9789088903632 - Bosman 2016 - Rome Aan de Noordzee - eBook

8/18/2019 9789088903632 - Bosman 2016 - Rome Aan de Noordzee - eBook

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/9789088903632-bosman-2016-rome-aan-de-noordzee-ebook 1/140

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Mawfiacm Euii ^MEUgsgt tbk Tgmkstafk k -ig`rcry ta `rawsk aur k -àahs. Ear c jgfgjciekk yau dcf purdbcsk c euiiy eufdtgafci ^ME cfm `y magfo sa, yaubkip ta hkkp aur ig`rcry ruffgfo.

www.sgmkstafk.daj/ig`rcry



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Tgmkstafk rkss



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Uarjokvgfo `gffkfwkr <Ctkigkr Iu ks Uarjokvgfo Ajsico< Ctkigkr Iu ks

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3> 3. Bkt icfm wccr mk Pajkgfkf tkrkdbthwcjkf

0= 0. Ukiskf 3

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?5 =. Bkt ikvkf gf mk eartkf vcf Ukiskf 3 kf 0

3>= ;. Mk wkrkim vcf mk Ergkzkf

305 Fcwaarm - Ukiskf, fu, takf

344 Mcfhwaarm

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5



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Gf 0>3; wcs bk 0>>> lccr okikmkf mc kkf Pajkgfskviaa vcf kf kik bafmkrmkf aariaos- kf

rcfspar sdbkpkf, `kicmkf jk rakpkf, pccrmkf

kf vaarrcmkf, avkr bk akfjcigok Eikvujjkkrfaarmwccr s akrs k, rgdb gfo mk Kkjsjafmkf mk ‒vrglk Okrjcfkf‗ mgk mccr famgo

`ks rkmkf jaks kf warmkf.

Gfikgmgfo



2

Ap mgk adb spig s k kkf ikgf daf gfokf gdbc vcf mk baa mjcdb kf icfmmk ap mk ugmkiĴ-

k akvkr vcf bk Akr-İ, kkf `rkmk rgvgkrcrj mgkrgdb gfo Faarm kk vakrmk. Ap mk pik wccr kccf icfm ogfokf, igo vcfmcco mk mco mk _Ĵ kr-

uffki, gf kkf icfmsdbcp mc gf fgk s jkkr bkr-gffkr ccf wc mk Pajkgfkf gf bk lccr 3; k gkf

rkokf. Mk rakpkf rgdbtkf gdb gf ap kkf ok-sdbg k, afok wĴ kim rugj vcf kvarkf vkr kf-mk pik kf àuwmkf kr kkf ar . \Ĵ fakjmkf bk(fccr c k wccrsdbĴfiĴ bkgm) Eikvuj, fccr bkjkkr wccravkr k wcrkf ok ajkf8 wĴ kffkfbk sgfms rugj vkkr go lccr cis Ukiskf 3. Tcjkfjk Ĵf apvaiokr, vcf ki sprk kfm Ukiskf 0okbk kf, varj bk ar kkf ufgk k pcrcorcc gfmk oksdbgkmkfgs vcf Pajkgfs Fkmkricfm. Baao-

s kfs 4; lccr icfo varjmkf mk k `csks mk jkksfaarmkiĴ k vaarpas vcf mk Pajkgfsk a kfsgkvk paig gk gf _ks -Kurapc8 kkf kfdicvk gf kkf vaar mk `k ktkrs afokwaaf ok`gkm, ajrgfommaar jkfskf mgk kkf kgokf dui uur bcmmkf kfmgk gdb icfo fgk ci Ĵm wkfs kf k sdbghkffccr bk fgkuwk ok co mc buf wcs apokikom.

Gf mk c okiapkf ?> lccr gs ap mk k iadc gks bkki vkki crdbkaiaogsdb afmkr ak okmccf mc cs-dgfkrkfmk rksui c kf bkk apokikvkrm, jccr wccrvcf sikdb s kkf `kpkr ccf ci jkfskf apmk baao k gs. Mg àk gs spkdgcci okjcc ajmccr vkrcfmkrgfo gf k `rkfokf. Bk Pajkgfsk vkrikmkf vcf Ukiskf kf ajokvgfo gs bk gjjkrsrugjsdbaa s wccrm aj vaar kkf `rkmkr vak -igdb k warmkf ok`rcdb .

Bk àk gs apokàuwm rafm kkf ccf ci dkf rcik vrcokf. _c wcjkf mk Pajkgfkf bgkr makf1Kf wccraj lugs bgkr1 Jk wgk rkokf k bgkr

k jc kf, kf wc wcs buf vkrbaumgfo jk mgkgfbkkjsk kvai gfo1 Bak co buf vkrs kr gfokrug , wc bk``kf k cdb krokic kf kf wc gs kr

vcf avkr1 _ccraj Ĵf k vkr rahkf1 _c Ĵfmk vkr`cfmkf vcf mk crdbkaiaogsdbk vafms kfjk mk sdbccrsk bgs argsdbk raffkf1

_c mc icc s k `k rk < mk bgs argsdbk `raffkfug mgk pkrgamk occf jkks ci avkr ora k ok`kur-

kfgsskf kf `kicforĴ k jcffkf acis kg krs

Afmkr<

Ukiskf 0, maaslkjkt gf mk tcfhorcdbt

vkrzcjkimk vafmstkf.

Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

^cogfc rkdbts àvkf<

Ukiskf 3, ççf vcf mk

sdbkmkis gf wctkrput

s37>. Eata G^^,

Cjstkrmcj .

^cogfc rkdbts afmkr< Ukiskf 3, mk C_F

Ukiskf orccet gf

vchhkf vcf 0x0 j gf

mk chhkrs icfos mk

Cjstkrmcjskwko,

37?4. Mgc ^. Uafs.

PAJK CCF MK FAAPM\KK | @[POKPT KF @CP@CPKF ]K UKITKF



7

kf okfkrccis. Bk crdbkaiaogsdbk vkrbcci occ maaroccfs avkr mk okwafkjkfs< mk jcffkf, vrauwkf kf gfmkrkf mgk sparkf vcf buf c kmccosk `k gobkmkf gf mk àmkj bk``kf cdb krokic kf. adb uffkf kr vkr`cf-mkf warmkf okikom usskf mgk c kmccosk rks kf kf jk mgk ora k jcffkfkf buf mcmkf mgk wk ug mk ( icssgk k) oksdbgkmkfgsàk lks kffkf.

Gf `kgmk okvc kf gs kfgok wcc ccjbkgm okàmkf. Mk k s kf Ĵf jkks cifgk maar aaook ugokf oksdbrkvkf, kf àvkfmgkf bcmmkf mk Pajkgfskbgs argdg jk mk k s vcc kkf cfmkrk `kmakigfo mcf bk `gkmkf vcf kkfa`lkd gk vkrsico. Mk wkrkim vcf mk Ergk kf ico vkr wko ccf mk rcfm vcfbk PĴ , kf mccrjkk cu ajc gsdb gf kkf afbkr`kro ccj icfmsdbcp vai waks kigfokf kf mccraj< `cr`crkf. Gf bk Pajk vcf akf `korkkp jkf prkdgks wc kr `kmakim wkrm, jccr wĴ jamkrfk jkfskf Ĵf vcc okfkgommk k s kf k iktkriĴ k fkjkf. Ccf mk cfmkrk cf Ĵf mk `raffkf mgkafs gf arjc gk okvkf avkr mk ‒okwafk jkfs‗, a mc fu Pajkgfsk saimc kfa Ergksk àkrkf Ĵf, aa kro rcojkf crgsdb, kf mk crdbkaiaao jak vcc

bk cf waarm sdbuimgo ìĴvkf ap vrcokf mgk bkj kf Ĵf ik krs ùg kfok- waaf gf krksskrkf. Okiuhgo ìĴ kr okfako avkr!

Ukiskf fcj, ci wcs mc jccr vaar ar k Ĵm, kkf `Ĵ afmkrk pasg gk gf,kf gf mk crdbkaiaogk vcf Fkmkricfm gs bk fao s kkms kkf ug afmkriĴ k vgfmpicc s. Bk gs mccrmaar ççf vcf mk dui urkik pcrki lks gf mk oksdbgkmk-fgs vcf mk pravgfdgk. Mg àk pra`kkr mk pcrki a rccg jaokiĴ k ic kfoicf kf. Bgkr ico ar mk jcdb vcf Pajk ccf mk Faarm kk!

GFIKGMGFO



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33

Bkt icfm wccrmk Pajkgfkf

tkrkdbthwcjkf

33

3 Kkf orglzk zkk, kkf rkkm zcfms rcfm, jk mccrcdb kr icok,

spccrzccj `korakgmk mugfkf, kf mccrcdb kr kkf wkgms, orakf ok`gkm vai rk kf, jk lcokfmk wai kf kràvkf kf

bafmkrmmugzkfmkf vaokis._gk mk _cmmkfkgicfmkf hkft, zci mgt kkf vkrtrauwm kkim vgfmkf. _ctvaar afs kkf jaag, Baiicfms mugffctuuricfmsdbcp gs, wcs vaar mkpccr bafmkrm jcffkf mgk hart vaar bkt `kogf vcf mk lccrtkiigfo vaarbkt kkrst jkt buf sdbkpkf ccfikomkf gf mk ùurt vcf wccr fu Ukiskfigot, vaihajkf fgkuw, vrkkjm kf jgssdbgkf wki cfostccflcokfm. \kwcrkf gf kkf icfm wccr vôôr bkf fao okkf Pajkgf vakt bcm okzkt, kkficfm jkt vrkkjmk picftkf kf àjkf, kkf vrkkjmk okur kf vrkkjmkjkfskf. Uaarci mgk jkfskf zuiikf buf zarokf bk``kf ok`ccrm. _cftmgt wcs bkt icfm vcf mk Ergkzkf, kf mct wcrkf Okrjcfkf, kf Okrjc-

fkf, mct wcrkf mk afvaarspki`crk akrvglcfmkf vcf bkt Pglh, avkr wgkmk jkkst afbkgispkiikfmk vkrbcikf mk rafmk mkmkf. Ukrbcikf mgkmaar vrakokrk sdbrglvkrs wcrkf apokvcfokf kf maarvkrtkim, jkkstcigf mk ccfokmghtk varj mgk buf ikzkrs okwkfm wcrkf, kkf varj mgkfgkt `kmakim wcs aj mk wkrhkiglhbkgm wkkr tk okvkf jccr aj kkf `k-pccimk gfmruh tk jchkf ae tk vkrstkrhkf. Mk jcffkf mgk bgkr icfmmkf,wgstkf fgkt `ktkr. Jccr wct wktkf wgl vcf mgk takfjcigok Ergkzkf ce1



30

Cis Pajkgfkf acis Luigus Dckscr kf cdg us sdbrkvkf avkr ‒Ergk kf‗, a‒Dbcu kf‗, a fao ciokjkfkr avkr ‒Okrjcfkf‗, mcf `kmakimkf k vai kf mgkmk Pajkgfsk jgig cgrkf Ĵmkfs mk ug `rkgmgfo vcf buf rĴ gf faarmkiĴ krgdb gfo af jaktkf kf mgk ccf ‒mk avkr cf ‗ vcf mk PĴf waafmkf. Mgk rgvgkr bcm, sgfms Dckscr bkj cis kkrs k Pajkgf gf ;; vaar Dbrgs us bcm ok gkfkf ki s wcs avkroks a kf, kkf jy bgsdbk s c us vcf orkfsrgvgkr< mk orkfs

usskf `ksdbcvgfo kf `cr`crkfmaj. _gk mccr kf faarmkf a aas kf vcf waafmk, wcs Okrjccf, `cr`ccr, vĴcfm, jk kkf dui uur mgk sajs `kwaf-mkrkfswccrmgok rk lks bcm jccr adb fgk k vkrkfgokf wcs jk mgk vcfPajk — mk kfgok, mk ks k dui uur.

Gf bk cmkr vcf mg àk , avkr mk ‒à sgfo‗ vcf Okrjcfkf kf Pajkgfkf gfkf rafm bk Ukiskf vcf 3; f.Dbr., gs bk gf krksscf aj mgk gfbkkjsk dui uurkkfs kokf bk igdb k baumkf. Mgk bcm gfviakm ap mk jgig cgrk s rc kogkkf jaokiĴ bkmkf vcf mk Pajkgfkf gf bk ok`gkm usskf mk PĴf kf mk Ki`k.Aj mgk ap wccrmk k uffkf sdbctkf, jak kf wk kfkr Ĵms ks umkrkf wc

mk Pajkgfkf (mgk mk kfgok sdbrg kiĴ k `raffkf bk``kf okikvkrm avkr mk k pkrgamk) mcdb kf, cfmkr Ĵms jak kf wk pra`krkf aj mc Pajkgfsk `kkimap Ĵ k sdbugvkf kf kr jk kkfkf wgf gos k-kkuwsk aokf fccr k Ĵ kf — vaar avkr mc jaokiĴ gs, fc uuriĴ . Gf wki k ap gdb kf vkrsdbgimkf Pa-jkgfkf kf Okrjcfkf fu çdb vcf ki ccr1

Mk Okrjcfkf, aj mgk krj jccr k ìĴvkf ok`rug kf, varjmkf kkf ora k,mgvkrsk orakp vcf s cjjkf kf vai krkf gf bk bugmgok Fkmkricfm, Jgmmkf-kf Faarm-Mug sicfm, âikf, Mkfkjcr kf kf mk ugmkiĴ k bki vcf Faarwk-okf kf \wkmkf. Mk k vai kf sprc kf vkrwcf k cikf kf vkr aafmkf cjgigk-okiĴ kfgsskf. Bk gs ug oksia kf mc k gdb ki cis ççf vai `ksdbauwmkfkf k bk``kf gdb ki k kr okkf ‒Okrjcfkf‗ okfakjm8 mgk fccj bk``kf k vcf mk Pajkgfkf ok rkokf, mgk wccrsdbĴfiĴ ççf suòrakp vcf mgk fccj

kfmkf, wccrfc k jgilakfkf cfmkrkf aa jccr a fakjmkf.

kf ugmwks kf vcf buf waafok`gkm ico Oc gè, bk bugmgok Ercf rĴ kf@kiogè. Mccr waafmkf vai krkf mgk Hki gsdbk cikf sprc kf, kf mc wcs vaa

awki mk Pajkgfkf cis vaar afs bk drg krguj vcf ‒Hkig gsdb- Ĵf‗. _k k k-fkf mccr`Ĵ ccf mc aa gf bk bugmgok Mug sicfm ui k Hki gsdbk orakpkf waafmkf, mgk kdb kr avkr ççf cj wkrmkf oksdbarkf jk mk Okrjcfkf.

Mk ccfhajst vcf mk

Pajkgfkf `kspgkm

maar Ergkzkf sdbugikfm

gf mk jkt rgkt

`korakgmk akvkr vcf

bkt Akr-GL.

]khkfgfo @. @us.




34

Mk Ercfsk kf @kiogsdbk Hki kf wkrmkf rafm bkjgmmkf vcf mk kkrs k kkuw v.Dbr. gf ìakmgokaariaokf s u vaar s u maar Dckscrs ikokrs `Ĵbk Pajkgfsk rĴ gfokiĴ m. Mk Pajkgfkf af-mkf mk k vkravkrgfokf vaarci suddksvai ug vak-rkf mcf Ĵ mk oakmk arocfgsc gk vcf mk ia ciks cjjkf. \k bcmmkf dkf rcik picc skf kf vcs kikgmkrs( cjgigks). Kkfjcci avkrwaffkf, ogfo bkok co mkffifg gk avkr gf Pajkgfsk bcfmkf. Ucfbuf dui urkf ìkvkf sikdb s sparkf avkr, fccr-jc k k gdb jkkr Pajkgfs ogfokf okmrcokf kf

ikmkf. \k ogfokf fc vkriaap vcf Ĵm ki s Ic Ĵfsprk kf kf sdbrĴvkf.

\a wcrkf mk Pajkgfkf kf mk Okrjcfkf ci vaarbk `kogf vcf mk lccr k gfo ‒ùrkf‗ vcf ki ccr

okwarmkf. Mk orkfs ico `Ĵ mk PĴf, ci bcfs< vaiokfs mk Pajkgfkf8 mk Okrjcfkf kf Hki kfki bcmmkf a‗f orkfs faag a sdbkrp afmkr-

sdbkgmkf. Dckscr jkim gf Ĵf k s kf mc mkOkrjcfkf gf mgvkrsk dui urkik cspkd kf vkr-sdbgimkf vcf mk Hki kf. \a‗f cfmkrbcivk kkuwic kr sdbk s mk paig gdus-bgs argdus cdg us kkf vkki okmk cg kkrmkr `kkim vcf mk vai krkf ccf mkavkr Ĵmk vcf mk PĴf. Gf kokfs k gfo a Dckscrbcm bĴ faag kkf vak gf ‒Okrjcfgc‗ ok k , jccrbĴ `ksdbg k wki avkr jkkr kf `k rauw`ccrmkr `raffkf. adb gs bĴ kvkfjgf kkf cf rapaiaao akkf fku rcik a`skrvc ar cis Dckscr. @kgmk cu kursbcmmkf kkf spkdgffik maki jk buf oksdbrg kf,

amc wk k fgk vak s aa s cis `k rauw`ccrjaokf ccffkjkf. Dckscr wcs kr fgk gf oksiccom vkr avkr mk PĴf suddksvai vkravkrgfokf ug k vakrkf kf s ki mk `kwafkrs mccraj igkvkr vaarcis af`kmwgfo`ccr kf ô crj mc bk aa fgk akro wcs mc kr fgk s wcs vkravkrm. cdg us prk-skf kkrmk mk Okrjcfkf cis fa`kik wgimkf, mgkfgk maar darrup gk `ksjk wcrkf kf mgk afmkfmgkfkf cis spgkoki vaar mk mkdcmkf k Pajkgfkf.

Mk Pajkgfkf jkkfmkf mc mk Okrjccfsk vai k-rkf afmkf warmkf gfokmkkim gf baa morakpkf. _Ĵ bk``kf mk k Ic Ĵfsk fcjkf (mgk k kr kkf vkr`cs krgfo a vkr cigfo Ĵf vcf mk kdb k s cj-fcjkf) avkrokfajkf< a ikk mkf gf mk bugmgok pravgfdgks Faarm-Ba cfm kf Ergksicfm mk ErgsggJgfarks kf Ergsgg Jcgarks (mk Hikgfk kf mk Ora kErgk kf), kf waafmkf gf mk bugmgok pravgfdgkOrafgfokf kf gf bk Mug sk us ok`gkm mk Dbcu-dg Jgfarks kf Dbcudg Jcgarks, mk Dbcu kf. Buf

s cjok`gkmkf Ĵf afjaokiĴ kxcd k `kpcikf,fadb icfos bgs argsdbk, fadb icfos crdbkaiaog-sdbk wko. Mc aumbkgm ufmgokf mk Ergk kf gfbk bugmgok Faarm-Ba cfm ccfmugmkf cis ErgsggJgfarks, gs sikdb s okwaaf k. Cis orakpsfccj vaar mk k wkkjcci wkk s cjjkf wkrm aa wki ‒Gfowkafkf‗ ok`rug , kkf fccj mgk wk kf-sdbcppkrs gfjgmmkis bk``kf gfokrugim vaar‒Faarm kk-Okrjcfkf‗. Bk gs vaarci mk k orakpmgk vaar mg àk vcf `kicfo gs.

OKKF MAP^KF AE T]KMKFKkf `kicforĴ kfjkr vcf mk Ergk kf kf Dbcu-

kf (kf mccrgf s kjjkf `krgdb kf vcf gkjcfmcis cdg us rkmkiĴ avkrkkf jk mk rksui c kf

vcf crdbkaiaogsdb afmkr ak ) wcs mc k waaf-mkf gf vkrsprkgm igookfmk, ikgfk fkmkr ktgf-okf, scjkf jk buf vkk. Kr wcrkf okkf marpkfa s kmkf. \k kfmkf afmkrigfo okkf a fcuwk-iĴ s vkrsdbg kf gf rĴ maj a s c us. Ukrmkrbcmmkf k okkf ccf aaf`crk okspkdgcigskkrmk `krakpkf8 gkmkrkkf mkkm c ks ki . Jkf àuwmk àkrmkrĴkf, jcc k kf rkpcrkkrmk okrkkmsdbcp, wcokfs kf crrkf, a k vkk (jk fcjk rufmk-rkf), `kwkr k chkrs, vkr aromk gk kf, jcc k

ikmgfo, aa k k kf. \k ikk mkf jk kkf ok gf, vcf (oraa )aumkrs kf gfmkrkf, sajs scjkf jkççf a jkkr afmkroksdbg kf — vrĴkf a sicvkf —gf kkf àkrmkrĴ usskf mk wkgicfmkf kf chkrs.Kr wcs okkf rkmkf aj mgdb ap ki ccr k wafkf.

Ukrmkr `ks afm kr okkf ap okim ok`cskkrmk kda-fajgk, okkf (a fcuwkiĴ s) sdbrg , `Ĵfc okkf `ks uuriĴ k s rud uur a pkrjcfkf ikgmkr-sdbcp, kf okkf dkf rcci ok co a cmjgfgs rc gk. _ki wcs kr kkf sys kkj vcf orafm`k g mc mkkisap avkrkrvgfo ok`cskkrm wcs, jccr vkki gs mccrfgk avkr `k kfm. Kr wcrkf ap ok ktk Ĵmkf

`Ĵkkf ajs kf wccrap rkdb wkrm okspra kf, `ksiug kf wkrmkf okfajkf a kkf ikgmkr wkrmccfokwk kf vaar mk s rĴm, cis mccr ccfikgmgfo

ak wcs. Ucc wcrkf mk k `Ĵkkf ajs kf ok appkim ccf rg ukik dkrkjafgks a kks mcokf.

Maar mk vkrwcf k cikf afmkf s cjjkf af-mkrigfo daf cd baumkf, amc dui urkik af - wghkigfokf gdb avkr mk Okrjccfsk wkrkim vkr`rkgmmkf. Mk cci wcs ug krccrm vcf `kicfo wcffkkr s cjjkf jk ki ccr avkrikomkf a k

3 | BK] ICFM _CCP MK PAJKGFKF ]KPKDB]H_CJKF



3=

ok cjkfiĴ kokf mk Pajkgfkf wkfs kf ap k rkhkf, a mc k adb scjkfwkr kf jk mk jcdb-gok ugmkr`uur. Ukrmkkim cis mk Okrjcfkf afmkf Ĵf, wkrmkf k gdb vkrjakmkiĴ pcs vcf buf

afmkrigfok `cfm `kwus fcmc Ĵ jk cfmkrk dui urkf ( acis mk Pajkgfsk) gf daf cd wcjkf, kf vaar vkrigks vcf ki s cfmgobkgm, vrĴbkgm kf gmkf g kg vrkksmkf.

Mk Ergk kf afmkf gf buf waafok`gkm oakm ikvkf vcf bk icfm, mc vaar mgk Ĵm bgkr kf mccr m `kvai wcs< gf mk wkkmk kkuw ikk mkf kr a wki wgf go gkikf pkr vgkr cf k giajk kr aErgksk krpkf, ap kxki kf ccf bk Akr-İ, kokfavkr fao okkf gkf gf mk jkks k ok`gkmkf vcf Fk-mkricfm. \k wcrkf rkic gk ok afm, ci wkrmkf k fgk aumkr mcf vĴ go a ks go lccr, jccr mc vaar gkmkrk wkrkim`kwafkr gf mgk Ĵm. Buf ikvkf wcs gf vkrbaumgfo jk mk jkmg krrcfk ikk s Ĵi

Bkt faarmwkstkf vcf

Fkmkricfm gf mk kkrstk

kkuw f.Dbr.

]khkfgfo Mkitcrks.




3;

vcf mk Pajkgfkf, kf ok gkf maar af k aokf,‒kkfvaumgo‗, jccr mc jcc k k fao okkf‒`cr`crkf‗, acis mk Pajkgfkf bkf `ksdbrkvkf.Mk Okrjccfsk ikk wĴ k wcs fu kkfjcci vaar-fcjkiĴ corcrgsdb vcf ccrm kf àam wkgfgojaokiĴ bkmkf a bcfmki jk cfmkrk ok`gk-mkf kf kdafajgkèf. Har aj< bk ok`gkm siaadui urkki fgk ccf `Ĵ wc mk Pajkgfkf orcco

cokf. Mk Okrjcfkf bcmmkf okkf kf kik rkmkfaj buf ikk wĴ k (sfki) k vkrcfmkrkf a ccf

k pcsskf ccf mk Pajkgfsk. Ccf mk Pajkgfskspu kf mgk gf Okrjcfgc Ĵf kruookvaf-mkf gkf wk aa mc mgk cis ‒bk``kmgfok lks‗a rĴosùg wkrmkf jkkokfajkf, jccr k vkrcfmkrmkf mk ikk s Ĵi (ci bcfs icfok Ĵm)fgk gforĴpkfm. Mk Okrjcfkf bkdbtkf ccf

Pajkgfsk iuxk jccr aa ccf buf rcmg gafkik, `kprak mk ikk wĴ k. Ccf mk cfmkrk cf iĴ-kf mk Pajkgfkf kr aa wkgfgo ccf k bk``kf

okmccf aj mc k vkrcfmkrkf8 bk wcrkf okkfkfmkigfokf. @iĴ `ccr bcmmkf k c kkf `k-

bak k ccf kf kik futgok daf cd kf kf mk gf k vcf jcffkf mgk k cis ogmskf , vkr kffkrs,gf arjcf kf a buip rakpkf wgimkf `Ĵs ccf.

Gf mk ok ikurmk oksdbrg kf vcf Dckscr kf c-dg us rkokf mk Okrjcfkf -ci mcf fgk krkdb - `kpccimk kfjkr kf akokwk kf. \a aumkf

k vkki wccrmk bkdb kf ccf jakm kf s rĴmius .Gfmkrmccm rk krkrkf vkki kgokffcjkf vcf Okr-jccfsk aarsprafo, mgk wk fao s kkms ok`rug-

kf, ccf mcppkrbkgm, s au jakmgobkgm kf s rĴm.Aa fcjkf vcf wcpkfs (spkkr, wccrm, bkij)kf s kr k kf wkkr`crk mgkrkf acis mk `kkr, mkcrkfm, mk wai kf bk wgimk wĴf wkrmkf gf mgkfcjkf ok`rug . Apvc kfm gs mc awki jcf-fkf cis vrauwkf mkrokiĴ k fcjkf afmkf bk`- `kf. HkffkiĴ wkrm aa vcf vrauwkf vkrwcdbmc k rcdb go kf mcppkr wcrkf.

ICT]GO ]K @KUKDB]KFUAIH KF ICFM _gk gf Pajk rafmiaap , ci vaarci `kwafmkrgfobk``kf vaar mk rccg ug okvakrmk kf sdbĴf`ccrafvkrwaks `crk avkrwgffgfos ugikf vcf mk

kg krs rclcfus kf Jcrdus Curkigus. Jccr wgk jk kkf vkrrk Ĵ kr lk mk rkigè s c cs ,

gk kr `kpccim bugvkrgfowkhkfmk c kf ap

Gfbkkjsk àkrmkrglkf

gf Crdbkaf, Cipbkf

ccf mkf Pglf.

Mgc C.U.C.L. @asjcf.




35

c ok`kkim. \a Ĵf kr Pajkgfsk saimc kf, k vak a k pccrm, mgk buf ‒`cr- `ccrsk‗ kokfs cfmkrs c sicdb kf, vkr rcppkf a cis sicc jkkvakrkf. MkPajkgfkf ogfokf fgk cdb gffgo aj jk mk vai krkf mgk k rcdbtkf

k afmkrwkrpkf. Ap mk ugikf gkf wk mcf aa iassk baa mkf kf ikmkjc-kf, ok k kfmk jcffkf, vrauwkf kf gfmkrkf kf jkfskf mgk gdb ap buffgkèf sjk kfm afmkrwkrpkf. Gf mk vrakok kkrs k kkuw f.Dbr. ci mg fgk

cfmkrs Ĵf okwkks . Bakwki bk Pajkgfsk ikokr mks Ĵms bk s kr s k kforaa s k vcf mk bkf `k kfmk wkrkim wcs, wcrkf aariaokf aa vaar bkf vcc icfo, as `ccr kf ìakmgo. Kf, ic kf wk kkriĴ Ĵf, buf kokfs cf-mkrs mkmkf gf ìakmmars kf jkkmaokfia k wrkkmbkgm ap bk sicovkim fgk vaar bkf afmkr. Mk vkrbcikf mgk mk Pajkgfkf avkr buf kgokf fkmkricokfkf mk fcsikkp mccrvcf vkr kimkf, dajpikk jk c sdbrg wkhkfmk k-sdbrĴvgfokf bak mk vkrigk krs wkrmkf oka krm, wcrkf fgk c kkf jccroruwkiprapcocfmc. Mk Okrjccfsk kf Oc gsdbk scjkfikvgfokf wcrkf fk

a oakm `ruu kf okwkimmcmgo. Kr wcrkf aa vkki okvkdb kf kf afmkrigfokwgs kf usskf mk Okrjccfsk s cjjkf afmkrigfo, kf fgk c kkf vaiokfs

mk Pajkgfsk cu kurs. Aa crdbkaiaogsdbk vafms kf ic kf mccr okfako vcfgkf, acis mk bugvkrgfowkhkfmk vafms kf vcf jkfskiĴ s kik jc krg-cci ug mk jakrcsskf vcf bk Mkkfsk Ci kf Kfok, a , mgdb kr `Ĵ bugs, ug

cfmwgfputkf `Ĵ bk @rc`cf sk Hksski.

Bk icfm mkr Okrjcfkf wcs vaar mk Pajkgfsk ikokrs ug bk affgok Jkmg-krrcfk ok`gkm fgk c kkf vrkkjm kf aum, jccr vaar buf kprak mk wĴ k

vcf aariaovakrkf aa kro afoufs go. Mk Pajkgfkf afmkf kr okkf s cmgffkjkf (mgk wcs kr fgk ), fgk ççf ikgmkr ccf gdb gfmkf, fcuwkiĴ s kkfsyjàigsdbk pik `k ktkf mgk mk gfbkkjsk `kvai gfo au gfpkpkrkf mc kafmkrwarpkf wcs. Mk aariao gf Oc gè wcs, afmcf s c ks, vkki okjchkiĴ-

kr okoccf8 mccr wcs mg c ks wki vaarbcfmkf. Mk Pajkgfkf sdbrĴvkf vaic sdbuw avkr jakrcsskf wccr mk wccr`kwcpkfmk ikogafcgrs fcuwkiĴ s vaarug afmkf ajkf, kf mk afjk kiĴ k àsskf, mgk gmkcci wcrkf vaarbgfmkricokf. Bakwki mk k ksdbrĴvgfokf avkrmrkvkf Ĵf — mk sdbrg c kr `Ĵ mk Pajkgfkf `kbaariĴ gf fc mk `krudb k, dc cs ra cik fkmkricco kokfOkrjccfsk s rĴmkrs gf bk ku aùrokrwaum gf bk lccr 7 — wcrkf kr gfmkr-mccm praìkjkf mgk mk Pajkgfsk gfokfgkurs fgk jk kkf bcmmkf avkrwaf-fkf. Uaar mk Pajkgfsk gf cf krgk kf dcvcikrgk, gfdiusgk buf ug ok`rkgmk‒ikokr ras‗ vcf wcokfs jk vaarrcmkf, wcrkf mkikf vcf bk AvkrrĴfsk icfm-sdbcp afavkr ajkiĴ k bgfmkrfgsskf vaar bk saar vcf aariao mc k gf

@avkf< Ukiskf 3,

spgkoki vcf kkf

aigkicjp jkt kkf

okàkgmk vkrsicokf

vglcfm. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Igfhs< Mk iadctgk vcf

Ukiskf 3 kf Ukiskf 0

tkr baaotk vcf

mk _glhkrtuffki kf

Ukiskrtuffki. ]khkfgfo

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

Pkdbts< Kfhkik Ergksk

àkrmkrglkf vkrsprkgm

gf bkt icfmsdbcp. Fccr

tkhkfgfo pravgfdgk

Faarm-Baiicfm.




3?

ugmkiĴ kr s rk kf okwkfm wcrkf. Mc oaim k kr vaar mk us s raa vcf mk Faarm kk (mk ‒Faarmk-iĴ k Adkccf‗ acis mk Pajkgfkf bccr fakjmkf).@asskf wcrkf mccr fgk a fcuwkiĴ s k vgfmkf,jakrcsskf mks k jkkr, kf avkrci wcs wc kr< rgvgkrkf, gfbcjjkf, rk kf, jkrkf. Bk oraa s kjkkr fakjmkf mk Pajkgfkf Eikvuj. Lk wcjkr vgc mk ([ rkdb sk) Ukdb a mk (Okimkrsk) İsski.Mk Ukdb wcs kkf c chgfo vcf mk PĴf, wccrvcfmk baa m`kmmgfo akf fao vgc mk bugmgok picc -skf _Ĵ @Ĵ Muurs kmk, [ rkdb kf Ikgmkf fccrHc wĴ igkp kf mccr gf kk ug jafmmk. Mk Ukdbikgmmk fccr bk Eikvujjkkr, vcf wccrug jkf wks wccr s vgc kkf `rkmk rgvgkrcrj, bk ‒Akr-İ‗,rgdb gfo Dcs rgduj af vcrkf kf mccr mk kkaf jaktk. Pafm bk `kogf vcf mk lccr k gfo, gf

mk Ĵm mc mk kkrs k Pajkgfkf bk ok`gkm `k adb-kf, wcs mgk maarocfo fccr kk praìkjc gsdbccf bk warmkf. usskf bk bugmgok Faarm-Bai-icfm kf Ergksicfm wcs ajs rkk s =>> v.Dbr.kkf maar`rcc af s ccf, wccrmaar s kkms jkkr wc kr vcf bk jkkr fccr bk faarmkf s raajmkkf s kkms jgfmkr maar bk Akr-İ, wccrvcf mkjafmgfo icfo ccj vkr cfmmk. Ccf wkkrs Ĵmkf vcf mk rgvgkrcrj af s afm kkf apkf kf wc krrĴicfmsdbcp jk s rcfmwc kf, wkimkrs kf rk kfkf mk mccr`Ĵ `kbarkfmk ffarc kf cufc. Bk wcs wkkr kkf dajpikk cfmkr krrkgf mcf mk waumkfkf baaovkfkf mgk mk ikogakfkf kimkrs gf bk Okr-jccfsk icfm wcrkf kokfok ajkf.

A^JCPT FCCP BK] FAAPMKFMk vrcco mrgfo gdb icfo cjkrbcfm ap< wccr-aj wcs mg fctk, afbkr`kro cjk ok`gkm vcfmk Ergk kf, kf mc vcf mk Okrjcfkf gf bk ci-okjkkf, a `kicforĴ vaar mk Pajkgfkf ccfbk kgfmk vcf mk kkrs k kkuw v.Dbr.1 Bk ogfo k `kpccim fgk aj bk icfm ki , mc gjjkrs wkg-

fgo ccf rkhkiĴ s k `gkmkf bcm. Buf adus icokrokfs cfmkrs. Dckscr bcm vkki jakg k okmccfaj bkki Oc gè k vkravkrkf vcfwkok mk vkikrĴ majjkf mgk kr k vgfmkf wcrkf, kf wccrmk `kvai gfo ci kkf baok orccm vcf `ksdbcvgfobcm `krkg . Kkf ok`gkm mus aj ugfgo ap k Ĵfkf oakm k `ksdbkrjkf kokf gfmrgfokrs —Okr-jccfsk gfmrgfokrs, mgk ci a vcc avkr mk PĴf wcrkf ok rahkf, ap ak fccr ùg kf fgkuwicfm. Mgk jaks kf warmkf c oksdbrg kf aprugjk c s cfm warmkf okbaumkf. Mccrvaar

s rkk mkf mk Pajkgfkf `rkmk ù kr afks fc,mkkis `kwcc maar ‒ù krvai krkf‗. \k rkokimkfmg saar c kf prc gsdb kf suddksvai ap c -s cfm. \k sia kf vkràfmkf jk s cjjkf acismk @c cvkf, kkf vcf mk vkik ap mrg okrcc k,

rĴosbc gok Okrjccfsk rug krs cjjkf mgkgdb vaar mk k cc igk kf gf ktkf. Ap ug fa-

mgogfo vcf mk Pajkgfkf vks gomkf k gdb gfbk Fkmkricfmsk rgvgkrkfok`gkm, vic ccf mkPĴf, mgk akf ci maar Pajk cis fc uuriĴ korkfs wkrm ok gkf mgk gf gkmkr okvci fgk maar vrkkjmkf jadb warmkf avkroks a kf. Mk kjgorcf kf, mgk bkkrs kf avkr mk mccr ci wafkf-mk orakpkf kf bkf apfcjkf, ikvkrmkf saimc kf vaar mk buip rakpkf. Mccrfccs vkrsdbkkf aabk rkouigkrk Pajkgfsk ikokr wkkr kf afkik.

Gf 37 v.Dbr., mkr go lccr fcmc Dckscr Oc gè bcm vkric kf, rgdbtkf mk ikogakfkf vcf Ĵf cmap-gk aaf Cuous us gdb gf `Ĵ FĴjkokf. Ucfc

mccr aumkf k vçr avkr mk PĴf maarmrgfokf gfOkrjcfgè, aj pcs bci k baumkf `Ĵ mk Ki`k.Bk icfm usskf PĴf kf Ki`k au mk okwkfs kc s cfm sdbkppkf usskf `cr`crkf kf mk rĴ kOc gsdbk pravgfdgks.

Gf 30 v.Dbr. ikgmmk Cuous us‗ cmap gk aaf Mru-sus, kvkfs Ĵf `kicforĴ s k ikokrccfvakrmkr, vcfug FĴjkokf kf bk Eikvujjkkr kkf kxpk-mg gk maar bk Ergksk ok`gkm, rgdb gfo bk rugokicfm vcf mk Dbcu kf. Uaiokfs mk kfk Pajkgfskavkrikvkrgfo jcc k bĴ mk Ergk kf kics gfo- pigdb go, vaiokfs kkf cfmkrk wcs kr sprc k vcfjkmkwkr gfo kf ki s buip vcf Ergksk cf ,

akf Mrusus‗ sdbkpkf vcs igkpkf gf Dbcu kf-icfm. Mk Pajkgfkf wcrkf k kr mk majgfcf k pcr Ĵ, jccr mk Ergk kf kfmkf gf mk k s rk kf

kg aas mk wko kf wgs kf wcffkkr mk fc uur bkjkks k okvccr ap au ikvkrkf vaar vrkkjmkf.Mk Pajkgfkf afmkf buf buip oakm ok`rug kf.

Cis mcf ìkk kr jgssdbgkf kkf cj aar jk wĴf cdb kr. Kkf rcfmsdbkr vcf kkf cj aar ugmk k pkrgamk gs gf Ukiskf okvafmkf.

Ukrmkr bkk mk k kkrs k Pajkgfsk kxpkmg gk gfbk Ergksk ok`gkm okkf sparkf cdb krokic kf,ci bcfs, k Ĵf a ap bkmkf fgk kruookvaf-mkf, ôô fgk gf mk ùur vcf Ukiskf, wccrMrusus‗ viaa jgssdbgkf wki gs icfosok ajkfjccr wccr vkrmkr fgkjcfm ccf wci gs okoccf.Gf mk lcrkf mccrfc Ĵf mk Ergk kf kffkiĴ




32

jk rus okic kf, kf mrakokf k c kkf buf `kics gfokf c . Mk ikogakfkf rahkf fao rk-okijc go avkr mk PĴf, jccr mcf c kkf aas - wccr s8 bk faarmkiĴ us ok`gkm igk kf kiktkriĴ igf s igookf.

Mc vkrcfmkrmk gf bk lccr 7, fc mk vaar mk Pajkg-fkf a rcjp cigok Tico gf bk ku a`urokrwaum.

Bgkr wcrkf mrgk ikogakfkf afmkr ikgmgfo vcfokfkrcci Ucrus avkrvc kf gf kkf sjc k afk

usskf kkf bkuvkiruo kf kkf jakrcs, kkf pikmgk crdbkaiaokf okvafmkf bk``kf kf faarmkf vcf Asfc`rùd . Ucfc mk bkuvkis vgkikf mk Okr-jcfkf ccf kf sicdbtkf mk vkrrcs k Pajkgfkfc , mgk okkf cfs bcmmkf aj buf wccr `kwc-

pkfmk sicoarmk gf k fkjkf, kf ci kvkf jgf ajk viudb kf. Fccs bk okvakigok vkrigks vcf kkforaa ccf ci ok rcgfmk kf okbcrmk saimc kf bcmbk Pajkgfsk prks gok kkf vkrsdbrghkiĴ k

icp ok rkokf. Bk wcs kkf krk cc vcf Mru-sus‗ aaf Okrjcfgdus, gfjgmmkis vaiwcsskfkf `kog gom jk mk ki mk s rc kogsdbk wcig-

kg kf cis Ĵf vcmkr, aj wrcc k fkjkf kf mksdbcfmk ug k wgsskf. UĴ lccr fc mk fkmkricco

rahkf Ĵf ikokrs jaarmkfm kf rcfms gdb-kfm Okrjcfgè `gffkf, kf bk lccr mccrap wççr.

Kf fu ok`rug k bĴ mk rau k mgk Ĵf vcmkr kkfokfkrc gk kkrmkr bcm okfajkf< mk faarmkiĴ krau k avkr wc kr, vgc bk Ergksk ok`gkm. Gf bk

cmkr vcf mgk vkim adb jak kr kkf c mkigfo vcf kf kik bafmkrmkf saimc kf Ĵf af sdbkkpap mk ugmkiĴ k akvkr vcf bk Akr-İ. Jk `k-buip vcf jgig cgrk gfokfgkurs rgdbtkf k gf

ar k Ĵm kkf pkrjcfkf s kufpuf ap vaar bkikokr mc gdb fccr af`k kfmk okvcrkf koc .

_CCPAJ UKITKF1

Bakwki wk `Ĵ ug afmkrgfo jkfkf k wk kfbak mk Pajkgfkf mk k vkrs kr gfo fakjkfgs kr bakokfccjm fgk s `k kfm ug kfgok bgs-

argsdbk `raf avkr mk aprgdb gfo krvcf, a mkccfikgmgfo. Mc jak kf wk c kjcci ug bkcrdbkaiaogsdb jc krgcci cffkgmkf, jk c k af-

k krbkmkf vcf mgkf. Jccr maar vkrsdbg kfmkkikjkf kf k daj`gfkrkf, gs bk adb jaokiĴaj kkf picusg`ki `kkim k sdbk skf vcf wc krgf Okrjcfgdus‗ s c gs `kspra kf, ap wko fccrbk faarmkf.

3. Ukiskr`rakh @5,

juft vcf Dcigouic,

jkt mk ce`kkimgfo

vcf zglf vcmkr

Okrjcfgdus. Mgcjktkr<

0,7 dj. Eata C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

0. Ukiskf 3, juft jkt

hiap UCP, vcf okfkrcci

Ucrus. Mgcjktkr< 0,;

dj. Mgc ^. Uafs.

4. Ukiskf 3, juft vcf

Cuoustus jkt hiap

DCKTCP gf igoctuur.

Mgcjktkr< 0,5 dj. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

0.

4.

3.




37

Ukiskf 3, Hrughcjeaar

vaar wglf ugt mk rkoga

vcf Jcrskgiik. Mgc

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.



