9789088903144 - Van Oosten 2015 - De Stad Het Vuil en de Beerput - eBook

8/20/2019 9789088903144 - Van Oosten 2015 - De Stad Het Vuil en de Beerput - eBook
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Taas vmg Aast`g
h` apbaost, v`rdr`lhlgk `g g``rkmgk vmg h`
d``rput lg st`hìlnb` eagt`xt
Ulh`stag` Zr`ss M g`w k`g`rmtlag ac Zudilsflgk
\au mr` r`mhlgk m cuii v`rslag ac tfls daab, car cr``!
Xfls daab ls pmrt ac tf` Ulh`stag` `-ildrmry wf`r` oast ac aur
pudilemtlags mr` cuiiy mee`ssldi` car cr``. Car mee`ss ta oar`
cr`` daabs vlslt> www.slh`stag`.eao/ildrmry
Hawgiamh Cuii ZHC
Slslt tf` Ulh`stag` `-ildrmry ta draws` aur `-daabs. Car m olglomi
c`` yau emg purefms` m cuiiy cugetlagmi ZHC mgh dy halgk sa, yau
fìp ta b``p aur ildrmry rugglgk.
www.slh`stag`.eao/ildrmry
`g h` d``rput
`g h` d``rput
Taas vmg Aast`g
vmg h` d``rput lg st`hìlnb` eagt`xt
© 4:=0 T.O.T. vmg Aast`g
Pltk`k`v`g haar Ulh`stag` Zr`ss, I`lh`g www.slh`stag`.eao
LUDG <;6-<:-66<:-5=8-8
Sarok`vlgk dlgg`gw`rb g aosimk> Ulh`stag` Zr`ss
Md`ìhlgk`g aosimk> Bmmrt> Sakìviueftbmmrt vmg I`lh`g haar Namg Dimù ult =38<, k`tltìh Iukhuguo Dmtmvaruo vuika I`yh`g. @rka`h I`lh`g `g Aostr`b`g (@IA), ZS ZS50:.4.
`b`glgk Druks` d``rda`r`g ult> B. H` [ai, Smg Tulo`rs `g d``rda`r`g“ lg> B. H` [ai, Fl`r w``rao Druksef vaib. O`t t``b`glgk`g haar Nui`s Cagt`yg` ``rd`stuurh`r vmg h` Baglgbilnb` Druksef` mbmhòl` vaar sefaag` bugst`g, Drukk`, <-=5, mihmmr p. =5.
Mrtlbì ls ``rh`r k`pudile``rh lg> Dl`bar VVVSL (=<5:) =45-=43.
Aab d`seflbdmmr mis> `-daab (ZHC)> LUDG <;6-<:-66<:-5=0-=

[aarh vaarmc ==
=. Lgi`lhlgk =5
=.= H` stmh `g h` èmilâgomssm“s lg h` =<h` `ùw =5
=.4 Ap za`b gmmr f`t d``rputt`gtlnhp`rb =6
=.5 Fypatf`s`g `g sìètl` st`h`g 4:
=.8 Dragg`g> rulo =8:: d``rputt`g ult trmhltlag`ì `g auh agh`rza`b“ 5;
=.0 rmhltlagì` d`gmh`rlgk> D``rputt`g mis i`v`rmgel`rs vmg 84
d``rputlgv`gtmrlss`g“
=.3 Apz`t stuhl` 88
4. F`t mrt`cmet d``rput> ``gf`lh `g v`rsef`lh`gf`lh 8<
4.= Lgi`lhlgk 8<
4.4 Dauwbughlk` ìò`gt`g raghao h` d``rput 0:
4.5 T`klagmi` hl`r`gtlmtl` 34
4.8 H`g Dasef> h` =3h`-`ùws` urdmglsmtl`kai k`rìèt``rh lg f`t ;4
d``rputt`gspètruo
4.0 Fmmriò> f`t `èt vmg Sra`koah`rg` str`gk` v`rarh`glgk`g ;<
4.3 Smg kò`g` gmmr prlvì-vaarzl`glgk`g 6=
4.; Cugh`rlgkswlnz`> fa` w`rh`g h` hl`p` putt`g mmgkì`kh1 68
4.6 Eageiusl` <6
5. H` f`r`g vmg h` d``r“ `g h` cr`qu`gt` i`hlklgk h`r sèr``tputt`g> =:=
``g mrefàiaklsef` dilgh` vi`b o`t efragaiaklsef` k`vaik`g1
5.= Lgi`lhlgk =:=
5.4 H`ì M> sèr``tr lglklgkshl`gst`g> ``gf`lh `g v`rsef`lh`gf`lh =:5
5.5 H` aghrmmkilnb` stmgb vmg f`t d``rputrulo`g =:8
5.8 H` f`r`g vmg h` d``r“ lg h` k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s =:6
5.0 H` f`r g vmg h` d``r“ lg h` k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g lg h` imghk`w`st`g ==<
5.3 Eageiusl` h`ì M =5:
5.; H`ì D> rulolgksr`qu`gtl`, fa`v`ìf`lh ultk`gao`g d``r `g bast`g =5= 5.6 Ut`hìlnb` hl`r`gtlmtl` lg bast`g sèr``tr`lglklgk`g =;h` `g =<h` `ùw =8:
5.< Eageiusl` h`ì D =88
5.=: H`ì E> ``g mrefàiaklsef dilgh` vi`b o`t efragaiaklsef` k`vaik`g1 =88
5.== T`lglklgksk`hrmk `g mrefàiaklsef` lopilemtl`s =86
5.=4 Eageiusl` h`ì E =0=
5.=5 Eageiusl` =04
8. Ap za`b gmmr f`t v`rdmgh tuss`g d``rputt`g `g d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh =05
dlgg`g h` bmh`rs vmg h` mrefàiaklsef` `g flstarlsef` zleftdmmrf`lh
8.= Lgi`lhlgk =05
8.4 Dragg`gbrltl`b `g o`tfah` =08
8.5 D``rput-agh`rza`bslgt`gslt`lt g f`t d``rputt`gtlnhp`rb =0; 8.8 D`vaiblgksv`riaap `g d``rputt`gv`riaap lg h` k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g =06
lg h` bustpravlgel`s
8.0 D`vaiblgksv`riaap `g d``rputt`gv`riaap lg h` st`h`g lg h` =3<
imghk`w`st`g
8.3 uss`geageiusl`> vln eagtrmhletl`s =6:
8.; Hlseussl` `g lgt`rpr`tmtl`s eagtrmhletl`s, Eagtrmhletl` => d``rputiaz` =6=
[`st-G`h`rimghs` st`h`g tat =5;0
8.6 Hlseussl` `g lgt`rpr`tmtl`s eagtrmhletl`s, Eagtrmhletl` 4> v`ì Dassef` =63
lgwag`rs, w`lglk Dassef` d``rputt`g
8.< Hlseussl` `g lgt`rpr`tmtl`s eagtrmhletl`s, Eagtrmhletl` 5> st`rb` =<0 d`vaiblgkskra`l ommr hmilgk d``rputt`g lg =;h`-`ùws I`lh`g
8.=: Hlseussl` `g lgt`rpr`tmtl`s eagtrmhletl`s, Eagtrmhletl` 8> fa` 4:=
hleft`r d`vaibt, fa` imk`r h` d``rputlgt`gslt`lt, Fmmriò =;h` `ùw
8.== Hlseussl` `g lgt`rpr`tmtl`s eagtrmhletl`s, Eagtrmhletl` 0> 4:8
mrefàiaklsef agzleftdmr` d``rputt`g (=<h` `ùw)
8.=4 @`g glùw d``rputt`gtlnhp`rb lg h` ``rst` fìt vmg h` 4:st` `ùw 4=:
8.=5 Eageiusl` 4==
0. Smg d``rput gmmr sèr``tkaat ac h` omt`rlâi` k`tulk`gls vmg h` 4=5
k`wlnzlkh` apvmttlgk av`r f`t wìzlng vmg h` stmhskò``gsefmp0.= Lgi`lhlgk 4=5
0.4 D``rputbùr`g 4=5
0.5 H` I`lhs` d``rputbùr lg eagt`xt> ``g dauwkai lg f`t h`rh` 4=3
bwmrt vmg h` =0h` `ùw lg I`lh`g
0.8 Immtst` bwmrt vmg h` =3h` `ùw> stmhsd`stuur v`rbimmrt d``rput 443
vakìvrln
3.5 at d`siult 48:
Ilnst o`t mcbartlgk`g 485
K`rmmhpi``kh` dragg`g lg flstarlsef` `g mrefàiaklsef` mrefl`v`g, 480
micmd`tlsef kàrh`gh ap v`stlklgkspimmts
K`rmmhpi``kh` w`dslt`s 40=
Av`rlk` dragg`g 404
Liiustrmtl`v`rmgtwaarhlgk 4<;
Dlnimk`g 4<< Dlnimk` 4.=> Buli`g o`t d``r `g/a o`st 4<<
Dlnimk` 5.=> mdì> D`r`b`glgk rulolgksr`qu`gtl` 5:8
Dlnimk` 5.4> mdì> rulolgksr`qu`gtl` d``rputt`g Fmmriò =383-=306 5:0
Dlnimk` 5.5> mdì> apsimkempmelt`lt vmg d``rputt`g 5:3
Dlnimk` 8.=> Fmmriò d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5:;
Dlnimk` 8.4> I`lh`g d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5:6
Dlnimk` 8.5> Mibommr d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5:<
Dlnimk` 8.8> Harhrèft d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5=:
Dlnimk` 8.0> H`g Dasef d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5==
Dlnimk` 8.3> H`v`gt`r d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5=4
Dlnimk` 8.;> Mo`rsaart d`vaiblgksv`riaap 5=5
Dlnimk` 8.6> Uèr``tkat`g ult I`lh`g d`b`gh ult mrefàiaklsef`, 5=8
flstarlsef` `g dauwflstarlsef` drag
Dlnimk` 0.=> Bùr`g o`t d`tr`bblgk tat o`st `g sèr``to`st 5=3
Dlnimk` 0.4> F`t mmgh`ì fuurfulz`g lg I`lh`g lg =03= 545
Umo`gvmttlgk 540
Av`r h` mutùr 55<
Ilnst vmg tmdìi`g
md i =.=> F`t nmmr vmg lgtrahuetl vmg f`t tagg`gst is i, ``g rlai`rlgksstìsì, ``g mikò`g` wmt`ri`lhlgk `g ``g kò``gtìlnb` r`lglklgkshl`gst lg h` z`v`g v`rkì`b`g st`h`g.
=6
mdì =.4> Omtrlx vmg k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g. 4< mdì =.5> Mmgtmi lgwag`rs p`r fètmr` lg dlgg`gst`h`g lg 4:=4. 54 md i =.8> Mrefàiaklsef` agh`rza`bsk`sefl`h`gls vmg h` z`v`g
v`rkì`b`g st`h`g. 5<
mdì 4.=> ypaiakl` vmg d``rputt`g> omt`rlmmi-varo-typ`. 38
md i 4.4> H` v rfauhlgk tuss`g f`t mmgtmi dmbst g`g d` rputt`g `g dmbst`g`g d``rputbìh`rs (G tatmmi ? =.:5:).
30
md i 4.5> F`t mmgtmi dauwimk`g lg H`g Dasef `g I`lh`g lg h` =3h` `ùw `g d`klg =;h` `ùw.
;6
md i 4.8> H` kòlhh ih` hl`pt` vmg ``g d``rput lg Fmmriò g H`g Dasef.
68
mdì 4.0> Bast`g mmgi`k wìwmt`rput. 68
mdì 5.=> Uèr``tr`lglk`rshl`gst lg h` z`v`g v`rkì`b`g st`h`g. =5= md i 5.4> H` kòlhhìh` empmelt lt vmg d``rputt`g lg Fmmriò `g
H`g Dasef. =54
mdì 5.5> Tulolgksr`qu`gtl` lg Fmmriò g H`g Dasef. =50 md i 5.8> Tulolgksr`qu`gtl` vmg h` d``rput vmg Umrm h` Fm`g,
Tmp`gdurk 86e I`lh`g. =56
md i 5.0> Pltk`gao`g fa`v` if`lh d` r ult d``rputt`g p`r rulolgk, mkì`lh ult h` flstarlsef` dragg`g.
=5<
mdì 5.3> Av`rzleft bast`g vmg f`t i`k`g vmg `g d``rput. =85 mdì 5.;> Crmko`gtmtl`krmmh vmg mmrh`w`rb lg d``rputt`g. =83 md i 5.6> D` rputt`g `g h` hlbt` vmg h` hòplgksimk`g ap h`
apkrmvlgksiaemtl` Upltt`g mmg f`t Upmmrg`. =8<
md i 8.=> Aovmgk vmg f`t k`k`v`gsd stmgh o`t d`tr bblgk tatk`hmt``rh` d``rputt`g. =00
md i 8.4> Mmgtmi ultk`b``rh` hmbh`bsudslhl s lg H`g Dasef, =835-=8;:.
=<5
md i 8.5> Av rzleft vmg metar`g hl` ``g rai f`dd`g k`sp`ìh dln h` papuimrlt`lt vmg h` d``rput.
4=4
mdì 0.=> F`t mmgh`ì fuurfulz`g lg v`rseflii`gh` st`h`g. 44= mdì 0.4> S`rfuurh`rs vmg fulz`g lg I`lh`g lg =3:3. 44; mdì 0.5> Bap`rs vmg bmvìs lg I`lh`g lg =3==. 446
mdì 3.=> Av`rzleftsomtrlx. 45;
[aarh vaarm
H` agh`rfmvlk` ultkmv` d`tr`t h` fmghìs`hltl` vmg f`t pra`sefrltH` stmh, f`t vuli `g h` d``rput , hmt haar oln ap < nmgumrl 4:=8 v`rh`hlkh ls mmg h` Tlnbsuglv`rslt`lt
Kraglgk`g. Hmgbzln ``g lgmgelâi` dlnhrmk` vmg Utleftlgk G`h`rimghs Ousùo
vaar Mgtfrapaiakl` g Zrm`flstarl` (UGOMZ) bag f`t pra`sefrlt haar Ulh`stag`
Zr`ss tat fmghìs`hltl` aok`z`t warh`g wmmrdln xtrm d`ìhomt`rlmmi ls apk`gao`g.
F`t pra`sefrlt varoh` f`t `lghr`suitmmt vmg ``g stuhl` gmmr mvmipradiòm-
tl`b lg h` pr`-lghustrlâi` p`rlah` lg z`v`g G`h`rimghs` st`h`g. Mmg h` fmgh vmg
mrefàiaklsef` dragg`g ls h` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg d``rputt`g lg bmmrt k`drmeft lg vl`r
st`h`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s, t` w`t`g Fmmriò, I`lh`g, Mibommr `g Harhrèft `g hrl` st`h`g lg h` imghk`w`st`g, t` w`t`g H`g Dasef, H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rsaart.
S`rvaik`gs ls mmg h` fmgh vmg flstarlsef` dragg`g k`zaeft gmmr ``g v`rbimrlgk
vaar f`t mmgvmgk`g `g saos vra`ktlnhlk `lghlk`g vmg f`t d``rputt`gtlnhp`rb“.
