tpsf;Fthh; " 57. Mo/ ij mkhthir nghd;w

ehl;fSf;F gypapl;L Kd;ndhh;fSf;Fg; gyp flid Kof]fpd;wdh;"58

jpUkzk; Mfhj Mnzh my;yJ bgz;nzh ,we;jhy; fd;dp vd miHj;J

"fd;dp tHpghL" 59 elj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhuj;jpy; mjpfkhd

tPLfspy; fd;dp tHpghL ,d;Wk; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. "jD$h"

bts;isak; khg;gl;o vd;w fpuhkj;ijr; nrh;e;j gHdpr;rhkpapd; kfs; 4

tajpy; xU tpgj;jpy; ,we;Jtpl;lhs;. 9 -k; ehs; rl';F bra;jnghJ ke;jpuk;

brhy;ypf;bfhz;oUe;j g[nuhfpjh; jpObud jD$htpd; Fuypnyna ehd;

tPl;Lf;Fg; gf;fj;jpnyna bja;tkhf ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W brhd;dhuhk;.

56. g[wk;. gh.9/ thpfs; 3-4. 57. fh.Rth;zyjh/ eh";rpy; ehl;L Ch]g; bgah;fspy; bjhd;kf; TWfs;/ g.84. 58. gp.,.vz;. 7-8. 59. gp.,.vz]. 8.

81

,jd;gpd; gHdpr;rhkpapd; jk;gp ghY/ jD$htpd; Fuypy; ngR Muk;gpj;jhuhk;.

fle;j 3 Mz;Lfshf ,g;gFjp kf;fs; ve;jf; fhhpaj;ijj; bjhl';fpdhYk;

ghY tHpahf jD$htplk; Fwp nfl;fhky; bra;tjpy;iy. ,g;nghJ

tPl;lUnf nfhapy; fl;o jD$htpd; rpiyia vGg;gp Fk;ghgpn#fKk;

bra;jpUf;fpwhh;. gHdpr;rhkp. " 60

,we;njhh; Fwpj;j gHkug[ fijapd; tHpahf ,we;J nghd

Kd;ndhh]fs; bja;tkhf ,Ue;J fhj;J j';fis tHp elj;jpr; bry;tjhf

kf;fs; ek;gp tUtJ ,f;fij thapyhfj; bjhpfpwJ. ,t;thW

,we;jth;fis nfhapy; fl;o tHpgl;lhh;fs; vd;gjw;F F';Fkk; thu ,jH;

bra;jpa[k;/ eh";rpy; ehl;L Ch]g;bgah;fspy; bjhd;k';fs; Ma;ntLk;/

bja;t';fs; Kisf;Fk; epyk; vd;w E}ypYs;s fUj;JfSk; rhd;whff;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

rhkparhkparhkparhkpahhhhLjy;Ljy;Ljy;Ljy;

nfhtpypy; ,Uf;Fk; bja;tk] mf;nfhtpypy; tHpghL elj;jptUk;

xUth; nky; mUis Vw;Wtijr; rhkpahLjy; vd;fpnwhk;. ,r;rhkpahLk;

gHf;fk; bgUbewp kugpy; ,y;iy. rpWbewp bja;t';fshd tz;okiyr;

rpak;kd;/ Rliy/ ,rf;fpak;kd; nghd;w bja;t';fspd; rd;djpapy; Mlg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. "rhkpahLk; nghJ bja;tj;jpd; gpujpepjpahff; fUjg;gLk;

rhkpaho mj;bja;tj;jpd; mUshy; mUs;thf;F TWthh;." 61 ,e;j mUs;

60. gp.,.vz;. 7-9. 61. gp.,.vz;. 7-10.

82

thf;fpid bja;tnk te;J kf;fSf;fhf brhy;tjhf kf;fs; ek;g[fpd;wdh;.

"Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpa[ld; bjhlh;g[ila ehl;lhh; bja;tj;jpw;F

mr;rhjpapdiur; rhh;e;jth; MLtJ bghJthd kug[. nkYk; rhkpahLk;

jFjp kug[ tHpahf tUtJ; nfhapypy; g{ir bra;gtUk;/ rhkpahoa[k;

ntwhdtuhf ,Ug;gJ/ bgz; bja;tj;jpw;F ;Mnz MLtJ/ xt;bthU

ehl;lhh; bja;tj;jpw;Fk; xt;bthUth; MLtJ Mfpad bghJthd

kug[fs;. "62 r';f fhyj;jpy; rhkpahLtij ntyd; btwpahl;L vd;W Twpdh;.

