11 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - NGO-TM.ORGaarhus.ngo-tm.org/OSCE/handbook_russ.pdf · J†CT b tt jnkbxbt jn...

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X N J G H T L C NF D K Z T N C J Å J Q J Å C T ?

B C N J H B Z

C N H E RN E H S B B Y C N B N E N S

B Y C N H E V T Y N S

L T Z N T K M Y J C N M Y F V T C NF Ö

V T ÖF Y B P V S B G H J W T L E H S

D T H Ö J D Y S Q R J V B C C F H G J L T K F VY F W B J Y F K M Y S Ö V T Y M I B Y C N D

X T K J D T X T C R J T B P V T H T Y B T

D J T Y Y J - G J K B N B X T C R B T F C G T RN SÅ T P J G F C Y J C N B

Ä R J Y J V B X T C R J T B Ä R J K J U B X T C R J TB P V T H T Y B T

G F H K F V T Y N C RF Z F C C F V Å K T Z J Å C T

D Y T I Y T T C J N H E L Y B X T C N D J

G F H N Y T H S G J C J N H E L Y B X T C N D E

Xfcnm 2. Dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl JÅCT r åtpjgfcyjcnb

4. Bycnhevtyns 52

5. Ltzntkmyjcnm yf vtcnfö 56

Ddjlysq jåpjh ....................................................................................... 57Vbccbz JÅCT gj ghjdthrt d Rjcjdj ................................................ 59Vbccbz JÅCT d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt ............................................. 62Vbccbz JÅCT d Öjhdfnbb ................................................................... 65Ghbcencndbt JÅCT d Fkåfybb............................................................ 67Rjynhjkmyfz vbccbz JÅCT d Crjgmt gj ghtljndhfotybñ

hfcghjcnhfytybz rjyakbrnf .......................................................... 69Ljkujchjxyst vbccbb JÅCT d Rjcjdj, Cfyléfrt

b Djtdjlbyt....................................................................................... 71Vbccbz JÅCT d Uhepbb........................................................................ 73Uheggf cjltqcndbz JÅCT d Xtxyt...................................................... 75Rjyakbrn, zdkzñobqcz ghtlvtnjv hfccvjnhtybz

yf Vbycrjq rjyathtywbb (Yfujhysq Rfhfåfö) ......................... 78 Åñhj JÅCT d Thtdfyt.......................................................................... 83Åñhj JÅCT d Åfre ............................................................................... 84Vbccbz JÅCT d Vjkljdt .................................................................... 84Rjjhlbyfnjh ghjtrnjd JÅCT d Erhfbyt .......................................... 87Rjycekmnfnbdyj-yfåkñlfntkmyfz uheggf JÅCT d Åtkfhecb......... 90Ltzntkmyjcnm JÅCT d Äcnjybb........................................................... 92Ltzntkmyjcnm JÅCT d Kfndbb ............................................................ 94Vbccbz JÅCT d Nflébrbcnfyt........................................................... 96Wtynh JÅCT d Nfirtynt ..................................................................... 99Wtynhs JÅCT d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb................................................. 100Kbxyst ghtlcnfdbntkb Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz ................... 102

6. Vtöfybpvs b ghjwtlehs 106

Vtöfybpv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz ............................................... 107Dtycrbq vtöfybpv.......................................................................... 107Vjcrjdcrbq vtöfybpv................................................................... 107

Vtöfybpv rjycekmnfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb ytjåsxyjq djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb ............................................... 108

C J L T H É F Y B T

Cgbcjr ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd VIIDdtltybt VIII1. Xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq JÅCT? 1

Jn Dfyredthf lj Dkflbdjcnjrf............................................................ 1Dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl r åtpjgfcyjcnb............................................. 2Jgjhf yf cjnhelybxtcndj ....................................................................... 2Eybrfkmysq cnfnec.................................................................................. 4

Xfcnm 1. JÅCT – jåobt cdtltybz

2. Bcnjhbz 8

Ötkmcbyrcrbq ghjwtcc ............................................................................ 9Jn CÅCT r JÅCT.................................................................................. 15JÅCT ctujlyz......................................................................................... 21

3. Cnhernehs b bycnbnens 26

Jhufys lkz dtltybz gthtujdjhjd b ghbyznbz htitybq.............. 27Dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt.................................................................. 27Rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe ....................................................................... 30Cjdtn vbybcnhjd.................................................................................... 32Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn.................................................................................. 33Herjdjlzobq cjdtn................................................................................ 34Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb........................ 35Ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq .................................................................. 36Jgthfnbdyst cnhernehs b bycnbnens ............................................. 38Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm ................................................................. 38Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm b Ctrhtnfhbfn.............................................. 39Flvbybcnhfwbz b abyfycbhjdfybt JÅCT ......................................... 42Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.......... 43Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd .......... 44Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq

byajhvfwbb....................................................................................... 45Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT ....................................................... 46Cel gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée ...................................................... 46

II III

LJDCT b Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe........................................... 158Ljujdjh jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt............... 159Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe........................................................ 163

10. Ärjyjvbxtcrjt b ärjkjubxtcrjt bpvthtybt 167

Jåobt cdtltybz ................................................................................... 168Ärjyjvbxtcrbq ajhev ....................................................................... 169Rjjhlbyfnjh ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb

b jrheéfñotq chtls.................................................................... 170

11. Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT 173

Bcnjhbz cjplfybz ................................................................................ 173Wtkb Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb....................................................... 175Cnhernehs b bycnbnens ..................................................................... 176Jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb............................................... 178Jnyjitybz c lheubvb bycnbnenfvb JÅCT

b vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb............................................ 182

12. Dytiytt cjnhelybxtcndj 185

Ddtltybt ................................................................................................ 185Cjnhelybxtcndj yf gjkbnbxtcrjv ehjdyt....................................... 186Cjnhelybxtcndj yf vtcnfö................................................................. 193Rjynfrns c ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb (YGJ) ......... 199

13. Gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde 203

Chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde ........................ 203Zgjybz, Rjhtz b Nfbkfyl – gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde .......... 207

Ghbkjétybz 210■ Lfns gjlgbcfybz ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT

ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf b Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs................................................................................................. 211

■ Rjydtywbz gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCT ............................ 214■ Ljujdjh jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt...................................... 216■ Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe............................................................................... 217

C J L T H É F Y B T

Cjnhelybxtcndj d jnyjitybb jgfcysö bywbltynjd djtyyjuj öfhfrnthf ......................................................................................... 108

Gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz b ghtdtynbdysö ltqcndbq ................................................................. 109

Vtöfybpv lkz rjycekmnfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbq (Åthkbycrbq vtöfybpv) ..................... 110

Vbhyjt ehtuekbhjdfybt cgjhjd ........................................................ 110Dfkktnncrbq vtöfybpv ................................................................. 110Rjydtywbz gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCT..... 111Gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz Rjvbccbb JÅCT gj ghbvbhtybñ... 111Gjkjétybz j lbhtrnbdyjv ghbvbhtybb .................................... 112

7. Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd 115

Jåobt cdtltybz ................................................................................... 115Utjuhfabz ltzntkmyjcnb Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf........................... 116Vfylfn Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf ......................................................... 117Ghfrnbxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf ..................... 121

8. Xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt 125

Jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz JÅCT ........ 125Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf........ 130Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq

byajhvfwbb..................................................................................... 138Utylthyst djghjcs.............................................................................. 142

9. Djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbt fcgtrns åtpjgfcyjcnb 145

Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb...................... 145Ltzntkmyjcnm .................................................................................. 146Hfpdbnbt gjdtcnrb lyz ACÅ........................................................ 147

Vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb..................................... 148Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö

fcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb................................................................... 152Htubjyfkmyst cjukfitybz j rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb –

cnfnmb ÈÈ, Èª b ª Ltqnjycrjuj vbhyjuj cjukfitybz .............. 155

IV V

Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT

∆ Fdcnhbz

∆ Fpthåfqléfy

∆ Fkåfybz

∆ Fyljhhf

∆ Fhvtybz

∆ Åtkfhecm

∆ Åtkmubz

∆ Åjkufhbz

∆ Åjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf

∆ Åsdifz ñujckfdcrfz

Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz

∆ Dtyuhbz

∆ Uthvfybz

∆ Uhtwbz

∆ Uhepbz

∆ Lfybz

∆ Bhkfylbz

∆ Bckfylbz

∆ Bcgfybz

∆ Bnfkbz

∆ Rfpföcnfy

∆ Rfyflf

∆ Rbgh

∆ Rshuspcnfy

∆ Kfndbz

∆ Kbndf

∆ Kböntyintqy

∆ Kñrctvåehu

∆ Vfkmnf

∆ Vjkljdf

∆ Vjyfrj

∆ Yblthkfyls

∆ Yjhdtubz

∆ Gjkmif

∆ Gjhneufkbz

∆ Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz

∆ Hevsybz

∆ Cfy-Vfhbyj

∆ Cdzntqibq Ghtcnjk

∆ Ckjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf

∆ Ckjdtybz

∆ Cjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj

∆ Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb

∆ Nflébrbcnfy

∆ Nehrvtybcnfy

∆ Nehwbz

∆ Epåtrbcnfy

∆ Erhfbyf

∆ Abykzylbz

∆ Ahfywbz

∆ Öjhdfnbz

∆ Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf

∆ Idtqwfhbz

∆ Idtwbz

∆ Äcnjybz

∆ Cjñpyfz Htcgeåkbrf

Ñujckfdbz

■ Irfkf hfcghtltktybz dpyjcjd d htuekzhysq åñlétn JÅCT...................... 218■ Irfkf lkz rhegysö vbccbq b ghjtrnjd JÅCT .............................................. 219■ Jcyjdyst vthjghbznbz CÅCT/JÅCT d 1972–2000 ujlfö............................... 220■ Öhjyjkjubxtcrbq jåpjh jcyjdysö vthjghbznbq CÅCT/JÅCT

c 1972 gj 2000 ujl................................................................................................ 230■ Flhtcf b rjynfrnyst ntktajys ........................................................................ 235

Rfhns■ Åfkrfycrbq htubjy .................................................................................................. 73■ Rfdrfpcrbq htubjy .................................................................................................. 81■ Djcnjxyfz Tdhjgf ................................................................................................... 89■ Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbq htubjy............................................................................... 101

Cgbcjr cjrhfotybq 240Ajnjuhfabb 241Ult yfqnb ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ? 242

VI VII

Rfr b kñåjt gjljåyjt bplfybt, Cghfdjxybr JÅCT cjlthébn byajhvfwbñ, yeélfñoeñcz d gjcnjzyyjv jåyjdktybb. Lkz gjke-xtybz cfvsö cdtébö lfyysö j ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT cktletn vfrcb-vfkmyj bcgjkmpjdfnm hfcibhbdibtcz pf gjcktlytt dhtvz htcehcsJhufybpfwbb d Bynthytnt. Gjvbvj gthbjlbxtcrb jåyjdkztvjq ctnt-djq dthcbb yfcnjzotuj Cghfdjxybrf, yf cfqnt JÅCT vjéyj yfqnb b crfxfnm ntrcns vyjubö lheubö geåkbrfwbq, d njv xbckt tétvtczx-yjuj ≤Dtcnybrf JÅCT≥, f nfrét gjlåjhre rkñxtdsö ljrevtynjdCÅCT/JÅCT. Rhjvt njuj, cfqn cjlthébn jåibhyeñ ljgjkybntkm-yeñ byajhvfwbñ, drkñxfz dctcnjhjyybt cdtltybz jå Jhufybpfwbb,yjdtqibt ghtcc-htkbps, gjlhjåyst lfyyst jå bycnbnenfö JÅCT bltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö, j ghtlkfuftvsö tñ dfrfycbzö b djpvjé-yjcnzö lkz yfexyjq hfåjns, jåüzdktybz j ntylthfö yf pfregrb bgjlhzls, rjynfrnyst flhtcf b ntktajys b n.l. Htrjvtyletv gjvt-nbnm änjn cfqn pfrkflrjq b gjctofnm tuj htuekzhyj. Flhtc cfqnf:

http://www.osce.org.

Xfcnm ÈÈ gjlhjåytt hfcrhsdftn cvsck ghbvtyztvjuj d JÅCTeybrfkmyjuj gjlöjlf r åtpjgfcyjcnb, jgbhfñotujcz yf cjnhelybxtcndj; pltcm ujdjhbncz jå bycnhevtynfö, bvtñoböczd hfcgjhzétybb Jhufybpfwbb, b j chfdybntkmysö ghtbveotcn-dfö, rjnjhsvb jåkflftn ctnm tt cnherneh yf vtcnfö. Hjkm JÅCThfccvfnhbdftncz ghb änjv crdjpm ghbpve nhtö bpvthtybq åtpjgfcyjcnb: xtkjdtxtcrjuj, djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrjuj, f nfrétärjyjvbxtcrjuj/ärjkjubxtcrjuj, b edzpsdftncz c vfylfnfvbbycnbnenjd JÅCT, tt djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbvb fcgtrnfvb b ttltzntkmyjcnmñ d catht ärjyjvbrb. Rhjvt njuj, pltcm jcdtof-tncz cjnhelybxtcndj JÅCT c ujcelfhcndfvb-gfhnythfvb b c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Lfktt cktletnhzl ghbkjétybq c erfpfybtv rkñxtdsö afrnjd b cjåsnbq bp bcnjhbb Jhufybpfwbb.

D pfrkñxtybt – d 2000 ujle JÅCT jnvtnbkf xtndthnm dtrf c vjvtynf gjlgbcfybz d Ötkmcbyrb 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf JÅCT (cv. xfcnm È: Jåobt cdtltybz). Änj cjukfitybt, cnfditt rhfteujkmysv rfvytv CÅCT/JÅCT,gjkjébkj yfxfkj nfr yfpsdftvjve Ötkmcbyrcrjve ghjwtcce b ntv cfvsv jnrhskj genm r ghtjljktybñ gjcktdjtyyjuj hfpltkf Tdhjgs. 25-z ujljdobyf Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf – gjdjl lkz hfpvsiktybz j njv, crjkm dtkbrj åskj pyfxtybthfpdbdfditujcz ecbkbzvb CÅCT/JÅCT ötkmcbyrcrjuj ghjwtccflkz åtpjgfcyjcnb, ltvjrhfnbb b ghfd xtkjdtrf.

D D T L T Y B T

Gthtl dfvb Cghfdjxybr Jhufybpfwbb gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt (JÅCT), ljgjkytyysq byajhvfwbtq j dféysö cjåsnbzö b gthtvtyfö, ghjbc-

itlibö c vjvtynf dsöjlf d cdtn ghtlsleotuj bplfybz d vfhnt 1999 ujlf. Åkfujlfhz ytlfdybv vbccbzv d nfrbö gjcnrjyakbrnysö hfqjyfö, rfr Rjcjdj bkb Åjcybz b Uthwtuj-dbyf, cfvj yfpdfybt ≤JÅCT≥ pdexbn ctqxfc eét åjktt ghbdsx-yj, xtv d ghjikjv. Jlyfrj j cnjzotq pf ybv jhufybpfwbb bpdtcnyj gj-ghtéytve yt nfr vyjuj, jnxfcnb bp-pf njuj, xnj pfhjélfkfcm jyf d cdjt dhtvz rfr vfkj fabibhetvsq ghjwtcc lbgkjvfnbxtcrbö gthtujdjhjd. Ltkj, dthjznyj, b d njv, xnj dféytqibt aeyrwbb änjq Jhufybpfwbb – hfyyttghtleghtéltybt b ghtljndhfotybt rjyakbrnjd – ytxfcnj lfñn gjdjl lkz åhjcrbö pfujkjdrjd b ctycfwbjyysö htgjhnf-étq. Yfrjytw, lkz gjybvfybz njuj, crjkm jåibhys hfvrbltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT, hfpyjjåhfpys tt pflfxb b eybrfkty tt gjlöjl r ghjåktvfv åtpjgfcyjcnb, gjhjq åsdftn ytljcnfnjxyjkbim gjdthöyjcnyjuj dpukzlf. Wtkm änjq rybub, pflevfyyjqrfr eljåyjt cghfdjxyjt gjcjåbt lkz ibhjrjuj rheuf xbnfnt-ktq – xfcnbxyj djcgjkybnm ceotcndeñobq ltabwbn byajhvf-wbb, lfd ghb änjv jåoeñ gfyjhfve dctö fcgtrnjd ltzntkmyjc-nb JÅCT.

Gjckt rhfnrjuj ddtltybz, gjcdzotyyjuj hjkb b eybrfkmyjvecnfnece JÅCT, d xfcnb È hfccrfpsdftncz jå bcnjhbb djpybryjdt-ybz Cjdtofybz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt(CÅCT) b hfpüzcyzñncz ghbxbys, gj rjnjhsv jyj åskj d 1994/1995 ujle ghtjåhfpjdfyj d JÅCT. D ytq ghbdjlbnczrhfnrfz byajhvfwbz jå jhufyfö JÅCT lkz dtltybz gthtujdj-hjd b ghbyznbz htitybq, f nfrét j cnhernehfö b bycnbnenfö,gjvjufñobö Jhufybpfwbb dsgjkyznm cdjb pflfxb.

VIII IX

1

Jhufybpfwbz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt(JÅCT) – änj jhufybpfwbz, pfybvfñofzcz jåtcgtxtybtvåtpjgfcyjcnb, c exfcnbtv 55 ujcelfhcnd, nthhbnjhbz

rjnjhsö jödfnsdftn utjuhfabxtcrjt ghjcnhfycndj jn Dfyre-dthf lj Dkflbdjcnjrf. D cdjtv htubjyt jyf ckeébn ukfdysvbycnhevtynjv hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz, ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjd, htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd b gjcnrjyakbrnyjujdjccnfyjdktybz.

Gjlöjl JÅCT r åtpjgfcyjcnb yjcbn dctjåütvkñobq öfhfrnthb jgbhftncz yf cjnhelybxtcndj. Jyf jödfnsdftn ibhjrbq rheughjåktv åtpjgfcyjcnb, drkñxfz rjynhjkm yfl djjheétybzvb,djghjcs ghtdtynbdyjq lbgkjvfnbb, vths erhtgktybz ljdthbzb åtpjgfcyjcnb, ghfdf xtkjdtrf, yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvb, f nfrét ärjyjvbxtcreñ b ärjkjubxtcreñ åtpjgfcyjcnm. Gjcrjkmre htitybz ghbybvfñncz JÅCT yf jcyjdt rjyctyce-cf, dct ujcelfhcndf, exfcndeñobt d tt ltzntkmyjcnb, bvtñnjlbyfrjdsq cnfnec.

Änbvb jcjåtyyjcnzvb jghtltkztncz eybrfkmysq öfhfrnth JÅCT b tt jnkbxbt jn lheubö ceotcndeñobö d Tdhjgt jhuf-ybpfwbq b bycnbnenjd.

Jn Dfyredthf lj Dkflbdjcnjrf

Yfcxbnsdfz 55 ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, JÅCT vjétn gjghfde cxbnfnmcz rhegytqitq bp ceotcndeñobö yf ctujlyzi-ybq ltym htubjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbq gj djghjcfv åtpjgfcyjc-nb. D tt htubjy döjlzn cnhfys Tdhjgtqcrjuj rjynbytynf, Pf-rfdrfpmz, Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb b Ctdthyjq Fvthbrb; jyf nfrétcjnhelybxftn c gfhnythfvb bp xbckf chtlbptvyjvjhcrbö bfpbfncrbö ujcelfhcnd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, JÅCT jåütlbyztn d cdjtv cjcnfdt tdhjfnkfynbxtcrjt b tdhjfpbfncrjt cjjåot-cndf yf utjuhfabxtcrjv ghjcnhfycndt ≤jn Dfyredthf lj Dkf-lbdjcnjrf≥.

1

Jn Dfyredthf lj Dkflbdjcnjrf

♦

Dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl r åtpjgfcyjcnb

♦

Jgjhf yf cjnhelybxtcndj

♦

Eybrfkmysq cnfnec

X N J G H T L C N F D K Z T N C J Å J Q J Å C T ?

32

Dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl r åtpjgfcyjcnb

C ntö cfvsö gjh, rfr d 1973 ujle åskj gjkjétyj yfxfkjötkmcbyrcrjve ghjwtcce, CÅCT, f ysyt – JÅCT, ghblthébdf-tncz ibhjrjuj b dctjåütvkñotuj gjlöjlf r åtpjgfcyjcnb.Pfobnf b endthéltybt ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl, hfd-yj rfr b cjnhelybxtcndj d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotqchtls hfccvfnhbdfñncz tñ rfr yt vtytt dféyst ghtlgjcsk-rb vbhf b cnfåbkmyjcnb, xtv htitybt djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrböghjåktv, b rfr nfrjdst zdkzñncz ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ ttltzntkmyjcnb.

Ghb änjv hfpkbxyst fcgtrns åtpjgfcyjcnb hfccvfnhbdfñn-cz d bö dpfbvjcdzpb b dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb: åtpjgfcyjcnm gjyb-vftncz rfr ytxnj ytltkbvjt. Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCTgjcnjzyyj cnhtvzncz r njve, xnjås hfpkbxyst bpvthtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb (djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrjt, ärjyjvbxtcrjt b xtkjdt-xtcrjt) rfr vjéyj kexit ljgjkyzkb lheu lheuf.

Dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl r åtpjgfcyjcnb d hfvrfö JÅCTghjzdkztncz b d njv, xnj änf Jhufybpfwbz ghtlghbybvftn frnbdyst vths yf dctö cnflbzö hfpdbnbz rjyakbrnf – jn hfy-ytuj ghtleghtéltybz b ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjd lj böhtuekbhjdfybz b gjcnrjyakbrnyjuj djccnfyjdktybz.

Jgjhf yf cjnhelybxtcndj

Ghbceofz JÅCT nhfrnjdrf åtpjgfcyjcnb rfr dctjåütvkñ-otuj gjyznbz ntcyj cdzpfyf c tt gjlöjljv r htitybñ ghj-åktv, d jcyjdt rjnjhjuj ktébn cjnhelybxtcndj. Bcöjlz bpnjuj, xnj åtpjgfcyjcnm ytltkbvf, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb hfc-cvfnhbdfñn gjllthéfybt tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb rfr jndt-xfñott bö jåobv bynthtcfv b cxbnfñn gjänjve ytjåöjlb-vsv gjchtlcndjv cjnhelybxtcndf ghtljndhfofnm djpybryjdt-ybt yjdsö rhbpbcjd, f nfrét evtymifnm jgfcyjcnm jåjcnht-

1X N J G H T L C N F D K Z T N C J Å J Q J Å C T ?

ybz eét ceotcndeñobö. Ghb änjv bvttncz d dble, xnj cj-nhelybxtcndj cgjcjåyj ghbytcnb dsujle dctv ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv, njulf rfr gjlhsd åtpjgfcyjcnb öjnz ås jlyjujujcelfhcndf bkb hfqjyf vjétn jnhbwfntkmyj crfpfnmcz yf böjåotv åkfujgjkexbb. Rkñx r ecgtöe d njv, xnjås hfåjnfnmcjjåof, ljåbdfzcm åtpjgfcyjcnb dvtcnt c lheubvb, f yt deothå bv.

≤Vs bcgjkytys htibvjcnb bpdktxm ehjrb bp nhfubxtcrbö cjåsnbqghjikjuj b djgkjnbnm yfit dbltybt åeleotuj, jcyjdfyyjuj yf cjnhelybxtcndt, d htfkmyjcnm gentv cjplfybz tlbyjuj ghjcnhfycndf åtpjgfcyjcnb, cdjåjlyjuj jn hfpltkbntkmysö kbybq, ult dct ujcelfh-cndf zdkzñncz hfdyjghfdysvb gfhnythfvb. Vs cnfkrbdftvcz c cthmtp-ysvb dspjdfvb, yj d ghjnbdjltqcndbb bv vs tlbys≥. Kbccfåjycrfzltrkfhfwbz j vjltkb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz Tdhjgs ÖÖÈ dtrf (ltrfåhm 1996 ujlf).

Änjn yfcnhjq jcjåtyyj yfukzlyj ghjzdkztncz d jåzpfntkm-cndfö, ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT gj djghjcfv djtyyj-gjkbnb-xtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, – bpkjétyysö, yfghbvth, d Jcyjdysöyfghfdktybzö Ljrevtynf-Öfhnbb tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb,Rjltrct gjdtltybz, rfcfñotvcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtr-njd åtpjgfcyjcnb, f nfrét ljrevtynfö j vthfö erhtgktybzljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (d xfcnyjcnb, Dtycrjv ljrevtynt), –gjlndthélfñobö, xnj jnyjitybz dpfbvyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb ljkéys cnhjbnmcz yf cjnhelybxtcndt b xnj yb jlyj ujcelfh-cndj yt ljkéyj erhtgkznm cdjñ åtpjgfcyjcnm pf cxtn åtpj-gfcyjcnb lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd.

Åtpjgfcyjcnm yf jcyjdt cjnhelybxtcndf ghtlgjkfuftn jncencndbt ututvjybpvf d gjdtltybb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd;jyf nhtåetn gjlkbyyjuj gfhnythcndf, jcyjdfyyjuj yf jnxtn-yjcnb lheu gthtl lheujv, nhfycgfhtynyjcnb b ljdthbb rfrdyenhb ujcelfhcndf, nfr b yf dytiytgjkbnbxtcrjv ehjdyt.

1Ghbywbg åtpjgfcyjcnb yf jcyjdt cjnhelybxtcndf yföjlbn

cdjt jnhfétybt d njv, xnj dct exfcndeñobt d ltzntkmyjcnbJÅCT ujcelfhcndf gjkmpeñncz hfdysvb ghfdfvb b xnj htit-ybz d Jhufybpfwbb ghbybvfñncz yf jcyjdt rjyctycecf.

Eybrfkmysq cnfnec

JÅCT pfybvftn eybrfkmyjt gjkjétybt. C jlyjq cnjhjys,e ytt ytn ajhvfkmyjuj vtéleyfhjlyj-ghfdjdjuj cnfnecf, fdct tt htitybz zdkzñncz gjkbnbxtcrb jåzpsdfñobvb, yj ytbvtñn jåzpfntkmyjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbks. Dvtcnt c ntv, e ytttcnm åjkmibycndj fnhbåenjd, jåsxyj ghbceobö vtéleyfhjl-ysv jhufybpfwbzv: gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñobt herjdjlzobt jhufys, gjcnjzyyst infå-rdfhnbhf b bycnbnens, gjcnjzyysqgthcjyfk, htuekzhyjt abyfycbhjdfybt b jnltktybz yf vtcnfö.Åjkmibycndj ghbybvftvsö d ytq ljrevtynjd, htitybq b jåz-pfntkmcnd jåktxtys d ñhblbxtcreñ ajhve, f bö njkrjdfybtnhtåetn pyfrjvcndf c vtéleyfhjlyj-ghfdjdsvb ghbywbgfvb byjhvfnbdyjq vtnjljkjubtq ghfdf vtéleyfhjlysö ljujdjhjd.Lfét nj, xnj gjkjétybz, ghbyznst d hfvrfö JÅCT, yt bvt-ñn jåzpfntkmyjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbks, yt cybéftn bö äaatr-nbdyjcnb. Gjlgbcfyyst yf dscitv gjkbnbxtcrjv ehjdyt, jybgj ghfde vjuen cxbnfnmcz yt vtytt dtcjvsvb, xtv gjkjét-ybz kñåsö vtéleyfhjlyj-ghfdjdsö frnjd.