Hlt agh`rza`b w`rh k`lgmgel`rh vmgult f`t G[A-sudslhl`prakrmoom
Prdmglsmtl` & Utmhseuituur. Utmhsagtwlbbìlgk `g st`hìlnbf`lh lg G`h`rimgh . @ìg vmg
h` e`gtrmi` vrmk`g dlgg`g vaargaòh prakrmoom ls fa` f`t baot hmt st`h`g agh`r h`zìch` kàkrmclsef`, èagaolsef` ac d`stuurilnb` eaghltl`s, agh`rilgk vmmb k`f`ì v`r- seflii`gh` k`hrmkspmtrag`g imt`g zl`g“ . = Dlgg`g f`t k`gaòh` sudslhl`prakrmoom
zlng vln agh`rza`bspranèt`g k`fagar``rh, wmmragh`r f` tawg ms m dahy saelmi“,
=50:-=30:“, wmmrvmg h`z` stuhl` ``g h`ìpranèt ls. F`t dahy-saelmi“-pranèt fmh fmmr lgstltutlagì` dmsls mmg h` Tlnbsuglv`rslt`lt Kraglgk`g g stagh agh`r i`lhlgk
vmg Zra. hr. Hleb h` Da`r, faaki`rmmr Olhhì`ùws` K`sefl`h`gls, `g Zra. hr.
Dmrt Tmomb`rs, faaki`rmmr Auh`r` G`h`rimghs` I`tt`rbugh`. F`t pranèt d`stagh
gmmst h` omt`rlâi` k`tulk`glss`g vmg h` stmh mis saelmmi ilefmmo“, ultk`va`rh haar
agh`rk`t`b`gh` mis praoav`ghus, ult h` stmh mis saelmmi ilefmmo lg ilt`rmtuur `g
`huemtl`“, hmt ultk`va`rh ls haar Mgltm Daì` mis praoav`ghus.4 F`t h`rh` agh`r-
za`b, ultk`va`rh haar hr. N`ra`g D`gh`rs mis past-hae, dàakt flstarlsef` sygtf`s`s
t` dl`h`g vmg h` aroì` `g lgaroì` struetur`rlgk vmg h` st`hìlnb` smo`gi`vlgk
`g h` saelmi` zark.
F`t eage`ptuì` ultkmgkspugt vmg f`t agh`rza`bspranèt h` stmh mis `g saelmmi ilefmmo“ ls hmt `g kò``gsefmp a `g stmh `g arkmglso` ls wmmrlg h` i`h`g olh-
hìs mfmgbìlnbf`lhsrìmtl`s o`t ibmmr v`rdagh`g zlng.5 Lg h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g
w`rh h`z` o`tmaar vaarmi k`drulbt lg rìmtl` tat h` arkmglsmtl` vmg mro`gzark `g
wìzlng. @`g stmhskò``gsefmp bmg g`t mis ``g o`gsìlnb ilefmmo mii``g hmg ka`h
ugetlag`r`g `g k`zagh zlng, wmgg``r h` v`rseflii`gh` ilefmmoshì`g o`t ìbmmr
= mv`rg` `t mi . 4:=4, =32 v`rh`r av`r f`t sudslhl`prakrmoom mv`rg` (r`h.) `t mi . 4:=4, 8-0, 5=4-5=5
`g urdmgsel`ge`s.ù.
4 Daì` 4:=5.
5 H` o`tmaar h` stmh mis saelmmi ilefmmo“ ls ultk`w`rbt lg> D`gh`rs/H` Da`r 4:=4, =0:-=0=2 Daì` 4:=4, =8=-=84 `g Daì` 4:=5, ==3, =<4.
=4 ,
lg `v`gwleft zlng `g l`h`r zlng tmmb gmmr d`far`g ultva`rt. [mgg``r f`t faah (f`t
eaii`k` vmg durkò``st`rs `g sef`p`g`g) zl`b warht, hmg rmmbt f`t k`fì` ilefmmo
ult dmimgs.8 H` ilefmmoso`tmaar w`rh vaarmi dln ilt`rmlr` t`bst`g av`r mro`gzark
k`d`zlkh. Dln h` ultvmmrhlklgk vmg bùr`g `g v`rarh`glgk`g w`rh f`t h`gb`g lg
t`ro`g vmg wìzlng vmg f`t eaiiètl` vmg h` stmhskò``gsefmp“ ultk`hrubt lg t`r- o`g mis f`t kò``g alrdm`r“ `g daguo eaooug` “. Mgh`rs k`z`kh> f`t kmmt fl`r
ao f`t st`hìlnb (mikò``g) dìmgk“ a f`t kò``gsefmppìlnb gut `g wìzlng“.0
Lg h`z` stuhl` warht d`taakh hmt h` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg d``rputt`g vaargmoìlnb
``g st`hìlnb `gao``g ls `g hmt h` apbaost `rvmg lg h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g lg
wmt`rrlnb` st`h`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s mis ``g omt`rlâi` k`tulk`gls vmg f`t k`-
o``g-alrdm`r-d`klgsì“ d`sefauwh bmg warh`g. F`t apsimmg vmg èmilâg lg d``r-
putt`g vaarbwmo iazlgk lg f`t krmeft`gwmt`r. â w`rh gl`t mii``g v`ro`h`g hmt
h` stmh ``g stlgb`gh` mhò“ zau brlnk`g, ommr aab hmt h` i`v`gsmh`r`g vmg h` stmh
(i``s> h` wmt`rw`k`g) zauh`g hleftsildd`g `g h` èagaolsef` lgrmstruetuur d`-
iòo`rh zau warh`g. Lg I`lh`g k`haakh` f`t stmhsd`stuur vmgm f`t immtst` bwmrt vmg h` =3h` `ùw hmt d``rputt`g ap f`t krmeft`gwmt`r iaash`g. Mgh`r` st`h`g
vaikh`g vaarzleftlk lg h` Sra`koah`rg` tlnh. Lg h` =<h` `ùw v`rhw``g sèr``t-
o`st mis vmgzìspr`b`gh lg h` krmeft. H`z` trmgsltl` ilnbt t` k`tulk`g vmg v`rmgh`-
r`gh` prlarlt`lt`g `g vmg ``g olgh`r earparmtl`v` apvmttlgk vmg f`t stmhsd`stuur
lgzmb` h` stmhskò``gsefmp.
8 D`gh`rs/H` Da`r 4:=4, =0=. 0 Av`r f`t kò``g aldm`r“-d`klgsì> Ut`lg/Daì`/Diaebomgs 4:=: `g Daì` 4:=5, ==3 `g =<4.
Lgi`lhlgk
=.= H` stmh `g h` cèmilâgomssm“s lg h` =<h` `ùw
H` Hults` w`t`gsefmpp`r Omx vag Z`tt`gba`r (=6=6-=<:=) stìh` lg =6;; hmt `g
kòlhhìh o`gs p`r nmmr 58 blia vmst` èmi` sta`g `g 846 ilt`r urlg` prahue``rt.3
Sag Z`tt`gba`r v`rvaikh`> ’Utìt o`g h` d`vaiblgk vmg Oùgef`g ap 4::.:::, hmg
oa`t`g h` dav`g o`h`k`h`ìh` fa`v`ìf`h`g o`t 4::.::: v`ro`glkvuihlkh warh`g. Prlg` `g vmst` cmèmilâg mii``g d`hrmk`g hmg r``hs <4.8::.::: blia.; @g g`òt o`g gu =.::: blia mis ``g ileft` wmk`gvrmeft mmg, zaamis wln z` R?h` da`r`g_ “s gmefts o`t h`g lgfauh vmg d``rbuli`g haar agz` strmt`g zl`g v`rva`r`g, hmg zauh`g nmmrilnbs <48.::: vrmeft`g ac hmkìlnbs 405 vrmeft`g6 warh`g v`r`lseft .< Mmgk`zl`g h` da`r`g
gl`t zav`ì wmk`gvrmeft`g ult Oùgef`g va`rh`g, wms h` k`vaiktr`bblgk vmg Sag
Z`tt`gba`r hmt f`t kraatst` h`ì vmg h` èmi` omssm lg h` dahò v`rhw``g. Fln
d`pi`ltt` v`rd`t`rlgk vmg h` smgltmlr` vaarzl`glgk`g t`g`lgh` h` `garo` v`rrat-
tlgk vmg h` dahò“ t`k`g t` kmmg `g f`t ultdr`b`g vmg efai`rm t` vaarbao`g. H`
Hults` mrts Sakì fmmbt` ap h`z` Dah`gtfàrl`“ mmg `g v`rbimmrh` vmgult hlt k`-
k`v`g aab h` ultdrmmb vmg typfus-`plhòl`âg.=: Fa`wì h` haar Sag Z`tt`gba`r v`ragh`rstìh` emusmi` rìmtl` gl`t nulst di``b t` zlng, bappìt zlng dèln`rlgk lg mi
zlng ``gvauh hrl` mmg ìbmmr k`rìmt``rh` v`rseflngsì`g> f`t vuli, h` stmh `g h`
haah.
Sag Z`tt`gba`r“s d`taak w`rh lg f`t G`h`rimghs v`rtmmih g wms papuimlr agh`r
h` fyklâglst`g lg G`h`rimgh.== H` fyklâglst`g wmr`g `g kra`p vmg vaarultstr`v`g-
h` o`hlel hl` k`hur`gh` hè`gglm (=68:-=6<:) vaar h` v`rd`t`rlgk vmg smgltmlr`
vaarzl`glgk`g pi`ltt`g lg f`t dìmgk vmg h` vaibsk`zaghf`lh.=4 ^` va`rh`g lg h`
3 Sag Z tt`gba`r =6;;, =42 Smg h`r [auh (4:=:, =;<) fmmit ``g saartkìlnb eltmmt vmg Sag Z tt`gba`r
mmg, fln elt``rt fl`r ``g mrtlbì ult H` @eagaolst wmmr h` t`bst l`ts mgh`rs ls. Lg =600 klgk Sag Z`tt`gba`r (=600, =5) ult vmg =,0 blia èmi` sta`g (urlg` `g vmst` èmi` sta`g) p`r hmk. H` d`r`-
b`glgk ult =600 ls dlnvaard`ìh mmgk`fmmih haar Sakì (=603, ==)2 H` rlai`g `g h` tlnpfus“, =603,
4<;. ^l` aab Faahstub 5.; vaar h` nmmrilnbs` o`gsìlnb` ultsef`lhlgk.
; 846 ilt`r + 58 ilt`r ? 834 ilt`r ? 834 blia. @`g ilt`r ls lg hlt vaard`ìh kìlnb k`stìh mmg ``g blia.
4::.::: x 834 blia ? <4.8::.::: blia. Sag Z`tt`gba`r k`drulbt` meft`r f`t k`tmi <4.8::.::: gl`t
f`t waarh blia ommr h` mbartlgk ’Ba. Dln h` w``rkmv` vmg f`t eltmmt ls fl`r f`t waarh ’blia k`-
drulbt. S`rh`r zlng lg h` w``rkmv` vmg f`t eltmmt pugt`g ta`k`va`kh dln h` k`tmii`g.
6 Lghl`g <48.::: vrmeft`g ultk`va`rh w`rh`g g hlt 530 hmk`g p`r nmmr pimmtsvagh, hmg zauh`g hmk`-
ilnbs 4.05= (lg pimmts vmg h` haar Z`tt`gba`r k`gaòh` 405) vrmeft`g h` stmhspaart k`pmss``rh zlng.
< Sag Z`tt`gba`r =6;;, =4.
=: Sakì =603, ==. H` Dah`gtfàrl`“ rmmbt` sgì ult h` oah` ta`g lg =665 Tad`rt Baef h` efai`rmdme-
t`rl` fmh agth`bt.
== Smg h`r [auh 4:=:, =;<. =4 Av`r h` fyklâglst`g> Fauwmmrt =<<=.
=8 ,
vaibswlnb`g zak`f`t`g vlsuì` lgspètl`s ult `g i`kh`g vmg o``t m mmg ``g rìmtl`
tuss`g h` ultdrmmb vmg plhòl`âg, zamis efai`rm, typfus g hys`gt`rl` g`rzlnhs g
h` sièft` i`àostmghlkf`h`g vmg h` olgv`roak`gh`g mgh`rzlnhs. â wmr`g h`
v`ì vaarbao`gh` bratwaglgk`g o`t olglomi` smgltmlr` vaarzl`glgk`g ultk`rust
`g ult h` gmdlnkì`k`g krmeft`g st`k`g vaarthur`gh` stlgb`gh` hmop`g ap. =5
H` fyklâglst`g i`kh`g vmg h` f``rs`gh` `plhòl`âg st`rt`stmtlstl`b`g mmg `g pr`s`g-
t``rh`g h`z` lg tfòmtlsef` bmmrt`g, wmmrhaar lg ììg aakapsimk t` zl`g wms hmt h`
bmgs ao vra`ktlnhlk mmg `g d`so`ttìlnb` zl`bt` t` av`rilnh`g f`t kraatst wms lg h`
mro` vaibswlnb`g. Fa`wì h` earrìmtl` tuss`g vuli“ `g h` haah“ lg h` =<h` `ùw
b``r ap b``r stmtlstlsef mmgk`taagh w`rh,=8 di``b h` tlnh gak gl`t rlnp t` zlng vaar
``g metl` lgkrlnp`g vmg h` d`stuursarkmg`g ao h` vaark`stìh` v`rd`t`rlgk`g haar
t` va`r`g. H` I`lhs` auh-fulsmrts Fmr O`ln`r drmeft h`z` pradiòmtl`b rè`gtìlnb
ultk`dr`lh agh`r h` mmghmeft lg zlng stuhl` F`t vuli, h` stmh `g h` habt`r .=0
H` hr`bmva`r wms ``g pugt vmg v`rfltt` hlseussl` lg h` =<h` `ùw, ommr h`
vmstk`stìh` urk`gtl` i`lhh` pmrmhaxmmi k`ga`k gl`t tat ``g sgìi` apiasslgk vmg f`t pradi`ò.=3 [mmr h` b`gk`tmii`g h` kò``gt`d`stur`g gl`t av`rtulkh`g ao
h` èmilâgomssm“s t` zl`g mis ``g fyklâglsef `g ommtsefmppìlnb pradi`ò, vmtt`
h` k`hmeft` o`t h`z` èmilâgomssm“s ``g pat`gtl`ì iuermtl` prahuet vaarfmgh`g
t` f`dd`g, kòmbbìlnb past.=; H` o`ststa`g zauh`g loo`rs mmg h` imghdauw
v`rbaeft bugg`g warh`g.
â dèln`rh` lg =66;, tl`g nmmr gm Sag Z`tt`gba`r, h` Ptrèft`gmmr T`gbòm
fa` kraat h` v`rspliilgk wms haar pmrtleuil`r` rlai`g lg h` stmhswmt`r`g t` imt`g ia-
z`g. O`t msefuw stìh` fln vmst hmt ’ p`r hmk olgst`gs (..) ==.5:0 bliakrmoo`g cm`- emi` stac lg h` Ptrèfsef` wmt`r`g k`va`rh Rwarht_! Z`r nmmr d`hrmmkt hlt 8==.43=.540
bliakrmo R8== olina`g blia_, v`rt`k`gwaarhlk`gh` ``g` wmmrh` vmg olgst`gs c =:.346,<: mmg o`ststacc`g z`kk` tl`ghulz`gh z`sfagh`rh meft `g twlgtlk kuih`g `g
g`k`gtlk e`gt! =6 Most`rhmo zau o`t 4::.::: prahue`r`gh` lgwag`rs ``g nmmr-
ilnbs` o`stwmmrh` vmg =,4 olina`g ap bugg`g i`v`r`g.=< Hmmr hl`gh` hmg aab gak
h` o`st ’vmg 44:: pmmrh`g, <;: ba`l`g, =<: imoo`r`g `g sefmp`g, =8: dabb`g `g k`lt`g `g 6::: fagh`g mmg ta`k`va`kh t` warh`g, ’ao vmg `zìs `g vmrb`gs, wl`r k`tmi agd`b`gh ls, gl`t t` spr`b`g! 4:
Ao h`z` wlgst t` bugg`g lgemss`r`g, wms f`t gahlk èmilâg ap `glk`ri`l wlnz`
t` v`rzmoì`g. Lg h` o``st` krat` st`h`g w`rh vmgm =6;= fl`rta` f`t tagg`gstì-
sì lgk`va`rh.4= Lg mdì =.= ls h` lgtrahuetl`hmtuo vmg f`t tagg`gstìsì smo`g-
k`drmeft vaar h` z`v`g st`h`g hl` lg h`z` stuhl` e`gtrmmi stmmg. F`t stìsì o`t tagg`g a cass`s oadli`s flìh lg hmt èmilâg lg ``g faut`g tag w`rh`g apk`simk`g.