FWe;bjhifa[s;/

"ntyd; g[ide;j btspaah; fse;bjhWk; "

63

,g;ghly; thp ,jid cWjpr; bra;fpwJ. fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;

rhkpahLtij bja;tk; VWjy; vd;W Twpdh;. rpyk;gpy; bja;tk; Vwg;bgw;w

rhypdp fz;zfpia/

"- - - - - - - - - - -bfh';fr; bry;tp Flkiyahl;o

bjd;jkpH;g;ghit bra;jtf] bfhGe;J

xUkh kzpaha; cyfpw;F X';fpa

jpUkh kzpvdj; bja;tKw;W ciug;gg; " 64

,t;thW bja;tbkdg; g[fH;e;Jiuf;fpwhs;. jw;fhyj;jpy; rhkpaLjy; vd;w

bgauhy; miHf;fpd;wdh;. ,t;thW rhkpahLtJ gw;wp gytw;wpYk;

Twg;gl;Ls;sd. vYkpr;irg;gHk; fpilj;j fijapYk; gj;ufhspak;kd;

62. m.fh. bgUkhs;/ bja;t';fs; Kisf;Fk; epyk;/ g.44. 63. FWe;bjhif/ gh.53 t.3. 64. rpyk;g[ (kJiuf;fhz;lk;) ntl;Lt thp/ thp. 47-50.

83

Twg;gl;Ls;sd. vYkpr;irg;gHk; fpilj;j fijapYk; gj;ufhspak;kd;

fijapYk; rhkpahLjy; gw;wpa epfH;r;rpfs; te;Js;sd. ,t;thW r';f

fhyj;jpypUe;nj rhkpahLk; gHf;fk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sij ,yf;fpar;

rhd;WfSk; cWjp bra;fpd;wd.

vYkpvYkpvYkpvYkpr;irg; gHKk;/ g{i$f;Fhpa gpwbghUl;fSk;r;irg; gHKk;/ g{i$f;Fhpa gpwbghUl;fSk;r;irg; gHKk;/ g{i$f;Fhpa gpwbghUl;fSk;r;irg; gHKk;/ g{i$f;Fhpa gpwbghUl;fSk;

btw;wpiy/ ghf;F/ gHk; vYkpr;ir nghd;w gy bghUl;fs; g{i$f;Fhpa

bghUl;fshf cs;sd. mjpy; vYkpr;irg; gHKk; k';fyg; bghUl;fSs;

xd;whf tps';FfpwJ. g{i$f;Fhpa Kf;fpag; bghUl;fSs; xd;whf

vYkpr;irg;gHk; ,lk; bgWfpwJ. vYkpr;irg] gHj;jpw]F kUj;Jt

FzKz;L. itl;lkpd; "C" rj;J epuk;gp cs;sJ. "Kd;ndhh;fs; ,iw

tHpghl;ow;Fk; neha; jPh]f;Fk; nehf;fpy; mike;j ke;jpu cr;rhldj;Jf;Fk;

rpy bghUs;fisg; gad]gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. mwptpayqF Kiwapy; Muha]e;j

epiyapy; nrhjid Kot[fshf kpd;rhuk; gha[k; rf;jp (Electircal

conductivity) fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,U kpd;KidfSf;F

bghUs;fs;bghUs;fs;bghUs;fs;bghUs;fs; ,ilapYs;s J}uk;,ilapYs;s J}uk;,ilapYs;s J}uk;,ilapYs;s J}uk; kpd;rhuk; gha[e;jpwd;kpd;rhuk; gha[e;jpwd;kpd;rhuk; gha[e;jpwd;kpd;rhuk; gha[e;jpwd;

btw;wpiy

ntg;gpiy

khtpiy

Jsrp

Rz;zhk;g[

vYkpr;irg;gHk;

khk;gHk;

thiHg;gHk;

3 br.kP.

3 br.kP

3 br.kP.

3 br.kP.

3br.kP

2 br.kP

2 br.kP.