Rhjvt njuj, bp dctö tdhjgtqcrbö bycnbnenjd b jhufybpfwbqd jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb njkmrj JÅCT hfccvfnhbdftncz d rf-xtcndt htubjyfkmyjuj cjukfitybz d njv cvsckt, d rjnjhjvjå änjv ujdjhbncz d ukfdt ªÈÈÈ Ecnfdf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlb-ytyysö Yfwbq; cjjndtncndtyyj, jyf zdkztncz ukfdysv bycnhe-vtynjv hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz, ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbr-njd, htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd b gjcnrjyakbrnyjuj djccnfyjd-ktybz d cdjtv htubjyt.

4

J Å C TJ Å O B T C D T L T Y B Z

Xfcnm È

7

9

2BCNJHBZ

Ötkmcbyrcrbq ghjwtcc

Bltz cjpsdf jåottdhjgtqcrjuj cjdtofybz gj åtpjgfcyjc-nb åskf dsldbyenf Cjdtncrbv Cjñpjv tot d 50-t ujls.Gthdjt rjyrhtnyjt ghtlkjétybt yf änjn cxtn jnyjcbncz

r 1954 ujle, rjulf CCCH ghtlkjébk hfphfåjnfnm ljujdjhchjrjv yf 50 ktn, rjnjhsq åsk ås gjlgbcfy dctvb tdhjgtq-crbvb ujcelfhcndfvb b jgbhfkcz ås yf gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñ-oeñ jhufybpfwbjyyeñ cnhernehe. Gjcrjkmre änj ghtlkjét-ybt ghtlgjkfufkj ghbpyfybt Uthvfycrjq LtvjrhfnbxtcrjqHtcgeåkbrb, pfrhsdfkj Atlthfnbdyjq Htcgeåkbrt Uthvfybbgenm d Jhufybpfwbñ Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf (YFNJ)b gjlhfpevtdfkj jnhsd åtpjgfcyjcnb Tdhjgs jn åtpjgfcyjcnbFvthbrb, pfgflyst lthéfds cjxkb tuj ytghbtvktvsv. Bltzåskf gjkjétyf gjl ceryj, f xthtp ytcrjkmrj ktn j ytq pfås-kb bp-pf nfrbö cjåsnbq, rfr dnjhétybt d Dtyuhbñ, htghtccbd-yst frwbb d Gjkmit b djpdtltybt Åthkbycrjq cntys.

D cthtlbyt 1960 ujljd Cjdtncrbq Cjñp, djcgjkmpjdfdibcmhfphzlrjq yfghzétyyjcnb b exfcnbdibvbcz rjynfrnfvb vté-le Djcnjrjv b Pfgfljv b dscnegfz jn bvtyb vyjujcnjhjyytqJhufybpfwbb Dfhifdcrjuj ljujdjhf (JDL), ghtlkjébk ghj-dtcnb cjdtofybt gj djghjcfv tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, yfrjnjhjv åsk ås njhétcndtyyj ghbyzn ljrevtyn (étkfntkm-yj ghfdjdjuj öfhfrnthf), pfrhtgkzñobq ceotcndeñobt uhf-ybws d Tdhjgt b pfrkflsdfñobq jcyjde lkz ibhjrjuj ärj-yjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle Djcnjrjv b Pfgfljv.

Öjnz åjkmibycndj ytqnhfkmysö b ytghbcjtlbybdiböcz tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy ghbdtncndjdfkb äne bltñ, YFNJ jnytckfcmr ytq yfcnjhjétyyj. D 1969 ujle fkmzyc dshfpbk ujnjdyjcnmghbyznm exfcnbt d nfrjv cjdtofybb yf jghtltktyysö eckjdb-

Ötkmcbyrcrbq ghjwtcc

♦

Jn CÅCT r JÅCT

♦

JÅCT ctujlyz

B C N J H B Z

zö. Jyb drkñxfkb gjkyjghfdyjt exfcnbt Cjtlbytyysö Inf-njd b Rfyfls, gjlndthéltybt ghfdjdjuj cnfnecf Åthkbyf, jåceéltybt ghjåktv ytzlthyjuj hfpjheétybz d Tdhjgt bdrkñxtybt d gjdtcnre lyz cjdtofybz djghjcjd ghfd xtkjdt-rf. D yfxfkt 1970 ujljd bvtdibtcz ghtgzncndbz åskb ghtjlj-ktys: Cjdtncrbq Cjñp cjukfcbkcz yf exfcnbt d cjdtofybbCIF b Rfyfls, åskj gjlgbcfyj xtnshtöcnjhjyytt cjukfit-ybt, pfrhtgkzñott cnfnec Åthkbyf, Pfgflyfz Uthvfybz pfrkñxbkf ljujdjhs c Cjdtncrbv Cjñpjv, Gjkmitq b ULH,åskf ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm jnyjcbntkmyj yfxfkf gthtuj-djhjd j dpfbvyjv b cåfkfycbhjdfyyjv cjrhfotybb djjheéty-ysö cbk; cjplfybñ åkfujghbznyjq jåcnfyjdrb cgjcjåcndjdfkbnfrét ≤djcnjxyfz gjkbnbrf≥ Dbkkb Åhfylnf, yfxfdibtcz gt-htujdjhs jå juhfybxtybb cnhfntubxtcrbö djjheétybq (JCD-1)b dcnhtxf yf dscitv ehjdyt vtéle Ybrcjyjv b Åhtéytdsvd vft 1972 ujlf. Vjvtyn lkz cjpsdf Cjdtofybz gj åtpjgfc-yjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt (CÅCT) yfcnfk. Abykzylbzbpüzdbkf ujnjdyjcnm ghjdtcnb e ctåz ytjabwbfkmyst gjluj-njdbntkmyst gthtujdjhs.

Änb gthtujdjhs yfxfkbcm 22 yjzåhz 1972 ujlf d ghbujhj-lt Ötkmcbyrb, ult b ghjljkéfkbcm lj 8 bñyz 1973 ujlf (yfpdfybt ghtlvtcnmz – Lbgjkb, ult ghjöjlbkb pfctlfybz, ytjabwbfkmyj pfrhtgbkjcm b pf cfvbvb gthtujdjhfvb). Jybpfdthibkbcm ghbyznbtv Pfrkñxbntkmysö htrjvtylfwbq Rjy-cekmnfwbq d Ötkmcbyrb (bpdtcnysö nfrét rfr ≤Ujkeåfz ryb-uf≥), d rjnjhsö åskb ltnfkmyj jghtltktys ghfrnbxtcrbt fcgtrns ghjdjlbvjuj d nhb änfgf Cjdtofybz: tuj gjdtcnrflyz, cjcnfd exfcnybrjd, chjrb b vtcnj ghjdtltybz, ghfdbkfghjwtlehs b gjhzljr abyfycbhjdfybz.

CÅCT jabwbfkmyj jnrhskjcm d Ötkmcbyrb 3 bñkz 1973 ujlf. Yf gthdjv änfgt Cjdtofybz, ghjljkéfditvcz lj9 bñkz, vbybcnhs byjcnhfyysö ltk 35 ujcelfhcnd, d xbckjrjnjhsö döjlbkb dct cnhfys Tdhjgs (pf bcrkñxtybtv Fkåf-

ybb), f nfrét CIF b Rfyflf, endthlbkb ≤Ujkeåeñ rybue≥ bbpkjébkb gjpbwbb cdjbö ghfdbntkmcnd gj djghjcfv åtpjgfc-yjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgt b jnyjcbntkmyj lfkmytqitqhfåjns Cjdtofybz. Nfr åskj gjkjétyj yfxfkj ≤Ötkmcbyr-crjve ghjwtcce≥.

Tuj dnjhjq änfg ghjöjlbk d Étytdt c 18 ctynzåhz 1973 uj-lf gj 21 bñkz 1975 ujlf b åsk gjcdzoty hfåjnt yfl ceotcn-djv hfccvfnhbdftvsö djghjcjd. Ärcgthns bp 35 ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd dgthdst d bcnjhbb dcnegbkb d vyjujcnjhjy-ybt gthtujdjhs ≤Djcnjr-Pfgfl≥, edtyxfdibtcz dshfåjnrjqPfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf CÅCT. Jy åsk gjlgbcfy 35 ukfdf-vb ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd d öjlt nhtnmtuj änfgf Cjdtof-ybz, rjnjhsq cjcnjzkcz d Ötkmcbyrb 30 bñkz – 1 fduecnf1975 ujlf.

2

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1110

Cdjñ gjlgbcm gjl ötkmcbyrcrbv Pfrkñxbntkmysv frnjv cnfdbn Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm WR Rjvveybcnbxtcrjqgfhnbb Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf K.B. Åhtéytd

D Pfrkñxbntkmyjv frnt ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb pfabrcb-hjdfkb cdjt cjukfcbt ghjljkéfnm yfxfnsq Cjdtofybtv vyj-ujcnjhjyybq ghjwtcc gentv gthbjlbxtcrjuj ghjdtltybz eukeå-ktyyjuj jåvtyf vytybzvb j dsgjkytybb gjkjétybq Pfrkñ-xbntkmyjuj frnf b pflfx, jghtltktyysö Cjdtofybtv, f nfrétj hfpdbnbb bö dpfbvjjnyjitybq, eghjxtybb åtpjgfcyjcnb bhfcibhtybb cjnhelybxtcndf. C änjq wtkmñ åsk jhufybpjdfyhzl ≤dcnhtx d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd≥, rjnjhst cjcnjz-kbcm d Åtkuhflt (4 jrnzåhz 1977 – 8 vfhnf 1978 ujlf), Vfl-hblt (11 yjzåhz 1980 – 9 ctynzåhz 1983 ujlf) b Dtyt (4 yj-zåhz 1986 – 19 zydfhz 1989 ujlf). D gthbjls vtéle ybvbghjdjlbkbcm nfrét ghjvtéenjxyst dcnhtxb, ghbpdfyyst gjl-lthéfnm yfåhfyysq ntvg. Yfhzle c änbv c 17 zydfhz 1984 gj19 ctynzåhz 1986 ujlf d Cnjrujkmvt ghjöjlbkf Rjyathtywbzgj vthfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb b hfpjheétybñd Tdhjgt, jnrhsdifz yjdeñ ukfde d nfrjv dféyjv ltkt, rfrjåtcgtxtybt djtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb.

Eybrfkmyjcnm b yjdfnjhcrbq öfhfrnth CÅCT ghjzdkzkbcmd ytcrjkmrbö jnyjitybzö. Dj-gthdsö, d ägjöe, öfhfrnthbpj-dfdieñcz vtéåkjrjdsv ghjnbdjcnjzybtv, CÅCT bvtkj ib-hjrbq cjcnfd, ghbxtv dct döjlbdibt d ytuj ujcelfhcndf exf-cndjdfkb d Cjdtofybb rfr ≤cedthtyyst b ytpfdbcbvst ujce-lfhcndf b d eckjdbzö gjkyjuj hfdtycndf≥. Dj-dnjhsö, d njdhtvz, rjulf lkz åjkmibycndf gthtujdjhjd b jhufybpfwbq gjdjghjcfv åtpjgfcyjcnb åsk öfhfrnthty ahfuvtynfhyj-dsåj-hjxysq gjlöjl r tt jåtcgtxtybñ, gjlöjl CÅCT åsk dct-jåütvkñobv. Rfr cnfkj zcyj dgjcktlcndbb, dpfbvjedzprfhfpkbxysö äktvtynjd åtpjgfcyjcnb zdkztncz jlybv bp dtkb-xfqibö ljcnbétybq CÅCT. D-nhtnmbö, htitybz yf Cjdtofybbghbybvfkbcm rjyctycecjv, d cbke xtuj cfv ghjwtcc bö ghbyz-nbz pfxfcneñ ghbjåhtnfk yt vtytt dféyjt pyfxtybt, xtv ht-itybz rfr nfrjdst. D-xtndthnsö, htitybz CÅCT åskb gjkb-nbxtcrb, f yt ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmysvb, xnj yfltkzkj

2Ö t k m c b y r c r b q P f r k ñ x b n t k m y s q f r n

Ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn drkñxfk nhb jcyjdyst uheggs htrjvtylfwbq, rjnjhst ghbyznj yfpsdfnm ≤rjhpbyfvb≥.

Gthdfz uheggf htrjvtylfwbq (rjhpbyf È) rfcfkfcm djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb; d ytt döjlbkb ghbywbgs, rjnjhsvb ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ljkéys herj-djlcndjdfnmcz d cdjbö ldecnjhjyybö b vyjujcnjhjyybö jnyjitybzö (nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤ltrfkju≥, cv. ybét), b vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz d djtyyjq jåkfcnb.

Dnjhfz uheggf (rjhpbyf ÈÈ) åskf gjcdzotyf cjnhelybxtcnde d wtkjv hzlt jåkfcntq, drkñ-xfz ärjyjvbre, yfere, ntöybre b jrheéfñoeñ chtle.

Nhtnmz uheggf (rjhpbyf ÈÈÈ) jnyjcbkfcm r ≤cjnhelybxtcnde d uevfybnfhysö b lheubö jåkfc-nzö≥; änf ajhvekbhjdrf jödfnsdfkf djghjcs ghfd xtkjdtrf d hfvrfö nfrbö gjlhfplt-kjd, rfr ≤rjynfrns vtéle kñlmvb≥, ≤byajhvfwbz≥, ≤cjnhelybxtcndj d jåkfcnb rekmne-hs≥ b ≤cjnhelybxtcndj d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz≥. Jyf cjlthéfkf nfrét hzl rjyrhtnysö htrjvtylfwbq gj ghjåktvfv Chtlbptvyjvjhmz.

1. Cedthtyyjt hfdtycndj, edfétybt ghfd, ghbceobö cedthtybntne

2. Ytghbvtytybt cbks bkb euhjps cbkjq

3. Ytheibvjcnm uhfybw

4. Nthhbnjhbfkmyfz wtkjcnyjcnm ujcelfhcnd

5. Vbhyjt ehtuekbhjdfybt cgjhjd

6. Ytdvtifntkmcndj dj dyenhtyybt ltkf

7. Edfétybt ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl, drkñxfz cdjåjle vsckb, cjdtcnb, htkbubb b eåtéltybq

8. Hfdyjghfdbt b ghfdj yfhjljd hfcgjhzéfnmcz cdjtq celmåjq

9. Cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb

10. Ljåhjcjdtcnyjt dsgjkytybt jåzpfntkmcnd gj vtéleyfhjlyjve ghfde

Ö T K M C B Y R C R B Q L T R F K J U

B C N J H B Z

1312

Cjdtofybt pyfxbntkmyjq ubårjcnmñ. Yfrjytw, e CÅCT yt ås-kj gjcnjzyysö jhufybpfwbjyyj-flvbybcnhfnbdysö cnherneh,bp-pf xtuj ecbkbz gj ghblfybñ änjve ghjwtcce bvgekmcjd, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz tuj ghjljkétybz, ghbjåhtnfkb cfvjcnjz-ntkmyeñ wtyyjcnm.

Åkfujlfhz Ötkmcbyrcrjve ghjwtcce e ujcelfhcnd-exfcnyb-rjd gjzdbkcz gjcnjzyysq rfyfk lkz dpfbvyjuj jåotybz, rj-ltrc yjhv gjdtltybz (d vtéujcelfhcndtyysö b dyenhbujce-lfhcndtyysö jnyjitybzö), f nfrét ljkujchjxyfz ghjuhfvvfcjnhelybxtcndf. Ntv cfvsv jy cgjcjåcndjdfk rfr erhtgkt-ybñ cnfåbkmyjcnb, nfr b vbhysv gthtvtyfv d Tdhjgt. D ht-pekmnfnt d ujls öjkjlyjq djqys, rjulf d vtéleyfhjlyjv jåotybb gthbjls jåjcnhtybz xfot dctuj xthtljdfkbcm c gthbjlfvb ytedthtyyjq ≤hfphzlrb yfghzétyyjcnb≥, CÅCT gjpdjkbkj ljåbnmcz htfkmysö rfxtcndtyysö bpvtytybq d jnyjitybzö vtéle Djcnjrjv b Pfgfljv. Jyj dytckj äktvty-ns vyjujcnjhjyyjcnb d åbgjkzhyeñ cbnefwbñ, bkb, njxytt ujdjhz, ≤tdhjgtbpbhjdfkj≥ tt, gjlrkñxbd ytqnhfkmyst b yt-ghbcjtlbybdibtcz cnhfys r cbcntvt tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjc-nb yfhfdyt c xktyfvb djtyysö cjñpjd. Jyj hfcibhbkj cathevtéujcelfhcndtyysö jnyjitybq, drkñxbd d ytt yjdst jåkfc-nb cjnhelybxtcndf, cfvsvb dféysvb bp rjnjhsö åskb ghfdfxtkjdtrf b jöhfyf jrheéfñotq chtls.

Ghfdf xtkjdtrf, ljkujt dhtvz åsdibt pfghtnyjq ntvjq d jnyjitybzö vtéle Djcnjrjv b Pfgfljv, ghtdhfnbkbcm cghbyznbtv Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf d pfrjyysq ghtlvtn lbfkj-uf. Bcöjlz bp njuj, xnj d vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybzö lj-kéyj ghbcencndjdfnm ≤xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt≥, ghbyjczottytgjchtlcndtyyjt åkfuj kñlzv, jåzpfntkmcndf d änjq jåkfc-nb åskb ghbpyfys ghtlcnfdkzñobvb pfrjyysq bynthtc lkzdctö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, f yt jnyjczobvbcz bcrkñxbntkm-yj r dyenhtyybv ltkfv njuj bkb byjuj ujcelfhcndf.

Åkfujlfhz CÅCT elfkjcm ljåbnmcz gjkjébntkmyjuj htit-ybz vyjétcndf uevfybnfhysö djghjcjd, rfcfdiböcz rjynfr-njd vtéle hjlcndtyybrfvb, djccjtlbytybz ctvtq, åhfrjd cbyjcnhfywfvb b n.g. Ntv cfvsv Ötkmcbyrcrbq ghjwtcc jrfpfkghzvjt dkbzybt yf ébpym yfhjljd Tdhjgs. Cjnyb uhfélfyCCCH b djcnjxyjtdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy jåütlbybkbcm d uheggs gjyfåkñltybñ pf dsgjkytybtv gjkjétybq Pfrkñxbntkmyjujfrnf b yfxfkb cghfibdfnm cj cdjbö kblthjd pf jncnegktybt jnghbyznsö jåzpfntkmcnd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv CÅCT gjvjufkj lth-éfnm ghfdf xtkjdtrf d wtynht dctjåotuj dybvfybz b edzps-dfnm c ghjuhtccjv d änjq jåkfcnb cjnhelybxtcndj gj åjkttnhflbwbjyysv djghjcfv åtpjgfcyjcnb.

R xbcke yfbåjktt dféysö bp ybö jnyjcbncz åtpjgfcyjcnmd djtyyjq jåkfcnb. CÅCT vjéyj gjcnfdbnm d pfckeue cybét-ybt djtyyjq yfghzétyyjcnb pf cxtn vth erhtgktybz ljdthbz,gjdscbdibö nhfycgfhtynyjcnm d änjq catht b gjpdjkbdiböghjdjlbnm d Tdhjgt bycgtrwbb djjheétybq b djtyyjq ltzntkm-yjcnb d gthbjl, rjulf bvtyyj ytljdthbt åskj dj vyjubö cke-xfzö bcnjxybrjv euhjps åtpjgfcyjcnb.

Dct dsitcrfpfyyjt jghtltkbkj rfnfkbpbheñoeñ hjkmCÅCT d erhtgktybb åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgtb ghtjljktybb bltjkjubxtcrjuj hfcrjkf, wfhbdituj d ytq d70-t b 80-t ujls.

Jn CÅCT r JÅCT

Rhfö rjvveybpvf, cbvdjkjv rjnjhjuj cnfkj gfltybt Åth-kbycrjq cntys, ghbdtk r hflbrfkmysv bpvtytybzv d cbnef-wbb d catht åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt, f dvtcnt c ytq b d CÅCT.Dcnegbd d yjdeñ ähe – ähe ltvjrhfnbb, vbhf b tlbycndf d Tdhjgt, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb CÅCT vjukb ntgthm hfccxbns-dfnm yf kexitt åeleott, yj bv tot jcnfdfkjcm ghtjljktnmyfcktlbt ghjikjuj. D änjn gthtöjlysq gthbjl gthtl CÅCT

2

B C N J H B Z

1514

2

ltktys rfr d jcyjdyjv flvbybcnhfnbdyst. D fghtkt 1991 uj-lf gfhkfvtyncrbvb kblthfvb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd Cjdtof-ybz åskf exhtéltyf Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz CÅCT.

Ytcvjnhz yf njhétcndtyyst ckjdf Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb jåjrjyxfybb ≤ähs rjyahjynfwbb d Tdhjgt≥, hfcgfl Ñujckfdbbb Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf ghbdtk r gjzdktybñ wtkjuj hzlf yjdsögjntywbfkmyj ltcnfåbkbpbheñobö euhjp b dspjdjd tdhjgtq-crjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Lkz njuj xnjås lfnm ljcnjqysq jndtn yfänb dspjds dhtvtyb gthtvty, ghjwtcc bycnbnewbjyfkbpfwbbåsk ecrjhty b hfcibhty. Cjplfdfkbcm yjdst vtöfybpvs, erhtgkzkcz bö jgthfnbdysq gjntywbfk.

Ytrjnjhst bp yfbåjktt dféysö gthtvty ghjbpjikb d cat-ht xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz. Yf rhegysö cjdtofybzö, cj-cnjzdiböcz c 1989 gj 1991 ujl d Dtyt, Gfhbét, Rjgtyufutytb Vjcrdt, åsk cjukfcjdfy ibhjrbq cgtrnh jåzpfntkmcnd gjxtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ d dblt rjyrhtnysö gjkjétybq,

dcnfkb yjdst pflfxb b dspjds: jy cnfk dhtvtytv bycnbnewbj-yfkbpfwbb, ecbktybz jgthfnbdyjuj gjntywbfkf, hfpdbnbz ltz-ntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö b lfkmytqitq hfphfåjnrb jåzpfntkmcnd bghbywbgjd (jcjåtyyj, rfcfñoböcz xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz).

J gthdsö ifufö d änjv yfghfdktybb djpdtcnbkf Gfhbé-crfz öfhnbz lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs, gjlgbcfyyfz 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlf ghb pfdthitybb nhtölytdyjq dcnhtxb ukfd ujcelfh-cnd b ghfdbntkmcnd ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd d Gfhbét. Cnfdifzdféyjq dtöjq d Ötkmcbyrcrjv ghjwtcct, Gfhbécrfz öfhnbzåskf gthdsv vyjujcnjhjyybv ljrevtynjv, ult gjldjlbkbcmbnjub öjkjlyjq djqys b ghjdjpukfifkjcm yfxfkj yjdjq ähs.Bcöjlz bp njuj, xnj ≤Tdhjgf, tlbyfz b cdjåjlyfz, cnhtvbnczr jåyjdktybñ≥, fdnjhs Öfhnbb cjxkb ytjåöjlbvsv ght-lecvjnhtnm d ytq bycnbnewbjyfkbpfwbñ CÅCT gentv cjplfybzvtöfybpvf lkz gjkbnbxtcrbö rjycekmnfwbq b hzlf gjcnjzyyjltqcndeñobö bycnbnenjd.

Åskj htityj, xnj gjkbnbxtcrbt rjycekmnfwbb yf ehjdytukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd åelen ghjdjlbnmcz rfélstldf ujlf, xnj yt htét jlyjuj hfpf d ujl vbybcnhs byjcnhfy-ysö ltk åelen cjåbhfnmcz yf jabwbfkmyst dcnhtxb Cjdtnf bxnj dhtvz jn dhtvtyb åelen ghjdjlbnmcz dcnhtxb dscjrjgj-cnfdktyysö xbyjdybrjd dytiytgjkbnbxtcrbö dtljvcnd d hfv-rfö Rjvbntnf cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw. Lkz jåtcgtxtybzhfåjns änbö jhufyjd åskf exhtéltyf gjcnjzyyfz flvbybcnhf-nbdyfz byahfcnhernehf. D ytt döjlbkb Ctrhtnfhbfn (djpukfd-kztvsq Lbhtrnjhjv), Wtynh gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjdb Åñhj gj cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv. Xnjås yt cjplfdfnm uhjvjp-lrjuj wtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj åñhjrhfnbxtcrjuj fggfhfnf, änb jhufys åskb erjvgktrnjdfys vfkjxbcktyysv infnjv (d rféljv bvtkcz kbim rjcnzr bp nhtö-xtnshtö cjnhelybrjd,ghbrjvfylbhjdfyysö ghfdbntkmcndfvb cnhfy) b utjuhfabxtc-rb hfcchtljnjxtys (jyb hfcgjkfufkbcm, cjjndtncndtyyj, d Ghfut, Dtyt b Dfhifdt). R njve ét bö aeyrwbb åskb jght-

B C N J H B Z

1716

Genm xthtp Åthkbycreñ cntye jnrhsn (9 yjzåhz 1989 ujlf)

rfcfñoböcz, d xfcnyjcnb, cdjåjlysö dsåjhjd, cdjåjls chtl-cnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b pfobns kbw, ghbyflktéfobö r yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv.

Ghbybvfkbcm vths b gj jåtcgtxtybñ åjktt cnhjujuj ds-gjkytybz ghbyznsö jåzpfntkmcnd. Yf gthdjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf,ghjöjlbditq 19–20 bñyz 1991 ujlf d Åthkbyt, åsk exhtéltycgtwbfkmysq vtöfybpv lkz rjycekmnfwbq d jnyjitybb xhtp-dsxfqysö cbnefwbq. Änjn nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤Åthkbycrbq vtöf-ybpv≥ åsk gjxnb chfpe ét pfltqcndjdfy d cdzpb c rhbpbcjvd Ñujckfdbb. Yf cktleñotq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf, cjcnjzditqcz dGhfut 30–31 zydfhz 1992 ujlf, åsk ghbyzn pyfxbvsq gj cdjt-ve cjlthéfybñ ≤Ghfécrbq ljrevtyn j lfkmytqitv hfpdbnbbbycnbnenjd b cnherneh CÅCT≥, ecbkbdibq aeyrwbb Rjvbntnfcnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw (RCLK), hfcibhbdibq hjkm dfh-ifdcrjuj Åñhj gj cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv b cfyrwbjybhjdfdibqjncnegktybt jn ghfdbkf rjyctycecf, n.t. djpvjéyjcnm ghbyz-nbz htitybq åtp cjukfcbz cjjndtncndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf(≤rjyctycec vbyec jlby≥) d ckexfzö zdyjuj, uheåjuj b ytbc-ghfdktyyjuj yfheitybz jåzpfntkmcnd gj CÅCT, rfcfñoböczghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl. Änj yjdjt ghfdbkj åskjbcgjkmpjdfyj d bñkt 1992 ujlf ghb ghbjcnfyjdktybb exfcnbzd CÅCT Ñujckfdbb.