=5 F`t ``rst` k`vmi vmg efai`rm lg G`h`rimgh w`rh ap 40 nugl =654 lg Uef`v`glgk`g kòìh, Fauwmmrt
=<<=, <62 O`ln`r 4::0, 80 `.v.
=8 Fauwmmrt =<<=, =:02 Fauwmmrt =<<5, 4;-5:2 H` Taay =<<52 Smgh`gdraueb` =<<=2 O`ln`r 4::0.
=0 O`ln`r 4::0.
=3 Smg âg =<<5, 8;> ’``g pmrmhax> h` trmk` agtwlbbìlgk ragh ``g urk`gt pradi`ò . =; Av`r f`t wlgstd`nmk fl`rdln> Smg âg =<<5, ;42 Smg h`r [auh 4:=:, =<;-=<6.
=6 T`gbòm =66;, ;=;.
=< Smg h`r [auh 4:=:, 4::.
4: T``sòm (=<:4, 834-835) oìht v`rh`r hmt ult Most`rhmo lg =6;8 hmkìlnbs 460 o5 mmg èmilâg
v`rwlnh`rh oa`st warh`g. 4= Smg âg =<60, 60.
@ìg vmg h` immtst` =6 tagg`tn`s
hl` lg Mibommr lg k`drulb
wmr`g, lg =<;;.
Clk. =.4> F`t tagg`gstìsì lg ^mmghmo lg =<0<> ``g tag agh`r h` zllgk lg ``g fulsn`.
=3 ,
Clk. =.5> F`t tagg`gwlssìstìsì lg d`hrlnc lg Mibommr lg =<08.
Clk. =.8> F`t tagg`gstìsì> r`lglk`g tagg`g, ^mmghmo =<8:. H` kò``gt`r`lglklgkshl`gst vmg
^mmghmo fmmih` w`bìlnbs h` tagg`g ap `g ommbt` h`z` sefaag o`t f`t agtso`lgksolhhì
eràilg`.
=;
H`z` faut`g tag stagh, zamis Clk. =.= `g Clk. =.4 tag`g, dlnvaard`ìh agh`r h`
zlttlgk lg f`t sèr``t- a prlvmmtfulsn` ap f`t `r. Smg stmhsw`k` w`rh`g h` tagg`g
o``stmi ììg a tw`` b``r p`r w``b kì``kh.44 Mmgvmgbìlnb w`rh h` lgfauh vmg h`
tagg`g ap strmmt av`rk`kat`g. H` oarslk` ta`stmgh`g hl` hlt km,45 wmr`g mmgi`l-
hlgk ao ``g tagg`gwlssìstìsì lg t` va`r`g (Clk. =.5). H` kò``gt`r`lglklgkshl`gst gmo h` vaii` tag o`` `g pimmtst` ``g i`k` tag t`ruk. H` apk`fmmih` tagg`g
w`rh`g v`rvaik`gs, zamis Clk. =.8 taagt, ap ``g e`gtrmi` pi`b sefaagkòmmbt. Dln
f`t ultdilnv`g vmg h` mmgi`k vmg ``g rlai`rlgksstìsì di`` f`t cass`s oadli`s -stìsì
tat v`r lg h` 4:st` `ùw lg k`drulb.
Smgm =6;: w`rh lg hrl` st`h`g, t` w`t`g lg I`lh`g (=6;:-=<=8), Most`rhmo
(=6;:-=<=3) `g Harhrèft (=6;8-=66;), (ap d`p`rbt` sefmmi) ``g rlai`rlgksstìsì
mmgkì`kh. F`t d`tra fl`r f`t Il`rgurstìsì (Clk. =.0). F`t haar lgk`glùr Efmri`s
. Il`rgur d`hmeft` syst`ò wms - mgh`rs hmg ags fulhlk` kò`gkh` spaìstìsì -
``g syst`ò wmmrdln krlns (fulsfauhwmt`r) g zwmrt (èmmi) wmt`r agh`r hrub w`rh
w`kk`zak`g. Hmmrta` w`rh ``g k`sef`lh`g dulz`gstìsì mmgkì`kh `g w`rh`g lg h` fulz`g spèlmi` Il`rgurtali`tt`g mmgk`drmeft. lnhk`gat`g wmr`g ugmglò pa-
sltl` av`r f`t pgùomtlsef i``kzulk`g vmg h` v`rzmoìdaii`g lg h` strmmtrlai`rlgk
haar olhhì vmg ``g spèlmmi hmmrta` agtwarp`g zak`gmmoh` iaeaoadli` t`gh`r“
(Clk. =.0). F`t i`k`g km stmgb gaef av`rimst `g aohmt h` èmilâg gu gl`t o``r lg
f`t wmt`r v`rhw`g`g, w`rh f`t wmt`r lg h` gmdlnkì`k`g krmeft`g hlrèt sefag`r.48
F`t tagg`gstìsì g f`t Il`rgurstìsì i`v`rh`g lgmgel`ì k`wlg ap> r wms ``g
mz`tomrbt vaar h` zak`f`t`g paartmmrh`“. Zaartmmrh` ls ``g lg =<h`-`ùws` drag-
g`g vaarbao`gh d`krlp vaar stmhso`st. Hlt ls h` d`gmolgk vaar zawì èmilâg ult
h` d``rput mis vaar apk`dmkk`rh` hr`b ult h` krmeft`g.40 Aohmt h` prlvmt`g ta`g
v`ìmi lg h` krmeft iaash`g, wms h` hr`b ult h` krmeft aab haarhr`gbt o`t èmi` sta`g. Lg h` =<h` `ùw w`rh h` paartmmrh` mis ``g wagh`rolhhì k`pr`s`gt``rh>
``g imghdauwd`hrln hmt ``rst lg stmmt vmg ultputtlgk v`rb``rh`“, zau haar f`t
apdr`gk`g vmg o`st ult f`t Il`rgurstìsì w``r ’ crlssef` biùr`g `g wìlk`r kra`l vmg krms 43 f`dd`g k`taagh.
Hmgbzln h` lgtrahuetl` vmg h` wmt`ri`lhlgk lg h` tw``h` fìt vmg h` =<h` `ùw
(mdì =.=) w`rh f`t prlvmmt - ``g hraakeias`t - o``r `g o``r v`rvmgk`g haar f`t
lgolhhìs agtwlbbìh` wmt`reias`t. H` haarspaìlgk o`t wmt`r ommbt` h` o`g-
sìlnb` o`st za gmt hmt h` paartmmrh` haar h` imghdauw olgh`r w`rh mk`gao`g.
Dav`ghl`g wms lg h`zìh` p`rlah` aab h` mz`tomrbt vaar h` olgh`r wmt`rlk`
44 Av`r f`t tagg`gstìsì> Smg âg =<63, ;<-632 Smg âg =<<5, ;=-;32 Smg h`r [auh 4:=:, 4=4-4=82
Smg âg =<63, tmdì 8. Lg o``r hmg h`rtlk st`h`g w`rh f`t tagg`gstìsì lg h` p`rlah` tuss`g =6;5
`g =66= lgk`va`rh. Av`r f`t Il`rgurstìsì> Smg âg =<63, =::-=4<2 Smg âg =<<5, 34-;=2 Smg h`r
[auh 4:=:, 4=0-44:2 Dmr`ghr`kt =<662 Smg T``sòm =<:4, Smg T``sòm =<:5.
45 Smg ag =<<8, ;=-;3.
48 Dmr`ghr`kt =<66, <5 `g <6.
40 Utmhsmrefl` Most`rhmo, Eage`pt v`rarh`glgk sèr``tbuli`g, =603, mrtlbì 4. Lg h` dragg`g warht
saos aab vmg paatmmrh` a straalmmrh` k`sprab`g (I` Crmgeq vmg D`rbf`y, =6==, =0;)2 miso`h` vmg
st`lk`rmmrh` (Smg h`r Zaì =<05-=<03, vrmmk =8).
43 T``sòm =<:4, 363.
=6 ,
o`gsìlnb` o`st k`braop`g, mmgk`zl`g h` bugsto`st lg apbaost wms. Gm =<::
w`rh o`t h` lgzmoìlgk vmg stmhso`st k``g wlgst o``r d`fmmih. F`t mrkuo`gt
hmt haar h` mmgi`k vmg `g rlai`rlgk h` kò``gt`g lgbaost`g zauh`g h`rv`g, kaih
gl`t imgk`r. Hmmro`` wms f`t immtst` adstmbì vaar h` imgk d`pi`lt` mmgi`k vmg ``g
rlai`rlgksstìì w`kk`gao`g.4;
=.4 Ap za`b gmmr f`t d``rputt`gtlnhp`rb
Gu lg bart d`st`b ls k`taagh fa` lg h` =<h` `ùw h` d`stuurilnb` `g ommtsefmp-
pìlnb` kòa`h`r`g zlef f`dd`g d`zlk k`fauh`g o`t wmt ta`g f``tt` h` bw`stl`
h`r èmilâg“,46 ls f`t gaahzmbìlnb h` vrmmk t` stìi`g fa` lg h` pr`-lghustrlâi`
p`rlah` (h` tlnh võõr =6::), h` apsimk vmg èmilâg kàrkmgls``rh“ wms. Fa`wì
haar flstarlel `g saelaiak`g h` av`rkmgk vmg f`t `g` ap f`t mgh`r` stìsì d`tr`-
`gh` h` =<h` `ùw o``romi`g ultva`rlk ls agh`rzaeft,4< ls av`r h` fyklâglsef`
lgrmstruetuur lg h` p`rlah` hmmrv õõr gmuwìlnbs lgaromtl` vaarfmgh`g. H`z`
imeug` ls h`s t` apvmii`gh`r wmgg``r d`hmeft warht hmt lg h`z` p`rlah` h` k`- prahue``rh` èmilâgomssm“s `v`g``gs mmgzl`gilnb wmr`g. â tìh` H`g Dasef, ììg
vmg h` kraatst` st`h`g lg h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g lg h` Gaarhìlnb` G`h`rimgh`g,
aostr``bs =8:: agk`v``r =8.::: èmilâgprahue`gt`g“ (Clk. =.6m)2 I`lh`g, ììg
vmg h` kraatst` st`h`g lg h` T`pudil`b, tìh` aostr``bs =3;: agk`v``r 00.:::
4; Smg h`r [auh 4:=:, 4::-4:42 av`r h` lgtrahuetl` vmg f`t rlai`rlgksstìsì , 44;-48<.
46 Uw`gs (=63< `g =6;:) k`drulbt h` t`ro bw`stl` h`r mèmilâg“2 Hmru sefr`` mmg h` @rmsous
Pglv`rslt`lt Tatt`rhmo ``g serlptl` o`t ``g kìlnbgmolk` tltì (Hmru =<60) `g k`drulbt` h` t`ro lg
``g mrtlbì (Hmru =<<<). H` pradiòmtl`b w`rh lg h` =< h` `ùw aab wì aosefr`v`g mis> ’h` t`k`g-
waarhlk` ]u`stlag druimgt` (D`rmli =636, =5). 4< @`g ultzagh`rlgk zlng h` v`rb`gg`gh` stuhl`s> Dltt`r 4::<2 @vmgs 4:=:.
Utmh
Lgtrahuetl` kò``gtìlnb
rlai`rlgksstìsì
B u s t p r a v l g
e l ` s
Fmmriò =6;; =6;; =605 =63:-=6;:
I`lh`g gl`t =<=8 =6;; Il`rgurstìsì> =6;:-=<=8Mmgi`k rlai`rlgksstìsì> =<4;
Mibommr =66= =66= =663 =<=:
=665-=66< fak` hrubi`lhlgk
Il`rgurstìsì =6;8-=66;
Tlai`rlgk> =665-=66<
H`g Dasef G l t- k simmkh
lgva`rlgk
H`v`gt`r =6;8 =6;0 =6<5 =66;
Mo`rscaart =665 =668 =6<:> pmrtleuil`r
=<=5> mikò``g
=6<3
Xmdì =.=> F`t nmmr vmg lgtrahuetl` vmg f`t tagg`gstìsì, ``g rlai`rlgksstìsì, ``g mikò`g` wmt`ri`lhlgk `g ``g kò``gtìlnb` r`lglklgkshl`gst lg h` z`v`g v`rkì`b`g st`h`g.Plt h` tmdì bmg mckì`lh warh`g hmt
h` lgtrahuetl` vmg f`t tagg`gstìsì vmmb i`lhh` tat h` aprleftlgk vmg ``g kò``gtìlnb` r`lglklgkshl`gst.
Hmmrgmmst bmg warh`g mckì`lh hmt h` mmgi`k vmg h` wmt`ri`lhlgk vaarmc klgk mmg h` mmgi`k vmg ``g
kò``gtì lnb rlai`rlgksstìsì. Saar dragg`g> zl` S`rmgtwaarhlgk kur`g.
=<
prahue`gt`g (Clk. =.6e). Saik`gs h` k`tmii`g vmg Sag Z`tt`gba`r zau hlt ``g nmmr-
ilnbs` èmilâgomssm vmg r`spètl`vìlnb 3,0 olina`g blia vmst` èmi` sta`g `g 40
olina`g ilt`r urlg` apkì`v`rh f`dd`g.5:
F`t ilnht k``g twlnì hmt d``rputt`g lg f`t v`ri`h`g r`qu`gt vaarbwmo`g.
D``rputt`g zlng agh`rkraghs` eagtmlg`rs wmmrlg èmilâg w`rh`g apk`simk`g.5= F`t
ls eft`r gl`t za hmt d``rputt`g, `g mikò``g `gao``g k`gaòh bugg`g warh`g.
Lg saoolk` pimmts`g, zamis Mo`rsaart, @lghfav`g, Kauhm `g Kraglgk`g warh`g
gmk`ga`k kììg d``rputt`g mmgk`tra`g.54 Lg H`g Dasef bao`g d``rputt`g võõr
=0:: gmuwìlnbs vaar `g lg I`lh`g d`faarh`g d``rputt`g lg h` =; h`
`ùw prmb- tlsef tat f`t v`ri`h`g.
[mmrao lg h` `g` pimmts v`ì `g lg h` mgh`r` pimmts gmuwìlnbs d``rputt`g
vaarbao`g, varot agh`rw`rp vmg h`z` stuhl`. Mmg h` fmgh vmg mrefàiaklsef`
`g flstarlsef` dragg`g warht lg h` ``rst` pimmts agh`rzaeft a h` v`rdr`lhlgk
vmg d``rputt`g ls d`ágvia`h haar h` omt` vmg v`rst`hìlnblgk. Lg h` tw``h` pimmts
warht k`b`b`g lg fa`v`rr` h` d`fa`t` mmg o`st lg h` aok`vlgk vmg h` stmh d`pm-
i`gh ls k`w``st. `g h`rh` warht lgk`kmmg ap h` vrmmk a f`t stmhsd`stuur dln f`t
v`rdr`lhlgksprae`s ``g stur`gh` `g r`klss`r`gh` rai f``t k`sp`ìh.
5: Saar h` f`rbaost vmg h` lgwag`rmmgtmii`g warht v`rw`z`g gmmr h` Dlnimk`g 8.= t/o 8.;.