0>

Aj k `kogffkf gs kr mk s rc kogsdbk igoogfoccf mk vkrafmkrs kimk vccrrau k fccr bk faar-mkf, bk Akr-İ. Mgk ikvkr rauwkfs jk kkf cikkf praìkkj ap. Kr gs icfok Ĵm ccfokfajkfmc mg wc kr mks Ĵms kkf kicforĴ k jafmgfobcm gf mk Faarm kk, kr baao k vcf Dcs rgduj.Bgkrmaar afmkf Pajkgfsk sdbkpkf aa ùg-

kfocc s occf aj bk us ok`gkm k vkrmkmgokfa aj lugs vaar a kfsgkvk makikgfmkf buf wkoicfos mk us fccr bk faarmkf vcf Fkmkricfmkf Mug sicfm k vkrvaiokf. Jccr ug rkdkf oka-iaogsdb afmkr ak ìĴ mc mk jafmgfo ci vaarmk àuw vcf bk kkrs k Ukiskr ar gf 3; ffgf wcs mgdb oksig`m jk cfm. \a s kr ki s, mcokaiaokf mkf kf mc kr c kkf `Ĵ wcrk faarmwks krs arjkf fao kkwc kr bk `gffkficfm gf

wcj. Kr jak mus kkf wccrwkokfmk s rc kog-sdbk rkmkf Ĵf okwkks aj mk àuw vcf bk armôôr k ktkf.

Kr Ĵf aa apiassgfokf mkf `ccr vaar bk pra- ìkkj. Pajkgfsk pc raug ksdbkpkf wcrkf ja-okiĴ igdb okfako aj avkr kkf icok cfm`cf kjcfakuvrkrkf, ci mcf fgk ok gim a avkr aaj-s cjjkf okraim. Mccrfccs wcrkf mk Pajkgfkfgf s cc aj `cookrwkr kf ug k vakrkf aj kkfokui apkf k baumkf, acis wk fao u kf gkf.Aa uffkf k kkf cfcci maar mk mugfkf bk`- `kf okorcvkf. Bk gs jaokiĴ , jccr kkf mkrok-iĴ k apkrc gk astk wki ffgf k gfspcffgfokf kfkr Ĵf faag crdbkaiaogsdbk ccfwĴ gfokf vaar

okvafmkf. _k jak kf vaariapgo vais ccf jkmk avkr ugogfo mc kr ap mk kkf a cfmkrk jc-fgkr wki kkf vkr`gfmgfo jk mk Faarm kk jôk

Ĵf okwkks . Bk ar wcs lcrkficfo gf ok`rug ,kf mc wcs fgk vaar fgk s.

Cis wk mg praìkkj faamokmwafokf kvkf ic kfrus kf, Ĵf kr cfmkrk avkrwkogfokf mkf `ccr.Mk iadc gk vcf bk aums k ar vcf Ukiskf igogk s kf aas kf vcf mk s rcfmwc kf kf mugfkf, vkgigo vkr vcf mk kk, ap kkf pik wccr bk Akr-İkkf saigmk icco gf mk àmkj maarsfĴm . Mk k

cfmgok afmkrorafm àam kkf s kvgok `csgs vaar mk ufmcjkf kf vcf mk jgig cgrk gfs c c-

gks. Mcf wcs kr fccs mk wc krvkr`gfmgfo aakkf icfmrau k gf mk ùur , mgk avkr bk cfm

vcf mk s rcfmwc kf kf aumk mugfkf igkp. Mk kkkuwkfaumk rau k wcs fccs mk wc krwko mk `kicforĴ s k faarm- ugm vkr`gfmgfo, fgk ci-ikkf vaar mk Pajkgfkf jccr aa vaar mk Ergksk `kvai gfo.

Mc gs mcf mk vaiokfmk `kicforĴ k cd ar< mkErgk kf. Mk (vaarjcigok) `gffkfmki c vcf bkAkr-İ wcs gf bk lccr 3; kkf ajvcforĴ k, kkrmgdb `kvai k afk. Bk wcs kkf ok`gkm wccrmk kk kf ic kr bk rgvgkrwc kr kkr vakmskirĴ k

ikgorafmkf bcmmkf c ok k mc kr `Ĵ afmkroufs gok icfmàuworafm wcs af s ccf. Ucfcdgrdc 0>> v.Dbr. waafmkf kr mrgk a vgkr ok-

gffkf pkr j°, kkf baok `kvai gfosmgdb bkgm

Ukiskf 3, sdbkrvkf vcf

kkf vkrsgkrmk tkrrc

sgogiictc sdbcci ugt mk

pkrgamk rafm => f.Dbr.

Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.



03


vaar mgk Ĵm, wccrvcf jkf ccffkkj mc gf mkokjgmmkimk Fkmkricfmsk rkoga mrgk a vgkr pkr-safkf pkr j° waafmkf. Mk k jkfskf ikk mkfgf waafs cibug kf vcf 0; a 4> j icfo, bgkimkf

gdb `k go jk vkk kki kf chkràuw kf bcmmkfkkf wkivcrkfm `ks ccf. Ergksk `kwafgfosdaf-dkf rc gks vgfmkf wk gf mgk Ĵm aa `Ĵvaar`kkimrafm Tdbcokf kf ap kxki. Mccrùg kf wcs bkfaarmkiĴ krpkfok`gkm, bk bugmgok Ergksicfm,kvkfkkfs gf kfsgk kwaafm.

Aa mk pik wccr mk Pajkgfkf buf vkrs kr gfoccfikomkf, wcs `ksigs fgk okbkki af`kwaafm.

Gf mk pccioc kf vcf bk mkrmk kf mu``kik àa -bugs ( gk p. 47), wkrmkf sdbkr ks okvafmkf ug

mk ic k Ĵ kr Ĵm (0>>-3>> v.Dbr.). Kkf cfmkrk vafms gs mgk vcf kkf `Ĵfc dajpik k pa ugkkf prk-Pajkgfsk c ktgfo ap mk akvkr vcf bkAkr-İ. Bgkrfccs Ĵf kr vkik sdbkrvkf ug mk ic kĴ kr Ĵm mgk maar avkrs rajgfokf wkigswccr

fgk jkkr ap buf aarspraf kiĴ k picc s igookf(gf crdbkaiaogsdbk krjkf< kkf ‒vkrspakimk daf-

kx ‗), jccr c ks `Ĵ ki ccr mugmkf mk bakvkki-bkmkf ap mk ccfwk gobkgm vcf kkf fkmkr ktgfoap mk k pik .

Mk iadc gk bcm jaokiĴ fao kkf `Ĵ afmkr cspkd . Ccf mk ugmwks cf vcf mk Ukiskr`rak , 4 j fccr bk ugmkf, ico kkf bkgigomaj mc cikkuwkf ufd gafkkrmk. Bk gs `k kfm okwarmkfcis vgfmpicc s Ukiskr`rak @5. Bk `kbkkrskf vcf a‗f rg ukki dkf ruj vcf kkf kokfs cfmkra àfmokfaa wcs s cfmccrmprc Ĵ `Ĵ mkPajkgfkf. \a af kr fgk c kkf jcdb warmkfug okak kfm, jccr gf Pajkgfsk aokf af kr aa

rcdb ccf warmkf af ikkfm. Mgrkd gf mk ùur

vcf @5 u kf aa Ergk kf bk``kf okwaafm mgk `gffkf buf scjkfikvgfo kkf ikgmkfmk pasg gkbcmmkf. Cis gdb krokfs kkf ia cik Ergksk kig ka ikgmkr gdb apokbaumkf ci bk``kf, mcf wcsbk bgkr.

Ukiskf 3, kfhkik gfccrmkwkrh gfokhrcstk

fcjkf kf `glfcjkf

vcf jgigtcgrkf. Eata

G^^, Cjstkrmcj.



00

Har aj< bk gs c`saiuu k kr mc kr ci jkfskf ap mk k picc s waafmkf vaarmc mk Pajkgfkf rgdb gfo Ukiskf ap rahkf. Mc mk prcojc gsdbk vkr-avkrccrs kr fc ccf ajs gk kf vaar kkf ci maar mk ia cik `kvai gfo ‗ug -ok ks k‗ vks gogfospicc s, iĴ kkf iaogsdbk s cp. Bk gs fgk bcrm k jcmc mk jgig cgrkf Ergksk wafgfokf kf krvkf bk``kf af rugjm, acis kmc wki vc kr mkmkf. Bakwki mk Ergk kf jgssdbgkf okkf kdafajgsdbka jgig cgrk jcdb wcrkf gf mk gf vcf kkf wccrmkva k bcfmkispcr fkra àfmokfaa , varjmkf k maar mk ora k bakvkkibkgm jkfskf wki kkf

cd ar aj rk kfgfo jkk k baumkf. Mc mk icc s k csk vcf bk aums kar picc s àam ccf jccr igk s 3>>> jgig cgrkf, bcfo bgkr jaokiĴ

mgrkd jkk scjkf.

30; 2

5?

3>4

=

7

Icfmsdbcppkiglhk sgtuctgk gf Faarm-Baiicfm dc.

3>> f.Dbr. jkt ccfmugmgfo vcf mk gf mg t àkh

vkrjkimk vgfmpicctskf gf mk ajokvgfo vcf

Ukiskf. ]khkfgfo A. Amç.

3 Ukiskf 3 8 0 Ukiskf 0 8 4 Ukiskr`rakh @5 8= Puáfk vcf @rkmkramk 8 ; GLjugmkf-

Dkmkrstrcct 8 5 [gtokkst-Marrkokkst 8? Ukiskf-Baaoavkfs 8 2 Hrajjkfgk-‗t Bcgf 8

7 Dcstrgduj 8 3> Ukiskf 4




04

Har aj< mk Pajkgfkf vks gomkf gdb ap kkfs rc kogsdb okikokf pik , ap oakmk àmkj, kjgmmkf vcf kkf `kvai gfo mgk jaokiĴ pra-mud kf af ikvkrkf kf buf fgk afoufs go ok-

gfm wcs — gk mk avkrkkf ajs mgk Mrusus jkmk Ergk kf bcm oksia kf kf mgk a mcf ak vcf `kgmk Ĵmkf wcs fcokikk m. Jgssdbgkf afmkr-bgkimkf mk Pajkgfkf lugs bgkr mk `kfamgomkmgpiajc gk k kf kdafajgsdbk daf cd kf jkmk picc skiĴ k kig k. Bk gs jaokiĴ kf ki s picusg`ki, ci u kf wk bk faag k kr wk kf.Bk ar s afm kr gf gkmkr okvci, kf vaar lcrkf.

Mcf fu mk af bu gfo vcf mk fccj, mgk aafaag vaar bafmkrm pradkf ci uffkf warmkfokvkrgffikkrm, jccr wki ap bkki oakmk orafmkf

gs ok appkim ccf mk vgfmpicc s. cdg us — Ĵffccj gs ci kkrmkr okvc kf — sprkk avkr ok- `kur kfgsskf gf bk lccr 02 `Ĵ kkf ar gf Ergks-icfm, Dcs k uj Eikvuj okbk kf. _c mccr ok- `kurmk, aj gf bk vaiokfm baa ms u ccf mk

armk. Fc uuriĴ wcs mgk fccj ci icfo `k kfm,kf kr gs icfo okspkduikkrm avkr mk iadc gk vcf mg

ar ccf mk bcfm vcf picc sfcjkf, rgvgkrkf kficfms rk kf. Mk picc s wkrm vkrafmkrs kim gf mk

ap vcf Faarm-Ba cfm, gf Ergksicfm, lc ki s gfFaarm-Ercf rĴ k igookf. Gf 37=0 `krkmkfkkr-mk okaorcc C. @kkickr s vcf @ia icfm mc bk `Ĵ Ukiskf jaks bk``kf okikokf. Kf kik lcrkfic kr wkrmkf gfmkrmccm mk kkrs k vafms kf vcfPajkgfsk jgig crgc okmccf `Ĵ mk ccfiko vcf mk Ukiskr uffki, jccr mgk ìk kf cis sfki fc kkrs k `ks umkrgfo kf kik mkdkffgc k lafo k Ĵf ajjk bk ug cdg us k kfmk Eikvuj gf vkr`cfm

k warmkf ok`rcdb . Mgk picc s fu wkrm gk s vkrmkrap af mk gf 37?0, gf mk afk wccr fu mk _Ĵ kr uffki igo . Mk k vgfmpicc s Ĵf wk Uki-

skf 3 occf fakjkf, mgk `Ĵ mk Ukiskr uffki wkrm Ukiskf 0. Gf mk vaiokfmk baa ms uhkf u kf wkafs vkrmgkpkf gf mgk pikhkf kf buf crdbkaia-ogk gf ci bccr cdktkf.

Uafmstkf ugt mk tkrp vcf _gfsuj (Er.), àmkj vcf kkf aigleaigkcjeaar ugt

\ugm Tpcflk, kkf rcfm vcf kkf hrughcjeaa r vaar wglf ugt mk uurt vcf

Jcrskgiik kf kkf rcfm vcf kkf oicmwcfmgok wglfhrugh jkt aar jkt zks

okikmgfokf. Ciik sdbkrvkf iglhkf zkkr stkrh ap vafmstkf ugt Ukiskf 3, kf

bcfokf mccr afoktwglekim jkk scjkf. Eata E. mk Urgks.

_GFT[J _cs bkt kkrstk eart `gl Ukiskf mk jkkst

faarmkiglh okikokf jgigtcgrk `csgs mgkOkrjcfgdus bcm ccfokikom1 Fkk, krzglf twkk vgfmpicctskf mgk fao faar-

mkiglhkr igookf< _gfsuj (Ergksicfm)kf @kftujkrsgki (Faarm-Mugtsicfm).

Bgkr zglf ccrmkwkrhsdbkrvkf okvaf-mkf mgk kxcdt avkrkkfhajkf jkt mgkugt Ukiskf, jccr sparkf vcf jgigtcgrk

gfstciictgks aft`rkhkf bgkr. Mcfhzgl mksdbkrvkf gs mugmkiglh mct mk jgigtcgrkfbuf pravgcfm hrkokf vcfugt mkzkiemk

`raffkf cis mk jcffkf vcf Ukiskf.

Afoktwglekim spkkimkf mk `csks kkf raitglmkfs mk apjcrs, jccr wkihk1




0=0=



0;

Ukiskf 3

0;

0 Cis mk àmkj kkf crdbgk gs, wc crdbkaiaokf vcc zkookf,

mcf gs bk vkrbcci vcf Ukiskf fgk dajpikk zafmkr kkfìg ap mk crdbgk cs < mk àmkj zki .

Mk wktkfsdbcp vcf mk ccrmk, mk okaiaogk, hcf mugmkiglh jchkf bakbkt icfmsdbcp kr gf vrakokr tglmkf ugtzco. Mct icfmsdbcp spkkimk kkf`kpcikfmk rai `gl bkt hgkzkf vcf kkf oksdbghtk iadctgk aj tk wafkfkf tk wkrhkf. \a spkkimk bkt vkik wctkr gf bkt hustok`gkm kkf oratkrkrai mcf tkokfwaarmgo. Lk haf kr lk vaarmkki jkk makf, jccr lk mgkfmkaah rkhkfgfo tk baumkf jkt mk okvcrkf.

Okaiaogsdbk okokvkfs huffkf crdbkaiaokf bkipkf ciikrikg vrcokf tk`kcftwaarmkf avkr iadctgks. \k vuiikf bkt vkrbcci ccf mct mk vafm-stkf kf orafmsparkf apikvkrkf.



05

MK @AMKJ UCF UKITKF 3Kkf orafmjafs kr ug mk ùur vcf mk Ukiskr-

uffki `kvks go bk kkrmkr ci okfakjmk `kkim vcf bk icfmsdbcp jk kkf vadb go jgigku `Ĵkkf okui gf kkf us afk jk mugf cfm.Bk bkffkp kf vics ug bk jafs kr aumkf kjc kf uffkf bk``kf jk mk vkik ccfok ra kfrks kf vcf c`ki auw. Kkf vkrrcssgfo ug bkjafs kr wcs mk vafms vcf kkf vĴo. Afok wĴ-

kim gs mg kkf maar mk Pajkgfkf jkkokvakrmgjpar s u .

Bk ar kf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 icokf, fk cis Ukiskf 0, c k`kg ap mk ugmakvkr vcf bk Akr-İ. Bk ar ico ap kkf aumk akvkrwci vcf kkf vkrmwkfkf rgvgkr, kkf aokfccjmk s raajruo,

kf wkrm maar kf kik bafmkrmkf jk krs jakrcsoksdbkgmkf vcf mk mugfkf gf bk wks kf.

Mk aarspraf kiĴ k okiccombkgm vcf mk amkj,mk s rc gorcffik, gs `Ĵ bk af s ccf vcf bk _Ĵ-

krjkkr gf mk jgmmkikkuwkf s kr ccfok cs .Bk wc kr aromk vaar krasgk vcf mk apokàuwmk àmkjicokf kf bk oraa s k mkki vcf mk vafms kf `kicfmmk mccrmaar Ĵ ki ccr gf aokfccjmk Mgr y Tcfms. Uaar crdbkaiaokf `k k kfmk mg jkkr puzkiwkr mcf ok`rug kiĴ ajmc vaarwkrpkfug mgvkrsk pkrgamks maar ki ccr icokf.

Jccr fu cfmkrsaj. Afmkr bk fgvkcu vcf mkkrasgk igookf mk fao afccfok cs k okui- kf

3. Ukiskf 3, dafdkftrctgk

vcf vafmstkf tkr baaotk

vcf bkt pictearj kf mk

Faarmpgkr, 37?5.

0. Ukiskf 3, mk C_F

Ukiskf orccet gf

vchhkf vcf 0x0 j gf

mk chhkrs icfos mk

Cjstkrmcjskwko, 37?4 .

4. Ukiskf 3, mk

kkrstk pcikf vcf mk

bcvkfwkrhkf zglf aftmkht.

Mgc‗s 3,0,4< ^. Uafs.

3.

0.

4.




0?

wcmpicc c ktgfokf ug mk `rafs Ĵm kf okuic ktgfokf ug mk Ĵ kr Ĵm kfPajkgfsk Ĵm, pc wko ug mk pkrgamk ?4> — =2> v.Dbr. Gf mk Mgr y Tcfms Ĵfsdbkrvkf okvafmkf vcf kkf pa vcf bcfmokvarjm ccrmkwkr , ug mk ic kjgmmkf Ĵ kr Ĵm, dc. =>> v.Dbr. Mg Ĵf ccfwĴ gfokf mc kr `kwafkrs gfmg ok`gkm wcrkf vaar mk Pajkgfkf wcjkf.

Mk okui gs gf mk ic k Ĵ kr Ĵm ugmkiĴ kr ajkf k igookf. Aumkrk okuic -ktgfokf vkrmwkfkf mccr`Ĵ lcjjkr okfako. Ap bk jajkf mc mk Pa-

jkgfkf gdb icfos mk okui vks gomkf, wcs prc gsdb c k myfcjgk ug mgmkki vcf bk Akr-İ vkrmwkfkf kf sig`mkf `kgmk akvkrs occfmkwko ccf. Apmk okuiàmkj kf k kr gf bk bcvkf`khkf varjkf gdb mgvkrsk icokf jk vafms kf mgk fgk jkkr maar s rajgfo wkrmkf wkookspakim.

Jk mk ajs vcf mk Pajkgfkf s aa kr aa ki kfs jkkr cfm gf mk okuiki , vkraar cc maar mk ccf cs gfo vcf bk ia cik àjkf`ks cfm. Bk

oraa s k mkki vcf bk bau wcs fc uuriĴ famgo `Ĵ mk àuw vcf bk arkf mk ug ok`rkgmk bcvkfwkr kf.

MK KKPT]K UAFMT]KFMk wkr orakp Ukiskf vcf mk C_F, mk ora k Fkmkricfmsk vkrkfgogfo vcfcjc kur-crdbkaiaokf, wcs ci vcf bk `kogf c kkf vcf mk cd gk s k c -mkigfokf8 k bcm aa ccf mk wgko oks ccf vcf mk aprgdb gfo vcf mk vkr-kfgogfo. Gf 37?0 wkrm mk wkr orakp vkrrcs maar mk jkimgfo mc `Ĵ mkccfiko vcf kkf ocsikgmgfo Pajkgfsk sdbkrvkf wkrmkf okvafmkf. Ucf kkfaporcvgfo af akf okkf sprc k Ĵf, jccr mk ikmkf vcf mk wkr orakp

afmkf wki pra`krkf `Ĵ k baumkf wc kr wkrm okvafmkf. \k rcdbtkfmaar jgmmki vcf prak pu lks kf maar bk `k Ĵ kf vcf mk siaa wcfmkfkkf `kkim k rĴokf vcf mk vafms vkrsprkgmgfo kf mccrjkk mk oraatk vcfmk vgfmpicc s. Mccr`Ĵ vafmkf k aa cfmkrk kf ora krk c kf mcf c kkfsdbkrvkf, acis gfokbkgmk bau kf pcikf. \k wcrkf akf ci fgk mk kfgokfjk kicfos k gfo vaar mk k vgfmpicc s. Ci vcfc mk af mkhgfo wcrkfaa crdbkaiaokf vcf bk Gfs g uu vaar ^rck- kf ^ra abgs argk vcf mk [fgvkrsg kg vcf Cjs krmcj (G^^) okáf krksskkrm, jccr Ĵ aumkf pcs gf 37?=jkk occf orcvkf. Mc ikgmmk a kkf `Ĵfc afc ok`ra kf scjkfwkr gfo

usskf G^^ kf C_F, mgk a 377> au murkf.

Mk rkmkf vcf mk aporcvgfo1 Mc wcs fgk c kkf wk kfsdbcppkiĴ k fgkuws-

ogkrgobkgm. Kkf oraa sk àmkjgforkkp s afm gjjkrs vaar mk mkur< mkccfiko vcf mk _Ĵ kr uffki, mgk c k Pajkgfsk sparkf afbkrrakpkiĴ auug wgsskf. Mk aporcvgfo wcs mus kkf rkmmgfosapkrc gk, jccr wki jk kkfoufs go cspkd < rugj k. Uaarug iapkfm ap mk ccfiko af kkf aporcvgfoavkr jkkrmkrk bkd crkf picc svgfmkf, wccr`Ĵ kkf dajpikk orafmpicf vcf

ar kf bcvkf gf `kkim wcj.

@avkf< Ukiskf 3, Cfmrç Fujcf kf Jccrtkf mk _kkrm vcf bkt G^^ jktkf gf

37?; mk okvafmkf pcikf gf. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 3, maarsfkmk vcf kkf U-orcdbt. Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

0 | UKITKF 3



02



07

MK CCFIKO UCF UKITKF 3Bk krrkgf vcf Ukiskf 3 wcs ci vôôr mk ajs vcf mk Pajkgfkf `kwaafm. Jccr bak mgk `k- wafgfo krug bkk ok gkf, kf wccr mk `kwafkrs

Ĵf okìkvkf, wk kf wk fgk . Gf gkmkr okvci `k-oaffkf mk Pajkgfkf kr mgrkd fc ccf ajs gfbk lccr 3; k àuwkf. Buf wkr wcs fgk gf ççf

kkr iccr. Crdbkaiaao Lccp Jarki, mgk vcfugbk G^^ mk aporcvgfokf ikgmmk kf krap praja- vkkrmk, bkk gf Ĵf prak sdbrg gf a cci vĴ àuw csks vcf Ukiskf 3 (3c,3`,3d,0c,0`) afmkr-sdbkgmkf, fao c ok gkf vcf wkk avkrocfos csks vcf 3c fccr 3` kf vcf 0c fccr 0`. _k `kbcfmkikf

k gf mgk vaioarmk.

Ecsk 3

Mk pictkorafm vcf csk 3 wcs jgf a jkkrmrgkbak go, wccr`Ĵ ççf vcf mk mrgk Ĵmkf `k-s afm ug mk akvkr. Aj bk ar bkkf ico ççfspg sorcdb a U-orcdb , a okfakjm vcfwkokmk varj vcf mk maarsfkmk8 bk wcs kkf ypgsdbPajkgfs jgig cgr kfajkkf, wccr lk jchkiĴgf vgki kf jakgiĴ ug icu krmk. Ukrmkr s afm krkkf juur jk mu``kik bau kf wcfmkf, wccr-

usskf mk orafm ug mk orcdb wcs oks ar . Gfmk bau -ccrmk juur wcrkf wccrsdbĴfiĴ aprkokijc gok c s cfm vcf ki ccr arkfs okpicc s .Bgkrvcf Ĵf sikdb s mk sparkf vcf ççf arkfokvafmkf. Icfos mk akvkr, kf aas kf vcf mkbcvkfwkr kf, s afm kkf bau kf pcigsscmk, jkmccrgf kkf ikgfk paar kr baao k vcf mk aas k-iĴ k pgkr.

Mk c krkkrs k csk, 3c ug 3; f.Dbr., wcs kkf Ĵ-mkiĴ cjp, ccfokikom aj vkgigobkgm k `gkmkf

Ĵmkfs mk àuw vcf kkf pkrjcfkf kr afmkr a-jkf. Bk gs fgk `k kfm bak icfo mgk àuw ok-muurm bkk . Jgssdbgkf bkk mgk gdb a gf bk lccr 35 maarok k , Ĵmkfs mk mkrmk Okrjccfsk

dcjpcofk vcf Okrjcfgdus.

Ecsk 3` vkr kokfwaarmgo bk kkrs k kdb k ar .Bk bcm gf mk ugmwks bak kkf akocfospaarmgk jccr bkki ar bkk ok ufd gafkkrm. Gf csk3d wkrmkf c kkf ccfpcssgfokf ok ra kf vcfwkokkrasgk ccf mk akvkr kf wks kf vcf mk bcvkfwkr-

kf. Kr jaks kkf ksdbakggfo okpicc s warmkf.Jccr vaarmc mc ok`kurmk, jcc kf mk Pajkg-fkf ok`rug vcf mk sg uc gk maar bk kx rc wkook-sicokf mkki ccf k pcsskf a gfs kk bcvkf.

Gf Ukiskf gs faag jk s kkf okàuwm, c kkfjk bau . Mc bkk okvaiokf vaar mk sparkf mgk warmkf apokorcvkf. Bau vkrocc fc cjkiĴ

ar k Ĵm, kf Ĵ bk iudb mgdb `kwccrm ìĴ , `Ĵvaar`kkim gf vkkf a afmkr (orafm)wc kr.

adb ìĴ kr ci Ĵm gk s gdb `ccr gf mk varj vcf vkr ikurgfokf, mk ‒pccioc kf‗. Ucf mk `kàu- wgfo ap bk `gffkf krrkgf Ĵf sikdb s mk pcci-oc kf vcf wkk sdbkkps- a àa bug kf kf kkfcfmkr ikgf okàuw okvafmkf. Bk kkrs k àa -bugs, kf Ĵf vkrvcfokr mgk gk s vkrmkrap wkrmokàuwm, wcrkf `kgmk dgrdc 03 x 5 j oraa . Mk kjc kf darrkspafmkrkf pkr kd jk mk c jk gf-okf vcf sdbkkpsbug kf mgk gf bk Jgmmk cfmsk\kkok`gkm vaar ajkf. Bk cfmkrk okàuwspaar

au uffkf barkf `Ĵ kkf bau kf apokàuw vcf kkf icfowkrpgo afmkr ajkf. Bk gs kkf ug -afmkrgfo, wcf vkrmkr af `rk kf ui k sparkf.

Mc gs wki cis ccfwĴ gfo ok gkf mc mk rakpkfug siug kfm gf rĴkf (ikrkf a dcfvcs) kf kf wc-rkf afmkrok`rcdb . Bk gs mk vrcco a mg `Ĵ kkf pkrjcfkf k `k ktgfo vcf bk ar wki kkf rkèikap gk wcs. Bk gs wccrsdbĴfiĴ kr mc ci vrĴ sfkibau kf `crchkf wkrmkf okàuwm. Jccr cis mgkap bau kf igookrs wcrkf okpicc s gf picc s vcfap gfokbkgmk pcikf, uffkf mk k afmkr ajkfsfcuwkiĴ s sparkf gf mk àmkj bk``kf cdb kr-okic kf, k kr fgk fc mk jgmmkikkuwsk avkr-s rajgfo kf c civgfo vcf bk krrkgf.

Mc kr okàuwkf bk``kf oks ccf mgk kkf pkrjc-fkf crc kr bcmmkf kf wccr ki s mk famgok

aro ccf gs `ks kkm, wk kf wk maar kkf apvci-ikfmk vafms . [g mk vu gfo vcf kkf wc krpugs kkf oraa ccf ci `rahkf ‒butkfikkj‗ — ikkjmgk wkrm ok`rug aj wcfmkf jkk mgdb ksjkrkf kf mgk sajs, fc kkf `rcfm, gf ok`c -

kf varj gs `kbaumkf — okàrokf jk mccrap

rcsskf gf vgsorcc ja gk . Mgk vgsorcc rcsskfmgkfmkf cis bkdb gfo vaar kkf pikgs kricco, mgkjgssdbgkf ki s wkrm `ksdbgimkrm. Fu uffkf wk spkduikrkf wki okàuw mcf a ug ùfmgo vkrsgkrm cf Ĵf okwkks . Kkf kkfvaumgok sai-mc kf`crc , a mk dkf urgafswafgfo ap mk apmccrvcf1 _ccrsdbĴfiĴ kr gs mc bk kkf afmkr-mkki wcs vcf mk dajjcfmcf swafgfo (bk prck-

arguj) a vcf bk fccs okikokf baa m wcr gkr(mk prgfdgpgc). Mk dajjcfmcf vcf mk kkfbkmkfmgk gf Ukiskf icokf, ci kkf okoakm Pajkgfsk

Igfhs àvkf<

Ukiskf 3, mk

aftmkhhgfo gf mk

Ocsùgs gf 37?0.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Pkdbts àvkf<

Ukiskf 3, orcdbt kf

mkikf vcf kkf wci

ccfoksfkmkf gf bkt

picttk vich.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Pkdbts jgmmkf<

Ukiskf 3, orcdbtkf

mkkis ugtokorcvkf

tglmkfs Tcgi

Cjstkrmcj 372>.Aporcvgfosikgmkr Lccp

Jarki hglht vgc bkt

wctkrpcsgfstrujkft

fccr bkt sdbgp.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, zkvkf vcf mk

start fccst mk Ocsùgs

gf 37?0. Mgc ^. Uafs.

0 | UKITKF 3



4>

ùrokr Ĵf okwkks ug mk cmkis cfm. Gf mk k vrakok pkrgamk vcf Pajkgfsk kxpcfsgk wcs mc

k kr fao bk okvci. \a‗f jcf wcs okwkfm ccfiuxk, kf ci mc aa Ĵmkfs mk mgkfs avkki ja-okiĴ bk``kf fcoks rkk m.

Gf bk baa m wcr gkr wcs fccs mk rugj k vaarcf arkf, apsico vcf madujkf kf, `kvkikf,

mgkfs vaarsdbrg kf kf fgk k vkrok kf mk cs vaar bk ug `k cikf vcf mk jcfsdbcppkf, aakkf kkr `kicforĴ k rugj k. Jgssdbgkf wki mç `kicforĴ s k rugj k< mk apsicorugj k wccr mk vccfmkis s afmkf. Bk wcs cis kkf bkgigomajgfokrgdb . Uccfmkis, cmkiccrs kf cfmkrk krk k-

kfs bcmmkf (fk cis gf rkdkf kr Ĵm) kkf `k-icforĴ k s c us. Kkf krvcf wcs mkgjcoa, a wki

mk `kki kfgs vcf mk kg kr. Mk bkkrskr wcs aci Ĵm `Ĵ mk jcfsdbcppkf kf bĴ vkrmgkfmk bkmcf aa aj gf kkf oksdbg k rugj k k s ccf<bk vccfmkibkgigomaj ackmks. Cis kr krokfs gfbk ar kkf s udwcfm `ksdbgimkrm gs okwkks ,mcf wki bgkr.

Cis kr okàuwkf wcrkf, mcf wcrkf kr aa mku-rkf, mgk wk gdb ap sia jaks kf uffkf. Kr

Ĵf gf Ukiskf awki jk cikf (`rafs a Ĵ kr) cisbau kf siku kis okvafmkf, acis mk rccgk siku kimgk wcs vkrsgkrm jk kkf oks gikkrmk s gkrkf ap.[g krccrm ci fgk ki k siku ki vcf kkf mkur Ĵfokwkks < aa cs kf kf gs kf jaks kf ap sia .

Mk avkrgok orafmsparkf `gffkf kf mgrkd ùg kfbk ar wcrkf vcf kf kik wc krputkf kf - ug-ikf. Gf kkf Ĵm wccrgf wc krikgmgfo kf rcfkfaf `rc kf, bccimkf `kwafkrs ak wc kr ug mk àmkj. Cis mk wc krpu mgdb sig`mk a mk wcf-mkf gfs artkf, orakvkf k kkf fgkuwk.

Mk bcvkf

_c Ukiskf 3 ufgk jcc , k kr cis Pajkgfs vks gfowkr gf _ks -Kurapc, gs mk bcvkf wccrvcf mk sparkf a avkrmugmkiĴ `Ĵ mk aporcvgfo wkrmkf ccfok ra kf. Mk saimc kf bk``kf gf mkbaa mokui vcf bk Akr-İ kkf bcvkfpic arj ccf-okikom fccr Jkmg krrccf vaar`kkim, jk mccrccf

^cogfc rkdbts< Ukiskf3, bket vcf kkf `rafzkf

sikutki jkt okstgikkrmk

stgkrkfhap. Mgc ^.

Uafs.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 3

iudbteata okfajkf gf

372>. Afmkr gf `kkim

zglf mk sparkf vcf mk

orcdbtkf vcf ecsk 3d

kf 0 tk zgkf, àvkfgf `kkim mk daftaur

vcf bkt pictearj kf

mccrap ccfsiugtkfm

mk wkstpgkr. Mgc G^^,

Cjstkrmcj .




43

vkràfmkf wkk mcjjkf a pgkrkf. Bk pic arjkf mk mcjjkf bcmmkf kkf `ksdbakggfo vcf mgdb

kokf ki ccr gfokbkgmk pcikf, vaarci vcf ki kf-bau . Avkr mk ccfoks cjp k orafm mccr`gffkf

u kf picf kf Ĵf okikom. Aj mk avkki jk kr(mks Ĵms okjk kf gf Pajkgfsk vak kf vcf dgrdc 4> dj) wkrmkf bcc sk Ĵwcfmkf okpicc s . Mk k

aokfccjmk dcgssafs wkrmkf apokvuim jkchkfàsskf, gf vktk ikg vkrpc k rgk jctkf

kf s kfkf. Mk k vu gfo gs okvafmkf Ĵmkfs mkaporcvgfo vcf mk ap vcf mk wks pgkr. usskfmk wgiokf wĴokf wcrkf ki s iccmlks ccfwk go,mgk fc iaa ikookf fao kvkf buf aarspraf kiĴ korakfk ikur igk kf gkf. Mk wks pgkr wcs, fk cismk faarmpgkr, ap bk pic arj ccfoksia kf. Gk s vkrmkr gf mk bcvkf ico mk aas pgkr, mgk mgrkd gf

bk ar ug wcj vgc kkf paar gf mk akvkrjuur.Mk pgkrkf wcrkf rkspkd gkvkiĴ ;>, ;; kf 5; jicfo kf `ks afmkf, fk cis bk pic arj, vaarciug gfokbkgmk pcikf vcf ki kfbau .

C kkf kf aas kf vcf bk pic arj s afm kkfakvkrjuur. Mk akvkr kf wks kf krvcf bcm gfkkrs k gfs cf gk okkf `ksdbakggfo a cfmkrk vkrmkmgogfo. Mccr wkrmkf mk sdbkpkf ccf icfmoksikkp . Jccr kkf okbkki af`ksdbkrjmk akvkr ìkk fc vkriaap vcf Ĵm okkf oakm gmkk.Mk Pajkgfkf bcmmkf `Ĵ Ukiskf 3 buf ar apmk avkrocfo vcf kkf `gffkf- fccr kkf ùg kf- àdb ccfokikom, kf lugs kr baao k vcf mkaf`ksdbkrjmk afk baimk bk wc kr mk akvkrbk s kr s k ug . adb jaks kf sdbkpkf c kf akap bk icfm ajkf kf mccraj wkrm kr cisfaokkf — Ĵ bk ccfokpcs k — akvkr`ksdbkrjgfoccfokikom.

Tdbkpkf jaks kf ap bk mraok warmkf okbccim vaar afmkrbaum, gf mk wgf krjccfmkf vcfwkokbk mgdb okvrarkf wc kr, a sgjpkiwko aj k

mraokf. Kkf mraao sdbgp gs gjjkrs kkf igdb kfmus sfki sdbgp. Mk `k rkhkiĴ ikgfk Pajkgfskocikgkf jaks kf sfki uffkf apkrkrkf, wgimkf

k buf cd gsdbk vaarmkki va kmgo uffkf `k-futkf. Kr wcs aa fao kkf vkgigobkgmsrkmkf<afmkr bk mc vcf kkf àa bugs ico bk sdbgp vkgigo `Ĵ kkf kvkf ukik ccfvci. Ĵmkfs mk @c-

cc sk Aps cfm vcf 57-?> au jkkrjcikf ìĴ-kf bak wk s`ccr mk Pajkgfsk viaa wcs vaar

pia skigfok avkrvc kf maar kkf ffkxg`ki apkrk-rkfmk vĴcfm.

0 | UKITKF 3



40

Jk fcjk gf mk bcvkf afk vcf bk ar Ĵf vkik vafms kf vcf iaam okmccf, acis mruppkis kf

rcojkf kf vcf picc lks jk spĴ kroc kf. \kbaarmkf `Ĵ mk `kpic gfo vcf sdbkpkf kf mgkf-mkf `Ĵvaar`kkim aj fcmkf c k mgdb kf, a aakf kik icppkf vcf wa kf ikmgfos uhkf maar-mrkf jk pk , okvafmkf gf mk bcvkf. Bgkr wcsaa okrkkmsdbcp cdb krokic kf a vkriarkf, acisbau kf ìa sdbcvkf jk Ĵ krkf jksskf, bau kfbcjkrs kf Ĵ krkf `kg kis, cpjksskf jk bau-

kf bk kf rcojkf kf vcf kkf ora k cco.

kf ugmwks kf vcf bk ar igkp kkf ugmwks -faarmaas ccfokikomk orcdb . Jgssdbgkf

ico mccr kkf icok wci cdb kr, apokàuwm ugmk orafm vcf mk orcdb , jk mccrap kkf skrgkccfokpuf k pcikf. wkk vcf mkrokiĴ k pcikficokf gf mk bcvkf. \a‗f pcci — gf bk Ic Ĵf kkf pgiuj jurcik — wcs ccf `kgmk cf kf ccfok- puf kf bcm kkf ug okspccrmk bcfmorkkp gfbk jgmmkf. \k afmkf jk auw ccf ki ccr warmkf okàfmkf, amc kkf pcigsscmk a kkf‗

rgksk rug kr‗ af s afm. Bk okbkki au uffkfbk``kf okmgkfm cis vkrmkmgogfo vcf kkfcffkx,kkf krrkgf wccr jgfmkr ksskf gèik cd gvg kg kf picc svafmkf a oakmkrkf icokf apoksicokf.

kvkfs cf bgkr mk ras bk``kf ok`gvchkkrm,mk igkmkf mgk jk bk ikokr jkk ap rahkf kf

3. Ukiskf 3, bautkf

sdbcci jkt bargzaftcik

orkkp. Eata G^^,

Cjstkrmcj .




44

mccrvcf c cf kiĴ wcrkf, acis bcfmkicrkfa ikvkrcfdgkrs vcf c krikg mgkfs kf kf vrauwkf kf gfmkrkf vcf mk saimc kf. Kr oaim kkfs rg k (jccr fgk avkrci kf ci Ĵm kvkf aro- vuimgo fcokikk mk) rkoki mc Ĵ gdb fgk `gf-fkf bk ar jadb kf apbaumkf. kfsiatk afap mg krrkgf gf Ĵmkf vcf vkrbaaomk cd gvg kgaa kkf mkki vcf mk rakpkf warmkf afmkrok- `rcdb , acis kx rc buip rakpkf a vkr kffkrs.

Kr gs gf mk kcffkx kkf okàuwspaar okvafmkf gfmk varj vcf vgkr rĴkf vcf ks pcikf mgk kkf appkrvic vcf =,?0 j Ĵ 4,;= j `ksiccf, a wki kxcd35 x 30 Pajkgfsk vak . Bk au afmkrmkki okwkks

uffkf Ĵf vcf kkf rugj k jk viakrvkrwcr-jgfo, acis kkf `cmbugs. Cis wc kr akvakr cf

kkf rkk a orkppki bk``kf okmgkfm mgk vic kffaarmkf icfos bk okàuwspaar igkp.

@cmbug kf wcrkf kkf kicforĴ afmkrmkki vcf bk ikvkf vcf mk Pajkgfkf, kf lugs bkikokr wcs kro okbkdb ccf mk k vaar gkfgfomgk kkf `csgsbyogèfk ocrcfmkkrmk. Ucfwkok mk `rcfmvkgigobkgm àuwmk jkf a‗f `cmbugs jks aa rugj k igkvkr fgk `gffkf kkf ug bauapok rahkf ar . @gffkf mkcffkx af bk kdb-

kr wki. Gf mk k rgdb gfo wĴ kf aa mk vafms kf vcf kf kiksduipafkc a wki bau kf `cmsigppkrs.Mgk wcrkf bcfmgo aj avkr mk bk k viakrkf kiapkf. Mk bau kf aai wkrm jk kkf vk kr ccfmk vak vcs okjcc , mgk fk cis `Ĵ kkf kkfs-igppkr maar kkf oc fccs mk ora k kkf kf wkkccf wkkrs Ĵmkf vcf mk bgki igkp. Cfmkrk ccf kkf `cmbugs okrkic kkrmk vafms kf Ĵf ffkslks vcfoics a ccrmkwkr wccrgf (okpcr ujkkrmk) aigèfbk``kf ok k kf. Mk ap bk igdbccj oksjkkrmkaigk wkrmkf Ĵmkfs bk `cmkf c oksdbrccp , kkfsaar cf gk k pkkigfo. Mccrvaar wkrm kkf okà-okf raf kf bccijks ok`rug , mks rgogigs. Gf

Ukiskf 3 gs kkf dajpikk kxkjpiccr ccfok ra -kf, vcf kkf wkkmk kxkjpiccr rks kkr c kkf mkc ok`ra kf puf .

Ukiskf 3 bcm kkf `gffkf krrkgf jk kkfappkrvic vcf afokvkkr kkf bkd crk. Mg gs gfmk Pajkgfsk jgig cgrk wkrkim a‗f `kk lk kkfs cfmccrmjcc vaar kkfdcs k uj. Bgkrgf cfkkf dabars okikokrm warmkf, kkf kkfbkgm vcf

a‗f vĴ afmkrm gf cf krgs kf. Kkf ar vcfkkf ki mk oraatk wccr aa kkf rug krc mkigfo

Ukiskf 3, wctkrput vcf kkf ceokmcfht wglfvct, wccrvcf mk bakpkis kf

mugokf oakm zgdbt`ccr zglf. Eata G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

0 | UKITKF 3



4=Ukiskf 3, ecsk 0.

(3dj gs dc. 0>j)

Ukiskf 3, ecsk 3c/`.

(3dj gs dc. 3;j)



4;Ukiskf 3, ecsk 4.

(3dj gs dc. 0>j)

Ukiskf 3, ecsk 3d.