Ötkmcbyrcrfz dcnhtxf d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd, ghjöj-lbdifz c 24 vfhnf gj 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf, cnfkf heåtéysv cjåsnbtv d ghjwtcct bycnbnewbjyfkbpfwbb CÅCT. Yf ytq ås-kb ghbyzns htitybz jå exhtéltybb nfrbö yjdsö bycnbnenjd,rfr Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb, Dth-öjdysq rjvbccfh gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd, Ärjyj-vbxtcrbq ajhev (cjpsdftvsq d hfvrfö dcnhtx RCLK), f nfrét ytjabwbfkmyfz abyfycjdfz rjvbccbz ärcgthnjd ghbRCLK. Ötkmcbyrcrbvb htitybzvb åskb jabwbfkmyj jght-ltktys aeyrwbb Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz (LG), eétjajhvbdibtcz yf åfpt Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb. Cjukfcyj endth-

éltyyjve vfylfne yf LG djpkfufkfcm jndtncndtyyjcnm pf≤rjjhlbyfwbñ b rjycekmnfwbb gj djghjcfv ntreotq ltzntkm-yjcnb CÅCT≥. Rhjvt njuj, åskb rjyrhtnbpbhjdfys b hfcib-htys aeyrwbb wtkjuj hzlf lheubö jhufyjd b bycnbnenjd.

Yf cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, cjcnjzditq-cz 14–15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf, åsk exhtélty gjcn Utythfkmyj-uj ctrhtnfhz. Åjktt htuekzhysq öfhfrnth ghbjåhtkb ghjdjlb-vst d Dtyt dcnhtxb ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd d hfvrfö cyfxfkf Dtycrjq uheggs RCLK, f pfntv – Gjcnjzy-yjuj rjvbntnf.

Gjnhtåyjcnm d nfrbö gjcnjzyysö cnhernehfö djphfcnfkf gjvtht edtkbxtybz xbckf b hfcibhtybz cgtrnhf dsgjkyzdibö-cz CÅCT pflfx, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö yeélfkbcm d gjdctlytd-yjv flvbybcnhfnbdyj-öjpzqcndtyyjv jåtcgtxtybb. Jctymñ1992 ujlf d Rjcjdj, Cfyléfr b Djtdjlbye åskb yfghfdktysgthdst ljkujchjxyst vbccbb JÅCT, f r rjywe 1994 ujlf yfvtcnfö hfåjnfkj eét djctvm vbccbq. D 1992 ujle CÅCT jåüz-dbkj ctåz htubjyfkmysv cjukfitybtv d njv cvsckt, rfr jåänjv ujdjhbncz d ukfdt ªÈÈÈ Ecnfdf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbyty-ysö Yfwbq.

D htpekmnfnt dctö änbö bycnbnewbjyfkmysö ghtjåhfpjdfybqCÅCT gjcntgtyyj afrnbxtcrb ghtdhfnbkjcm bp ghjwtccf d jh-ufybpfwbñ. Gjänjve cfvf kjubrf gjlcrfpsdfkf gthtbvtyj-dfnm Cjdtofybt d Jhufybpfwbñ gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelyb-xtcnde d Tdhjgt (JÅCT). Htitybt jå änjv åskj ghbyznj yfghjöjlbditq 5–6 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlf Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxt yfdscitv ehjdyt b dcnegbkj d cbke 1 zydfhz 1995 ujlf. Ntvét htitybtv herjdjlzobt jhufys Jhufybpfwbb åskb gtht-bvtyjdfys d Cjdtn vbybcnhjd (dvtcnj Cjdtnf CÅCT), Herj-djlzobq cjdtn (dvtcnj RCLK) b Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn (dvtcnjGjcnjzyyjuj rjvbntnf). Yt vtyzz yb öfhfrnthf jåzpfntkmcndd hfvrfö CÅCT, yb tuj cnfnecf bkb bycnbnenjd, änj htitybt

2

B C N J H B Z

1918

cnfkj jnhfétybtv tuj yjdjuj kbwf b lfkj njkxjr tuj lfkm-ytqitve hfpdbnbñ.

Ghjdthtyyst ltkjv bycnbnens JÅCT, tt hfåjnf yf vtcnföb frnbdyjcnm tt gjkbnbxtcrbö jhufyjd cybcrfkb tq ghbpyfybtujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd d rfxtcndt ≤jlyjuj bp ukfdysö bycnhe-vtynjd hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz, ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbr-njd b htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd≥ yf utjuhfabxtcrjv ghjcnhf-ycndt jn Dfyredthf lj Dkflbdjcnjrf. B dct ét, rfr gjrfpf-kb rhbpbcs d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt, Xtxyt b d lheubö vtcnfö,änf jhufybpfwbz vjukf ås ltkfnm tot åjkmit lkz erhtgkt-ybz åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgt. Gjänjve exfcn-ybrb Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt ghbpdfkb r hfcibhtybñ gjkyjvjxbq Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz, fnfrét Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz b Ctrhtnfhbfnf, Dthöjdyjujrjvbccfhf gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd b Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Jyb jabwb-fkmyj ghbyzkb Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnb-

xtcrbö fcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb, d rjnjhjv pfrhtgktys ghbywb-gs, jghtltkzñobt hjkm djjheétyysö cbk d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjvjåotcndt, b ghbdtncndjdfkb hfcibhtybt htébvf VLÅ, ecnf-yjdktyyjuj Dtycrbv ljrevtynjv 1994 ujlf.

≤Yjdfz Tdhjgf≥ yfxfkf 90-ö ujljd jrfpfkfcm yt nfrjq, rfrtt ghtlcnfdkzkb ctåt ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb yf dcnhtxt d Gf-hbét d 1990 ujle. Rfr jnvtxfkjcm d Ltrkfhfwbb Åelfgtin-crjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt: ≤dct åjktt ibhjrjt endth-éltybt cdjåjl cjghjdjélftncz djpybryjdtybtv yjdsö rjy-akbrnjd b djphjéltybtv cnfhsö≥. Xnjås yfqnb jndtns yfvyjujxbcktyyst euhjps b dspjds åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjöhfybnmrjynhjkm yfl åscnhj vtyzñotqcz jåcnfyjdrjq, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb yf dcnhtxt d Åelfgtint htibkb yfxfnm jåceéltybtvjltkb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz TdhjgsÖÖÈ dtrf.

JÅCT ctujlyz

Chtlb vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq djjåot b tdhjgtqcrböbycnbnenjd åtpjgfcyjcnb d xfcnyjcnb JÅCT pfybvftn ctujlyzeybrfkmyjt vtcnj. Jyj jghtltkztncz ibhjnjq tt xktycrjujcjcnfdf, tt dctjåütvkñobv gjlöjljv r åtpjgfcyjcnb, bvtñ-obvbcz e ytt bycnhevtynfvb ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjd,ukeåjrj erjhtybditqcz nhflbwbtq jnrhsnjuj lbfkjuf b ajh-vbhjdfybz rjyctycecf, jåoyjcnmñ yjhv b wtyyjcntq, ghbyz-nsö tt ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb, f nfrét yfkbxbtv jnkf-étyysö vtöfybpvjd lkz rjynfrnjd b cjnhelybxtcndf c lhe-ubvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb.

2

B C N J H B Z

2120

≤Ctvtqyjt ajnj≥ exfcnybrjd Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt, 1994 ujl

2

23

Jcyjdysvb ghbjhbntnfvb JÅCT yf ysytiytv änfgt zdkz-ñncz:

■ endthéltybt jåobö lkz ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd wtyyjcntq bjrfpfybt bv gjvjob d gjcnhjtybb gjlkbyyj ltvjrhfnbxtc-rjuj uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, jgbhfñotujcz yf dthöjdtycn-dj pfrjyf;

■ ghtljndhfotybt kjrfkmysö rjyakbrnjd, djccnfyjdktybtcnfåbkmyjcnb b ecnfyjdktybt vbhf d hfqjyfö, bcnthpfyysödjqyjq;

■ ghtjljktybt htfkmyjuj, f nfrét ceåütrnbdyj joeoftvjujltabwbnf åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghtljndhfotybt yjdsö gjkbnbxtc-rbö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö b cjwbfkmysö hfpvtétdfybq gentvajhvbhjdfybz cbcntvs åtpjgfcyjcnb yf jcyjdt cjnhelybxt-cndf.

Ibhjrj jcdtofdibtcz jgthfwbb d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt,Fkåfybb, Öjhdfnbb, Xtxyt b Rjcjdj ghbdktrkb r JÅCT dct-jåott dybvfybt b gjhjlbkb åjkmibt jéblfybz d njv, xnj rfcftncz djpvjéyjcntq Jhufybpfwbb. Ctujlyz, rjulf jåütv butjuhfabxtcrbt hfvrb tt ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö ytghthsdyjhfcibhzñncz, JÅCT jwtybdfñn eét yt njkmrj c njxrb pht-ybz tt gjkbnbxtcrjq hjkb b pyfxtybz cjukfcjdfyysö d ytqjåzpfntkmcnd, yj b d ytvtymitq cntgtyb c njxrb phtybz ghfr-nbxtcrjq äaatrnbdyjcnb tt jgthfwbq. Jcjåtyyj änj jnyjcbn-cz r cfvjq nhelyjq b vfcinfåyjq bp ybö – Vbccbb d Rjcjdj.

JÅCT ghjljkéftn jrfpsdfnm frnbdyeñ gjllthére d ltkthfpdbnbz ltvjrhfnbb, endthéltybz dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf bedfétybz ghfd xtkjdtrf d kñåjq xfcnb cdjtuj htubjyf, ult dänjv ceotcndetn gjnhtåyjcnm. Jgbhfzcm yf cdjq cnfnec htubj-yfkmyjuj cjukfitybz d hfvrfö JJY d njv cvsckt, rfr jåänjv ujdjhbncz d ukfdt ªÈÈÈ Ecnfdf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbyty-ysö Yfwbq, JÅCT yfhfobdftn cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm yf dctö cnf-lbzö hfpdbnbz rjyakbrnjd b ctqxfc bvttn eét åjktt 20 vbc-

22

JÅCT ghböjlbn d Ghbinbye (17 jrnzåhz 1998 ujlf)

cbq b lheubö frnbdyj ltqcndeñobö ghtlcnfdbntkmcnd yf vtc-nfö d cdjtv htubjyt.

≤... vs htprj edtkbxbkb rjkbxtcndj b hfpvths yfibö vbccbq yf vtc-nfö. Dshjckj xbckj yfibö jåobö bycnbnenjd, gjdscbkcz ehjdtym böltzntkmyjcnb. JÅCT hfcibhbkf vfcinfå b cjlthéfybt cdjbö ecbkbq.Dct änj cltkfkj pyfxbntkmyj åjktt dtcjvsv tt drkfl d erhtgktybtåtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf dj dctv htubjyt JÅCT≥. LtrkfhfwbzCnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxb JÅCT yf dscitv ehjdyt (19 yjzåhz 1999 ujlf)

Yf vyjubö yfghfdktybzö cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT dcnegf-tn d rjynfrn c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb b ytghfdbntkmcndty-ysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Gj änjq ghbxbyt dct åjkmitt dybvfybteltkztncz vtébycnbnewbjyfkmyjve cjnhelybxtcnde b rjjhlb-yfwbb. Cdjtq hfåjnjq d nfrbö cnhfyfö, rfr Åjcybz b

B C N J H B Z

2

Uthwtujdbyf, Fkåfybz b Öjhdfnbz, JÅCT ghjltvjycnhbhjdf-kf, xnj jyf cgjcjåyf ljgjkyznm ecbkbz lheubö tdhjgtqcrbö bvtéleyfhjlysö bycnbnenjd b jhufybpfwbq, f d ytrjnjhsöckexfzö – jåtcgtxbdfnm vtöfybpv lkz rjjhlbyfwbb nfrböecbkbq.

Pyfxbntkmyj hfcibhbdibcm c yfxfkf 1990 ujljd, JÅCT ytenhfnbkf cdjtq ubårjcnb b ndjhxtcrjuj gjlöjlf. D 1997 ujleujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb exhtlbkb gjcn Ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCTgj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b ghbyz-kb vths gj erhtgktybñ ärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz JÅCT. D 1998 ujle Jhufybpfwbz yfxfkf jceotcndktybt gjkbwtqcrj-uj vjybnjhbyuf.

D yjzåht 1999 ujlf d öjlt Cnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxb yf ds-citv ehjdyt ukfds ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy JÅCTgjlgbcfkb Öfhnbñ tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, ghbpdfyyeñ åj-ktt xtnrj jghtltkbnm hjkm JÅCT yf gjhjut uhzleotuj cnjkt-nbz. Wtkm Öfhnbb – erhtgbnm gjntywbfk Jhufybpfwbb gj ght-ljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd, bö ehtuekbhjdfybñ b yjhvfkbpf-wbb ébpyb jåotcnd, gjcnhflfdibö jn djqys b hfpheöb.

D yjzåht 2000 u. Cjñpyfz Htcgeåkbrf Ñujckfdbz cnfkf 55ujcelfhcndjv-exfcnybrjv JÅCT. Ghtpbltyn CHÑ gjlgbcfkdct jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ljrevtyns JÅCT yf djcmvjq dcnhtxtCjdtnf vbybcnhjd, rjnjhfz nfrét cjcnjzkfcm d yjzåht.

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C N H E R N E H S B B Y C N B N E N S

Jhufys lkz dtltybz gthtujdjhjd b ghbyznbz htitybq

JÅCT nhflbwbjyyj ckeébn ajhevjv lkz rjycekmnfwbq b gt-htujdjhjd vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb. E ytt bvttnczytcrjkmrj jhufyjd, d hfvrfö rjnjhsö cjukfcjdsdfñncz gjkb-nbxtcrb jåzpfntkmyst lkz ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd htitybz byjhvs.

Dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt

Yf änbö gthbjlbxtcrbö dcnhtxfö ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdb-ntkmcnd cnhfy JÅCT jghtltkzñncz ghbjhbntns b pflfñnczjhbtynbhs yf dscitv gjkbnbxtcrjv ehjdyt. Ukfds ujcelfh-cnd b ghfdbntkmcnd ghjdjlzn jwtyre cbnefwbb d htubjyt JÅCT b lfñn herjdjlzobt erfpfybz jnyjcbntkmyj aeyr-wbjybhjdfybz Jhufybpfwbb.

C 1975 gj 2000 ujl d hfvrfö CÅCT/JÅCT cjcnjzkjcmitcnm dcnhtx yf dscitv ehjdyt.

Yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt (30 bñkz – 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf) ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ghbyzkb ötkm-cbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn. Änjn ljrevtyn cjcnjzk bpnhtö jcyjdysö xfcntq, bkb ≤rjhpby≥, gjcdzotyysö:

1. Djghjcfv, jnyjczobvcz r åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt;

2. Cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb, yferb b ntöybrbb jrheéfñotq chtls;

3. Cjnhelybxtcnde d uevfybnfhysö b lheubö jåkfcnzö.

D ötkmcbyrcrjv Pfrkñxbntkmyjv frnt bpkjétys jcyjd-yst ghbywbgs, rjnjhsvb ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb herjdjlcn-deñncz dj dpfbvysö jnyjitybzö (nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤ltrf-kju≥), ghtlecvjnhtys vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz d djtyyjq

I

Jhufys lkz dtltybz gthtujdjhjd b ghbyznbz htitybq

♦

Jgthfnbdyst cnhernehs b bycnbnens

♦

Jhufys, cdzpfyyst c JÅCT

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gfhnythcnde d yjdeñ ägjöe≥. D ytv ujdjhbkjcm j gthtbvt-yjdfybb CÅCT d JÅCT c wtkmñ jnhfpbnm njn afrn, xnjCÅCT eét gthtcnfkj åsnm ghjcnj Cjdtofybtv. Yf dcnht-xt åskj gjkjétyj yfxfkj jåceéltybñ vjltkb jåotq bdctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz Tdhjgs ÖÖÈ dtrf, jab-wbfkmyj ghbyzns Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb, b ldt ltrkfhfwbb, jl-yf bp rjnjhsö åskf gjcdzotyf 50-ktnbñ jrjyxfybz Dnj-hjq vbhjdjq djqys, f dj dnjhjq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrbghbdtncndjdfkb dsdjl byjcnhfyysö djqcr bp åfknbqcrböujcelfhcnd.

Kbccfåjycrfz dcnhtxf yf dscitv ehjdyt (2–3 ltrfåhz1996 ujlf) yfhzle c jåotgjkbnbxtcrjq ltrkfhfwbtq ghbyz-kf nfrét Kbccfåjycreñ ltrkfhfwbñ j vjltkb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz Tdhjgs ÖÖÈ dtrf, d rjnj-hjq ujdjhbkjcm j dspjdfö åtpjgfcyjcnb ujcelfhcnd-exfcn-ybrjd b djpvjéysö cjdvtcnysö gjlöjlfö r yföjéltybñjndtnjd yf änb dspjds; yf ytq åskf nfrét ghbyznf Rjy-wtgnefkmyfz åfpf lkz rjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb b ht-itybt j hfpdbnbb gjdtcnrb lyz Ajhevf gj cjnhelybxtcn-de d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb; tt exfcnybrb ghbpdfkb Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn hfphfåjnfnm vfylfn lkz yfpyfxftvjujGhtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccj-djq byajhvfwbb b dscnegbkb c pfzdktybzvb gj gjdjle yfujhyjrfhfåföcrjuj rjyakbrnf.

Cnfvåekmcrfz dcnhtxf yf dscitv ehjdyt (18–19 yjzåhz1999 ujlf) pfdthibkfcm gjlgbcfybtv Öfhnbb tdhjgtqcrjqåtpjgfcyjcnb b ghbyznbtv Ltrkfhfwbb Cnfvåekmcrjqdcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt. Ltrkfhfwbz gjcdzotyf frne-fkmysv djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz JÅCT, njulf rfr Öfhnbzbvttn wtkmñ erhtgktybt Jhufybpfwbb gentv: f) endthélt-ybz Gkfnajhvs åtpjgfcyjcnb, jcyjdfyyjq yf cjnhelybxt-

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jåkfcnb; dshfétyf htibvjcnm ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd ghj-ljkébnm hfccvjnhtybt b dshfåjnre jåotghbtvktvjuj vtnj-lf vbhyjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz cgjhjd b pfkjétyf jcyjdf lkz cjnhelybxtcndf d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb, yferb b ntöybrb b jrheéfñotq chtls, f nfrét gj uevfybnfhysv djghjcfv.

Gfhbécrfz dcnhtxf yf dscitv ehjdyt (19–21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlf) b ghbyznfz yf ytq Gfhbécrfz öfhnbz lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs jpyfvtyjdfkb cjåjq jabwbfkmyjt jrjyxfybtöjkjlyjq djqys b gjkjébkb yfxfkj ghjwtcce bycnbnewbj-yfkbpfwbb CÅCT. Yf änjq dcnhtxt ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrbnfrét ghbdtncndjdfkb gjlgbcfybt ldflwfnmñ ldevz bp ybö Ljujdjhf jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt(LJDCT) b gjcnfyjdbkb exhtlbnm d Dfhifdt Åñhj gj cdj-åjlysv dsåjhfv (dgjcktlcndbb ghtjåhfpjdfyyjt d Åñhjgj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf).

Ötkmcbyrcrfz dcnhtxf yf dscitv ehjdyt (9–10 bñkz 1992 ujlf) pfdthibkfcm ghbyznbtv Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ljrevty-nf CÅCT 1992 ujlf, jpfukfdktyyjuj ≤Dspjd dhtvtyb gtht-vty≥. Yf änjq dcnhtxt ukfds ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd pf-zdbkb, xnj CÅCT ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq htubjyfkmyjt cjukf-itybt d njv cvsckt, rfr jå änjv ujdjhbncz d ukfdt ªÈÈÈEcnfdf JJY, cjplfkb bycnbnen Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gjltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd b exhtlbkb Ajhev gjcjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb, f nfrét Ärjyjvb-xtcrbq ajhev. Bvb åskj cltkfyj pfzdktybt j dsdjlt byj-cnhfyysö djqcr bp åfknbqcrbö ujcelfhcnd; rhjvt njuj, dcdzpb c rhbpbcjv d Ñujckfdbb ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb gjl-ndthlbkb cdjt htitybt j ghbjcnfyjdktybb exfcnbz d CÅCTCjñpyjq Htcgeåkbrb Ñujckfdbb.

D öjlt Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt (5–6 lt-rfåhz 1994 ujlf) åsk ghbyzn Åelfgtincrbq ljrevtynCÅCT 1994 ujlf, jpfukfdktyysq ≤Yf genb r gjlkbyyjve

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Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt 1975 ujlf. Änj ås-kb cgtwbfkmyj cjpsdftvst dcnhtxb lkz hfccvjnhtybz ujce-lfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb CÅCT dctuj rjvgktrcf ghbyznsö dhfvrfö CÅCT jåzpfntkmcnd. Dsdjls änbö cjdtofybq abrcb-hjdfkbcm d ≤bnjujdsö ljrevtynfö≥, ult nfrét ajhvekbhjdf-kbcm yjdst jåzpfntkmcndf. D gthbjl, rjulf e CÅCT yt åskjgjcnjzyysö jhufyjd b cnherneh, dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytq-ibö ifujd ghtlcnfdkzkb cjåjq ukfdysq cnthétym Ötkmcbyr-crjuj ghjwtccf. Bp-pf bö jåibhyjq gjdtcnrb lyz, f nfrét bp-pf njuj, xnj dj dhtvtyf öjkjlyjq djqys gjbcr rjyctycecfythtlrj åsk dtcmvf lkbntkmysv ghjwtccjv, dcnhtxb änb ghj-ljkéfkbcm gjljkue:

Åtkuhflcrfz dcnhtxf d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd 4 jrnzåhz 1977 u. – 9 vfhnf 1978 u.Vflhblcrfz dcnhtxf d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd 11 yjzåhz 1980 u. – 9 ctynzåhz 1983 u.Dtycrfz dcnhtxf d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd 4 yjzåhz 1986 u. – 19 zydfhz 1989 u.

Gfhbécrjq öfhnbtq lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl) åskjjghtltktyj, xnj dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd åelenghjdjlbnmcz rfélst ldf ujlf b xnj bö ghjljkébntkmyjcnm ytåeltn ghtdsifnm nhtö vtczwtd. Ldf ujlf cgecnz yf Ötkmcbyr-crjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt åskj htityj ghjdjlbnmdcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd gthtl dcnhtxfvb ukfd uj-celfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd, f d Åelfgtincrjv ljrevtynt 1994ujlf dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd gjkexbkb yjdjt yf-pdfybt – ≤rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe≥. D 1999 ujle Rjyathtywbzgj jåpjhe åskf cjpdfyf d Dtyt d ctynzåht, f pfdthibkfcm dyjzåht d Cnfvåekt.

Rhjvt njuj, ghjdjlzncz b cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst jåpjhs ds-gjkytybz gj vthfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb, f nfr-ét gj djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj, ärjyjvbxtcrjuj b ärjkjub-xtcrjuj bpvthtybq.


cndt, rjnjhfz yfghfdktyf yf hfcibhtybt cjnhelybxtcndfJÅCT c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnb-nenfvb; å) lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbz njq hjkb, rjnjheñ JÅCT buhftn d vbhjndjhxtcrbö jgthfwbzö; d) exhtéltybzuhegg jgthfnbdyjq ärcgthnyjq gjllthérb b cjnhelybxtcn-df (HTFRN), ghbpdfyysö ecrjhznm hfpdthnsdfybt ytjåöj-lbvjuj gthcjyfkf; u) gjdsitybz cgjcjåyjcnb JÅCT jce-otcndkznm ltzntkmyjcnm, cdzpfyyeñ c gjkbwtqcrbvb aeyr-wbzvb; l) cjplfybz d Ctrhtnfhbfnt Jgthfwbjyyjuj wtynhf,jåktuxfñotuj äaatrnbdyeñ gjlujnjdre b gkfybhjdfybt dwtkzö åscnhjuj hfpdthnsdfybz ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yfvtcnfö; t) exhtéltybz gjlujnjdbntkmyjuj rjvbntnf gjlherjdjlcndjv Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf JÅCT lkz cjdthitycn-djdfybz ghjwtccf rjycekmnfwbq d hfvrfö JÅCT. Rhjvt njuj, 30 ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT gjlgbcfkb nfrétCjukfitybt jå flfgnfwbb Ljujdjhf jå jåsxysö djjheéty-ysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt, dyjczott d pfrkñxtyysq d 1992 ujleLjujdjh jå JDCT gjghfdrb d cdtnt yjdjq cbnefwbb, rjnj-hfz ckjébkfcm gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys.

Rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe

(hfytt – dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd b cjdtofybz gj jåpjhe)

Rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe ghjdjlzncz gthtl dcnhtxfvb yfdscitv ehjdyt lkz gjlujnjdrb r ybv. Yf änbö rjyathtywb-zö hfccvfnhbdftncz dtcm cgtrnh ltzntkmyjcnb d hfvrfö JÅCTb jåceélfñncz ifub, rjnjhst vjuen gjnhtåjdfnmcz lkz erhtgktybz Jhufybpfwbb. Rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe bcgjkmpe-ñncz nfrét lkz jrjyxfntkmyjuj cjukfcjdfybz ljrevtynjd,htitybq b pfzdktybq, ghbybvftvsö pfntv d öjlt dcnhtx yfdscitv ehjdyt.

Bcnjhbxtcrb rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe dtlen cdjt yfxfkj jn≤dcnhtx d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd≥, ghjdjlbdiböcz gjckt

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Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn (GC)

(hfytt – Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn)

Åfpbheñobqcz d Dtyt Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn zdkztncz jhufyjvlkz htuekzhyjuj ghjdtltybz gjkbnbxtcrbö rjycekmnfwbq bghbyznbz htitybq gj dctv djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz JÅCT; jyherjdjlbn gjdctlytdysvb ltkfvb Jhufybpfwbb.

Xktys änjuj Cjdtnf – gjcnjzyyst ghtlcnfdbntkb ujce-lfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT – cjåbhfñncz tétytltkmyj d rjyat-htyw-wtynht ≤Öjaåehu≥. Gjvbvj jabwbfkmysö pfctlfybq GCghjdjlzncz hfpyjjåhfpyst ytjabwbfkmyst dcnhtxb b pfctlf-ybz rjvbntnjd, yf rjnjhsö ghtlcnfdbntkb ujcelfhcnd – exfcn-ybrjd JÅCT vjuen jåvtybdfnmcz vytybzvb gj hfpkbxysv djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz Jhufybpfwbb, b gjlybvfnm djkyeñobtbö djghjcs d cdzpb c cjåsnbzvb d htubjyt JÅCT.