2 br.kP

.012

.400

.333

.200

.003

.1475

.300

.050

84

,jpypUe;J ntg;gpiyf;F cs;s kpd;rhuk; gha[e;jpwd; kw;wtw;iwtpl

kpf mjpfkhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ekJ nfhapy;fspy; g{rhhpfs;

ke]jphpf;Fk; nghJk;/ gpuhh;j;jidf;fhf khhpak;kd; nfhtpYf;Fg; gf;jh]fs;

tUk;nghJk; ntg;gpiyia cgnahfpg;gjd; fhuzk; ,Jjhd;. mnj nghy

khtpiyf;Fk; khk;gHj;jpw;Fk; ,e;j rf;jp mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gz;oiff;

fhy';fsp;y; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,Jjhd; fhuzk;.

thiHg;gHj;ijf; fhl;oYk; vYkpr;rk; gHj;Jf;F ,j;jpwd; \d;W kl';F

mjpfkhf ,Ug;gija[k; gl;oaypy; fhzyhk;. " 65

jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk]jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk]jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk]jpUePWk; jPh]j;jKk]

md;whl thH;tpy; jpUePW g{Rjy; tHf;fkhf cs;sJ. jpUePw;iw

tpuy;fs; KGJk; vLj;J bew;wp KGJk; epiwa[khW g{Rth;. Mz;fs; nkdp

KGtJk; g{Rth;. mwptpay; Kiwg;gog; ghh;j;jhy; bew;wpapy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;

rspia mfw;Wk; kUj;Jt Fzk] cilaJ vd;W bghpnahh;fs; TWth;.

irt nfhtpy;fspy; jpUePW gpurhjkhf tH';fg;gLfpwJ. jpUePw;wpd;

rpwg;gpid njthug; gjpf';fspy; fhzKofpwJ. ,jid/

"ke;jpukhtJ ePW thdth; nkyJ ePW

Re;jukhtJ ePW Jjpf;fg;gLtJ epW

je;jpukhtJ ePW rkaj;jpy; cs;sJ ePW

bre;Jth; tha[ik g';fd; jp;U Mytahd; jpUePnw" 66

vd;Dk; ghly; thpfs; ,jw;F xU rhd;whFk;. bghpa g[uhzKk; jpUePw;wpd;

rpwg;gpid

65. br. itj;jpayp';fk;/ jkpH;g; gz;ghl;L tuyhW/ gf;.196-197. 66. njth. gh. 2794.

85

"khrpyhj kzp jpfH; nkdpna

g{jePW nghy; cs;Sk; g[dpjh;fs; "67

vd;W ,g;ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,j;jF rpwg;gpid cila jpUePw;iw

fUg;g[nfhL fhspak;kd; fijapy; ,lk; bgWk; murDf;Ff; F";Rgps;is

clypy; g{rpa[k;/

"fye;jJ ePu Jlk;gpw; fWf]F';

fye;jJ ePu Jlk;gpw; rptf;F';

fye;jJ ePu Jlk;gpy; btSf;F';

fye;jJ ePh] epy'; fhw;wJthnk " 68

vd jPh]j;jj;jpd; rpwg;gpid jpUke;jpuk; \thapuk; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,j;jF

rpwg;gpid cila nfhtpy; jPh]j;jj;jpy; jpUePw;iwf; fye;Jk; Foj;jjd;

thapyhft[k; mk;kd]dDf;fpUe;j jPuhj tapw;Wtyp Fzkhfp;aJ vd;gJ

gj;ufhspak;kd; fij thapyhfj; bjhpfpwJ. ePw;wpd; rpwg;gpid ,yf;fpar;

rhd;WfSk; cWjp bra;fpd]wd.

,iwgf;jp,iwgf;jp,iwgf;jp,iwgf;jp

,iwtd; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;jhy; ek; ntz;Ljy;/ njly; vy;yhk;

epiwntWk; vd;W kf;fs; ek;g[fpd;wdh;. ,jw;F ,yf;fpa';fspy; rhd;Wfs;

cs;sd. ,uzpad; tij glyj;Js;Sk; gpufyhjdpd; gf;jp fhuzkhf

,uzpaid eurpk;kd; mHpj;jij/

67. bghpag[[uhzk;/ gh. 236. 68. jpUke;. gh.497

86

"rhzpYk; csd; Xh] jd;ik mqtpidr; rj Twpl;l

nfhzpDk; csd; kh nkUf; Fd;wpDk; csd;,e; epiw

J}zpDk; csd; eP brhd;d brhy;ypDk; csd; ,j;jd;ik

fhqjp tpiutpd; vd;whd; ed;bwdr; rdfd; brhd;dhd; "69

vd;Dk; ghlypy; fk;gh; rpwg;gpj;J ghoa[s;sijf; fhzKofpwJ.