(3dj gs dc. 0>j)



45

wcs okikokrm, af jgfmkr jcfsdbcppkfbkr`krokf ajmc kr aa rugj k jaks Ĵf vaar mk pccrmkf. A viaa `csks cis Ukiskfaa wkrmkf ok`rug maar a‗f vĴ afmkrmjcf gs afmugmkiĴ 8 fccs mg ar Ĵf kr ugmk k pkrgamk fgk vkki `k kfm. Mk vrcco gs àvkfmgkf a bk ar s kkms va kmgo `k kgs okwkks , kf a c kkf bk `gffkf krrkgf aaa mk cffkx gs ok`rug vaar jcfsdbcppkf.Ap `csgs vcf sicdb c vci gf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 gs gf gkmkr okvci okdafs c kkrm mc mkPajkgfkf gf c k lccrok Ĵmkf ccfwk go wcrkf.Mk bcdbkiĴ k urkf Ĵmkfs mk Tico aj Eikvujgf 02 f.Dbr. ( gk p. =5 k.v.) suookrkrkf mc kr

akf okkf va kmgok `k ktgfo wcs, wcf kkf va kmgo ocrfg akf au mk `kicokrs jk jgfmkr

jakg k vcf bk iĴ bk``kf okbaumkf.Ecsk 0Gf mk wkkmk csk wkrmkf mk vkrmkmgogfoswkr-

kf wccrmkr ug okvakrm. Mk varj vkrcfmkrmk

vcf kkf mrgkbak gf kkf rcpk guj. Mg auuffkf wĴ kf ap kkf afmkr`rk gfo gf mk `k k -gfo, okvaiom maar kkf cffassgfo vcf mk rakpkf,

a kkf akfcjk gf mk mrkgogfo vcf ùg kfc .

Apfgkuw wkrm kkf bau -ccrmk wci ccfokikom,jccr fu jk jccr igk s mrgk U-orcdb kf kr- vaar. _ccr mk wci ug mk kkrs k csk vaarci kkf

ufmkrgfo bcm vcf bau kf s ccfmkrs mgk wcrkfgfokorcvkf gf wkk orkppkis, wkrmkf fu `ci kfbarg af cci ap mk àmkj okikom wccrap kkfs c k ski wkrm okàuwm. Mk ùg kf cf vcfmk wci wkrm `kikom jk orcspicookf. Bgkrjkkaaomk bk wk gdb jgfmkr s kr vkrcf krm,jccr mk gfmruhkf mgk mk k wccrmkrk wci gfmk afmkrorafm bkk cdb krokic kf, occf lugs

vkki mgkpkr.

Aj mk dgrdc mkr go jk kr (bafmkrm Pajkgfsk vak ) vkrrkks kkf arkf jk kkf ufmkrgfo vcf vgkr pcikf mgk mrgk jk kr ( a‗f gkf vak ) ug ki-

Uaokiviudbt apfcjk

vcf Ukiskf 3 gf zglf

icctstk ecsk.

]khkfgfo O. Tujfkr.




4?

ccr s afmkf. Gf bk wks kiĴ k mkki vcf mk wci `kvafm gdb kkf paar jk kkf mu``kik gfocfo.Mgk ico vkrmkr fccr cdb krkf mcf mk arkfs, wccrmaar kkf vkrmkmgo`crk apkf rugj k vaarmk paar wkrm okdrkèkrm. Ukrmkr wcs kr vaar mk paar kkf afmkr`rk gfo gf mk ùg kfs k wkkorcdb kf. Bgkrvaar gf mk picc s ico kr kkf cpcr k‒`cfccfvarjgok‗ orcdb , kkf aokfccjmkdic-vgduic. \ui k orcdb kf rkjmkf ccfvc krs gf bufsfkibkgm, jadb kf Ĵ mk wci kf wks kiĴ k ak-ocfospaar wg kf ks arjkf. Apvc kfm gs, mcmk `gffkfs k orcdb wçi maarigkp. JaokiĴ icobgkr kkf `ruo a viafmkr avkrbkkf mgk `Ĵ okvccr wkrm apokbccim a vkrwĴmkrm. Mk paar ico avk-rgokfs ap kkf apjkr kiĴ k pik , fcjkiĴ pci vaar bk vkrpicc s k, wkkmk àa bugs.

Kkf apjkr kiĴ mk cgi `kvafm gdb `Ĵ mk wciccf mk aas cf . Bgkr wcs kkf arkf okàuwmjk kkf wcrk ufmc gk vcf cdb pcikf. Jgs-sdbgkf wcs mg kkf vuur`c kf a kkf vkrmkmg-

ogfospic arj, wccr cr g krgk ap cf bk``kfoks ccf acis kkf wcrk rugsàao ap s c gk(kkf dc cpui c) a kkf s kkfsigfokrccr (kkf`ci-igs c a ìĴmk).

Gf mk wkkmk csk wkrm fgk c kkf mk wci vkrvcfokf, jccr wkrm aa mk cmkjuur okbkki vkrwĴmkrm. @iĴ `ccr wkrm kr okkf okvccr jkkr vkrwcdb vcfc bk wc kr, a wkrm kkf cfmkrkapiassgfo `kmcdb mgk jgfmkr mgkpk sparkf gfmk àmkj bkk cdb krokic kf.

Mk kfgok bkrgffkrgfokf gf mk k csk ccf ok- àuwkf ug mk vargok csk Ĵf mk orafmsparkf vcf kkf àa bugs kf kkf cfmkr okàuwspaar,jaokiĴ afmkrmkki vcf mk dajjcfmcf swa-

fgfo. Uaar kkf mkki uffkf mgk okàuwkf faoavkrkgfm bk``kf oks ccf. Ukrmkr Ĵf `gffkfkf ùg kf bk ar wc krputkf okvafmkf. Mk kicokf aa gf mkcffkx, mgk gf mk k csk awki kf wks kf cis kf aas kf vcf bk ar ico kf kkf

0 | UKITKF 3

Ukiskf 3, bautkf

`cmsigppkr ae

sduipafkc jkt

apkfokwkrhtk bch.

]khkfgfo P. vcf

Tgiebaut.



42



47

appkrvic k bcm mgk kmugmkfm ora kr wcs mcfbk ar ki . Bk aas kiĴ k mkki vcf mkcffkx bcm àvkfmgkf kkf kgokf c jkkr cdgig kg gf mk varj vcf kkf 7> j icfok apkf s kgokr.

Kr wcrkf jkkr vkrcfmkrgfokf gf mk bcvkf. Bk pic arj wkrm ug ok`rkgm, wccrsdbĴfiĴ ajmk avkr- kf apsicodcpcdg kg k vkrora kf. Mk `ksdbakggfo usskf mk wks - kf mk faarmpgkr, ìĴ `ccr kkf gf kfsgk ok`rug k akvkr, `k-s afm `Ĵfc va kmgo ug kg kfbau kf pcikf, mgk vkki s kvgokr wcrkf mcf mk ki kfbau kf vcrg-cf kf.

kf aas kf vcf mk ap vcf mk wks pgkr wkrm

kkf apkf s kgokr ccfokàuwm. Mk ap vcfmk k wks pgkr wkrm, fk cis bk pic arj, kx rc vkrs kvgom jk kkf bci rafmk rĴ mgdb ccfkkfgfokbkgmk kg kf pcikf. Ucf mk k pcikf kf mgk vcf mk wks s kgokr af mk cpmc uj warmkf vcs oks kim maar mk lccrrgfokf (mkfmradbrafa-iaogk)< mk wgf kr vcf 0> ap 03 f.Dbr. @Ĵ bk ki -mk afmkr ak wkrm mugmkiĴ mc bk bau gf mkajokvgfo wcs ok cp .

Bk ug kgfmk vcf mk aas pgkr wkrm vkrikfom jkkkf apkf s kgokr mgk fccr bk aas kf c aao. Mkfaarmpgkr wkrm ki s okbkki vkrvcfokf maar kkfapkf s kgokr. Mk pcikf vcf mk fgkuwk faarmpgkr wcrkf `Ĵfc prkdgks aj mk gkf vak afmkr wc krgfokbkgm. Uic `Ĵ mk ap vcf mk s kgokr Ĵf gfbk mgkps k mkki vcf bk Akr-İ ki s mk sparkf `kwccrm okìkvkf vcf mk bkgs k gfo. Bk Ĵfs g k jccr gfmru wkhkfmk ok ugokf vcf mkjcofgffik k kdbfgk vcf mk Pajkgfkf aj mk k wc krs cc ufmgok ius k icrkf.

Jccr wccraj wkrmkf mgk mgdb k mcjjkf kg-

okfiĴ vkrvcfokf vaar apkf s kgokrs1 Mc bcmafok wĴ kim k jc kf jk bk `kvarmkrkf vcfkkf `k krk s rajgfo vcf bk wc kr. Mk Pajkg-fkf `koaffkf ics k rĴokf vcf bk mgdb s-ig``kf vcf mk bcvkf, gf gkmkr okvci usskf mk wks - kf mk faarmpgkr. \k bk``kf bk praìkkjccfvcf kiĴ ccfokpc maar k `cookrkf. Bgkr- `Ĵ wkrm ccfoksig`m jc krgcci vcf baokr ap mkakvkr fccr bk mgkps k mkki vcf mk okui vcf bkAkr-İ ok rahkf. Fcmc mk s kgokr ccf mk wks - pgkr wcs okàuwm, wkrm bk `cookrkf oks cc .

Igfhs àvkf<

Ukiskf 3, cezkttgfokf

vcf bkt Akr GL.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Pkdbts àvkf<

Ukiskf 3, tglmkfs mk

aftjcftkigfo vcf bkt

eart ugtoktrahhkf pcci.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Igfhs jgmmkf<

Ukiskf 3, ccfìgh vcf

mk Aastpgkr fcmct ciik

pcikf `kjafstkrm kf

ugtokfajkf zglf.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Igfhs afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, kfhkik

ccfokpuftk

`ksdbakggfospcikf.Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

Pkdbts afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, kkf pcrcpiu

`gkmt ugthajst `gl bkt

mraao madujkftkrkf

vcf mk pcikf vcf mk

hap vcf mk Faarmpgkr,

aporcvgfo 3720.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

0 | UKITKF 3

Ecsk 4Mk icc s k csk vcf bk ar kf okkf afmkr- vkrmkigfo gf su` cskf. Bk ar vcf csk 0 ìkkokbcfmbcc m, kf ccf mk wks Ĵmk wcj kkfccfàuw< kkf rcpk gujvarj jk mk icfos k

Ĵmk icfos mk akvkr. Mccrajbkkf wkrmkf wkkorcdb kf okorcvkf mgk ccfsiug kf ap mk ug kfs korcdb kf vcf csk 0`. Ecsk 4 wkrm ajokvkf maarkkf bau -ccrmk-wci wccrvcf kkf mkki vcf mk gf-mru gf mk orafm gs kruookvafmkf. Mk wci siaaccf ap mk ugmwks bak vcf mk wci mgk kr ci ico.Ap rkokijc gok c s cfm wcrkf arkfs okpicc s ,

acis ìkk ug mk vgkr cf k dafffiourc gks vcf pccioc kf mgk, acis wk gfjgmmkis okwkfm Ĵf,

a‗f mrgk jk kr a gkf vak vcf ki ccr icokf. @Ĵmk siaap vcf bk ar Ĵf c k pcikf ug mk orafm

ok rahkf, wccrsdbĴfiĴ aj kimkrs k rkdydikf.Afmkrgf kkf pccr pccioc kf gs fao kkf bau kf picc kruookvafmkf mgk mgkfmk cis ufmkrgfo.

Bk appkrvic vcf bk ar wkrm gf mk k icc s kcsk mus wkkjcci a oraa < wkk bkd crk. Avk-

rgokfs gs mg mk appkrvic k afmkr mkcffkx, mgk ùg kf mk prgjcgrk vkrmkmgogfo ico. Kkf oraamkki vcf mk wks kiĴ kcffkx bkk picc s jak kfjc kf vaar mk k ug `rkgmgfo vcf bk ar . Ucfmk vaaroccfmk wkkmk csk wkrmkf kf kik mkikfccfokpcs 8 a wkrmkf mk wks kiĴ k orcdb kfokmkjp ajmc k cfmkrs avkr bk gffkf krrkgfigkpkf. Bk àuwjc krgcci vcf mk bgkr oksiaap k wci kf arkfs af vcf ki sprk kfm warmkf bkr-ok`rug gf bk vkrora k cjp.

Ucf mk `gffkf`kàuwgfo vcf bk ar gs aa ugcsk 4 wkgfgo kruookvafmkf. JaokiĴ bkk bk

`cmokàuw ug mk kkrs k csk fao s kkms ok ufd-gafkkrm. Bk aa bugs wcs gf ajvcfo vkrmu`-

`kim, amc vaar ccf wkk ocikgkf fccs ki ccr apbk mraok afmkf warmkf ok rahkf. Ukrmkr Ĵf

kf kik wc krputkf ap bk gffkf krrkgf ccfok-ra kf mgk ug mk k csk uffkf s cjjkf.

Ok ugok mk bafmkrmkf rcojkf kf vcf bau kfkf bcrgfokf ug mk vu gfo vcf mk orcdb kf

wkrm aa gf mk k csk kkf mkki vcf mk rakpkf gfkf kf afmkrok`rcdb . Maar mk sikdb k dafskr-

vkrgfos aks cfm cf c kkf kkf sdbctgfo ok-jcc warmkf vcf mk ccf c kf bcrgfokf, jccrbk au uffkf occf aj a‗f mug kfm s u s,mgk `Ĵ mk af rugjgfo vcf mk viaa `csgs jcsscci



=>

Ĵf wkookoaagm. adb gs bk afmkf `ccr mc mksaimc kf gf mk k ok`gkmkf kf gf mg igjcc icfogf kf kf u kf bk``kf ok`gvchkkrm. Bk gs wccrsdbĴfiĴ kr mc mk afmgkpk ufmkrgfo (apmwcrsigookrs `Ĵvaar`kkim) vcf `crchkf vkr-mwkfkf gs cis okvaio vcf mk krasgk maar bk wc krug mk jgmmkikkuwkf.

A mk k icc s k csk aa kkf vkrmkmgom ùg kf kr-rkgf a cffkx bkk okbcm ùg kf bk ci okfakj-mk aas kiĴ k mkki, gs fgk mugmkiĴ . _ki Ĵf kf

ugmkf ùg kf mk vkrmkmgogfosorcdb kf kf kik wc krputkf okvafmkf. Ap bk `gffkf krrkgf icokkf kfarjk wc krpu gf mk ugmaas kiĴ k bakmgk wccrsdbĴfiĴ ci gf mk csk mccrvaar ufd g-afkkrmk, jccr mcf `gffkf mkcffkx. Ucfc mk k

4 x 4 jk kr ora k wc krpu igkp kkf 7; j icfokoaa , ok ufmkkrm maar sdbugf oks kimk pcikf.Bk vkrjakmkf `ks cc mc vcfug mk k wc krpusdbaaf wc kr gf mk rgdb gfo vcf mk gfs kk bcvkf

af warmkf okikgm, Ĵvaar`kkim vaar mk kvaar-rcmgfo vcf mk sdbkpkf. Bk wc kr ug mk bcvkf wcs k vkrvugim maar bk lcrkficfo mujpkf vcfsicdb c vci kf k kfsrks kf. Mg ìkk ug afmkr-

ak vcf apokorcvkf rks kf vcf vgsskf kf gk ki- wgkrkf ug orafmjafs krs.

Mk wc krputkf kfmkf wkk varjkf< vgkr cfkf rafm. Mgk rafmk varj wcs k mcf kf ccf gf-okorcvkf wĴfvc kf. Mk k sajs wkk jk kr baok

affkf wkrmkf, fcmc k wcrkf ikkookmraf kf,af mccf vcf buf mk ski kf àmkj. Fc bk orcvkf vcf kkf kkrs k afmgkpk ugi wkrm mk af apmk àmkj ok k . Mccrfc orak kkf saimcc vcfugmk af mk orafm mgrkd afmkr bk vc ug kf oaag-mk bk fccr àvkf. Fccrjc k bĴ jkkr orafm wkosdbkp k, c k bk vc . Kr wkrm gf bk mraokrk lccrok Ĵmk okorcvkf a afmkr bk fgvkcu wccrbk orafmwc kr ap wcj. \a au kr ci Ĵm wc kr

gf mk af s ccf. Cis bk wc krfgvkcu mgkp ico,mcf af kkf wkkmk vc ap bk afmkrs k warmkfok k . Aa Ĵf kr daj`gfc gks vcf kkf gfokorc- vkf vc jk mccràvkf kkf vgkr cf k apàuw vcf picf kf. _k u kf a‗f afpu fao kokf a-jkf afmkr mrcjc gsdbk ajs cfmgobkmkf.

MC]KPGFO UCF UKITKF 3Bak mc kkr lk bk `kogf vcf kkf Pajkgfsk fk-mkr ktgfo1 @Ĵ Ukiskf 3 gs mc ccfvcf kiĴ ok-

`kurm ap `csgs vcf mk juf kf, mgk gjjkrs Ĵf vaar gkf vcf fcjkf kf baa mkf vcf kg krs kfmccrmaar k appkikf ccf ug mk `raffkf `k kf-mk lccr c kf. Mgk juf kf, wccrjkk mk saimc kf wkrmkf ug `k ccim, wcrkf kkf fgkuw kfajkkfgf mk ajokvgfo. Mk Ergksk `kvai gfo kfmk okkfokimkdafajgk. \Ĵ rugimkf oakmkrkf, kf mk kf k-ik Hki gsdbk oaumkf juf mgk crdbkaiaokf bk`- `kf okvafmkf (`Ĵvaar`kkim gf Dcs rgduj-Aas-

krùur ) bcm kkrmkr kkf rg ukik `k k kfgs amgkfmk cis rkic gkoksdbkf .

Mk mc krgfo ap csgs vcf vafms kf, acisjuf kf, jk cci kf ccrmkwkr , ok appkim ccfmkfmradbrafaiaogsdbk mc krgfokf, kvks gokfmc mk `k ktgfo bgkr okikokrm gs okwkks usskf

3; kf 02 f.Dbr. Gf bgs argsdb pkrspkd gk gs mk `kogfmc uj k appkikf ccf mk ci okfakjmkwkkmk dcjpcofk fccr Okrjcfgè vcf Okrjc-

fgdus8 mk kgfmmc krgfo gs ok appkim ccf mk ap-s cfm vcf mk Ergk kf gf 02 f.Dbr.

Gf mk k rkic gk ar k Ĵm gs bk ar mus ok- àuwm çf wkkjcci orafmgo vkràuwm. Oks kimmc mk icc s k àuw csk c kkf gf bk mrcjc-

gsdbk lccr 02 bkk ok ufd gafkkrm, mcf faoĴf mk wkk baa màuw cskf jk ki wkk

su` cskf, kf kkf mrgk ci àuw cskf ccf mk bcvkfwkr kf gf bk ar k Ĵms`ks k vcf 34 lccrug okvakrm. Mc ok`kurmk fgk ajccr kf bkokk vaimakfmk rkmkf aj k spkduikrkf avkr mkccfikgmgfo bgkrvaar.

Okrjcfgdus‗ dcjpcofks muurmkf a 3? f.Dbr.,akf bĴ vcf Ĵf s gk vcmkr g`krgus bk kvkirkko mk cd gks c k `rk kf kf gdb gf Pajk k

jkimkf vaar mk ‒vkrpigdb vrĴwg gok‗ kok adb .Mc wgi fgk kookf mc mk `csgs k Ukiskf wkrm vkric kf. Mg `kwĴs mk vafms vcf bau mc gf

mk wgf kr vcf 0> ap 03 f.Dbr. wkrm ok cp vaarmk ap vcf mk wks pgkr, ççf vcf mk `kicforĴ -s k bcvkfwkr kf. Cfmkr `kwĴs aj vcf kkfmc krgfo vcf kkf pccr picf kf ug kkf ufmk-rgfos ugi vcf mk arkf mgrkd kf faarmkf vcfmk paar vcf csk 0`. Mk k picf kf s cjjkfrkspkd gkvkiĴ vcf 0;, 05 kf 02 f.Dbr. Mk icc -s k picf gs apjkr kiĴ ccfok gkf bĴ ug bk‒rcjplccr‗ vcf Ukiskf 3 mc kkr . BĴ au jk kkfc kricc s k àuw- a bkrs ki csk vcf vic vaarmk `kikokrgfo uffkf scjkfbcfokf.




=3

Bk vkràuwkf vcf kkf ar jk usskfpa kf vcf gk s jkkr mcf ks lccr gs avkrgokfs fgkufgk . Gf mk Pajkgfsk rgvgkrbcvkf `Ĵ bk Mug skBci krf-Ba ks ct ccf mk Igppk Ĵf jgfs kfs vgkr baa màuw cskf k afmkrsdbkgmkf, mgkdarrkspafmkrkf jk mk cd gvg kg kf gf bk fc`Ĵ-okikokf Bcup icokr . Mc ar Cigsa gs gf ok`rugokwkks vcf dc. 2 v.Dbr. a 7 f.Dbr., wc fkkr-

aj ap a‗f vgkr kf kkf wcr lccr pkr csk.Crdbkaiaokf Ĵf sfki okfkgom k mkf kf ccf vkr icrgfokf acis vkrvci vcf mk bau kf daf-s rud gks. Jccr jgssdbgkf gs kr gk s cfmkrs ccfmk bcfm, acis mk ajs vcf kkf fgkuwk kkfbkgmjk kkf fgkuwk dajjcfmcf , kkf vkrcfmkrgfogf bk okvccr vcf ùg kfc , mcf wki kkf vaar -sdbrĴmkfm s rc kogsdb gf gdb , a kkfvaumgowko

bk `k gobaumkf vcf mk rakpkf gf mk k ug bak vcf bk PĴ .

@K_AFKPT KF @[PKFBk Pajkgfsk ikokr wcs mk kkrs k rĴosjcdbmgk okarocfgskkrm wcs cis kkf jamkrf ikokr —a , igkvkr ok kom, mk jamkrfk ikokrs Ĵf gf mk vkr k c okikgm vcf bk Pajkgfsk. Mk gfmkigfo gfkkfbkmkf vcf vkrsdbg kfmk oraatk kf ufd gkbk``kf mk Pajkgfkf Ĵvaar`kkim ug okvafmkf.Mk oraa s k wcs bk ikogakf vcf a‗f ;>>> jcfs kr , okbcrmk `krakpssaimc kf mgk c kjcciPajkgfs ùrokr wcrkf kf gf mk Ĵm vcf Ukiskf 3fao ora kfmkkis ug bk Jgmmk cfmsk \kkok`gkm

wcjkf. Ikogakfkf wcrkf afmkrvkrmkkim gfdabar kf, jccr aa mk rakpkf mgk mk Pajkgfkf wgkrvkf afmkr mk vai krkf kf s cjjkf mgk kbcmmkf afmkrwarpkf, wkrmkf gf dabar kf okar-ocfgskkrm. Pug krkkfbkmkf wkrmkfcick okfakjm(‒vikuokis‗) kf aa mc wcrkf vcc buip rakpkf,okrk ru kkrm gf mk afmkrwarpkf ok`gkmkf. Fkcis mk ikogakfkf kf buip rakpkfdabar kf bcm-

mkf mgk cick kkf kgokf (`Ĵ)fccj kf fujjkr, mgk wkrmkf gfok rcs a apokvkr m ap c krikg ug rus-gfoss uhkf kf aa ctrgù kf. Mccrccf Ĵf k

fc ci mgk kkuwkf bkr kf`ccr vaar mk crdbkaiaao.

kfsiatk wcrkf kr mkdkf urgck vcf a‗f 2>jcf s kr , okdajjcfmkkrm maar kkf dkf u-rga, kkf affldgkr mgk bkkr kf jkks kr wcs avkr

Ĵf jcfsdbcppkf. Kkf dkf urgc gs fgk kgmkf gffidkrkf ccf mk bcfm vcf kkf `Ĵfccj afujjkr, jccr ccf mk fccj vcf mk dajjcf-

mkrkfmk dkf urga — mgk bkiccs fgk k bkrikgmkfgs a kkf ora krk kkfbkgm.

Gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf, okiĴ Ĵmgo a cdb krkkfvaiokfs, vkrsdbg kfmk kkfbkmkf okikokrm okwkks . _ki-

k mc wcrkf, wk kf wk (fao) fgk . Bk mgdb s - `Ĵ Ĵfmk ikogakf wcs bk UĴ mk ( Ikoga U Cicumck,mk ‒Ikkuwkrg kf‗) kf bk ico fk avkr mk bugmgokFkmkricfms-Mug sk orkfs gf Rcf kf. Jccr bgkrvcf, a vcf fcjkf vcf icokrk kkfbkmkf acisdabar kf, af `rkk vrĴwki gkmkr spaar. Mk kfg-ok ccfwĴ gfo mgk gf mk ùur aj , Ĵf mk ik -

krs DABX…Z gfok rcs ap mk wcfm vcf kkf cj-aar ug Ukiskf 3. Mk k s gs fc mk B c ok`ra kf,

mus ìĴ mk vrcco a bgkr kkf fujjkr a fccj vcf kkf dabar vaiomk, kf wki k mc wcs.

@avkf<

Ukiskf 3, wcfmsdbkrevcf kkf wglfcjeaar

jkt mkki vcf kkf

gfsdrgptgk< DAB... .

Eata PJA, Ikgmkf

Afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, wglfhrugh jkt

ap mk sdbaumkr mk

gfsdrgptgk< 6.BCMJG.

Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf

0 | UKITKF 3



=0

Kr Ĵf wki kf kik vkrjkimgfokf vcf kkf dkf u-rgc. Gf Ukiskf 3 gs kkf rcojkf vcf pccrmkf ugookvafmkf mc gf puf lks gfoksicokf iktkrs `k- vc <6 EGPJG EICUG. Mk6 (kkf ajok kkrmk D) ccfbk `kogf gs mk ccfmugmgfo vcf kkf dkf urgc.Mccrfc vaio mk fccj vcf mk dkf urga, kfk Egr-jus, kf kfsiatk vcf mkokfk ccf wgk bk ug rus-

gfoss u ak`kbaarmk< Eicvus, ‒Mk @iafm ap‗.Bk dajpik k apsdbrg iugm mus gf vkr cigfo<‒(kgokfmaj) vcf Eicvus, ug mk dkf urgc vcfEgrjus. Mk -g ccf bk kgfm gs mk wkkmk (`k g s)fccjvci vcf mk ug ocfo -us.

Avkrgokfs gs bk ypgsdb mc mg pccrmkf ugo vkrwĴs fccr kkf dkf urgc, mc kkf gf cf k-

rgk-kkfbkgm wcs. Jgssdbgkf wcs Eicvus kkfbgkr`Ĵ ccfoksia kf armaffcfs, mgk k pccrm `krgdb kf kf `kvkikf avkr`rcdb 1

Kr gs jkkr pccrmkf ugo okvafmkf gf Ukiskf 3,acis rgkjvkrmkikrs, ‒kgfm`ksico‗ wccrjkk kkf

rgkj wkrm c okwkr , kf mgvkrsk bcfokrs mgkcis vkrsgkrgfo ccf mk rgkjkf bgfokf. Aa Ĵfkr rcojkf kf vcf bk `ksico vcf crrkf. Kr wcs mus k kr jkkr mcf ççf rug kr gf bk cjpccfwk go.

Kkf wkkmk vaar`kkim jk kkf ccfmugmgfo vcfkkf dkf urgc s cc ap mk ùg vcf kkf wĴf-

rug . Mk k s gs fgk dajpikk , jccr iugm <6 ÂIGA.@PGX…Z. Mk fccj vcf mk kgokfccr vcf mk

rug kffkf wk fgk bkikjcci. Bk cf kfk

TDBPGE]@aamsdbcppkf wkrmkf ap pkrhcjkft, pcpyrus ae bautkf picfhlksoksdbrkvkf. Ciikkf vcf mk icctstk dctkoargk zglf gf Ukiskf rkstkf

okvafmkf. Mgt wcrkf zaokfccjmk wcstcekitlks ( tcùic dkrctck )vcf fccimbaut, wccr gf kkf vkrmgkpt vich kkf wcsiccolk wcs ccf-ok`rcdbt. Bgkrgf haf kkf àamsdbcp okhrcst warmkf, mgk fc ikzkfwkkr oicmokstrkhkf (kf za ugtokwgst) haf warmkf aj bkt picfhlkapfgkuw tk ok`rughkf. Tajs mruhtk mk sdbkrpk pkf ( stgius ) tk mgkpmaar mk wcsicco kf ìkke mk àamsdbcp zgdbt`ccr gf bkt baut kraf-mkr. Gf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 zglf stuhhkf vcf bautkf sdbrglepicfh- lks okvafmkf wccrgf vcco mk rkstkf vcf ikttkrs tk zgkf zglf . Bkiccsgs bkt fao fgkt okiuht aj kkf stuh tkhst tk rkdafstrukrkf. Mk ikttkrsvcf bkt dursgke oksdbrkvkf ictglf jgsskf mk mktcgis aj zk mccmwkr-hkiglh tk huffkf ikzkf. Bkt oras vcf mk tkhkfs `kstcct ugt fgkt vkki

jkkr mcf sdbugf okstkimk iglftlks.

Bautkf sdbrglepicfhlk okvafmkf gf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3. Ucco zglf mk

sparkf vcf gfokhrcstk ikttkrs gf dursgke Ictglf zgdbt`ccr. Eata PJA, Ikgmkf.

Igfhs< Ukiskf 3, okpufdtkkrmk gfsdrgptgk jkt 6. EGPJG.EICUG ap kkf stuh pccrmkftugo vcf `rafsìgh, Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

Pkdbts< Ukiskf 3, gfsdrgptgk vcf kkf saimcct mgk jaokiglh ugt mk stcm Pajk hwcj< Iudgus Dajgfgus. Eata G^^, Cjstkrmcj.




=4

Ukiskf 3, mk hap

_kstpgkr jkt kghkf

pcikf okhcpt gf mk

wgftkr vcf 03 f.Dbr.

Eata ^. Uafs.



==



=;

@rgtcfgdus a @rgocf gus Ĵf okwkks . Mk fccj vcf mk dkf urga gs avkrmugmkiĴ < âiga, wc kkfafok`rug kiĴ k spk gfo gs vcf mk c ks gfsok`rug kiĴ k Ic Ĵfsk fccj â ga (‒Mk Har k‗).Aa gs bgkr fgk mk ok`rug kiĴ k wkkmk fccjvci ok`rug .

Cfmkrk Pajkgfkf gf Ukiskf iĴ kf gdb k bk`- `kf okámkf gffidkkrm jk buf `Ĵfcjkf, aciskkf jgig cgr mgk MKR PG gf kkf oicmwcfmgok

rug rcs k. Mkx kr `k k kf fgk c kkf ‒rkdb s‗jccr aa ‒bcfmgo‗ gf bk Ic Ĵf. Jgssdbgkf wcsbĴ mk rg skiccr vcf mk kkfbkgm1

Mccrfccs gs kr kkf jgx vcfikogafcrgg kf cuxgig-crgg, a wki igkmkf mgk cis Pajkgfs ùrokr gf bk

ikogakf mgkfmkf, kf Ĵ mgk mk k s c us fao fgkbcmmkf kf mgkfs mkmkf gf mk buip rakpkf. Mkkkrs k orakp gs k bkr kffkf ccf bk ok`rug vcfmu``kik fcjkf, acis mk ùrokrs mgk vakrmkf.Kkf jaag vaar`kkim bgkrvcf gs I. DAJGFGUTafmkr ap mk àmkj vcf kkf aj. [g afmkr akfccr mk vkrsprkgmgfo vcf fcjkf ìĴ mc mk kIudgus Dajgfgus wki kkfs ug mk s cm Pajk

ki c ajs go au uffkf Ĵf. Kr gs fao kkfgfsdrgp gk ap kkf àrm mgk ug kkf vaarfccj kf

cjgigkfccj `ks cc . Mk k s iugm I.C^PX…Zk dajpik krkf a Iudgus Cprafgus. Fu gs mgk

fccj `k kfm ug kkf bgs argsdbk `raf ug mk ki -mk Ĵm< a bkktk mk dajjcfmcf vcf bk Pa-jkgfsk ikokr gf af k daf rkgkf. BĴ jak kr gf 02f.Dbr. ap ug rkhkf aj mk aps cfmgok Ergk kf

kruo k mrĴvkf. Mk k baok affldgkr ci fgk vcfmg saar kkfvaumgok àrmkf bk``kf okok kf, kf

kf wkkmk ci bĴ Ĵf fccj fgk krokfs gf bk`- `kf bakvkf rcsskf aj k arokf mc Ĵf spui-ikf fgk oklc wkrmkf. Mk fccjsavkrkkf ajs gsmus akvci. Mk ki mk fccj gs aa gfok rcs k-ruookvafmkf gf Bci krf (Mim) wccr kkf Pajkgfs

ar s afm. Jgssdbgkf wcs mk k kkfvaumgoksaimcc Cprafgus kkrs mccr okikokrm vaarmc bĴfccr Ukiskf wcj1

Kr Ĵf aa fcjkf mgk ap kkf Oc gsdbk aTpccfsk bkr ajs mugmkf. Bk gs fgk gf c k okvc kf mugmkiĴ — jccr wki wccrsdbĴfiĴ — mcgkjcfm jk kkf okic gfgskkrmk fccj acis Dki-

us, wgkfs fccj ap kkf àrm s cc , rkkms mk s c-us vcf Pajkgfs ùrokr `k c . Ucf kfk Dcmjus

gs wki k kr mc bĴ kkf Pajkgfs ùrokr wcs<

bĴ bcm mk rcfo vcfdkf urga, acis mk gfsdrgp gk6BCMJG ap kkf wĴf rug ccfokk . Mk iktkr B wkrm mks Ĵms wki ok`rug aj mk kki icf kf/ /, /o/ kf /db/ k sdbrĴvkf, wc kkf gf krksscf kccfwĴ gfo gs vaar mk ug sprcc vcf bk Ic Ĵf gfaf k daf rkgkf.

Kr Ĵf fcjkf wccrvcf mk sadgcik s c us fgkk kr gs. Afmkr mk àmkj vcf kkf aj s cc

GUIG, vkrwĴ kfm fccr Luigus. Jgssdbgkf gs bkkkf saimcc wccrvcf mk cjgigk kf Ĵmk vcf Luigus Dckscr bk ùrokrrkdb vkrwgkr kf mgkfsfccj gf krk bgkim. Gkjcfm mgk gf kkf àrm @C C UG rcs k aj ccf k mugmkf mc bk kgokfmaj vcf@c cvus wcs, ci wccrsdbĴfiĴ gf kkf kkfbkgm vcf @c cc sk buip rakpkf bk``kf okmgkfm. Fgk

c kkf mk fccj, jccr aa sdbkrvkf vcf ypgsdb‒@c cc s‗ ccrmkwkr `kvks gokf mk ccfwk gobkgm vcf @c cvkf a ap Ĵf jgfs kfgok rkic gk usskf Ukiskf 3 kf bk Jgmmkf-Fkmkricfmsk rgvgkrkfok- `gkm, bk krfok`gkm vcf mg ikokfmcrgsdbk vai .

Tajs okvkf fcjkf fgk s wkkr vcf mk sadgcikcdb krorafm, jccr kkrmkr gk s vcf mk ysgk vcfmk kgokfccr vcf kkf s u vcc wkr . Ap kkf ikgfk

aj gs CUPUT gfok rcs , ‒Mk T gkr‗. Fgk okbkkiafmkf `ccr gs mc bĴ mk s kr s k krki ug bk

ar wcs!

Kr gs wki oksuookrkkrm mc kr aa Ergksk jgig cg-rkf gf bk ar wcrkf, ajmc kr faoci wc ccrmkwkr gs okvafmkf mc gf mk ‒Ergksk‗ rcmg gk gs ok-jcc . Buf ccfwk gobkgm gs ug k siug kf fadbccf k afkf. Bk ccrmkwkr cf aa vgc ia cik pravgcfmkrgfo a `kics gfogffgfo gf bk ar

Ĵf `kicfm. Bk gs wki apjkr kiĴ mc gf Uki-skf 3 kkf baokr pkrdkf cok ccf gfbkkjs (Ergks)ccrmkwkr gs okvafmkf mcf gf cfmkrk ar kf. @Ĵkkf orafmgok vkrokiĴ gfo jk bk ki mk saar

ccrmkwkr ug mk ki mk Ĵm ug mk fc`ĴokikokfCsskfmkivkr âimkrs, gs okìk kf mc kr vaar mk patkf ug Ukiskf 3 kkf `kpccimk ku k iĴ k

Ĵf okjcc < bk Ĵf vaarci ora krk kxkjpic-rkf, mgk wccrsdbĴfiĴ vcfwkok buf vaiujkgf krksscf wcrkf. Bk ogfo mk Pajkgfkf vaarciaj mk gfbaum kf fgk aj mk pa , mgk fc bk ikokfgf mk bcvkf wkrm oksjk kf. Bk baok pkrdkf cokgfbkkjs ccrmkwkr au ap kkf jc k vcf c cf-

kiĴ bkgm vcf, kf k kr gf krcd gk jk , mk ia cikokjkkfsdbcp uffkf mugmkf. Bk pkrdkf cok

Igfhs àvkf<

Ukimtkhkfgfo vcf mk

akvkr vcf bkt Akr-GL

gf Ukiskf 3. ]khkfgfo

L-.J.C ._. Jarki.

Pkdbts àvkf<

Ukiskf 3, ap mk hap

vcf mk _kstpgkr gs

kkf rgktmkh àvkfap

twglokfpchhkttkf gfbkt vich ìaatokikom.


Pkdbts jgmmkf<

Ukiskf 3, maarsfkmk

maar bkt tchhkfpchhkt

gf mk hap vcf mk

_kstpgkr. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Igfhs jgmmkf<

Ukiskf 3, pccioctkf

vcf bkt mu``kik

àatbugs hajkf

tkvaarsdbglf gf bkt

vich, aporcvgfo 3727.

Eata G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

Igfhs afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, bautkf

tkftbcrgfo jkt

tkhkfgfo vcf bktzkiemk

kxkjpiccr vaar mk

dafskrvkrgfo.Mgc C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

Pkdbts afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, mk twkk

aumstk aatbugs

tglmkfs mk aporcvgfo.

Gf mk pccioctkf vcf bkt

twkkmk àatbugzkf zglf

lciafs okstahkf.

Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

0 | UKITKF 3



=5

gfbkkjs ccrmkwkr gf bk ic krk ar Ukiskf 0igo `kmugmkfm icokr, wc vkr iccrm cf warmkfug kkf cfmkrk vkrbaumgfo usskf mk Pajkgfkfkf mk Ergksk ajwafkfmkf fc bk lccr 02.

MK A^T]CFM KF MKTIGFOKPHAOKITBk wcj ci kkf pccr kkr kkrmkr kr sprc k<02, bk maar cdg us avkrokikvkrmk lccr ci wccr-gf mk Ergk kf gf aps cfm wcjkf kf — fccr c k wccrsdbĴf iĴ bkgm — kkf kgfmk jcc kf ccf mk `k ktgfo vcf Ukiskf 3.

Mk ccfikgmgfo vaar mk aps cfm au kkf k baaoapoksdbrak mk `kics gfomru Ĵf okwkks 8

ci bcfs, mc gs wc cdg us vkik mkdkffgc ic-kr `kwkkrmk ( gk cmkr p. ;=). BĴ `ksdbrĴmccrfc mk `kikokrgfo vcf kkf ar mc Eikvuj warm okfakjm, kkf fccj mgk wk kffkf ugoksdbrg kf vcf mk okaorcc ^ajpafgus Jkic

mgk vcf kkf ‒jkkr Eikva‗ kf kkf okiĴ fcjgokgicfm rkp . ‒Eikva‗ gs kkf vkr kkrm `korkpkf vĴ mk fccjvci vcf Eikvuj, kkf waarm mc wkbkr kffkf gf bk Fkmkricfmskviakgkf, bk ap-afgkj Uigk, kf jaokiĴ ki s vkr`cs krm gf mk picc sfcjkf Ekigsafkf Ukiskf.

@kics gfo a fgk , mk s rĴm rafm cdg us‗ ar ggf avkrkkfs kjjgfo jk kkf rkk s crdbkaia-ogsdbk vafms kf, mgk jkkr igdb wkrpkf ap mgkafokwafk sg uc gk. kf kkrs k Ĵf mccr mk jkkrmcf ;0> iamkf sigfokr aokis. Mgk Ĵf maar mkPajkgfkf ok`rug aj gdb (Ergksk) ccfvc krs vcf bk iĴ k baumkf. Ap `csgs vcf mk vkrsprkg-mgfo vcf mk vkrsdbg kfmk ypkf gs kkf vkriaap vcf mk s rĴm okrkdafs rukkrm, kkf vcf mk wkg-

fgok okikokfbkmkf wccr`Ĵ wk kkf okvkdb ugmk aumbkgm ‒ap mk vak ‗ uffkf vaiokf.

Mk sigfokr aokis vcf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf gf wkk orakpkf k vkrmkikf< okoa kf iamkf aokis kf jk

Ukiskf 3, avkrzgdbt vcf

iamkf sigfokrhaokis.

Mgc ^. Uafs.




=?

mk bcfm okvarjmk aokis vcf ok`chkf ikg. Mgk iamkf sigfokr aokis Ĵf wkkr gf vĴ ypkf afmkrvkrmkkim, ok`cskkrm ap kfkr Ĵms mk bakvkkibkgm

Ĵm mgk famgo gs vaar bk c wkr kf vcf mk aoki kf cfmkr Ĵms ap bk ok-jgmmkimk okwgdb .

Bk ypk ; gs mk ‒s cfmccrm‗ iamkf sigfokr aoki acis mk k vcf vkik vgfmpicc skf `k kfm gs. \k wkrmkf okoa kf gf jc kf vcf ccrmkwkr kf bk``kfkkf cjcfmkivarj. Haokis vcf bk ypk = `kfcmkrkf mk cjcfmkivarj vcf

ypk ;. \k Ĵf kdb kr a mk k varj ok`rcdb maar bcjkrkf kf fgk maarogk kf gf kkf jci.

Mk aokis vcf bk ypk 4 Ĵf vaar mk bki c okwkr . Ccf mk k aokis gs kgkf mc k okoa kf Ĵf gf kkf oc mc gf bk cfm gs oks a kf jk mk puf

vcf kkf s a . Mc wĴs mus ci ap gjpravgsc gk kf bccs wkr . Mk aokis vcfbk ypk 0 bk``kf kkf dafgsdbk varj kf kffkf okkf vkrmkrk c wkr gfo.Bk icc s k ypk (3) bkk mk varj vcf kkf vgfokr ap. Bgkr`Ĵ Ĵf ççf a

jkkr vgfokrs kokiĴ ok`rug aj kkf (skrgk) oc (kf) gf bk cfm k jc kf.[g kxpkrgjkf kf gs ok`ik kf mc mk mugj fgk gs ok`rug . Mg ikvkr fc-jkiĴ `rkmk aokis ap, kkf varj mgk gf Ukiskf fgk gs okvafmkf.