D jnkbxbt jn lheubö herjdjlzobö bycnbnenjd Jhufybpf-wbb, yfxfkj ceotcndjdfybñ GC åskj gjkjétyj yt Gfhbé-crjq öfhnbtq lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl), f htitybtv, ghb-yznsv d 1993 ujle yf Hbvcrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, rj-njhfz gjcnfyjdbkf exhtlbnm ≤Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn≥ lkz ht-itybz gjdctlytdysö jgthfnbdysö pflfx JÅCT. Cjplfybt Gj-cnjzyyjuj rjvbntnf ghtlcnfdkzkj cjåjq bycnbnewbjyfkbpf-wbñ ≤Dtycrjq uheggs RCLK≥, exhtéltyyjq d 1992 ujle gjhtitybñ cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd. Yf dcnht-xt d Cnjrujkmvt vbybcnhs byjcnhfyysö ltk ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd gjhexbkb cdjbv ghtlcnfdbntkzv ≤ghjdjlbnm htue-kzhyst dcnhtxb d Dtyt d gthbjl vtéle ctccbzvb RCLK≥ lkzdtltybz rjycekmnfwbq gj dctv rfcfñobvcz CÅCT djghjcfv.Pfctlfybz Dtycrjq uheggs (38 gktyfhysö pfctlfybq pf gthb-jl c 18 zydfhz gj 25 yjzåhz 1993 ujlf) gjåelbkb ujcelfhcn-df-exfcnybrb gthtcvjnhtnm xfcnjne ghjdtltybz htuekzhysödcnhtx RCLK. D ltrfåht 1993 ujlf aeyrwbb Dtycrjq uheggsRCLK åskb gthtlfys Gjcnjzyyjve rjvbntne.

Cjdtn vbybcnhjd

(hfytt – Cjdtn CÅCT)

D ghjvtéenrfö vtéle dcnhtxfvb yf dscitv ehjdyt gjk-yjvjxbz gj herjdjlcnde Jhufybpfwbtq b ghbyznbñ htitybqghbyflktéfn Cjdtne vbybcnhjd, d cjcnfd rjnjhjuj döjlznvbybcnhs byjcnhfyysö ltk ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT. Cjdtn cjåbhftncz yt htét jlyjuj hfpf d ujl (bcrkñxfz ujlsghjdtltybz dcnhtx yf dscitv ehjdyt) lkz:

■ hfccvjnhtybz djghjcjd, rfcfñoböcz JÅCT;

■ fyfkbpf b jwtyrb vthjghbznbq JÅCT c wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybzbö ntcyjq dpfbvjcdzpb c wtynhfkmysvb gjkbnbxtcrbvb pf-lfxfvb Jhufybpfwbb;

■ ghbyznbz cjjndtncndeñobö htitybq.

Pfctlfybz Cjdtnf gjvjufñn jåtcgtxbdfnm edzpre gjdct-lytdyjuj aeyrwbjybhjdfybz Jhufybpfwbb c gjkbnbxtcrbvbhtitybzvb, ghbybvftvsvb yf dscitv ehjdyt, b ntv cfvsvpflfñn jhbtynbhs lheubv bycnbnenfv JÅCT.

Cjdtn vbybcnhjd åsk exhtélty cjukfcyj Gfhbécrjq öfh-nbb lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl) b gthdjyfxfkmyj bvtyjdfk-cz ≤Cjdtnjv vbybcnhjd byjcnhfyysö ltk≥. D Ötkmcbyrcrjvljrevtynt 1992 ujlf åskf dyjdm gjlndthéltyf hjkm Cjdtnfrfr wtynhfkmyjuj lbhtrnbdyjuj b herjdjlzotuj jhufyf CÅCTb hfcibhtys tuj gjkyjvjxbz d jåkfcnb ghtljndhfotybz rjy-akbrnjd b htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd. D Åelfgtincrjv ljre-vtynt 1994 ujlf änjn jhufy åsk gthtbvtyjdfy d ≤Cjdtn vb-ybcnhjd≥; nfv ét åskf d gjkyjq vtht gjlndthéltyf tuj jc-yjdjgjkfufñofz gjkbnbxtcrfz hjkm.


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cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw) bcgjkmpjdfk änjn vtöfybpv lkzcjpsdf xtnshtö xhtpdsxfqysö dcnhtx, gjcdzotyysö ukfdysvjåhfpjv ñujckfdcrjve rjyakbrne, f d jlyjv ckexft – gjkj-étybñ d Yfujhyjv Rfhfåföt.

Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb (ACÅ)

Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb, cjcnjz-obq bp ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT, cjåbhf-tncz yf tétytltkmyst pfctlfybz d dtycrjv rjyathtyw-wtynht≤Öjaåehu≥ lkz ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd b rjycekmnfwbq j vthfö erhtgktybz åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb dj dctq Tdhjgt. Tuj jcyjdysvb pflfxfvb zdkzñncz: f) gthtujdjhs gjrjynhjkñ yfl djjheétybzvb, hfpjheétybñ, erhtgktybñ ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb; å) htuekzhyst rjycekmnfwbb b frnbd-yjt cjnhelybxtcndj gj djghjcfv, cdzpfyysv c åtpjgfcyjcnmñ;d) lfkmytqitt evtymitybt dthjznyjcnb djpybryjdtybz rjy-akbrnjd; b u) jceotcndktybt cjukfcjdfyysö vth.

Aeyrwbzvb Ajhevf zdkzñncz nfrét jceotcndktybt vtherhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (VLÅ), ghjdtltybt tét-ujlysö cjdtofybq gj jwtyrt dsgjkytybz, ghtljcnfdktybt djp-vjéyjcntq lkz jåceéltybz b enjxytybz byajhvfwbb, ghtl-cnfdktyyjq d öjlt jåvtyf d cjjndtncndbb c cjukfcjdfyysvbVLÅ, b gjlujnjdrf ctvbyfhjd gj djtyysv ljrnhbyfv.

Exhtéltybt ACÅ cjukfcyj Ötkmcbyrcrjve ljrevtyne1992 ujlf hfcghjcnhfybkj rjvgtntywbñ JÅCT yf djghjcsrjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb b hfpjheétybz yf jcyjdt dct-jåütvkñotq ≤Ghjuhfvvs ytvtlktyysö ltqcndbq≥ (ghbkjét-ybt r ukfdt ª Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ljrevtynf 1992 ujlf, ghtlgb-csdfñott ≤d gthdjjxthtlyjv gjhzlrt eltkznm dybvfybt≥ dj-ghjcfv rjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb, hfpjheétybñ, erhtgkt-ybñ ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb, f nfrét djghjcfv eghjxtybz åt-pjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf b ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd).

Cjukfcyj Åelfgtincrjve ljrevtyne 1994 ujlf Gjcnjzy-ysq rjvbntn åsk gthtbvtyjdfy d Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn.

Herjdjlzobq cjdtn (HC)

(hfytt – Rjvbntn cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw)

Herjdjlzobq cjdtn, dcnhtxb rjnjhjuj ghjdjlzncz yf ehjd-yt lbhtrnjhjd gjkbnbxtcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd vbybcnthcnd byj-cnhfyysö ltk cjjndtncndeñobö ujcelfhcnd, åsk exhtéltylkz gjlujnjdrb pfctlfybq Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd b dsgjkytybztuj htitybq, f d gthbjls vtéle dcnhtxfvb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd– lkz rjynhjkz, eghfdktybz b rjjhlbyfwbb hfåjns JÅCT.

Rfr b Cjdtn vbybcnhjd, Herjdjlzobq cjdtn, gthdjyfxfkm-yj bvtyjdfdibqcz ≤Rjvbntnjv cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw(RCLK)≥, döjlbk d xbckj bycnbnenjd, exhtéltyysö cjukfcyjGfhbécrjq öfhnbb, b ljkéty åsk cjpsdfnmcz d Ghfut yt vtytt ldeö hfp d ujl b tot jlby hfp d ujl d rfxtcndt Ärjyj-vbxtcrjuj ajhevf.

Jlyfrj d öjlt ghjljkéfñotujcz ghjwtccf bycnbnewbjyf-kbpfwbb jcyjdyfz xfcnm hfåjns Herjdjlzotuj cjdtnf gthtikfr Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne (rjnjhsq gthbjlbxtcrb ghjdjlbn ≤hfc-ibhtyyst pfctlfybz≥ yf ehjdyt lbhtrnjhjd gjkbnbxtcrbö lt-gfhnfvtynjd); yfxbyfz c 1997 ujlf Herjdjlzobq cjdtn cjåb-hftncz njkmrj d rfxtcndt Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf.

Herjdjlzobq cjdtn yt njkmrj ghjdjlbn htuekzhyst dcnht-xb, yj b – d cbke ghzvj cajhvekbhjdfyyjuj d Gfhbécrjqöfhnbb gjkjétybz yf änjn cxtn – hfcgjkfuftn vtöfybpvjv cj-psdf pfctlfybq d xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbzö. Änj nfr yfpsdft-vsq ≤Åthkbycrbq vtöfybpv≥ (eyfcktljdfdibq cdjt yfpdfybtjn gthdjq dcnhtxb HC, rjnjhfz cjcnjzkfcm d Åthkbyt d 1991ujle b yf rjnjhjq åskj ghbyznj cjjndtncndeñott htitybt).Pf gthbjl c 1991 ujlf gj 1994 ujl HC (d nj dhtvz – Rjvbntn


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Gthdjyfxfkmyj d cjcnfd ACÅ döjlbkb Cgtwbfkmysq rjvbntnb Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn Wtynhf gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjy-akbrnjd (WGR). D 1993 ujle Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn åskeghfplyty, f ldf ujlf cgecnz Cgtwbfkmysq rjvbntn åsk gtht-bvtyjdfy d Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjc-nb. Öjnz ghbyznfz d 1992 ujle ≤Ghjuhfvvf ytvtlktyysöltqcndbq≥ åskf htfkbpjdfyf yt gjkyjcnmñ, d 1996 ujle jyfåskf ljgjkytyf jabwbfkmyj endthéltyysvb d öjlt Kbccf-åjycrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt jcyjdysvb yfghfdktybz-vb hfpdbnbz jåotq gjdtcnrb lyz Ajhevf b yjdjq Rjywtgne-fkmyjq åfpjq lkz rjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb.

Åjktt gjlhjåyj ltzntkmyjcnm ACÅ hfccvfnhbdftncz d hfp-ltkt, gjcdzotyyjv djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbv fcgtrnfv åtpjgfc-yjcnb.

Ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq

Herjdjlzobt jhufys JÅCT b tt jhufys lkz dtltybz gtht-ujdjhjd ghbybvfñn cdjb htitybz yf jcyjdt rjyctycecf. Gjlrjyctycecjv gjybvftncz jncencndbt e rfrjuj-kbåj bp ujce-lfhcnd-exfcnybrjd rfrbö ås nj yb åskj djphfétybq ghjnbdnjuj bkb byjuj htitybz. Änjn ghbywbg jnhféftn jcyjdfyysqyf cjnhelybxtcndt gjlöjl Jhufybpfwbb r jåtcgtxtybñ åtpj-gfcyjcnb, f nfrét njn afrn, xnj dct ujcelfhcndf, exfcndeñ-obt d ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT, bvtñn jlbyfrjdsq cnfnec.

Htitybz JÅCT zdkzñncz gjkbnbxtcrb jåzpfntkmysvb, yjyt bvtñn ñhblbxtcrb jåzpsdfñotq cbks lkz ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd. Änj jåeckjdktyj ntv, xnj d jcyjdt cfvjq Jhuf-ybpfwbb ktébn yt vtéleyfhjlysq ljujdjh, f gjkbnbxtcrbtjåzpfntkmcndf ujcelfhcnd.

Htitybz ghbybvfñncz yf nhtö ehjdyzö. Dcnhtxb ukfd ujce-lfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq dscieñ bycnfy-wbñ ghbyznbz htitybq b gjkbnbxtcrjuj herjdjlcndf Jhufyb-

pfwbb. D ghjvtéenrfö vtéle änbvb dcnhtxfvb gjkyjvjxbzwtynhfkmyjuj lbhtrnbdyjuj jhufyf ghbyflktéfn Cjdtne vb-ybcnhjd, rjnjhsq ghbybvftn htitybz, ytjåöjlbvst lkz jåtc-gtxtybz cjjndtncndbz ltzntkmyjcnb Jhufybpfwbb tt ukfdysvgjkbnbxtcrbv pflfxfv. Ajhevjv lkz htuekzhyjuj ghjdtlt-ybz rjycekmnfwbq b ghbyznbz htitybq, rfcfñoböcz gjdct-lytdyjq hfåjns Jhufybpfwbb, zdkztncz Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn.Äne nhtöüzhecyeñ cnhernehe ljgjkyzñn gthbjlbxtcrb cjps-dftvst cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst dcnhtxb, nfrbt, rfr dcnhtxb Ärj-yjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf bkb cjdtofybz gj jåpjhe b jwtyrt ds-gjkytybz.

Ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq rjjhlbybhetncz Ltqcndeñobvghtlctlfntktv (LG), rjnjhsq jndtxftn pf jghtltktybt gjdtc-nrb lyz b jhufybpfwbñ hfåjns jhufyjd JÅCT, pfybvfñoböczdtltybtv gthtujdjhjd b ghbyznbtv htitybq. LG jhufybpetnnfrét ytjabwbfkmyst dcnhtxb ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, jåktuxfz ntv cfvsv jåceéltybt b cjukfcjdfybthtitybq, pfzdktybq b ljrevtynjd, rjnjhst pfntv jabwbfkm-yj endthélfñncz cjjndtncndeñobv herjdjlzobv jhufyjv.

D jxtym xtnrj jujdjhtyysö ckexfzö djpvjéyj ghbyznbthtitybq, yt jgbhfñoböcz yf rjyctycec. D zydfht 1992 ujlfghfécrfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd gjcnfyjdbkf, ≤xnj d cke-xfzö zdyjuj, uheåjuj b ytbcghfdktyyjuj yfheitybz≥ jåzpf-ntkmcnd, ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT, yflktéfobt ltqcndbz vjuen ghtlghbybvfnmcz b åtp cjukfcbz cjjndtncndeñotuj uj-celfhcndf. D änjv cjcnjbn nfr yfpsdftvsq ghbywbg ≤rjycty-cec vbyec jlby≥. Dgthdst jy åsk ghbvtyty d 1992 ujle d cdz-pb c rjyakbrnjv d åsditq Ñujckfdbb, d htpekmnfnt xtujexfcnbt änjq cnhfys d JÅCT åskj ghbjcnfyjdktyj. Tot jl-ybv jncnegktybtv jn ghbywbgf rjyctycecf zdkztncz ghfdbkj≤rjyctycec vbyec ldf≥. Cjukfcyj änjve ghfdbke, ghbyznjved Cnjrujkmvt d 1992 ujle, Cjdtn vbybcnhjd vjétn ghtlgb-cfnm ldev ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv, vtéle rjnjhsvb djpybr


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kexbk jabwbfkmyjt jajhvktybt d Ötkmcbyrcrjv ljrevtynt1992 ujlf.

Ltqcndeñobt ghtlctlfntkb JÅCT (d öhjyjkjubxtcrjv gjhzlrt):

Uthvfybz ➨ bñym 1991 u. – zydfhm 1992 u.Xticrfz b Ckjdfwrfz

Atlthfnbdyfz Htcgeåkbrf ➨ zydfhm 1992 u. – ltrfåhm 1992 u.Idtwbz ➨ ltrfåhm 1992 u. – ltrfåhm 1993 u.Bnfkbz ➨ ltrfåhm 1993 u. – ltrfåhm 1994 u.

Dtyuhbz ➨ ltrfåhm 1994 u. – ltrfåhm 1995 u.Idtqwfhbz ➨ zydfhm 1996 u. – ltrfåhm 1996 u.

Lfybz ➨ zydfhm 1997 u. – ltrfåhm 1997 u.Gjkmif ➨ zydfhm 1998 u. – ltrfåhm 1998 u.

Yjhdtubz ➨ zydfhm 1999 u. – ltrfåhm 1999 u.Fdcnhbz ➨ zydfhm 2000 u. – ltrfåhm 2000 u.

Hevsybz ➨ zydfhm 2001 u. – ltrfåhm 2001 u.

Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm b Ctrhtnfhbfn

Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm ltqcndetn d rfxtcndt ghtlcnfdbnt-kz Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz (LG) b jrfpsdftn tve gjllth-ére dj dctö vthjghbznbzö, yfghfdktyysö yf ljcnbétybt wtktq JÅCT. R jåzpfyyjcnzv Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz jnyj-czncz:

■ eghfdktybt jgthfwbzvb b cnhernehfvb JÅCT, d njv xbckttt Ctrhtnfhbfnjv;

■ ntcyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt c LG d gjlujnjdrt b herjdjlcndt cj-dtofybzvb JÅCT;

■ jåtcgtxtybt dsgjkytybz htitybq JÅCT;

■ ghjgfufylf gjkbnbrb b ghfrnbrb JÅCT d vtéleyfhjlyjvvfcinfåt;


cgjh, ghbåtuyenm r ghjwtleht ghbvbhtybz, ytpfdbcbvj jn nj-uj, djphféfñn kb jyb ghjnbd nfrjuj htitybz bkb ytn. Lj cbögjh nfrjq dfhbfyn yt bcgjkmpjdfkcz yb hfpe.

Jgthfnbdyst cnhernehs b bycnbnensGj vtht cdjtuj ghtdhfotybz bp cjdtofybz d jhufybpfwbñ

JÅCT cajhvbhjdfkf hzl bycnbnenjd b cnherneh, gjpdjkzñ-obö tq djgkjofnm d ébpym gjkbnbxtcrbt htitybz, cjukfcj-dfyyst ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb.

Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm (LG)

Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm jceotcndkztn jåott herjdjl-cndj jgthfnbdyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ b rjjhlbybhetn ntreoeñ hf-åjne JÅCT. D xfcnyjcnb, jy jåtcgtxbdftn rjjhlbyfwbñ ltqcn-dbq bycnbnenjd JÅCT, dsgjkyztn aeyrwbb ghtlcnfdbntkz Jh-ufybpfwbb b jceotcndkztn jåobq rjynhjkm pf vthjghbznbzvbgj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd, htuekbhjdfybñ rhbpbcjd bgjcnrjyakbrnyjve djccnfyjdktybñ.

Cnhfyf-ghtlctlfntkm cvtyztncz tétujlyj yf jcyjdt hjnf-wbb; Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv dctulf zdkztncz vbybcnhbyjcnhfyysö ltk cjjndtncndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf.LG jgbhftncz yf gjvjom ghtlsleotuj b gjcktleñotuj ghtl-ctlfntktq, dvtcnt c rjnjhsvb jy jåhfpetn Nhjqre. D cdzpb cntvb bkb bysvb rjyrhtnysvb rjyakbrnfvb bkb rhbpbcysvbcbnefwbzvb LG vjétn nfrét cjplfdfnm cgtwbfkmyst wtktdstuheggs b yfpyfxfnm kbxysö ghtlcnfdbntktq.

Jcyjds änjuj bycnbnenf åskb pfkjétys Gfhbécrjq öfh-nbtq lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl), ecnfyjdbditq, xnj ghtlct-lfntkmcndjdfnm yf dcnhtxfö Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd ljkéty vb-ybcnh byjcnhfyysö ltk ghbybvfñotq cnhfys. Tuj cnfnec gj-

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Rfywtkzhbz Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz – jåtcgtxbdftn hf-åjne Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz rfr ukfdyjuj eghfdkzñotuj bflvbybcnhfnjhf JÅCT. Aeyrwbb rfywtkzhbb – jåott jåtcgt-xtybt, gjllthéfybt lbgkjvfnbxtcrbö rjynfrnjd, hfåjnf cghtccjq b byajhvbhjdfybt jåotcndtyyjcnb, ñhblbxtcrjt jå-ckeébdfybt, dyenhtyyzz htdbpbz, cdzpb c wtynhfkmysvb jhuf-yfvb vtéleyfhjlysö b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq,dpfbvjltqcndbt cj chtlbptvyjvjhcrbvb b lheubvb gfhnythf-vb gj cjnhelybxtcnde b jåtcgtxtybt hfåjns ctvbyfhjd;

Wtynh gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd (WGR) – pfybvf-tncz jåobv jåtcgtxtybtv ltzntkmyjcnb LG gj dsgjkytybñpflfx JÅCT d jåkfcnb hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz, ghtljndhfot-ybz rjyakbrnjd, htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd b gjcnrjyakbrnyj-uj djccnfyjdktybz, f nfrét dtltn ntreoeñ bcgjkybntkmcreñhfåjne b gjllthébdftn cdzpm d wtkzö dsgjkytybz htitybqJÅCT. Gjl herjdjlcndjv Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz WGR jrf-psdftn gjllthére LG, f nfrét jhufyfv JÅCT, jndtncndty-ysv pf dtltybt gthtujdjhjd b ghbyznbt htitybq; lkz änjuj dtuj cjcnfdt hfåjnftn Jgthfwbjyysq wtynh, pfybvfñobqcz ds-zdktybtv gjntywbfkmysö rhbpbcysö cbnefwbq d ntö bkb bysöhfqjyfö b gkfybhjdfybtv åeleobö vbccbq b jgthfwbq. WGRjåjåoftn b gthbjlbxtcrb jåyjdkztn byajhvfwbñ jåj dctövbccbzö JÅCT; jrfpsdftn gjllthére d jceotcndktybb VLÅ, dtltn dcñ ljrevtynfwbñ, rfcfñoeñcz jåvtyf djtyyjqbyajhvfwbtq, gjvjuftn d jhufybpfwbb tétujlysö cjdtofybqgj jåpjhe b jåtcgtxbdftn hfåjne cgtwbfkmyjq rjvgmñnthyjqctnb, jåktuxfñotq ghzveñ cdzpm vtéle cnjkbwfvb ujce-lfhcnd;

Ltgfhnfvtyn eghfdktybz b abyfycjd jndtxftn pf dct flvbybcnhfnbdyst aeyrwbb b cdzpfyyst c ybvb aeyrwbb jåotuj jåckeébdfybz, drkñxfz jåckeébdfybt rjyathtywbqb gthtdjlxtcrjt jåtcgtxtybt, dtltybt ljrevtynfwbb b djghj-cs ghjnjrjkf, hfåjne Ghfécrjuj jnltktybz b fhöbds JÅCT,

■ gjllthéfybt rjynfrnjd c vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb;

■ d rfxtcndt ukfdyjuj flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ljkéyjcnyjuj kbwfJÅCT – rjycekmnbhjdfybt gj djghjcfv abyfycjdsö gjcktl-cndbq dyjcbvsö ghtlkjétybq b jåtcgtxtybt ärjyjvbb d hf-åjnt gthcjyfkf b dcgjvjufntkmysö ckeéå bycnbnenjd;

■ jåtcgtxtybt njuj, xnjås ltzntkmyjcnm vbccbq b bycnbnenjdJÅCT cjjndtncndjdfkf yjhvfv b ghfdbkfv Jhufybpfwbb;

■ htuekzhyjt ghtlcnfdktybt gjkbnbxtcrbv jhufyfv JÅCT lj-rkfljd j hfåjnt Ctrhtnfhbfnf b vbccbq, f nfrét gjlujnjd-rf tétujlyjuj ljrkflf j ltzntkmyjcnb Jhufybpfwbb.

Gjcn Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz åsk exhtélty d 1992 ujleyf cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf CÅCT. Utythfkmysq ctrht-nfhm yfpyfxftncz Cjdtnjv vbybcnhjd yf chjr d nhb ujlf. Gth-dsq Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm, l-h Dbkmutkmv Öjqyr (Uthvf-ybz), ghbcnegbk r bcgjkytybñ cdjbö jåzpfyyjcntq d bñyt1993 ujlf. D bñyt 1996 ujlf tuj cvtybk gjcjk LéfyrfhkjFhfujyf (Bnfkbz). D bñyt 1999 ujlf nhtnmbv gj cxtne Utyt-hfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv JÅCT cnfk gjcjk Zy Reåbi (Ckjdfrbz).

Ctrhtnfhbfn, hfåjnjq rjnjhjuj herjdjlbn Utythfkmysqctrhtnfhm, pfybvftncz jgthfnbdysv jåtcgtxtybtv hfåjns Jhufybpfwbb b åfpbhetncz d Dtyt. Jy ltqcndetn ghb gjllth-ért jnltktybz, hfcgjkjétyyjuj d Ghfut. Vfylfn Ctrhtnfhbf-nf ghtlecvfnhbdftn jåtcgtxtybt ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yf vtc-nfö, gjllthéfybt rjynfrnjd c vtéleyfhjlysvb b ytghfdb-ntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, jåckeébdfybt rjyathtywbq bgthtdjlxtcrjt jåckeébdfybt, f nfrét flvbybcnhfnbdyj-abyfycjdjt b rflhjdjt jåtcgtxtybt. Ctrhtnfhbfn åsk gthdj-yfxfkmyj exhtélty d Ghfut d 1991 ujle, f d 1993 ujle gtht-dtlty d Dtye. D cjjndtncndbb c htitybtv Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdt-nf jn 29 bñyz 2000 ujlf d cjcnfd Ctrhtnfhbfnf döjlzn ctqxfc cktleñobt cnhernehs:


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dct åñlétnyj-abyfycjdst djghjcs, byajhvfwbjyyst cbcnt-vs, f nfrét dcñ jgthfnbdyeñ gjllthére vbccbq JÅCT yfvtcnfö;

Ltgfhnfvtyn kñlcrbö htcehcjd pfybvftncz rflhjdjq gj-kbnbrjq, erjvgktrnjdfybtv vbccbq, gjlujnjdrjq rflhjd byfhfobdfybtv rflhjdjuj gjntywbfkf, f nfrét utylthysvb dj-ghjcfvb b jceotcndktybtv ghbyznjq d öjlt Cnfvåekmcrjqdcnhtxb JÅCT yf dscitv ehjdyt ghjuhfvvs HTFRN (uheggsjgthfnbdyjq ärcgthnyjq gjllthérb b cjnhelybxtcndf);

Rjjhlbyfnjh ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb bjrheéfñotq chtls, ltqcndez d hfvrfö Ctrhtnfhbfnf JÅCTb jrfpsdfz gjllthére Ltqcndeñotve ghtlctlfntkñ, pfybvf-tncz erhtgktybtv gjntywbfkf Jhufybpfwbb gj htitybñ ärj-yjvbxtcrbö, cjwbfkmysö b ärjkjubxtcrbö ghjåktv, pfnhfub-dfñobö åtpjgfcyjcnm d htubjyt JÅCT (cv. hfpltk 10).

Ghfécrjt jnltktybt Ctrhtnfhbfnf – gjvjuftn jceotcn-dkznm ghjtrns gj byajhvbhjdfybñ jåotcndtyyjcnb b zdkzt-ncz vtcnjv öhfytybz fhöbdjd JÅCT, jnrhsnsö lkz gjctot-ybz yfexysvb hfåjnybrfvb bpdyt; jyj nfrét cjltqcndetn jh-ufybpfwbb cjdtofybq, ghjdjlbvsö d Ghfut (d xfcnyjcnb, tét-ujlysö dcnhtx Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf).

FLVBYBCNHFWBZ B ABYFYCBHJDFYBT JÅCT

Dct dbls ntreotq ltzntkmyjcnmb JÅCT b tt bycnbnens abyfycbheñncz pf cxtn dpyj-cjd ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT, dyjcbvsö cjukfcyj irfkt hfcghtltktybz (cv. Ghbkjétybt ª). Änj abyfycbhjdfybt yt drkñxftn ljåhjdjkmyst dpyjcs. D hfpkbxysö bycnbnenfö JÅCT hfåjnftn jrjkj 270 xtkjdtr, bp rjnjhsö ghbvthyj180 zdkzñncz ckeéfobvb Ctrhtnfhbfnf. Yf vtcnfö e Jhufybpfwbb bvttncz ghbvth-yj 1100 vtéleyfhjlysö b 3300 vtcnysö cjnhelybrjd. Änj d jcyjdyjv ghbrjvfy-lbhjdfyyst rflhs, pfhgkfnf rjnjhsv dsgkfxbdftncz yfghfdbdibvb bö yfwbj-yfkmysvb exhtéltybzvb.