vkd; khh;f;fz;nlad; capiu ghrf;fapw;iwf; bfhz;L vLf;f

tUk;nghJ/ khh;f;fz;nlad; rptyp']fj;ij mizj;Jg; gpoj;Jf;

bfhz;lhd;. fapW rptyp']fj;ija[k; nrh;j;J ,Gj;jJ. clnd

rptbgUkhd; vkid vl;o cijj;Jj; js;sp khh;f;z;lnlaDf;F mku

thH;tspj;jhh] vd;gij/

"gjj;bjG ke;jpuk; m";brGj; njhjpg; ghptpbdhLk;

,jj;bjG khdpld; ,d;Daph] cs;s btFz;lhh;j;j

fjj;bjG fhyidf; fz;FU jpg;g[d yhbwhGf

cijj;bjG nrto ahd;flMSiw cj;jknd " 70

vd;Dk; ghly; thpfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

VH;ikahd ntyd; mg;g[ vd;gth; ,iwtid epidj;J tUe;jp

ntz;odhh;. vdnt nfhtpypy; jpdk; xU bts;spf;fhR tPjk; fpilj;jJ

vd;gij/ fhR fpilj;j fij \yk; mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

"kjj;jhd; kpf;fhd] kw;wptd; ike;jDaph; th';fg;

gijj;jhbdd; t[d;dp btFz;lhd; gjp\d;Wr]

rpijj;jhd; thkr; nrto jd;dhw; rpwpJe;jp

a[ijj;jhd; Tw;wd; thd;Kfpy; nghy; kz;qw tPH]e;jhd;. " 71

vd rptbgUkhdplk; bfhz;l gf;jp fhuzkhf khh;f;fz;nlad; capiu vkd;

69. fk;guhkhazk;/ a[j;jfhz;lk;/ ,uzpad;/ cijg;. gh. 125. 70. br.itj;jpayp';fk;/ jkpHf gz;ghl;L tuyhW/ g.643. 71. fe;jg[uhzk;/ khh;f;fz;nlag; glyk;/ gh.253.

87

vLf;f tUk;nghJ Tw;Wtid cijj;J khh;f;fz;nlaDf;F thH;tspj;jg;

bgUikia ,g;ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ.

gjpgf;jpgjpgf;jpgjpgf;jpgjpgf;jp

jdJ fztidna bja;tbkd tz';fp thGk; kf;fSk; cs;sdh;.

fhe;jhhp jd; fztidna bja;tkhf tz';fp tUfpwhs;. ,J nghy;/

fhiuf;fhyk;ikahiu mtuJ fztd; mz';F vdf; Twpajd; tpisthf

gpwh; be";Rg[fh jPa vz;zk; vd; clYf;F Vw;gLjy; TlhJ vd midUk;

btWj]bjhJf;Fk; nga; totpid ,iwtdplk; ntz;o epd;whh; vd;gij/

"<';fptd; Fwpj;j bfhs;if

,J ,dp ,tDf;fhfj;

jh';fpa tdg;g[ epd;w

jir;bghjp fHpe;J ,';F cd;ghy;

M';F epd; jhs;fs; nghw;Wk;

nga;tot[ monaDf;Fg;

gh';Fw ntz;Lk; vd;W

gukh; jhs; gutp epd;whh; " 72

vd ,g;ghly; mofs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thW fztd; nky; "gjpgf;jp "

bfhz;l bgz;zpd; rpwg;ig bghpag[uhzKk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

mf';fhuk;mf';fhuk;mf';fhuk;mf';fhuk;

kdpjDf;F Mztk; ve;j epiyapYk; Vw;glyhfhJ. me;j jpkpuhd

epiy mLj;jtiu vs;sp eifahl itf;Fk. me;j epiyahy; mHpnth

72. bghpag[uhzk;/ fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; g[uhzk;/ gh.49.

88

my;yJ mjw;nfw;w jz;lidnah fpilg;gJ cWjp. ,uhtzDf;Fj; jhd;

gyrhyp vd;w Mztk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;gija[k;

",ikatpy; th';fpa <h;";ril me;jzd;

cik mkh;e;J cah;kiy ,Ue]jddhf

I - ,U jiyapd; muf;fh; nfhkhd;

bjhog;bghyp jlf;ifapd; fPH;g[Fe;J/ mk;kiy

vLf;fr; bry;yhJ cHg;gtd; nghy " 73

vd;Dk; thpfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;ghly; thpfs; thapyhf rptbgUkhdhy;

mf';fhuk;(Mztk;) mHpe;jija[k; fypj;bjhifg; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ.