Mk dafdkf rc gks vcf aokis icokf vaarci gf bk wks kiĴ k mkki (wccr Ĵ-mkfs mk wkkmk csk mk cffkx a bk wkr ok`gkm ico, kf wccr ic kr mk mkrmk

csk au vkrrĴ kf) kf mcf vaarci gf mk afks vcfc bk wc kr a mk wci kfmk gfs kk bcvkf kf ap bk icfm gf mk ugmwks kiĴ k bak . Mg suookrkkrmc mk k aokis Ĵf okwarpkf aj kkf ccfvci c k siccf vcf vĴcfmkfmgk mk wks kiĴ k akocfospaar vcf bk ar `ks arjmkf. @iĴ `ccr wkrmmg mkki vcf bk krrkgf afvaimakfmk vkrmkmgom kf af bk warmkf gfok-fajkf, wcf mk aokis vcf ypk = a kf jk 0 iĴ kf s kkms mgdb kr bk

ar k fcmkrkf, krwĴi ypk 3 ap kfgok c s cfm wkrm okvafmkf. [g bk

Igfhs<

Ukiskf 3, mk mkrmk ecsk vcf mk cc fvci vcf mk

Ergkzkf gf 02 f.Dbr., vkrsprkgmgfo vcf mk typk 0

sigfokrhaokis. ]khkfgfo fccr L.-J.C._. Jarki.

Pkdbts<

Ukiskf 3, twkk iamkf sigfokrhaokis typk 3 aewki

mk vgfokrtappkf. Ap mk `avkfstk gs mugmkiglh mk

fcokirgkj zgdbt`ccr . Mgc C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

0 | UKITKF 3



=2

vkrsprkgmgfospc raaf vcf mk c afmkriĴ kypkf iĴ kf mk ypks ; /j 0 bk ar s kkms

mgdb kr k fcmkrkf, kf lugs mk sfkis okjcc kaokis igookf wkkr gk s vkrmkr wko. Bgkrgf gs mk

oai kwkogfo bkr kfm vcf kkf ccfvci kf k-ruo adb vcf mk Ergk kf. \k rĴokf aokis vcfs kkms jgfmkrk wcig kg aj buf arkf.

Cis wk mk vkrsprkgmgfo vcf mk vkrsdbg kfmk saar-kf aokis k Ĵ kf, gkf wk bak mk s rĴm vkrigkp,

ci jak kf wk kr`Ĵ kmkf kf mc kr, krwĴi mksigfokrccrs buf pralkd gkikf ias kf, aa wkrm ok-s rkmkf jk spkrkf kf wccrmkf. Mgk okvkdb kf

Ĵf kdb kr crdbkaiaogsdb fgk k rcdkrkf.

Mk `ks k aokis, mgk vcf ypk ; kf =, Ĵf apok-

orcvkf gf bk faarmwks kf kf ugmaas kf vcfbk ar , wc suookrkkr mc mccr wkk orakpkfkokfs cfmkrs kokiĴ kr Ĵm mk ccfvci gf ktkf.

Gf bk ugmaas kf vgfmkf wk fgk s cfmkrs mcf mk `ks k aokis, amc wk jaokf ccffkjkf mc mkmrgkmu``kik orcdb kf mk ccrmkf wci mccr mk ccfvci `rc . Ccf mk cfmkrk Ĵmk bcmmkf mk Ergk kfjkkr suddks. \k mrafokf vgc mk akvkr mk wks k-iĴ k cffkx vcf csk 0 `gffkf kf bgkimkf mccr aicfo s cfm mc mk Pajkgfkf maar buf vaarrccmkkrs k ics sigfokr aokis bkkf rcc kf. Jk af-okbcjkrmk aokis, kf fc uuriĴ aa jk cfmkrk wcpkfs, vkrmrkvkf mk Pajkgfkf ug kgfmkiĴ mkErgk kf aa ug mg mkki vcf bk cjp.

Mk s rĴm cf fgk icfo bk``kf okmuurm, wcf mkPajkgfkf sprc kf buf icc s k vaarrccm aokisfgk ccf. \k wcrkf vcs k go mk rks gf mk faarmwks kiĴ k juur k rkpcrkrkf, akf mk mkrmkccfvci koaf< kkf fgkuwk orakp Ergk kf wcjavkr bk wc kr kf wkrm af bccim ap kkf rkokf vcf

wkkmk ics sigfokrs kfkf. akf mgk ap wcrkf,wcjkf mk ‒faam aokis‗ vcf bk ypk 3 ccf mk

`kur . Mk Ergk kf wkrmkf aa mg kkr vkrmrkvkf.

Mk icc s k wkk vafms orakpkf bk``kf mkkis faojk mk s rĴm, jccr aa jk mk fcsikkp k jc kf.Jkfgokkf sfkuvkimk gf mk s rĴm, ok ugok bkjkfskiĴ `a jc krgcci usskf mk vafms kf< `a -

kf, jccr aa dajpik k sdbkmkis. Igdbcjkf wc-jkf gf bk wc kr krkdb kf vgkikf vkrvaiokfsicfo ccj ug ki ccr. Ap `csgs vcf mk okvafmkfsdbkmkis occ bk jgfs kfs aj vĴ gfmgvgmukf.

Ukiskf 3, typaiaogk

vcf mk iamkf

sigfokrhaoki. ]khkfgfo

L.-J.C._. Jarki.




=7

Kkf pccr sicdb a krs wcjkf wki ap kkf bkki `Ĵ afmkrk jcfgkr — kf dajpikk — gf mk à-mkj krkdb . Buf rks kf wkrmkf okvafmkf gf wc krputkf. Mc bcm kkf wkkikmgo maki. Kkf `korc kfgs kf bk vkrog gokf vcf mk `raf8 vaarmc maki wcs aa kkf bci pccrm ok`rug mc gfmk oraa s k wc krpu vcf bk ar wcs okmujp .Gf kkf cfmkrk pu wcs kkf jcf jk kkf mkki vcf

Ĵf wcpkfrus gfo c ok af kf, kf gf kkf mkrmkicokf wkk jcffkf. Mk igdbcjkf wcrkf c ok-mk jk kkf sdbugf gf mk pu oks a kf s a ,jccis kkf rcojkf kf kf auwjc krgcci. \a wkrm vaar ajkf mc k àvkf wcjkf mrĴvkf.

Mk kkrs k jcf wcs, ok gkf Ĵf ug rus gfo, mug-mkiĴ kkf Pajkgfs jgig cgr, jk kkf vaar mgk

Ĵm apvc kfmk ikfo k vcf 3,7> j kf kkf mccr-kf kokf apjkr kiĴ ikgfk sdbakfjcc 47. Ucfbkj gs gf gkmkr okvci ççf sdbakf kruo okvaf-mkf, vcf mk cfmkrk rkstk c kkf fao kkf bcfmvaispĴ kr lks mgk afmkr mk aai bcmmkf ok k kf ajsiĴ cok kokf k occf. BĴ wcs raùus okàuwm,kf mk àtkf vcf Ĵf rkdb krcrj aafmkf vkr-orakggfokf mgk mugmmkf ap wccr wkr . Mk jcfbcm kkf ora k sdbkur gf Ĵf sdbkmki , okvaio vcfkkf icp mgk bkki oakm mamkiĴ cf Ĵf okwkks .

BĴ bcm Ĵf jgig cgrk rgkj (dgfouiuj) jk vkr-givkrmk `ksicopic kf aj, wccrccf Ĵf mai

( puoga) gf rĴ vkrsgkrmk sdbkmk bgfo. BĴ mrako

kkf ora k jcf kispkim kf aj Ĵf vgfokr c faokkf rgfo jk kokis kkf, wccrap mk c kkimgfo vcf mk oamgf Pajc.

Mk wkk jcffkf ug kkf cfmkrk wc krpu bcm-mkf vkrsdbg kfmk ikvkfs okikgm. Mk ççf wcs kkf lafok vkf vcf 0>-4> lccr aum. Mk cfmkr jakkkf lccr a gkf aumkr Ĵf okwkks . BĴ bcm gfgkmkr okvci kkf `kmugmkfm sikdb kr ok`g mcf

Ĵf ia okfaa 8 Ĵmkfs Ĵf ikvkf bcm bĴ ci vrĴ- wki c k gk kf ug Ĵf afmkr cc kf ççf ug mk àvkf cc vkriarkf. Mk okbkkimk cc aaf ccfmc bĴ bk ug vc kf a ugtrkhkf vcf mk gk kfrugjsdbaa s bkk avkrikk m. Ap buf s kiktkf

Ĵf okkf wcrk vkrwafmgfokf ccfok ra kf,ci bcfs fgk acis Ĵ mk saia`korcvgfo. Kkf

c kigo mk cgi varjkf mk vrcc sparkf mgk Ĵfccfok ra kf ap mk à lks vcf mk vgfokrs kf k-fkf, kkf ccfwĴ gfo mc mk igdbcjkf fgk mgrkdgf mk wc krpu Ĵf okikom.

Mk jcffkf bcmmkf wccrsdbĴfiĴ kkf jcf kia bcismak aj, ccfok gkf gf mk wc krpu aa

wkk jcf kispkimkf Ĵf okvafmkf. Ukrmkr bcm-mkf k okkf wcpkfs a cfmkrk ug rus gfos u -

kf `Ĵ gdb akf k gf mk pu wkrmkf okoaagm.@Ĵ buf rks kf gs wki kkf fcokfako afok`rug kjuf , kkf cs vcf kg kr g`krgus, okvafmkf.Mk k pcs quc mc krgfo pkr kd `gffkf bk ok-fakjmk lccr vcf mk aps cfm< bk lccr 02.

Igfhs<

Ukiskf 3, sdbkmki vcf

mk jcf ugt wctkrput 0.


Pkdbts<

Ukiskf 3, rkdafstrudtgk

vcf mk maih ugt

wctkrput 0. ]khkfgfoL.-J.C._. Jarki.

0 | UKITKF 30 | UKITKF 3



;>

Mk Ergkzkf hrglokf mk vaiik icco tglmkfs buf

`kstarjgfo vcf Dcstkiiuj Eikvuj gf 02 f.Dbr.

]khkfgfo H. _gisaf



;3



;0

Mc mk Pajkgfkf mccrfc fgk vcf gfs wcrkf icfokr k ìĴvkf, ìĴug mk jcc rkokikf mgk wkrmkf okfajkf aj bk ar k af jcf kikfkf af`kwaaf`ccr cdb kr k ic kf. _k gdb bgfo mg aa scjkf jk mkafjcdb vcf mk Pajkgfkf aj kkf k kd gkvk vkrokimgfoscd gk ug k vak-rkf. Mk Ergk kf bk``kf k kr fgk okwaffkf gf Eikvuj. Cis mc au Ĵfok`kurm, mcf au cdg us mg k kr bk``kf vkrjkim. Mc pcs k fcjkiĴ prkdgks gf Ĵf paig gk k s rcc lk. Bk vkrog gokf vcf wc krputkf au àvkfmgkf fgk gf bk `kicfo Ĵf vcf mk Ergk kf. \k bcmmkf gj jkrs kkfdicgj ap bk icfm, wccravkr ic kr jkkr.

UKITKF 3 FC 02 _c kr prkdgks gs ok kurm mgrkd fc bk okvkdb , gs fgk bkikjcci mugmkiĴ wki, mc mk Pajkgfkf fgk icfo mccrfc mk iadc gk apocvkf.\k kkrmkf kdb kr fc vkriaap vcf Ĵm kruo, ci wcs mc vaar ar k Ĵm. Mc

cf warmkf c okikgm ug bk kg mc mk oraa s k wc krpu gs bkrs kim

bau mc gf 4? f.Dbr. gs ok cp . Mg wgi fgk mgrkd kookf mc mk ccfpcsgf mc lccr 4? gs ug okvakrm< kkrmkr cf fgk , jccr gk s ic kr cf wki. Kr wcmus kfgok Ĵm vkrs rk kf fc mk ‒Tico aj Eikvuj‗, jaokiĴ ki s avkki

Ĵm mc fgk jkkr k kfm wcs mc mk k pu vkraf rkgfgom wcs maar kkfmaam pccrm, wccrvcf bk vkrog gokfm k kd fc avkki lccr aa fgk jkkr

k jkr kf wcs. _k gdb gs mk okfakjmk wc krpu okrkpcrkkrm maar wcr-gkrjc krs. Mk ku k gs okjcc mk vaarjcigok `csgs vcf Ukiskf 3 fgk k

bkràuwkf, jccr lugs ora kfmkkis c k rk kf kf kbakvk vcf mk fgkuwkar iadc gk, dgrdc 5>> jk kr fccr bk wks kf.

@avkf<

Ukiskf 3, ^ravgmkftgc

juft oksicokf tglmkfs

Hkgzkr ]g`krgus

tusskf 00 kf 4>

f.Dbr., okvafmkf gf mkwctkrput jkt mk twkk

jcffkf. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

Afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, sdbkmkis

vcf mk twkk jcffkf

scjkf `korcvkf gf kkf

wctkrput.

Eata C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.




;4

Mk àuwcd gvg kg kf ug mk k pkrgamk barkf `Ĵ mk vaar`krkgmgfokf ap mk vkravkrgfo vcf @rgtcf-fgè, wccr ak kg kr Dcigouic (mgk rkokkrmk usskf 4? kf =3 f.Dbr.) bk gfg gc gk bcm okfajkf. Icfosmk PĴf vkrrk kf mgvkrsk fgkuwk csks, acis kkfdcs k uj Ĵ Uci kfùro gf 47, kf ap ks ccfmk picc skf wkrmkf vkràuwgfokf okpikkom ajora k ccf c kf rakpkf kf jc krgkki k uffkfbkr`krokf. Mk cd gks mgk mk Pajkgfkf gf mk k lcrkf gf fao faarmkiĴ kr s rk kf afmkrfcjkf,jak kf aa gf mg cmkr warmkf `k gkf. Mc mk vkimbkrkf Oc gfgus gf =3 kf Darùia gf =? fccrbk faarmkf vcf Okrjcfgè rahkf aj mk Dbcu-

kf k ks rĴmkf, mgkfmk aj mk faarmkiĴ k ffcf vcf bk ikokr `Ĵ mk avkrs kk avkr Bk Hcfcci k vrĴwcrkf vcf afokwkfs k ccfvc kf vcf pgrc kf.

Fgk c kkf wkrmkf mk Dbcu kf gf buf kgokf icfm vcs ok k , aa mk Ergk kf wkrmkf kf pcsscf wkkr‒gf bk ocrkki‗ okbaipkf. Mk k bgs argsdbk vkrjki-mgfo avkr mk afmkrwkrpgfo vcf mk Ergk kf pikgkrvaar mc Ukiskf 3 fc bk lccr 02 fgk icfomurgo gsok`rug . Cfmkrs au mk sg uc gk k kr kkrmkr Ĵf‒rkdb ok k ‗, a bk jak gf a ar fc 4? ci Ĵfccfokvcfokf kf bkk cdg us bk okjc sbcivkccf mk cd gk vcf Oc`gfgus ok appkim.

@gl bkt vkrtrkh vcf mkPajkgfkf wkrmkf fgkt ciikkfmk vkrmkmgogfoswkrhkf vcfbkt eart orafmgo oksiaapt,

jccr aah mk bcvkfwkrhkfaf`rugh`ccr okjccht. \avkkijaokiglh pcikf wkrmkf ugtok-trahhkf. [gt mk pgkrkf wkrmkfsystkjctgsdb mkikf wkook-`rahkf. Kkf ccftci vcf mk ugt-oktrahhkf pcikf ìkke ap mkàmkj vcf bkt Akr-GL cdbtkr.Ukrmkr gs kr kkf `rcfmiccovcf lfk bautshaaiharrkisgf mk bcvkf okvafmkf mgk

mk aporcvkrs, vcfwkok bktugtkriglh, mk ‒ha kmgh-icco‗maaptkf. _ccrsdbglfiglh gs kkforaat mkki, za fgkt bkt okbkikbautkf eart ceok`rcfm.

Mkzk cdtgks zuiikf tkf kkrstkkkf afvkrmkmgo`crk picctsbk``kf apokikvkrm kf tkf

twkkmk kkf `kicforglhkbakvkkibkgm auwbaut vaarUkiskf 0. Bkt gs fcjkiglh kkfccftrkhhkiglhk okmcdbtk mct

bkt eart fgkt mk fgtgke wkrmoksiaapt takf bkt ocrfg-zakf vkrtrah, jccr pcs takfUkiskf 0 wkrm okàuwm. Mgtvkrafmkrstkit mct kr wkgfgotglm gs vkrstrkhkf tusskf bktjajkft wccrap Ukiskf 3wkrm aftrugjm kf Ukiskf0 wkrm okàuwm. Jccr cis,zacis tat vaar hart wkrmccfokfajkf, bkt kkrstk eart

gf ae hart fc 02 gs aftrugjmkf bkt twkkmk fc 4? gsokàuwm, mcf zci fgkt ci bktbaut apfgkuw `rugh`ccr zglfokwkkst fc fkokf lccr gfwkkr kf wgfm (ae gf bkt wctkr)igookf. Mk vrcco gs wct mkcrdbkaiaogsdbk kwglzkfmccravkr zkookf.

Igfhs<

Ukiskf 3, rkdafstrudtgk

vcf mk apàuw vcf

wctkrput 3 gf kkf

daj`gfctgk vcf kkfceokmcfht wglfvct kf

kkf dcrrç vcf picfhkf.

]khkfgfo K.I.

Tdbgjjkr.

Pkdbts<

Ukiskf 3, mkkis

ugtokorcvkf wglftaf

bkrok`rught cis

wctkrput . Mgc ^. Uafs.

0 | UKITKF 3



;=

Gs Ukiskf 3 bkt Dcstkiiuj Eikvuj wccravkr mk oksdbgkm-

sdbrglvkr ]cdgtus kkf icfo vkrbcci avkr bkket okfatkkrm1Bkikjcci zkhkr wktkf zuiikf wk bkt faagt, tkfzgl aagttkr picctsk kkf gfsdrgptgk warmt okvafmkf jkt mk fccjEikvuj. Gftusskf warmt bkt ap oakmk crdbkaiaogsdbkorafmkf ciokjkkf ccfokfajkf. Gf gkmkr okvci wcrkfmk ok`kurtkfgsskf vcf bkt lccr 02 gf mkzk ugtbakh vcfbkt Pajkgfsk Pglh `kicforglh okfako vaar bkj aj zk,wkigswccr kfhkik mkdkffgc ictkr, gf zglf Cffcikf ap tk fk-jkf. Ercojkftkf ugt zglf rkiccs zglf bgkrafmkr gf vkrtcigfotakokvakom.

Kkrst mk ccfikgmgfo<Gf bktzkiemk lccr ( 02) vkr`rchkf mk Ergkzkf (…) mk vrk-mks`cfmkf, fgkt zazkkr ajmct zk afs fgkt icfokr wgimkfokbaarzcjkf cis wki ajmct zk okfako bcmmkf vcf afzkgfbcigobkgm. ( Ukimbkkr) Mrusus bcm buf kkf sdbcttgfoapokikom mgk fgkt ci tk baao wcs. (…) \k jakstkf hakgkf-bugmkf ikvkrkf vaar jgigtcgrk makikgfmkf. Fgkjcfm bcm krkdbt oakm ap okikt bak stkvgo kf oraat mgk bugmkf jaks-tkf zglf, tatmct Aikffgus, kkf dkfturga vcf mk kkrstk rcfomgk `kicst wcs jkt bkt takzgdbt ap mk Ergkzkf, mk bugmvcf kkf akras bcm ccfokwkzkf cis mk farj wccrccf zk zgdb jakstkf baumkf. Ccf mgk kgs , mgk aah vaar cfmkrkstcjjkf zwccr zau zglf okwkkst, hafmkf mk Okrjcfkffao jakgiglhkr vaimakf (…) ,

Mk Ergkzkf makf buf `kst, aj ccf mk kgskf tk vaimakf,jccr zk vakikf zgdb tk zwccr `k icst kf mk Pajkgfkfokvkf fgkt tak. Mcf sicct mk vicj gf mk pcf<Mk saimctkf mgk tkr picctsk jkt mk gffgfo `kicst wcrkf ,wkrmkf okorkpkf kf ccf bkt hrugs okfcokim. Aikffguswgst maar gligfos tk viudbtkf ccf buf corkssgk tk aftsfcp- pkf kf zgdb gf vkgigobkgm tk `rkfokf gf kkf eart okfccjmEikvuj. Mccr `kwcchtk kkf fgkt afccfzgkfiglhk trakpkf-

jcdbt `kstccfmk ugt Pajkgfkf kf pravgfdgk`kwafkrs mkhustkf vcf mk Adkccf.

Mk apstcfm warmt okrcppartkkrm ccf mk oauvkrfkurvcf Fkmkr-Okrjcfgè, Cprafgus, mgk trakpkf fccr Eikvujstuurt. Mgk hajkf ccf cis mk Ergkzkf bkt `kiko ci bk``kfapok`rahkf. Mccrfc aftstcct cisfao kkf vkrwcrmk strglm,wccrgf `kgmk pcrtglkf cewgsskikfm suddks àkhkf.

Mk saimctkf vcf bkt Uglemk Ikogakf ruhtkf gligfos ap,

vaar mk cfmkrkf ugt, kf fc bkvgok strglm mrkvkf zk mkvglcfm ap mk viudbt (…). Jccr mk ccfvakrmkr vcf mkPajkgfkf ogfo fgkt avkr tat kkf vkrokimgfoscdtgk,fadb aah igkt bgl mk oksfkuvkimkf `korcvkf, bakwkikkf oraat ccftci dajjcfmcftkf vcf mk gfecftkrgkkf mk rugtkrgl kf vkki prajgfkftk dkfturga‗s aj bktikvkf wcrkf okhajkf. Hart mccrfc vkrfcj jkf vcfavkriapkrs mct 7>> Pajkgfkf mgk fao tat mk vaiokf-mk mco bcmmkf maarokvadbtkf, wcrkf ceokjccht gfwct zgl fakjmkf bkt bkgigok waum vcf @cmubkffc, kfmct kkf cfmkrk orakp vcf =>> jcf bkt icfmoakm vcf

Druptargx, ( kkf Ergks ) mgk vrakokr gf bkt Pajkgfskikokr bcm okmgkfm, bcm `kzkt kf mct zk mccr ugt vrkksvaar vkrrccm kihccr aj bkt ikvkf bcmmkf ok`rcdbt.

Bak oraat bkt tatcik ccftci mamkf kf okwafmkf ccfErgksk kf Pajkgfsk hcft, icct stccf bkt tatcci ccftcistrglmkrs ccf `kgmk zglmkf, gs ugt mkzk tkhst fgkt ap tkjchkf. Jccr ]cdgtus prkskftkkrt bkt cis kkf gfhkstrglm, mgk afs mugmkiglh jccht mct mk ccfwkzgobkgmvcf mk Pajkgfkf mk Ergkzkf kkf maarf gf bkt aaowcs. Fkt cis gf bkt okvci vcf mk `keccjmk ‒Ucrussico‗gf bkt ]kutaùrokrwaum, `glfc twgftgo lccr kkrmkr,bk``kf mk Ergkzkf bkt icfmsdbcp, mk jakrcsskf kfàsskf ok`rught aj mk Pajkgfsk jgigtcgrk suprkjc-tgk tk `rkhkf, zk ugt kihccr tk spkikf kf ap mgk wglzktcdtgsdb gf bkt fcmkki tk `rkfokf.

]cdgtus suookrkkrt mct mk Pajkgfsk avkrbkkrsgfovcf mk faarmkiglhk stcjjkf kkf c`rupt kgfmk hrkko.‒Ucfce takf‗, za rafmt bgl ce, ‒stafmkf mk Ergkzkf baaoccfoksdbrkvkf `gl mk Okrjcfkf‗. Jccr wccraj wc -rkf mk Pajkgfkf mcf `gffkf hartk tglm ciwkkr tkruogf Ukiskf1 Pajk iglht mk rkogk baaougt tglmkiglh hwglt tk

zglf okwkkst. Jgssdbgkf gs bkt ciikjcci jkkokvciikf.Bkt gs ùgtkfokwaaf erustrkrkfm mct ]cdgtus‗ Cffcikf ,afzk vaarfccjstk raf, vaar mk lcrkf 4?-=? f.Dbr.kkf oct vkrtaaft, wccrmaar wk ugt mkzk `kicforglhk`raf fgkts wktkf vcf kkf kvkftukki bkrstki vcf bktPajkgfsk okzco gf bkt Ergksk ok`gkm kf mk kvkftukiktkruohkkr vcf bkt Pajkgfsk ikokr fccr Eikvuj.


BK] KGFMK UCF UKITKF3 < BK] BGT]APGTDB UKPTICO



;;

Ukiskf 3, zkvkf vcf orafm ap zakh fccr hikgf vafmstjctkrgcci. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Ukiskf 3, aporcvgfo gf bkt dcrrç vcf wctkrput ; . Mgc ^. Uafs.



;?

;.

5.

2. 7.

?.



;2;2



;7

Ukiskf 0

;7

4Mk aftmkhgfo.

Gf bk wkkmk aariaoslccr 37=3 ico kr kkf oraa oc kf zugmkf vcf bk Faarmzkk cfcci< mk ccfzk a mk Ukiskr-

uffki, mgk ci vôôr 37=> wcs okpicfm.Ucfwkok mk aariao wkrm bkt wkrh stgiokikom, jccr bkt orccewkrhstaptk fgkt bkikjcci< kr pci fccst igktkf mk Mugtskrs kkf cftgtcfh-orcdbt orcvkf, kkf afmkrmkki vcf mk icfmgfwccrtsk vkrmkmgogfo vcfbuf Ekstufo GLjugmkf . Hart fc mk `kvrglmgfo varjmk mgt kkf gmkccispkkitkrrkgf, wccr gftkrksscftk mgfokf apokrccpt hafmkf warmkf.Kçf vcf mk `kzakhkrs wcs kkf sdbaigkr mgk jkt mk okvafmkfccrmkwkrh sdbkrelks fccr zglf tkhkfikrccr ogfo, B.L. Dcihakf, mgk krookáftkrksskkrm wcs gf crdbkaiaogk. Mct bgl kr aah gkts vcf ce wgst,`iglht ugt mk kftbausgcstk rkcdtgks takf bgl mk Pajkgfsk varjkf bkr-

hkfmk< fgkuwsogkrgo okwarmkf ogfo bgl jkk fccr mk vgfmpiccts kfrccptk mccr kkf `amkj vcf kkf Pajkgfsk haj ap jkt mccrgf bktstkjpki GFOKFUG.



5>

Mk k sdbkr `kkimmk bĴ ar mccrfc c gf kkf `rgk ccf C.K. vcf Og kf, baaoikrccr crdbka-iaogk ccf mk Orafgfosk PĴ sufgvkrsg kg . UcfOg kf, gf mgk Ĵm mk afok raafmk afgfo vcf mkFkmkricfmsk aumbkgm ufmk, kf mgkfs akfjc-igok cssgs kf _. Oics`krokf wcrkf avkrrajpkimkf wgimkf a sfki jaokiĴ mk pik `k ak kf.Dci akf sdbrkk jk kkf kruo mc mc `ks af,jccr mc bĴ mcf wki jkk jaks aj mk lugs k wko k wĴ kf ccfok gkf kr fao s kkms okvccr wcs vcfwkok icfmjĴfkf.

Mk jcffkf jcc kf kr pikhk kkf picf vaarkkf aporcvgfo gf 37=?, mgk kdb kr faag au picc svgfmkf. Ucf Og kf rkko bk k mru jkkkf cfmkrk Pajkgfsk vgfmpicc s< Ukdb kf `Ĵ

@uffg gf [ rkdb . Ucf Og kf kf Oics`krokf pu- ìgdkkrmkf wki sfki buf `kvgfmgfokf kf gf krprk c gk vcf bk Ukiskfsk jc krgcci gf mk wkkmkcrdbkaiaogsdbk rafgk gf bk ìcmi‗Cf gqug çDicssgquk. \k vkrjakmmkf mc Dci akfs ikkrigfo

Ĵf vafms kf bcm okmccf ap kkf Pajkgfs jgig-cgr cjp ug mk pkrgamk usskf => kf ;> f.Dbr.

Oics`krokf bkk ci Ĵm vaiokbaumkf mc bĴ ciskkrs k avkr mk k vafms kf puìgdkkrmk. adb gsgkjcfm bkf vôôr okwkks . Gf mk kkrs k rafgk vcf mc ki mk Ĵmsdbrg bcm mk rkmcd gk gf kkf

ar k faa ci jkimgfo okjcc vcf mk apjkr-kiĴ k vafms `Ĵ Ukiskf. Mk k s wcs fa c

`kfk oksdbrkvkf maar kkf @kio, fcjkiĴ T.L mkIck ug Okf , mgk fk cis Oics`krokf baaoikrccrcrdbkaiaogk au warmkf. Tcjkf aumkf k gkf lccr ic kr kkf s cfmccrmwkr sdbrĴvkf avkr mk prkbgs argk vcf mk Icok Icfmkf.

Ucf 37;0 a mk apkfgfo gf 37;? wkrm bcrm okwkr ccf mk Ukiskr uffki, a igkvkr ok kom

uffkis, wcf kr wcjkf kkf rkgf uffki kfkkf mu``kik cu a uffki. Bk krrkgf bcm mk ccf-

mcdb vcf mk PĴ smgkfs vaar bk Aumbkgm uf-mgo @amkjafmkr ak (PA@), mgk akf fk kf kik lcrkf `ks afm. C ok gkf vcf kkf pccr kkr jkk-

Ĵ kf gf mk àuwpu kf wc prak siku ks apkfikookf, wkrm kr kdb kr fgk vkki okmccf maar mk pra kssgafkik crdbkaiaokf. Uaar Dci akf kf wcjkmks cfmkrs c kr fgk s cfmkrs ap mcf vafm-

Ukiskf 0, mk kkrstk

tkrrc sgogiictc

stkjpkivafmst. Fccr

B.L. Dcihakf 37;0 .




53

s kf vkr cjkikf ap mk gjjkr vkrcfmkrkfmks ar bapkf gf kf fccs mk `auwpu . Mk jaok-iĴ k kiaarocfo vcf prcdb gok crdbkaiaogk auDci akf gfspgrkrkf a bk aprgdb kf vcf kkficfmkiĴ vkr`cfm vcf cjc kurcrdbkaiaokf, mkfao s kkms `ks ccfmk Crdbkaiaogsdbk _kr ok-jkkfsdbcp vaar Fkmkricfm (C_F).

Dci akfs vafms kf ikvkrmkf mk kvks gogfo mcbk gf Ukiskf aj kkf vrako-Pajkgfsk jgig cgrk vks gfo ogfo. Jccr .L.P. Jammkrjcf, mk ikgmkr vcf bk afmkr ak fcjkfs mk PA@, dafdiumkkr-mk mc mk cfs ap bk vgfmkf vcf kkf Pajkgfs

ar `Ĵfc afjaokiĴ wcs, ccfok gkf mk vgfmpicc s gf mk jgmmkikkuwkf maar bk wc kr ok-bkki wcs vkrspakim. BĴ sdbrĴ iktkriĴ <

Bk rksui cc vcf mk `ks umkrgfo vcf mk praffikikf kf mk crdbckaiaogdc gs, mc bk ok-bkik krrkgf a rugj 3 j kf zugmkf vcf bk Faarmzkk cfcci vkrspakim gs. Mk sdbkrvkfigookf c k gf kkf jgigku mc maar mk fc uur`kpccim gs. Mk Pajkgfsk sdbkrvkf vgfmkf wĴavkr kkf oraa ok`gkm vkrsprkgm. Bk gs zkkrwccrsdbĴfiĴ , mc vcf mk waafpicc s, wccrmkzk aarspraf kiĴ zĴf wkookwarpkf, fgk sjkkr gs kruo k vgfmkf.

Bakwki Ucf Og kf gdb faag jkkr jk Ukiskf `k go bkk okbaumkf, kf afmcf s bk aarmkki vcf Jammkrjcf, Ĵf kr ic kr wki kf kik aporcvgfosdcjpcofks ug okvakrm< gf 375=, 37?> kf377?, mk kkrs k kf icc s k gf kkf scjkfwkr gfo

usskf bk ci kkrmkr okfakjmk Cjs krmcjskgfs g uu G^^, kf mk C_F-wkr orakp Ukiskf,mgk bk wkr vcf 37?> c kkf ug vakrmk. Mk kkr-s k aporcvgfo s afm afmkr supkrvgsgk vcf Oics- `krokf (gf jgmmkis baaoikrccr ccf mk [fgvkrsg-

kg vcf Cjs krmcj), mk icc s k afmkr ikgmgfo

vcf mk cu kur vcf mg `ak .

Mk kkrs k aporcvgfo vgki scjkf jk mk ccf-iko vcf mk _c krikgmgfo PĴf-Hkffkjkricfm(_PH). Mk siku wkrm vaar murkfm maarcrdbkaiaogsdb oksdbaaimk wccrfkjkrs gfmk oc kf okbaumkf kf `Ĵ mk oraa s k vafm-s kfdafdkf rc gks wkrmkf kf kik wkr putkfccfokikom. Mk aporcvgfo vcf 377? vafm picc sgf mk siku vaar kkf ^ravgfdgcik _c krikgmgfo(^_F), mgk pci fccs mk _PH wkrm okikom.

@avkf< Ukiskf 0 ap kkf iudbteata ugt 37== . Fao

okkf lccr ictkr warmkf `gl mk tcfhorcdbt mk kkrstk

vafmstkf okmccf. Daiikdtgk C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 0, iadctgksdbkts vcf mk kkrstk

Pajkgfsk vafmstkf tkr baaotk vcf mk Mugtsktcfhorcdbt, ce`kkimgfo gf kkf `rgke vcf Dcihakf

ccf Ucf Og kf. ]khkfgfo B.L. Dcihakf.

4 | UKITKF 0



50

Fccs mk k aporcvgfosdcjpcofks Ĵf kr aa ‒iassk‗ wccrfkjgfokf ok-mccf, vaarci gf mk sikuvkf vaar ocs, wc kr, aigk kf kik rgdg kg sikgmgfokccf wkkrs Ĵmkf vcf mk Ukiskr uffki.

Mk crdbkaiaogsdbk ccfmcdb ogfo fc 37?0 vaarci fccr bk pcs af mk k Ukiskf 3. @korĴpkiĴ , wcf mk k iadc gk vgki k gmkf gffidkrkf jk bk bgrgsdb `k kfmk Eikvuj, acis wk gf bk vargok baa ms u cokf. @avkfmgkf wcs mk faam vaar kkf c ksajvctkfmk aporcvgfo vcf Ukiskf 3 baao vcfwkok mk mrkgokfmk ccfiko vcf mk _Ĵ kr uffki. Ukiskf 3 gs mccraj dajpikk apokorcvkf, krwĴi ap bk krrkgf vcf Ukiskf 0 sikdb s kf kik ikg-fkrk afmkr ak kf kf wccrfkjgfokf Ĵf ug okvakrm. Mc ci vaariapgo a ìĴvkf, ajmc bk krrkgf kkf `ksdbkrjm rĴ sjafujkf gs. Afmcf s mcgs kr adb vaimakfmk k vkr k kf avkr mg ar , jk jgfs kfs mrgk àuw cskf, fk cis Ĵf kkrmkrk ùurjcf. Bk praffi kkrmk vcf bk afmkr ak fccrbk aumkrk ar , ajmc kr mgrkd vkrokiĴ `crk sparkf wkrmkf okvafmkf.Gf 377= ìkk mc `kgmk ar kf ap mk igf krakvkr vcf mk ki mk baa moku

vcf bk Akr-İ wcrkf ccfokikom . Bk vkrsdbgi g bkj a fu ak gf bkaf `rk kf vcf bcvkfwkr kf, acis mgk gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf ccfok ra kf. Kr Ĵf wki rĴkf pcikf okmadujkf kkrm, jccr mgk iĴ kf k mc krkf ug mk jgmmki-kkuwkf. _ki wkrm gf mk okui vcf bk Akr-İ kkf Pajkgfsk vafms kficco

kruookvafmkf mgk ora k avkrkkf ajs kf vkr aaf jk mk c vc cokf gfmk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3. Aa bgkr occ bk aj kkf icco vai bau spccfmkrs kf wkookwarpkf c vci cis ccrmkwkr sdbkrvkf, à , fc uurs kkf kf jk cci.Kkf `kicforĴ k (bkr)af mkhgfo gs mc kkf ‒jks icco‗, wccrokfajkf gf375=, gf kg k bk `kogf gs vcf mk Pajkgfsk c vc cco gf mk bcvkf vcf Uki-skf 0. Mk prkdgk k iaap vcf bk Akr-İ kf mk akvkr wccr mk Pajkgfkf buf

ar ccf àuwmkf, wcjkf bgkrmaar `k kr gf `kkim kf k ìk kf mgdb kr `Ĵ mk gfrg vcf mk Ukiskr uffki k igookf mcf wkrm ccfokfajkf. Fk cis Ukiskf 3 gs Ukiskf 0 aa ap cfmgok orafm gf kkf `gffkfàdb vcf bk Akr-İ okàuwm. Mgk s kvgok afmkrorafm ci k kr kkf rkmkf Ĵf okwkks vaarmk vks gogfo.

MK ECTKF KF MK OK@P[GHTM[[P UCF BK] EAP]Ajmc kr okkf c ksajvctkfmk aporcvgfo jaokiĴ wcs, gs kf ìĴ Ukiskf0 kkf dajpikxk vgfmpicc s, wccrvcf bk ug kriĴ jk kkf baap okpuzkifao ci Ĵm ics go k rkdafs rukrkf gs. HĴ u kvkf jkk. Pks cf kf vcf mk vkrmkmgogfosoarmki rafmaj bk ar Ĵf gf 3720 kf 3775 maar mk crdbka-iaao _gj @asjcf af mk Ĵ wccrfkjgfokf gf ikgmgfosikuvkf. @Ĵ mk

aporcvgfo gf 377? wkrmkf mgk vaar bk kkrs gf kkf ora kr appkrvic af-mkr adb , wccr`Ĵ mk krvcrgfo jk mk sparkf vcf Ukiskf 3 ùg kfokwaaffutgo ìkk .

\a ìkk aa gf Ukiskf 0 bk okwgdb vcf mk bau -ccrmk-wci kkf ‒mgp‗ gf mafmkrorafm k bk``kf vkraar cc . ^crc ki bgkrccf igkpkf wkk orcdb kf.Kr gs kdb kr gk s jkr wccrmgos jkk ccf mk bcfm< mk orcdb kf igookf kffaarmkf vcf mk wcigfmru , mus ‒`gffkf‗ bk ar . Mg cf c kkf k k k-fkf mc mk orcdb kf kf mk wci fgk kokiĴ kr Ĵm `ks afmkf, jccr ki ccrapvaiomkf, wccr`Ĵ mcf mk vrcco gs a mk rugj ug okikomk wci aumkr gs mcfmk orcdb kf, a cfmkrsaj. Kr gs mus sprc k vcf jgfs kfs wkk vkrsdbgi-

Igfhs< Ukiskf 0, vafmst

vcf kkf pbcikrc kf

kkf mkki vcf kkf

iargdc squcjctc ugt

mk ]uffkiput. Fccr

Dcihakf & Ucf mkr

_kks 37;;.

Pkdbts< Ukiskf 0,

orcdbt jkt mkkis

ugtokorcvkf skojkft.





54

ikfmk cskf. Jgssdbgkf wcrkf kr ki s wki mrgk, wcf mk wci warm bcc s maar rugs maar faokkf mkrmk orcdb , mgk ap kkf va kmgo cfmkrsokargèf kkrmk csk mugm . Mk vkik orcdb kf kfjk fcjk mk wcrk wcigfmru okvkf ccf mckr gf Ukiskf 0 jkkr `kicforĴ k (kf mus oakm k `ksdbkrjkf) okàuwkf bk``kf oks ccf. Bk wcs okkf sgjpki jcrs cjp. Mg wĴs gf mk rgdb-

gfo vcf icfomurgo ok rug , ci mcf fgk maar kkf vcs k kkfbkgm.

Mrgk cskf mus, jccr jk wki k mc krgfo1 Gf bkug krs k faarmkf vcf mk aporcvgfo wkrmkf mrgk picf kf okvafmkf, mgk fao ap buf aarspraf-

kiĴ k picc s (gf sg u) ap mk àmkj vcf kkf ugiicokf. \k icokf vkgigo mgkp afmkr mk icco mgk gf mk

jgmmkikkuwkf k iĴmkf bcm vcf avkrs rajgfokfkf krasgk. Kr vic `Ĵ wcrkf gf 375= aa picf kfaf mk , wc ccfokk mc bgkr kkf wccr ok uf-mkkrm auwwkr bkk oks ccf. Mk k wkr wĴ k

cokf wk ci kkrmkr Ĵ mk ap vgkr pcikf ok uf-mkkrmk arkfs gf mk wci vcf Ukiskf 3. Kçf vcf mk picf kf ug Ukiskf 0 ìkk vcf kkf kg c aj-s go, wccrvcf mk cpmc uj ap orafm vcf mk lccrrgfokf af warmkf okmc kkrm gf mk wgf kr vcf =0 ap =4 f.Dbr. Mc gs prkdgks bk lccrok Ĵ-mk vaarc occfm ccf mk gfvcsgk vcf @rgtcffgè,kf mk àuwcd gvg kg kf Ĵf afok wĴ kim jkmk vaar`krkgmgfokf vaar mk avkrs kk vcf mkFaarm kk gf vkr`cfm k `rkfokf.

Mk bgs argsdbk cdb krorafmkf vcf mk vkim adb-kf gf mgk Ĵm kf mk okpicfmk gfvcsgk aumkf kkf

vkr icrgfo uffkf Ĵf vaar mk ccfwk gobkgm vcf jgfs kfs mrgk àuw cskf gf Ukiskf 0, mgkc k mrgk kkf fao vkki ar krk ok`rug spkrgamkbcmmkf mcf gf Ukiskf 3. Mk a cik bakvkkibkgm vafms kf wĴs , fk cis gf Ukiskf 3, ap kkf ccfwk gobkgm vcf bk ikokr vcf jgfs kfs cdb a

fkokf lccr. Bkiccs gs jccr wkgfgo vafms jc k-rgcci mccmwkr kiĴ gf mk kkr sdbccrsk orafm-sparkf ccfok ra kf, amc bk jakgiĴ gs ajmgk prkdgk kr k mc krkf.

Mk mc krgfokf vcf Ukiskf 3 kf 0 vkrsdbg kf mug-mkiĴ cis wk Ĵ kf fccr mk okvafmkf saar kfjuf kf, bk krrc sgog c c skrvgksoakm ( gk p. 25)kf mk oicmwcfmgok c kiwccr, c kjcci dc koa-rgkèf vafms jc krgcci mgk cjkiĴ fcuw kurgo

k mc krkf Ĵf. Mc wgi kookf mc mk ar kf gf

4 | UKITKF 0



5=



5;

ki okvci fgk okiĴ Ĵmgo gf ok`rug wcrkf. Ak ki ccr mgrkd gf Ĵm bk``kf apokvaiom, jk

cfmkrk waarmkf< a kr sprc k gs vcf daf gfuá kg vcf mk Pajkgfsk `k ktgfo gf Ukiskf, gs (fao)fgk oakm vcs k s k kf.

MK @K_AFKPT UCF BK] EAP]Gf Ukiskf 0 Ĵf vkki jkkr jgig cgrk vaarwkrpkfapokorcvkf mcf gf Ukiskf 3. Bk occ aj (mkikf vcf) wcpkfs kf ug rus gfo. Bk jc krgcci gs vcf ug kkf iapkfmk ccrm kf wkrm ok`rug maar

awki ikogakfsaimc kf (ikogafcrgg) cis saimc kfug mk buip rakpkf (cuxgigcrgg). Aa mk cr g krgkgs vkr kokfwaarmgom jk pĴikf kf jufg gk vaaroksdbu , acis mk`c gs c. Mk k wcpkfs uffkf

fgk c kkf ap bk icfm jccr aa ccf àarm vcfsdbkpkf buf mgkfs bk``kf `kwk kf.