5= H` o``st` d``rputt`g zlng ragh` dmbst`g`g putt`g, ``g mgh`r dauwomt`rlmmi (faut a hmbpmg) a `g
mgh`r` oaraiaklsef` varo (vl`rfa`blk, avmmi a I-varolk) ha`t èft`r gl`ts m mmg h` ugetl` vmg
d``rputt`g.
54 Mo`rsaart> Eimzlgk 4::;2 @lghfav`g> Glea Mrts, kò``gt`mrefàiaak @lghfav`g, i`zlgk GAmM-
syopasluo Utmhsmrefàiakl` (=8.:3.4:=4)2 Kauhm> Faakst`ygs 4::6, =8<, =05 (gmmr mmgi`lhlgk
vmg ``g v`rspr`lh` vrmk`gilnst agh`r stmhsmrefàiak`g). H` apkrmvlgk Kauhm-Daiw`rb (4::6) f``t
av`rlk`gs hulhìlnb kòmmbt hmt d``rputt`g lg Kauhm vmb`r vaarbwmo`g hmg tat gu ta` w`rh k`hmeft (Faub`s/Hlnbstrm 4:=:, 46). Kraglgk`g> Emrolkkìt `t mi . =<6;, 4=.
Clk. =.0> @`g sefòmtlsef` w``rkmv` vmg h` w`rblgk vmg f`t Il`rgurstìsì. Tèfts ``g spèlmmi Il`rgurtali`t. H`
dulz`g i`lhh`g gmmr h` agh`rkraghs` v`rzmoìdaii`g hl` lg h` gmeft w`rh`g i``kk`zak`g haar ``g zak`gmmoh`
iaeaoadli` t`gh`r“(ilgbs). M`ìhlgk d`w`rbt gmmr> Dmr`ghr`kt =<66, 63-6;2 arlklg`ì ult> H` Dms =6;5.
4: ,
=.5 Fypatf`s`g `g sìètl` st`h`g
Ao h`z` vrmk`g t` agh`rza`b`g zlng vl`r st`h`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s k`baz`g, t`
w`t`g Fmmriò, I`lh`g, Mibommr `g Harhrèft `g hrl` st`h`g lg h` imghk`w`st`g,
t` w`t`g H`g Dasef, H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rsaart. Mmg h`z` sìètl` ilkt agh`r o``r
h` av`rw`klgk t`g kraghsimk hmt vaiha`gh` mrefàiaklsef` k`k`v`gs av`r h`z` st`-
h`g d`seflbdmmr zlng.55 H` apk`warp`g agh`rza`bsvrmk`g warh`g lg h`z` stuhl`
d`sprab`g mmg h` fmgh vmg h` hrl` vaik`gh` fypatf`s`g.
Fypatf`s` = v`rdr`lhlgk d``rputt`g> ``g v`rdmgh o`t v`rst`hìlnblgk1
@`g v`rdmgh tuss`g v`rst`hìlnblgk g h` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg d``rputt`g bmg v`ragh`r-
stìh warh`g, aohmt hlv`rs` apkrmvlgk`g mmgtag`g hmt zahrm h` da`rh`rln`g lg h`
stmh v`rvmgk`g warh`g haar st`hìlnb` d`dauwlgk, fl`r t`kìlnb`rtlnh d``rputt`g
mmgkì`kh warh`g.
H` av`rkmgk vmg ``g imghìlnb` gmmr ``g st`hìlnb` d`dauwlgk ls dlnvaar- d`ìh ka`h zleftdmmr lg ``g =8h`-`ùws` ultdr`lhlgkswlnb vmg I`lh`g. Aostr``bs
=50: w`rh f`t aarspragbìlnb` Omr`harp, zamis f`t k`dl`h mmg h` gaarhzln-
h` vmg f`t e`gtruo f``t, dln h` stmh k`trabb`g. Dln hrl` v`rseflii`gh` apkrm-
vlgksiaemtl`s, t` w`t`g h` apkrmvlgksiaemtl` Fmmriòo`rstrmmt-Fmrt`druksefaai,
Fmmriòo`rstrmmt-Zìlbmmgstrmmt `g Fmmriòo`rstrmmt-E&M, ls mmgk`taagh hmt lg
f`t auh` Omr`harp da`rh`rln`g stagh`g. @r wms gak k``g sprmb` vmg ``g pimg-
omtlk` pmreìi`rlgk `g h` da`rh`rln`g wmr`g aab gl`t mmg ``g raalilng k`dauwh.
H` imgkst` zlnh` vmg h` da`rh`rln `g gl`t h` baps` bmgt stagh `v`gwlnhlk mmg h`
hlnb (h` fulhlk` Fmmriòo`rstrmmt).58 Dln h`z` da`rh`rln`g w`rh`g k``g d``rputt`g
mmgk`tra`g.50 H` mkmrlsef` d`stmmgswlnz` w`rh gmmst h` mmrh vmg h` d`dauwlgk aab k`rìèt``rh lg h` mmgk`tra`g o`stbuli`g. @r zlng k``g mmgwlnzlgk`g hmt
h`z` o`stbuli`g t`v`gs mis d``rput ugk``rh`g. @r zlng aab k``g mmgwlnzlgk`g hmt
lg h`z` buli`g t`v`gs o`gsìlnb` èmilâg w`rh`g apk`simk`g. H` d``r wms lg h`z`
p`rlah` mrefàiaklsef agzleftdmmr.53
F`t v`rst`hìlnblgksprae`s immt zlef ka`h zl`g ap h` apkrmvlgksiaemtl` E&M
(Clk. =.3).5; Lg h` tw``h` fìt vmg h` =8h` ùw w`rh`g fl`r iaahrèft ap h` fulhl-
k` Fmmriòo`rstrmmt z`s bmvìs ultk`z`t vmg ìb ``g bi`lg` z`s o`t`r dr``h.56 Bart
55 ^l` v`rh`r Faahstub =.8.
58 F`t kmmt ao> f`t ``gsef`plk` k`dauw (5A) mmgk`tra`g ap h` apkrmvlgksiaemtl` E&M, hmt`rlgk =540-=5;0 (Dltt`r =<63, <8-<0)2 f`t =8h`-`ùws` tw``sef`plk` k`dauw mmgk`tra`g ap h` ap-
krmvlgksiaemtl` vaaromilk` Fmrt`druksefaai (Blstòmb`r =<68)2 `g f`t oakìlnb ``gsef`plk`,
=8h`-`ùws` k`dauw apk`krmv`g ap h` apkrmvlgksiaemtl` Zìlbmmgstrmmt (Smg Aast`g 4::;).
50 Lg Faahstub 8.; warht ult``gk`z`t hmt h` sèr``to`st ta`g wmmrseflngilnb lg f`t wmt`r kìaash w`rh.
53 ^l` v`rh`r Faahstub 8.
5; H` k`k`v`gs d`tr``gh` h` apkrmvlgksiaemt l` E&M zlng agti``gh mmg> Dltt`r =<63, <4-<3.
56 ^`s o`t`r ls ``g kmgkdmr` dr``ht` vaar p`reì`g lg h` stmh. Lg Fmmriò t`g gaarh`g vmg h` (k`hòp-
t`) D``b wms hmt 0,< o`t`r (=,0 Tlngimghs` ra`h`) (Ba`g` 4::;, 4:-4=). F`t ls d`b`gh hmt h` o``st`
bmvìs ult Harhrèft, Kauhm, Hìt `g H`g Dasef ``g av`r``gbaostlk` kraatt` fmhh`g2 Kauhm>
Slss`r =<<8m `g lhò =<<8d2 Hìt> Slss`r =<3;2 Harhrèft> Umrmtln 4::;, =<;2 H`g Dasef> Smg
Hrug`g 4::3, 68. Dr`h`r` bmvìs bugg`g hulh`g ap ``g fak`r` saelmmi-èagaolsef` wìstmgh vmg
h` lghlvlhuì` `lk`gmr`g, zamis h` lg mmgi`k 6 o`t`r dr`h` =8 h`-`ùws` bmvìs mmg h` Ut``gsefuur lg
I`lh`g, ommr bugg`g t`v`gs ``g lghlemtl` zlng vaar ``g imk`r` d`vaiblgkshrub, zamis dln h` =8 h`-`ùw- s` ultdr`lhlgkswlnb Dmb`g`s lg Fmmriò o`t bmvìs vmg elrem =: o`t`r (Smg Aast`g 4:=4m, <5-<8).
4=
fl`rgm w`rh`g ap h`z` iaemtl` hrl` dmbst`g`g `g tw`` faut`g fulz`g k`dauwh. H`
baps` bmgt vmg h` fulz`g wms kàrlâgt``rh ap h` fulhlk` Fmmriòo`rstrmmt. F`t
wmr`g hl`p` fulz`g, hl` typlsef zlng vaar h` st`hìlnb` aok`vlgk.
F`t faut`g fuls ap p`re`ì gr. =;4 fmh ``g vrln` fmmrh, hmt wli z`kk`g hmt h`
fmmrh e`gtrmmi lg h` waglgk imk, ap v`lilk` mstmgh vmg h` ileft agtvimodmr` fau- t`g wmgh`g. H` raab vagh zlng w`k gmmr dult`g haar ``g kmt lg f`t rl`t`g hmb.5<
Smgw`k` h`z` raabmva`r bmg ``g h`rkìlnb raabfuls, zamis f`t warht k`gaòh,
gl`t av`r ``g vaiwmmrhlk` v`rhl`plgk d`seflbt f`dd`g2 faakst`gs wms `r sprmb`
vmg ``g zaih`r hl` ``g k`h`ìt` vmg f`t fuls av`rspmgh`. Aghmgbs hmt ``g typlsef
st`hìlnb` wmghfmmrh, ``g vaii`hlk` zaih`r `g ``g `v`gtuì` tuss`gv`rhl`plgk agt-
drmb`g, d`seflbt` hlt fuls (gr. =;4) av`r `g d``rbuli, at`wì> `g eagstruetl` o`t
h` ugetl` vmg ``g d``rput. Dln h` hrl` dmbst`g`g fulz`g (gr. =0:, =0= `g =;5) zmi
h` raab vmg h` fmmrh haar ``g sefaarst``g zlng mk`va`rh. Dln fuls (gr. =0=) wms h`
sefauw t`k`g `g dmbst`g`g tuss`gk`vì mmgkì`kh. H`rfmiv` zuii`g h`z` fulz`g h`
d`seflbblgk f`dd`g k`fmh av`r ``g zaih`r hl` h` fì` waglgk av`rspmgh`. @ib vmg h`z` hrl` dmbst`g`g fulz`g fmh ``g dmbst`g`g ragh` d``rput.
^`b`r vl`r vmg h` vln fulz`g fmhh`g ap h`z` iaemtl` lg h`z` vra`k-st`hìlnb`
p`rlah` (=5;0-=80:) h` d`seflbblgk av`r ``g `lk`g d``rput. H` d`wag`rs vmg
f`t vlnh` fuls (gr. =;:) h`ìh`g oakìlnb h` d``rput o`t h` dur`g (gr. =0=).
D``rput 8.L (Clk. =.3) wms o`t `g hlmo`t`r vmg 5,0 o`t`r `g `g hl`pt` vmg 8,0 o
ììg vmg h` kraatst` apk`krmv`g d``rputt`g lg I`lh`g.8: F`t ls ka`h oakìlnb hmt
h`z` d``rput hl`gst h``h mis ``g kò``gsefmppìlnb` d``rput. Aohmt h` p`reì`g
vmg =0= g =0: gl`t k`f`ì zlng apk`krmv`g, bmg eft`r gl`t ultk`siat`g warh`g hmt
aab p`re`ì =0= av`r ``g `lk`g d``rput d`seflbt`.
Lg H`g Dasef ls `v`g``gs mmgk`taagh hmt f`t v`rhwlng`g vmg h` mkrmrlsef` ugetl`s smo`gvmit o`t f`t v`rseflng`g vmg d``rputt`g. â bag dln h` apkrm-
vlgksiaemtl` Ut. Nmgsb`rbfa mmgk`taagh warh`g hmt lg h` p`rlah` vmg =40: tat
=4;0 fl`r ``g hulhìlnb mkrmrlsef` d`dauwlgk wms. @r stagh`g ap h`z` pimmts,
mihus h` mutùrs, tw`` patstmii`g> stmii`g o`t `g v`rhl`pt k`h`ìt` t`g d`fa`v` vmg
h` euouimtl` vmg o`st.8= H` prmbtlnb vmg patstmii`g fauht lg hmt f`t v`` fl`r zawì
“s wlgt`rs mis “s zao`rs zav`ì mis oakìlnb dlgg`g (ap stmi) w`rh k`fauh`g ao h`
stmio`st `g f`t ta`k`va`kh` k`hraakh` pimgtmmrhlk` omt`rlmmi zamis f`lh`pimkk`g,
5< Av`r h` agtwlbbìlgk vmg ``g raabfuls gmmr ``g fuls o`t ``g v`rhl`plgk> ^mgtbulni =<<5, mffl. 8,
43-5= `g md. <<m t/o =:=d.
8: Saar h` hl`pt` vmg h` d``rput zl` aab Faahstub 4.4 `g Faahstub 4.3.
8= Smg h` Srl`/Nmgss`g =<<;, ;42 f`t d`tr`t fl`r C0;3 `g C44<42 Smg Fmmst`r =<<;, =85-=83 `g spèlmmi> =83.
44 ,
t` v`rtrmpp`g.84 Gmhmt f`t t`rr`lg wms apk`faakh lg f`t immtst` bwmrt vmg h` h`r-
tl`gh` ùw w`rh`g r tw``, oakìlnb t`kìlnb`rtlnh apk`trabb`g, dmbst`g`g fulz`g
k`dauwh. H`z` fulz`g fmhh`g z`b`r ``g tuss`gv`rhl`plgk. `k`g h` meft`rk`vìs
vmg h` fulz`g wmr`g gmoìlnb d``rbìh`rs kì`k`g (C3 `g C40), hl` f`t ughmo`gt
vmg ``g trmptar`g varoh`g (Clk. 4.=8). 85
F`t t`kìlnb`rtlnh apbao`g vmg ``g strab`gv`rbmvìlgk, mmg``gk`siat`g fak`
fulz`g `g d``rputt`g, ls `v`g``gs mmgwlnsdmmr dln h` apkrmvlgksiaemtl` Zaistrmmt lg
H`v`gt`r (vmgm h` tw``h` fìt =:h` `ùw) `g lg h` [artìst``k lg Mibommr (h`rh`
bwmrt =3h` `ùw).88 F`t ls ``g hulhìlnb` mmgwlnzlgk hmt h` apbaost vmg st`hìlnb`
d`dauwlgk k`pmmrh kmmt o`t h` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg d``rputt`g.