,t;thW vj;jifa jpwik cilatdhf tps';fpdhYk; mf';fhuk;

,Ue;jhy; mtd; mHpe;JtpLthd; vd;gjw;F fypj;bjhif ghlYk; rhd;W

gfh;fpd;wJ. gj;ufhspak;kd; fij thapyhf khh;j;jhz;lth;khtpd; vs;sp

eifahly; vd;Dk; mf';fhuk; Vw;gl;l fhuzkhf tapw;Wtyp Vw;gl;lJ fij

thapyhfj; bjhpa tUfpwJ.

tpsf;F ttpsf;F ttpsf;F ttpsf;F tHHHHpghLpghLpghLpghL

Mjpfhyj;jpy; Nhpaid bja;tkhf tz';Fk; gHf;fk; ek;

kf;fspilna ,Ue;jJ. ,s';nfhtofSk; ""hapW nghw;WJk; * "hapW

nghw;WJk;*" 74 vd flt[is thH;j;jhky; ,aw;ifiaa[k; Nhpaida[k;

thH;j;jp rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijj; bjhl';fpa[s;shh;. ekf;Ff;; fhiyapy; Nhpad;

ngUjtp g[hpfpwJ. khiyapy; tpsf;fpid Vw;wp itj;J tHpglj; bjhl';fpdh;.

73. fypj;bjhif gh. 38. 74. rpyk;g[. k';fy thH;j;Jg; ghly;/ t. 4.

89

tpsf;nfw;wp tHpgLtJ g{i$apd; xU Kf;fpar; brayhFk;. ,iwtd; n$hjp

totkhdtd; vd ,yf;fpa';fs; TWfpd;wd.

"Ke;ePh] kPkpirg; gyh; bjhHj; njhd;wp

VKw tps';fpa Rlh; "75

vd ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

,iwtd; ,iwtp n$hjp totkhf tps';Fjiy/

"ek;gpdth; iftpsf;nf !h]ntr]thp

fhh; ,Uspd; jPr;Rlnu n$hjpr;thp "76

nfht[iw n$hjp nfhks n$hjp

nfhkjp n$hjp Jh;f;ifans

eht[iw n$hjp ehw;wpir n$hjp

ehl;oa n$hjp ehr;rpans " 77

rptyp';f tHpghl;L Nl;rkk; n$hjp tHpghL 78 MFk;.

"Mjpahfp; mz;luz;lk; mg;g[wj;Jk; ,g;g[wj;Jk;

nrhjpahfp epd;wpy';F fUjp ehj nrhkid " 79

vd rptthf;fpah; ghoa[s;shh;. ,t;thW ,iwtid kf;fs; n$hjp tothff;

fz;L tHpgl;ldh;.

"mfdfh; vy;yhk; mUk;gtpH; Ky;iy

epfh; kyh;bey;byhL J}ca;g; gfy;kha;e;j

khiy kzptpsf;fk; fhl;o ,utpw;nfhh; " 80

vd khiy neuj;jpy; tpsf;F tHpghL bra;jij rpyk;g[ tpsf;FfpwJ.

75. ew;wpiz/ gh.283. 76. khzpf;fthrfk; (bjh.M)/ mgpuhkp me;jhjp/ gh. t.12. 77. nkw;go/ t.14. 78. br. itj;jpayp';fk]/ jkpHf gz;ghl;L tuyhW/ g.590. 79. <Rtugps;is/ rpj;jh;fSk; ntkDk;/ g.46. 80. rpyk;g[[. fdhj;jpwk; ciuj;j fhij/ thp. 1-3.