Jcyjdyfz xfcnm åñlétnf JÅCT hfcöjletncz yf vbccbb b vthjghbznbz yf vtcnfö. Nfr,d 1999 ujle yf ybö ghbikjcm 86 ghjwtynjd jåotuj jåütvf åñlétnf, cjcnfdbditujjrjkj 154 vky. tdhj. Gj vtht hfpdbnbz jgthfnbdyjuj gjntywbfkf Jhufybpfwbb hjcb tt åñlétn – c ghbvthyj 21 vky. tdhj d 1994 ujle lj 199 vky. tdhj d 2000 ujle.D 1997 ujle åskf ddtltyf dnjhfz irfkf hfcghtltktybz dpyjcjd, ghtlyfpyfxtyyfzlkz abyfycbhjdfybz rhegysö vbccbq b ghjtrnjd JÅCT (n.t. vbccbq d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt, Öjhdfnbb b Rjcjdj). C 1 zydfhz 1999 ujlf d rfxtcndt jabwbfkmyjq dfkñnyjq tlbybws d abyfycjdjq jnxtnyjcnb JÅCT bcgjkmpetncz tdhj.

ÅÑLÉTN JÅCT D 1994 – 2000 UJLFÖ (D VKY.TDHJ)

Cnfnmb hfcöjljd 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Jåobq ajyl 8,8 9,2 9 9,6 11,2 14 16,7

ÅLBGX 1,6 2,9 2,3 3,7 4,3 5 5,9

DRYV 0,4 0,65 0,9 0,9 1 1 1,5

Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb – – – – 0,4 0,4 0,5

Vbycrfz rjyathtywbz 2,3 1,7 1,7 2 1 2,2 2,3

Vbccbb gj gjllthért cfyrwbq 3,2 3,12 0,7 – – – –

Vbccbb b ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf JÅCT yf vtcnfö 4,7 6 24,1 31,3 9,9 12 17,5

Rhegyst vbccbb b ghjtrns JÅCT – – – – 115 132 163,5

Dctuj (d vky. tdhj) 21 23,5 38,8 47,5 143 168 207,9

Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf(ÅLBGX)

D pflfxb Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfvxtkjdtrf döjlbn:

■ cjltqcndbt ghjdtltybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö dsåjhjd, d xfc-nyjcnb, gentv yfåkñltybz pf bpåbhfntkmysv ghjwtccjv;

ibq vbybcnh byjcnhfyysö ltk Yblthkfyljd Vfrc dfy lthCnek. Yf åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd d ltrfåht1995 ujlf tuj vfylfn åsk ghjlkty tot yf jlby nhtöktnybqchjr. D 1998 ujle Cjdtn vbybcnhjd d Jckj gjcnfyjdbk ljgjk-ybntkmyj ghjlkbnm gjkyjvjxbz V. dfy lth Cnekf yf 12 vtczwtd, f yf Cnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d yjzåht 1999 ujlf åskj htityj, xnj jy jcnfytncz yf cdjtv gjcne tot jlby ujl.

Gjlhjåytt j ltzntkmyjcnb DRYV hfccrfpsdftncz d hfp-ltkt 7.

Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb

Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq by-ajhvfwbb ghbpdfy jrfpsdfnm ghfdbntkmcndfv gjvjom d hfp-dbnbb cdjåjlysö, ytpfdbcbvsö b gkñhfkbcnbxysö chtlcndvfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz ceotcndjdfybzcdjåjlyjuj b jnrhsnjuj jåotcndf b gjljnxtnyjq tve cbcnt-vs ghfdktybz. D änbö wtkzö jy egjkyjvjxty yfåkñlfnm pfghjbcöjlzobv d jåkfcnb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb djdctö ujcelfhcndfö-exfcnybrfö, gjllthébdfz b gjjohzz gjk-yjt cjåkñltybt cjjndtncndeñobö ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd,ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT.

Gjcn Ghtlcnfdbntkz gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccj-djq byajhvfwbb, cjplfybt rjnjhjuj åskj ghtlecvjnhtyjKbccfåjycrjq dcnhtxtq ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd d 1996ujle, åsk jabwbfkmyj exhtélty htitybtv Gjcnjzyyjuj cj-dtnf jn 5 yjzåhz 1997 ujlf. C 1 zydfhz 1998 ujlf tuj pfyb-vftn Ahfqven Ledt (Uthvfybz), yfpyfxtyysq yf chjr d nhbujlf.

Åjktt gjlhjåyj hjkm b ltzntkmyjcnm Ghtlcnfdbntkz hfc-cvfnhbdfñncz d hfpltkt 8.

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■ ghfrnbxtcrfz gjvjom d endthéltybb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö by-cnbnenjd b ghfd xtkjdtrf, erhtgktybb uhfélfycrjuj jåot-cndf b dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf;

■ exfcnbt d hfyytv ghtleghtéltybb b ghtljndhfotybb rjy-akbrnjd, d xfcnyjcnb, gentv yfåkñltybz pf dsgjkytybtvjåzpfntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ;

■ dsgjkytybt aeyrwbq rjynfrnyjuj geyrnf JÅCT gj djghj-cfv, rfcfñobvcz hjvf b cbynb.

Bcnjhbz ÅLBGX åthtn yfxfkj d Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb lkzyjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl), cjukfcyj rjnjhjq d Dfhifdt åskjcjplfyj Åñhj gj cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv (ÅCD). D 1992 ujle Cj-dtn vbybcnhjd gjcnfyjdbk hfcibhbnm aeyrwbb ÅCD b ghtjå-hfpjdfnm tuj d Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghf-dfv xtkjdtrf. Gjlhjåytt j ltzntkmyjcnb Åñhj hfccrfpsdftn-cz d hfpltkt, gjcdzotyyjv xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ.

Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd(DRYV)

Gjcn Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtym-ibycnd JÅCT exhtlbkf d 1992 ujle (Ötkmcbyrcrbq ljre-vtyn), c ntv xnjås yf rfr vjéyj åjktt hfyytv änfgt htfub-hjdfnm yf djpybryjdtybt vtéänybxtcrjq yfghzétyyjcnb, gj-ntywbfkmyj cgjcjåyjq gththfcnb d rjyakbrn d htubjyt JÅCT.DRYV jceotcndkztn aeyrwbb ghtdtynbdyjq lbgkjvfnbb: tujwtkm cjcnjbn d dszdktybb b cjltqcndbb crjhtqitve ecnhfyt-ybñ vtéänybxtcrjq yfghzétyyjcnb, cgjcjåyjq gjcnfdbnm gjleuhjpe vbh, cnfåbkmyjcnm bkb jnyjitybz vtéle ujcelfhcndf-vb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT.

Åñhj Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf yföjlbncz d Uffut (Yblthkfy-ls). D ltrfåht 1992 ujlf gthdsv DRYV åsk yfpyfxty åsd-

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crjkmre Rjydtywbz, yf jcyjdfybb rjnjhjq jy åsk exhtélty,bvttn jåzpfntkmyeñ cbke kbim lkz ntö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnyb-rjd, rjnjhst ñhblbxtcrb ghbcjtlbybkbcm r ytq b rjnjhst jg-kfxbdfñn hfcöjls Celf. Dj-dnjhsö, xnj yt öfhfrnthyj lkzJÅCT d wtkjv (yj, yfghjnbd, cdjqcndtyyj dctv lheubv vté-leyfhjlysv celfv), jy ltqcndetn yf åfpt ñhblbxtcrb jåzpf-ntkmysö yjhv, bvtñobö ajhve gjkyjdtcyjuj vtéleyfhjlyj-uj ljujdjhf. Yfrjytw, Cel ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq yt gjcnjzyyjltqcndeñobq jhufy, f httcnh vbhjdsö gjchtlybrjd b fhåbn-hjd: ghbvbhbntkmyfz rjvbccbz bkb fhåbnhféysq nhbåeyfkexhtélftncz jnltkmyj lkz rféljuj ckexfz njkmrj njulf,rjulf yf hfccvjnhtybt Celf gthtlftncz njn bkb byjq cgjh.

Ghbvbhbntkmyfz rjvbccbz hfccvfnhbdftn cgjhs, dsytcty-yst yf tt hfccvjnhtybt gj jåotve cjukfcbñ ldeö bkb åjkttujcelfhcnd. Gj pfdthitybb ckeifybq rjvbccbz ghtlcnfdkztncnjhjyfv ljrkfl, gjckt xtuj cnjhjys d ntxtybt 30 lytq ljkéys htibnm, ujnjds kb jyb cjukfcbnmcz c tt pfrkñxt-ybtv. Tckb pf änj dhtvz cjukfcbz ljcnbxm yt elfkjcm, ljrkflyfghfdkztncz d fhåbnhféysq nhbåeyfk, htitybt rjnjhjujbvttn jåzpfntkmyeñ cbke lkz cnjhjy d cgjht.

Xktyfvb celf zdkzñncz dblyst cgtwbfkbcns, jåkflfñobtjåibhysv jgsnjv d jåkfcnb vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq bvtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf. Cnjhjys d cgjht vjuen dsåbhfnm fh-åbnhjd b vbhjdsö gjchtlybrjd bp xbckf kbw, drkñxtyysö dcgbcjr, rjnjhsq cjcnfdkztncz b dtltncz ctrhtnfhtv Celf.

Cel åfpbhetncz d Étytdt. Tuj eckeub gjrf djcnhtåjdfysyt åskb.

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47

Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT (GF)

Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT jåütlbyztn cdsit 300gfhkfvtynfhbtd bp ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd b ghbpdfyf jåtcgt-xbdfnm åjktt ibhjrjt exfcnbt gfhkfvtynjd d ltzntkmyjcnbJÅCT, f nfrét cjltqcndjdfnm vtégfhkfvtyncrjve lbfkjue bcjnhelybxtcnde.

Bltz ljgjkybnm JÅCT gfhkfvtyncrbv rjvgjytynjv åskfdsldbyenf d Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl),d rjnjhjq cjlthéfkcz ghbpsd r ≤åjktt ibhjrjve exfcnbñgfhkfvtynjd≥ d jåottdhjgtqcrjv ghjwtcct b åskj yfcnjz-ntkmyj htrjvtyljdfyj jåcelbnm yf gfhkfvtyncrjv ehjdyt dj-ghjcs cjplfybz nfrjq vtégfhkfvtyncrjq cnhernehs JÅCT.Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz åfpbhetncz d Rjgtyufutyt.

C åjktt gjlhjåyjq byajhvfwbtq j ltzntkmyjcnb GF vjé-yj jpyfrjvbnmcz d hfpltkt 11.

Cel gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée

Änjn cel exhtélty cjukfcyj Rjydtywbb gj ghbvbhtybñ bfhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCT, gjlgbcfyyjq d ltrfåht 1992 ujlfb dcnegbditq d cbke d ltrfåht 1994 ujlf gjckt clfxb yf öhf-ytybt ldtyflwfnb hfnbabrfwbjyysö uhfvjn b ljrevtynjd jghbcjtlbytybb. Tuj pflfxtq zdkztncz ehtuekbhjdfybt – gjchtlcndjv ghbvbhtybz b, d cjjndtncndeñobö ckexfzö, fhåbnhféf – cgjhjd, dsyjcbvsö yf hfccvjnhtybt Celf ujce-lfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT, gjlgbcfdibvb Rjydtywbñ. Ltgjpbnfhbtv Rjydtywbb zdkztncz Idtwbz. (Cgbcjr ujce-lfhcnd, gjlgbcfdibö Rjydtywbñ, ghbdjlbncz d Ghbkjét-ybb ÈÈ.)

Cel gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée bvttn ytcrjkmrj eyb-rfkmysö jcjåtyyjcntq: dj-gthdsö, jy zdkztncz yt bycnbnenjvcjåcndtyyj JÅCT, f ghjcnj cdzpfyysv c ytq jhufyjv, gj-

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JÅCT, rfcfñotqcz xtkjdtxtcrjuj, ärjyjvb-

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d xfcnb È, hfccvfnhbdfñncz d xfcnb ÈÈ åjktt eu-

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5352

Vbccbb b ltzntkmyjcnm yf vtcnfö zdkzñncz ukfdysvbycnhevtynjv JÅCT lkz ljkujchjxyjuj ghtljndhfotybz rjy-akbrnjd, htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd, hfphtitybz rjyakbrnjd bgjcnrjyakbrnyjuj djccnfyjdktybz d tt htubjyt. Vbccbb ce-otcndtyyj hfpkbxfñncz vtéle cjåjq gj cjlthéfybñ cdjbövfylfnjd, f nfrét gj vfcinfåfv b öfhfrnthe ltzntkmyjcnb,xnj zdkztncz cdbltntkmcndjv ubårjcnb änjuj bycnhevtynf.Åkfujlfhz änjq ubårjcnb, f nfrét vyjujxbcktyyjcnb cdjböltqcndeñobö vbccbq JÅCT jåkflftn eybrfkmysvb djpvjé-yjcnzvb lkz ehtuekbhjdfybz rjyakbrnjd b rhbpbcysö cbnef-wbq d kñåjq xfcnb cdjtuj htubjyf. (Cv. hfpltk 5.)

Kbxyst ghtlcnfdbntkb Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz – änj dblyst ltzntkb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT, yfpyf-xftvst Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv lkz cjltqcndbz tve d ehtuekbhjdfybb rhbpbcjd b rjyakbrnjd. Jyb yfltkzñncz zcysv b xtnrbv vfylfnjv, jghtltkzñobv bö pflfxb, – xfotdctuj gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd b htuekbhjdfybñ rhb-pbcjd, yj byjulf b d lheubö jåkfcnzö: jn dsgjkytybz gjkj-étybq j rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb lj vjåbkbpfwbb abyfy-cjdsö chtlcnd. Ltqcndeñobt ghtlctlfntkb JÅCT d hfpyjtdhtvz ghbdktrfkb yf hjkm cdjbö kbxysö ghtlcnfdbntktq wtksq hzl rhegysö lbgkjvfnjd b bpdtcnysö gjkbnbxtcrbö abueh.

Cgtwbfkmyst wtktdst uheggs, rfr b kbxyst ghtlcnfdbnt-kb, bcgjkmpeñncz yf hfpjdjq jcyjdt lkz jrfpfybz Ltqcndeñ-otve ghtlctlfntkñ gjvjob d htitybb rjyrhtnysö pflfx, rfcfñoböcz, d xfcnyjcnb, ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjd, htue-kbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd b hfphtitybz cgjhjd. Jyb cjcnjzn bp ghtlcnfdbntktq juhfybxtyyjuj xbckf ujcelfhcnd-exfcnyb-rjd, drkñxfz Nhjqre. Hfpvths wtktdjq uheggs jghtltkzñn-cz c extnjv ytjåöjlbvjcnb jåtcgtxtybz åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnb bäaatrnbdyjcnb. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d geyrnfö 16–21 ukf-ds È Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ljrevtynf 1992 ujlf.)

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Yf ckexfq rjyakbrnf bkb cbnefwbb, gjntywbfkmyj cgjcjå-yjq gththfcnb d rjyakbrn, JÅCT hfcgjkfuftn ibhjrbvyfåjhjv bycnhevtynjd, c gjvjomñ rjnjhsö jyf vjétn

gjgsnfnmcz htibnm djpybrieñ ghjåktve. D änjn ≤bycnhevty-nfhbq≥ döjlzn:

■ Vbccbb gj ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd b vbccbb ljrkflxbrjd

■ Vbccbb b lheubt ajhvs ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö

■ Kbxyst ghtlcnfdbntkb Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz

■ Cgtwbfkmyst wtktdst uheggs

■ Vtöfybpvs vbhyjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz cgjhjd

■ Vbhjndjhxtcrbt jgthfwbb

Vbccbb gj ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd b vbccbb ljrkflxbrjd –änj rjhjnrbt gjtplrb ärcgthnjd b dblysö ltzntktq ujce-lfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT c wtkmñ dszdktybz afrnjd, ghtl-cnfdktybz ljrkfljd j cjåhfyyjq byajhvfwbb, f nfrét, d yt-rjnjhsö ckexfzö, lkz dshfåjnrb htrjvtylfwbq herjdjlzobvjhufyfv JÅCT. Vbccbb gj ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd b vbccbb ljrkflxbrjd bcgjkmpeñncz lkz jghtltktybz njuj, yfcrjkmrjytlfdyj ghbyznst ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb cghfdkzñncz c dsgjkytybtv jåzpfntkmcnd d hfvrfö JÅCT, lkz hfccktljdf-ybz cbuyfkjd j ytdsgjkytybb änbö jåzpfntkmcnd, jwtyrb gjkjétybz d ujcelfhcndfö, étkfñobö dcnegbnm d JÅCT, bbpextybz cbnefwbb d hfqjyfö rjyakbrnjd. R eckeufv vbccbqgj ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd b vbccbq ljrkflxbrjd ghbåtufñnnfrét lkz dshfåjnrb htrjvtylfwbq jnyjcbntkmyj hfpdthns-dfybz vbccbq b lheubö dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö. (Gjl-hjåytt jå änjv cv. d geyrnfö 12–16 ukfds ÈÈÈ Ötkmcbyrcrjujljrevtynf.)

B Y C N H E V T Y N S

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JÅCT cjplfkf nfrét ytcrjkmrj vtöfybpvjd vbhyjuj eht-uekbhjdfybz cgjhjd. Änj ghjwtlehs, jåktuxfñobt jgthfnbd-yst ghzvst rjynfrns vtéle rjyakbrneñobvb cnjhjyfvb bgjvjufñobt vjåbkbpjdfnm JÅCT yf cjukfcjdfyyst ltqcndbz.Ghtbveotcndj änbö vtöfybpvjd pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj jybyt nhtåeñn ljcnbétybz rjyctycecf b gjänjve vjuen ghbdj-lbnmcz d ltqcndbt lfét juhfybxtyysv xbckjv ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, xnj cjplftn djpvjéyjcnm åscnhjuj htfubhjdfybz.(Cv. hfpltk 6.)

Ötkmcbyrcrbq ljrevtyn 1992 ujlf cjlthébn gjkjétybt j ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf: d ytv ujdjhbn-cz, xnj ltzntkmyjcnm gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dféysq jgthfnbdysq äktvtyn jåobö djpvjéyjcntqJÅCT gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd b htuekbhjdfybñ rhb-pbcjd, f nfrét xnj vthjghbznbz JÅCT gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf vjuen ghtlghbybvfnmcz d ckexft djpybryjdtybz rjy-akbrnjd dyenhb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd bkb vtéle ybvb b c wtkmñ cjltqcndbz gjllthéfybñ vbhf b cnfåbkmyjcnb d gjl-lthére ghtlghbybvftvsö ecbkbq gj yföjéltybñ gjkbnbxtc-rjuj htitybz. Lj cbö gjh, jlyfrj, änf djpvjéyjcnm tot ybhfpe yt bcgjkmpjdfkfcm. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d geyrnfö17–20 ukfds ÈÈÈ Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ljrevtynf 1992 ujlf.)

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Ddjlysq jåpjh

Vbccbb b vthjghbznbz JÅCT yf vtcnfö – änj gthtlybqrhfq hfåjns Jhufybpfwbb. Jyb jåtcgtxbdfñn tt frnbd-yjt ghbcencndbt d cnhfyfö, yeélfñoböcz d gjvjob, b

ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq vtöfybpv lkz ghtndjhtybz gjkbnbxtcrböhtitybq d rjyrhtnyst ltqcndbz. Bö hfåjnf jödfnsdftn dctcnflbb hfpdbnbz rjyakbrnf b drkñxftn: hfyytt ghtleghtélt-ybt, ghtdtynbdyeñ lbgkjvfnbñ, htuekbhjdfybt rjyakbrnf bgjcnrjyakbrnyjt djccnfyjdktybt.

Öjnz vfylfns vbccbq nfr bkb byfxt jnkbxfñncz lheu jnlheuf, d jåotv gkfyt jyb ghtcktleñn ldt pflfxb: cjltqcndj-dfnm gjkbnbxtcrbv ghjwtccfv, yfwtktyysv yf ghtljndhfot-ybt bkb ehtuekbhjdfybt rjyakbrnjd, b cyfåéfnm cjjåotcndjJÅCT byajhvfwbtq j hfpdbnbb cjåsnbq d cnhfyfö, ult hfpvt-otys vbccbb.

Cjlthéfybt vfylfnjd vbccbq b lheubö vthjghbznbq yfvtcnfö, cjcnfd bö exfcnybrjd b gjhzljr hfåjns cnfyjdznczdct åjktt hfpyjjåhfpysvb, xnj kbiybq hfp cdbltntkmcndetn jubårjcnb änjuj bycnhevtynf JÅCT. Jlyfrj wtynhfkmyjt vtc-nj d ltzntkmyjcnb dctö vbccbq ytbpvtyyj pfybvfñn djghjcsxtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz, ltvjrhfnbb b endthéltybz dthöj-dtycndf pfrjyf. Gj hfpvthfv vbccbb b byst cnhernehs JÅCTyf vtcnfö hfpbntkmyj jnkbxfñncz lheu jn lheuf: jyb yfcxb-nsdfñn jn nhtö (Åñhj rjjhlbyfnjhf ghjtrnjd JÅCT d Erhfb-yt) lj ghbvthyj 600 (Vbccbz JÅCT d Rjcjdj) vtéleyfhjl-ysö cjnhelybrjd, f nfrét vtcnysq gthcjyfk (xbcktyyjcnm rj-njhjuj, yfghbvth, d Rjcjdj cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 1550 xtkjdtr).

D yfcnjzott dhtvz vbccbb bkb lheubt cnhernehs yf vtc-nfö bvtñncz e JÅCT d Fkåfybb, Fhvtybb, Åtkfhecb, Åjcybbb Uthwtujdbyt, Uhepbb, Rfpföcnfyt, Rjcjdj (Cjñpyfz Htcgeå-kbrf Ñujckfdbz), Rshuspcnfyt, Kfndbb, åsditq ñujckfd-

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Rjkbxtcndj b öfhfrnth vthjghbznbq JÅCT yf vtcnfö gjcnjzyyj vtyzñncz d pfdbcbvjcnb

jn cbnefwbb d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb d htubjyt JÅCT. D yfcnjzotq ukfdt lftncz jåobq

jåpjh ltzntkmyjcnb vbccbq b lheujq hfåjns yf vtcnfö gj cjcnjzybñ yf vjvtyn gjlujnjd-

rb Cghfdjxybrf. Yfbåjktt cdtéeñ byajhvfwbñ j vbccbzö b vthjghbznbzö JÅCT yf

vtcnfö, jå bö vfylfnfö, utjuhfabb b cnherneht vjéyj gjkexbnm, gjctnbd cfqn JÅCT

d Bynthytnt gj flhtce: www.osce.org.

Vbccbb b lheubt dbls ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö ghbcencn-deñn nfrét yf Rfdrfpt, d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt, d ldeö åfknbq-crbö ujcelfhcndfö b d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb.

Gjlhjåytt j hfåjnt änbö vbccbq hfccrfpsdftncz ybét.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Rjcjdj

Vbccbz JÅCT d Rjcjdj ghbyzkf yf ctåz dtleoeñ hjkm ddjghjcfö, cdzpfyysö c bycnbnewbjyfkmysv cnhjbntkmcndjv berhtgktybtv ltvjrhfnbb, dthöjdtycndjv pfrjyf b ghfdfvbxtkjdtrf d lfyyjv htubjyt. Jyf ceotcndetn rfr jnltkmysqrjvgjytyn d jåotq cnherneht Vbccbb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlb-ytyysö Yfwbq gj ltkfv dhtvtyyjq flvbybcnhfwbb d Rjcjdj(VJJYDFR) b jndtxftn, d xfcnyjcnb, pf gjlujnjdre gjkbwtq-crbö, celtåysö hfåjnybrjd b cjnhelybrjd uhfélfycrjq flvb-ybcnhfwbb, cjltqcndbt cnfyjdktybñ uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf,gjllthére hfpdbnbz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, jhufybpf-wbñ dsåjhjd b yflpjh pf bö ghjdtltybtv, f nfrét yfåkñlt-ybt pf cbnefwbtq c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf, pfobne b endthéltybtänbö ghfd.

Vbccbz åskf exhtéltyf Gjcnjzyysv cjdtnjv JÅCT 1 bñ-kz 1999 ujlf (Htitybt Nj. 305 Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf). Ccskf-zcm yf htpjkñwbñ 1244 (1999) Cjdtnf Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY, Cjdtn gjcnfyjdbk, xnj JÅCT d hfvrfö jåotq cnhernehs VJJYDFR ≤åeltn buhfnm dtleoeñ hjkm d djghjcfö, cdzpfy-ysö c bycnbnewbjyfkmysv cnhjbntkmcndjv b erhtgktybtv lt-vjrhfnbb, f nfrét ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf≥. Cjukfcyj cdjtve vfy-lfne Vbccbz dpfbvjltqcndetn c lheubvb cjjndtncndeñobvbjhufybpfwbzvb – vtéghfdbntkmcndtyysvb b, rjulf änj wtkt-cjjåhfpyj, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb – d ghjwtcct gkfybhjdfybzb ghb dsgjkytybb djpkjétyysö yf ytt pflfx.

Vbccbz d Rjcjdj – nhtnmz gj cxtne vbccbz JÅCT d Cjñp-yjq Htcgeåkbrt Ñujckfdbb (CHÑ). D 1992 ujle njulfiytt

crjq Htcgeåkbrt Vfrtljybb, Vjkljdt, Hjccbqcrjq Atlthf-wbb, Nflébrbcnfyt, Nehrvtybcnfyt, Epåtrbcnfyt, Öjhdfnbb bÄcnjybb. D bñkt 2000 ujlf jnrhskjcm åñhj d Fpthåfqléfyt.

Vbccbb b lheubt dbls ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö jåsxyj jh-ufybpeñncz gj htitybñ Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf c cjukfcbz ghb-ybvfñotq cnhfys. Rfr ghfdbkj, jyb gthdjyfxfkmyj hfpdthns-dfñncz yf chjr jn itcnb vtczwtd lj jlyjuj ujlf, rjnjhsqghb ytjåöjlbvjcnb ghjlktdftncz. Cjnhelybrb d cjcnfd vbc-cbq xfot dctuj dsltkzñncz ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb bpxbckf uhfélfycrbö bkb djtyysö cgtwbfkbcnjd b hfåjnfñn yfjcyjdt ghbrjvfylbhjdfybz. Vbccbñ djpukfdkztn herjdjlb-ntkm vbccbb, zdkzñobqcz uhfélfybyjv jlyjuj bp ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT b yfpyfxtyysq Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfnt-ktv. Ltzntkmyjcnm vbccbq rehbheñn b jåtcgtxbdfñn Wtynhgj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd, Ltgfhnfvtyn eghfdktybz babyfycjd Ctrhtnfhbfnf, f nfrét fggfhfn Ltqcndeñotuj ghtl-ctlfntkz.