Fk cis gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf aa gf Ukiskf 0 (fao)okkf sdbkpkf okvafmkf, jccr wki afmkrmkikfmccrvcf. Mkikf vcf c ra kf, vcf mk ugocokkf bk rcojkf vcf kkf ìcm vcf kkf rakgrgkjic kf gkf mc mk Pajkgfsk viaa bgkr rugj

vkr kokfwaarmgom wcs. Fcjkf vcf jgig cgrkfkffkf wk gf `kpkr k jc k. Tikdb s mrgk Ĵf kr

jgf a jkkr dajpikk , kkf sdbrgi daf rcs jkmk afokvkkr vĴ kf kvkf go gfok rcs k fcjkfug Ukiskf 3. Jgfs kfs ççf Pajkgfs ùrokr bkkgf Ukiskf 0 Ĵf fccj afmkr ap kkf wĴf rugok rcs < O(cgus) @GIGUT. Kf vkrmkr gs kr kkf jcf,jaokiĴ kkf dkf urga jk mk fccj MGUGR, mgkkkf Oc gsdbk cdb krorafm cf bk``kf okbcm. Ucf mk mkrmk kgfmgo mk fccj ap X…ZIKPDG. Mg

au cis Cuikrdg okik kf uffkf warmkf, kkf vkrwĴ gfo fccr kkf Oc gsdb s cjjkfvkr`cfmmc Dckscr fakjmk gf Ĵf vkrsico avkr mk vkr-avkrgfo vcf Oc gè.

Kf wc vkr ki bk ccrmkwkr fao jkkr avkr mk

`kwafkrs vcf bk ar 1 Aa gf Ukiskf 0 ajErgks ccrmkwkr vaar, Ĵ bk gf `kmugmkfm ok-rgfokrk ccf c kf mcf gf Ukiskf 3. Fc mk aps cfm vcf 02 f.Dbr. gs mg fgk a vkrwafmkriĴ . Bak- wki mk `cfmkf bkrs kim ik kf k Ĵf, wcs kkf `kk lk jkkr okpcs k c s cfm kf a jgf jaokiĴc cf kiĴ Ĵf vcf ia cik pramud kf ap mgjajkf kffkiĴ wĴ kr. Kkf avkrkkf ajs

^cogfc igfhs àvkf<

Ukiskf 0,

eufmkrgfoshugi jkt

afmkrgf mrgk picfhkf,

wccrvcf bkt cdbtkrstk

kghkf kxkjpiccrmctkkrt ugt mk wgftkr

vcf =0 ap =4 f.Dbr.


^cogfc igfhs afmkr<

Ukiskf 0, maarsfkmk

vcf kkf orcdbt kf

wcigfmruh.


Igfhs<

Ukiskf 0, gfsdrgptgk

vcf O.@GIGUT afmkrap

mk àmkj vcf kkf

oicmwcfmgok wglfhrugh. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Pkdbts<

Pcfmsdbkre vcf

kkf Dbcuhgsdb

bcfmokvarjm patlk,

jkt orak glfvkrsgkrgfo

ap mk wcfm.


4 | UKITKF 0



55

usskf Ukiskf 3 kf Ukiskf 0 gs mc ap `kgmk picc -skf gf bk bcfmokvarjmk ccrmkwkr aa Dbcu-

gsdb jc krgcci gs ccfok ra kf, okjcc gf mkrcmg gk vcf mk gjjkr afrus gok aas krùrkf

vcf mk Ergk kf. Mc gs apjkr kiĴ , ccfok gkfbk af warmkf `ksdbauwm cis ‒wccr vcf mk vĴcfm‗. _c au bk vkrbcci mccrcdb kr Ĵf< gsbk jc krgcci vcf vkr rauwkigfokf, ogmskf a

ai kf gf Pajkgfsk mgkfs a gs bk rĴosùg 1Aa ci Ĵf bk rccg c okwkr k kf vkrsgkrmk pa lks, mk wcig kg gs ci Ĵm fao jgfmkr mcf mkokájpar kkrmk Pajkgfsk ku kfkf c kiwccr.Mccrjkk au mk wkkmk vkr icrgfo ci sfki uf-fkf c vc kf. Bk gs avkrgokfs fgk bkikjcci ug

k siug kf mc bk jc krgcci gs jkkok ajkf jk ,a gf Ukiskf gs okjcc maar okvcfokf okfajkf

Dbcu gsdbk vrauwkf. \Ĵ uffkf Ĵvaar`kkimcis sicvgf Ĵf jkkokvakrm.

CD]GUG]KG]KF GF BK] EAP]Mk cd gvg kg kf gf bk ar u kf fgk cfmkrs

Ĵf okwkks mcf mgk gf Ukiskf 3. Gf Ukiskf 0 Ĵfjgfmkr ccfwĴ gfokf vaar sdbkkpsafmkrbaum. Uafms kf vcf iaam kf kx gki, mc wkrm ok`rug `Ĵ sdbkkpsrkpcrc gks, af `rk kf. Mg `kkim cffc uuriĴ vkr k kfm Ĵf ajmc kr jgfmkr gsapokorcvkf gf bk `gffkf krrkgf kf akvkr afk.Baaos wccrsdbĴfiĴ bkk Ukiskf 0 fk cis Ukiskf 3 kkf bcvkf okbcm gf mk baa mokui vcfbk Akr-İ, jccr bk ug kriĴ krvcf ìĴ afmkrccfvu kfmk aporcvgfokf icfos mk akvkr afkkkf oraa vrcco k kf.

UkrokiĴ `crk aporcvgfosiadc gks ug mk ki mk pkrgamk Ĵf kr kgokfiĴ (fao) fgk . Gf Fkmkr-icfm gs vcf kkf bcvkf `Ĵ Uci kfùro (\.B.)fgk s `k kfm kf gf Ukdb kf ([ r.) Ĵf c kkf

cmkwkr kf apokorcvkf. Kkf bcvkfccfiko jk

cmkwkr kf, kkf pic arj, pgkrkf kf s kgokrs kfsdbkkpsbug kf ap mk akvkrs acis gf Ukiskf 3 gsa fu ak ufgk . Bci krf-Ba ks c ccf mk Igppk

gf Mug sicfm gs cis rgvgkrbcvkf wki vaar gkf vcfkkf ccfkkf oksia kf rkk s sdbkkpsbug kf, jccrjgs mk mcj jkf kf pgkrkf.

Mk kkrmkr okfakjmk orcdb kf kf mk wcigfmruokvkf ccf mc kr kkf ar jk vkrmkmgogfos-oarmki gs okwkks . Bk vkriaap vcf mk orcdb kf

kf ap gdb k vcf mk `kvccr`crk okui gs fao fgk

BK] AFOKI[H Mct crdbkaiaogsdb afmkrzakh gf Ukiskf fgkt okbkki afokvccriglh gs,ìkkh gf 375=. Gf mk sikue vaar mk _ctkrikgmgfo Pglf-Hkffkjkricfmmkkm zgdb ap 34 cprgi 375= kkf gfstartgfosafokiuh vaar vich`gl kkf

gfjgmmkis fgkt jkkr `kstccfmk iaams. C.C. vcf Pkotkrkf Citkfc, mkvkimikgmkr vcf bkt afmkrzakh, icct gf zglf mcorcppart mk piccts apkfwccr bkt fujjkr vcf bkt mgk mco ccfokikomk skojkft vcf mk wc-tkrikgmgfoùgs okfakjm zau jaktkf warmkf. Ictkr gs mgt maar mgkfscssgstkft B.I.C. Puttkf jkt patiaam ccfokvuim jkt ùgs 34. Mgt afok-iuh ok`kurmk tkrwgli Ucf Pkotkrkf Citkfc kf Puttkf gf mk sikue ccf bktwkrh wcrkf. Mk kkrstk sdbrglet<

Aj 30 uur okwccrsdbuwm maar mk ugtvakrmkr mct gf mk wctkrikgmgfo-sikue wkkr baut okvafmkf warmt. Mgt kf 3 sdbkre oicmwcfmgo wgt faofkt huffkf wccrfkjkf, takf vcf avkf jkt kkf sdbrkkuw okwccr-

sdbuwm wkrm, mct bkt praeki `koaf tk sdbkurkf. @gl buf bccstgokviudbt wkrmkf B.I.C.P. kf rcppartkur maar mk gfstartkfmk wcfm tkokfmk wctkrikgmgfoùgs fr 34 pictokmruht, wccr`gl kkrstokfakjmk kkfoksdbkurmk spgkr kf okhfkusmk rg``kf, icctstokfakjmk kkf ok`ra-hkf bkup`kkf apigkpkf, zamct mk rkst vcf mk mco (kf vaar rcppartkurfao vkik mcokf mccrfc) bkiccs gf bkt zgkhkfbugs jakst warmkf maar-ok`rcdbt, vcf wccrugt _.OiXcs`krokfZ. ap mk baaotk okstkim wkrm.

Bkt afokiuh bccimk vrglwki ciik icfmkiglhk kf rkogafcik hrcftkf. Bkt af-mkrzakh wkrm vkrtrccom, jccr okiuhhgo fgkt ceokìczkf. Ap mk eata‗szgkf wk mccrfc Puttkf dafskqukft jkt kkf wcfmkistah.

Ukiskf 0, kkf vkrsico vcf bkt afokiuh mct ci ik icfmkiglhk hrcftkf

bccimk< twkk crdbkaiaokf `kmaivkf! Daiikdtgk C.U.C.L. @asjcf.




5?

@avkf<

Ukiskf 0, J. @asjcf,

mk vcmkr vcf mk

cutkur vcf mgt `akh,

ccf bkt wkrh `glmk madujkftctgk,

aporcvgfo 375=.

Mgc J. @asjcf,

okjccht maar ^.Uafs.

Afmkr<

Ukiskf 0, praeki vcf mk

cevciicco gf mk bcvkf,

aporcvgfo 375=.

Mgc J. @asjcf.

4 | UKITKF 0



52



57

mugmkiĴ . Mk varj vcf bk ar ci afok wĴ kimbk``kf okik kf ap bk okiĴ Ĵmgo okàuwmk Uci kfùro 3. Mc ar bkk kkf vgkr cf k ccf-iko jk mccr`gffkf kkf iaamrkdb ap ki ccrs ccfm s rc kfpc raaf. Mccr`gffkf wkrmkfbau kf okàuwkf cis `crchkf kf kkf daj-jcfmapas fkkrok k .

BGT]APGTDB HCMKP UKITKF 0Bk gs ccffkjkiĴ mc Ukiskf 0 gf 47 f.Dbr.gs okàuwm, fcmc kg kr Dcigouic `ksiaa mkPĴf afk k vkrs kr kf, acis mc ok`kurmk `Ĵ Uci kfùro (\.B.) kf Cipbkf c/m PĴf. Mk vkr-s kr gfo baarmk `Ĵ mk vaar`krkgmgfokf vaarmk dcjpcofks gf @rgtcffgè. Mk bgs argsdbk

`raffkf jkimkf mg fgk kxpigdgk , jccr mc wcsjgssdbgkf wki kkf rkcd gk ap mk pkrsaafiĴ bkgm vcf mk kg kr. Gkjcfm mgk a ok wcs cis bĴ, mgk

au bk``kf okmrkgom Ĵf pccrm a skfc ar k

`kfakjkf, af adb fgk bk `rkgf Ĵf vcf kkf(ic kr) suddksva k jgig cgrk dcjpcofk1

Mk `raffkf vkrjkimkf wki cfmkrk c kf mgk vaar Pajkgfs Ukiskf vcf oraa `kicfo wcrkf.Gf =3 f.Dbr. wcs kr kkf praìkkj jk mk ciokfakjmk Dbcu kf. Mk Pajkgfsk oksdbgkm-sdbrĴvkr Dcssgus Mga vkr ki mc mg Faarm-Okr-jccfsk vai buf kkrs k piufmkr adb bgkim.Mk pgrc kf `krkg kf mk Oc gsdbk us . Mkdajjcfmcf vcf bk Fkmkr-Okrjccfsk ikokr

wcj gf cd gk kf ru k ap kokf mk Dbcu kf.BĴ ci cis ug vcis`csgs k kr Ukiskf 0 bk``kfok`rug . Mk cd gk vkrigkp suddksvai kf bĴ wgs

a gf bk Dbcu gsdbk ok`gkm `gffkf k mrgf-okf kf kkf Ĵmkfs mk sico gf bk ku aùrokr-

waum vkriarkf okoccf Pajkgfs vccfmki kruok vkravkrkf. Ap `csgs vcf mg suddks vkrikkfmkkg kr Dicumgus ccf mk k Oc`gfgus Tkdufmus

bk rkdb aj cis kkf krk g ki Dbcudgus ccf Ĵf

Igfhs àvkf<

Ukiskf 0, pat

ajwghhkim jkt

hc`kitauw gf mk

cevciicco gf mk bcvkf,

aporcvgfo 375=.Mgc J. @asjcf.

Igfhs afmkr<

Ukiskf 0, aporcvgfo

afmkr `crrk

ajstcfmgobkmkf

mkdkj`kr 37?>.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 0, put

K, 375=, vkimtkhkfgfovcf kkf pra ki maar

mk vchhkf @/D 3>/33.

]khkfgfo J. @asjcf.

4 | UKITKF 0



?>

fccj ak k vakokf. \Ĵf suddks wcs avkrgokfsfgk ìĴvkfm8 ks lccr ic kr jaks kf mk ikoga-fcgrs apfgkuw gf cd gk kokf mgk ki mk Dbcu-

kf. cdg us mak kr vkrsico vcf<

Gf mgkzki mk Ĵm mkmkf mk Dbcu kf kkf gfvcigf Fkmkr-Okrjcfgè. Buf ikgmkr mccr`Ĵ wcsOcffcsdus, vcf okàar k kkf Dcfcfk cc . BĴ bcm mgkfs okmccf `Ĵ mk Pajkgfsk buip-

rakpkf, wcs vkrvaiokfs okmkskr kkrm, kfafmkrfcj fu jk kkf ccf ci igdb k sdbkpkf piufmkr adb kf, wccr`Ĵ bĴ vaarci bkOc gsdbk us ok`gkm kgs krmk. BĴ wgs fc-jkiĴ bkki oakm mc Oc gèrs rĴ wcrkf kfwkgfgo aariaoszudb go.

Mk Dbcu gsdbk avkrvc kf vafmkf ap kkf vaar mkPajkgfkf cjkiĴ afokiuhgo jajkf picc s, wcf mk pcs ccfok rkmkf kg kr Dicumgus wcs `k go jk mk vkravkrgfo vcf @rgtcffgè. Bk icc -s k wc bĴ af ok`rug kf, wcrkf pgrc kf `Ĵ bkHcfcci. Mk Dbcu kf s ugtkf ci sfki ap okmudb k

kokfs cfm kf af mk kf mc jk mk `kvkibk``kr vcf bk ikokr vcf Fkmkr-Okrjcfgè fgk k spatkf vgki. \Ĵf fccj wcs Darùia kf bĴ au gdb af - pappkf cis mk `kicforĴ s k okfkrcci vcf Ĵf Ĵm.

Kkfjcci gf zĴf pravgfdgk okcrrgvkkrm igkDarùia mk rgrkjkf (aariaossdbkpkf jkmrgk rĴkf rakgkrs) mk PĴf c zchkf, krwĴibĴ mk avkrgok vccr ugokf — vaar zavkr zkmccrvaar oksdbg wcrkf — vgc mk wcmmkf kfmk cfcikf ccfvakrmk, kf fcmc bĴ mk sdbug-

kf vcf mk vĴcfm a zgf kf bcm ok`rcdb kfOcffcsdus bcm vkrlccom kf mk sg uc gk vaarbk jajkf wkkr vaimakfmk afmkr daf raikwcs ok`rcdb , bkrs kimk bĴ `Ĵ mk ikogakfkf(…) mk aumk rkoki mc fgkjcfm mk okikmkrkf

jadb vkric kf kf zafmkr `kvki mccr akjadb occf vkdb kf (…) \ki s mk Ergkzkf, mgk zgdb sgfms buf rk`k gk vĴcfmgo a ci bcfsaf`k rauw`ccr bcmmkf apoks kim, dcpg u-ikkrmkf kf vks gomkf zgdb gf bk ok`gkm mcbuf maar Darùia wcs akokwkzkf. BĴ ikomk

Ukiskf 0, wkstkiglh

pra ki tglmkfs mk

aporcvgfo vcf 377?. Ucf

igfhs fccr rkdbts< Laast

Ugfh, _gj @asjcf (jkt

tkhkfgfo), Bkfh vcfPcjsbarst (wglzkfm)

kf Crlkf @asjcf. Ap

mk cdbtkrorafm iaapt

Cfmrç Fujcf. Eata

Baaoavkfs, GLjugmkf.




?0

Ukiskf 0, aporcvgfo

375= jkt vcf igfhs

fccr rkdbts mk bkrkf

Dcihakf, Tdbgjjkr,

Orakfkfmcci kf

mk ikgmkr vcf bkt

afmkrzakh Ucf

Pkotkrkf Citkfc.

Eata J. @asjcf.



?4

buf aa kkf Tkfcc , jcogs rc kf kf wktkfap. Aj k vaar ajkf mc zk zgdb ccf zĴf`kvkikf zaumkf aftrkhkf, àuwmk bĴ kkf ar wccr bĴ kkf ocrfgzakf ikokrmk.

Hkg kr Dicumgus vafm Darùia kdb kr k vaar vc-rkfm kf Ĵf apkrc gks famkiaas rgs cf <

Dicumgus sprc mcf aa zĴf vk a ug avkr fgku-wk okwkimmcmgok cd gks kokf mk Okrjccfsk ok`gkmkf, wccr`Ĵ bĴ zki s za vkr ogfo mc bĴ`kvki oc mk `kzktgfos rakpkf kruo k rk -

kf fccr afzk zĴmk vcf mk PĴf.

Jk Darùia‗s ar gf bk Ergksk ok`gkm gsbaaos wccrsdbĴfiĴ Ukiskf 0 `kmakim, kf bĴ

ci mccr mcf fgk a kkr fgkuwàuw bk``kfokpikkom jccr bk `ks ccfmk ar bk``kf ccf-okpcs ccf Ĵf kgskf. Gf ki okvci `rc mk okfk-rcci mk vkràuwgfo c kf vaiomk mk `kvkikf ap vcf Dicumgus aj kruo k krkf kf ugmkf vcfmk PĴf. Bk kgfmk vcf Ukiskf 0 gs mus vkràfmkfccf mk bgs argsdbk mc uj vcf =? f.Dbr.

_k gdb fcj mk s rc kogsdbk wccrmk vcf bkAkr-İ gf mk k Ĵm mkffifg gk c maarmc mk jaf-mgfo kr baao k vcf bk bugmgok Dcs rgdujafbkrs ki`ccr ccf bk mgdb cfmkf wcs. Apjkr-

kiĴ gs mc cdg us `ksdbrĴ mc Darùia vcfcfcikf ok`rug bkk okjcc `Ĵ Ĵf apjcrs.

Jgssdbgkf makimk bĴ bgkr ap kkf okorcvkf wc-krocfo kr baao k vcf mgk jafmgfo.

Bk gs af`k kfm a gf Ukiskf 0 mk ki mk jcc rk-okikf cis gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf okfajkf aj mk iadc gkaf`kwaaf`ccr k jc kf. Kr Ĵf fao k wkgfgosparkf okvafmkf ap bk `gffkf krrkgf vcf bk

ar aj bgkr kkf cf waarm ap k uffkf okvkf.

4 | UKITKF 0

@avkf< Ukiskf 0, bcizkf vcf oicmwcfmgok

wglfhrughkf, jkt mugmkiglh zgdbt`crk bcrsrkstkf gf

kf ap mk rcfm. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

Jgmmkf< Ukiskf 0, C.U.C.L. @asjcf (gf mk rkgswgko)

‒ccf bkt wkrh‗ `gl mk aporcvgfo 375=. Ap mk

cdbtkrorafm okhfgkim gf orakfk trug zglf jakmkr

jkvrauw C. @asjcf-Lch. Mgc C. Tdbatjcf.

Afmkr< Pajkgfsk buiptrakpkf jkt dkftrcci kkf

dkfturga kf igfhs kkf gjcogfgekr. Mgc C.U.C.L. @asjcf.



?=

Ukiskf 0, ap mk aporcvgfo gf 375= ci gfzkt vcf

jktccimktkdtgk maar kkf aumk @ rgtsk jglfmktkdtar

ugt _A0. Igfhs bgkrvcf fccst mk lciafs iaapt

vkimwkrhikgmkr B.I.C. Puttkf.

Eata G^^, Cjstkrmcj.



?;

3. Ukiskf 0, sdbcrfgkr vcf kkf iargdc skojkftctc picctbcrfcs.Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

0. Ukiskf 0, glzkrkf spkkrpuft. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

4. Ukiskf 0, `ksicopicct vcf kkf oicmgussdbkmk jkt mk ce`kkimgfo vcf

Pajuius kf Pkjus afmkr mk waie. Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

=. Ukiskf 0, vaar- kf hkkrzglmk vcf kkf juft vcf Dcigouic vaar mk

vkroammkiglhtk ]g`krgus, Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

;. Ukiskf 0, viaagkfhcj vcf `uxusbaut. Mgc ^. Uafs.

5. Ukiskf 0, vkrtgfmk ae vkrzgivkrmk `rafzkf dgfouiujpicct.

Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

?. Ukiskf 0, pbcikrc vcf pccrmkftugo. Mgc C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

3. 0.

4.

=.

;.

?.

5.

4 | UKITKF 0



?5?5



??

Bkt ikvkfgf mk eartkf vcfUkiskf 3 kf 0

??

= Mk vargok baa ms uhkf igk kf

mk crdbkaiaogsdbk kf bgs argsdbk cspkd kf zgkfvcf mk Pajkgfsk ar kf `gl Ukiskf.

_k wktkf bak aum zk zglf, wccraj kf maar wgk zk wcffkkr wkrmkfccfokikom, wct kr (wccrsdbglfiglh) ok`kurmk kf bak kr kkf kgfmkhwcj ccf mk `kzkttgfo. Jccr bak wcs bkt ikvkf vcf mgk mugzkfmkf,jkkstci fccjiazk saimctkf, mgk bgkr okikokrm wcrkf, vkr vcf bugs, ccfmk rcfm vcf bkt Pglh1 Mccr occt mgt baaemstuh ap gf.



?2

OK_C^KFMK IGKMKF _cpkf ugo gs bk kkrs k wccrccf gkmkrkkf mkf `Ĵ jgig cgrk vks gfokf, kfgfmkrmccm< mk Pajkgfsk saimc kf wcjkf fgk afokwcpkfm af k cf ap.

Ccfvciswcpkfs

Gf Ukiskf 0 Ĵf fccr vkrbaumgfo jkkr jgig cgrk vafms kf okmccf mcf gf Ukiskf 3. Bgkr`Ĵ Ĵf gf gkmkr okvci mk ypgsdbk wcpkfs vcf mk ikogafcgr<mk wkrpspkkr ( pgiuj), bk s kk wccrm ( oicmgus) kf mk mai ( puoga). Mk spkkr

aj vaar gf vkrsdbg kfmk vcrgcf kf. Uaar avkr `k kfm Ĵf mk puf kf gfc k okvc kf vgkr cf gf maarsfkmk. Mk sdbcdb cf rafm a vgkr cf Ĵf,fk cis mk sa wccrjkk mk spkkr ap mk bau kf s kki wkrm ok k .

Ucf mk oicmgus, bk wccrm, gs gf Ukiskf 3, fk cis gf Ukiskf 0, jccr ççfs u okàrokf. [g mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 wcj kkf dajpik k bcfmorkkp. Ucf bk icc s k wcpkf mc mk saimcc a Ĵf `ksdbghgfo bcm, mk puoga amai , Ĵf awki gf Ukiskf 3 cis Ukiskf 0 kxkjpicrkf okvafmkf. Kkf rccg

kxkjpiccr bcm mk jcf gf mk wc krpu fao `Ĵ gdb ( gk p. =7).

Ccfvciswcpkfs vcf buip rakpkf, mkcuxgigcrgg, Ĵf gf Ukiskf 3 kf gf Uki-skf 0 okvafmkf. Aj k `kogffkf Ĵf kr mk icfs- a spkkrpuf kf, mgk maar

awki gf cf krgs kf cis dcvcikrgs kf wkrmkf ok`rug . Ukrmkr wcjkf pĴipuf kf kf afmkrmkikf vcf àokf vaar. Mk icc s k orakp varjmkf mk

3. Ukiskf 3,ùxusbautkf orkkp vcf

kkf oicmgus. ]khkfgfo

L.-J.C._. Jarki.

0. Ukiskf 3,

ùxusbautkf oicmgus

orkkp, mk pajjki.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

4.Ukiskf 3, ùxusbautkf

oicmgus orkkp, mkstaatpicct. Mgc ^. Uafs.

3.

0.

4.




?7

(sigfokr) aokis. Tigfokr aokis warmkf jkks cigf vkr`cfm ok`rcdb jk buip rakpkf vcf mkiccos k icssk. Buf ufmk aj jk mk sigfokraj k occf wcs kdb kr afokèvkfccrm.

Kr Ĵf gf Ukiskf 0 jgfs kfs cdb icfspuf kfkf mrgk rcojkf kf vcf kkf sa okvafmkf, gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf mc kr jccr wkk. Apvc kfm gs bk vkrsdbgi gf oraatk vcf mk icfspuf kf. \a cfmk ikgfs k puf vcf Ukiskf 0 aa cis kkf pĴi- puf a ki s cis kkf ar jks mgkfs bk``kfokmccf.

^Ĵipuf kf Ĵf wkkjcci gf Ukiskf 3 kf wkk-kf wgf go jcci gf Ukiskf 0 kvaarsdbĴf ok a-jkf. \k bcmmkf mrgk a vgkr vikuokis a bcmmkf

kkf rafmk maarsfkmk. Gf Ukiskf 3 gs ççf vcf mk pĴipuf kf c ajs go ug mk ora k wc krpu wccr gf 02 f.Dbr. aa kkf pccrmkf cmcvkr gs `kicfm. JaokiĴ gs mk pĴipuf mccrjkk aakkf spaar vcf mk Tico aj Eikvuj1 Ucf ççf pĴi- puf ug Ukiskf 0 gs fgk c kkf mk Ĵ krkf pufjccr ki s kkf mkki vcf mk bau kf sdbcdb `k- wccrm okìkvkf. Gf Ukiskf 3 wkrm kfsiatk kkfccf ci àao gps vcf `kkf a okwkg okvafmkf,gf Ukiskf 0 wkk Ĵ krkf kxkjpicrkf vcf mg

kffkiĴ wk s`crk afmkrmkki.

Kf mcf mk `k ccjmk sigfokr aokis, mgk gfbaa ms u 0 a ug ok`rkgm ccf mk armk wcjkf.Kr gs wki okmcdb mc mk iamkf aokis c kkf Ĵfokvafmkf gf Ukiskf 3, jccr gf Ukiskf 0 wcjkfkr aa wkk ccf bk igdb . Jgssdbgkf bk``kfaa mgk gk s k jc kf jk mk s rĴm gf 02, bakwki Ukiskf 0 akf fao bkikjcci fgk `ks afm.Mk c s cfm usskf `kgmk ar iadc gks wcs jccr5>> jk kr. Kr cf gf kkf vrakok a c siug kfmk

csk vcf mk s rĴm ok`rug Ĵf okjcc vcf mkaokis kokf mk apruhkfmk a lugs c mrugpkf-

mk Ergk kf.

Ukrmkmgogfoswcpkfs Kkf cfmkrk dc koargk `ks cc ug mk vkrmkmg-ogfoswcpkfs, acis bkijkf, igdbccjspcf skrskf sdbgimkf. Dajpik k bkijkf kffkf wk vcfokkf vcf `kgmk vgfmpicc skf, wki rcojkf kf.Gf Ukiskf 0 wcj kkf `Ĵ afmkrk `ksico fap

kvaarsdbĴf mgk gmkf gk gs ccf kkf fcoki apkkf ok gdb sjcs kr vcf kkf rug krbkij ugFĴjkokf. Ukrmkr kffkf wk rcojkf kf vcf 3. 0.

3. Ukiskf 3, vgkr `kfkf

àaotgps, mk ugtkgfmkf vcf

skojkftàokf. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

0. Ukiskf 0, glzkrkf pglipuft,fao gf mk aarsprafhkiglhk

bautkf sdbcdbt. Eata

pravgfdgk Faarm-Bai icfm.

= | BK] IKUKF GF MK EAP]KF UCF UKITKF 3 KF 0



2>

`raf kf bki jrcfm`ksico vcf bk ‒_kgskfcu-jamki‗< Ĵ krkf bki jkf jkapkr`ksico kf igf fcokis ap mk rcfmkf. Ucf mk Ĵ krkf bkijài Ĵf

aa kf kik rcojkf kf okvafmkf, jk fcjk vcf mk ‒okvauwkf‗ varj fk àvkf mk fk `ksdbkrjkr kf kkf mkki jk mk ug spcrgfo vaar bk aar jk

igf fcokioc vaar mk ccfbkdb gfo vcf mk sdbcrfgkrkfmk wcfo ikp. Kkfdajpik k wcfo ikp vcf a‗f ypk bkij gs okvafmkf gf [g okks . Bkkkkf Ergksk piufmkrccr gdb avkr bk Pajkgfsk baa mmk ski af krjm a wcs mk k bki j bk kgokfmaj vcf gkjcfm mgk jk mk Pajkgfkf jkk bkkokvadb kf1

Ucf sdbgimrcfmkf, jk cikf s rgps mgk mk bau kf sdbgimkf `ksdbkrjmkf,Ĵf vkik sjc k kf `rkmk rcojkf kf okàrokf, c k jk [-varjgok maar-

sfkmk. Mk rcojkf kf wcrkf k ikgf aj bk sdbgim ypk (rkdb bak go aavcci) k `kpcikf. \awki gf Ukiskf 3 kf gf Ukiskf 0 wkrmkf sdbgimorkpkfapokorcvkf. Kkf sdbgim fap (ujà ), mgk mk vugs ap mk sdbgimorkkpjaks `ksdbkrjkf, gs c kkf gf Ukiskf 3 okvafmkf. Bk wcs rauwkfs

kkf Okrjccfs ypk, mc jk mk buip rakpkf a cis rĴosùg gf bk ar `kicfmmk.

@Ĵ mk ikkrvafms kf vcf Ukiskf 0 wcrkf rcojkf kf vcf ççf a jkkrsdbgim akmrcikf< mk ikrkf bak kf wccrgf mk Pajkgfkf buf sdbgimkf vkrpc kf aj mk sdbgimkrgfokf ap bk bau k `ksdbkrjkf. Mk jkks `Ĵ-

afmkrk vafms mgk bgkr fcuw jkk scjkfbgfo, wcj aa ug Ukiskf 0.Ĵmkfs mk aporcvgfokf vcf 375= wkrmkf kf kik rcojkf kf ikkr kf bau

`Ĵ ki ccr okvafmkf. ^cs aficfos wkrm mugmkiĴ mc bk ikkr kkf ajok-sicokf rcfm vcf kkf sdbgim akmrcci gs kf mc mk bau kf rcojkf kf cis

rgpikx avkr ki ccr okiĴjmk ic lks Ĵf. Ukrmkr c bgkr aag kkf `raf kfrcfm ap okspĴ krm. [g bk bkik Pajkgfsk PĴ Ĵf sikdb s kf kik bau kfsdbgimkf `kwccrm okìkvkf, mk jkks k afmkr ur mraok ajs cfmgobk-mkf gf Koyp k kf Tyrgè. Kf aa ci gs mk k vafms gfdajpikk , bk ìĴ kkfufgk s u lk Pajkgfs wcpkf ugo.

@avkf< Ukiskf 3, glzkrkf sdbgimhfap ae ujà vcf

Okrjccfs jamki. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Jgmmkf< Ukiskf 0, afaaoiglh = dj icfo jccr

zkkr zkimzcjk vafmst vcf hrugsigfos ap kihccr

okjaftkkrmk picfhlks kf `rafzkf rcfm vcf kkf

Pajkgfs sdbgim . Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 0, ercojkftkf vcf kkf glzkrkf bkij.

Mugmkiglh zgdbt`ccr zglf mk oaivkf vcf mk avkrocfo

vcf bkt cdbtkrbaaem fccr mk fkh`ksdbkrjkr kf

mk àao rafm bkt aar. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.




23

Bk igdbccj vcf kkf saimcc wkrm `ksdbkrjmmaar jcigèf aimkrs a pcf skrs. C kkf gf Uki-skf 0 wkrmkf mgvkrsk picc lks vcf kkf sdbu`- `kfpcf skr (iargdc squcjc c) apokorcvkf. Mccr

a‗f bkjm ug bafmkrmkf picc lks af `ks ccf,gs wc wk fu bk``kf jccr kkf rcd gk vcf bkokbkki. Ucf bk `k kfmkrk picc bcrfcs (iargdcskojkf c c) wkrmkf vkki jkkr rcojkf kf okvafmkf kf àvkfmgkf gf `kgmk ar kf< `raf kfbc kf, sdbaumkrsdbcrfgkrkf kf sdbcrfgkr lksmgk vcf mk Ĵ krkf pic kf Ĵf c ok`ra kf. Ukiskf3 wcs mk vgfmpicc s vcf kkf raf kf bcc , mgk

kr baao k vcf bk siku ki`kkf mkikf vcf kkfjcigèf aimkr (iargdc bcjc c) `Ĵ ki ccr bgkim.

Mk ‒jcf ug mk wc krpu ‗ gf Ukiskf 3 kf Ĵf

ug rus gfo Ĵf ci kr sprc k ok ajkf ( gk p. =7).Mk `raf kf `ksicopic kf vcf Ĵf appki Ĵf vic kf kkfvaumgo ug okvakrm kf c kkf jk kkficcolk givkr aigk `kmk . Mccrfccs wkrmkf krgf awki Ukiskf 3 cis 0 mgvkrsk rcojkf kf vcfcfmkrk okspkf kf pic kf okvafmkf, sajjgok vkrsgkrm jk rkigè .

Ccf a‗fdgfouiuj bgfo kkf saar sdbar vcf vkr-gdcik rgkjplks vic vaar mk kmkik mkikf vcf mk

saimc kf. Fgk mc k vkki `ksdbkrjgfo àmkf,k wcrkf ki s ics go `Ĵ bk bcrmiapkf! Jccr fk

cis cfmkrk afmkrmkikf vcf mk Pajkgfsk ug rus-gfo ìaf bk kf jcc k bk icwccg. Bgkrjkk

gjpafkkrmkf mk Pajkgfkf buf kokfs cfmkrs

kf s afmkf k `Ĵ ccfvcfo vcf kkf sico ci jk3-> vaar. Mk sdbar rgkjplks wcrkf vaar mg maki `ksicokf jk `raf kf picc lks.

Â]]KF KF ^CFFKFCcrmkwkr sdbkrvkf kf à jc krgcci wkrmkf kf warmkf bk jkks okvafmkf `Ĵ aporcvgfokf.Bk wcs wccrmkiaas c vci mc fgk wkrm bkrok- `rug , kf mc afmkr mk lugs k ajs cfmgobkmkfbkki icfo `kwccrm ìĴ . Bk ccrmkwkr gs `k-icforĴ vaar mk crdbkaiaao vcfwkok mk gf ar-jc gk mgk bk `kvc avkr mc krgfo, kdafajgk kfkk okwaaf ks, mk àtkf vkr k kf gk s avkr bkjkfu kf avkr vkk kki .

Mk ccrmkwkr vafms kf ug awki Ukiskf 3 cis Ukiskf 0 Ĵf, ap kkf vkrsdbgi gf mc krgfo fc, apbaa miĴfkf vkrokiĴ `ccr< gf `kgmk cjpkf gs

rcfspar vcc wkr , ku kfwccr kf c kiwccrccfok ra kf. Gf mk dc koargk ‒avkrgok‗ vc kf `Ĵvaar`kkim mk ccrmkwkr kf aigkicjplks. Mk vkrsdbg kf usskf mk ar kf gtkf gf mk cgis.

]rcfspartvcctwkrhMk kkrs k orakp, bk rcfspar vcc wkr , `ks cc vaarci ug cj arkf kf ora k vaarccmvc kf,maigc.@kgmk Ĵf mg wcfmgok varjkf jk kkf ffi skgfbaum, gmkcci vaar bk rcfspar krkf vcf ora kbakvkkibkmkf viakgs a . Mc bgkr`Ĵ aa kfarjkc s cfmkf Ĵf c okikom, ìĴ ug mk bkr ajs

Ukiskf 0, twkk

dgfouiujbcfokrs jkt

igfhs mk ce`kkimgfo vcf

kkf ikkuw kf rkdbts

kkf cmkiccr. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf .




20

vcf mg vcc wkr . Mk ok`rug k ikg okk ccf wccr kkf rug a pa gs okjcc kf mc gs maarocfgk vkr vcf mk pik wccr bk vcc wkr gs c okvuim. Cj arkf Ĵf rug kf jk wkk arkf kf kkf pufcis `amkj wccrjkk k jchkiĴ gf mk rajp vcf sdbkpkf k vkrs auwkf wcrkf. Mcf Ĵ apsdbrg kfgf gf gs gf vkki okvc kf aa `k kfm wc mk aarspraf kiĴ k gfbaum wcs. Uaar crdbkaiaokf gs bkmccrfccs aa bcfmgo mc spkdgffik k `c skis kf varjkf vcf cj arkf vaar ççf pramud wkrmkf ok- `rug . \a wkrmkf mk `a k cj arkf jk wars varjgok arkf vrĴwki c kkf vaar rcfspar kf apsico vcf aiĴ aigk ok`rug . Mk k cj arkf wkrmkf gf mk pravgfdgk @ck gdc gf \ugm-Tpcflk okjcc , jgmmkf gf bk ok`gkm jk mk aiĴ aajoccrmkf.

AIGK, _GLF KF UGTTC[T UAAP MK TAIMC]KFGf Ukiskf 3 gs ccf mk bcfm vcf bkt jcxgjuj ccftci kxkjpicrkf (JCK) cjearkf wccrvcfsdbkrvkf zglf okvafmkf kf jkt `kbuip vcf mk okjgmmkimk `krkhkfmk gfbaumkf vcf mkzktypkf `gl `kfcmkrgfo tk zkookf bakvkki viakgstae kr gs oktrcfspartkkrm<

[gtkrccrm wktkf wk bgkrjkk fgkt mk tatcik bakvkkibkgm. \a wkrm wccrsdbglfiglh kkf oraat mkkivcf mk wglfccfvakr fccr Ukiskf vkrpcht gf bautkf vctkf. Kkf mkki kgfmgomk cis wctkrput, kkforatkr mkki wkrm — za wktkf wk mcfhzgl tkruookvafmkf ceokzccomk ugtkgfmkf vcf mugokf —vkrzccom vaar bkrok`rugh. Mgt ikvkr t tadb fao ccfvuiikfmk dglekrs ap. Mk wglfvctkf hafmkffcjkiglh kkf gfbaum bk``kf vcf dc. 3;>> igtkr. Gf Ukiskf 3 zglf rkstkf vcf jaokiglh zkstgkfwglfvctkf okvafmkf. Mct zau kkf tatcik gfbaum vcf 0=.>>> igtkr wglf `ktkhkfkf. [gtkrccrmbk``kf mkzk oktciikf `ktrkhhgfo ap mk bkik pkrgamk vcf Pajkgfsk `kzkttgfo, mus jgfstkfstusskf 3; kf 02 f.Dbr. Mk vrcco gs ae mkzk bakvkkibkmkf oraat okfako zglf `gl kkf dajpiktk`kzkttgfo vcf ;>> jcf kf ccf bkt kgfm zkies 3>>> jcf1 Mk wglfvctkf kf cjearkf vcf Ukiskf

3 zglf scjkf afokvkkr 05.>>> igtkr. @gl okjgmmkim ;>> jcf gs mct mus ;0 igtkr pkr jcf, aewkimrgk igtkr pkr lccr. Mct gs `glzafmkr wkgfgo. Kkf saimcct futtgomk, fkt cis gf mk Jkmgtkrrcfkok`gkmkf wccr bgstargsdbk `raffkf mgt vkrjkimkf, afokvkkr kkf igtkr wglf pkr mco. Ap `csgsbgkrvcf zau mcf afokvkkr 3% vcf bkt tatcik `kstcfm ccf jctkrgèik vafmstkf zglf apokorc-vkf. Kkf cfmkrk, kf wkiigdbt lugstk ugthajst vcf mkzk kxkrdgtgk gs mct kr gf bkt eart sikdbts kkfhikgfk `kzkttgfo gs okwkkst, jkt ugtzafmkrgfo vcf mk pkrgamks wccrgf jgigtcgrk dcjpcofkswkrmkf ugtokvakrm.

^ramudt JCK Bakvkkibkgm ]ypk Okj. gfbaum

aigleaigk ?= ;=24 igtkr Mrksski 0> =>-2> igtkr

wglf 0 ;> igtkr Mrksski 3 dc. 0; igtkr

wglf 0; 5=0,; igtkr Mrksski 0/; dc. 0; igtkr

wglf =; 340?,; igtkr Bcitkrf ?> dc. 4> igtkr

wglf 30 354,0 igtkr Dcj 32= dc. 34 igtkr

vgsscus =2 7?= igtkr Mrksski ?/33 dc. 0> igtkr




24

Ucf mk spg sk wĴfcj arkf wcjkf mgvkrsk ypkf vaar, mgk mkkis bk ok- `gkm vcf bkr ajs vkrrcmkf< \ugm-Ercf rĴ , G cigè kf mk Orgk sk kgicfmkfHas kf Pbamas. Avkrgokfs wcj wĴf aa gf bau kf vc kf fccr af k s rk-

kf, acis wk ci kkrmkr cokf `Ĵ mk wc krputkf. Mgk vc kf wkrmkf jkks ci vcf ef- a givkrspcr okjcc gf bk Jgmmkf-PĴf- a Jak kiok`gkm agf ugmaas Oc gè. Ap mk vc kf ajkf jkr kf vaar vcf mk affkfjc kr,gfoksicokf ap mk gffkf cf vcf mk mugokf. Ap mk ug kf cf s ccf sajs `rcfmjkr kf vcf wĴfbcfmkicrkf a daf raikurs. Jkks ci Ĵf mgk jkr kfavkr mk mugo kf mk s ap vcf kkf spaf- a kkf iudb oc ok k . Kf kik bk``kfikks`crk k s apokikvkrm, kf Ukiskf gs okkf ug afmkrgfo.

Gf bk ar wkrm mk wĴf avkroksdbaf kf gf ora krk a ikgfkrk rug kf.Apvc kfm gs mc awki gf mk cj arkf, mk apsicovc kf cis gf mk k wĴf-

rug kf, ccf mk `gffkf cf kkf bcrsicco wcs ccfok`rcdb . Bk jcc kmk rug ki k kr wĴfmgdb , jkf af kkf bau kf s ap vcs pichkf, kfmccrfccs wcs bk kkf dafskrvkrkfm jgmmki. Bcrs bkk aa gfviakm ap mk

sjcc , acis mk Orgk skrk sgfcfao s kkms bkk .

Mk wĴf wkrm okmraf kf ug ccrmkwkr kf, oic kf a ki s bau kf `k krs. Ucf mk icc s k dc koargk aj kkf jaag vaar`kkim ug Ukiskf 3. Mk varjgjg kkr kkf aj vcf oics, givkr a ccrmkwkr . Bk gs okmrccgm ug uxus-bau kf bkk àivarjgok rcfm, mgk fc kkf gfsfakrgfo avkrocc gf kkfrkdb k wcfm. Mk rcfm gs vcf àvkf vkrs kvgom maar kr kkf muffk s rgp a- pkr gf go co varj gf k siccf.