90

neh;j;jpf;fld;neh;j;jpf;fld;neh;j;jpf;fld;neh;j;jpf;fld;

nfhtpy;fspYk; kf;fs; j';fSila ntz;Ljy; epiwntWk; bghUl;L

neh;j;jpf; flid brYj;jp tUfpwhh;fs;. ,jpy; gpzpjPuy;/ gpurtk;

ey;yKiwapy; eilbgWjy;/ FHe;ij ntz]ly;/ jpUkzk; nghd;wit

bja;tj;jpd; mUshy; ey;yKiwapy; eilbgWk; bghUl;L cUtk; tpLjy;/

bjhl;oy; fl;Ljy;/ tis,ly;/ jhyp fhzpf;ifr; brYj;Jjy;/ gpog;gzk;

itj;jy;/ myF Fj;Jjy;/ Jyhghuk; nghd;w neh;j;jpf; fld;fis brYj;jp

tUfpwhh;fs;.

rptdpf;nfhzk; ,rf;fpak;kd;/ bghd;dhh; klj;J ,rf;fp mk;kd;

nghd;w nfhtpy;fspy; cUtk; tpLjy;/ bjhl;oy; fl;Ljy; nghd;w neh;j;jpf;

fld;fs; brYj;jp tUjy; gHf]fkhf cs;sJ.

cUtk; tpLjyhy; kWRHw;rpahy; (Recycle) Rw;Wg;g[wr;NHy;

ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;bjhHpy; bra;tjd; thapyhf kf;fSf;F ey;y

tUkhdKk; fpilf;fpwJ.

nfhHp Tt[jy;nfhHp Tt[jy;nfhHp Tt[jy;nfhHp Tt[jy;

Mjp fhyj;jpy; fhyj;jpid fzf;fpl ehHpif tl;oiyg; gad;gLj;jp

te;jdh;. ,jidg; nghd;W ,utpy; nfhHp Tt[tij itj;Jk; rhkf;nfhHp

(,ut[ 2 kzp) Tt[jy; vd;Wk; mjpfhiy nfhHp (mjpfhiy 4 kzp) Tt[jy;

vd;Wk; neuj;ij fzf;fpl;lnjhL mtuth; bjhHpYf;Fr; brd;wdh; vd;gJk;

fijfs; thapyhfj; bjhpa tUfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nfhHp Tt[jy; vd;gJ

xU cj;jpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;fpa';fspYk; nfhHp Tt[jYf;Fr;

rhd;Wfs; cs;sd vd;gij

91

"njhHp ifj;jyk; Tg;gp ,j;Jd;dpUs;

ehHp iff;fpl nkeyk; nfs;vd

thHp ifg;gpo te;Jk; vd;dh vdhf;

nfhHp ifj;jyj; ijf; bfhl;of; Ttpw;nw " 81

vd;Dk; ,g;ghly] cWjp bra;fpwJ. nkYk;

" g[l';bfhs; g{k; bghHpypilg; g[s;spd; nrtny " 82

mde;jUz; Kuz;wd td;wpw; nrtny "83

vd;w Nshkzpg; ghly;fisa[k; rhd;W Twyhk;. nfhHp Tt[jiy itj;J

md;iwa kf;fs; neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;ldh] vd;gJ eif ,uty; th';fpa

fij/ nga;fs; gpzk; g';fpl;l fij nghd;w fijfspd; thapyhfg; gz;ila

kf;fs; nfhHp Tt[jiy itj;J neuj;ij fzf;fpLjy; vd;Dk; gHf;fj;ij

itj;jpUe;jdh; vd;gJ bjhpatUfpwJ. ,jw;F mhpr;re;jpu g[uhzk; ghlYk;

Nshkzp ghlYk; rhd]Wfshfj; jpfH;fpd;wd.

rpw;g';fs;rpw;g';fs;rpw;g';fs;rpw;g';fs;

,aw;ifad;idna cUthf;fpar; rpw;g';fSk; nfhtpypy; Rij -kz;/

fy;yhy; bra;ag;gl;l rpw;g';fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;

bfhz;l fijfSs; nfhtpy; Rij rpw;gk; tz;okiyr;rpak;kd;

nfhtpypYk;/ rptdpf;nfhzk; ,rf;fpak;kd; nfhtpypy; fy; rpw]gKk;;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUtpilf;nfhl;oy; kiyapd; nky; ,aw;if

cUthf;fpar; rpw;gKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

"tk;g khf;fs; fk;giy \J}h;

RLkz; X';fpa beLepiy kidbjhWk;

ikaW gUtj;J thdth; Kjyh

81. mhpr;re;jpu g[uhzk;/ tpthf fhz;lk;/ gh.194. 82. Nsh/ fy;ahzr; rUf;fk;/ gh.235 t. 4. 83. nkw;go/ gh. 236/ t.4.