84 Av`r patstmii`g> Up`b 4::8, ;;3-;652 S`rm 4::4, 002 Smg [lnb =<63, 33-3;. Saik`gs rè`gt` lg-
zleft`g ls pimkk`gdò`stlgk (lg ûlh-G`h`rimgh), wmmrvaar hlbwlnis h` o`st ult patstmii`g w`rh
k`drulbt, vmgm h` =8h`/=0h` `ùw ta`k`pmst (Flhhlgb/T`g`s 4::;, =8=). Lghl`g f`t fl`r w`rbìlnb patstmii`g d`tr``g, hmg zauh`g h`z` h` auhst` d`b`gh` (immtolhhì`ùws`) patstmii`g lg Gaarh-
Drmdmgt zlng. H` tat husv`r auhst` hmt`rlgk vmg ``g h`rkìlnb` vaarzl`glgk lg hlt k`w`st d`tr`t ``g
bart vaar 4::= apk`krmv`g patstmi ult h` =3h` `ùw (Up`b 4::8, ;;;). H`z` patstmi, mmgk`tra`g lg
Kìhrap, ls k`pudile``rh lg Cimoomg/Uefmddlgb/Xùws 4::=, 55-58. H` hmt`rlgk vmg h` Dassef`
patstmi ls aab vra`k t` gaò`g, aohmt `r vaarmisgak k``g mmgwlnzlgk`g zlng hmt pimkk`gh`bb`g (lg
Gaarh-Drmdmgt), hl` k`varoh zlng haar pimkk`gdò`stlgk ta` t` pmss`g, auh`r zlng hmg h` =8h`/
=0h` `ùw (Flhhlgb/T`g`s 4::;, =8=). Zatstmii`g `g pimkk`gdò`stlgk warh`g vmmb o`t ìbmmr lg
v`rdmgh k`drmeft, mi fa`t h` mmgw`zlkf`lh vmg patstmii`g k``g hlrèt d`wlns t` varo`g vaar h`
ta`pmsslgk vmg pimkk`gdò`stlgk (Flhhlgb/T`g`s 4::;, =4<). Zatstmii`g, a lg ìb k`vmi stmii`g o`t
``g v`rhl`pt k`h`ìt`, bao`g gmoìlnb aab lg h` Tao`lgs` tlnh `g lg h` Sra`k` Olhhì`ùw`g vaar
(Smg @geb`vart `t mi . 4::0, 4;2 [mt`rdaib 4::<, <=).
85 Smg h` Srl`/Nmgss`g =<<;2 v`rfìh`r`gh` t`b`glgk`g vmg h` v`rseflii`gh` ms`g> Ei`lng` 4:==d, 06-35.
88 H`v`gt`r> Oltt`ghar 4::;2 lg H`v`gt`r fmhh`g h` d``rputt`g h` varo vmg vl`rfa`blk`, mi hmg gl`t o`t faut d`sefa`lh` dmbb`g. ^l` fl`rvaar Dlnimk` 4.=2 Mibommr> Dltt`r =<<0, =5-=6.
8D
: =: o
I`lh`g
(d``r-)put
Clk. =.3> I`lh`g apkrmvlgksiaemtl` Fmmriòo`rstrmmt-E&M, cms` =5;0-=80:. D`w`rbt gmmr Dl`r
=<63, <8. U?dmbst`g`g fuls, F?faut`g fuls. 8\, 8.L `g 8D ? dmbst`g`g d``rput, 8V?d``rbuli.
Smg fuls =;: ls mii``g h` iò`g via`r k`vagh`g `g gl`t h` wmgh.
45
[mt h` meft`rkragh fl`rvmg ls `g lg wìb` omt` hlt v`rseflngsì zlef vaar-
ha`t, warht d`sprab`g lg faahstub 8. Saar hlt oao`gt vaistmmt f`t aroui`r`g
vmg h` ``rst` vmg h` hrl` fypatf`s`g, gmoìlnb hmt h` ta`gò`gh` v`rst`hìlnblgk
vmg h` g`h`rz`ttlgk (h` stmh) k`pmmrh klgk o`t ``g ta`gò`gh` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg
d``rputt`g.
D`krlpp`g> h`-mkrmrls`rlgk, urdmglsmtl` `g agtst`hìlnblgk
H` fypatf`s` hmt d``rputt`g lg v`rdmgh k`drmeft bugg`g warh`g o`t v`rst`h`-
ilnblgk gaapt tat ``g w`rbh`lgltl` vmg h` d`krlpp`g stmh `g v`rst`hìlnblgk. Av`r
hlt agh`rw`rp ls dult`gk`waag v`ì ilt`rmtuur vaarfmgh`g.80 aef eagstmt`r`g h`
Simmos` flstarlel Huoaiyg `g Utmdì hmt f`t v`rseflngsì zlef gl`t gmmr t`vr`-
h`gf`lh immt aosefrlnv`g2 saelmmi-flstarlel f`dd`g h` vaardln` hè`gglm `r zìs lg
vaarthur`gh` v`rwmrrlgk av`r v`rb``rh“.83 @`g vmmb mmgk`fmmih` d`krlpsaosefrln-
vlgk vmg `g stmh ls vmg h` Simmos` flstarleus Smg Pytv`g, zamis hl` ls apk`gao`g
lg h` Glùw` Mikò`g` K`sefl`h`gls h`r G`h`rimgh`g. @`g stmh warht fl`r aosefr`-
v`g mis> ’``g g`h`rz`ttlgk o`t e`gtrmi` cugetl`s, wmmrmmg zln fmmr k`hlv`rslcl``rh` saelmmi-èagaolsef` struetuur, fmmr rìmtl`c hleft` d`vaiblgk `g kèage`gtr``rh` d`dauwlgk `g ``g t`k`gav`r h` aok`vlgk mcst`b`gh ult`rilnb `g `lk`g o`gtmilt`lt mmg hmgbt .8; Dln
hlt o`t h` rurmi` aok`vlgk oaraiaklsef` eagtrmst`r`gh` mmgzl`g, hl`gt d`fmiv`
mmg stmhsv`rh`hlklgk, mmg ``g eaopmet` d`dauwlgkswlnz` k`hmeft t` warh`g. Hmt
wli z`kk`g> ``g mmg``gk`siat`g d`dauwlgk, wmmr h` fulz`g faakst`gs k`sef`lh`g
haar ``g somii` st``k a ``g as`ghrap a hrulpstraab 86 gmmst ìbmmr stmmg, ììg a
o``rh`r` v`rhl`plgk`g (faakdauw) f`dd`g `g wmmrdln dlgg`gt`rr`lg`g zlng vai-
k`dauwh.
8<
F`t v`rst`hìlnblgksprae`s, h` av`rba`pì`gh` t`ro hl` lg h`z` stuhl` warht k`drulbt, bmg warh`g aosefr`v`g mis f`t mii`gks omgl`st`r warh`g vmg h`
k`gaòh` b`go`rb`g“.0:
F`t st`hìlnb bmrmbt`r warht omgl`st`r, zahrm f`t lgwag`rtmi ta`g`òt. F`t
lgwag`rmmgtmi vmg ``g pr`-lghustrlâi` stmh kra`lh` sièfts haar h` ta`straao vmg
olkrmgt`g. @`g stmh fmh vmg zlefzì gmoìlnb ``g st`rtàv`rsefat lg pimmts vmg
``g k`daartàv`rsefat2 hlt `gao``g stmmt d`b`gh mis urdmg krmv`ymrh“.0= H` stmh
warht h`rfmiv` aab wì vaark`stìh mis ``g saelmi` vmopl`r“, ’hl` sièfts lg i`v`g bag dilnv`g hmgbzln `g p`romgt` trmgscusl`, wmmrdln v`rs olkrmgt`gdia`h h` g`kmtl`v`
80 Eax 4:==, 8-==2 Umrmtln 4::;, 46=-4<<, spèlmmi> 46=-4652 Nmgs`g/I``rss`g/mv`rg` 4::52
Ha`v`ghmgs/Utaiz`gdurk 4:::, 50-3:2 Utù`r 4::;, =58-=532 Mgh`rssag 4:==, 5;:-5;=2 Smg @gk`g
4::6, ;52 T`g`s 4::6, =02 `g lg dr`h`r` zlg aab> Tutt`/Smg @gk`g 4::62 mv`rg` 4::62 I`sk`r =<<5.
Smg Iaag (4:=:, =66-=<4) taagh` mmg hmt h` stmh mis t`rrltarlmmi d`krlp lg h` d`t`b`gls vmg ``g stmh
mis ``g iaeus i`kltlous “, ``g pimmts wmmrmmg ``g d`pmmih rèft wms k`fèft, vmgm ==:: vaarbaot.
83 Huoaiyg/Utmdì 4:=4, 0;.
8; Smg Pytv`g =<64, =662 h`z` w`rbh`gltl` warht agh`r o``r mmgk`fmmih dln Eax 4:==, 82 Smg h`r
Silst 4::6, 62 Tutt` 4::6, =83, gaat 6.
86 Fmsilgkfuls/Nmgs` 4::0, iòom as`ghrap2 ``g hrulpstraab a as`ghrap ls ``g straab kragh gmmst
``g fuls kì`k`g tuss`g tw`` fulz`g lg, hl` agd`dauwh hl`gh` t` dilnv`g ao f`t fòìwmt`r vmg f`t
(rl`t`g) hmb t` imt`g hrulp`g.
8< Nmgs`g/I``rss`g/mv`rg` 4::5, 5, I`sk`r =<<5, 5:.
0: Nmgs`g/I``rss`g/mv`rg` 4::5, 52 I`sk`r =<<5, 5=. 0= I`sk`r =<<52 Gaarhmo =<<8, 5<-8=.
48 ,
k`daart`-st`rct`rmtla oa`st eaop`gs`r`g.04 F`t lgwag`rtmi k``t ``g sgìi` lghrub
vmg h` omt` vmg v`rst`hìlnblgk vmg ``g stmh, ommr dìmgkrlnb`r ls h` d`vaiblgks-
hleftf`lh (f`t mmgtmi lgwag`rs ap ``g d`pmmih` app`rvimbt`). Hlt ls lg ilng o`t h`
d`vlghlgk vmg Huoaiyg `g Utmdì. H`z` flstarlel eageiuh`r`g, h` ilt`rmtuur av`r
hlt tfòm av`rzl`gh, hmt f`t h` hleftf`lh vmg st`h`g ls hl` f`t tat ``g mgh`r` smo`gi`vlgksvaro ommbt. F`t struetur`ì mgh`rs zlng vmg st`h`g, ls ``g r`suitmgt`
vmg h` hleftf`lh.“05
Mis spèllemtl` vmg f`t d`krlp v`rst`hìlnblgk oa`t`g h` d`krlpp`g h`-mkrmrl-
s`rlgk g urdmglsmtl` k`gaòh warh`g. Mis f`t v`rst`hìlnblgksprae`s spèll`b d`-
tr`bblgk f``t ap h` p`rlah` võõr =8::, hmg f``t h` t`ro h`-mkrmrls`rlgksprae`s“
h` vaarbùr, aohmt f`t d`t`r mmgk``t wmt lg h` immtolhhì`ùws` st`h`g kmmgh`
ls. H` mkrmrlsef` eaopag`gt warht kì`lhìlnb haar hòakrmlsef`, èagaolsef`
`g saelmmi-kàkrmlsef` lopuis`g w`kk`huwh“.08 Mmghmeft vaar f`t mkrmrlsef ms-
pèt ls haar f`t k`drulb vmg h` h`lgltl` vmg flstarleus Smg Pytv`g wmt ap h`
meft`rkragh k`rmmbt. H` Hults` saelaiaak Omx [`d`r w``s lg zlng z``r ultk`dr`lh` d`sefrlnvlgk vmg f`t d`krlp stmh lg =<4= mi ap hlt mspèt.00
F`t oa`t loo`rs lg k`hmeft`g k`fauh`g warh`g hmt h` vra`kst` st`h`g lg
fak` omt` ``g mkrmrlsef bmrmbt`r fmhh`g. Lg biùrrlnb` d`waarhlgk`g sef`tst fls-
tarleus Nafmg Fulzlgkm (=6;4-=<80) lg =<:; fa` f`t bmrmbt`r vmg ``g h`rkìlnb`
g`h`rz`ttlgk vaark`stìh oa`t warh`g. Fulzlgkm r``r``rt fl`rdln mmg Fmmriò,
ommr f`t d`ìh pmst dln ìb` mgh`r` agtiulb`gh` stmh.
’at v`r lg h` =0 h` ùw oa`t h` mmgdilb vmg `g olhhì`ùwsef` stmh eft imgh`- ilnb zlng k`w``st. Daaokmmrh`g g w`limgh v`rka`hh`g mmg fflùrlk` crlseff`lh, wmt `r mmg zlghìlnbf`lh `g eaocart agtdrmb. @`g dìmgkrlnb h`ì h`r durk`rs di``c, “t zln g`v`gs fmghw`rb ac baapomgsd`hrlnc, zìc fug mbb`rtn` dult`g h` our`g d`dauw`g> h` fmghv`st vmg =480 stmmt mmg ìb`g durk`r zaa gahlk ta`, ao 8: hmk`g lg Nuil `g Mukustus dult`g h` pmi`g h`r stmh t` v`rta`v`g vaar h`g aakst, `g `v`gv`ì lg h`g f`rcst vaar h`g zmml, olts fln gm v`riaap vmg hl`g tlnh lg h` stmh t`rukb``rt `g hmmr zlng vmst` v`rdilnc fauh`, mgh`rs zau fln zlng durk`rrèft v`ril`z`g. Ommr aab dlgg`g h` our`g, zìcs lg fug auhst`g aovmgk, wms gak imgk gl`t mii` t`rr`lg vaik`dauwh. H` Braeft dlnvaard`ìh. (..) d`t`b`gt ``g faak` zmghkragh, ``g mbb`rimgh lg h` hulg`g. O`glk fuls `g `rc fmh vaarz`b`r gak f`t imghìlnb bmrmbt`r. (..) Smrb`gs fauh`g h``h fmmst gak l`h`r``g. (..) F`t oa`t `r gak kra`g `g crlsef k`ga`k ultk`zl`g f`dd`g dlgg`g h`r st`h` vmg Fmmriò“s
our`g. 03
04 D`gh`rs/H` Da`r 4:=4, =0=2 lg mgh`r` d`waarhlgk`g @pst`lg 4::<, 38-30 ’o`hl`vmi eltl`s w`r` gat tf` `gklg`s ac hòakrmpfle krawtf mgh rìl`h ag rurmi olkrmgts ta sustmlg mgh lger`ms` tf`lr papuimtlags.
05 Huoaiyg/Utmdì 4:=4, 0;.
08 Nmgs`g/I``rss`g/mv`rg` 4::5, 5.
00 Av`r f`t d`krlp stmh> [`d`r =<40, 0=8-046. Ap p. 0=6 stìt [`d`r hmt ``g typlsef` ’Utèht`r
lòmgh ls ’h`r s`lg`g `lk`g`g Gmfrugksolttìd`hmrc gleft mus `lk`gò Meb`rdah`g hèt . H` gl`t-mkrmrl-
sef` d`stmmgswlnz` warht aab haar T`g`s (4::6, =0) k`gaòh. Apvmii`gh ls hmt h` gl`t-mkrlsef` d`stmmgswlnz` lg f`t pmbb`t vmg erlt`rlm (Brlt`rl`gdùghì) vmg @gg`g gl`t k`gaòh warht (@gg`g =<;4, =4).
03 Fulzlgkm =<:;, =8-=0.
40
Hlt prae`s, wmmrdln h` g`h`rz`ttlgk vmg sòl-mkrmrlsef a prata-st`h ilnb gmmr
``g urdmmg e`gtruo ultkra`lh`, bag `gbì` `ùw`g d`simmg. F`t fmgt`r`g vmg
f`t d`krlp urdmglsmtl` vaar h` vra`kst` p`rlah` zau k`tulk`g vmg ``g tìàiaklsef
p`rspètl`. F`t i`kt t`v`ì h` gmhrub ap wmt h` g`h`rz`ttlgk`g ult`lghìlnb zlng
k`warh`g. Fmmriò `g I`lh`g zlng vaard`ìh`g vmg st`h`g hl` gm ``g imgk` mmg- iaaptlnh vmgm f`t immtst` bwmrt vmg h` =3h` `ùw `vlh`gt st`rb k`ùrdmgls``rh`
e`gtrm zlng k`warh`g. H` st`h`g b`gh`g ``g faak lgwag`rtmi `g ``g z``r fak`
d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh. Saar h` fl`ro`` k`pmmrh kmmgh` agtwlbbìlgk`g, zamis h`
aphìlgk vmg p`reì`g f`t somihì`g `g f`t vaidauw`g vmg dlgg`gt`rr`lg`g,
pmst h` t`ro urdmglsmtl`, ta`gò`gh` v`rst`hìlnblgk, d`t`r.
