De wereld energie situatie - Energy Transition Model

3 million Exajouleyearly

400 Exajoule yearly

300 thousand Exajoule630 Exajoule yearly

90 Exajoule yearly

1250 Exajoule yearly

De wereld energie situatie

De koolstof kringloop

Doelstellingen

Cellulose

Waterstofbruggen

Biomassa structuur 1

Vezelstructuur van cellulose


Eenheidscel

Waterstof brug

Branchedcellulose

hemicellulose


Lignine


Lignin-random co-polymer

Structure of woodBiomassa structuur 5

Zetmeel


Amylose

Amylopectine


Organisatie zetmeel

Bronnen en producten

Ontwikkelingstraject

Consensus

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 1

Van eerste naar tweede generatie


Van eerste naar tweede generatie 4: beschikbaarheid

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 5: opbrengsten

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 6: kosten Euro per Gigajoule

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 7: toepassingen

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 8: rendementen

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 9: rendementen

Van eerste naar tweede generatie 10: Ethanol productieconventioneel en nieuw

Eerste generatie

Tweede generatie 1: biorefinery

Tweede generatie 2: biorefinery, processstromen

Tweede generatie 3: biorefinery en integratie met ander activiteiten

Bron: HB, ECN, JOVD European meeting, Petten, 5 April 2005

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%Pyrolysis Gasification Combustion

heat

charcoal

heat

product gas

product gas

tar / oil

Energy %

product gas

tar / pyrolysis oil

char coal

sensible heat

Torrefaction:96% char coal, 4% heat

Stoich. Luchtbehoefte Biomassaverbranding: 1,05 0 0,2 1,4

Thermochemische conversie 1; Verbranding, vergassing en pyrolyse

D

drying (A)

ExtensiveDevolatilisation

and

carbonisation(E)

Limiteddevolatilisation

andcarbonisation (D)

depolymerisationand

recondensation(C)

A

E

D

C

E

A

D

C

glass transition/softening

Hemicellulose Lignin Cellulose

100

150

200

250

300

Temp

eratu

re (°

C)

Hemicellulose Lignin Cellulose100

150

200

250

300

Temp

eratu

re (°

C)TORR

EFAC

TION

Thermochemische conversie 2: torrefactie

STRESS

STRESS

TORREFACTION(250 - 270 C)

STRESSTORREFACTION

(230 - 250 C)

FRESHBIOMASS

TORREFIEDBIOMASS

COMMINUTEDBIOMASS

COMMINUTEDTORREFIED BIOMASSCOMMINUTED

TORREFIED BIOMASS

TORREFIEDBIOMASS

MACRO FIBRILSHEMICELLULOSE

HEMICELLULOSEATTACHED TOMACROFIBRILS

particle size

fract

ion

particle size

fract

ion

particle size

fract

ion

normal distribution

Thermochemische conversie 3: torrefactie

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

(O/C)

(H/C

)

TW(250) TW(260)

TW(270) TW(275)

TW(280) TW(285)

Wood (dry) Charcoal

Coal Peat

Ttor

treaction

Thermochemische conversie 3: torrefactie, van Krevelen diagram

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

average particle size (mm, volume based)

Pow

er c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

e/M

Wth

)

Willow (230, 32)

Willow (259, 32)

Willow (270, 32)

Willow (untreated)

Larch (249, 32)

Beech (268, 32),

Beech (untreated)

Larch (untreated)

Willow (dried)

Bituminous Coal

0.00-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

average particle size (mm, volume based)

Pow

er c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

e/M

Wth

)

Willow (230, 32)

Willow (259, 32)

Willow (270, 32)

Willow (untreated)

Larch (249, 32)

Beech (268, 32),

Beech (untreated)

Larch (untreated)

Willow (dried)

Bituminous Coal

0.00

Thermochemische conversie 4: torrefactie, maalenergie

Torrefaction

Lignocellulose loses components with low energy content

and so keeps the energy in the product

Temperature: 200-300 °C

Pressure: near atmospheric

Heating rate: <50 °C/min

Absence of oxygen

Product: solid phase

Residence time 30 to 90 min

Particle size < 4 cm thickness

Torrefaction

mass energy

gas

biomass solids1 0.7

0.3

1 0.9

0.1

0.70.9 = 1.31Energy densification (E/kg)

Charcoalmass yield: 0.2-0.3energy yield: 0.4-0.6

Pyrolysis oilmass yield: 0.6-0.7energy yield: 0.6-0.7

Thermal cracking of organic material in absence of oxygen

Main product: liquid bio-oil

Process conditionsT = 400 - 600 °CP = atmosphericτgas ~ 1 s

Dry feed

Excess char

Thermochemische conversie 5: Pyrolyse, proces

1 MJProduct

1 MJ Feedstock

Products:gas: 15 wt% (internal electricity)bio-oil: 70 wt% (tradable product)char: 15 wt% (internal heat)