92

vt;tif caph]fSk; ctk'; fhl;o

btz;Rij tpj;jfh; ,aw;wpa

fz;fth; Xtpa'; fz;L epw;Feh; " 84

vd;W g{k;g[fhiu fhz te;j kf;fs; Rij rpw;gj;ijf; fz;L tpae;J epd;wij

,g;ghly; thpfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,jpypUe;J rpw]gj;jpd; rpwg;g[ bjhpa

tUfpwJ.

J}h; thUjy;J}h; thUjy;J}h; thUjy;J}h; thUjy;

"Rj;jk; nrhW nghLk; " vd;gJ gHbkhHp. ek; Kd;ndhh; ,aw;if

thH;t[ thH;e;jdh;. fpzw;W ePiuna FoePuhfg; gad]gLj;jp te;jdh;. ePh]

bfl;Ltplhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf fpzw;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; fHpt[fis btspna vLj;J

J}h]thUk; gHf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; Rj;jj;ijf; filgpoj;J thH;e;jdh;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; FoePUf;fhf jz;zPiur; Rj;jpfhpf;f Rj;jpfhpg;g[ epiya';fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kw;fhyj;jpy; Cw;WePiu gad;gLj;jp te;jdh;. gpwF

fpzw;W ePiug; gad;gLj;jp te;jija[k; fijfs; thapyhf mwpe;J

bfhs;sKofpwJ.

fUtpfs;fUtpfs;fUtpfs;fUtpfs;

fijfspd; thapyhf rpy fUtpfs; tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhuf; fijfspy;

,lk; bgWtijf; fhzKofpwJ. tpy;/ mk;g[ nghd;w fUtpfSk; gidnaWk;

bjhHpy; bra;tjw;Fhpa fUtpfshf/

"fLg;g[ - myt[ fLg;g[/ gUtgid fLg;g[

FLit/ mUth bgl;o/ Rz;zhk;g[

84. kzpnkfiy/ kyh; tdk; g[f;f fhij/ thp 126-131.

93

jiyehh;/ fk;g[ rhj;J (gid VWtjw;F cjt[tJ)

Rz;zhk;g[ fyf;F kl;il/ be"]Rj; njhy; " 85

nghd;w fUtpfSk;/

fpzW njhz;Ltjw;Fhpa fUtpfs; kz;btl;o/ kz]iz btspnaw;w

Til/ flg;ghiw nghd;w fUtpfs; g[H';Fg; bghUl;fshf mf;fhyj;jpy;

,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,t;thW "ek;gpf;iffs; xU rKjhaj;jpd; mwpt[ tsh;r;rpia

gz;ghl;L fyhr;rhuj;ijg; g[yg;gLj;Jk; rhsukhf mikfpd;wd.

ek;gpf;iffs; r\fj]njitfs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;nfhspd; mobahw;wpna mit

vGfpd;wd. " 86

kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiw/ ek;gpf;iffs;/ gHf;ftHf;f';fs;

nghd;wit tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspYs;s gz;ghl;Lf;

TWfs; tHp mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

85. yp';fk;/ (gid bjd;id/ VWgth;/) ehs; 10.03.2011 jpUtpilf;nfhL. 86. nf.vk;.nf. nfhkjpr';fh;/ r\ftpay; nehf;fpy; ePjp ,yf;fpak;/ g.57.

94

bjhFg;g[iubjhFg;g[iubjhFg;g[iubjhFg;g[iu

� cyf mu';fpy; ek; ehL gz;ghl;oy; rpwe;J tps';FfpwJ.

vdnt tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijfspy; fhzg;gLk;

gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs; ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

� kd;Daph]f;F ,d;wpaikahjJ (gz;g[) gz;ghL gz;g[ vd;gJ

ew;Fz';fspd; bjhFg;ghFk;. tpy;Yf;Fwp tl;lhu

ehl;Lg;g[wf;fijfspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;ghLfs; bjhFj;Jj;

jug;gl;Ls;sd.

� jpUkzj;jpd; bghUl;L kfl;bfhil nfl;gh;. jd; ,dk;

,y;iybadpd; kWg;gJ kug[. kfl; bfhil kWj;jy;

brk;gk;kFl;o/ ePyk;kFl;o (,rf;fpak;kd;) fijapy;

fhzg;gLk; gz;ghLfshFk;.