Mk oic kf vaar`kkimkf Ĵf afmkr cfmkr gf jg kffiarg -‗mug kfm ìakjkf‗ —kdbfgk ug okvakrm. Bgkr`Ĵ Ĵf s cc ks oics jk vkrsdbg kfmk ikurkf

ccfkkf oksjai kf, gf pic lks oksfkmkf, kf vkrvaiokfs ap kkf jci okikomkf vkrwcrjm wccrmaar k ccf ki ccr sjai kf, wccrfc mk varj vkrmkroksikpkf gs.

Igfhs< Ukiskf 3,

sdbkrelks vcf kkf

Jgiik argoics sdbccitlk.

Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

Pkdbts< Ukiskf 3, twkk

sdbkrelks Pktgdkiic

oics jkt gfoksjaitkf

wgttk spgrcikf. Mgc G^^,

Cjstkrmcj.




2=

3.

0.

4.

=.

;.



2;

kruo krkfm fccr mk rcfspar cj arkf ajkf wk ug `Ĵ mk icc s k ora k suòrakp, mgk vaar bk vkrvakr vcf vgsscus. Mk Pajkgfsk ku kf s afm `k kfm aj Ĵf vkik okrkdb kf wccr`Ĵ au gfmk varj vcf vgsscus wkrm akokvakom. Mk k kkr

au k scus wkrm ki s gf ak lks vkrwkr . Ugs-scuscj arkf wkrmkf awki gf \ugm-Tpcflk cisgf \ugm Ercf rĴ okjcc .

Mk icc s k orakp vcf bk wcrk ccrmkwkr `k-s cc ug mk rcfspar - kf vaarrccmvc kf (maigc).Mg wcrkf ora k vc kf jk kkf barg af cik rcfm.Bgkrap gs gf Ukiskf vcc kkf wcr k su`s cf gkccfok ra kf< rks kf pk wccrjkk mk mk ski vcs ok ikk m gs okwkks . Aa gf mk k maigc wkrm vgsscus vkrvakrm a apoksicokf. Jgssdbgkf gs

vgsscus gf Ukiskf ki s okjcc gf maigc8 gf mk `kgmk ar kf Ĵf rkokijc go orc kf vcf vgsskfokvafmkf.

Hkuhkfvcctwkrhypgsdb Pajkgfs ku kfvcc wkr gs mk

wrĴ sdbcci (jar crguj ), wccrgf kkf ruwk iccoccf mk `gffkf cf gs ccfok`rcdb , `Ĵvaar`kkimmaar kkf iccolk sdbkrpk s kkf lks a maar oravkrg``kis. Mccrap wkrmkf rugmkf efokwrkvkfjk kkf s cjpkr kf vkrvaiokfs okjkfom jkaigk a kkf scus. Mccraj bk``kf wrĴ sdbcikf `Ĵfc ci Ĵm kkf sdbkf ug . Mk wrĴ sdbcci gs kkf varj mgk fc mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm va kmgo ug bkrkpkr agrk vkrmwĴf .

Mg cf fgk ok kom cf warmkf vcf mk aa pa -kf. Tajjgok pramud gkdkf rc, acis gf mk Kg ki

kf bk PĴficfm, ìĴvkf fc mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm gfok`rug . Mk varjkf kf kdbfgk kf vkrcfmkrkfmaar mk Ĵm bkkf, jccr bk ruwwcfmgok c ski ìĴ vrĴwki okiĴ . Mg `c ski wcs oakm `ks cfm

kokf bgtk.

]cekiwccrGf mk dc koargk c kiwccr Ĵf aa vkrsdbgi-ikfmk aarsprafosok`gkmkf ccf k wĴ kf. Bkiuxk ramk krrc sgog c c (kkf pas -Pajkgfsk

krj avkrgokfs) wcj kf Ĵmk vcf Ukiskfug Faarm-G cigè kf ug mk rkoga‗s rafm Iyaf kfJg cu gf \ugm-Ercf rĴ . Mk kxpar vcfugG cigè bgkim krokfs rafm bk lccr 0; f.Dbr. ap. Gf Ukiskf 3 wcj fao afokvkkr kkf mkrmk ug G cigè,

krwĴi kr gf Ukiskf 0 jccr wkk sdbkr ks Ĵf

okvafmkf. Mccr majgfkkr bk ccrmkwkr ug\ugm-Ercf rĴ .

Gf krrc sgog c c ajkf `k krs, ajjkf, àr-mkf kf sdbcikf vaar. Mk jkks k Ĵf mgrkd apkkf mrccgsdbĴ okjcc , jccr gf kkf ccf ciokvc kf gs kkf varjsdba ki ok`rug wccrmk mkdarc gk gf gs ug oks a kf. Mk k `k krs kfsdbcikf bk``kf kkf vkrsgkrgfo gf baao rkigèccf mk ùg kf cf . @kgmk saar kf Ĵf jkks ci vaar gkf vcf patkf`chkrss kjpkis. \awki `Ĵ mk vkrsgkrmk cis mk afvkrsgkrmk vcrgcf kf gsfccr vaar`kkimkf gf jk cci ok k kf, acis vcf `gffkfug okbcjkrmk (okmrkvkf) vkrsgkrgfokfgf givkrkf `k krs. Ap mk vrakos k varjkfafvkrsgkrmk krrc sgog c c ug Ukiskf 3 ajkf

sajs afmkr mk rcfm ikgfk apokikomk ra k lksikg vaar. Bgkrjkk warmkf bcfmorkpkf vcfjk cikf vcc wkr oksgjuikkrm.

Mk afmkr adb k krrc-sgog c csdbkrvkf `gkmkffao kkf ccrmgo gf gdb < k Ĵf vcf rkspkd gk- vkiĴ 3>?5 àrmkf kf 030= aj jkf. Jak mkdafdiusgk mcf Ĵf mc kr wkkjcci avkki aj-jkf cis àrmkf ccfwk go wcrkf gf Ukiskf 31A `ks afm kkf s cfmccrm saimc kfskrvgks ugççf àrm kf wkk ajjkf1 Gf Ukiskf 0 Ĵf mkccf c kf àrmkf kf ajjkf aag `krk kfm aprkspkd gkvkiĴ 352 kf 37;. Bgkr Ĵf mk ok c kfmus afokvkkr okiĴ . _cs kr kkf ajsico (`k ug-fgogfo1) a skrvgk kf `ks ccfm ug ççf aj kfççf àrm1

Gf Ukiskf 0 af `rk kf ypkf, mgk gf Ukiskf 3 wki vaar wcjkf kf cfmkrsaj. Mk sgjpkik vkr ic-rgfo gs mc Ukiskf 0 wc lafokr gs kf mk jamk `gffkf bk krrc sgog c c-ccrmkwkr vrĴ sfki vkrcfmkrmk.

5.

3. Ukiskf 3, tkrrc fgorc

stkhki`khkr. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

0. Ukiskf 3, oicmwcfmgo

hrughlk. Eata C.U.C.L.@asjcf.

4. Gtcigsdbk vkrsgkrmk

tkrrc sgogiictc `khkr

jkt stkjpki C]KG. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

=. Ukiskf 3,

okvkremk `khkr. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

;. Ukiskf 3,

oicmwcfmgok

wctkrhrugh. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

5. Ukiskf 3, jkt kkf

aartlk vkrsgkrmk \ugm-

Ociigsdbk tkrrc sgogiictc

haj. Eata PJA,

Ikgmkf.




25

Mccr wccr bk ramk krrc sgog c c sajs gi- vkrwkr gjg kkrmk, wkrm mg ccrmkwkr kiaa okájg kkrm. Uaar`kkimkf mccrvcf Ĵf k vgfmkf `Ĵ c kiwccr gf raam`rugf (krrc ru`rc)kf gf bk wcr (krrc fgorc), mc ora kfmkkis ugFaarm-Ercf rĴ wcj. @Ĵ mg raam`rugfk kf

wcr k skrvgksoakm ajkf armkf, ajjkf,ora krk `k krs, ffksskf kf rug kf vaar, wccr`Ĵfccs gjg c gks aa mk rcmg gk vcf s rkk okàf-mkf varjkf vaar ikk mk.

_k bk``kf gf Ukiskf mus vkik `kwĴ kf vaarccfvakr vcf ccrmkwkr maar bcfmkicrkf, kffgk c kkf jccr vaar maar mk saimc kf kijkkok`rcdb skrvgksoakm. Afmcf s mgk fgkuwkccfvakr wcrkf mk saimc kf ugfgo ap buf spui-

ikf, vcfwkok mk ccf aapprĴs a mk c wk gobkgm vcf kkf dafs cf k ccfvakr. Mccr wccr jaokiĴ wkrmkf `k krs, àrmkf kf sdbcikf okrkpcrkkrm,afmkr cfmkrk jk apkrkf rcjjkf a iaam.Jccr sajs wcs rkpcrkrkf okkf ap gk jkkr, mcf wkrmkf mkikf c oksicokf a oksikpkf. \a gs krbk okvci vcf kkf vkrsgkrmk krrc sgog c c `k krug Ukiskf 3. akf mgk wcs ok`ra kf, wkrm vcf mk àmkj kkf sdbcci lk okjcc , mc ug kgfmkiĴôô `rc kf mkffifg gk gs wkookoaagm. Ucf kkfoicmwcfmgok rug ug Ukiskf 3 gs, fcmc mk bcis wcs ok`ra kf, mk ccfbkdb gfo jk mk ùg oicmoksikpkf. JaokiĴ bkk mk kgokfccr, mk ci ok-fakjmk Dcmjus (p. =3 kf =;), mk rug fao kfg-ok Ĵm ok`rug vaarmc bĴ gf kkf orcdb wkrm wkooksjk kf.

Mk jkks vaar ajkfmk saar kf vcf ‒`Ĵokwkr ‗ccrmkwkr Ĵf spkkisdbĴvkf. Cis kkf pa a

rug gf s uhkf wcs okvc kf, jccr mk àmkj wcs fao bkki, mcf wcs mg ççf vcf mk icc s k ja-okiĴ bkmkf vaar bkrok`rug . Tajjgok sdbĴvkf

Ĵf kurgo `Ĵokwkr , jk ki s kkf oksikpkf

rcfm. Cfmkrk Ĵf wc ruw gf kkf ccfvccrm`crk varj ok cp . UrĴwki c k vaar ajkfmk saar kfccrmkwkr Ĵf bgkrvaar ok`rug .

Gf bk okmkki k avkr ku kfwccr Ĵf mk wĴf-rug kf vcf oicmwcfmgo ccrmkwkr ci okfakjm.

Kkf oraa mkki bgkrvcf gs gf bk PĴficfmokjcc , `Ĵvaar`kkim gf Hkuikf. Fccs mk

rug kf jk mk gfwkfmgok bcrsicco, Ĵf kr aa vkki rug kf afmkr a‗f icco. Bgkrvcf warm wki vkrafmkrs kim mc bk wc kr rug kf Ĵf

OKT]KJ^KIMK _CCP ]krrc sgogiictc warmt maar crdbkaiaokf zkkr okwccrmkkrm vcfwkokmk pattkf`chhkrstkjpkis, mgk wk huffkf ok`rughkf aj kkf `kogf-kf kgfmmctkrgfo vcf kkf iadctgk tk `kpcikf. Uaar mk stkjpkis ugtGtcigè okimt mct zk zkhkr vaar dc. 0; f.Dbr. gf Ukiskf zglf ccfokha-jkf, mccrfc baumt mk takvakr bgkr vcfmccf gjjkrs ap. _cffkkrmk stkjpkis ugt \ugm-Ociigè vcf Ukiskf 3 gf kkf tc`ki warmkf okzkt,zgkf wk bkt vaiokfmk. Mk stkjpkis zglf gf twkk orakpkf vkrmkkimaj gfzgdbt tk hrglokf gf mk rugjtkiglh sprkgmgfo (ok`gkm C kf @), ok-happkim ccf mk mctkrgfo. ]usskf 37?= kf 3720 gs vaarci okorcvkf gfkkf mkki vcf mk bcvkf kf bkt `gffkftkrrkgf vcf eartecskf 3 kf 0 (C).Mk aporcvgfokf fc 3720 bk``kf vaarci gf bkt bcvkf`khhkf kf bkttkrrkgf vcf mk wkstkiglhk cffkx kf ecsk 4 picctsokvafmkf (@). Ucfmkzk icctstk wkrm vkrwcdbt mct mccr jkt fcjk mk ictk stkjpkisccfoktra kf zaumkf warmkf.

[gt mk àvkfstccfmk tc`ki ` iglht mct Ukiskf 3 tat gf mk tglm vcfDicumgus mctkkrt. Kr gs fcuwkiglhs sprchk vcf kkf vkrsdbgi gf mkrugjtkiglhk sprkgmgfo. Mk jkkstk vcf mk tkf tglmk vcf Dicumgus ok-mctkkrmk pattkf`chhkrs zglf fcjkiglh ci kkrmkr `koaffkf jkt bufpramudtgk. Ukki pattkf`chhkrs mgk tkf tglmk vcf ]g`krgus `koaffkf,hkfmkf buf oraatstk pramudtgk gf mk Dicumgsdbk (=3-;=) kf sajsaah fao gf mk Fkrafgsdbk pkrgamk (;=-52).

@kogf C @ ]atcci

`kogf afmkr ]g`krgus (fc 3= f.Dbr.) 377 4? 045

`kogf afmkr Dicumgus (fc =3 f.Dbr.) 3> > 3>

af`khkfm 7 3 3>




2?

3.

0.

4.

=.

;. 5.

3. Ukiskf 3, oiczkf rg`haj. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

0. Ukiskf 3, rkpcrctgk maar jgmmki vcf hrcjjkf. Mk jktcikf picctlks zglf vkrmwkfkf, jccr mk octkf ok`aarm gf mk wcfm

vcf mk tkrrc sgogiictc haj zglf fao zgdbt`ccr ccf wkkrszglmkf vcf mk `rkuh. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

4. Ukiskf 0, sdbccitlk vcf \ugm Ociigsdbk tkrrc sgogiictc. Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

=. Ukiskf 0, Bautkf wcspicfhlk jkt dkftrcik okui vaar mk zkokirgfocemruhhkf vcf mk cezkfmkr ae oktugokf. Eata G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

;. Ukiskf 0, kkf zaokfccjmk hurhurf vkrfakjm fccr mk vkik occtlks gf mk wcfm.

Bkt gs vkrpchhgfosjctkrgcci vaar gfokjcchtk vaoki`arstlks. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

5. Ukiskf 3, glzkrkf hcpjks jkt bautkf orkkp . Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.




22

Ukiskf 3, oicmwcfmgok wglfhrughlks.




27



7>

3. 0.

4.=.

5.?.


;.



73

okwkks . Mk gfbaum af maar mk parku k wcfm fccr ùg kf vkrmcjpkf, wccrmaar bk wc kr rkic gk aki ìkk . Kr wcrkf aa rug kf jk kkf kf-

ki aar kf kkf sjc k sdbkf ug . Mg uffkf sdbkfhcffkf vaar jkkrs rapkrgok viakgs a kf Ĵf okwkks , acis aiĴ aigk a bafgfo.

Gf oicmwcfmgo `c ski ajkf aa ikgfk pa lks jk wkk arkf vaar. \kbk``kf fk cis mk wĴf rug kf kkf bcrsicco ccf mk `gffkf cf . Bk gs fgk

k kr mc bgkr aa wĴf gf bkk ok k kf. Mk bcrsicco ci k kr kkf (bau kf)mk ski ap Ĵf picc s bk``kf okbaumkf. Mk ocfo`crk fccj gf mk crdbka-iaogsdbk ig krc uur vaar mk patkf gs ‒bafgfopa ‗, jccr a mc iap , vci

k `k wĴ kikf. Mk gfbaum au ug aiĴvkf uffkf bk``kf `ks ccf8 kr Ĵf vkki aiĴ pgtkf gf mk c vc cokf vcf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 okvafmkf. Avkr pgtkf okspra kf< cfmkrk pgtkf wcrkf vcf sikkmaarf kf krs, jccr aa mkora k krfkf vcf pkr g kf ajkf vaar. Mccrfccs Ĵf kr rcojkf kf vcf wcifa kf kf bc kifa kf. Gf kkf wc krpu gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf mgvkrsk dajpik kkxkjpicrkf ccfok ra kf, mgk wcrkf ccfokvrk kf maar afokmgkr k. Ap

`csgs vcf mk fccosparkf gs mugmkiĴ mc mk mcmkrs àsjug kf wcrkf. Ccrmkwkrhpramudtgk `gl Pajkgfkf kf ErgkzkfCi bk ccrmkwkr ug mk ar kf mc ap kkf mrccgsdbĴ wkrm okjcc , gsokájpar kkrm. Kr Ĵf okkf ccfwĴ gfokf okvafmkf mc kr gf mk ar kf pa -

kf`chkrsavkfs s afmkf. Gf Ukiskf 3 gs ççf jgs`c ski okvafmkf vcf kkfruwwcfmgok aa pa , jccr mc gs fgk okfako aj k `kwĴ kf mc kr kkfkgokf patkf`chkr gf bugs wcs. Cfmkrs gs bk vaar bk Ergksk ccrmkwkr .Mc ci wki gf mk (mgrkd k) ajokvgfo Ĵf okjcc .

Mgk Ergksk patkf wcrkf mcf wki jk kkf prgjg gkvkr kdbfgk okjcc-apokàuwm ug ra k lks ikg kf fgk ap kkf mrccgsdbĴ — jccr bk gs fgk `kpccim sccg k fakjkf. Kr wkrm ap mk rcfmkf vcc kkf skrgk vgfokrgf-mruhkf okjcc < mk bcfm k kfgfo vcf mk jcc s kr. Kf ap bk appkrvic

wcjkf sajs orakvkf vaar. Kkf bkki kfjkr kfmk gs mk aokfccjmks rkkp`cfm, kkf skrgk vcf pcrc k k iĴfkf gf mk bcis vcf mk pa . Haa pa -

kf wkrmkf sajs ‒`ksjk kf‗. Mccr`Ĵ wkrm sicppk ikg ruw ap bk appkrvic ccfok`rcdb aj kkf oravk s rud uur k jc kf. Uaarmkki wcs mc bkappkrvic wkrm vkroraa kf mccrjkk mk jaokiĴ bkgm aj wcrj k ap kfkjkf.

@Ĵfc afokjkr gs gf mk vargok cigfkc aa kkf sadgcci vkrsdbgi `ksdbrkvkf. Mccr wccr bk `Ĵ mk Pajkgfkf aj pra kssgafkik patkf`chkrs ogfo,

jkks ci jcffkf, occ bk `Ĵ mk Ergk kf aj patkf`c s krs, mgk fccs mkcfmkrk c kf rafm mk àkrmkrĴ aa aromkf vaar bk kgokf vcc wkr . Mcmk Pajkgfkf mg ccrmkwkr aa gf bcfmkf rkokf, wcj vaarci maar mkgfbaum vcf mk patkf, acis bafgfo, vrudb kf a orccf. Bk gs mk vrcco a vkki vcf mk k patkf fc bk ikokf Ĵf bkrok`rug cis aa - a vaarrccm- pa . Mk ccfvakr vcf bk ‒kgokf‗ jc krgcci iĴ oakm okarocfgskkrm k Ĵfokwkks , amc bkrok`rug kgokfiĴ fgk famgo wcs.

3. Ukiskf 0, tkrrc fgorc sdbcci jkt gfokhrcst

kgokfmajsjkrh gf stcfmrgfo. Eata pravgfdgk

Faarm-Baiicfm.

0. Ukiskf 0, ruwwcfmgo haahpatlk Tt0>= okvafmkf

jkt kkf stuh hc`kitauw. Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-

Baiicfm.

4. Ukiskf 0, oicmwcfmgo wglfhrughlk jkt bcrs gf mk

bcis. Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

=. Ukiskf 0, ruwwcfmgok haahpat T t034c. Eata

pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

;. Ukiskf 0, rafzkf zwccrmsdbkmk`ksico jkt

ce`kkimgfo vcf kkf kvkrzwglf ccfokvciikf maar

twkk lcdbtbafmkf. Mgc ^. Uafs.

5. Ukiskf 0, okvkrem chlk Ba00 okjccht gf bktPglficfm. Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

?. Ukiskf 0, okvkrem `chlk Ba00 okjccht gf Iyaf.

Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.

2. Ukiskf 3, bczkifatkf jkt hfccosparkf vcf

àsjugzkf. Eata ^. Uafs.

7. Ukiskf 3, aiglepgttkf. Eata ^. Uafs


2.

7.



70

OICT_KPHA bk fu occ aj bk bcvkf`khkf, mk akvkr vcf bk ar gf mk kkrs k a

wkkmk csk, a bk krrkgf vcf mk cffkx a bk ar gf mk mkrmk csk, mjkf kf ypkf oicswkr Ĵf gf Ukiskf 3 avkr bk bkik krrkgf jgf a jkkrokiĴ . kfjgfs k 0?7 sdbkrvkf vcf ok`rug soic kf Ĵf apokorcvkf kfbk wcs `Ĵfc c kjcci c kiwccr. Mk rks `ks afm ug ffkslks vaar ci kf/a pakmkr (ciscjcrgc ). Bk ki mk okim vaar Ukiskf 0, jk mg vkrsdbgi mc mjamk kkf kf ki fgkuw af wkrp bkk ok`rcdb , acis gf kkf jci okoa kfffks a kkf cf jk ug ok fkpkf aar.

TDBAKFKF, ]KF]KF KF EAKMPCIKFBk gf Ukiskf okvafmkf ikkr bkk sgfms mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm afmkr bk orafmwc krfgvkcu okikokf kf gs mccrmaar oakm `kwccrm. Mk jkks k s uhkf

wcjkf ug bk bcvkf`khkf. Aa ug kf kik wc krputkf Ĵf rcojkf-kf ikkr okàrokf, acis kkf sdbakf vcf ‒mk jcf ug mk wc krpu ‗. Apvci-

ikfm gs mc vcf mk cfmkrk sdbakf c kkf mk spĴ krs `kwccrm Ĵf okìkvkfkf vcf mk ikrkf appkirgkj c kkf bk vkr givkrmk `ksico. JaokiĴ bkk mkaxgmc gk vcf bk jk cci a mk af `gfmgfo vcf bk igdbccj kkf fkoc gkvkgfviakm okbcm ap mk dafskrvkrgfo vcf bk ikkr

[g bk bcvkf`khkf Ĵf `kbcivk dajpik k a rcojkf crgsdbk sdbakfkf,aikf, kf kf kf sdbgim akmrcikf, aa c sfĴmskis okàrokf. Ukki rcojkf-kf wcjkf vcf bk (`Ĵ)sfĴmkf vcf sdbakf aikf. Ucc gs mccr`Ĵ fc k

occf wccr k vcf mk sdbakf aai Ĵf c oksfkmkf. Mg wĴs mcf ap bk rkpc-rkrkf vcf a ap mk pramud gk vcf aikf gf bk ar .

C ks Ĵ ki ccr `kvks gokf mk ikkr rcojkf kf bk jgig cgrk crc kr vcf mk vgfmpicc s. Mk oraa s k orakp vaarwkrpkf gs mgk vcf mk jgig cgrksdbakfkf, mkdcigock. \k wcrkf kr gf vkrsdbg kfmk ypkf. Avkrgokfs vaf-mkf mk crdbkaiaokf gf Ukiskf 0 vkki jgfmkr sdbakfkf mcf gf Ukiskf 3. Bkgs fgk ccf k fkjkf mc k gf Ukiskf 0 ìaa svak s igkpkf. Jgssdbgkf bk`- `kf k jgfmkr sdbakfkf vkrsik kf a wcs bk ikkr vcf `k krk wcig kg kfogfo icfokr jkk, a wkrmkf bgkr okkf rkpcrc gks ug okvakrm1

Mk jcf ug mk wc krpu gf Ukiskf 3 mrako apkfokwkr k saimc kf gs kf.Mk k `kspĴ krmk, baok sdbakfkf bcmmkf mrgk aikf< kkf `gffkf aai, kkfjgmmkf aai mgk kkf okbkki varjmk jk bk àvkfikkr kf mk ùg kf aai, wccrgf Ĵ krkf fappkf wcrkf oksicokf. Mk k ar k spĴ krs jk kkf puf g-

ok ap wcrkf gf kkf M-varj afmkr mk vak àao ccfok`rcdb . Mg spĴ kr- pc raaf kf mg ypk sdbakf wcrkf ypgsdb vaar mk kkrs k kkuw.

Fccs mk dcigoc wcj gf af k s rk kf aa kkf ypk okfccgmk sdbakf vaar,mgk gf mk wkkmk kkuw ug mk jamk rcc k. Kr gs kkf rcojkf vcf a‗fsaddus ug Ukiskf 0 `k kfm. wkk okfccgmk sdbakf aikf ug Ukiskf 3 barkf wccrsdbĴfiĴ `Ĵ mk mgdb k affldgkrsiccrs, mkdcidkus, jk kkr muf àvkf-ikkr mc fgk `kwccrm gs okìkvkf.

@avkf< Ukiskf 3, icp tkxtgki okájprko fkkrm jkt tkkr. Eata G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 3, igfhkrsdbakf vcf mk jcf ugt wctkrput 0, igfhs mk `gffkfhcft

vcf mk `gffkfzaai kf rkdbts mk ùgtkfhcft vcf mk `kspglhkrmk ùgtkfzaai.





74

Kf kik sdbakfkf bcmmkf wki bkik ikgfk jc kfkf mugmmkf wccrsdbĴfiĴ ap mk ccfwk gobkgm vcf vrauwkf kf gfmkrkf gf bk cjp. Aa wkk

rcojkf kf vcf rgkj`ksico ug Ukiskf 3 Ĵf vaarci `k kfm cis vrauwkfmrcdb , fk cis bccr-fccimkf ug Ukiskf 3 kf 0 kf kkf jcf kispkimmgk gf Ukiskf 0 gs okvafmkf. Mk k wcj ugbk FaarmkiĴ Cipkfok`gkm kf gs mcf aa kkfccfwĴ gfo vaar mk jaokiĴ k bkr ajs vcf mkkgokfcrkssk.

Ikkr wkrm aa ok`rug vaar kf kf. Mk rco-jkf kf vcf Ukiskf Ĵf fgk oraa okfako ajkkf fcuw kurgok rkdafs rud gk jaokiĴ kjc kf, jccr wccrsdbĴfiĴ bk``kf Ĵ bk ki -

mk ug kriĴ okbcm cis mk kf mgk `k kfm gs ugbk ar Ugfmaicfmc gf Faarm-Kfokicfm. Mk kkf vcf mrgk `Ĵ mrgk jk kr àam picc s ccf kkf

kkfbkgm vcf 3> jcf (daf u`krfguj). Mk bau kfkf bcrgfokf vcf Ukiskf 3 uffkf bkki oakm Ĵ

mg ypk Ĵf ok`rug < mk ora k kf jgmmkiora k vaar bk vcs ktkf vcf mk sdbkkriĴfkf kf mk

ikgfk bcrgfokf vaar bk s rc baumkf vcf mkkf kgikf.

Mk ikrkf sdbgim akmrcikf vcf Ukiskf Ĵf fgka kkf `Ĵpcsskfm ypk sdbgim k bkrikgmkf. Gf

sikdb s ççf okvci iĴ kkf gk s sdbugfk sdbgi-mrcfm ccfwk go k Ĵf. Bk `rkfo afs fgk vkrmkr ajmc vrako-Pajkgfsk ikogakfssdbgi-mkf c okrafmk a sdbugfk bak kf bcmmkf. Kr gsfgk vcs k s k kf a bk kkf akmrcci vcf kkfikogakfs- a buip rakpkfsdbgim `k rk . Ukiskf0 bkk kf kik ora k rcojkf kf apokikvkrm, mgkbkiccs fc mk aporcvgfo fgk c kjcci kwccrm

Ĵf okìkvkf. Mk wki `kwccrmk akmrcci rco-jkf kf vcf okg kfikkr bcmmkf s g occ lks icfosmk rcfmkf.

PKIGOGKMk Pajkgfsk jc krgèik dui uur gs rĴ ccf ug gf-okf vcf rkigogku k rcmg gks, awki gf bk oraacis gf bk ikgf. Uaar mk spgrg ukik `kikvgfo vcfmk Pajkgfsk saimc kf Ĵf kdb kr gf okkf vcf `kgmk ar kf vkki ccfwĴ gfokf okvafmkf. Kr

Ĵf okkf rks kf vcf kjpkis a ci crkf apokorcvkf. Gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf wki wkk s uhkf ci s kkfokvafmkf wccrgf mk rks kf vcf gfokbc k ik -

krs k gkf Ĵf, gf Ukiskf 0 kkf ikgf rcojkfci s kkf jk kkf mkki vcf kkf arfcjkf a

sgkriĴs . Kr gs okkf k s ap `kwccrm okìkvkf,kf gf okkf vcf mk k okvc kf gs k kookf a bkkkf auwgfsdrgp gk, kkf orc s kkf a kkf ci ccrgs okwkks .

Kkf cfmkrk vafms orakp wccrap kkr rkokijc gorg ukik c kkimgfokf vaar ajkf, gs mgk vcf mkaigkicjplks. Ukki vaar ajkfmk oamkf Ĵf Jg-fkrvc, Jkrdurgus, Ugd argc, @cddbus kf Crgcmfk,Cjar, kf Ukfus. Kkf mkki vcf mk k icjplks ci

k kr mgkfs bk``kf okmccf `Ĵ rg ukikf, acisbk vkrigdb kf vcf bugsci crkf. Igdb bgkimgjjkrs mkjafkf ap c s cfm, wc ki s vaar

mk jkks okbcrmk jgig cgr gf mkf vrkkjmk kkf prktgok okmcdb k jak Ĵf okwkks . Jccr icfofgk gkmkrk aigkicjp mgkfmk aj mk okks k vkr-igdb kf. Ucc Ĵf k vaar gkf vcf c kkimgfokfmgk jk bk c kmccosk ikvkf k jc kf bcmmkf. Uaar`kkimkf Ĵf avkrwaffkf oicmgc arkf, vĴ-cfmkf, lcdbtc krkikf kf kra gsdbk sdâfks.

Mk jkks pkrsaafiĴ k kikvgfo vcf mk oamkf- wkrkim vgfmkf wk gf mk kokis kfkf gf rgfokf vcf mk saimc kf. Bgkrvcf wkrmkf kr jccr igk s vĴ kf ks go gf Ukiskf 3 kf wkk gf Ukiskf 0 okvafmkf. Ukki vcf mk okorcvkkrmk vaars k gfokf

Ĵf vcf oamkf acis Lupg kr, Jgfkrvc kf @cd-dbus, a ccf bkf k rkic krkf a`lkd kf. _k gkfaa mgvkrsk okiu `rkfokfmk syjàikf acis

rk kis, arkfcrkf kf mk baarf mks avkrviakms(darfudapgc). Ap sikdb s ççf gs kkf k s ccfwk-

go< C GU. Cis mk rgfo cis kokirgfo warm ok- `rug mcf s cc gf mk c mru < UG C (ikvkf).

Ukiskf 0, gfsdrgptgk

vcf bkt waarm UG]C

gf spgkoki`kkim ap mk

oiczkf stkkf vcf kkf

zkokirgfo. Mgc ^. Uafs.




7=

TGKPCMKF KF CDDKTTAGPKT

HrcikfOics aj fgk c kkf vaar gf vcc wkr . Bk gs aa vkrwkr gf sgkra`lkd-

kf, acis rcikf. Mgk Ĵf gf Ukiskf okvafmkf gf vkrsdbg kfmk ikurkf. Mkjkks k Ĵf oicm c okwkr , jccr kr Ĵf aa `kwkr k kxkjpicrkf acisjkiakf rcikf vcf ok ikurm jc oics, wccrvcf kr gf Ukiskf 0 ççf okvafmkfgs. Mk k rcci bkk kkf wg orĴ k ikur.

Kçf vcf mk apjkrhkiglhstk vafmstkf ugt

Ukiskf 3 gs afmkr mk hap rkigogk tk picct-skf, ci iglht mct ap bkt kkrstk okzgdbt wctvkr okzadbt. Ap kkf wglfvct, bkrok`rughtcis wctkrput, wcs kkf bkik skrgk vcfikttkrs kf tkhkfgfokf gfokhrcst. Ap kkfmugo stafmkf twkk rkokis jkt ikttkrs<C@DMKEOBGHIJFA^SPT], kf mccr-fccst gf kkf gkts siarmgokr bcfmsdbrget<C@DMKEOBGHIJFA T]U.

Ap kkf cfmkrk mugo stafmkf avkr mk okbkik`rkkmtk mk ikttkrs C@DMK. Mk siarmgokkf fkttk tkhstkf makf mkfhkf ccf kkfsdbrgl ks. Kkf vkrokiglh`ccr ciec`kt stcctap kkf Pajkgfsk hrugh ugt Bkkrikf. Mccr gsccffkjkiglh okjccht mct zuihk ciec`kttkfwkrmkf apokvct cis rkokis jkt jystgkhktkhkfs. Mkzk jcogsdbk sprkuhkf zaumkfafbkgi cewkfmkf. Mk ciec`kttkf ap bktccrmkwkrh kf mk tkokis mgk gf mk `chavkfjkkogfokf, huffkf maar mk pramudkftkfzglf `kmakim aj mkjafkf ce tk wkrkf mgkbkt `chpradks hafmkf ictkf jgsiuhhkf.

Mk ciec`kttkf ap mk taf vcf Ukiskf huffkfmcf aah `kmakim zglf okwkkst aj afbkgikf mkjafkf ce tk wkrkf, `glvaar`kkim ajbkt trcfspart kf mk baum`ccrbkgm vcf mkwglf vkgigo tk stkiikf. Jccr vaar bktzkiemkokim zglf mk tkhstkf maar mk saimctkf gfbkt eart Eikvuj ccfok`rcdbt aj kr zkhkrvcf tk zglf mct mk taf gf zglf twkkmk ikvkf

okkf `kmarvkf wctkr zau apikvkrkf. Mk

`kmakigfo vcf mk tkhstkf zau wki kkfskkf mugmkiglhk `aamsdbcp ccf ‒bkt `azk‗huffkf zglf< aphrcsskf!

Mus okkf sdbrgl ks, jccr kkf rgtukiksprkuh. Fgkt avkrtugom1 _ct bkt gf kih okvcizafmkr twgleki gs< bkt aumstk ciec`kt mct gfFkmkricfm gs okvafmkf!

BK] A[MT]K CIEC@K] UCF FKMKPICFM




7;

JcftkispkimkfCfmkrk sgkrvaarwkrpkf, mgk avkrgokfs aa

ufd gafkki wcrkf, Ĵf mk jcf kispkimkf ( ffiù-ick) wccrjkk kkf dcpk, kkf bcismak a ikmgfogf bk ciokjkkf wkrm vcs okjcc . Ajmc mk varjkf kf mk mkdarc gk krvcf jkk ogfokf jkmk bkkrskfmk jamk Ĵf k kkf `rug `ccr mc k-rgfosjgmmki afmkr crdbkaiaokf. Mk jamk wcsfgk avkrci bk ki mk, kf mccrmaar uffkf mkjcf kispkimkf aa ccfwĴ gfokf okvkf avkr mkbkr ajs vcf jc krs kf mrcokrs.

Mk varjkf vcf mk ffiùick ug Ukiskf 3 Ĵf fgkavkr bk bkik ok`gkm bk ki mk. Kr gs ap mg puf vkrsdbgi usskf csk 3 kf 0 kf ap gdb k vcf csk 4 kf mk wks kiĴ k cffkx. Mg cf k jc kf bk`-

`kf jk kkf vkrsdbgi gf mc krgfo, jk kkf vkr-sdbg kfm ok`rug a cfmkrk ok`rug krs vcf mkkrrkgfkf. Mk cffkx wcs jgssdbgkf mk waaf- kf

vkrìĴ picc s vcf mk vrauwkf kf gfmkrkf. KkfccfwĴ gfo bgkrvaar gs bk baokrk pkrdkf cok‒sdbĴfflùick‗, mgk vaarci maar vrauwkf wkrmkfokmrcokf.

Ukrzarogfospramudtkf@Ĵ sgkrcmkf kf cddkssagrks barkf aa mk a`- lkd kf mgk jk igdbccjsvkr arogfo k jc kfbk``kf. Kkf ccf ci vafms kf gs mgrkd gf vkr- `cfm k `rkfokf jk bk `cmbugs vcf Ukiskf 3,

acis mk ci kkrmkr okfakjmk bau kf `cmsigppkrs

(sduipafkc), `raf kf bugmsdbrcpkrs (s rgogig) kf `cmaigkffkslks (`ciscjcrgc ). Kr Ĵf aa ffkslksokvafmkf wccrvcf warm vkrjakm mc k pcr-

uj `kvctkf. \k uffkf maar mk bkrkf ug bkar Ĵf ok`rug , jccr uffkf fc uuriĴ aa

vcf mk mccr a fu kf mcf ccfwk gok mcjks c -ajs go Ĵf, mk vrauwkf a vrgkfmgffkf vcf mk

saimc kf.

UPGLK ]GLM

Tpkiiktlks[g awki Ukiskf 3 cis 0 ajkf vafms kf mgk

k jc kf bk``kf jk bk vu kf vcf mk Ĵm ùg kf mk mgkfs — gf bugmgok krjkf< vrĴk

Ĵm — a Ĵmkfs bk wcdb iappkf. Mk oraa s k vafms orakp gs mgk vcf mk spkkisdbĴvkf. \k wcrkf, acis ci kkrmkr wkrm ug okikom, okjcc vcf ok`ra kf vcc wkr . C k jaokiĴ k saar kfccrmkwkr Ĵf ok`rug aj spkkisdbĴvkf vcf

k jc kf, jccr kr Ĵf kr aa mgk spkdgcci Ĵfokjcc vcf wg a wcr oics. Bk Ĵf sdbĴ ksmgk ccf mk afmkr Ĵmk vic Ĵf kf àvkf ài. \kbk``kf kkf mgcjk kr vcf afokvkkr 3 dj. \k a-jkf awki gf Ukiskf 3 cis 0 vaar.

kfsiatk Ĵf kr spkkisdbĴ ks vcf `kkf kf okwkg, mgk fk cis mk oic kf kxkjpicrkf jkks cispkdgcci vaar mg maki Ĵf okmrccgm.

Igfhs< Ukiskf 3, okj ae

oksfkmkf rgfostkkfjkt mk ce`kkimgfo

vcf Cpaiia. Mk okj gs

sikdbts 3= jj baao.


Pkdbts< Ukiskf

0, `rafzkf

jcftkispkimkf vcf

bkt typk Cudgssc,

typgsdb vaar saimctkf

ugt mk Urako Pajkgfsk

pkrgamk. Mgc G^^,

Cjstkrmcj .




75



7?

Ukiskf 3, pcci vcf mk

faarmpgkr jkt sparkf

vcf mk bkgstkiigfo ccf

`kgmk zglmkf. Mgc G^^,

Cjstkrmcj .



72

Gf mk jkks k okvc kf Ĵf mk sdbĴ ks ok`rug vaar àrmspk kf. Kkf vaar`kkim bgkrvcf gs bkjaikfspki. Bgkr`Ĵ bcm ki k spkikr kkf kgokf

ikur, maf kr a igdb . Bk spkkiàrm, jkks cigf mk varj vcf kkf rcm a vgkr cf jk vchk-fgfmkigfo, wcs wccrsdbĴfiĴ okwaaf gf mkorafm ok rcs kf gs mccrmaar fgk crdbkaia-ogsdb avkrokikvkrm. Mk Pajkgfkf kfmkf aabk ravkrsspki (iumus ic rufduiaruj), mc makmkf kf ccf afs mcjspki. Cfmkrk àrmspkikf wcrkf vcrgc gks vcf bk bugmgok rgd- rcd-spkikf bk wcci puf kfspki (iumus RGG sdrgp aruj).

@Ĵ kkf mkki vcf mk spk kf wkrm kkf ma``ki-s kkf ok`rug . Gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf kr vgkr okvaf-

mkf, okjcc ug jcssgkvk s uhkf okwkg.Mk damkrgfo ap mk ma``kis kfkf gs okiĴ ccfmk bugmgok, jk mk mrgk kokfavkr mk vgkr, mk

wkk kokfavkr mk vĴ kf mk ççf kokfavkr mkks. Gf krksscf gs mc kr aa s uhkf pĴpàĴf ok`rug cis ma``kis kkf. Bgkr`Ĵ gs mk

jkrobai k ccf `kgmk Ĵmkf apokvuim jk iassks u lks à . Bk wkrm vcs fgk maar gkmkrkkf vkr rauwm, wcf kkf vkr wcrgfo (wccrjkkmus vcis af warmkf okspkkim) af kkfvaumgo warmkf gfokàuwm. Mk k ma``kis kkf gs wkk-jcci ora kr mcf mk jcssgkvk ma``kis kfkf vcf Ukiskf 3.

JuzgkhKkf k kpĴp vcf kkf kkcrkfm wkrm cis pcf-ffug ok`rug . Bk c ok ccomk ug kgfmk wcsoksik kf a okvĴim. Ap mk sdbcdb wcs CDU UTgfok rcs . Mk k k s au uffkf mugmkf apmk baok aaf mgk bgkrjkk okbccim af warmkf,jccr cf aa kkf mkki vcf mk fccj vcf mk kg-okfccr Ĵf.

Kr Ĵf fao wkk `kfkf ffug lks okvafmkf,mgk cis kkf ìa ffug uffkf Ĵf ok`rug aafmkrmkki Ĵf okwkks vcf kkf cfmkr ìccsgf-s rujkf . Kkf k kpĴp vcf kkf ocfs (Cfskrspkd.) bcm ccf `kgmk ug kgfmkf sfĴsparkf vcfbk vkrwĴmkrkf vcf mk okwrgdb kf kf siĴ cok-sparkf. Gf mk sdbcdb wcrkf mrgk oc kf okàarmap mk picc s wccr bk à `rkmkr ug iaap . Bk

cf mccraj kkf maar jgmmki vcf kkf rgk ccf-okìc kf gfs rujkf Ĵf okwkks .

KKF UIK[OLK HIK[P MAK] _AFMKPKF

Gf Ukiskf 0 gs kkf apjkrhkiglhk vafmst okmccf vcf kfhkik `gl kihccrbarkfmk àmkj- kf wcfmsdbkrvkf vcf kkf orgls patlk. Ap mkzksdbkrvkf hajt ccf mk `gffkfzglmk kkf razk ccfsico vaar. Mk hikurgs `kwccrm okìkvkf ajmct mk vafmst vcfce mk Pajkgfsk tglm afmkrorafmwctkrfgvkcu bkket okikokf. Ajmct mkzk hikur fgkt vaarhajtcis àmkjccfsico `gl mk rkst vcf bkt vafmst jctkrgcci, gs afmkr-zadbt ae bkt jaokiglh rkstkf vcf vkre wcrkf. Mk sta kf purpurgfk,icwsaf kf gfmgoatgfk hajkf kr gf vaar. Mk dbkjgsdbk vkr`gfmgfopurpurgfk gs kkf dajpafkft vcf jkkhrcp, jkt fcjk mk wgimkjkkhrcp (Pu`gc ^krkorgfc I.). Mkzk picft wkrm gf mk Pajkgfsk tglmvkki ok`rught aj tkxtgki tk vkrvkf. Icwsaf gs baaemdajpafkft vcfbkffc (Icwsafgc gfkrjgs I.). Gfmgoatgfk gs cehajstgo ugt mk picftkfwkmk (Gsctgs tgfdtargc I.) kf gfmgoa (Gfmgoaekrc tgfdtargc I.) kf wglstmus ap mk ccfwkzgobkgm vcf kkf ìcuwk hikurstae.