Minerals remain in char; bio-oil is virtually mineral free

High fuel flexibility

Increase in energy density with a factor of 4 - 5

Thermochemische conversie 6: Pyrolyse, producten

10 kg/hr test unit at theUniversity of Twente

Principle rotating cone reactor

biomassa

composiet drukvaten

benzine

diesel

cryogenic vessels

nanotubes ?

methanol

lng

metaal hydriden

gravimetrische opslag efficiency [MJ/kg]

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 35.030.0 40.0volu

met

risch

eop

slag

effi

cien

cy [M

J/m

3 ] 100.000

10.000

1.000

monolytic pressurevessels

SNG, 100 bar

Brandstoffen 1: opslag capaciteit

Brandstoffen 2: potentieel

Brandstoffen 3: processtappen

Brandstoffen 4: Economie

Brandstoffen 5: coproducten en rendement

Brandstoffen 6: Di-Methiel-Ether

indirect gasifier

gas cleaning

shift CH4 synthesis

CO2 removal

100% biomass

(steam) 70%

SNG

80% product gas

850°C

reaction (no shift): 3 H2 + CO CH4 + H2O

reaction: CO + H2O CO2 + H2

CO 45% vol% dryH2 16% vol% dryCO2 13% vol% dryCH4 18% vol% dryC2H2 1% vol% dryC2H4 5% vol% dryC2H6 1% vol% dryC6H6 1% vol% dryN2 1% vol% drytar 0.4% vol% dryH2O 35% vol% wet

low-N2 product gas

flue gas

combustion air

biomass

pyrolysis in riser

BFB combustor

fluidisation gas (steam, CO2)

O2-blown gasifier

Indirect gasifier Hydrogasifier

Thermal input biomass MW 100 100 50 hydrogen MW 47

Efficiency SNG production % 67.0* 66.3* 79.1 Carbon conversion % 100 93.3 80.1 Specific investment costs €/kWth 449 482 616 SNG production costs €/GJSNG 7.8 8.5 5.6 Dutch market price “Green Gas” €/GJSNG 8.7 8.7 5.2 €/tonne 83 95 115 * When the separated tar from the product gas is recycled and converted within the gasifier, SNG production efficiencies

up to 70% (on LHV basis) can be achieved.

Brandstoffen 7: Substitute Naturel Gas, processchema

Brandstoffen 8: Substitute Natural Gas, grootschalige productie

Property NG O2-blown gasifier

Indirect gasifier Hydrogasifier

Composition CH4 (incl. C2+) vol.% 84.75 87.67 87.62 82.97 H2 vol.% 0.00 1.77 1.95 8.02 CO2 vol.% 0.89 8.65 8.90 8.37 N2 vol.% 14.35 1.84 1.441 0.53

Calorific value, LHV MJ/kg 38.0 38.41 38.41 39.57 MJ/Nm3 31.7 31.26 31.26 30.67 Wobbe-index MJ/Nm3 43.46-44.41 43.74 43.74 44.03 O2-blown

gasifier Indirect gasifier Hydrogasifier

Thermal input biomass MW 100 100 50 hydrogen MW 47

Efficiency SNG production % 67.0* 66.3* 79.1 Carbon conversion % 100 93.3 80.1 Specific investment costs €/kWth 449 482 616 SNG production costs €/GJSNG 7.8 8.5 5.6 Dutch market price “Green Gas” €/GJSNG 8.7 8.7 5.2 €/tonne 83 95 115 * When the separated tar from the product gas is recycled and converted within the gasifier, SNG production efficiencies

up to 70% (on LHV basis) can be achieved.

Brandstoffen 9: Substitute Natural Gas, eigenschappen

Yield from tree-to-barrel

Gasification Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

wood (Biomass)

1 ton wood

~260 L FT wax

biosyngas

electricity from off-gas

~210 L green diesel

light FT product

Energy efficiency from wood to diesel = ~44%, light products: 11%, power: 14% -> total energetic efficiency: 69%

Optimised technology; 7% moisture; 78% CGE to syngas; 95% FT conversion; 92% C5+ yield; 80% wax-to-diesel yield; EE to light product 11%; EE to electricity 14% (55% CC, 25% heat); overall EE 69%

Brandstoffen 10: Fisher Tropsch diesel

8 CO + 17 H2 C8H18 + 8 H2O

FT liquids

CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O

Bio-SNG

CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O

Bio-SNG

Probability of chain growth α [-]

Selectivity[%]Ci

Cinput

C1: methane

C5-C11: gasoline

C12-C18: diesel

Catalyst for fuel synthesisNi Fe, Co

Brandstoffen 11: Fisher Tropsch diesel en SNG als coproduct

Fischer-Tropsch

Brandstoffen 12: Fisher Tropsch diesel productie en integratie met Pulp and Paper

De wereld energie situatie - Energy Transition Model

Documents

Transcript of De wereld energie situatie - Energy Transition Model