Bltz vbccbq pfhjlbkfcm d yfxfkt 90-ö ujljd. Jyf åskfgjlcrfpfyf ytjåöjlbvjcnmñ ekfébdfybz dyenhbujcelfh-cndtyysö rjyakbrnjd d gjcnrjvveybcnbxtcrbq gthtöjlysqgthbjl.

Hfqjyjv yfbåjktt byntycbdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yf vtc-nfö zdkztncz Ñuj-Djcnjxyfz Tdhjgf. Bvtyyj pltcm hfåjnfñnxtnsht cfvst rhegyst vbccbb JÅCT: Vbccbz JÅCT d Rjcj-dj, Vbccbz JÅCT d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt, Vbccbz JÅCT dÖjhdfnbb b Ghbcencndbt JÅCT d Fkåfybb. Rhjvt ybö bvttn-cz nfrét Rjynhjkmyfz vbccbz d Crjgmt gj ghtljndhfotybñhfcghjcnhfytybz rjyakbrnf. Cñlf ét, yf Åfkrfys, åskb yf-ghfdktys gthdst vbccbb d bcnjhbb JÅCT – d Rjcjdj, Cfy-léfr b Djtdjlbye d ctynzåht 1992 ujlf b d Crjgmt (åsdifzñujckfdcrfz Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz) jctymñ njuj ét ujlf.

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ltym cnherneh JÅCT yf vtcnfö. Djpukfdkztn tt gjcjk LfyÄdthnc (Yblthkfyls), yfpyfxtyysq nfrét pfvtcnbntktv cgt-wbfkmyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz JJY gj dj-ghjcfv bycnbnewbjyfkmyjuj cnhjbntkmcndf. Gjdctlytdyst pf-lfxb Vbccbb drkñxfñn:

■ hfpdbnbt gjntywbfkf kñlcrbö htcehcjd, drkñxfz gjluj-njdre rflhjd lkz yjdjq gjkbwtqcrjq ckeéås d Rjcjdj yfåfpt herjdjlbvjuj tñ Rjcjdcrjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj exbkbof;

■ gjlujnjdre – dj dpfbvjltqcndbb, d xfcnyjcnb, c CjdtnjvTdhjgs – hfåjnybrjd celtåysö jhufyjd, f nfrét cjnhel-ybrjd uhfélfycrjq flvbybcnhfwbb hfpkbxysö ehjdytq;

■ djghjcs ltvjrhfnbpfwbb b vtnjlbrb eghfdktybz, drkñxfzhfpdbnbt uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq b gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq;

■ jhufybpfwbñ dsåjhjd b yflpjh pf bö ghjdtltybtv, drkñ-xfz htubcnhfwbñ bpåbhfntktq, ghtljcnfdktybt eckeu gjkb-nbxtcrbv gfhnbzv, extåyj-ghjcdtnbntkmcrbt vthjghbznbzb hfåjne, cdzpfyyeñ c ghjdtltybtv dsåjhjd;

■ djghjcs, rfcfñobtcz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb,drkñxfz gjllthére ytpfdbcbvsö CVB, cjjndtncndeñobtpfrjys, gjcnfyjdktybz b yjhvs, yflpjh pf ltzntkmyjcnmñCVB b hfåjne Rjcjdcrjuj hflbj b ntktdbltybz;

■ vjybnjhbyu, pfobne b hfpdbnbt ghfd xtkjdtrf, drkñxfz,chtlb ghjxtuj, cjplfybt bycnbnenf jvåelcvtyf d cjnhelyb-xtcndt, d xfcnyjcnb, c Eghfdktybtv Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhfJJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.

Vbccbz d Rjcjdj cnfkf lkz JÅCT yjdsv änfgjv d erhtg-ktybb cjnhelybxtcndf vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq. Dgthdstltzntkmyjcnm JÅCT hfccvfnhbdftncz rfr cjcnfdyfz xfcnm jgt-hfwbb, djpukfdkztvjq JJY. Ghb änjv JÅCT ntcyj dpfbvj-ltqcndetn b c lheubvb cdjbvb jcyjdysvb gfhnythfvb –

CÅCT yfghfdbkj d Rjcjdj, Cfyléfr b Djtdjlbye cdjñ gth-deñ vbccbñ, jlyfrj vfylfn tt yt åsk ghjlkty yf cktleñobqujl. C jrnzåhz 1998 gj vfhn 1999 ujlf ghjljkéfkfcm ltz-

ntkmyjcnm Vbccbb gj ghjdthrt d Rjcjdj (VGR) – cfvjq rheg-yjq b nhelyjdsgjkybvjq bp dctö jgthfwbq, rjulf-kbåj lj änj-uj ghjdjlbdiböcz JÅCT, d pflfxb rjnjhjq döjlbkb ghjdthrfcjåkñltybz CHÑ htpjkñwbq 1160 b 1199 Cjdtnf Åtpjgfcyjc-nb JJY, ghjdthrf dsgjkytybz cjukfitybz j ghtrhfotybb ju-yz, yfåkñltybt pf gthtvtotybzvb cbk, f nfrét cjltqcndbtcjåkñltybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf b erhtgktybñ ltvjrhfnbb. D cdz-pb c eöelitybtv eckjdbq åtpjgfcyjcnb VGR åskf dsdtltyfbp Rjcjdj d vfhnt 1999 ujlf.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Rjcjdj, infnyfz xbcktyyjcnm rjnjhjq cj-cnfdkztn lj 700 vtéleyfhjlysö b lj 1400 vtcnysö cjnhel-ybrjd – cfvfz rhegyfz bp ceotcndeñobö yf ctujlyziybq

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Ghjdthzñobt jn JÅCT d Rjcjdj

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Jcyjdyfz aeyrwbz vbccbb cjcnjbn d erhtgktybb vbhf, lt-vjrhfnbb b cnfåbkmyjcnb d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt. Änj gjlhf-pevtdftn dsgjkytybt dféysö pflfx, cdzpfyysö c dsåjhfvb djhufys dkfcnb dctö ehjdytq, gjcnhjtybtv ltvjrhfnbb, celtå-yjq htajhvjq, endthéltybtv ghfd xtkjdtrf b yflpjhjv pf böcjåkñltybtv (d xfcnyjcnb, gentv gjllthérb hfåjns jvåel-

cvtyjd dj dctö hfqjyfö cnhfys), f nfrét c jceotcndktybtvvth htubjyfkmyjq cnfåbkbpfwbb, cjukfcjdfyysö d cdtnt Ltq-njycrbö vbhysö ljujdjhtyyjcntq.

Yfxfd cdjñ hfåjne c yekz, vbccbz cevtkf dytcnb gjktp-ysq drkfl d ghjdtltybt dctjåobö dsåjhjd (ctynzåhm 1996 uj-lf b ctynzåhm 1998 ujlf), veybwbgfkmysö dsåjhjd (ctynzåhm1997 ujlf b fghtkm 2000 ujlf) b dsåjhjd d yfwbjyfkmyeñ

Eghfdktybtv Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ltkfv åtétywtd,Eghfdktybtv Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-rf, Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs b Tdhjgtqcrbv cjñpjv. Htxm bltn rfr jcjnhelybxtcndt d jceotcndktybb rjyrhtnysö ghjtrnjd, nfr bj dpfbvyjq vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjq gjllthért b cjdvtcn-yjv bcgjkmpjdfybb ckeétåysö gjvtotybq. Vbccbz nfrétntcyj rjynfrnbhetn cj Cnfåbkbpfwbjyysvb cbkfvb d Rjcjdj(RAJH), jåtcgtxbdfñobvb åtpjgfcyst eckjdbz lkz hfåjnsJÅCT d Rjcjdj.

E Vbccbb bvttncz infå-rdfhnbhf d Ghbinbyt, f nfrét ht-ubjyfkmyst wtynhs d Gtxt, Ghbphtyt, Rjcjdcrf-Vbnhjdbwt,Uybkfyt b Ghbinbyt. R rjywe 2000 ujlf xbckj vtcnysö jnlt-ktybq, aeyrwbjybheñobö dj dctö hfqjyfö Rjcjdj, ljcnbuytnldflwfnb jlyjuj.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt

Vbccbz JÅCT d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt åskf exhtéltyf yfjcyjdfybb htitybz åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjdjn 8 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf lkz dsgjkytybz pflfx, djpkjétyysöyf JÅCT cjukfcyj Jåotve hfvjxyjve cjukfitybñ j vbht dÅjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt (bpdtcnyjve nfrét rfr ≤Ltqnjycrbtvbhyst ljujdjhtyyjcnb≥). Jyf ghbcnegbkf r hfåjnt 29 ltrfå-hz 1995 ujlf, gthdjyfxfkmyj yf åfpt eét ceotcndjdfditq rnjve dhtvtyb, yj pyfxbntkmyj vtytt rhegyjq vbccbb JÅCT,rjnjhfz ltqcndjdfkf d Cfhftdj c jrnzåhz 1994 ujlf.

Vbccbz d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt bvttn infå-rdfhnbhe d Cf-hftdj b xtnsht htubjyfkmysö wtynhf d Åfyz-Kert, Vjcnfht,Cfhftdj b Nepkt, f nfrét 23 vtymibö gj hfpvthfv jnltkt-ybz yf vtcnfö b wtynh d Åhxrj. Yfcxbnsdfz xenm åjkmit 200vtéleyfhjlysö cjnhelybrjd, änf vbccbz zdkztncz jlyjq bpcfvsö rhegysö d JÅCT.

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Ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT jceotcndkztn yflpjh pf ujkjcjdfybtv yf bpåbhfntkmyjv exfcnrt d öjlt dsåjhjd d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt (ctynzåhm 1997 ujlf)


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Eljdktndjhbntkmyst htpekmnfns dsgjkytybz cnfntq ÈÈ bÈª jnrhskb genm r yfxfke gthtujdjhjd j htubjyfkmyjv rjy-nhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb, ghtlecvjnhtyysö d cnfnmt ª Ltq-njycrbö vbhysö ljujdjhtyyjcntq. Htitybtv rjgtyufutycrjqdcnhtxb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd gjcjk Fyhb Éfrjkty åsk yfpyf-xty cgtwbfkmysv ghtlcnfdbntktv Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfnt-kz gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz änbö gthtujdjhjd.

Cdjñ hfpyjgkfyjdeñ ltzntkmyjcnm vbccbz jceotcndkztn dntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c Eghfdktybtv Dscjrjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz,cnfåbkbpfwbjyysvb cbkfvb, Rjynhjkmyjq vbccbtq tdhjgtqcrj-uj cjjåotcndf, cgtwbfkmysvb vtéleyfhjlysvb gjkbwtqcrbvbcbkfvb JJY, vbccbtq JJY d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt, Dthöjd-ysv rjvbccfhjv JJY gj ltkfv åtétywtd b wtksv hzljvlheubö vtéleyfhjlysö b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Öjhdfnbb

Vbccbz d Öjhdfnbb åskf exhtéltyf Gjcnjzyysv cjdtnjv18 fghtkz 1996 ujlf b ghbcnegbkf r hfåjnt 4 bñkz 1996 uj-lf. Bvtz infå-rdfhnbhe d Pfuhtåt, jyf ltqcndetn nfrét yfåfpt nhtö htubjyfkmysö rjjhlbyfwbjyysö wtynhjd (d Rybyt,Derjdfht b Cbcfrt) b 16 vtcnysö jnltktybq. Ghb endthélty-yjq infnyjq xbcktyyjcnb vfrcbvev d 225 xtkjdtr Vbccbz dÖjhdfnbb zdkztncz d JÅCT dnjhjq gj dtkbxbyt gjckt Vbccbbd Rjcjdj.

Vbccbb JÅCT d Öjhdfnbb gjhextyj jrfpsdfnm cjltqcndbtb yfåkñlfnm pf ghbvtytybtv öjhdfncrjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, fnfrét pfrkñxtyysö ghfdbntkmcndjv Öjhdfnbb cjukfitybq bdpznsö bv jåzpfntkmcnd jnyjcbntkmyj ldecnjhjyytuj djpdhf-otybz dctö åtétywtd b gthtvtotyysö kbw, pfobns bö ghfd bpfobns kbw, ghbyflktéfobö r yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv.Vbccbz ghbpdfyf nfrét jrfpsdfnm gjvjom d hfpdbnbb ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd, ghjwtccjd b vtöfybpvjd. Änj rfcftn-

fccfvåktñ Htcgeåkbrb Cthåcrjq (yjzåhm 1997 ujlf). Ghb ttexfcnbb åskf cjplfyf dhtvtyyfz bpåbhfntkmyfz rjvbccbz, endthéltys ghfdbkf b gjkjétybz j dsåjhfö, jåtcgtxbdfkfcmjhufybpfwbjyyj-abyfycjdfz gjllthérf b gjlujnjdrf rflhjdlkz vtcnysö bpåbhfntkmysö rjvbccbq, jceotcndkzkcz yflpjhpf htubcnhfwbtq bpåbhfntktq (d cnhfyt b gj dctve vbhe), ghj-djlbkfcm cthnbabrfwbz gfhnbq b rfylblfnjd, dtkfcm ghjcdt-nbntkmcrfz hfåjnf c bpåbhfntkzvb b jrfpsdfkfcm gjvjom gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv, jhufybpjdsdfkjcm jåextybt b hfpvt-otybt vtéleyfhjlysö yfåkñlfntktq pf dsåjhfvb, gjlcxbns-dfkbcm b eljcnjdthzkbcm htpekmnfns ujkjcjdfybz b ghtndjhz-kbcm d ébpym bnjub dsåjhjd. Cjcnjzdibtcz dsåjhs åskbdféyjq xfcnmñ ghjwtccf gjcktdjtyyjuj djccnfyjdktybz,cnhjbntkmcndf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd b ajhvbhjdfybzuhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt.

Gj kbybb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz vbccbz hfphfåjnfkf bjceotcndkztn jåoeñ cnhfntubñ, yfwtktyyeñ yf erhtgktybtuhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, ltvjrhfnbpfwbñ ujcelfhcndtyysöbycnbnenjd, jåtcgtxtybt cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvf-wbb b yfåkñltybt pf gjkjétybtv c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf.

Tot jlybv dféysv afrnjhjv zdkztncz hfpdbnbt chtlcndvfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, d bynthtcfö rjnjhjuj pf CVB jceot-cndkztncz yfåkñltybt (jcjåtyyj dj dhtvz dsåjhjd).

Vbccbz cktlbn pf dsgjkytybtv ldeö jcyjdysö ljrevtynjdgj htubjyfkmyjq cnfåbkbpfwbb, dshfåjnfyysö yf gthtujdjhföd hfvrfö cnfntq ÈÈ b Èª Ghbkjétybz 1-Å r ltqnjycrbv vbh-ysv ljujdjhtyyjcnzv: Dtycrjuj cjukfitybz 1996 ujlf jåVLÅ b Akjhtynbqcrjuj cjukfitybz 1996 ujlf j ceåht-ubjyfkmyjv rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb. Jyf nfrét gjvj-uftn d hfåjnt gjctofñobv cnhfye bycgtrwbjyysv uheggfv,ghjdthztn djtyyeñ byajhvfwbñ b cjltqcndetn cjrhfotybñdjjheétybq.

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Jlyjq bp dféytqibö pflfx d änjv jnyjitybb zdkztncz yfåkñltybt pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ gjkbwbb. Rjulf 15 jrnzåhz1998 ujlf bcntr chjr ltqcndbz vfylfnf Uheggs JJY gj gjl-lthért gjkbwbb, vbccbz dpzkf yf ctåz yfåkñltybt pf hfåj-njq vtcnysö cbk jöhfys ghfdjgjhzlrf d Ghbleyfqcrjv hfqj-yt Öjhdfnbb. Tt rjynbyutyn bp ghbvthyj 90 yfåkñlfntktqjceotcndkztn gthdeñ d bcnjhbb JÅCT jgthfwbñ gjkbwtqcrj-uj vjybnjhbyuf.

Ghbcencndbt JÅCT d Fkåfybb

D yfxfkt 1997 ujlf, rjulf gj dctq Fkåfybb yfåkñlfkbcmvfccjdst yfheitybz ghfdjgjhzlrf, Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn yf jc-yjdt ärcnhtyysö ljrkfljd kbxyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz Ltqcndeñ-otuj ghtlctlfntkz l-hf Ahfywf Dhfybwrjuj ghbyzk 27 vfhnf1997 ujlf htitybt jå exhtéltybb ≤Ghbcencndbz JÅCT d Fkåfybb≥. Ltzntkmyjcnm Ghbcencndbz d Nbhfyt yfxfkfcm 3 fg-htkz 1997 ujlf.

Gthtl Ghbcencndbtv d Fkåfybb åskf gjcnfdktyf wtkmjåtcgtxbnm ubåreñ rjjhlbyfwbjyyeñ cnhernehe, d hfvrfö rj-njhjq cjjndtncndeñobt vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb vjukbås dsgjkyznm pflfxb d cdjbö jåkfcnzö rjvgtntywbb d heckttlbyjq cnhfntubb cnfåbkbpfwbb. Rhjvt njuj, Gjcnjzyysq cj-dtn lfk ghzvjt erfpfybt JÅCT (dj dpfbvjltqcndbb, d xfc-nyjcnb, c Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs) rjycekmnbhjdfnm dkfcnb Fkåfybbb jrfpsdfnm bv gjvjom d jåkfcnb ltvjrhfnbpfwbb, hfpdbnbzcdjåjlysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, jåtcgtxtybz edf-étybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, gjlujnjdrb r dsåjhfv b yfåkñltybz pfbö ghjdtltybtv.

Cjdvtcnyj c vyjujcnjhjyybvb jöhfyysvb cbkfvb (cajh-vbhjdfyysvb gjl bnfkmzycrbv rjvfyljdfybtv yf jcyjdfybbhtpjkñwbb 1101 Cjdtnf Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY lkz jåktuxtybzljcnfdrb uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob) b dj dpfbvjltqcndbb c uheg-

cz ibhjrjuj cgtrnhf djghjcjd xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz: ghfdxtkjdtrf d wtkjv, ghfd vtymibycnd, ltvjrhfnbb yf vtcnyjvehjdyt, edfétybz dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf, cdjåjls chtlcnd vfc-cjdjq byajhvfwbb b htajhvs pfrjyjlfntkmcndf.

Vbccbz egjkyjvjxtyf ghtlcnfdkznm rjyrhtnyst htrjvty-lfwbb dkfcnzv Öjhdfnbb b gthtlfdfnm d ckexft ytjåöjlbvjc-nb ytjnkjéyst djghjcs yf hfccvjnhtybt Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf.

Ghb dsgjkytybb cdjtuj vfylfnf vbccbz cjnhelybxftn cDthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycndb ÅLBGX b bcgjkmpetn bö ärcgthnysq gjntywbfk. Jyf nfrétntcyj cjnhelybxftn c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbz-vb b bycnbnenfvb, ltqcndeñobvb d Öjhdfnbb, – d xfcnyjcnbc Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs, Rjynhjkmyjq vbccbtq Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjå-otcndf (RVTC), Eghfdktybtv Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gjltkfv åtétywtd (EDRÅ), Vtéleyfhjlysv rjvbntnjv Rhfc-yjuj Rhtcnf (VRRR) b YGJ.

Jcjåtyyj äythubxyj vbccbz ltqcndetn d hfqjyfö, ult bvt-ñncz ythtityyst ghjåktvs åtétywtd b gthtvtotyysö kbw(rfcfñobtcz bveotcndf, ébkmz, jåhfpjdfybz b fvybcnbb).Änf hfåjnf ghbjåhtkf jcjåeñ dféyjcnm d zydfht 1998 ujlf,rjulf gj bcntxtybb chjrf ltqcndbz vfylfnf Dhtvtyyjq flvb-ybcnhfwbb JJY d Djcnjxyjq Ckfdjybb, Åfhfymb b PfgflyjvChtvt (DFJJYDC) åsk gjkyjcnmñ djccnfyjdkty cedthtybntnghfdbntkmcndf Öjhdfnbb yfl Ghbleyfqcrbv hfqjyjv cnhfys.Lj änjuj JÅCT jrfpsdfkf gjllthére DFJJYDC d hfåjnt gjerhtgktybñ ljdthbz b ljcnbétybñ ghbvbhtybz, f nfrét gjhfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd, ghjwtccjd b vtöfybp-vjd yf veybwbgfkmyjv b hfqjyyjv/jrheéyjv ehjdyzö.

Gjckt dsdjlf DFJJYDC JÅCT cnfkf ukfdysv vtéleyf-hjlysv ≤ltqcndeñobv kbwjv≥ d Öjhdfnbb b drkñxbkf dcathe cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb ytrjnjhst yfghfdktybz hfåjns, hf-ytt ghjdjlbditqcz gj kbybb JJY.

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djlbn hfåjnjq uheggs ≤Lhepmz Fkåfybb≥, rjnjhfz ckeébn yt-jabwbfkmysv ajhevjv lkz rjynfrnjd vtéle cnhfyfvb bvtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, jrfpsdfñobvb Fkåfybbabyfycjdeñ gjllthére, ntöybxtcrjt cjltqcndbt b lheueñ gj-vjom.

Lkz dtltybz hfåjns d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf b dthöjdty-cndf pfrjyf, ltvjrhfnbpfwbb b uhfélfycrbö ghfd, cjltqcndbzd ghjdtltybb dsåjhjd, yfåkñltybz pf CVB b cnhjbntkmcndfjåotcndtyysö bycnbnenjd Ghbcencndbtv jnrhsns vtcnystjnltktybz dj Dktht, Lehhtct, Ubhjrfcnht, Rjhxt, Rertct,Gtirjgbb, Abthb, Irjltht b Äkmåfcfyt.

Gthtl kbwjv jåjcnhzñotujcz rhbpbcf d cjctlytv Rjcjdj(CHÑ) ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb d yfxfkt 1998 ujlf gjcnfyjdb-kb gjhexbnm Ghbcencndbñ yfåkñltybt pf ghbuhfybxysvb hfqjyfvb. Ghtlyfpyfxtyyjt lkz änjuj vtcnyjt jnltktybt jnrhskjcm d Åfqhfv-Wehhb d vfhnt 1998 ujlf, f r rjywe 1998 ujlf lkz änbö wtktq åskj cjplfyj tot ytcrjkmrj dht-vtyysö jnltktybq. Jnxtns yfåkñlfntktq (ltqcndjdfdibö dntcyjv rjynfrnt c Rjynhjkmyjq vbccbtq Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjå-otcndf (RVTC) b Eghfdktybtv Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJYgj ltkfv åtétywtd (EDRÅ) gjpdjkzkb lthéfnm vtéleyfhjl-yjt cjjåotcndj d rehct eöelitybz uevfybnfhyjq cbnefwbb bjckfåktybz åtpjgfcyjcnb yf uhfybwt vtéle Fkåfybtq b Rjcj-dj d gthbjl äcrfkfwbb rhbpbcf dtcyjq – ktnjv 1998 ujlf.

Rjynhjkmyfz vbccbz JÅCT d Crjgmt gj ghtljndhfotybñ hfcghjcnhfytybz rjyakbrnf

Rjynhjkmyfz vbccbz gj ghtljndhfotybñ hfcghjcnhfytybzrjyakbrnf åskf hfpdthyenf d Crjgmt d ctynzåht 1992 ujlf.Htitybt jå exhtéltybb vbccbb åskj ghbyznj d cdzpb c ecb-kbzvb Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf gj drkñxtybñ d cathe ltz-ntkmyjcnb RVTC uhfybxfobö c Cthåbtq b Xthyjujhbtq cnhfy,

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gjq vtéghfdbntkmcndtyysö b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-wbq Ghbcencndbt JÅCT dytckj cdjq drkfl d djccnfyjdktybtcnfåbkmyjcnb. Jyj gjvjukj jcnfyjdbnm hfpdfk ghfdjgjhzlrfd cnhfyt b dsdtcnb tt yf genm ltvjrhfnbpfwbb, gthdsv ifujvr xtve cnfkb ghjdtltyyst ghb cjltqcndbb vbccbb b gjl tt yf-åkñltybtv gfhkfvtyncrbt dsåjhs d bñyt b bñkt 1997 ujlf.

Gjplytt Ghbcencndbt, dpfbvjltqcndez c ghfdbntkmcndjvFkåfybb, dsgjkyzkj aeyrwbb ≤ubårjq rjjhlbyfwbjyyjq

cnhernehs≥ lkz jrfpfybz änjq cnhfyt vtéleyfhjlyjq gjvj-ob. Änj rfcfkjcm rfr uevfybnfhyjq b ärjyjvbxtcrjq gjvj-ob, nfr b yfåkñltybz pf gfhkfvtyncrbvb ghjwtlehfvb b cj-ltqcndbz d dshfåjnrt rjycnbnewbb – d gthdeñ jxthtlm xthtpcjplfyysq gjl äubljq JÅCT Flvbybcnhfnbdysq wtynh gj rj-jhlbyfwbb gjvjob b frnbdbpfwbb jåotcndtyyjcnb. C ctynzå-hz 1998 ujlf JÅCT cjdvtcnyj c Tdhjgtqcrbv cjñpjv herj-

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Gjctotybt pfcnfds yf uhfybwt vtéle Fkåfybtq b ghjdbywbtq Rjcjdj

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xnjås djphjcifz yfghzétyyjcnm yt hfcghjcnhfybkfcm yf bönthhbnjhbb. Rfr cktletn bp yfpdfybz vbccbb, tt jcyjdyfz pf-lfxf pfrkñxftncz d yfåkñltybb pf hfpdbnbtv cbnefwbb yfuhfybwt vtéle åsditq ñujckfdcrjq Htcgeåkbrjq Vfrtljyb-tq b Cthåbtq, f nfrét d lheubö hfqjyfö cnhfys ghtåsdfybz,rjnjhst vjukb ås åsnm pfnhjyens hfcghjcnhfytybtv rjy-akbrnf d åsditq Ñujckfdbb. C vfhnf 1998 ujlf vbccbz dhfvrfö änjq pflfxb jceotcndkztn nfrét yfåkñltybt pf gjkj-étybtv yf uhfybwt vtéle Vfrtljybtq b Rjcjdj (CHÑ).

Cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj yf vjvtyn jhufybpfwbb vbccbb åsd-ifz ñujckfdcrfz Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz bvtkf d JÅCT kbimcnfnec yfåkñlfntkz b yt zdkzkfcm ujcelfhcndjv-exfcnybrjvJÅCT. Gjkyjghfdysv ujcelfhcndjv-exfcnybrjv jyf cnfkf djrnzåht 1995 ujlf.