Mk Pajkgfsk crdbgtkdt, jgigtcgr kf gfokfgkur Ugtruvgus `ksdbrgletzawki jkkhrcp cis gfmgoa `gl zglf vkrbcfmkigfo avkr mk pgojkftkfvaar mk wcfmsdbgimkrhufst. îgfgus mk Aumkrk `ksdbrglet mkzkpicftccrmgok hikursta kf jkt fcjk vaar bkt vkrvkf vcf tkxtgki kfvaar dasjktgsdb ok`rugh. Bgl sdbrglet mct zawki mk wgimk jkkhrcpcis mk oktkkimk vcrgcft wkrm ok`rught. Uaiokfs Ugtruvgus wkrm wkmkok`rught cis gfmgoa ugt Gfmgc fgkt `ksdbgh`ccr wcs.Mk daj`gfctgk vcf mkzk mrgk hikursta kf gf kkf vkr`gfmgfo jkt ciu -

jgfgujsgigdcct cis razk pakmkr gs kkrmkr okvafmkf gf kkf Pajkgfskoiczkf vaoki ugt Ukdbtkf kf gf twkk oiczkf vaokis ugt Iyaf. Mkzkpakmkrs gf vaoki kslks wcrkf zkkr wccrsdbglfiglh `kmakim cis jc -hk-up. Bkt gs mus ccffkjkiglh mct bkt razk iccolk ap mk vkki jgfmkrkikocftk sdbkrvkf ugt Ukiskf aah vcf jchk-up gs. _gk mk jchk-upbkket ok`rught gs af`khkfm, jccr ae bkt ççf vcf mk stakrk saimctkfwcs, gs jccr zkkr mk vrcco.

Ukiskf 3, `kfkf ugtlk okjccht vcf kkf pglpàtlk

vcf kkf zkkcrkfm. Ap mk sdbcdbt kkf gfsdrgptgk<

CDU]UT. Eata PJA, Ikgmkf.




3>>



3>3

Bk dafsujp gkpc raaf, jk rufm kf vcr-kf cis `kicforĴ s k vikksikvkrcfdgkrs, gs gf

Ukiskf avkrci okiĴ . Aa mk vkrmkigfo vcf mks kik kikjkf kf `Ĵ mk mrgk `kicforĴ s k saar-

kf (rufm, sdbccp/okg kf vcr kf) gs gf ora kiĴfkf bk ki mk. C k mkikf vcf bk igdbccj

Ĵf vkr kokfwaarmgom< ap, sdbaumkr, rajp(wkrvki aiaj, rg``kf), `khkf kf vaar- kf cdb-

krpa kf gfdiusgk mk afmkrpa kf. Bk `k k kfmc vkk kr pikhk gs oksicdb kf ikvkfm, a wki‒ap mk bak ‗, wkrm ccfokvakrm. Mgk ikvkfmk bcvkgs jaokiĴ vaar kkf mkki cis `kics gfo vcf mkErgk kf c ajs go. Bgkr ci wki ccfvu gfo `Ĵfamgo Ĵf okwkks , wcf bk vakmkf kf af-mkrbaumkf vcf kkf dajpikk ar ap s kr k

ci kkf wcrk ccfsico ap mk mrcco rcdb vcf

mk ajokvgfo bk``kf `k k kfm8 kkf ccfsicomgk wccr okfako au ìĴ kf aj mk Ergk kfk `kwkokf a aps cfm. JaokiĴ bk``kf mk

Pajkgfkf, wĴs okwarmkf maar mk Tico ajEikvuj, ic kr mk kics gfomru ccfokpcs . Cisbk ogfo aj `kics gfokf, acis mk akfjcigok

kg kr g`krgus kg, jaks lk sdbcpkf sdbkrkf,fgk vg kf.

Bk ora k ccfmkki vcf vcr kfs (kf gf kg kaa gppkf) bkk k jc kf jk mk Pajkgfskccfwk gobkgm. Bk iĴ kr s kr ap mc mk Pa-jkgfsk rakpkf gf afrus gok Ĵmkf, acis `Ĵjgig cgrk kxpkmg gks, vaar buf vakmskivaar gk-fgfo ikufmkf ap kkf `k rauw`crk, jchkiĴ

k vkrpicc skf kf sfki rkpramudkrkfmk `raf vcf pra káfkf. Ucr kfs kf gppkf wkrmkforcco okok kf kf afmkf jchkiĴ `gffkf bk

ar ki warmkf apok wkk . Gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf pradkf ukki jgfmkr vcr kfsàtkf okvafmkfmcf Ukiskf 0< 03%, kokfavkr rkspkd gkvkiĴdc. =2,;% kf ;4,;% gf bk jc krgcci vcf Ukiskf0. Mg cf kr ap wĴ kf bk kf Ĵmk vcf Ukiskf

0 afrus gokr wcs, jgssdbgkf vcfwkok mk ccfvc kf vcf Dbcu gsdbk pgrc kf, mk gfvcsgk vcf@rgtcffgè gf =4 f.Dbr., a kkf fgk jkkr c cf-

kiĴ wg kf Ĵf vcf pravgcfmkrgfo vcfug mkErgksk `kvai gfo.

kfsiatk Ĵf kr rks kf vcf pccrmkf kf bafmkfokvafmkf, jccr mgk u kf buf mcokf bk``kfoksik kf cis rĴ- a ics mgkr kf wcc bafm. \k krgf mk Pajkgfsk jgig cgrk wkrkim `ks afm kkf

càk ap bk k kf vcf pccrmkfvikks.

Okvaokitk Lcdb ap wgimk aaomgkrkf kf vaokis wcs vaarmk vikksvaar gkfgfo gf mk ar kf vcf afmkrok-sdbg `kicfo, kf aa sdbkipmgkrkf wcrkf fgkjkkr mcf kkf kriaapsk ccfvu gfo ap bk mgkk .Avkrgokfs gs mk vcrgc gk ccf okvaoki k apjkr-

kiĴ oraa . Mk mgkrkf okvkf mccr`Ĵ aa kkf `kkim vcf mk icfmsdbcps afks wccrgf k Ĵfokvcfokf. Ucf mk kk kf s rcfm ajkf< orcuwkocfs, rgk ocfs, rcfmocfs, ra ocfs, wuip, raam-

kkimug kr, jkkuw, vgscrkfm kf kkcrkfm. Apbk `gffkfwc kr ajkf vaar< wgimk kkfm, wgf-

kr cigfo, aiocfs, wgimk wccf, icuwk rkgokrkf aagkvccr. Ucf mk vkkforafmkf< rccfvaoki,oaumpikvgkr, pc rĴs, arbakf kf ùg krm. Kf

kfsiatk vcf mk chkrorafmkf, ugfkf kf wau-

mkf< bau mug , bau sfgp, iĴs kr, cuw, wcr krccg, rcc kf akbak. Mk icc s k vaokis u kffgk okok kf Ĵf jccr aj cfmkrk rkmkfkf Ĵfokvcfokf, okbaumkf a jk kkf okmaam.

Bk (spccr cjk) wgim — kmkibkr , wgim wĴf kfbccs — wcj afok wĴ kim ug mk mgrkd k aj-okvgfo. Kmkibkr kf bk``kf kkf vaar kur vaarkkf bci apkf icfmsdbcp wccrgf apkf krrkgf kf

ikgfk a ora krk (jakrcs)àslks kf/a s rug -okwcs ki ccr c wgsskikf. Aa wgimk wĴfkf vakikf gdb gf a‗f icfmsdbcp oakm bugs. Mk kajsdbrĴvgfokf vaimakf prkdgks ccf mk akfjc-igok ajokvgfo vcf mk ar kf.

UgsBk `kicfo vcf vgsvcfos wcs fccr c k wccr-sdbĴfiĴ bkgm ora kr mcf bk fu vkr cjkimkjc krgcci mak vkrjakmkf. Gf gkmkr okvci bkkjkf rkokijc go ( kkr) ora k vgsskf okok kf, wccrvcf kkf jkkrvci vcf jccr igk s 32; dj ikfo-

k bk jkks a mk vkr`kkimgfo sprkk . [g mk vgsrks kf vcf Ukiskf 3 ìkk mc bk gf mk jkks k

okvc kf aj jgmmkiora k kf ora k kxkjpicrkfogfo. Bk ki mk kkim wcj fccr varkf Ĵ kkfkkrmkr ug okvakrm afmkr ak vcf kvkfkf ks go vgsrks kf ug Ukiskf 0, wccr`Ĵ vrĴwki mk ki mksaar kf wkrmkf ccfok ra kf. Mk vgsskf wcjkf

awki ug bk ak k wc kr ( acis mk jkkrvci), gfbk `rchk wc kr vcf bk ks ucrguj cis ug kkkf wkrm gf mk mgrkd k ajokvgfo okvcfokf, fkcis bk wgim kf mk vaokis. Ucf mk ak wc krvgsskf

Ĵf sfak , ccrs, rcskj, ikg, wgfmk, icf - vaarf, rgk vaarf kf jkkrvci vkr kokfwaarmgom.

Ukiskf 0, daiikdtgk

sdbkipkf mgk cis

cevci gf mk bcvkf zglf

okoaagm. Eata C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.




3>0

ypgsdbk saar kf ug kkf rgvgkrjafmgfo jk `rc wc kr Ĵf bcrmkr kf a . Ugsskf mgk ap kk

Ĵf okvcfokf Ĵf< maarfbccg, kkpcigfo, c`ki- lcuw, sdbkivgs, ramk kf orcuwk paaf, sdbcr, sdbaikf orgk . kfsiatk Ĵf kr saar kf mgk cis rkhkrsgf vkrsdbg kfmk wc krsaar kf avkrikvkf, aciss kur, ffif , cij kf pcigfo.

Gf gkmkr okvci gs kr gf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 ok- vgs , a ìkk ug mk vafms vcf kf kik ug kf vcf okviadb kf chkf kf kkf wkk ci vgsbcc - lks. Mgk icc s k bk``kf kxcd mk ki mk varj cismgk kokfwaarmgo gf mk spar vgswgf ki k aap

Ĵf. Kr gs aa kkf ccf ci okwgdb kf okvafmkf,mgk wkrmkf ok`rug vaar bk vkr wcrkf vcffktkf. Kkf wkkmk ok`rug cis wkk okwgdb gs

mccr`Ĵ fgk ci Ĵm ug k siug kf.TdbkipkfMk jkks vaar ajkfmk sdbkip gf bk vafms jc-

krgcci gs mk jasski, ap kfgok c s cfm okvaiommaar mk ahki, `kgmk oksdbg vaar jkfskiĴ k

dafsujp gk. wkk saar kf okvkf kkf `kkim vcfbk icfmsdbcp gf mk ajokvgfo kf wkrmkf fgkokok kf< mk icfmsic kf mk gf ak wc kr okmĴ-kfmk aarpakisic . Mg sic lk gs scjkf jk mkccfok ra kf jasmgkr lks kkf ccfwĴ gfo mc kr

kf Ĵmk vcf mk Pajkgfkf ak wc krajs cfmgo-bkmkf bkkrs kf gf mk okui `Ĵ Ukiskf 3 kf 0.

Mk jasskikf, ahkis, wui kf, bci ok fatks rcfmsdbkipkf, kpkibaarf kf cig rug kf af-mkf vcf mk fc`Ĵokikokf Faarm kk us ajkf, `Ĵvaar`kkim ug mk jafmgfokf vcf mk PĴf kf vcf bk Akr-İ. Mk aks krs wkrmkf avkr ora krkc s cfm ccfokvakrm, ug \ugmwks -Fkmkricfma mk _cmmkf kk, wccr mk ajs cfmgobkmkfoksdbg wcrkf vaar aks kr`cf kf. Jgssdbgkf

wcjkf k wki vcf fao vkrmkr wko, acis mkaks krs ug Pajkgfs Uci kfùro. Mgk ìk kfc ajs go k Ĵf vcf mk Kfokisk ugm us a mkErcfsk us . A mk aks krs ug Ukiskf 0 aa vcf

a vkr wko wcjkf gs fgk kxpigdgk k jc kf,ap ççf ug afmkrgfo fc.

Ukiskf 3, _gi Iaat

baumt kkf jaagk

oicsvafmst ap.

Mgc ^. Uafs.




3>4

OKIMMk Pajkgfsk saimc kf baarmkf `Ĵ kkf `krakpsikokr kf mk jcfsdbcppkf vkrwcdbtkf okrkokim k warmkf ug `k ccim. Gf ki ar wcs kkf cs ccfwk go kf aa gf Ukiskf Ĵf mk `kicforĴ s k juftypkf mgk mk Pajkgfkfok`rug kf kruookvafmkf. Afmkrigfo bcmmkf k kkf spkdgffik k wccrmk,c okjk kf ccf mk raam apkrkfcs<

3 Curkus (oaum): =>> cs3 Mkfcrgus ( givkr): 35 cs3 Sgfcrgus ( givkr) : 2 cs3 Tks kr gus (`rafs) : = cs3 Mupafmgus (`rafs) : 0 cs3 Cs ( apkr) : 3 cs3 Tkjgs ( apkr): º cs3 Scmrcfs ( apkr) : ¹ cs

Juf kf vcf kmkijk cci wkrmkf maar mk kg kr ki gf ajiaap ok`rcdb .Bk siccf vcf juf kf vcf apkr kf `rafs ìkk bk prgvgikok vcf mk Pa-jkgfsk Tkfcc . Gf Ukiskf 3 Ĵf 44? juf kf okvafmkf, gf Ukiskf 0 Ĵf mckr `kmugmkfm jgfmkr< ==, wccrafmkr aa fao kkf juf sdbc vcf cdbjuf kf `Ĵ ki ccr. JaokiĴ c kf k scjkf gf kkf fgk `kwccrm okìkvkf `kurslk a vkrpc gf kkf mak .

UkrokiĴ gfokf usskf mk ar kf ap `csgs vcf mk juf kf Ĵf wki jaokiĴ ,jccr c kkf jk gf bk cdb krbaa m bk vkrsdbgi gf ajvcfo kf `k ktgfos-muur. Cis mk juf kf gf pkrdkf coks pkr jk cci warmkf ok k , mcf ìĴmc gf `kgmk ar kf mk raam apkrkf csskf avkrbkkrskf. Kr wkrm fc uuriĴjgfmkr jakg k okmccf aj kkf vkriarkf cs kruo k vgfmkf mcf wcffkkrmc kkf curkus wcs. Mc kr mccr ççf vcf okvafmkf gs, gs ug afmkriĴ 8 mgk vkr kokfwaarmgomk gjjkrs kkf ikgf cpg cci. Mk k juf gs okvafmkf gfbk mkki vcf mk bcvkf vcf Ukiskf 3 mc gf mk jgmmkikkuwkf gs vkrspakim.BĴ cf mccr Ĵf vkriarkf, Ĵf oka krm a ic kr fccr ak Ĵf okspakim.

Cis mk juf kf vcf mk `kgmk ar kf pradkf ukki pkr kg kr warmkf vkrok-ik kf, mcf gkf wk kkf pgk mgk mk pkrgamks jk gf kfsgkvkrk cd gvg kg kfccfokk , wcffkkr kr kkf ora krk gfs raaj vcf fgkuw okim wcs. Mk juf-

kf vcf kg kr Cuous us (0? v.Dbr. — 3= f.Dbr.) majgfkrkf gf Ukiskf 3, mkjuf kf vcf kg kr Dcigouic (4? — =3 f.Dbr.) gf Ukiskf 0. Mg okk k kr ccfmc mk `kgmk artkrrkgfkf gf vkrsdbg kfmk pkrgamkf kkf baa mrai bk``kf

okspkkim, kf mc kr jccr okrgfok avkricp gs okwkks gf bk ok`rug vcf bkar Ukiskf 3 kf Ĵmk vcf Ukiskf 0. Mk lafos k juf kf gf `kgmk ar kf Ĵfkim cjk kxkjpicrkf vcf kg kr Dicumgus. Bk okrgfok ccf ci mugm kr ap

mc jaokiĴ ci bkki ar fc bk kruorakpkf vcf Darùia gf =? f.Dbr. bkar vcf Ukiskf 0 wkrm vkric kf ( gk p. ?4). Gf gkmkr okvci bk``kf mk Pajkg-

fkf kr wkgfgo okim cdb krokic kf, kf Ĵ gf mc lccr mk juf kf vcf vaar-ocfokr Dcigouic fao mk àvkf aaf vakrmkf gf mk gs kf vcf mk jgig cgrk

cssgkrs kf gf mk ùgmkis vcf mk saimc kf.

@avkf< Ukiskf 3,

vaarzglmk vcf kkf

oaumkf juft ae curkus

oksicokf tusskf 3= kf

30 v.Dbr. maar hkgzkrCuoustus jkt mgkfs

partrkt. Mgc ^. Uafs.

Afmkr< Ukiskf 3,

hkkrzglmk vcf mkzkiemk

oaumkf juft ae curkus

vcf hkgzkr Cuoustus

jkt ce`kkimgfo vcf

kkf stgkr. Mgc ^. Uafs.




3>=3>=



3>;

Mk wkrkim vcf

mk Ergkzkf

3>;

; Mk Pajkgfsk cf vcf mk ar kf `gl Ukiskf gs gf

mk vargok baa ms uhkf ug ok`rkgm `kigdb .krkdb , wcf mk Pajkgfkf bk``kf mgk ar kf

okpicfm, okàuwm kf `kjcfm, kf — ci gs mc fgkvai ajkf zk kr — kravkr oksdbrkvkf.

Jccr mgk eartkf icokf fgkt gf kkf vcduùj. Mk ajokvgfo wcs `k-waafm, ci kkuwkf icfo, kf zau `kwaafm iglvkf fcmct mk Pajkgfkf krfc buf hartk vkrìgle wcrkf vkrtrahhkf. Mgk `kwafkrs zcokf mk eartkfvcfugt mk vkrtk kf sajjgokf hwcjkf kr mgdbt gf mk ùurt ae zkies`gffkf. Mkzk ‒Ergksk‗ hcft vcf Ukiskf 3 kf 0 gs mus jgfstkfs za gftkr-ksscft, ci huffkf wk mgk ciikkf `kigdbtkf vcfugt kkf puur crdbkaia-ogsdb pkrspkdtgke, ccfokvuim jkt kkf kfhkik Pajkgfsk (kf mccrmaarokhikurmk) jkmkmkigfo.



3>5

_c gs kr okvafmkf vcf mk Ergk kf ug mk Urako-Pajkgfsk Ĵm gf Faarm-Ba cfm1 kffaarmkf kf faarmaas kf vcf Ukiskf gs lcrkficfoafmkr ak okmccf gf `Ĵvaar`kkim mk Csskf-mkivkr âimkrs, [g okks , Bkkjs kr , Bkgiaakf Dcs rgduj, jccr aa gf mk mugfkf, gf bkok`gkm Okks kjkrcj`cdb kf vkrmkr fccr bkfaarmkf rafm Tdbcokf, Tdbaari kf ap kxki.C ks `Ĵ ki ccr Ĵf kr vkik bafmkrmkf vgfmpicc skf `k kfm ug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm. Fgk c k vgfmpicc skf Ĵf avkrgokfs okiĴ Ĵmgo jk mgk vcf mk ar kf vcf Ukiskf. Mk k u kf mccraj ùg kf `ksdbauwgfo ìĴvkf. Avkr mk afk kf

ugmkf vcf Ukiskf, kf k kr kf ugmkf vcfBccrikj, Ĵf wk `Ĵ afmkr sikdb okáf arjkkrm.AokfsdbĴfiĴ ico bgkr kkf ikko ok`gkm mc gdb

ug s rk k a ccf mk Aumk PĴf jk mk jgig cgrk vks gogfokf `Ĵ Hc wĴ , Uci kfùro kf Cipbkfccf mkf PĴf. Mkkis gs mc k vkr icrkf maar mkccfwk gobkgm vcf mk Bccrikjjkrjkkr. Jccraa mk ccfiko vcf ‒mk à kfvkimkf‗ gk s jkkrfccr bk wks kf vcfc mk 3?mk kkuw, bkk ora ksdbcmk akok`rcdb ccf bk àmkjcrdbgk gfmc ok`gkm. Mk okks orafmkf ap mk s rcfmwci-ikf, wccr vcfaums wkrm okwaafm, Ĵf akf vaar kkf oraa okmkki k c okorcvkf, jk c kcrdbkaiaogsdbk okvaiokf vcf mgkf. Afmkr bkmghk cfmpchk vcf bk lafok mugf cf fao wki gk s vkràrokf igookf. Jccr bk af `rk kf vcf vafms kf ug mk Pajkgfsk pkrgamk cf aabk okvaio Ĵf vcf Pajkgfsk jcc rkokikf gf mkkkrs k kkuwkf vcf mk lccr k gfo. Bk ikokr cfbk``kf c okmwafokf mc kr kkf ‒okmkjgig crg-skkrmk afk‗ wkrm okdrkèkrm kf faarmkf vcfmk PĴforkfs, mgk fgk cd gk maar rakpkf wkrm `k k jccr wccr vkrmkr fgkjcfm cfmkrs gdbjadb vks gokf. Mg wcs ciokjkkf `kikgm, mcaa gf mgk Ĵm gs `ksdbrkvkf.

Ccf gfbkkjsk vgfmpicc skf ug mk PajkgfskĴm gf mk ajokvgfo vcf Ukiskf ki af `rkkbk kdb kr fgk . \a kffkf wk Ukiskf-Baao-avkfs, İjugmkf, Puáfk vcf @rkmkramk kf bkbkgigomaj Ukiskr`rak @5. Mk jkks ug ok`rkgmkaporcvgfokf fccr mk gfbkkjsk kwafkrs s cj-jkf ug mk ks gokr lcrkf vcf mk wgf gos k kkuwap bk Baaoavkfs krrkgf ( kokfwaarmgo c c-T kki). Aa mccr `k ra bk kkf scjkfwkr gfo

usskf cjc kurs — fcjkiĴ vcf mk wkr orakp Ukiskf-Baaoavkfs — kf pra kssgafcis, gf mg




3>2



3>7

Kr cf kkf vkr`cfm Ĵf usskf mk àkrmkrĴkf gf bk mugfok`gkm `ĴBaaoavkfs kf mgk ap mk ikg kf bk vkkf vkrmkr fccr bk aas kf. @Ĵ mkaporcvgfokf gf (afmkr cfmkrk) Csskfmki kf [g okks Ĵf sparkf vcfmgvkrsk àkrmkrĴkf okvafmkf, a ki s ikgfk bug kf jk picookfwcf-mkf ccf ak. Kr gs gf ki okvci kkf àuw ufmgo vkr`cfm usskf mk ora-

krk waafs cibug kf jk kkf mrgksdbkpgok gfmkigfo kf mgk ap bk Baao-avkfs krrkgf. Bk ccrmkwkr aj aa s kr avkrkkf, amc kr cjgigk- ajgfs kfs s cjvkr`cfmkf vkrafmkrs kim jaokf warmkf. Bk wcrkfmk ki mk Ergk kf, jccr mk jkfskf ap bk cfm u kf jkkr gfoks kim Ĵfokwkks ap chkràuw, krwĴi mgk ap mk fctkrk orafmkf `Ĵ bk Akr-İ kfgf mk vkkfok`gkmkf gdb jkkr ap vkk kki u kf bk``kf akokikom.

Cfmkrk cd gvg kg kf mgk jk ikvkf gf kkf us ok`gkm k jc kf bk``kf,Ĵf< vgsskrĴ, bk vkr cjkikf vcf sdbkipmgkrkf kf bk vkrvccrmgokf vcfau ug kkwc kr. Mk k pramud kf u kf aa vaar mk Pajkgfsk rakpkf gf

Ukiskf vcf `kicfo Ĵf okwkks . Mk Ergk kf bcmmkf ap mk k jcfgkr gf gkmkr

okvci mk jgmmkikf aj bcfmki k mrĴvkf a `kics gfo jkk k `k cikf. Ja-okiĴ a kf mk Pajkgfkf mccraj `kwus buf ar iadc gks jgmmkf gf bkAkr-İ-ok`gkm, wccr vkki fkmkr ktgfokf wcrkf. Bk wcs mccr, vaar mk rkogacis okbkki, gf kfsgk `kwaafm. Bk gs ics gokr kkf `kkim k rĴokf vcf mk `kwafgfo gf bk mugfok`gkm, mc sgfms mk jgmmkikkuwkf afmkr mghkicokf s ug cfm sdbugiocc . Kr Ĵf okiuhgo Ĵ vkfs krs, acis bk ci ok-fakjmk Baaoavkfs krrkgf. Bk `kkim fccr bk ugmkf ak gs ora kfmkkisgf fkvkikf okbuim, ci Ĵf kr wki mkokiĴ gf rgokrkfmk vafms kf okmccf.

GLJ[GMKF — MPGKB[GT — TCF]ÂAP] Gf İjugmkf-Aas wcjkf mkkis ci vaar mk wkkmk _krkimaariao vafm-s kf ug mk Pajkgfsk pkrgamk ccf bk igdb . Ic kr Ĵf gf mk ki mk ùur `Ĵrgaikrgfoswkr ccjbkmkf sdbkrvkf vcf Pajkgfs vcc wkr af mk . Mgjc krgcci gs, bak wkgfgo bk scjkf aa vaars ki , vkrokiĴ `ccr jk mgk vcf bk krrkgf vcf Baaoavkfs. Aa gf mk k afk gf İjugmkf u kf gf mkmugfkf mgvkrsk àkrkfkrvkf bk``kf okikokf.

Ap mk orkfs vcf İjugmkf kf Mrgkbugs bkk Dci akf ar vaar kf fc mkwkkmk _krkimaariao sdbkrvkf apokrccp gf mk vaarjcigok vai s ugfkfkr baao k vcf fu bk fgk jkkr `ks ccfmk rkgfs c gaf \kkwko. Bk wcs

bcfmokvarjm ccrmkwkr mc ap mk ccfwk gobkgm vcf kkf Ergksk fkmkr k -gfo wĴs . Kr wcrkf aa kf kik Pajkgfsk gjpar sdbkrvkf `Ĵ. Apvc kfm

gs mc bk okkf iuxk skrvgksoakm gs, jccr bk okwafk ccrmkwkr vcf wĴf-rug kf, rug cj arkf kf mk rcfm vcf kkf wrĴ sdbcci. Mgk icc s k mc kkrgf gkmkr okvci ug mk pkrgamk vcf Ukiskf 3. [g krccrm wcrkf vaar mk Ergk kfmk k sdbkrvkf jk buf ik k c ski fk a kxa gsdb cis kkf vuurramk krrcsgog c c sdbkr au Ĵf okwkks .

Ucf cfmkrk, jkkr rkdkf af mk k vgfmpicc skf Ĵf avkrgokfs wkisdbkr ks krrc sgog c c kf ki s oics k kfm. Tajs Ĵf bk bkki ikgfk

rcojkf lks, acis mgk vcf İjugmkf-@gffkfbcvkf, mk iadc gk afmkr bk vaarjcigok Cf afgus- ic kr \kkwko gk kfbugs. Ap mk Tpcflccrms`kro, kkffgk jkkr `ks ccfm mugf lk gf Tcf paar -Faarm, wkrm gf mk lcrkf vĴ go

@avkf< GLjugmkf,

Dkmkrstrcct, twkk

vkrsgkrmk tkrrc

sgogiictc sdbkrvkf

ugt kkf Ergksk

fkmkrzkttgfo. Mgc

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

Igfhs afmkr<

Ukiskf 3, Ergksk

pat jkt fcuwk bcisokvafmkf gf wctkrput

0. Eata C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

Pkdbts afmkr<

]wkk sdbkrvkf vcf

mkzkiemk vkrsgkrmk

tkrrc sgogiictc sdbcci

ugt ‒t Bcgf kf Ukiskf 3.

Mgc ^. Uafs.

; | MK _KPKIM UCF MK EPGK\KF



33>



333

kkf aporcvgfo ug okvakrm maar mk PA@, wccr aa Dci akf wkkr `Ĵ wcs `k-rahkf. Kr Ĵf mgvkrsk (maar s ug cfmicokf oksdbkgmkf) waaficokf jk

okàuwsparkf kf okpiakomk chkrs okvafmkf, mgk ccfokvkf mc mk pikafc ok`ra kf gf ok`rug gs okwkks vcfc mk jgmmkf Ĵ kr Ĵm a kf jkmk Pajkgfsk Ĵm. Kkf fgvkcu mc jgf a jkkr okiĴ Ĵmgo gs jk mk ar kf vcf Ukiskf, gs vaiokfs mk akfjcigok aporcvkrs kdb kr fgk ccfok ra kf.Bk gs fgk ug k siug kf mc mk k vgfmpicc s ĴmkiĴ af`kwaafm, jccr wki cis icfmàuworafm gf ok`rug wcs. Bk pcs gf bk `kkim vcf fkmkr-

ktgfokf gf mk k afk vcf icok mugf lks ap mk s rcfmwci kf jk fcjk ccfmk aas kiĴ k rcfm mccrvcf.

Mk vaiokfmk vgfmpicc s vcf Pajkgfsk gjpar sdbkrvkf gf mk k ajokvgfoigo `Ĵ mk Puáfk vcf @rkmkramk. Mccr gs gf 3770 vkrvugim sig` ug mk orcdbok`cookrm, wccr`Ĵ bkiccs okkf crdbkaiaao ccfwk go wcs. Fc cffaap bkkmk C_F wkr orakp Ukiskf gdb vkrmgkfs kiĴ okjcc maar vafms kf k vkr cjkikf ug bk `cookrmkpa . Bgkrgf gs jc krgcci okvafmkf mc mccr

wki vkrwcdb jadb warmkf, ‒vcf s kkfoakm a Mgf y ay‗. a gkmkrs vkrrcssgfo wcjkf kdb kr aa kf kik Pajkgfsk kf ‒Ergksk‗ sdbkrvkf ugmk cookr kvaarsdbĴf, acis kkf sdbkr vcf kkf oicmwcfmgok wĴf rugkf kf kik rcojkf kf \ugm-Oc gsdbk krrc sgog c c, kf kik rcojkf kf‒s rkkp`cfmccrmkwkr ‗ kf mk rcfm vcf wc kkf `c picc iĴ k Ĵf. Mkkxcd k vgfmpicc s gs fgk jkkr k cdb krbcikf, jccr mk afmkrorafm vcf@rkmkramk ki gs oakm `k kfm. Bk cs kki igo fcjkiĴ ap kkf ug iapkr vcf kkf s rcfmwci kf gs ccf mrgk Ĵmkf ajrgfom maar mk (gfmkr Ĵm) mrcs-sgok s rcfmvic k. Gf mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm ci mg ci kkf jcr cf puf Ĵfokwkks . Kr wcs picc s vaar chkrs ap bk mugf vcf mk s rcfmwci kf mkicokr okikokf vkkf/ cfm afk vcf mk s rcfmvic k wcs k ok`rug kf vaarbk wkgmkf vcf bk vkk.

Mk kkr vcf mk jkks ugmkiĴ k vgfmpicc s vcf Pajkgfsk gjpar s uhkfug mk kkrs k kkuw occ fccr bk @rgf jcfdajpikx gf bcr lk Bccrikj, ciocc bk jccr aj ççf vafms < kkf sdbkr vcf kkf aiĴ aigkcj aar. Aa mk k vgfmpicc s igo prajgfkf ap mk s rcfmwci, wccravkr afok wĴ kim kkf .faarm- ugm icfmrau k igkp, rgdb gfo mk Aumk PĴf.

Pajkgfsk

gjpartsdbkrvkf

okvafmkf `gl mk

Puáfk vcf @rkmkramk,

Tcftpaart. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

^cogfc igfhs àvkf<

Baaoavkfs,

Crdbkaiaogsdbk

wkrhorakp Ukiskf —

Baaoavkfs ccf bkt

wkrh gf 3754. Eata J.@asjcf.

^cogfc igfhs afmkr

Baaoavkfs, aporcvgfo

vcf ççf vcf mk Ergksk

àkrmkrglkf. Eata J.

@asjcf.




330

UGFMÎCC]TKF JK] KKF JAOKIGLH JGIG]CGPHCPCH]KP< UKITKF 4 KF ‗] BCGFOgfo bk bgkràvkf aj ‒okwafk‗, gfbkkjs-corcrgsdbk fkmkr ktgfokf kf

Ĵmk vcf mk ar kf, gf mk ajokvgfo Ĵf aa vgfmpicc skf `k kfm wccrvcffao fgk vcs s cc a k fgk kkf cfmkr, fcjkiĴ < Pajkgfs-jgig cgr crc -

kr bk``kf. \a gs `Ĵ bk \Ĵ cfcci D, mc kf faarmkf vcf Tpccrfmcj bkFaarm kk cfcci vkr`gfm jk bk Tpccrfk, ap bk krrkgf vcf mk bugmgokoai ccf kkf ikgfk bakvkkibkgm vafms kf okmccf ug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm.Bk wcs okkf krrc sgog c c a cfmkrk gf bk aao sprgfokfmk c kiwccr,jccr bk oravkrk rcfspar - a ku kfwccr. Mk rcojkf kf Ĵf fgkspkdgffik okfako aj k `kpcikf a k ug mk Ĵm vcf Ukiskf 3 a Ukiskf 0s cjmkf. Mk vgfmpicc s rkko mk krk g ki ‒Ukiskf 4‗ ajmc kr kgokfiĴ ciikkf Pajkgfs vcc wkr okàrokf gs. Jccr a bk aa kkf jgig cgrk `csgs gsokwkks , gs jccr kkr mk vrcco.

Mgk wĴ ki iĴ kr jgfmkr k Ĵf okwkks avkr mk vgfmpicc s ‗ Bcgf `Ĵ

Hrajjkfgk. Bk pc raaf vcf mk ccfok ra kf gfoksicokf pcikf iĴ fgkkro rkokijc go, wc lk wki au vkrwcdb kf `Ĵ Pajkgfsk jgig cgrk gfs ci-ic gks. Jccr mk vafms kf Ĵf apjkr kiĴ . \k ìk kf k mc krkf ug mk Ĵm vcf Ukiskf 3, kf `ks ccf ug mk mccr ok`rug kiĴ k jgx vcf c ki-, ku kf-kf rcfspar wccr. [g mk icc s k dc koargk Ĵf mgvkrsk rcojkf kf vcfaiĴ aigkcj arkf. Cis bk ci kkf Ergksk fkmkr ktgfo au Ĵf okwkks , wcjaks kf mk gfwafkrs mcf jk mk ypgsdb Pajkgfsk aigk1 Avkr bk bak kf wccraj vcf mk k iadc gk uffkf wk sikdb s ogsskf. Gs bk kkf ĴmkiĴ k pas okwkks , acis kkf vkk rcci wccr mk okáfmk `kics gfo maar mk Pajkg-fkf wkrm vkr cjkim, a s afm kr kkf wcdbtarkf1 A waafmkf bgkr Ergk kfmgk a mk kig k okrk kfm afmkf warmkf a vk krccf wcrkf jk kkf s cc vcf Pajkgfsk mgkfs 1 \ui k jkfskf, wccrvcf bk `ks ccf ug mk `raffkf `k kfm gs ( gk p. ;= kf 337), bcmmkf jchkiĴ akocfo a Pajkgfsk oak-mkrkf, cis `kiafgfo vaar buf jkmkwkr gfo kf igcgsaf ufd gk usskf buf vai kf mk Pajkgfkf.

UKITKP@PAKH @5 Ucf kkf okbkki cfmkrk armk gs mk vgfmpicc s Ukiskr`rak @5. Mk k igo gfkkf c wgsskikfm icfmsdbcp, ap mk orkfs vcf wc crdbkaiaokf ‒mk AumkMugfkf‗ fakjkf kf bk vkkfjakrcs vcf rgk kf kook icfos mk iaap vcfbk Akr-İ.

Afmkr bk fgvkcu ug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm igo kkf vrĴwki s krgkik cfmicco.Mccrgf Ĵf gf bk wks kf wkk sparkf vcf picookfwc kf ccfok ra kf,mgk jaokiĴ mk rgdb gfo ccfmugmkf vcf kkf pcm. Afmkr mk k icco igo kkf vkkfpchk jk mccrgf mgvkrsk chkfpcmkf, mgk wcrkf `kmakim aj bkmrcssgok vkkf k vak k uffkf maar rugskf. Kr Ĵf mgvkrsk `k cp k `ci-

kf okvafmkf jk rkdb bak gok oc kf, ccrmkwkr ug mk jgmmkf Ĵ kr Ĵm,wkk Ĵ krkf spkkrpuf kf kf kkf Ĵ krkf `kg ki.

Kr Ĵf aa vaarwkrpkf ug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm okvafmkf, vaarci ap kkfafovarjgok cfmruo. Ccf mk faarmwks cf siug mgk mgrkd ccf ap

ççf oraa cfmmk , wccrsdbĴfiĴ kkf vkr`gfmgfo jk mk s rcfmwci vcf

Ukiskr`rakh @5, gfjktkf vcf sparkf

àvkfap mk zcfmruo tglmkfs mk

aporcvgfo vc f 3773. Mgc ^. Uafs.




334



33;

Tcf paar . Bk jk cfm kf bujus okiccomkPajkgfsk pchk wĴs krap mc mk vgfmpicc srkokijc go afmkr wc kr s afm. Bk wcs wccr-sdbĴfiĴ okkf prktgok pik aj k wafkf, kforafmsparkf af `rk kf kr mcf aa .

Gf mk ajkrs ico mk cfm afo mraao kf af cfmmaar mk wgfm warmkf c ok k . Fccr `kgmk ffcf kfkf jk fcjk `Ĵ mk avkrocfo fccr bk vkkf gsmk k icco gf kfsgk vkrrajjkim, vkraar cc ok-

gkf mk paa c mruhkf bgkrgf maar rafmiapkfm vkk. Mk k wkk vkrsdbĴfskikf wĴ kf krap mc bkappkrvic vcf mk cfm afo gf mk Pajkgfsk Ĵmcis kkf baao k gdb `ccr wcs. Gf mk ajkr wcsmg kkf `koccf`crk rau k mgk akocfo àam a mkjys gk k kf waks k orafmkf vcf bk jakrcs.

Aa ug mg pchk jk paa c mruhkf wcjkf vafms kf ug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm kvaarsdbĴf. \k

Ĵf vkrokiĴ `ccr jk mgk vcf mk ap. Kr wcrkf vkrsdbg kfmk ap kf bcrgfokf iĴ kfmk bau kfs a lks, àropkffkf vaar bau vkr`gfmgfokfkf kkf okwkgs cfo vcf kkf vĴ crgo kmkibkr .Ap bk baaos k mkki vcf mk cfmruo gs aa ccr-mkwkr okvafmkf, vcc s kr ok rcojkf kkrmkf vkrwkkrm, krwĴi mk ap mk ffcf kf okvafmkfsdbkrvkf avkr bk ciokjkkf ora kr kf jgfmkr vkrwkkrm Ĵf. Mg wcj jgssdbgkf maarmc bkbaaos k mkki vcf mk ruo mk ci okfakjmk maar-occfmk rau k wcs mgk pcrc ki ccf mk us avkrmk Aumk Mugfkf igkp. Ap mk cfmruo Ĵf ùf-mkis vcf crrkfsparkf okvafmkf, jkkr fccr mkffcf kf Ĵf kr mk ci okfakjmk gfmruhkf vcfbakvkf kf jkfskfvak kf, k kfs mc mk rau kgf kfsgk wkrm ok`rug .

Mk vafms kf jc kf mugmkiĴ mc bgkr ci gf mkĴ kr Ĵm a`lkd kf Ĵf oka krm. wkk Hki gsdbk(Ic âfk) jcf kispkimkf, kkf spkkrpuf kfkkf `kg ki jk bau kf bk mc krkf ug mk k pkrgamk. Mg saar vaarwkrpkf ug mk Ĵ kr Ĵmgs kim ccj gf bk wks kf vcf Fkmkricfm. Mkccfwk gobkgm vcf dajpik k wcpkfs wĴs ap kkfrg ukik daf kx , fk cis `Ĵ mk wcpkfs mgk gf mk k pkrgamk gf mk rgvgkrkf vcf Jgmmkf-Fkmkricfm wkrmkf okmkpafkkrm.

Kkf ora krk orakp jk cikf vaarwkrpkf s cjug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm, kkf mkki ki s ug mk Urako-Pajkgfsk Ĵm. Bgkr`Ĵ wcrkf (afmkrmkikf vcf) wcpkfs, jcf kispkimkf kf juf kf. Aa

Ĵf sdbkmkis vcf pccrmkf kf bafmkf, okwkgkf

vcf kmkibkr , ccrmkwkr kf ki s jkfskiĴ kmĴ`kfkf kf mkikf vcf kkf sdbkmki okvafmkf.Mg Ĵf lugs mk saar kf a`lkd kf mgk vaar ajkfgf bkgigomajjkf gf bk Faarm-Oc gsdbk kf bkOkrjccfsk ok`gkm. Kkf cfmkr vaar`kkim Ĵf mkjgfgc uurjcf kispkimkf vcf @5, vafms kf mgkc kkf gf vkrafmkrs kimk bkgigomajjkf vaar a-jkf. Kf kik juf kf Ĵf afoksik kf (‒s kjpki -rgs‗) kf uffkf fgk icfo okdgrduikkrm bk``kf vaar k gf mk àmkj kicfmmkf. Mc jak mus wki Ĵmkfs mk Pajkgfsk ccfwk gobkgm a mgrkdmccrfc Ĵf okwkks .

Kr Ĵf aa vafms kf vcf @5 mgk jk k krbkgmfã mk Pajkgfsk `kwafgfo vcf mk ar kf jak kf warmkf okmc kkrm. Uaar`kkimkf bgkrvcf Ĵfkkf mkfcrgus vcf kg kr rclcfus (mgk rkokkrmk vcf 72 — 33? f.Dbr.), kf kik vkr givkrmk jcf ki-spkimkf acis sdbĴfflùick, kkf (Okrjccfsk)

Ukiskr`rakh @5,

Jcftkispkim ugt mk

ictk glzkrtglm. Eata

C.U.C .L. @ asjcf.

^cogfc igfhs àvkf<

Ukiskr`rakh @5,

pra ki jkt mk stuge- kf

vkrfcttgfosiccolks ap

mk hap vcf mk zcfmruo

tglmkfs mk aporcvgfovcf 3773. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

^cogfc igfhs afmkr<

Ukiskr`rakh @5,

hcrrkfsparkf tglmkfs

mk aporcvgfo vcf

3770. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.




335

fgkffiùic kf ffiùick jk gfokikom kjcg k. Mk jkks rkdkf k vafms gs kkf vkr givkrmk u uiusffiùic ug mk ic k mkrmk kf jaokiĴ fao vgkrmk kkuwf.Dbr. Ci jk ci okk mg ccf mc mk maaroccfmk rau k jk rg ukik picc saa fc bk vkr rk vcf mk Pajkgfkf vcf oraa `kicfo ìkk .