H` t`k`gfmgk`r vmg v`rst`hìlnblgk warht agtst`hìlnblgk k`gaòh. I`lh`g,
Fmmriò `g mgh`r` Faiimghs` st`h`g agh`rklgk`g gm h` Kauh`g @ùw ``g prae`s
vmg agtst`hìlnblgk, h`-urdmglsmtl` `g lgbrloplgk.0; â w`rh`g lg Fmmriò lg h`
tw``h` fìt vmg h` =6h` `ùw rulo =.4:: fulz`g mk`drab`g. @`g eagtòparml-
g` mutùr, H` Baaglgk, d`sefrlnt hlt mihus> ’Utrmt`g, wmmrlg vaarommis, kìubblk` fulsk`zlgg`g haar h`g mrd`lh `g kìubblk d`stmmg vagh`g, zlng k`f`ì lg kra`g` vìh`g f`rsefmp`g.06 Aab lg I`lh`g stagh`g v`ì fulz`g i``k `g k`hur`gh` h` =6h` `ùw
gmo f`t fulz`gd`stmgh m.0< H` stmh @gbfulz`g ls d`b`gh ao fmmr hòakrmlsef
st`rb` t`rukvmi. Hmmr wms zìs hulhìlnb ``g prae`s vmg r`-mkrmrls`rlgk mmgwlns-
dmmr, wmmrdln =.3:: fulz`g v`rhw`g`g t`g kugst` vmg h` mmgi`k vmg w`limgh`g `g
oa`stulg`g.3:
Uìètl` st`h`g
Dln h` sìètl` vmg h` t` agh`rza`b`g st`h`g ls `rap kì`t hmt zawì krat` mis bi`lg`st`h`g lg h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g mis krat` `g bi`lg` st`h`g lg h` Sra`koah`rg`
tlnh v`rt`k`gwaarhlkh zlng. K`zl`g h` lghìlgk vmg bustpravlgel`s t`k`gav`r imgh-
k`w`st`g hl` vaar h` tw``h` fypatf`s` k`fmgt``rh warht, hl`g`g `r ult d`lh` r`-
kla“s `g ult d`lh` p`rlah`g zawì krat` mis bi`lg` st`h`g v`rt`k`gwaarhlkh t` zlng.
Mis rleftilng zlng lg gmvaiklgk vmg flstarlsef-kàkrmm Ba Slss`r h` st`h`g vmgm
=:.::: lgwag`rs mmgk`hulh mis ``g krat` stmh. Bi`lg` st`h`g zlng pimmts`g o`t
lgwag`rmmgtmii`g tuss`g h` 0.::: `g =:.::: lgwag`rs. ^``r bi`lg` st`h`g zlng
pimmts`g o`t 4.0:: tat 0.::: lgwag`rs.3=
Lg mdì =.4 ls h` bùzòmtrlx smo`gk`vmt. H`z` bùz` d`fa`t `glk` taìlef-
tlgk. Saar h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g ls H`g Dasef k`sìèt``rh mis krat` stmh lg hìmghk`w`st`g `g Harhrèft ls k`sìèt``rh mis krat` stmh lg h` bustpravlgel`s. Plt
Clk. =.6m dilnbt hulhìlnb hmt H`g Dasef aostr``bs =8:: ``g krat` stmh ls. H`
0; Tutt` 4::3.
06 H` Baaglgk =6:6, 4;82 eltmmt ls t`v`gs mmgk`fmmih dln Smg h`r [auh =<6;, 5=0.
0< Av`r f`t v`rvmi vmg I`lh`g> Hl`h`rlbs/Gaarhmo/snmisom =<60. nmisom =<60, 4=> lg =;8< stagh`g
80: fulz`g i``k lg I`lh`g2 lg =30< tìh` I`lh`g <460 fulz`g, lg =;8<> 603; fulz`g `g lg =6:6 gak
ommr 3=5: fulz`g (nmisom =<60, 44-45, tmdì 4.8). Aohmt lg =6:; h` brultrmop fmh pimmtsk`vag-
h`g, ls h`z` apkmm èft`r gl`t zagh`r o``r lghlemtl` vaar ``g st`rb v`rvmi (av`r h` sefmh` haar h`
brultrmop> H` Nagk`/Zags`g 4::;).
3: Smg h`r [auh =<6;, 5=0-5=<2 av`r agtst`hìlnblgk Tutt` 4::3, 08-00. Smg h`r [lì (4::=, ;0) vmth` sltumtl` tr``gh smo`g lg h` tltì vmg f`t faahstub> Fulz`g lg av`rvia`h (=3;:-=64:)“.
3= Slss`r =<60, =5.
43 ,
fl`rdav`g k`stìh` r`kì vaar krat` st`h`g strlbt fmgt`r`gh, zau Harhrèft gl`t mis
``g krat` stmh kìh`g. ^` zau ragh =8:: gak k``g =:.::: lgwag`rs f`dd`g k`-
fmh. Av`r h` lgwag`rmmgtmii`g vmg Harhrèft f``rst èft`r v`ì aghulhìlnbf`lh.
Imgk ls mmgk`gao`g hmt Harhrèft aostr``bs =8:: wì agk`v``r =:.::: lgwag`rstìh`. Lg h` o``st rè`gt` sefmttlgk ls ultk`kmmg vmg f`t eags`rvmtl`v`r` lgwa-
g`rtmi vmg rulo 6.::: lgwag`rs.34 @eft`r, zamis fl`rdav`g ult``gk`z`t, hl`gt gl`t
mii``g gmmr h` d`vaiblgksaovmgk, ommr aab gmmr h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh k`b`b`g
t` warh`g. Lg h` vaik`gh` pmrmkrmm warht f`t v`riaap vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleft-
f`lh k`sef`tst. Plt Clk. =.< bmg mkì`z`g warh`g hmt h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh lg
Harhrèft lg h` =8h` `ùw r``hs z``r faak wms. [mmr aostr``bs =8:: h` o``st`
st`h`g ``g d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh vmg agk`v``r =:: lgwag`rs p`r fètmr` fmhh`g,
34 Iaur`gs/Iuemss`g (=<<;, =:5) sefmtt`g h` d`vaiblgk ap elrem =:.::: lgwag`rs. ^ln vaik`g fl`rlg Diaebomgs `t mi . =<6:, 0=. Smg F`rwmmrh`g `t mi . =<<3, 450, l`ts o``r hmg 6.::: lgwag`rs“.
Clk. =.;> Uefòmtlsef` w``rkmv` vmg f`t v`rst`hìlnblgksprae`s lg h` pr`-lghustrlâi` stmh.
F`t v`rst`hìlnblgksprae`s g`òt faachzmbìlnb ta`, hmg wì mc haar f`t v`riaap vmg d`vaiblgk
(olkrmtl`). H` w``rkmv` ls k`ágsplr``rh ap h` m`ìhlgk`g vmg Hmvlh Eimrb` `g d`w`rblgk`g
fl`rvmg (Eimrb` =<36, =:5, =:82 Diaò`rs =<<=d, ;;2 Nafgsag =<<<, 452 ``g d`w`rblgk> Smg
h`g Dra`b`/Cabb`gs/vmg Klng 4::0, 44). Hmvlh Eimrb` wms ììg vmg h` i`lh`gh` kur`g vmg h`
G`w Mrefmàiaky ac prae`ssuì` mrefàiakl`.
fyklâglsef`
lgcrmstruetuur
UXMH
agtst`hìlnbt`
stmh
v ` r i a a p o l k r m t l `
( l s f a a c h a a r z m m b v m g ` g
t a - h m g w ` i m c g m o
` v m g h ` s t m h s d v a i b l g k )
b a o ` g
k m m g
4;
tìh` Harhrèft rulo 8:: lgwag`rs p`r fètmr`.35 Hlt immtst` f``t h` haarsimk
k`k`v`g ao Harhrèft mis ``g krat` stmh t` d`sefauw`g.
Saar h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g zlng Fmmriò, Mibommr `g I`lh`g k`sìèt``rh mis
bi`lg` st`h`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s. Plt Clk. =.6m bmg mkì`z`g warh`g hmt zln lg-
wag`rmmgtmii`g fmhh`g tuss`g h` 0.::: `g =:.::: lgwag`rs. Plt h` imghk`w`st`g v`rt`k`gwaarhlk`g H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rsaart h` bi`lg` st`h`g. ^ln fmhh`g olgh`r
hmg 0.::: lgwag`rs. Mo`rsaart wms ``g z``r bi`lg` stmh. ^` ls zìs l`ts dult`g h`
krml`b w``rk`k`v`g, aohmt z` qum lgwag`rtmi gl`t h` 40st`, ommr h` 5:st` stmh wms.
Mis h` krml`b vmg =03: (Clk. =.6d) warht v`rkì`b`g o`t h` sltumtl` aostr``bs
=8:: (Clk. =.6 m), hmg vmit ap hmt mii` st`h`g k`kra`lh zlng. F`t hòakrmlsef
zwmmrt`pugt ls aostr``bs =3;: hulhìlnb lg h` bustpravlgel`s bao`g t` ilkk`g.
uss`g =03: `g =3;: ls sprmb` vmg ``g z``r st`rb` kra`l dln mii` st`h`g. Most`rhmo
spmgt h` braag. O`t 4=<.::: lgwag`rs lg =3;: ls z` zav`ì omi`g krat`r hmg h`
mgh`r` st`h`g hmt z` dult`g h` krml`b ls w``rk`k`v`g (Clk. =.6e).
Saar h` Sra`koah`rg` tlnh zlng I`lh`g `g Fmmriò k`sìèt``rh mis krat` st`- h`g ult h` bustpravlgel`s. Mibommr v`rt`k`gwaarhlkt lg h`z` p`rlah` h` olgh`r
krat` st`h`g. Mibommr warht aab wì aosefr`v`g mis ``g ’olg ac o``r typlsef` omrbtstmh vmg h` tw``h` kmrgltuur .38 Kugstlk dln ``g stmh mis Mibommr ls hmt z`
ka`h mrefàiaklsef agh`rzaeft ls. Saar h` Sra`koah`rg` tlnh kìht H`g Dasef g`t
mis lg h` Imt` Olhhì`ùw`g mis ``g krat` stmh. H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rsaart v`rt`k`g-
waarhlk`g h` bi`lg` st`h`g ult h` imghk`w`st`g.
D`vaiblgkshleftf`lh mis lghlemtl` vaar h` omt` vmg v`rst`hìlnblgk
Fl`rdav`g ls apkò`rbt hmt h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh lghlemtl` ls vaar h` omt` vmgv`rst`hìlnblgk `g hmt saelmmi-èagaolsef` `g euiturì` agtwlbbìlgk`g h` r`sui-
tmgt`g vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh zlng. Saar h` z`v`g k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g ls ao
h`z` r`h`g h` hleftf`lh gmk`kmmg. H` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh mis agh`rza`bslgstru-
o`gt warht gmuwìlnbs lg flstarlsef agh`rza`b gmmr st`h`g ta`k`pmst.30 @`g mrtlbì
ult =<60 vmg h` fl`rdav`g r``hs k`gaòh` flstarlsef-kàkrmm Slss`r ls fl`rap `g
ultzagh`rlgk. Fln drmeft vmg 40 st`h`g h` hleftf`lh lg bmmrt. Ao h` k`k`v`gs
vmg h` z`v`g k`baz`g st`h`g t` bugg`g v`rkìlnb`g o`t h` r`suitmt`g vmg Slss`r
ls h` bùs kòmmbt `v`g``gs h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh ult t` hrubb`g lg f`t mmgtmi
lgwag`rs p`r fètmr`. Hlt d`t`b`gt hmt h` d`vaiblgksmmgtmii`g p`r bwmrt`ùw zlng
35 Slss`r d`pmmih` hmt aostr``bs =8:: lg tatmmi ==5 st`h`g `g hleftf`lh vmg =:: lgwag`rs p`r fètmr`
b`gh`g (Slss`r =<60, =8, k. 8). Slss`r v`roìht gl`t fa` h` app`rvimbt`g vmg h` st`h`g d`pmmih zlng
`g fa` kraat h`z` app`rvimbt`g zlng.
38 Smg h`g D`rk/Smg ^mgh`g =<<5, =<<.
30 @`g ultzagh`rlgk ls> D`gh`rs/H` Da`r 4:=4, =0<. Fl`r warht h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh vaar I`lh`g
ultk`hrubt lg f`t mmgtmi d`seflbdmr` o4 p`r lgwag`r. Lg h` mkrmrlsef` k`sefl`h`gls warht d`vaiblgks-
hleftf`lh wì k`drulbt> Smg Dmvì =<<<, ;;-;< (d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh p`r bo4 vaar f`t Kìh`rs rl-
vl`r`gk`dl`h)2 Smg Uefmáb =<6;, =36-=64 (d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh p`r bo4 vaar f`t f`rtakhao Kìr`)2
Gaarhmo 4:::, =<-4: (d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh p`r bo42 f`t d`tr`t ``g v`rkìlnblgk tuss`g imgh`g). H` agtwlbbìlgk vmg h` stmhsultdr`lhlgk`g vmg mii` k`gaòh` st`h`g ls lg faahstub 8 vlsu`ì w``rk`k`v`g.
4<
k`h`ìh haar h` app`rvimbt` vmg h` stmh ap hmt oao`gt.33 Mmgk`zl`g zawì h`
sefmttlgk`g vmg h` lgwag`rmmgtmii`g mis h` app`rvimbt`g vmg h` st`h`g agz`b`r-
f`h`g d`vmtt`g, ls `rvaar k`baz`g h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`h`g lg h` t`bst lg ragh`
mmgtmii`g ult t` hrubb`g `g h` ilng`g lg h` krml`b`g k`stlppìh w``r t` k`v`g. H`
vl`r st`h`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s zlng w``rk`k`v`g lg Clk. =.< `g h` hrl` st`h`g lg
h` imghk`w`st`g lg Clk. =.=:.
[mgg``r gmmr f`t v`riaap vmg h` krml`b`g warht k`b`b`g, vmii`g h` st`rb`
sefaooìlgk`g vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`h`g ap. H` ta`gò`gh` hleftf`lh warht
v`raarzmmbt haar ``g ta`gò`gh mmgtmi st`hìlgk`g, ommr ``g st`rb` t`rukvmi vmg
h` hleftf`lh, zamis lg Harhrèft lg f`t h`rh` bwmrt vmg h` =8h` `ùw, warht v`r-
aarzmmbt haar h` v`rkratlgk vmg f`t kraghk`dl`h. H`z` t`rukvmi ls aab h` aarzmmb
vmg h` hmi`gh` hleftf`lh lg I`lh`g `g Mo`rsaart lg h` =8h` `ùw, vmg H`g Dasef
lg h` =0h` `ùw `g Mibommr lg h` =3h` `ùw.3; Hlt warht v`rh`r lg h`z` stuhl` f`t
ultdr`lhlgks`èt k`gaòh. H` apvmii`gh` t`rukvmi lg f`t immtst` bwmrt vmg h`
=3h` `ùw lg H`v`gt`r warht v`raarzmmbt haar ``g st`rb` t`rukiaap vmg h` d`vai-
blgk t`g k`vaik` vmg h` meftlknmrlk` aariak.36 Mii` z`v`g st`h`g br`k`g lg h` =<h`
`ùw o`t ``g ms` vmg st`rb` d`vaiblgkskra`l t` omb`g.