Vbccbz d Crjgmt dsgjkyztn aeyrwbb ghtdtynbdyjq lbgkj-vfnbb. D cjjndtncndbb cj cdjbvb gthdjyfxfkmysvb pflfxfvbgj yfåkñltybñ jyf ljkéyf åskf jgjdtofnm vtéleyfhjlyjtcjjåotcndj j djpybryjdtybb euhjps bpdyt yf uhfybwfö åsd-itq ñujckfdcrjq Htcgeåkbrb Vfrtljybb, f nfrét dybvfntkm-yj cktlbnm pf hfpdbnbtv vtéänybxtcrbö jnyjitybq. Gjcnt-gtyyj jcyjdyst ecbkbz vbccbb gthtrkñxbkbcm c gthdjq bpänbö pflfx yf dnjheñ. Åkfujlfhz cdjtve gjcnjzyyjve ghbcen-cndbñ b cdjbv rjyrhtnysv bybwbfnbdfv vbccbz cevtkf dckjéyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq jåcnfyjdrt csuhfnm rjycnhernbdyeñhjkm b cgjcjåcndjdfnm cnfåbkbpfwbb d cnhfyt. Nfr, jyf jrfpf-kf åsditq ñujckfdcrjq Htcgeåkbrt Vfrtljybb gjvjom dghjdtltybb gjl äubljq Cjdtnf Tdhjgs gjkbnbxtcrjuj jghjcfyfctktybz (1994 ujl); d 1995 ujle jyf ghb gjllthért Dthöjd-yjuj rjvbccfhf gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd cgjcjå-cndjdfkf hfphzlrt vtéänybxtcrjq yfghzétyyjcnb, jåjcnhbd-itqcz d cdzpb c exhtéltybtv d hfqjyt Ntnjdj xfcnyjuj fk-åfycrjuj eybdthcbntnf; f d 1998 ujle vbccbz dvtcnt c ÅLBGXb ghfdbntkmcndjv cnhfys dytckf cdjq drkfl d dshfåjnre yj-

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djuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j dsåjhfö. Vbccbz dtltn nfrét hfåj-ne, cdzpfyyeñ c ärjyjvbxtcrbv bpvthtybtv JÅCT, cnhtvzcmcnbvekbhjdfnm ärjyjvbxtcrbq hjcn, cnjkm ytjåöjlbvsq lkzcnfåbkmyjcnb b åtpjgfcyjcnb d wtkjv.

Ljkujchjxyst vbccbb JÅCT d Rjcjdj, Cfyléfrt b Djtdjlbyt

D Rjcjdj, Cfyléfrt b Djtdjlbyt åskb hfpdthyens cfvstgthdst vbccbb JÅCT. Jyb ghbcnegbkb r hfåjnt 8 ctynzåhz1992 ujlf.

Vbccbz d Rjcjdj åfpbhjdfkfcm d Ghbinbyt (c jnltktybz-vb d Gtxt b Ghbphtyt); vbccbz d Cfyléfrt bvtkf infå-rdfh-nbhe d Yjdb-Gfpfht (f nfrét gjcnjzyyjt ghbcencndbt d Ghbt-gjkt); vbccbz ét d Djtdjlbyt hfcgjkfufkfcm d Ceåjnbwt. Enhtö vbccbq bvtkjcm jåütlbytyyjt åñhj d Åtkuhflt.

Vfylfn vbccbq, ghtlecvfnhbdfdibq aeyrwbb ghtdtynbdyjqlbgkjvfnbb, cnfdbk gthtl ybvb xtnsht jcyjdyst pflfxb: cj-ltqcndjdfnm lbfkjue vtéle cjjndtncndeñobvb dkfcnzvb bghtlcnfdbntkzvb yfctktybz b jåoby d nhtö htubjyfö; cjåb-hfnm byajhvfwbñ jåj dctö fcgtrnfö ghjåktv, rfcfñoböczyfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, b cjltqcndjdfnm bö htitybñ; jåtc-gtxbdfnm ltzntkmyjcnm rjjhlbyfwbjyysö wtynhjd lkz htit-ybz dszdktyysö ghjåktv; b ghtljcnfdkznm byajhvfwbñ j cj-jndtncndeñotv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, pfob-nt yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd, cdjåjlysv chtlcndfv vfccjdjqbyajhvfwbb b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv dsåjhfv. Jyb cnfkb gthdj-ghjöjlwfvb d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rfr ghtlcnfdktybt ljrkfljd,cåjh byajhvfwbb b gjchtlybxtcrbt eckeub, b gjckeébkb ghb-vthjv lkz gjcktleñotq ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yf vtcnfö.

Gjckt bñyz 1993 ujlf vfylfn vbccbq yt åsk djpjåyjdktybp-pf njuj, xnj Cjñpyfz Htcgeåkbrf Ñujckfdbz, exfcnbt rj-njhjq d CÅCT åskj ghbjcnfyjdktyj d 1992 ujle, pfzdbkf jytcjukfcbb c juhfybxtybzvb yf cdjt exfcnbt d ltzntkmyjcnb

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CÅCT, erfpfd, xnj ujnjdf cjnhelybxfnm kbim yf jcyjdt hfd-yjghfdbz c lheubvb ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb CÅCT. Vbc-cbb åskb dsdtltys, f bö hfåjne dpzkf yf ctåz rjynhjkmyfzuheggf d Dtyt, rjnjhfz ghb gjllthért Wtynhf gj ghtljndhf-otybñ rjyakbrnjd jncktébdfkf cjåsnbz d cjjndtncndeñoböhfqjyfö CHÑ b tétytltkmyj ljrkflsdfkf j ybö Gjcnjzyyj-ve cjdtne.

Ytcrjkmrj hfp (jcjåtyyj dtcyjq b ktnjv 1998 ujlf) Gjcnj-zyysq cjdtn jåhfofkcz r dkfcnzv CHÑ c ghbpsdjv lfnm cjukfcbt yf ytvtlktyyjt djpdhfotybt vbccbq. Gjckt gjzdkt-ybz d 1999 ujle Vbccbb JÅCT d Rjcjdj, ghbcencndbt b hjkm Jhufybpfwbb d änjv htubjyt joeofñncz cbkmytt, xtv rjulf-kbåj.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Uhepbb

Vbccbz JÅCT d Uhepbb åskf exhtéltyf d ltrfåht 1992ujlf lkz cjltqcndbz gthtujdjhfv vtéle rjyakbrneñobvbcnjhjyfvb d Uhepbb d wtkzö ljcnbétybz vbhyjuj gjkbnbxtc-rjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz. Infå-rdfhnbhf vbccbb yföjlbncz dNåbkbcb, f c fghtkz 1997 ujlf ltqcndetn nfrét jnltktybtvbccbb d Wöbydfkb (Ñéyfz Jctnbz). Infnyfz xbcktyyjcnmvbccbb cjcnfdkztn 18 xtkjdtr, yt cxbnfz gjuhfybxysö yfåkñ-lfntktq (cv. ybét).

D jnyjitybb Uhepbb d wtkjv vfylfn vbccbb ghtlecvfnhb-dftn ghjgfufyle edfétybz ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjlb cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ ñhblbxtcrbö b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö by-cnbnenjd b ghjwtccjd, d xfcnyjcnb, gentv rjynhjkz pf ghjdt-ltybtv dsåjhjd b rjycekmnbhjdfybz gj djghjcfv hfphfåjnrbyjdjq rjycnbnewbb, ghbvtytybz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j uhfélfy-cndt b cjplfybz ytpfdbcbvsö jhufyjd ghfdjcelbz. Vyjubt bpänbö pflfx eét htitys, ythtlrj – dj dpfbvjltqcndbb c Åñ-hj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, Dth-

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C j ñ p y f z H t c g e å k b r f Ñ u j c k f d b z

å s d i f z ñ u j c k f d c r f z H t c g e å k b r f V f r t l j y b z

H e vs y b z

F k å f y b z

Å j k u f h b z

F d c n h b z

U h t w b z

XTHYJUJHBZ

CTHÅBZ

RJCJDJ

B n f k b z

Fl h b f n

b x t c r j t vj h t

Cfhftdj

Åtkuhfl

Nbhfyf

Crjgmt

Ryby

Cbcfr Derjdfh

Wtynh d Åhxrj

GhbinbyfGtx

Ghbphty

Rjcjdcrf-Vbnhjdbwf

Uybkfyt

Åfyz-Kerf

Nepkf

Vjcnfh

Irjlth

Dkëhf

Ubhjrfcnhf

Rjhxf

Rjgkbre

Rerti

Gtirjgbz

Lehhtc

Ujkjdyjq jabc/ infå-rdfhnbhf vbccbb

Rjjhlbyfwbjyysq wtynh (Öjhdfnbz)

Htubjyfkmysq wtynh (Åjcybz b CHÑ)

Vtcnyjt jnltktybt (Fkåfybz)

Wtynh d Åhxrj

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vb gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf) b cjåbhftn cdtltybz j djtyyjq cb-nefwbb.

Yfhzle c änbv vbccbz cktlbn pf hfpdbnbtv rjyakbrnf dFåöfpbb. Tt hjkm d änjq cdzpb cjcnjbn d gjllthért vbhjn-djhxtcrbö ecbkbq, ghtlghbybvftvsö d htubjyt JhufybpfwbtqJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq. Änj ghtlgjkfuftn gjbcr gentq eljdktn-djhtybz xfzybq fåöfpwtd åtp yfheitybz nthhbnjhbfkmyjq wt-kjcnyjcnb Uhepbb. Herjdjlcndezcm cdjbv vfylfnjv gj yfåkñ-ltybñ pf cbnefwbtq c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf d Fåöfpbb, VbccbzJÅCT nfrét yfpyfxbkf cdjtuj cjnhelybrf d cjcnfd Åñhj Jh-ufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq d Ceöevb.

15 ltrfåhz 1999 ujlf Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn ghjlkbk chjrltqcndbz vfylfnf vbccbb, drkñxbd d ytuj pflfxb gj yfåkñ-ltybñ pf cbnefwbtq yf uhfybwt vtéle Uhepbtq b XtxtycrjqHtcgeåkbrjq (Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz). Änj åskj cltkfyj gjghjcmåt uhepbycrjuj ghfdbntkmcndf, ghbpdfdituj JÅCT ecnf-yjdbnm yfåkñltybt pf gthtldbétybzvb c tt nthhbnjhbb yfnthhbnjhbñ Xtxtycrjq Htcgeåkbrb (Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz) bljrkflsdfnm j htpekmnfnfö nfrjuj yfåkñltybz. Dyfxfkt cj-nhelybrb JÅCT ytckb gjcnjzyyjt ltéehcndj kbim d jlyjvbp gjuhfybxysö geyrnjd, jlyfrj 12 fghtkz 2000 ujlf Gjcnj-zyysq cjdtn JÅCT edtkbxbk xbckj exfcnybrjd jgthfwbb lj42 vtéleyfhjlysö cjnhelybrjd, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm ghbcencn-dbt JÅCT b yf lheubö exfcnrfö 82-rbkjvtnhjdjq uhfybws.Ghfdbntkmcndj Uhepbb jåtcgtxbdftn åtpjgfcyjcnm ytdjjhe-étyysö gjuhfybxysö yfåkñlfntktq, f nfrét cdjåjle bö gt-htldbétybz.

Uheggf cjltqcndbz JÅCT d Xtxyt

11 fghtkz 1995 ujlf gjckt byntycbdysö rjycekmnfwbq, cj-cnjzdiböcz dcktl pf gjctotybtv Uhjpyjuj b Vjcrds kbxysvghtlcnfdbntktv Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz, Gjcnjzyysv cj-

öjdysv rjvbccfhjv gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd bCjdtnjv Tdhjgs. Rhjvt njuj, jceotcndkztncz ntcyjt cjnhel-ybxtcndj c Jhufybpfwbtq Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq b tt exhtélt-ybzvb, f nfrét c ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb.

Pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm hfåjns vbccbb cdzpfyf c ñéyjjctnby-crbv hfqjyjv cnhfys. Vbccbz cnhtvbncz cjplfdfnm eckjdbzlkz gjkbnbxtcrjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz uhepbyj-jctnbycrjuj rjy-akbrnf, kbrdblbhjdfnm bcnjxybrb yfghzétyyjcnb vtéle cnj-

hjyfvb b cjltqcndjdfnm gjkbnbxtcrjve ghbvbhtybñ. Dvtcntc rjyakbrneñobvb cnjhjyfvb b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcn-djv jyf hfphfåfnsdftn cgjcjås jghtltktybz gjkbnbxtcrjujcnfnecf Ñéyjq Jctnbb d cjcnfdt Uhepbb. Vbccbz nfrét yf-åkñlftn pf hfpdthyensvb d htubjyt nhtöcnjhjyybvb cvtify-ysvb cbkfvb gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf, gjllthébdftn cdzpm cjCvtifyyjq rjynhjkmyjq rjvbccbtq (xtnshtöcnjhjyybq jhufy,cjplfyysq lkz herjdjlcndf b eghfdktybz cvtifyysvb cbkf-

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Cjnhelybrb vbccbb JÅCT d Uhepbb c hjccbqcrbvb cjklfnfvb b jctnbycrbv jabwthjv d Ñéyjq Jctnbb (Uhepbz)

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ghjcfv, ghtlecvfnhbdfdituj ytvtlktyyjt ghtrhfotybt djty-ysö ltqcndbq, jcdjåjéltybt elthébdftvsö kbw b jndjl djqcr. Yfåkñltybt pf dsgjkytybtv änjuj cjukfitybz ghtlgj-kfufkjcm djpkjébnm yf cgtwbfkmyeñ yfåkñlfntkmyeñ rjvbc-cbñ d cjcnfdt ghtlcnfdbntktq JÅCT b cnjhjy. Jlyfrj jceot-cndktybt cjukfitybz åskj cjhdfyj gjcktljdfdibvb cjåsnbz-vb, f Uheggf cjltqcndbz jrfpfkfcm d ägbwtynht jétcnjxtyysöcnjkryjdtybq. Ntv yt vtytt jyf ghjljkéfkf cdjñ ltzntkm-yjcnm d Uhjpyjv, cktlz pf hfpdbnbtv cjåsnbq b jrfpsdfz cnj-hjyfv gjvjom d gjbcrfö rjycnhernbdyjuj htitybz, cgjcjåyj-uj ghbdtcnb r vbhyjve ehtuekbhjdfybñ rjyakbrnf.

Uheggf ghtlghbyzkf äythubxyst lbgkjvfnbxtcrbt ecbkbz,åkfujlfhz rjnjhsv d vft 1996 ujlf yfxfkbcm ghzvst gtht-ujdjhs vtéle cnjhjyfvb d rjyakbrnt, gjpdjkbdibt ghbqnbr cjukfitybñ j ghtrhfotybb juyz. Dcrjht gjckt änjuj JÅCTljdtkjcm csuhfnm htifñoeñ hjkm d dshfåjnrt b gjlgbcfybbd Yfphfyb ldeö ljgjkybntkmysö ghjnjrjkjd j ghtrhfotybbjuyz b åjtdsö ltqcndbq b j vthfö gj ehtuekbhjdfybñ djjhe-étyyjuj rjyakbrnf, f nfrét d exhtéltybb ldeö rjvbccbq:gj gjbcre ghjgfdibö åtp dtcnb b gj jcdjåjéltybñ yfcbkmcn-dtyyj elthébdftvsö kbw.

Änf hfåjnf åskf ghthdfyf åjzvb pf Uhjpysq, hfpdthyedib-vbcz d fduecnt 1996 ujlf. Gj pfdthitybb åjtd c gjvjomñUheggs, dscnegfditq d rfxtcndt gjchtlybrf vtéle jabwb-fkmysvb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb Hjccbb b Xtxyb, ghjwtcc ehtuekb-hjdfybz elfkjcm djpjåyjdbnm.

Uheggf buhfkf dtleoeñ hjkm d jhufybpfwbb ghtpbltyncrböb gfhkfvtyncrbö dsåjhjd, cjcnjzdiböcz d Xtxyt 27 zydfhz.

Pfntv frwtyn d hfåjnt Uheggs åsk gthtytcty yf gjcnrjy-akbrnyjt djccnfyjdktybt. Änf pflfxf drkñxftn cjplfybt ec-kjdbq lkz djpdhfotybz d htubjy uevfybnfhysö jhufybpfwbq,yfkfébdfybt rjynfrnjd d wtkzö jåvtyf gktyysvb b djpdhf-

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dtnjv åskj ghbyznj htitybt jå exhtéltybb Uheggs cjltqcn-dbz (UC) JÅCT d Xtxyt (Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz). Uheggf ghb-cnegbkf r hfåjnt 26 fghtkz.

Uheggf åfpbhetncz d Uhjpyjv b d yfcnjzott dhtvz yfcxb-nsdftn gznm xtkjdtr, ghbxtv tt xbcktyyjcnm ghb ytjåöjlb-vjcnb vjétn åsnm edtkbxtyf vfrcbvfkmyj lj 12 xtkjdtr.Chjrb ltzntkmyjcnb Uheggs yt abrcbhjdfkbcm.

Ldevz jcyjdysvb pflfxfvb Uheggs zdkzñncz ehtuekbhj-dfybt rjyakbrnf b gjcnrjyakbrnyjt djccnfyjdktybt. Dj dht-vz rjyakbrnf Uheggf frnbdyj pfybvfkfcm gjchtlybxtcrjqltzntkmyjcnmñ. Jyf ghtélt dctuj cnfdbkf wtkmñ cjltqcndj-dfnm vbhyjve ehtuekbhjdfybñ rhbpbcf b cnfåbkbpfwbb gjkj-étybz d Xtxtycrjq Htcgeåkbrt, bcöjlz bp ghbywbgf nthhbnj-hbfkmyjq wtkjcnyjcnb Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb b ghbywbgjd JÅCT. Änf hfåjnf dtkfcm tñ d ajhvt lbfkjuf b gthtujdjhjd,f nfrét – d cjjndtncndeñobö ckexfzö – jåceéltybq pf≤rheuksv cnjkjv≥ c wtkmñ ljcnbétybz cjukfitybz j ght-rhfotybb juyz b ecnhfytybz bcnjxybrjd yfghzétyyjcnb. Rhj-vt njuj, Uheggt åskj gjhextyj cgjcjåcndjdfnm cjåkñltybñghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl b dszdkznm afrns bö yf-heitybz; cjltqcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbne-njd b ghjwtccjd, drkñxfz djccnfyjdktybt vtcnysö jhufyjddkfcnb; jrfpsdfnm gjvjom d hfphfåjnrt djpvjéysö yjdsörjycnbnewbjyysö cjukfitybq, f nfrét d ghjdtltybb dsåjhjdb yfåkñltybb pf bö öjljv; gjllthébdfnm cjplfybt vtöfybp-vjd lkz jåtcgtxtybz pfrjyyjcnb, jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnbb ghfdjgjhzlrf.

D änbö wtkzö Uheggf yfkfébdfkf ghzvst rjynfrns cj dct-vb pfbynthtcjdfyysvb cnjhjyfvb, ghtlcnfdkzkf ljrkfls jhfpdbnbb cbnefwbb b dscnegfkf c ghtlkjétybzvb j gjchtlyb-xtcndt. Ghjdjlbdibtcz gjl äubljq JÅCT gthtujdjhs ghbdtkbr gjlgbcfybñ 30 bñkz 1995 ujlf cjukfitybz gj djtyysv dj-

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otybz jcnfyrjd gjubåibö, cjltqcndbt ljcnbétybñ ljujdjhty-yjcntq j hfpvbybhjdfybb b rjynhjkm pf cjåkñltybtv ghfd xt-kjdtrf. Uheggf nfrét jrfpsdfkf gjvjom d djghjcfö djccnf-yjdktybz ärjyjvbrb b byahfcnhernehs Xtxyb b ghjatccbj-yfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb ujcelfhcndtyysö ckeéfobö.

Bp-pf eöelitybz eckjdbq åtpjgfcyjcnb d htcgeåkbrt Uheg-gf cjltqcndbz åskf 16 ltrfåhz 1998 ujlf jnjpdfyf d Vjcrde.Exbnsdfz ghjåktvs åtpjgfcyjcnb d Xtxyt, Ltqcndeñobqghtlctlfntkm ytjlyjrhfnyj ghjlktdfk htitybt jå jnpsdtUheggs. Ghb änjv bvtkjcm d dble, xnj Uheggf cjltqcndbz dth-ytncz d Xtxyñ kbim gjckt ceotcndtyyjuj ekexitybz eckjdbqåtpjgfcyjcnb. Gjrf änjuj yt ghjbpjqltn, jyf gj htitybñ LGåeltn ghjljkéfnm cdjñ hfåjne, dhtvtyyj åfpbhezcm d Vjcrdt.

Rjyakbrn, zdkzñobqcz ghtlvtnjv hfccvjnhtybz yf Vbycrjqrjyathtywbb (Yfujhysq Rfhfåfö)

JÅCT exfcndetn d ehtuekbhjdfybb yfujhyjrfhfåföcrjujrjyakbrnf c 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf. D änjn ltym Cjdtnjv vbybc-nhjd (yf ljgjkybntkmyjq dcnhtxt d Ötkmcbyrb) åskj ghbyznjhtitybt j djpvjéyj crjhtqitv cjpsdt rjyathtywbb gjl äub-ljq CÅCT, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñobq ajhevlkz gthtujdjhjd c wtkmñ vbhyjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz ghjljk-éfñotujcz c 1988 ujlf djjheétyyjuj rjyakbrnf vtéle Fhvtybtq b Fpthåfqléfyjv djrheu cgjhyjuj yfujhyjrfhfåfö-crjuj hfqjyf. Yf rjyathtywbb, rjnjheñ ghtlgjkfufkjcm cjpdfnm d Vbycrt, ljkéys åskb dcnhtnbnmcz 11 exfcnybrjd:Fhvtybz b Fpthåfqléfy, Nhjqrf CÅCT (yf njn vjvtyn –Xticrfz b Ckjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf, Uthvfybz b Idtwbz), ghb-ybvfñofz cnhfyf (Åtkfhecm) b juhfybxtyysq rheu pfbyntht-cjdfyysö ujcelfhcnd (Bnfkbz, Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz, CIF,Nehwbz b Ahfywbz). Vbycrfz rjyathtywbz nfr b yt cjcnjz-kfcm ddble jncencndbz cjukfcbz vtéle cnjhjyfvb d rjy-

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akbrnt. Jlyfrj tt jghtltkbdibtcz exfcnybrb ghjdjlzndcnhtxb d hfvrfö Vbycrjq uheggs (yj åtp Fhvtybb b Fpth-åfqléfyf), yt jcnfdkzz gjgsnjr dshfåjnfnm gjkbnbxtcrjt htitybt yf jcyjdt htpjkñwbq 822, 853, 874 b 884 (1993) Cj-dtnf Åtpjgfcyjcnb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq.

D 1993 ujle Vbycrfz uheggf ghtlkjébkf dshfåjnfyysqtñ d htpekmnfnt yfghzétyysö ecbkbq ≤Enjxytyysq uhfabr≥,jcyjdfyysq yf gjänfgyjv gjlöjlt b ghtlecvfnhbdfñobq wt-ksq hzl vth, drkñxfz dsdjl djqcr c jrregbhjdfyysö nthhb-njhbq, djccnfyjdktybt dctö nhfycgjhnysö gentq b rjvveybrf-wbq, jåvty pfkjéybrfvb b djtyyjgktyysvb, åtcghtgzncndty-yeñ ljcnfdre d htubjy vtéleyfhjlyjq uevfybnfhyjq gjvj-ob, ecnfyjdktybt yf gjcnjzyyjq jcyjdt dctjåütvkñotuj ght-rhfotybz juyz gjl yfåkñltybtv JÅCT b jabwbfkmysq cjpsdVbycrjq rjyathtywbb. Änb gjkjétybz yt åskb ghbyzns.Dvtcnt c ntv 12 vfz 1994 ujlf cnjhjys d rjyakbrnt ljujdj-hbkbcm cjåkñlfnm ytjabwbfkmyjt cjukfitybt j ghtrhfotybbjuyz, dshfåjnfyyjt ghb gjchtlybxtcndt Hjccbqcrjq Atlthf-wbb. C änjuj dhtvtyb – pf bcrkñxtybtv jnltkmysö bywblty-njd – änj cjukfitybt cjåkñlftncz.

D ctynzåht 1994 ujlf ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb, jåyfltéty-yst ghtrhfotybtv åjtdsö ltqcndbq, ghbcnegbkb r bpextybñdjghjcf j cjplfybb cbk gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf d hfvrfö ukf-ds ÈÈÈ Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ljrevtynf 1992 ujlf, d rjnjhjq jght-ltktys jåobt pflfxb jgthfwbq CÅCT gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf.Rjyctycecf gj djghjce jå exfcnbb ≤nhtnmtq cnjhjys≥ d ghj-wtcct gjllthéfybz vbhf ljcnbxm yt elfkjcm, yj yf Åelfgtin-crjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d ltrfåht 1994 ujlf åskjghbyznj htitybt j yfhfobdfybb ecbkbq CÅCT gj ehtuekbhj-dfybñ rjyakbrnf. Jlybv bp ldeö cjghtlctlfntktq Vbycrjquheggs cnfkf Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz, åskb frnbdbpbhjdfysgjchtlybxtcrbt ecbkbz, b ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb pfzdbkb jgjkbnbxtcrjq ujnjdyjcnb cajhvbhjdfnm, ghb ghbyznbb Cjdt-


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njv Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY cjjndtncndeñotq htpjkñwbb, vyjuj-yfwbjyfkmyst cbks CÅCT gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf gjckt ljcnb-étybz cjukfitybz vtéle cnjhjyfvb j ghtrhfotybb djjhe-étyyjuj rjyakbrnf. D Dtyt åskf cjplfyf Uheggf gkfybhjdf-ybz dscjrjuj ehjdyz (UGDE) lkz dshfåjnrb htrjvtylfwbq jåjhufybpfwbjyysö eckjdbzö cjplfybz b aeyrwbjybhjdfybz nf-rbö cbk.

D wtkzö frnbdbpfwbb vbhjndjhxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb d ht-ubjyt Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm d fduecnt 1995 ujlf htibkyfpyfxbnm ≤kbxyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfnt-kz gj rjyakbrne, zdkzñotvecz ghtlvtnjv hfccvjnhtybz yfVbycrjq rjyathtywbb JÅCT≥. Tuj pflfxf – ghtlcnfdkznmLtqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz d djghjcfö, rfcfñoböcz yfujhyj-rfhfåföcrjuj rjyakbrnf (jcjåtyyj d cdzpb c dshfåjnrjq cj-ukfitybz j ghtrhfotybb djjheétyyjuj rjyakbrnf b cjplfyb-tv eckjdbq lkz hfpdthnsdfybz jgthfwbq JÅCT gj gjllthéf-ybñ vbhf); gjvjufnm UGDE, jrfpsdfnm gjvjom cnjhjyfv dhfphfåjnrt b jceotcndktybb vth erhtgktybz ljdthbz, uevf-ybnfhysö b bysö vth d gjllthére vbhyjuj ghjwtccf, d xfc-nyjcnb, gentv yfkfébdfybz ghzvsö rjynfrnjd; ljrkflsdfnmj gjkjétybb ltk d htubjyt b dpfbvjltqcndjdfnm gj vtht yt-jåöjlbvjcnb c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq b lheubö vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq, ltqcndeñobö dhfqjyt rjyakbrnf. Kbxysq ghtlcnfdbntkm åfpbhetncz d Nåb-kbcb (Uhepbz). D cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb jy jgbhftncz yf gjllth-ére gznb gjvjoybrjd yf vtcnfö, rjnjhst yf jcyjdt hjnfwbbhfåjnfñn d Åfre, Thtdfyt b Cntgfyfrthnt/Öfyrtylb. Pyfxb-ntkmyeñ xfcnm bö dhtvtyb pfybvftn yfåkñltybt pf gjkjét-ybtv dljkm kbybb cjghbrjcyjdtybz vtéle cnjhjyfvb.