Mg gs mk kfgok iadc gk gf Faarm-Ba cfm wccr avkki givkrkf a vkr givkrmk a`lkd kf Ĵf okvafmkf. Bk wcs mus kkf `kicforĴ k picc s vaarmk Ergk kf. Jgssdbgkf ki s a `kicforĴ mc , cis mccr ci sprc k vcf wcs,mk dafdkf rc gk vcf mk Ergksk jcdb wk gdb fgk vkr bgkr vcfmccf bkkokikokf. Mg okokvkf gs wccrsdbĴfiĴ , scjkf jk bk s rc kogsdbk `kicfo vcf bk Akr-İ cis wc krwko, kkf `kicforĴ k rkmkf okwkks wccraj mkPajkgfkf ug okrk kfm bgkr jkkr mcf mkr go lccr kkf jgig cgrk `csgs bcfm-bcc mkf. Bk wc kr aromk vaar mk gf rcs rud uur aj bk ikokr kf mk viaa

k ic kf apkrkrkf, krwĴi mk fc`Ĵbkgm vcf bk bkgigomaj kf (wk gdb ) mk picc skiĴ k bkkrskrs mk Pajkgfkf mk jaokiĴ bkgm àam mk Ergk kf ccf

gdb k `gfmkf.

‒OKPJCCFTK‗ PKIGOGKMk Ergkzkf bcmmkf, fkt cis ciik Okrjccfsk orakpkf kfstcjjkf, kkf `rkkm sdcic ccf oamkf. Bkt iglht krap mctzk, fkt cis mk Pajkgfkf, kkf ccftci jkfscdbtgok oam-bkmkf hkfmkf, mgk vkik typgsdb Okrjccfsk ‒mkuomkf‗(mcppkrbkgm, hrcdbt, hkffgs kf vrudbt`ccrbkgm) `kzctkfkf wccrccf ciikrikg vkrbcikf kf jytbkf okwglm wcrkf.Bkiccs hkffkf wk fadb mgk fcjkf, fadb mk jytbkf.Icfok tglm bk``kf afmkrzakhkrs ccfokfajkf mct mkavkrokikvkrmk Tdcfmgfcvgsdbk scokf jamki stafmkfvaar mk rkigogk vcf mk Okrjcfkf, wccr`gl mcf fcjkf vcfmgvkrsk Okrjccfsk oamkf gf mk piccts hwcjkf vcf mkTdcfmgfcvgsdbk. \a aftstafm bkt gmkk mct bgkr oamkfwkrmkf vkrkkrm cis _amcf (wccrfccr afzk wakfsmcookfccjm gs), Mafcr (zgk afzk mafmkrmco) kf mk oamgfErglc (vrglmco). Kkf jgfmkr `khkfmk oambkgm gs ]gus(wccrfccr vkrwkzkf warmt gf afzk mgfsmco). Bkt pra-ìkkj jkt mkzk rkdafstrudtgk gs, mct mk fcjkf faagtvaarhajkf gf mk Pajkgfsk gfsdrgptgks ugt bkt ok`gkm

vcf mk @kfkmkf-Pglf, tkrwgli mccrgf tadb ciikrikg gfbkkj-sk oamkffcjkf stccf, jkt Fkbcikffgc (gf \kkicfm) kfJcouscfus (gf mk @ctccesk rkoga vcf mk oratk rgvgkrkf)cis c`saiutk ‒tappkrs‗.

Kr wcrkf gf bkt Okrjccfsk ok`gkm ciikrikg bkgigomaj-jkf. Ukrjakmkiglh wcrkf mct okkf okàuwmk tkj-pkis, jccr okwglmk picctskf gf bkt apkf icfmsdbcp<apvciikfmk icfmsdbcpskikjkftkf, ‒bkgigok‗ àjkf,

vkfkf, jakrcsskf kf wctkrputtkf. Mccr wkrmkf a krsok`rcdbt gf mk varj vcf dajpiktk mgkrkf (kf jkfskf,oktugok mk `khkfmk vkkfiglhkf), kf ciikrbcfmk vaarwkr-pkf zacis wcpkfs, juftkf, stkfkf, bautkf vaarwkrpkfkf pattkf. Gf mk fkokftgkfmk kkuw gs wki okappkrm mctmkzk `glzafmkrk rgtukikf tk happkikf zaumkf zglf ccfskgzakfkf kf vrudbt`ccrbkgm. Mgt saart a krpicctskfgs gf faarmkiglh Kurapc ap ciikrikg jcfgkrkf tkruookvaf-mkf. Gkmkrk stcj ae okjkkfsdbcp bcm afoktwglekim zglfkgokf gfvuiigfo vcf mk rgtukikf, kf ugtkrccrm `kpccimkfmk vkrsdbgiikfmk icfmsdbcppkf aah mk ccrm vcf bktrgtukik dkftruj.

Mk Okrjccfsk ‒mgkrstglikf-vkrsgkrgfo‗, hajt gf mk iaapvcf mk kkuwkf fc bkt `kogf vcf mk lccrtkiigfo gf zwcfo.Uaarwkrpkf kf sgkrcmkf, afmkr jkkr jcftkispkimkf,crj`cfmkf kf bcfokrs, wkrmkf gf bkt bkik Okr jccfskok`gkm vkrsgkrm jkt `glvaar`kkim happkf vcf vaokis,zwglfkf, pccrmkf kf waivkf, jccr aah vcf maar kihccr

hrgfokikfmk tchhkf kf sicfokf ourkf, vcch gf vikdbt-,ae spgrccipctrafkf. Mkzk duiturkik ugtgfokf vgfmkf wkgf mkzk pkrgamk vrglwki fgkt gf Faarm-Baiicfm tkruo.Hkffkiglh wcrkf ‒afzk‗ Okrjcfkf jgfmkr hufstzgffgomcf kimkrs, ae ogfokf fao fgkt jkk gf mk fgkuwk jamk.

Ukiskr`rakh @5, vkrzgivkrm `rafzkf

tgtuius ùic ugt mk ictk 4k ae vrakok =k kkuw

f.Dbr. Eata ^ravgfdgk Faarm-Baiicfm.




33?

3. Ukiskr`rakh @5, juft vcf Cuoustus jkt h iap vcf

gfkkfokviadbtkf ikttkrs DCKTCP (gf igoctuur). Eata

C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

0. Ukiskr`rakh @5, juft vcf Dicumgus. Eata C.U.C. L.@asjcf

4. Baaoavkfs, juft vcf Dcigouic. Eata J. @asjcf.

=. Ukiskr`rakh @5, hkkrzglmk vcf kkf juft vcf Cuoustus

jkt bkt citccr vcf Iyaf. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

;. Ukiskr`rakh @5, Pkpu`ighkgfsk zgivkrkf juft ugt 3>3

v.Dbr. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

5. Ukiskr`rakh @5, vaarzglmk vcf kkf juft vcf Cuoustus

jkt hiap CUO. Eata C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

?. Ukiskr`rakh @5, bcfmvai Pajkgfsk juftkf. Eata

C.U.C.L. @asjcf.

0.

3.

=.

4.

;.

5.

?.




332

UKITKP@PAKH @5 CIT PG][KIK ^ICC]TCis Ukiskr`rak gfmkrmccm kkf rg ukik picc s wcs, mcf rks kf fao mk vrcokf ap wki fgvkcu kf wcffkkr mk vgfmpicc s cis amcfgo `koaf k

ufd gafkrkf. _k kogffkf jk bk icc s k.

Ci vaar mk ajs vcf mk Pajkgfkf fccr Ukiskf, jgssdbgkf ci gf mkjgmmkf Ĵ kr Ĵm, iĴ bgkr ci kkf pik k bk``kf okikokf wccr — vaarafs af`korkpkf — rg ukik bcfmkigfokf picc svafmkf. CcfwĴ gfokfbgkrvaar Ĵf mk gf kkf jkr wccrmgok daf kx , fcjkiĴ ug kf ki k varj vcf `kwafgfo a `korcvgfo, okvafmkf jcf kispkimkf, Ĵ krkfspkkrpuf kf kf cfmkrk vaarwkrpkf. Mk rg ukik cd gvg kg kf iĴ kf Ĵmkfskf fc mk Pajkgfsk `k ktgfo vcf Ukiskf, ci mcf fgk jk kkf ĴmkiĴ kafmkr`rk gfo, k Ĵf vaar ok k . Kkf mkki vcf bk ccfok ra kf Pajkgfskjc krgcci, acis ccrmkwkr kf jk cci, cf ap mk krrkgfkf vcf mk vkric kf

ar kf Ĵf vkr cjkim kf mccrfc ap bk bkgigomaj Ĵf oka krm.

Aj mk vrcco k `kcf waarmkf avkr bk `kicfo vcf Ukiskr`rak @5 gs kkf vkrokiĴ gfo jk cfmkrk jaokiĴ k rg ukik picc skf gf Faarm-Ba cfm fa-mgo. [g bk Ergksk icfm Ĵf fao cdbtgkf vcf mkrokiĴ k picc skf `k kfm, wccrvcf kr wcci gf mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm gf ok`rug wcrkf. Mk vafms kf vcf Ukiskr`rak , kf mcf jk fcjk mk vaarwkrpkf vcf givkr a vkr givkrm `rafs, Ĵf kdb kr a ug afmkriĴ quc rĴ maj kf bakvkkibkgm mc okkfkf kik cfmkrk vgfmpicc s gf bk Ergksk ok`gkm bgkrjkk k vkrokiĴ kf gs.Bk ci vkki jkkr mcf kkf ‒okwaaf‗ cjgigkbkgigomaj Ĵf okwkks , acismk cfmkrk pikhkf wki okáf krprk kkrm warmkf. Jgssdbgkf gs bk aag a `koaffkf, jccr mc s cmguj wcs bk k kr kf Ĵmk vcf mk Pajkgfkfaf orakgm. Cis bk ci kkf cjgigkbkgigomaj wcs, mcf wcs bk vcf kkf kkr `kicforĴ k cjgigk, vcf kkf ikgmkr a vars . Bak bk aa Ĵ, Ukiskr`rak gsjaokiĴ bç rg ukik dkf ruj vcf mk Ergk kf okwkks .

_c jcc k mc mk jkfskf a bkdbtkf ccf mk k picc s1 @Ĵ kkf rg ukikiadc gk gs kr vcc kkf orkfsok`gkm usskf mk wccrfkkj`crk wkrkim kfmgk vcf bk jys krgk. _cs kr aa kkf jkkr ccrmsk `korkf gfo usskf bkorafmok`gkm vcf s cjjkf1 Ico bgkr mk ugmorkfs vcf bk Ergksk ok`gkm1Ico bk baa m wcr gkr vcf mk Ergksk ‒vars kf‗ gf mk `uur vcf @51 Jcc@5 wk gdb mkki ug vcf bk ok`gkm wccr mk k Ergk kf kkf dicgj ap jkkf-

Mk Dbcuhkf zglf ap straaptadbt.

]khkfgfo @. @us.




337

mkf k bk``kf1 Gs kr fc mk Aps cfm vcf mk Ergk kf kkf ugvkrgfo okwkks vcf bk ok`gkm, wccr`Ĵ mk ia cik `kvai gfo ug mk rkoga vkrmrkvkf gs1 Ajadb kf c kkf Pajk-ok rauwk igkmkf ìĴvkf1 \au mk daj`gfc gk vcf @5cis gfbkkjs bkgigomaj jk kkf jaokiĴ fc`Ĵokikokf baa mpicc s vcfmk Ergk kf lugs mk rkmkf Ĵf okwkks vaar kkf okfkrc gkicfok Pajkgfskjgig cgrk ccfwk gobkgm gf Ukiskf1 Bk icc s k waarm avkr Ukiskr`rak @5gs fao icfo fgk okspra kf.

‒EPGKTICFM‗ FC ‒UKITKF‗ _k bk``kf ap p. ?4 c sdbkgm okfajkf vcf Ukiskf, fcjkiĴ gf a ar fcbk lccr =?, cis vkimbkkr Darùia gdb ap `kvki vcf kg kr Dicumgus kruo-

rk cdb kr mk PĴf kf bk icfm kf faarmkf krvcf avkricc ccf mk gfwa-fkrs< mk Ergk kf, mgk vcfc mc jajkf mkffifg gk ùg kf bk PajkgfskrĴ vc kf. \Ĵ af krjkf gdb avkr mk rks cf kf vcf mk ar kf ccf bk

Akr-İ, wccrvcf mk fccj c kkf fao gf mk Pajkgfsk oksdbgkmkfgsàk lksmaar igf .

Ci wccgmkf mk Pajkgfkf vcfc mc jajkf fgk jkkr mk sdkp kr gf Ergks-icfm, buf gfviakm wcs fao afjgs kf`ccr. Pugj gkf lccr fc Darùia‗s vkr rk , gf ;2, mkkm gdb fao kkf daf raf c gk vaar gf Faarm-Ba cfm, kfmgk bcm c ks k jc kf jk mk gfbkkjsk dicgj ap mk ‒kgokf‗ orafm.

_k ic kf cdg us, ccf wgk wk avkki gf arjc gk avkr Pajkgfs Fkmkricfmk mcf kf bk``kf, fao kkfjcci ccf bk waarm<

Maarmc mk (Pajkgfsk) s rĴm rcdb kf cimaar jccr fgk gf cd gk wcjkf,mkkm bk okrudb mk rafmk mc mk dajjcfmcf kf bk rkdb wcs af fajkfjgig cgrk apkrc gks kokf mk vĴcfm k `kogffkf. \a wcj bk mc mk Ergkzkf zgdb fccr mk PĴfakvkr vkrpicc s kf — mk wkkr`crk jcffkf vgc mk àsskf ajakrcsskf, zĴ mgk fgk gfokzk afmkf warmkf `Ĵ mk aariaovakrgfo vgc mkjkrkf — kf zgdb vks gomkf gf mk chkràuwok`gkmkf wccr fgkjcfm waaf-mk kf mgk c kkf maar afzk saimc kf ok`rug jadb kf warmkf. \k mkmkf mcap gfg gc gk vcf Ukrrg us kf Jciargx, mk ikgmkrs vcf mc vai , vaar zavkrOkrjcfkf ikgmkrs cddkp krkf. \k bcmmkf ci bugzkf okàuwm kf chkrs gfok- zccgm kf zk okmrakokf zgdb cisa zk mk orafm ci okfkrc gks gf `kzg bcmmkf,

akf (mk Pajkgfsk okfkrcci) Mu`gus Cvg us mrkgomk Pajkgfsk rakpkf k zui-ikf gfzktkf cis mk Ergkzkf fgk zaumkf kruo krkf fccr buf aarspraf kiĴ k

waafok`gkm. \k zaumkf zgdb aa a mk kgzkr uffkf wkfmkf aj kkf fgkuwkvks gogfospicc s akokwkzkf k rĴokf. Cvg us wgs Ukrrg us kf Jciargx kr akk `kwkokf vaar bk icc s k k gkzkf. Kf zk ogfokf ap wko fccr Pajk.

Ukrrg us kf Jciargx Ĵf, fccs mk ap p. ;= okfakjmk vk krccf Drup argxmgk mkr go lccr kkrmkr kkf `Ĵrai spkkimk, mk kfgok Ergk kf vcf wgk mk fccjgs avkrokikvkrm. Fk cis vcf Drup argx gs buf ug kgfmkiĴ k ia af`k kfm,jccr k bk``kf wki gfmru okjcc ap mk Pajkgfkf kf kkf ccfsprk kf-mk cfk ma k apokikvkrm. Mgk `kogf ccrmgokr mcf k cffaap . Mk kg kr mgk

k gf Pajk occf ap ak kf, gs mk `krudb okwarmkf Fkra.

Ukrrgtus kf Jciargx ccf bkt Bae vcf hkgzkr Fkra tk

Pajk ap kkf icct 37 k-kkuwsk juursdbgimkrgfo gf

bkt pravgfdgkbugs vcf Ergksicfm. Eata Pglhsùrkcu

vaar Hufstbgstargsdbk Madujkftctgk.




30>

Gf c wcdb gfo vcf bk jajkf wccrap zkmccr maar Fkra, mgk maar cfmkrk `kzgobkmkfgf `ksico wkrm okfajkf, zaumkf warmkfaf vcfokf, `rcdb kf zk kkf `kzak ccf bk

bkc kr vcf âjpkgus, kkf vcf mk pikhkfmgk jkf ci Ĵm ccf `cr`crkf icc zgkf aj bufkkf gfmru k okvkf vcf mk jclks kg vcf bkvai . krwĴi zk mccr wc mak aas rafmbgfokf(gf mk vaars k gfo wcrkf zk gjjkrs fgk ok-gf krksskkrm, wcf zk `korkpkf kr fgk s vcf)kf c krikg vrcokf s kimkf avkr wgk mccr zc kf,wc bk vkrsdbgi wcs usskf mk mgvkrsk rcfokf,wgk a mk rgmmkrs cfm kf wgk a mk skfc arkf-s cfm `kbaarmk, zcokf zk kkf pccr ffiourkf gfùg kficfmsk ikmĴ afmkr mk skfc arkf zgtkf.\k vrakokf wgk mã mcf wki wcrkf. akf jkf

buf vkr kim bcm mc mgk kkr k `kur vgki ccfmk c okvccrmgomkf vcf vai kf mgk zgdb afmkr-sdbkgmmkf maar jgig cgrk wcig kg kf kf buffcuwk `cfmkf jk Pajk, rgkpkf zk iugm kkismc kr okkf vai ap ccrmk wcs mc za oakm

af vkdb kf cis mk Okrjcfkf, igkpkf fccr`kfkmkf kf ogfokf zgtkf usskf mk skfc arkf. Bk puìgk rkcokkrmk wkiwg kfm< jkf `k-sdbauwmk bk cis kkf cu bkf gk k gjpuisgkvkmccm kf kkf okzafmk varj vcf rgvcig kg .

Fkra, mgk fgk `k kfm s cc ap Ĵf okjchkiĴ kcrc kr, wcs kffkiĴ okcjuskkrm maar bk

vaarvci kf vkrikkfmk mk wkk Ergk kf bk Pa-jkgfsk urokrrkdb . \k krkg kf kdb kr fgk s vaar buf vai sokfa kf gf bk `k ktk ok`gkm kffaarmkf vcf mk PĴf, wccr k ug kgfmkiĴ jkokwkim ug wkrmkf vkrmrkvkf maar Pajkgfskbuip rakpkf.

Bk gs kkf ccf rkhkiĴ k okmcdb k aj mk waafpicc s vcf Ukrrg us kf Jciargx k ak kf gf mkmgrkd k fc`Ĵbkgm vcf Ukiskr`rak @5. Cis k

gfmkrmccm mk `kicforĴ s k vkr kokfwaarmgokrs vcf mk Ergk kf wcrkf, mcf u kf k k kr kkf `cfm jk mk iadc gk bk``kf okbcm. A ççf bkkbgkr okwaafm kf mk cfmkr cf Ĵf waaf- a vkrìĴ picc s gf mk apvc kfmk vgfmpicc s ‗Bcgf `Ĵ Hrajjkfgk bk``kf okbcm. Bgkr gs

acis àvkf vkrjkim kkf ora k bakvkkibkgmPajkgfs gjpar jc krgcci ug mk pkrgamk vcf Ukiskf 3 okvafmkf, jccr wki gf kkf wc vrkkjmkdaf kx . Aj bk okbkki bkkf wcs kkf pcigsscmkokàuwm. Gf mk mgrkd k fc`Ĵbkgm wcs kkf rkk .

Mk rĴ maj vcf mk vafms kf baum mk jaokiĴ -bkgm apkf mc bgkr gkjcfm jk kkf `kicforĴ k pasg gk kf oakmk daf cd kf jk mk Pajkgfkfbkk okwaafm.

Fc mk ok`kur kfgsskf vcf ;2 barkf wk fgk sjkkr vcf mk Ergk kf, ci bcfs fgk vaar avkr

k gf buf kgokf waafs rkk ìĴvkf. \k ajkffao wki jk kfgok rkokijcc mk orkfs avkr8 cis vĴcfmkf gf mk @c cc sk Aps cfm vcf 57-?>, cisErgksk `kfmkf gdb ccf mk cf vcf mk rk`k kfsdbcrkf, a cis àfmokfa kf gf mk varj vcfbuip rakpkf. Kf kr Ĵf daf cd kf okfako, vcfkdafajgsdbk a mgpiajc gk k ccrm a `kgmk,ok ugok mk juf sdbctkf kf Pajkgfsk oamkf- `kkimlks mgk gf bk Ergksk ok`gkm Ĵf okvafmkf.

Mk Pajkgfsk vaarwkrpkf ug mk kkrs k kkuw mgkĴf okvafmkf gf Faarm-Ba cfm, ajkf vrĴwki

c kjcci aarspraf kiĴ ug mk ar kf vcf Ukiskf.Fc bk vkr rk vcf mk Pajkgfkf u kf mk Ergk-

kf mk picc skf rkokijc go bk``kf `k adb kfbk``kf apokrccp wc vcf buf ocmgfo wcs. Jgs-sdbgkf wcs bk akf fao ‒vkràmkf krrkgf‗, ci wcskr okkf bcfmbcvgfo gf mk varj vcf kkf pkrjc-fkf k k ktgfo kf afmkf kvkf ukik pc raug ksokjchkiĴ warmkf af wk kf. Ic kr bk``kfmk picc skiĴ k `kwafkrs gdb wkkr ìĴvkfm apbk artkrrkgf vcf Ukiskf 3 kf 0 okvks gom, acissparkf kf vafms kf ccfokvkf. Mk ic k wkkmkkkuw wkrm vkrvaiokfs avkrbkkrs maar avkrics vcf mk Dbcu kf, mk aas krùrkf vcf mk Ergk kfmgk a gf Faarm-Oc gè mk us kf kiccomkf. MkPajkgfkf bcmmkf akf jkkr mcf aag mk Ergk kffamgo cis ù kr kf afmokfaa . A kfsgk ap rk-mkf wgimkf a afmkf k fgk jkkr. Mk PĴforkfs wkrm kx rc vkrs kr , a mgk gf mk wkkmk bki vcf mk mkrmk kkuw mkffifg gk wkrm apokokvkf.Bk Pajkgfsk ok co gf _ks -Fkmkricfm wcs

vcfc mc jajkf fgk jkkr mcf kkf dicgj, c kfak wccrokjcc maar kkf kxpkmg gk a ĴmkiĴ k `k ktgfo. Uaar mk Faarm-Ba cfmsk Ergk kf `rc lugs gf mgk pkrgamk kkf wcrk iakg Ĵm ccf, mgkmuurmk a k ki gf mk dbcas vcf mk vgkrmk kf vĴ mk kkuw ug `kkim vkrmwĴfkf. Bk wkrm akficfok Ĵm s gi ccf bk Akr-İ, wccr fao icfo mk wc kf kf orcdb kf cis cdb k oiaaggfokf gf bk vkric kf icfmsdbcp gdb `ccr jak kf Ĵf ok ikvkf. Bk au a mk wgf gos k kkuw murkf, vaar

k wkkr maar mk sdbap gdb `ccr wkrmkf okjcc




303

3. Ukiskr`rakh

@5, jaokiglh cis

tatkj ok`rughtk

pccrmkfsdbkmki. Eata

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

0. Ukiskf 3,

rcfmercojkft vcf

kkf gfbkkjs pat jkt

orak glfvkrsgkrgfo ap

mk wcfm. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

4. Baaoavkfs,

spkkisdbgle okjccht

vcf kkf sdbkre ugt

kkf vkrsgkrmk tkrrcsgogiictc sdbcci. Eata

pravgfdgk Faarm-

Baiicfm.

=. Ukiskr`rakh @5,

Okrjccfsk hfgk `uic

ugt mk0k ae 4k kkuw.

Mgc G^^, Cjstkrmcj.

;. Ukiskf 3, twkk

pattkf vcf Ergks

ccrmkwkrh. Mgc

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

3.

4.

0.

=.

;.




300

3. Ukiskr`rakh @5, pgiuj

puft. Eata pravgfdgk

Faarm-Baiicfm.

0. Ukiskr`rakh @5,

pgiuj puft mktcgi. Eata pravgfdgk Faarm- Baii cfm.

4. Ukiskr`rakh @5, pgiuj

sdbakf. Eata pravgfdgk

Faarm-Baiicfm.

=. Ukiskr`rakh @5,

ugtkgfmk vcf kkf

Okrjccfsk mrgfhbaarf.

Eata pravgfdgk Faarm-

Baiicfm.

;. Baaoavkfs,

picttkorafm vcf twkk

krvkf jkt kih mrgk

apkkfvaiokfmk Ergksk

`akrmkrglkf(raam).

]khkfgfo fccr J.

Ukrbcokf.

3. ;.

0. 4. =.




304

Ukiskr`rakh @5,

vaktstcppkf kf

paatcemruhhkf gf bkt

vkkf oktrcpt icfos

mk faarmrcfm vcf mk

zcfmruo tglmkfs mk

aporcvgfo vcf 3773.

Mgc C.U.C. L. @asjcf.



30=0

3



30;

3. Ukiskr`rakh @5, twkk

gmkftgkhk `rafzkf kf

kkf jcssgke zgivkrkf

crj`cfm. Mgc C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

0. Kkf 3k kkuwsk

Ergksk `akrmkrgl ap

bkt Baaoavkfstkrrkgf.

]khkfgfo B.L. Dcihakf.

4. Ukiskr`rakh @5,

picttkorafm vcf mk

zcfmruo (okki) gfbkt vkkf (`rugf) jkt

hcrrksparkf (pccrs)

kf orkppkis (`icuw).

]khkfgfo C.U.C.L.

@asjcf.

=. Baaoavkfs, picctskf

vcf kkf `kjcigfo maar

v.i.f.r. FF, D. @chhkr,

J. @asjcf, . Uafs kf

C. Tdbatjcf. Eata F.

Oarmglf-Uafs.

4

=



305305



30?30?

Bk gs wkkmugzkfm lccr okikmkf mcbk kkrs k ar `gl Ukiskf wkrm ok`auwm, kf za‗f

fkokf gkfbafmkrmzkvkf go lccr sgfms

bk wkkmk ar wkrm vkric kf.

Fcwaarm -

Ukiskf, fu, takf



307

wkkbafmkrm a wkkbafmkrmvĴ go lccr ic kr wkrmkf mk cfmkrk ar kficfos mk PĴforkfs af rugjm, kf fc bk lccr =>> wcs kr okkf Pajkgfskjgig cgr jkkr k `k kffkf gf af k s rk kf. Mk gfbkkjsk `kvai gfo,jccr vaarci mk fc uur, jcc k gdb jkks kr vcf mk krrkgfkf vcf wccr-ug a icfo bk Pajkgfsk ok co wcs okbcfmbcc m. Bgkr kf mccr vks go-mkf gdb ic kr picc skiĴ k pa kf c kf `gffkf mk fao gdb `crk wc kf vcf mk aumk vkrs kr gfokf, kf fao ic kr wkrmkf mccr kr kf okàuwmkf af s afmkf s kmkf kf marpkf. Cfmkrk wkrmkf fc ar krk a icfokrk

Ĵm wkookvccom maar bk wc kr vcf kk a rgvgkr. _k jaokf ccffkjkfmc kf Ĵmk vcf Eiargs U okkf Pajkgfs ar jkkr kkf gdb `crk rai gf bkicfmsdbcp spkkimk.

\a wcs bk aa gf Ukiskf, kf mccr cstkf mk rcdb kf vcf jkfs kf fc-uur mk ar kf wccrsdbĴfiĴ fao sfk kr kf s kr kr ccf mcf kimkrs. \k

vgkikf ùg kf mk vrakojgmmkikkuwsk `kicfos k gfo vaar bk ikokfmc-rgsdbk Pajkgfsk vkrikmkf, acis mc ccf mk PĴf fao wki wkrm okvakim.

Gf gkmkr okvci rks kkr kr àvkforafms fgk s jkkr ug mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm.Mk vgfmpicc skf Ĵf apokorcvkf a cis afmkrorafms jafujkf vkgigooks kim. Bk kfgok wc bkrgffkr ccf wc kr gf mk àmkj c a g , gs kkfgf arjc gkàrm ap mk iadc gk vcf Ukiskf 0 avkr mk Pajkgfkf kf buf ar-

kf. _gk adb, okwcpkfm jk mk famgok vkr`kkimgfos rcdb , mk iadc gks wgi ‒rc kf‗, fkkj vcfug bk ugmkf mk C7 kf occ vgc mk _Ĵ kr uffkiafmkr mk kr okfccj vcf bk Akr-İ, bk Faarm kk cfcci, maar, kkr kffaarmkf mccrvcf aj, fkkj mk C00 kf occ vgc mk Ukiskr uffki wkkrfccr bk ugmkf, rgdb gfo Pajk…

\ki s mk vafms kf Ĵf ug Ukiskf vkrmwkfkf. Bk jc krgcci vcf Ukiskf 3,mc lcrkficfo maar mk C_F-ikmkf mgk k bcmmkf apokorcvkf, ra s wkrm

kf aafoks kim, `kvgfm gdb fu gf mk da kd gk vcf bk PĴ sjuskuj vcf Aumbkmkf gf Ikgmkf. Cfmkrk vafms kf Ĵf fccr bk pravgfdgccimkpa vcf Faarm-Ba cfm ok`rcdb . Gf bk Bugs vcf Bgimk gf Dcs rgduj,bk crdbkaiaogsdb ok gdb vcf mk pravgfdgk, mc ccf bk mkpa gs ok appkim, Ĵf kf kik aps uhkf ug Ukiskf pkrjcfkf kf aafoks kim gf mkkxpasg gkrugj k.

^cogfc igfhs àvkf<

‒Dckscr wcs bkrk‗ zci

mk a krccr bk``kf

okmcdbt takf bgl mkzk

juft cdbtkrigkt gf

bkt bkgigomaj vcfUkiskr`rakh @5. Mgc

C.U.C .L. @asjcf.

^cogfc igfhs afmkr<

@kzakhkrs ap mk

tkftaafstkiigfo avkr

Pajkgfs Ukiskf. Eata

eatapkrsùrkcu D. mk

@akr @.U., Bccrikj.

Kkf Pajkgfsk ocikgpctraugiikkrt avkr

bkt Akr-GL. Ap mk

vaarpikdbt warmt jkt

kkf oratk hrugsàao,

kkf sdarpga, ap

afs okrgdbt . Eata _.

Buppkrtz, Bcitkrf.

FC_AAPM - UKITKF, F[ , ]AKF



34>



340



344

Kkf àkh jchkf mak lk fgkt c kkf. Kkf waarm vcf mcfh occt ugt fccr mk [fgvkrsgtkgt vcf

Cjstkrmcj (Afmkrzakh Ukiskf 3), F_A(Amysskkpraorcjjc, afmkrzakh fccr Ukiskf0), mk ^ravgfdgk Faarm-Ba cfm (afmkrzakh Ukiskr`rakh @5). Jccr jkt fcjk vaar mgt àkh warmkf mk `Ĵmrcokf okwccrmkkrm vcfugtmk okjkkftk Ukiskf kf mk Crdbkaiaogsdbk wkrhorakp Ukiskf mgk jkt buf ffifcfdgèik

gfput bkt sdbrĴvkf bk``kf jaokiĴh okjccht.Mccrfccst bk``kf Jafgquk Mkkok, Kvkrt

vcf Ogfhki, Pa` vcf Kkrmkf, LcdqukigfkBakvkf`kro, Lafc Ikfmkrgfo, Jcrtgf Ukkf,Hcrstkf _kftgfh kf Darfç vcf _akrmkhajkrvaar okzarom mct bkt zawki gfbaumkiĴh cistccihufmgo kkf ikks`ccr àkh gs okwarmkf.Mk ok`rughtk vkrtcigfokf vcf kfhkik tkhstkfugt bkt IctĴf hajkf vcf Jcrgfus _ks.

MCFH_AAPM

MCFH_AAPM



34=

@c kijcfs, L., J.E.^. MĴ s rc & L. mk Hafgfo, 0>>3, Ba cfm gf bk kkrs k jg kffguj, gf< Mk FĴs, . & K. @ku krs (rkm.), Mk Oksdbgkmkfgs vcf Ba cfm, Mkki G, a

3;?0,Bgivkrsuj, 0>-52.@kdbkr , ., & _.L.B. _g kjs (rkm.), 377;, Mk Pajkgfsk

PĴ sorkfs, usskf Jakzki kf Faarmzkk us ,[ rkdb .

@kk , @.I. vcf, 3724, Tcigfc arks cfm Tgog c c<bk dacs cicrkcs a Far b Ba cfm cfm Eicfmkrs, cfm bkgr kdafajgdmg krkfdks gf bk 3s dkf ury CM, Bkigfguj 04, 4-30.

@kkickr s vcf @ia icfm, C., 37=4, Mk igoogfo vcf @cmubkffc kf Dcs k uj Eikvuj, Ĵmsdbrge Fkmkricfms Ccrmr Ĵ s ufmgo Okfaa sdbcp,wkkmk skrgk 5>, =20-=27.

@kigèf , ^., 3775, Bk Pajkgfsk ikokr gf Fkmkricfm, Dc ciaouskf gfikgmgfo,Mki .

@iakjkrs, L.B.E., 37?4,‒Ergks‗ ccrmkwkr ug mk Pajkgfsk

ikokrpicc skf k Bci krf, gf< _.C. vcf Ks k.c. (rkm.), Crdbkaiaogk kf Bgs argk,@ussuj, 00;-043.

@iakjkrs, L.B.E., I.^. Iauwk Haayjcfs & B. Tcr c Ĵ,3723, Ukrikmkf Icfm, Crdbkaiaogsdbk Aporcvgfokf gf Fkmkricfm, Cjs krmcj.

@iakjkrs, L.B.E. (rkm.), 3722, Crdbkaiaogk kf akdaiaogk vcf Ba cfm usskf PĴf kf Uigk, T umgks gf ^rck- kf pra abgs a-rgk 0, Csskf/Jccs rgdb .

@iakjkrs, L.B.E., B. Hcrs, C. vcf mkr Uci & J. _Ĵfkf(rkm.), 0>3>,]k dui urci icfmsdcpk & bkrg cok pcrcmax< pra kd gaf cfm mkvkiapjkf a bk Mu db crdbckaiaog-dci-bgs argdci icfmsdcpk cfm g s Kurapkcf mgjkfsgaf,Cjs krmcj.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L. & L.-J.C._. Jarki , 3727, Cf kcriy Pajcfùrgci gf Ukiskf, gf< D. vcf Mrgki-Jurrcy (rkm.), Pajcf Jgig cry Kqugpjkf < bk Taurdks a Kvgmkfdk, ^radkkmgfosa bk ; b Pajcf Jgig cry Kqugpjkf Daf krkfdk 372?, @rg gsb Crdbkcaiaogdci Pkpar s Gf . Tkr. =?5, Ax arm,35?-373.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L. & _.L. @asjcf, 3770, Ukiskf<Ukiskr`rak paimkr, gf< ^.L. _ai krgfo (rkm.), Crdbkaiaogsdbk

rafgk vcf Faarm-Ba cfm 3773,Ba cfm 0= (3770), 404-405.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 377;,Ukiskr`rak @5 — Ukiskf 3 — Ukiskf 0, Gs bkrk c rkic gafsbgp `k wkkf bk jgig cry kqugpjkf rajc rg uci sg k cfm bk ar rkssks a Ukiskf 1, gf< D. vcf Mrgki- Jurrcy (rkm.), Pajcf Jgig cry Kqugpjkf < Kxpkrgjkfcfm Pkcig y, ^radkkmgfos a bk 7 b Gf krfc gafci Pajcf Jgig cry Kqugpjkf Daf krkfdk, Ikgmkf 377=, Laurfci a Pajcf Jgig cry Kqugpjkf T umgks 5, 27-72.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 377?, Bk dui urkik vafms jc kr gccivcf mk Urako-Pajkgfsk vkrs kr gfo Ukiskf 3, prak sdbrge[fgvkrsg kg vcf Cjs krmcj, Cjs krmcj. {jk ug ok`rkg-mk ig krc uurapocvk vcf mk `kicforĴ s k puìgdc gks avkr Pajkgfs Ukiskf}.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 3777, @ctikffikim Eikvuj< Ukiskf 3, bk ic-ks kxdcvc gafs, rksui s cfm gf krprk c gafs raj kc urks

cfm ffifms, gf< _. Tdbiù kr, P. _gkokis (rkm.), Paj ufm mgk

Cusorcùfokf vaf Hci rgksk, Gf krfc gafcikr Haforkssmkr [fgvkrsg í Asfc`rùd ufm mks Icfmsdbcesvkr`cfmksAsfc`rùd kr Icfm k.U. vaj 0. @gs ;. Tkp kj`kr 3775,

Asfc`rùd 3777, 73-75.@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 3777,Ukiskf 3 cfm Ukiskr`rak @5, bk ic-

ks kxdcvc gafs, rksui s cfm gf krprk c gafs raj kccfm ffifms, gf< F. Oumkc (rkm.), Pajcf Eraf gkr T umgk ^radkkmgfos a bk RUGG b Gf krfc gafci Daforkss a P Eraf gkr T umgks, \cicu, 4>4-4>2.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 3777, âssgìk `c bs c bk ar a Ukiskf 3<c pravgsgafci gf krprk c gaf, gf< L. Mkicgfk & M.K. Labfs(rkm.), ^radkkmgfos bk Egrs Gf krfc gafci Daf krkfd Pajcf @c bs bkim c @c b, Kfoicfm, 4> Jcrdb-= Cprgi 3770 ^cr 0< Mksgof cfm Daf kx , @c b, 0=;-0;>.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L. & J.M. mk _kkrm, 0>>=,Ukiskf< bk 377?kxdcvc gafs gf bk kcriy Pajcf `csk cfm c rkcpprcgsci a

bk pas -Hci rgksk Ukiskf/Ukdb kf mc gfo kvgmkfdk, gUkrjkuikf, H. Tcs & _. Mbckzk (rkm.), Crdbckaiaoy gf daf- raf c gaf, cspkd s a Pajcf jgig cry prkskfdk gf bk far-

bwks , s umgks gf bafaur a pra . Kj. Buoa ]akf, CPO[0,Okf , 43-50.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 0>>5,Ukiskf, Dcs k uj Eikvuj1, gf< J. Pkmmç, P. @ruik , P. Ek jcff. L.H. Bccikàs & T. vaf Tdbfur`kgf (rkm.), Iks ar gffidc gafs jgig cgrks, Madujkfm‗crdbçaiaogk Ercfïcgsk 3>>, =>=-=>5.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 0>>?,Ap rcsskf! Bk aums k ci c`k vcf Fkmkricfm okvafmkf gf Ukiskf, Jajkf uj 3, fr. 3, 30-32.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., B. vcf Iafmkf & . mk Pgmmkr, 0>>7, Bk_ks -Fkmkricfmsk us ok`gkm gf mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm, baas u 3; vcf mk Fc gafcik Afmkrzak scokfmc CrdbkaiaogkCjkrs aar .

@asjcf, C.U.C.L. & _.L. @asjcf, 0>30,Ukiskr`rak @5, Kkfa krpicc s okmurkfmk mk Pajkgfsk Ĵm, JI rcppar 00?, _akrmkf.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L., 0>30,Dcs k a dug fajkf Eikvuj, Pajkgfkf kf Ukiskf, _ks krbkkj 53, f r. 5, 4;?-457.

@asjcf, C.U.C.L.,gf vaar`krkgmgfo, Ukiskf 0, Bk afmkrzakfccr mk Urako Pajkgfsk `csgs gf mk pkrgamk 37=; — 0>>; Jgig cr y Ikocdy rcppar 42,Marmrkdb .

@asjcf, _.L., & P.C. vcf Kkrmkf, 0>>7, Tparkf afmkr bk zcfm, gf< P. Paas (rkm.), Mugfkf kf jkfskf Hkffkjkricfm,Bccrikj.

@rcfm , P._., & L. Tia s rc (kms.), 3724, Pajcf cfm fc g-vk gf bk Iaw Dauf rgks, Tpbkrks a gf krcd gaf, @rg Crdbkcaiaogdci Pkpar s Gf . Tkr. 32=,Ax arm.

@rcfm , P._., _. Orakfjcf-vcf _cc krgfok & T.K. vcfmkr Ikkuw (rkm.), Csskfmkivkr âimkr ^cpkrs G (Dgfouic 3>),Cjs krmcj.

@rufs gfo, B., 3755, Gf bk spaar vcf Ukrrg us kf Jciar gx, _ks krbkkj 3;, 3=-35.

Dci akf, B.L., 37;0, Kkf urokf okvci k Ukiskf, _ks krbkkj3, 33-30.

_K]KFTDBC^^KIGLHK IG]KPC][[P




345

Uafs, ^. & C.U.C.L. @asjcf, 3722, Gfbkkjsk `akrkf `k- zadb kf mk vkric kf Pajkgfsk vkrs kr gfokf Ukiskf G kf GG,_ks krbkkj 4?, 3-35.

Uas, ^.D., P.C. vcf Kkrmkf & L. mk Hafgfo, 0>3>, ^cikaicfmsdbcp kf crdbkaiaogk vcf bk ^_F mugfok`gkm `ĴDcs rgduj, Mki crks rcppar >730->0=0,[ rkdb .

Uas, ^.D., L. @c k ijc fs, B.L. . _kkr s & J.L. vcf mkrJkuikf, 0>33, C ics vcf Fkmkricfm gf bk Baiadkkf, Icfmsdbcp kf `kwafgfo vcfc mk icc s k Ĵs Ĵm a fu,Cjs krmcj.

Uas, ^.D., L. mk Hafgfo & P.C. vcf Kkrmkf,gf vaar`krkg-mgfo, Icfmsdcpk bgs ary a bk Akr-İ gmci sys kj,Faarm-Ba cfm (]k Fk bkricfms).

Uas, ^.D., 0>3;,Argogf a bk Mu db dacs ci icfmsdcpk, Iafo-krj icfmsdcpk kvaiu gaf a bk Fk bkricfms murgfo bk

Baiadkfk, mksdrg`km cfm vgsucigzkm gf fc gafc i, rkoga-fci cfm iadci pcikaokaorcpbgdci jcp skrgks, ^rak sdbrge[fgvkrsg kg [ rkdb , Orafgfokf.

Uas, _.H., K. @iaj , C. Ukkfba & . Bc kf`kro, 0>>4, Mk

Pajkgfsk igjks Ĵmkfs Dcigouic< okmcdb kf avkr mk ccf-vcfo vcf bk dcs k uj Icurguj kf afmkrzak srksui c kfvcf fgkuwk aporcvgfokf ccf bk Hkr pikgf gf _akrmkf,_ks krbkkj ;0, ;>-54.

_kkrm, J.M. mk, 0>>5, Pkprkssgk ap c s cfm gf kkf vaaricfm zafmkr orkfzkf, Mk Pajkgfsk igjks gf Fkmkricfm vaar mkaps cfm vcf mk @c cvkf, _ks krbkkj ;;, ;-05.

_ks, J.C., 3777, cdg us, Mk lcrkf vcf g`krgus, Mkf @asdb.

_ks, J.C., 0>>>, cdg us, Dicumgus kf Fkra, Mkf @asdb.




0>>> lccr okikmkf wcrkf bkt rakrgok tglmkf gfFkmkricfm. Mk zugmkigl k Fkmkricfmkf wcrkf faojccr kf kik tgkftc kf lcrkf okikmkf vkravkrm maarmk Pajkgfkf takf zk gf 3; fc Dbr. kkf ikokrjcdbtja`gigskkrmkf aj vkrmkr fccr bkt faarmkf ap tk

ruhkf Gf Ukiskf (Faarm Ba cfm) wkrm ccf mk ust

CCF MKFAAPM\KK@[POKPT KF @CP@CPKF]K UKITKF

Crlkf U.C.L. @asjcf

kf wkrm bkt art vkrictkf. Mk Pglf zau mk faarmorkfs vcf bkt Pgl ìglvkf.

Mgt àk vkrtkit bkt vkrbcci vcf mk Pajkgfkf gf Ukiskf. _ct mkmkf mgk Pajkgfkf bgkr1 _ct bk``kf

zk okàuwm kf gf mk àmkj cdbtkrokictkf1 Bak

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