F`t v`riaap vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh agh`rstr``pt gakommis hmt f`t hòa-
krmlsef` zwmmrt`pugt lg h` =;h` ùw lg h` bustpravlgel`s ilkt. Lg h` bustpravlgel`s
ls f`t mmgtmi lgwag`rs p`r fètmr` vmgm h` imt` =3h` `ùw o``r hmg 4:: lgwag`rs
p`r fètmr`. H`rkìlnb fak` hleftf`h`g bao`g lg h` st`h`g lg h` imghk`w`st`g
(H`g Dasef, H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rsaart) gl`t vaar. I`lh`g wms lg h` =;h` `ùw vaar
wmt d`tr`t f`t lgwag`rmmgtmi gm Most`rhmo h` kraatst` stmh vmg h` Gaarhìlnb`
G`h`rimgh`g. Fmmriò wms h` vl`rh` stmh (Clk. =.6e), ommr o`t rulo 80: lgwag`rs
p`r fètmr` wms Fmmriò gak hleft`r d`vaibt hmg I`lh`g (Clk. =.<).
F`t dlnzagh`r` bmrmbt`r vmg d`vaiblgkshleftf`h`g vmg o``r hmg 50: lgwag`rs
p`r fètmr` vmit lg h` ``rst` pimmts ap wmgg``r ``g v`rkìlnblgk o`t h` =< h` `ùw
warht kòmmbt. Lg hl` p`rlah` w`rh`g 50: lgwag`rs p`r fètmr` lg h` o``st`k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g gl`t k`fmmih. Hmt ls apvmii`gh, aohmt nulst h` =<h` `ùw d`-
b`gh stmmt ao ``g faak mmgtmi lgwag`rs p`r waglgk. Hmmrdln oa`t wì apkò`rbt
warh`g hmt h` krml`b`g (Clk. =.< `g Clk. =.=:) gl`t v`rh`r kmmg hmg =6;0. H`
d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh ult f`t immtst` bwmrt vmg h` =<h` `ùw immt zlef hmg aab gl`t
o``r ka`h v`rkìlnb`g. Lg =6;8 wms h` S`stlgkw`t vmg brmeft k`warh`g `g w`rh
ta`k`stmmg hmt v`stlgkst`h`g mis H`g Dasef, H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rsaart h` v`st`g
33 Saar h` f`rbaost vmg lgwag`rmmgtmii`g vmg h` st`h`g warht v`rw`z`g gmmr h` Dlnimk`g 8.= t/o 8.;2
``g dragg`gbrltl`b t`g mmgzl`g vmg f`t d`vaiblgksv`riaap warht k`k`v`g lg Faahstub 8.=. Lg h`
k`gaòh` dlnimk`g zlng aab h` app`rvimbt`g vmg h` st`h`g k`gaòh.
3; Av`r h` t`rukvmi t`g k`vaik` vmg stmhsultdr`lhlgk`g zl` aab> D`gh`rs/H` Da`r 4:=4, =0<. 36 Saar taìleftlgk `g v`rwlnzlgk`g Faahstub 8.0, H`v`gt`r.
Sõõr =0;0 =0;0-=6::
Bustpravlgel`s Krat` stmh> Harhrèft
Bi`lg` st`h`g> Fmmriò, I`lh`g, Mibommr
Krat` stmh> Fmmriò, I`lh`g, Harhrèft
Olgh`r krat` stmh> Mibommr
Imghk`w`st`g Krat` stmh> H`g Dasef Bi`lg` stmh> H`v`gt`r g Mo`rscaart
Xmdì =.4> Omtrlx vmg k`sìèt``rh` st`h`g.
5: ,
sièftt`g `g dult`g h` vaaromilk` v`st`g waglgkdauw r`mils``rh`g. `g k`vaik`
vmg hlt ultdr`lhlgks`èt gmo h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh p`r fètmr` st`rb m.3<
@`g v`rkìlnblgk o`t h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`h`g vmg h` fulhlk` dlgg`gst`h`g ls
liiustrmtl` vaar hlt `gao``g. Aghmgbs h` st`rb ta`k`gao`g faakdauw, ls h` ful-
hlk` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh sièfts elrem =:: lgwag`rs p`r fètmr` (mdì =.5). F`t ls fl`r gl`t h` pimmts ao gm t` kmmg lg fa`v`rr` hlt haar h` ta`k`gao`g pudil`b`
rulot` (wlgbìs, bmgtar`g), hmg wì haar f`t ta`k`gao`g waageaoart v`raar-
zmmbt warht. [mmr f`t fl`r ao kmmt ls h` v`ragh`rstìilgk ult t` spr`b`g hmt lghl`g
h` v`rst`hìlnblgk ``g krat` lgvia`h f``t ap h` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg d``rputt`g, zamis
lg h` fypatf`s` ls kàpp`rh, lg h` p`rlah`g vmg fak` d`vaiblgkshleftf`h`g ``g
ta`gmo` vmg f`t mmgtmi d``rputt`g t` v`rwmeft`g ls. Mikò`g`r kàroui``rh> lg
h`z` p`rlah`g ls ``g v`rmgh`rlgk vmg h` fyklâglsef` lgrmstruetuur t` v`rwmeft`g
(Clk. =.;).
Fypatf`s` 4 v`rdr`lhlgk d``rputt`g> d`ágvia`h haar h` o`std`fa`ct` ap f`t pimttìmgh
Gmmst f`t v`riaap vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh hl`gt lg h` tw``h` pimmts r`b`glgk
k`fauh`g t` warh`g o`t f`t `lt hmt h` wlnz` wmmrap lg h` stmh d``r w`rh v`rzm-
oìh, d`ágvia`h bmg zlng haar h` o`std`fa`t` ap f`t aorlgk`gh` pimttìmgh. Lg
zlng oaguo`gtmi` stuhl` vmg h` imghdauw lg h` aok`vlgk vmg K`gt `g Mmist r`-
b`gt fa`g vaar hmt lg f`t o``st aptlomi` k`vmi 40.::: st`hìlnb` èmilâgprahu-
e`gt`g k`ga`k o`st i`v`rh`g ao 0.8:: fètmr` imgh t` dò`st`g.;: H` agh`rkragh
d`tr`t lg k`gaòh k`dl`h zmgh g i`ò.;= fa`g ls apo`rbìlnb p`sslolstlsef av`r
f`t dìmgk vmg h` stmhso`st vaar h` imghdauw, h` mglomi-rmtla (f`t mmgtmi o`st-prahue`r`gh` hl`r`g) meft fln vmg o``r dìmgk. Loo`rs, h` prahuetl` vmg hl`rilnb`
o`st wms krat`r `g lg zlng agh`rza`bsk`dl`h wmr`g t` w`lglk èmilâgprahue`gt`g
(st`hìlgk`g) mmgw`zlk. ^lng eagstmt`rlgk w`rpt h` vrmmk ap a ``g krat`r h`ì
st`hìlgk`g zau bugg`g i`lh`g tat ``g krat`r` `xpart vmg stmhso`st.;4 fa`g fmh
gl`t h` d`seflbblgk av`r flstarlsef` dragg`g d`tr``gh` h` fmghì lg stmhso`st,
f`tk``g agh`rstr``pt hmt `r w`lglk d`b`gh ls lg h` ilt`rmtuur av`r vrmmk `g mmgdah
vmg stmhso`st.
H` d`fa`t` mmg paartmmrh` bmg d`r`h`g``rh warh`g. Lg h` ``rst` pimmts zmi
h`z` mfmgbìlnb k`w``st zlng vmg h` dahòk`stìhf`lh (zmgh a bi`l/v``g) `g lg
h` tw``h` pimmts vmg f`t typ` imghdauw (mbb`rdauw, tulgdauw, v``t`ìt a k`- o`gkh d`hrln ). Fl`ragh`r warht lgk`kmmg ap d`lh` metar`g. Fartuimgus Nafmgg
F`romgg Bgaap ult I`ùwmrh`g wmmrsefuwh` lg D`sefauw`gh` `g w`rbhmhlk`
3< D`vaiblgksmtims vmg G`h`rimgh 4::5, 84-86.
;: Xa`g =<66, ;<4-;<5, gaat 8.
;= Xa`g =<66, 36: `g 368.
;4 Lg zlng d`r`b`glgk ilnbt fln k``g r`b`glgk k`fauh`g t` f`dd`g o`t h` v`rseflii`gh` k`fmit`g vmg stlb-
sta `g asmmt p`r o`stsaart. K`stmghmmrhls``rh` d`r`b`glgkso`tfah` vaar hl`rilnb` o`st `g olg`rmi`g,
4:=:, 0, k``t dlnvaard`ìh ``g tmdì wmmrlg f`t k`fmit` stlbsta `g asmmt lg vmst` `g via`ldmr` o`st ls
smo`gk`vmt. Mi bugg`g stlbsta `g asmmtk`fmit`g vmg t`k`gwaarhlk gl`t ka`h k`drulbt warh`g vaar
flstarlsef` k`vmii`g. â stagh sèr``to`st d`b`gh mis ``g ult`rst brmeftlk` o`stsaart“ (Xys =;<4, =3;2 D`rksom =680, 45-48) wmmrvmg rìmtl` w`lglk gahlk wms.
5=
fav`gl`r-bagst ult =;05 vaar h` v`rseflii`gh` `lk`gsefmpp`g vmg h` kraghsaart`g.
Fln dàarh`ìh` h` zmghkragh`g mis gl`t s``r vrueftdmmr“ t`k`gav`r h` bi`lkrag-
h`g hl` haarkmmgs vrueftdmmr“ zlng.;5 H` aokmgk o`t o`st v`rseflih` p`r kraghsaart, wmgt ’o`g oa`t gl`t h`gb`g hmt mii`ri`y o`st `g mgh`r` v`rd`t`rlgksstacc` lg mii` kragh`g sagh`r agh`rsef`lh `v`g hl`gstlk ls .;8 Fl`rult vaikt hmt h` d`fa`t` mmg
stmhso`st ap h` zmghkragh`g krat`r wms hmg ap h` bi`lkragh`g. Fl`rdln kmmt f`t
gl`t lg h` ``rst` pimmts ao h` vrmmk a h` kraghv`rd`t`rmmr d``r“ vmgult h` fulhlk`
w`t`gsefmppìlnb` b`ggls ``g ka`h` o`stsaart ls, hmg wì ao h` vrmmk a d``r w`rh
lgk`z`t dln h` ap `rvmrlgk `g trmhltl` k`rleft` imghdauw.;0
;5 Bgaap =;05, =<8, 4:= `g 55-58.
:
=::
4::
5::
8::
0::
D ` v a i b l g k s h l e f t f ` l h >
l g w . /
=4:: =5:: =8:: =0:: =3:: =6::=;::
:
=::
4::
5::
8::
0::
D ` v a i b l g k s h l e f t f ` l h >
l g w . /
=4:: =5:: =8:: =0:: =3:: =6::=;::
Clk. =.<> F`t v`riaap vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh lg Fmmriò, Mibommr, I`lh`g `g Harhrèft.
Clk. =.=:> F`t v`riaap vmg h` d`vaiblgkshleftf`lh lg H`g Dasef, H`v`gt`r `g Mo`rscaart.
54 ,
@`g =6h`-`ùws` mutùr pi`lt `r vaar hmt da`r`g lg h` O`y`rln vmg H`g Dasef
o``r ’faargv`` kmmg fauh`g, wmgt ’fa` o``r v`` `r agh`rfauh`g bmg warh`g, fa` o``rh`r o`ssl` R?o`st_ `r zmi vmii`g.;3 Ap h` zmghkragh`g wms f`t k`drulbìlnb
hmt f`t v`` dav`gmi w`rh k`fauh`g aowlii` vmg h` o`st. Ap h` Gaarh-Drmdmgts`
zmghkragh`g zau zìs sprmb` k`w``st zlng vmg ``g patstmièagaol`“,;; wmt d`t`-
b`gt hmt f`t da`r`gd`hrln vaarmi hrmmlh` ao h` aptlomils`rlgk `g v`rkratlgk vmg
h` o`stapdr`gkst. Lg h` bustk`w`st`g hmmr`gt`k`g wms o`st ``g dlnprahuet vmg
v`` hmt w`rh k`fauh`g aowlii` vmg h` v`àbb`rln, h` prahuetl` vmg eagsuoptl`- oìb, h` d`r`lhlgk vmg zulvìprahuet`g a h` v`tw`lh`rln.;6
[ìlswmmr zlng dahòbughlk olg`rmiaklsef mro` zmghkragh`g“ tat ap z`b`r`
faakt` ``g tlnhiaas k`k`v`g, h` d`fa`t` mmg o`st èft`r bmg lg h` iaap h`r tlnh
v`rmgh`rh zlng haar h` aovmgk `g h` smo`gstìilgk vmg h` v``stmpì. Mikò``g
warht gmoìlnb mmgk`gao`g hmt h` ommlvìhhmilgk t`g k`vaik` vmg h` agtklgglgk
vmg h` v``gk`dl`h`g (=:::-=5::) ``g v`rgmttlgk vmg f`t Faiimghs` imghsefmp
v`raarzmmbt` wmmrhaar mbb`rdauw gl`t o``r oakìlnb wms.;< H` v``t`ìt zau ao
h`z` r`h`g t`rr`lg f`dd`g k`wagg`g. Hlt prae`s z`tt` lg h` =0h` a =3h` `ùw lg,
ommr av`r h` h`tmlis ls gak v`ì aghulhìlnb.6: Lg h` Sra`koah`rg` tlnh fmh hlt v`r-
krmsslgksprae`s“ lg ìb k`vmi hushmglk` varo`g mmgk`gao`g hmt f`t w`lh`d`hrln “ lg h` bustpravlgel`s vì` omi`g dìmgkrlnb`r wms hmg h` mbb`rdauw.
;3 Smg Fùrg, =;;3, ==2 Xys =;<4, 06 (Xys elt``rt Smg Fùrg).
;; Smg h`r [auh` =<;4, 0302 S rm (4::4, 00) fmgt``rt h` t`ro patstmièagaol`. @`g brltlsef` r`fflètl`
ap hlt mrtlbì `g o`t gmo` h` vrmmk vmgm wmgg``r patstmii`g vaarbao`g> Up`b 4::8, ;0=-;04.
;6 Smg h`r [auh` =<;4, 0;=.
;< Fapp`gdrauw`rs 4::4, === `g =53-=5<2 Dlìòmg 4::4, 6:-65.
6: Gmh`r, o`h` ap mrefàiaklsef-èaiaklsef` k`k`v`gs k`staìh agh`rza`b, zau w`gsìlnb zlng, wmmrta`
@ttòm 4::0 `g Duit/Baat 4::6 ``g mmgz`t f`dd`g k`k`v`g. Av`r h`z` v`rsefulvlgk> H` Da`r =<;6, 558-5532 @ttòm 4::0, 4052 Dlìòmg 4::6, ;;2 Smg h`r [auh` =<;4, 58:.
Utmh
p`r fètmr`
B u s t p r a v l g e l ` s
Fmmriò Auh` stmh g e`gtruo 4=.550 455 =; fm ?;% <4
I`lh`g Dlgg`gstmh
(zulh `g gaarh)
Mibommr Dlgg`gstmh
Harhrèft Dlgg`gstmh 6.04: =:< 5=fm ?44% ;6
I m g h k ` w ` s t ` g H`g Dasef Dlgg`gstmh
(e`gtruo, aast, gaarh)
H`v`gt`r E`gtruo 4.05: 40 = fm ? 5% =:=
Mo`rscaart Utmhsb`rg 0.460 ;5 = fm ? =% ;4
Xmdì =.5> Mmgtmi lgwag`rs p`r fètmr` lg dlgg`gst`h`g lg 4:=4. Drag> E`gtrmmi Dur`mu vaar
Utmtlstl`b (EDU), hmtmdms` UtmtIlg`, b`rgelnc`rs wlnb`g `g duurt`g.