� jpUkzk; vd;gJ eilKiw epfH;thFk;. ts;spj;jpUkzk;

bgw;nwhh; cw;whh; cwtpdh; Kd;dpiyapy; Kiwg;go

eilbgw;wij ts;spf; fijapd; thapyhf mwpe;J bfhs;s

KofpwJ.

� Mil/ mzpfs; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd g';F

tfpf;fpd;wJ. kdpjDf;F kl;Lkpd;wp ,iwtDf;F

mzptpf;fg;gLk; Mil Mguz';fSk; \f;Fj;jp nghd;wdt[k;/

k';fyr; rpd;dkhf jhypa[k; jpfH;fpwJ vd;gj jpUtpilf;nfhL

rilag;gh; fij thapyhft[k;/ tz;okiyr;rpak;kd; fij

thapyhft[k;/ rptdpf;nfhzk; ,rf;fpak;kd; fij

thapyhft[k;/ nga;fs; jhypa[k;/ nfhh;ita[k; fl;oa fijfs;

95

thapyhft[k;/ Mil/ mzpfs; gw;wpa gz;ghlhdJ bjhpa

tUfpwJ.

� jkpHh; gz;ghl;oy; jiyrpwe;jgz;g[ tpUe;njhk;g[jyhFk;.

nfhapypy; ,iwtDf;Fg; gilj;Jg; gf;jh;fSf;Ff;

bfhLf;fg;gLk; czt[ thapyhft[k; nga;fs; gpzk; g';fpl;Lj;

jpd;W kfpH]e;jijg; nga; fijfs; \yKk; mwpe;J bfhs;s

KofpwJ.

� bgz;izj; bja;tkhfg; nghw;Wjy; Mjpfhyj;jpnyna ,Ue;J

tUk; gHf;fkhFk;. gpurtk; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahd epfH;thFk;.

,jw;Fj; jha;tPL bry;Yjy; vd;Dk; fyhr;rhuKk;/ bgz;zpw;F

bgz;nz jhd; gpurtk; ghh;f;f ntz;Lbkd;gJk;/ bgz;

bja;tk;/ tPuk; bghUe;jpats; vd;gJk; jPath]fis mHpj;J

ey;yth;fisf; fhg;gJk;/ ,j;jifa gy gz;g[fis xUtnu

bgw;wpUf;Fk; MSikj; jd;ikiaa[k; tz;o kiyr;rpak;kd;

fij thapyhf czh;e;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. bgz;

bja;t';fspd; ,j;jifaj; jd;ikfis mwpe;J bfhs;tjd;

\yk; bgz; bja;t';fisg; nghd;W rKjhaj;jpy; mhpa

bray;fisr; bra;J bgz;fs; j';fSila MSikj]

jd;ikia tsh;j;Jf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;

cUthfpwJ.

� gH';fhyj;jpy; g[ijaiy g[ijj;J itf;Fk; gHf;fk;

,Ue;jija[k;/ mrhPhp gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; mwptpay;

vj;jifa Kd;ndw;wk; fz;oUe;j nghJk; kf;fs; nrhjplj;jpd;

kPJ bfhz;oUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; ,we;j Kd;ndhh;fis

96

bja;tbkd tHpgLk] ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; ,t;tpaypd; thapyhf

mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

� rhkpahLk; gHf;fk; nfhtpypy; eilbgw;W tUtija[k;

g{i$f;Fhpa Kf;fpag; bghUshf vYkpr;irg;gHk;

,Ug;gija[k;/ jpUePWk;/ jPh]j;jKk; thH;t[ rhh;e;j nfhapy;

tHpghl;oy; Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWtija[k; ,it kUe;jhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJt[k; ,t;tpay; thapyhfj; bjhpa

tUfpwJ.

� Mjpfhyj;jpy; Nhpa tHpghL ,Ue;jJ. mjd; bjhlh;r;rpna

tpsf]F tHpghL vd;gJk; bjhpatUfpwJ.

� ,iw gf;jpa[k; fztidna bja;tkhfj; bjhGk;

tHf;fj;ija[k; kf;fs; j';fs; ntz;Ljy;fis epiwntw;w

neh;j;jpf; fld;fs; brYj;Jtija[k; ,t;tpay; thapyhf

mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

� gH';fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfisa[k; fpzW

J}h;th';Fk; gHf;fj;ija[k; ,t;tpaypYs;s fijfs; thapyhf

mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.

� ,j]jifa gz;ghLfs; ,lk] bgw;Ws;sd.

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97