55
Smgw`k` h`z` v`rsefulvlgk lg f`t mkrmrlsef d`hrln bmg h` d`fa`t` mmg o`st
mk`gao`g zlng. @`g lghlemtl` fl`rvaar zlng h` v`roìhlgk`g hmt lg h` =; h` `ùw
da`r`g lg h` bustpravlgel`s zìs baò`st saos lg f`t k`f`ì gl`t mis kraghv`rd`-
t`rmmr k`drulbt`g, ommr f`tzln mis drmghsta a mis olhhì ao `r kmt`g o`` t` hlef-
t`g. 6=
Hlt ha`t v`roa`h`g hmt aab h` d`fa`t` mmg paartmmrh` lg hl` p`rlah` gl`t kraat wms g f`t wìileft oa`lilnb wms ``g mz`tomrbt t` vlgh`g vaar paartmmrh` lg
h` hlrèt` aok`vlgk vmg h` stmh.
H` pradiòmtl`b ls vlsu`ì w``rk`k`v`g lg Clk. =.==. H` dlgg`gst` elrbì r`-
pr`s`gt``rt h` stmh, h` dult`gst` elrbì f`t gmdlnkì`k`g pimttìmgh. Lg h` stmh ls
h` surpiusprahuetl` vmg paartmmrh`“ mis ultva`rprahuet w``rk`k`v`g. D`wust ls
fl`r f`t waarh surpiusprahuetl`“ k`drulbt. H` paartmmrh` bmg gmoìlnb aab lg h`
stmh k`drulbt zlng mis apfaklgksomt`rlmmi a f`t ls ``gvauhlkw`k lg d``rputt`g a
buli`g meft`rk`di`v`g. Lg h` iaap h`r tlnh zau dav`ghl`g o`t h` d`fa`t`g vmg `g
ap krat`r` mstmgh kì`k`g meft`rimgh r`b`glgk k`fauh`g oa`t`g warh`g. Hlt ls
lg Clk. =.== w``rk`k`v`g mis ``g tw``h` eage`gtrlsef` elrbì.64
Mis ``g `g mgh`r warht aok`z`t lg ``g v`rwmeftlgksoahì, hmg ls h` r`h`g`-
rlgk mis vaikt> h` d`fa`t` mmg paartmmrh` lg h` hlrèt` aok`vlgk vmg h` stmh bmg
d`pmi`gh zlng k`w``st vaar h` wlnz` wmmrap sèr``to`st w`rh v`rzmoìh. [ms h`
d`fa`t` mmg o`st ap f`t pimttìmgh kraat, zamis ap h` zmghkragh`g wmmr w`lglk
v``t`ìt vaarbwmo, hmg zmi h` sèr``to`st lg h` stmh ap ``g hushmglk` wlnz` v`r-
zmoìh zlng, hmt h`z` r`kìomtlk `g o`t za olg oakìlnb adstmbìs gmmr h` mbb`rs
k`drmeft bag warh`g. Lghl`g h` d`fa`t` mmg paartmmrh` immk wms, hmg zmi h` s`-
er``to`st gl`t apk`simk`g zlng, ommr lg f`t wmt`r zlng w`kk`spaìh. Lg Faahstub 8
warht r`b`glgk k`fauh`g o`t h`z` syodlatlsef` rìmtl` tuss`g stmh `g pimttìmgh.
[mgg``r d``r wmmrh` f``t, ls h` bmgs kraat hmt h` mva`r vmg paartmmrh` haar dul- t`g h` stmh wag`gh` d``rda`r`g, stmhsda`r`g a mgh`r` lghlvlhuì` stmhsd`wag`rs
pimmtsvagh. [mgg``r d``r gmuwìlnbs l`ts apdr`gkt, zmi hlt haar sèr``tr`lglk`rs
ultk`va`rh zlng. H`z` immtst` br`k`g fug v`rhl`gst`g gl`t ult h` wmmrh` vmg h`
apdr`gkst vmg h` o`st, ommr zln br`k`g d`tmmih vaar h` hl`gst hl` z` i`v`rh`g. Lg
Faahstub 5 warht hlt gmh`r agh`rzaeft.
Bustpravlgel`s `g imghk`w`st`g
Smgw`k` f`t fl`r v`ragh`rstìh` v`rsefli lg o`std`fa`t` tuss`g bi`l-v``gkragh`g
`g`rzlnhs `g zmghkragh`g mgh`rzlnhs, ls lg h` sìètl` vmg st`h`g k`str``h gmmr``g r`pr`s`gtmtl`v` mspl`kìlgk vmgult d`lh` k`dl`h`g. H` ilkklgk vmg h` st`h`g ls
mmgk`k`v`g lg Clk. =.=4. Hulhìlnb ls hmt H`g Dasef, Mo`rsaart `g H`v`gt`r ap
6= H` k`w`st`g v`rdah`g h` ultva`r vmg hl`rilnb` o`st gmmr dult`g f`t `lk`g k`dl`h, wmmrult mkì`lh
bmg warh`g hmt f`t ap krat` sefmmi oa`t zlng vaark`bao`g. Dlìòmg (4::6, 35) gaòt f`t v`rdah
vmg h` Crl`s` Utmt`g lg =3=:2 ``g mgh`r vaard`ìh warht k`varoh haar h` Utmt`g vmg Av`rlnssì hl`
lg =335 ``g v`rdah fl`rta` ultvmmrhlkh`g (I`pplgb 4:::).
64 Lgelh`gtì` v`roìhlgk`g av`r imgk`mstmghsfmghì lg hl`rilnb` o`st zlng `r vmgm h` =;h` `ùw. Lg
h` imghdauw`gquît` vmg =6::, vrmmk <6, mgtwaarhh`g h` r`spagh`gt`g ult f`t Gaarh-Faiimghs`
D`òst`r, t` w`t`g @gbfulz`g `g Oaggleb`ghmo hmt h` (v`tt`) sefmp`go`st gmmr Mo`rsaart `g
Glnb`rb w`rh v`rva`rh vmgw`k` h` tmdmbslghustrl` mihmmr. Smg h`r Zaì, =<05-=<03 (`g dmt` vmg
h` systòmtlsef` mgmiys` vmg h` mgtwaarh`g ap vaargaòh` imghdauw`gquît` f`d lb h` vrmk`g `g mgtwaarh`g d`tr``gh` o`st o`t d`fuip vmg ``g hmtmdms` agtsiat`g).
58 ,
h` zmghkragh`g kì`k`g zlng. Dlgg`g h` Gmtlagmi` Agh`rza`bsmk`ghm Mrefàiakl` (GAmM) vmii`g h`z` st`h`g hmg aab lg r`spètl`vìlnb h` zak`f`t`g mrefàr`kla“s
f`t Drmdmgts zmghk`dl`h, f`t Ptrèfts Kìh`rs zmghk`dl`h `g f`t Av`rlnssìs
Kìh`rs zmghk`dl`h. I`lh`g ilkt lg h` mrefàr`kla f`t Faiimghs v``gk`dl`h `g
Harhrèft lg f`t ^`ùws bi`lk`dl`h. Saar Fmmriò `g Mibommr ls h` mdmb`glgk
olgh`r ``ghulhlk. Lg h` wlnh` aok`vlgk vmg d`lh` st`h`g bao`g wìlswmmr v`ì
bi`l-v``gkragh`g vaar, h` st`h`g zì ilkk`g ap h` strmghwmi `g zln far`g hmg aab
tat h` mrefàr`kla f`t Faiimghs hulgk`dl`h.65
Fl`rdav`g ls r``hs apkò`rbt hmt gmmst h` dahòk`stìhf`lh h` mmrh vmg h` imghdauw olgst`gs ``g `v`g dìmgkrlnb` rai sp`ìh` dln h` o`std`fa`t` ap f`t
pimttìmgh. F`t di``b lg f`t bmh`r vmg h`z` stuhl` gl`t oakìlnb ao fl`r r`b`glgk
o`` t` fauh`g. H` r`klagmi` v`rsef`lh`gf`lh vmg mkrmrlsef` imghdauwk`dl`h`g
ls fl`rvaar t` kraat.68 Dlìòmg d`hl`gt zlef lg Da`r`g lg G`h`rimgh. K`sefl`h`gls
65 Av`r h` kàiakl` lg Mibommr> Dltt`r 4::;m2 av`r Fmmriò> h` k`h`tmlii``rh` bmmrt S`r``gvauhlkh` kàiak lsef` bmmrt vmg Fmmriò `g aok`vlgk , =<<5, hl` v`rsef`g`g ls mis dlnimk` dln Fmmriòs
Dahòagh`rza`b gr. 4;. 68 Dlìòmg 4::6, 55-8=.
tlnh
ZIMXX@IMGH
gmdln
aok`vlgk
dahò-
ult h`
aok`vlgk
Clk. =.==> Uefòmtlsef` w``rkmv` vmg h` stmh `g h` syodlatlsef` rìmtl` o`t f`t pimìmgh, vaar wmt d`tr`ct h`
surpiusprahuetl` vmg paartmmrh`. H` eage`gtrlsef` rlgk`g zlng k`ágsplr``rh ap f`t lgt`gslt`ltsoahì vmg h`
Hults` imghdauwèagaao Nafmgg F`lgrlef vag Xfùg`g. Fln stìt hmt h` mmrh vmg h` mkrmrlsef` prahuetl` ls
d`pmmih haar h` ilkklgk t`g apzleft` vmg h` omrbt `g h` hmmro`` k`pmmrh kmmgh` trmgspartbast`g. Av`r Sag
Xfùg`g, Dlìòmg 4::6, 55-50.
50
vmg h` Imghdauw =0::-4::: vmg ``g kiadmi` r`klagmils`rlgk vmg h` bustpravlgel`s
t`k`gav`r h` imghk`w`st`g.60 H`z` lghìlgk warht fl`r v`rh`r k`vaikh.
Fypatf`s` 5 v`rdr`lhlgk d``rputt`g> ``g eaopi`x smo`gspì vmg
stmhsd`stuur `g mgh`r` stmb`faih`rs1 Gmmst h` omt` vmg h` v`rst`hìlnblgk `g h` o`std`fa`t` vmg f`t pimttìmgh bmg
``g h`rh` metar h` papuimrlt`lt vmg h` d``rput v`rbimr`g2 fl`rap w``s mrefàiak`
Ommrtn` Faakst`ygs r``hs. ^ln stìt lg fmmr tfàr`tlsef kàrlâgt``rh` pra`sefrlt
hmt f`t stmhsd`stuur h` mmgw`zlkf`lh vmg d``rputt`g k`stloui``rh f``t.63 Hlt i`lht
z` m ult h` d``rputbùr hl` lg h` tw``h` fìt vmg h` =0h` `ùw haar f`t stmhs-
d`stuur vmg Hìt ls ultk`vmmrhlkh. Lg h`z` bùr w`rh vmstkì`kh hmt mii` fulz`g
hl` lg Hìt w`rh`g k`dauwh, vaartmmg hl`gh`g t` d`seflbb`g av`r ``g d``rput.
H`z` d``rput oaeft k``g av`rstart f`dd`g ap h` krmeft `g aab oaeft`g `r k``g
prlvmt`g rèftstr``bs ap f`t wmt`r iaz`g. O`t mgh`r` waarh`g> sèr``tkat`g wmr`g
v`rdah`g. Faakst`ygs app`rt hmt f`t stmhsd`stuur h`z` ommtr`kì ultvmmrhlkh` lg
f`t bmh`r vmg ``g olhhì`ùws d`sefmvlgksa`gsl`. Hlt h`gbd`ìh agti``gt z`
mmg ilt`rmtuurflstarleus Zi`ln.6; Faakst`ygs v`rw`rpt fmmr fypatf`s` aab w``r `g
eageiuh``rt ult`lghìlnb hmt d``rputt`g ’zlng o``k`bao`g o`t h` typlsef ìltmlr` dmbst``gdauw, mis ``g saart dagus 66 `g eageiuh``rt hmt h` v`rdr`lhlgk ’rìmtl`c wli- i`bùrlk ls .
Fa`wì `glk òplrlsef d`wlnsomt`rlmmi vaar h` ta`gò`gh` v`rdr`lhlgk haar
Faakst`ygs gl`t k`k`v`g warht `g h` rìmtl` tuss`g stmhsd`stuur, fulz`gdauw `g
d``rputt`g v`rh`r gmuwìlnbs ls ultk`w`rbt, ls f`t gl`t agh`gbdmmr hmt f`t stmhsd`-
stuur ``g r`klss`r`gh` `g olssefl`g zìs hwlgk`gh` rai f``t k`sp`ìh o`t d`tr`b-blgk tat h` d``rput. F`t stmhsd`stuur vmmrhlkh` loo`rs aab mgh`r` dauwv`rarh`-
glgk`g ult. a w`rh lg v`ì st`h`g vra`k a immt vmstkì`kh hmt h` hmb`g gl`t imgk`r
o`t rl`t oaeft`g warh`g k`h`bt `g h` wmgh`g `g k`vìs vmg fulz`g gl`t o``r lg
faut, ommr lg dmbst``g apk`trabb`g hl`gh`g t` warh`g. F`t t`rukhrlgk`g vmg
drmghk`vmmr wms ult`rmmrh vmg `vlh`gt dìmgk, èft`r f`t v`rst`glgksprae`s w`rh
haar f`t stmhsd`stuur aab mmgkò`rbt mis zau hlt zlng tat el`rm`t vmg h` stmh“. 6<
F`t h``h f`t mmgzl`g vmg h` stmh ta`gò`g.
Mii`r``rst hl`gt gmk`kmmg t` warh`g wìb` oatlvmtl` f`t stmhsd`stuur fmh ao
d``rputt`g vaar t` sefrlnv`g. Lgzmb` h` v`rdr`lhlgk vmg d``rputt`g hl`gt hmmrgmmst
aab r`b`glgk k`fauh`g t` warh`g o`t h` dìmgk`g vmg hrl` mgh`r` stmb`faih`rs .Lg Clk. =.=5 zlng h`z` pmrtln`g a metar`g haar olhhì vmg elrbìs w``rk`k`v`g.
H` tw``h` kra`p zlng h` dauwagh`rgò`rs. âmis lg Faahstub 0 gmmr var`g
baot zlng hlt st``gdmbb`rs, fautbap`rs, `g vaarmi vmgm h` =;h` `ùw> o`tsìmmrs,
tloo`ril`h`g `g spèuimgt`g. Bartao, f`t d`tr`t mi hl` d`trabb`g d`ra`psdà`-
`gmr`g hl`, mi hmg gl`t ap hlrèt v`rza`b vmg ta`baostlk` fuls`lk`gmr`g, fulz`g
dauwh`g `g mi hmg gl`t av`rklgk`g tat h` mmgi`k vmg d``rputt`g. H` h`rh` kra`p
60 Dlìòmg 4::6, 8=.
63 Faakst`ygs 4::6, =56-=532 ``g rè`gsl` fl`rvmg Smg Aast`g 4::<m.
6; Faakst`ygs 4::6, =03-=;:.
66 Faakst`ygs 4::6, =;5. 6< F`bb`r/Baiomg R=<6<_, ;5, 6= `g pmsslo.
53 ,
zlng h` fuls`lk`gmr`g hl` saos t`v`gs aptrmh`g mis v`rfuurh`r `g h` vl`rh` kra`p
zlng h` fuurh`rs. H` fuurh`rs `g v`rfuurh`rs (`lk`gmr`g) oa`t`g mpmrt k`gaòh warh`g, aohmt f`t i`k`g vmg d``rputt`g ap bast`g vmg h` v`rfuurh`r (h` fuls`l-
k`gmmr) pimmtsvagh. [m

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