Ecbkbz cjghtlctlfntktq Vbycrjq rjyathtywbb (yf njn vj-vtyn – Abykzylbz b Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz) gj ghbvbhtybñgjpbwbq cnjhjy jnyjcbntkmyj ghbywbgjd vbhyjuj ehtuekbhj-

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dfybz rjyakbrnf lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb yt edtyxfkbcm ecgt-öjv. Jlyfrj yf Kbccfåjycrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt 1996ujlf Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm dscnegbk c pfzdktybtv, rj-njhjt åskj gjllthéfyj dctvb ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb, pfbcrkñxtybtv Fhvtybb. D änjv pfzdktybb ujdjhbkjcm, xnjxfcnmñ ehtuekbhjdfybz yfujhyjrfhfåföcrjuj rjyakbrnf ljkéys cnfnm nhb ghbywbgf: nthhbnjhbfkmyfz wtkjcnyjcnmHtcgeåkbrb Fhvtybb b Fpthåfqléfycrjq Htcgeåkbrb; jght-ltktybt ghfdjdjuj cnfnecf Yfujhyjuj Rfhfåföf d cjukfitybb,jcyjdfyyjv yf cfvjjghtltktybb b ghtljcnfdkzñotv Yfujh-yjve Rfhfåföe cfveñ dscjreñ cntgtym cfvjeghfdktybz d cj-cnfdt Fpthåfqléfyf; ufhfynbhjdfyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm lkz Yfujhyjuj Rfhfåföf b dctuj tuj yfctktybz, drkñxfz dpfbv-yst jåzpfntkmcndf gj jåtcgtxtybñ cjåkñltybz dctvb cnjhj-yfvb gjkjétybq cjukfitybz jå ehtuekbhjdfybb.


D 1997 ujle Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm ghbyzk htitybtedtkbxbnm xbckj cjghtlctlfntktq lj nhtö: bvb cnfkb ghtlcnf-dbntkb Ahfywbb, Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb b Cjtlbytyysö Inf-njd. Jyb dscnegbkb c yjdjq vbhyjq bybwbfnbdjq, ghtlecvfn-hbdfditq ldeöänfgysq gjlöjl. Yf gthdjv änfgt ghtlgjkfuf-kjcm ghjdtltybt ltvbkbnfhbpfwbb d hfqjyt kbybb cjghbrjcyj-dtybz b djpdhfotybt åtétywtd. Dnjhjq änfg drkñxfk htfkb-pfwbñ ghtlkjétybz j cnfnect Yfujhyjuj Rfhfåföf. Cjukfcbzcnjhjy d jnyjitybb lfyyjq bybwbfnbds ljåbnmcz yt elfkjcm.

D 1998 ujle cjghtlctlfntkzvb Vbycrjq rjyathtywbb ås-kb ghtlghbyzns yjdst ecbkbz gj hfphfåjnrt ghtlkjétybz,ghbtvktvjuj lkz cnjhjy. Jlyfrj rjyctycec jnyjcbntkmyj jc-yjds lkz jabwbfkmysö gthtujdjhjd lj cbö gjh yt ljcnbuyen.

Åñhj JÅCT d Thtdfyt

22 bñkz 1999 ujlf Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn, ghbdtncndez ujnjd-yjcnm ghfdbntkmcndf Htcgeåkbrb Fhvtybb r frnbdbpfwbb ltz-ntkmyjcnb JÅCT d änjq cnhfyt, gjcnfyjdbk cjplfnm Åñhj JÅCT d Thtdfyt. Jyj ghbcnegbkj r hfåjnt 16 atdhfkz 2000ujlf, gjckt hfnbabrfwbb Vtvjhfylevf j ljujdjhtyyjcnbvtéle Fhvtybtq b JÅCT. Cjukfcyj cdjtve vfylfne Åñhj

Uheggf gkfybhjdfybz dscjrjuj ehjdyz (UGDE) JÅCT åskf cjplfyf 20 ltrfåhz1994 ujlf. Jyf drkñxftn d cdjq cjcnfd djtyysö ärcgthnjd, rjvfylbhjdfyysö

ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT, b bvttn gjhextybt:

■ gjlujnjdbnm lkz Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz htrjvtylfwbb gj hfphfåjnrt gkfyf, rfcfñotujcz cjplfybz, cjcnfdf b ltzntkmyjcnb vyjujyfwbjyfkmysö cbkJÅCT gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf lkz Yfujhyjuj Rfhfåföf;

■ gjlujnjdbnm htrjvtylfwbb, chtlb ghjxtuj, jnyjcbntkmyj hfpvthf b öfhfrnthbc-nbr änbö cbk, rjvfyljdfybz b eghfdktybz bvb, bö vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjujjåtcgtxtybz, hfcghtltktybz cjjndtncndeñobö gjlhfpltktybq b htcehcjd, ghfdbkbcgjkmpjdfybz cbk b ljujdjhtyyjcntq c ghtljcnfdkzñobvb bö ujcelfhcndfvb.

UGDE pfvtybkf cjåjq ghtéyññ Uhegge gkfybhjdfybz ltzntkmyjcnb yf yfxfkmyjvänfgt (UGYÄ), exhtéltyyeñ d vft 1993 ujlf. Cjdthibd hzl dstpljd d htubjy c wtkmñ ecnfyjdktybz afrnjd, UGDE ghbcnegbkf r ghtlvtnyjq rjywtgnefkmyjq hfåjnt, gkjljv rjnjhjq cnfkf ghtlcnfdktyyfz Ltqcndeñotve ghtlctlfntkñ 14 bñ-kz 1995 ujlf ≤rjywtgwbz vyjujyfwbjyfkmyjq vbccbb JÅCT gj gjllthéfybñ vbhfd cdzpb c yfujhyjrfhfåföcrbv rjyakbrnjv≥. Rjywtgwbz drkñxfkf xtnsht dfhbfy-

nf, nhb bp rjnjhsö ghtlgjkfufkb bcgjkmpjdfybt djjheétyysö rjynbyutynjd gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf d cjxtnfybb c ytdjjheétyysvb djtyysvb yfåkñlfntkzvbjåotq xbcktyyjcnmñ jn 1500 lj 4500 xtkjdtr, f xtndthnsq – yfghfdktybt vbccbbytdjjheétyysö djtyysö yfåkñlfntktq.

Hfpdthnsdfybt cbk gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf pfdbcbn jn ecgtiyjuj öjlf ghjwtccf gj-kbnbxtcrjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz b jn ljcnbétybz rjyctycecf vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT. D yfcnjzott dhtvz UGDE enjxyztn rjywtgwbñ ghbvtybntkmyj r ysytiytve änfge gthtujdjhjd b jåyjdkztn dsiterfpfyyst xtnsht dfhbfynf, bcgjkmpez lkz änjuj vbccbb gj ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd.

5

dbcbvjcnb b cedthtybntnf Htcgeåkbrb Vjkljdf, ghb ljcnbét-ybb gjybvfybz jnyjcbntkmyj jcjåjuj cnfnecf Ghblytcnhjdmz.Jyf cjåbhftn b ghtljcnfdkztn byajhvfwbñ j gjkjétybb dhtubjyt, d njv xbckt d djtyyjq jåkfcnb, ghjdjlbn hfccktlj-dfybt jnltkmysö bywbltynjd b jwtybdftn bö gjkbnbxtcrbt gj-cktlcndbz. Jyf nfrét cnhtvbncz cnbvekbhjdfnm dsgjkytybtcjukfitybz j gjkyjv dsdjlt hjccbqcrbö djqcr bp änjq cnhf-ys b cktlbn pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ jåütlbytyysö nhtöcnjhjyyböcbk gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf, cjcnjzobö bp vjklfdcrbö, ghb-lytcnhjdcrbö b hjccbqcrbö gjlhfpltktybq. 20 bñkz 1994 uj-lf vtéle vbccbtq b Cjdvtcnyjq rjynhjkmyjq rjvbccbtq(CRR), jhufyjv, jceotcndkzñobv yflpjh pf pjyjq åtpjgfc-yjcnb, cjplfyyjq vtéle Ghblytcnhjdmtv b Vjkljdjq, åskjljcnbuyenj cjukfitybt, eckjdbz rjnjhjuj lfñn vbccbb ghfdjcdjåjlyjuj gthtldbétybz d pjyt åtpjgfcyjcnb c wtkmñ hfc-cktljdfybz rjyrhtnysö bywbltynjd, f nfrét exfcnbz d pfct-lfybzö Rjvbccbb. Ltqcndbt änjuj cjukfitybz åskj ghjlktyjd ctynzåht 1997 ujlf. Jcyjdsdfzcm yf ghbywbgfö cjnhelybxt-cndf c CRR, cjukfcjdfyysö d 1996 ujle b gthbjlbxtcrb gjl-ndthélfdiböcz d gjcktleñobq gthbjl, vbccbz cnhtvbkfcmjåktuxfnm vbhjndjhxtcrbt jgthfwbb, ghjdjlbvst gjl yflpj-hjv CRR. Änf hfåjnf drkñxfkf pfrekbcyjt gjchtlybxtcndj dckexfzö, rjulf ltzntkmyjcnm CRR pföjlbkf d negbr, hfphf-åjnre yjdsö ghfdbk ghjwtlehs lkz pfctlfybq CRR b rjy-cekmnfwbb c jåütlbytyysv djtyysv rjvfyljdfybtv b rjvfy-lbhfvb vbhjndjhxtcrbö gjlhfpltktybq yf vtcnfö.

Rhjvt njuj, vbccbz ghtljcnfdkztn rjycekmnfwbjyyst b är-cgthnyst eckeub b jåtcgtxbdftn jcyjde lkz bysö dbljd gjvj-ob gj nfrbv fcgtrnfv gjkbnbxtcrjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz, rfräaatrnbdyjt cjåkñltybt vtéleyfhjlyj-ghfdjdsö b ghjxböjåzpfntkmcnd, rfcfñoböcz ghfd xtkjdtrf b ghfd vtymibycnd,ghjdtltybt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq b htgfnhbfwbzåtétywtd. Nfr, cjnhelybrb vbccbb rjycekmnbhjdfkb ghfdb-

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åeltn jrfpsdfnm cnhfyt cjltqcndbt d dsgjkytybb ghbyznsö d JÅCT ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd, f nfrét yfkfébdfnm bgjllthébdfnm rjynfrns c vtcnysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb, eybdth-cbntnfvb, yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbvb bycnbnenfvb b ytghfdb-ntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Åñhj djpukfdkztncz herjdj-lbntktv, jgbhfñobvcz yf gjvjom uheggs bp gznb ärcgthnjd,ghbrjvfylbhjdfyysö ujcelfhcndfvb – exfcnybrfvb JÅCT.

Åñhj JÅCT d Åfre

16 yjzåhz 1999 ujlf Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn gjcnfyjdbk exht-lbnm Åñhj JÅCT d Åfre (Fpthåfqléfy). Åñhj yfxfkj aeyr-wbjybhjdfnm d bñkt 2000 ujlf, gjckt hfnbabrfwbb Vtvjhfy-levf j ljujdjhtyyjcnb vtéle Fpthåfqléfyjv b JÅCT. Cj-ukfcyj vfylfne Åñhj, jyj jrfpsdftn cjltqcndbt d dsgjkyt-ybb ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd, fnfrét yfkfébdftn b gjllthébdftn rjynfrns c vtcnysvb jh-ufyfvb dkfcnb, eybdthcbntnfvb, yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbvbbycnbnenfvb b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Åñhjdjpukfdkztn herjdjlbntkm, rjnjhsq jgbhftncz yf gjvjomuheggs d cjcnfdt gznb ärcgthnjd, yfghfdkztvsö ujcelfhcndf-vb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT d gjhzlrt ghbrjvfylbhjdfybz.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Vjkljdt

Vbccbz d Vjkljdt åskf exhtéltyf 4 atdhfkz 1993 ujlfb ghbcnegbkf r hfåjnt d Rbibytdt 25 fghtkz 1993 ujlf. 13 atdhfkz 1995 ujlf åskj jnrhsnj tt jnltktybt d Nbhfc-gjkt. Tt endthéltyyfz xbcktyyjcnm cjcnfdkztn djctvm xt-kjdtr.

Vbccbb gjhextyj cjltqcndjdfnm cjplfybñ dctjåütvkñotqgjkbnbxtcrjq jcyjds lkz lbfkjuf b gthtujdjhjd b gjvjufnmcnjhjyfv d rjyakbrnt dtcnb gthtujdjhs j tuj ghjxyjv gjkb-nbxtcrjv ehtuekbhjdfybb, cgjcjåcndeñotv erhtgktybñ ytpf-

5

ntkmcndj Vjkljds gj djghjcfv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j zpsrt,cktlbkb pf hfåjnjq celjd, dtkb gjchtlybxtcreñ hfåjne d nf-rbö jcnhsö, gj vytybñ jåtbö cnjhjy, djghjcfö, rfr jåhfpj-dfybt b nhfycgjhn, b cjdvtcnyj c ÅLBGX gjvjufkb jceotcn-dkznm yfåkñltybt pf ghjdtltybtv gfhkfvtyncrbö b ghtpb-ltyncrbö dsåjhjd d Vjkljdt.

R xbcke yfbåjktt dféysö b ckjéysö pflfx vbccbb jnyj-cbncz ghtljcnfdktybt rjycekmnfwbjyysö b ärcgthnysö eckeud cdzpb c jghtltktybtv jcjåjuj cnfnecf Ghblytcnhjdmz. Tñhfphfåjnfys ghtlkjétybz jå jcjåjv cnfnect Ghblytcnhjdmz,rjnjhst cnjhjys ghbybvfñn d rfxtcndt jcyjds lkz gthtuj-djhjd. Öjnz jrjyxfntkmyjuj b dctjåütvkñotuj ehtuekbhjdf-ybz ljåbnmcz gjrf yt elfkjcm, cthbz dcnhtx vtéle ghtpblty-njv Vjkljds b herjdjlbntktv Ghblytcnhjdmz edtyxfkfcmgjlgbcfybtv 5 bñkz 1995 ujlf cgjcjåcndeñotuj erhtgktybñljdthbz cjukfitybz j ytghbvtytybb cbks b ärjyjvbxtcrjujlfdktybz. Lfyyjt cjukfitybt åskj crhtgktyj gjlgbczvbghtlcnfdbntktq jåtbö cnjhjy, f nfrét hjccbqcrjuj gjchtlyb-rf b herjdjlbntkz vbccbb JÅCT. Ltgjpbnfhbtv cjukfitybzcnfk Ctrhtnfhbfn JÅCT.

8 vfz 1997 ujlf d Vjcrdt ghtpbltynfvb Vjkljds, Hjccbbb Erhfbys, f nfrét kblthjv Ghblytcnhjdmz b Ltqcndeñobvghtlctlfntktv JÅCT åsk gjlgbcfy Vtvjhfylev jå jcyjdföyjhvfkbpfwbb jnyjitybq vtéle Htcgeåkbrjq Vjkljdf bGhblytcnhjdmtv: d ytv jåt cnjhjys d rjyakbrnt ghjdjpukf-cbkb cdjtq wtkmñ cnfyjdktybt b crjhtqitt jghtltktybt dpf-bvjjnyjitybq vtéle ybvb, jghtltktybt cnfnecf Ghblytcnhj-dmz b hfpuhfybxtybt b ltktubhjdfybt gjkyjvjxbq.

D 1998 ujle hfåjnf vbccbb gjkexbkf dscjreñ jwtyre dctöcnjhjy; bvb åskf dshfétyf yfltélf, xnj JÅCT åeltn b lf-ktt frnbdyj exfcndjdfnm d ltkfö htubjyf. Ghtlcnfdbntkm vbc-cbb ghbcencndjdfk yf dcnhtxt dscjrjuj ehjdyz gj Vjkljdt,

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cjcnjzditqcz d Jltcct 19–20 vfhnf 1998 ujlf, ult cnjhjyfvbåsk cjukfcjdfy ntrcn, rfcfñobqcz vth erhtgktybz ljdthbz bhfpdbnbz rjynfrnjd, f nfrét ghjnjrjk j ytrjnjhsö gthdjjxt-htlysö ifufö gj frnbdbpfwbb gjkbnbxtcrjuj ehtuekbhjdfybzghblytcnhjdcrjq ghjåktvs. Åskj nfrét ljcnbuyenj cjukfit-ybt jnyjcbntkmyj hjccbqcrjuj djtyyjuj bveotcndf d djcnjx-yjq xfcnb Vjkljds.

Yf Dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d Cnfvåekt d 1999 ujle ukf-ds ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy-exfcnybw JÅCT dyjdm pf-zdbkb, xnj jéblfñn ≤crjhjuj, egjhzljxtyyjuj b gjkyjuj ds-djlf≥ hjccbqcrbö djqcr c nthhbnjhbb Htcgeåkbrb Vjkljdf, becnfyjdbkb lkz änjuj ghtltkmysq chjr – rjytw 2002 ujlf.Jyb nfrét gjhexbkb Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne hfccvjnhtnm djghjcj hfcibhtybb vfylfnf Vbccbb, c ntv xnjås jyf vjukf cj-ltqcndjdfnm ghjwtcce dsdjlf.

Vbccbz ghjljkéftn jrfpsdfnm cnjhjyfv gjvjom yf dctöänfgfö bö gthtujdjhjd.

Rjjhlbyfnjh ghjtrnjd JÅCT d Erhfbyt

D 1999 ujle ghjbpjikb dféyst gthtvtys d cjnhelybxtcn-dt JÅCT c Erhfbyjq. 30 fghtkz, ecgtiyj dsgjkybd cdjq vfy-lfn, ghtrhfnbkf ceotcndjdfybt cjplfyyfz d 1994 ujle VbccbzJÅCT d Erhfbyt. Åsk exhtélty gjcn rjjhlbyfnjhf ghjtrnjdJÅCT d Erhfbyt, xnj gjkjébkj yfxfkj yjdjq ajhvt cjnhel-ybxtcndf vtéle JÅCT b ghfdbntkmcndjv Erhfbys. Änj ghj-bpjikj gjckt ghbyznbz Gjcnjzyysv cjdtnjv JÅCT 1 bñyz1999 ujlf Htitybz Nj 295 b gjlgbcfybz 13 bñkz Vtvjhfy-levf j ljujdjhtyyjcnb. Gthdjyfxfkmyj lkz änjq yjdjq ajh-vs cjnhelybxtcndf åsk ecnfyjdkty chjr lj 31 ltrfåhz 1999ujlf, yj d lfkmytqitv jy åsk ghjlkty.

Rjjhlbyfnjh åfpbhetncz d Rbtdt, f d tuj åñhj hfåjnfñnrfr vtéleyfhjlyst, nfr b yfyznst yf vtcnt ärcgthns b ntö-

ybxtcrbt cjnhelybrb, xbckj rjnjhsö vjétn vtyznmcz d pfdb-cbvjcnb jn gjnhtåyjcntq jceotcndkztvsö ghjtrnjd. Jy jndt-xftn pf gkfybhjdfybt, jceotcndktybt b yfåkñltybt pf jceot-cndktybtv ghjtrnjd dpfbvjltqcndbz vtéle cjjndtncndeñob-vb dkfcnzvb Erhfbys b JÅCT b tt bycnbnenfvb. Nfrbt ghj-trns vjuen rfcfnmcz kñåsö fcgtrnjd ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT, bexfcndjdfnm d ybö vjuen rfr ghfdbntkmcndtyyst, nfr b ytghf-dbntkmcndtyyst cnhernehs.

Wtkm dctö ghjtrnjd, d rjnjhsö ghbybvftn exfcnbt rjjhlb-yfnjh, – jrfpfybt gjvjob Erhfbyt d flfgnfwbb tt pfrjyjlf-ntkmcndf, bycnbnenjd b ghjbcöjlzobö ghjwtccjd r nhtåjdfyb-zv cjdhtvtyyjq ltvjrhfnbb yf jcyjdt dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf.Åjkmibycndj ghjtrnjd abyfycbheñncz pf cxtn ljåhjdjkmysödpyjcjd ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT. D xbckj yfbåjktt dfé-ysö ntreobö b gkfybhetvsö ghjtrnjd döjlzn cktleñobt:

Ddctjåütvkñott hfccvjnhtybt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, rfcfñ-otujcz ghfd xtkjdtrf. Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb ghtlkjébkjghjdtcnb dctjåütvkñott hfccvjnhtybt erhfbycrjuj pfrjyj-lfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf c wtkmñ tuj eybabrfwbbb ghbdtltybz d cjjndtncndbt c tdhjgtqcrbvb b vtéleyfhjl-ysvb yjhvfvb. Htfkbpfwbtq lfyyjuj ghjtrnf dj dpfbvjltqcn-dbb c Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs pfybvftncz ÅLBGX xthtp rjjhlbyfnj-hf ghjtrnjd. Jceotcndkzz änjn ibhjrjvfcinfåysq ghjtrn,vtéleyfhjlyst b erhfbycrbt ärcgthns frnbdyj cjnhelybxf-ñn cj dctvb exfcnybrfvb pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj ghjwtccf.

Erhtgktybt celtåyjq cbcntvs. Htifñott pyfxtybt d endthéltybb dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf bvttn cjplfybt yfltéyjq bgjlkbyyj ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq cbcntvs. Gjänjve jcyjdyjtdybvfybt d cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb rjjhlbyfnjh ghjtrnjd eltkz-tn jrfpfybñ celtåysv jhufyfv gjvjob d ghtjljktybb dspj-djd, c rjnjhsvb d gthtöjlysq gthbjl ghböjlbncz cnfkrbdfnm-cz ujcelfhcnde. Hzl ghjtrnjd jceotcndkztncz d cjnhelybxt-

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cndt c Dthöjdysv b Rjycnbnewbjyysv celfvb. Jlyf bp dfé-ysö wtktq – jåktuxtybt lkz celtq yf jåkfcnyjv b hfqjyyjvehjdyzö ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb j ghtwtltynfö bp ghfrnbrb dscibö celtåysö jhufyjd b r bö ärcgthnyjve gjntywbfke gentv bcgjkmpjdfybz cjdhtvtyysö byajhvfwbjyysö ntöyj-kjubq.

Jrfpfybt ntöybxtcrjq b ghfrnbxtcrjq gjvjob erhfbycrjvejvåelcvtye. Åñhj jvåelcvtyf – jlby bp jcyjdysö bycnhe-vtynjd endthéltybz b pfobns ghfd xtkjdtrf d Erhfbyt. Rj-jhlbyfnjh ghjtrnjd jrfpsdftn bycnbnene jvåelcvtyf gjllth-ére d hfvrfö hzlf ghjtrnjd rjycekmnfwbjyyjq b ntöybxtcrjqgjvjob. Chtlb ghtlcnfdkzñobö jcjåsq bynthtc jåkfcntq –ltkjghjbpdjlcndj b hfåjnf c bcrfvb, f nfrét gjvjom d dbltcjjndtncndeñotuj jåjheljdfybz d ckexft tuj ytödfnrb.

Åjhmåf c njhujdktq kñlmvb. D hfvrfö cjdvtcnyjuj ghjtr-nf ÅLBGX b Vtéleyfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbb gj djghjcfv vbuhf-wbb rjjhlbyfnjh ghjtrnjd jrfpsdftn frnbdyjt ntöybxtcrjtcjltqcndbt yfwbjyfkmyjve rjjhlbyfwbjyyjve cjdtne gj åjhm-åt c njhujdktq kñlmvb ghb åñhj jvåelcvtyf. Änjn cjdtnckeébn d rfxtcndt wtynhf gj hfphfåjnrt yfwbjyfkmyjq cnhf-ntubb, f nfrét exfcndetn d vtéleyfhjlyjv cjnhelybxtcndt.Jlyjq bp jcyjdysö wtktq lfyyjuj ghjtrnf zdkztncz cjltqcn-dbt ghbyznbñ pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, jåtcgtxbdfñotuj ghbdktxt-ybt r jndtncndtyyjcnb ntö, rnj pfybvftncz njhujdktq kñlm-vb, b åjktt yfltéyeñ pfobne éthnd änjq ghtcnegyjq ltz-ntkmyjcnb.

Rjycekmnfnbdyj-yfåkñlfntkmyfz uheggf JÅCT d Åtkfhecb

18 ctynzåhz 1997 ujlf Gjcnjzyysv cjdtnjv åskj ghbyznjhtitybt jå exhtéltybb Rjycekmnfnbdyj-yfåkñlfntkmyjquheggs (RYU) d Åtkfhecb c wtkmñ jrfpfybz cjltqcndbz åtkj-heccrbv dkfcnzv d hfpdbnbb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd b

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cjåkñltybb lheubö ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT jåzpfntkmcnd.Uheggf ghbcnegbkf r hfåjnt d Vbycrt d yfxfkt atdhfkz 1998ujlf.

Jyf dtltn hfpyjcnjhjyyññ ltzntkmyjcnm, pfxfcneñ jgbhf-zcm yf gjvjom cgtwbfkbcnjd bp vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbqb cnhfy-exfcnybw, b ckeébn htathfnbdysv wtynhjv rfr gjjåobv djghjcfv, nfr b d cdzpb c hfphfåjnrjq pfrjyjlfntkm-cndf, rfcfñotujcz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd b ghjwtleh, fnfrét yfåkñltybtv pf dsgjkytybtv cnhfyjq vtéleyfhjlysöjåzpfntkmcnd d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf, dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf bcnhjbntkmcndf ltvjrhfnbb.

RYU jrfpsdftn cjltqcndbt d gjlujnjdrt yjdjuj bpåbhf-ntkmyjuj pfrjyf, eujkjdyjuj b eujkjdyj-ghjwtccefkmyjuj rj-ltrcjd. Pf dhtvz cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz Uheggf nfrét jrfps-dfkf rjycekmnfwbjyyeñ gjvjom ghb jceotcndktybb nfrböghjtrnjd, rfr hfphfåjnrf pfrjyjd j dsåjhfö d vtcnyst jhuf-ys dkfcnb, jåextybt yfåkñlfntktq bp xbckf uhfélfy cnhfys,dshfåjnrf htrjvtylfwbq gj ghjtrne pfrjyf jå jvåelcvtyt,gjlujnjdrf cgtwbfkbcnjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, fyfkbp gjkjét-ybz d jåkfcnb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b gjlujnjdrf ht-rjvtylfwbq gj hfpdbnbñ gkñhfkbpvf (drkñxfz djpvjéystfkmnthyfnbds yföjlzobvcz gjl rjynhjktv ujcelfhcndf b ghf-dbntkmcndf vjyjgjkmysv jhufyfv ntkthflbjdtofybz), f nfr-ét fyfkbp gjkjétybz d ärjyjvbrt.

Yfhzle c änbv RYU bpscrbdfkf djpvjéyjcnb lkz ghjdt-ltybz jnrhsnjuj lbfkjuf yf ctvbyfhfö b rjyathtywbzö gj dj-ghjcfv, bvtñobv dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz gjcnhjtybz ltvjrhf-nbb b jåtcgtxtybz dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf d Åtkfhecb. D rfxtcn-dt ghbvthjd nfrbö vthjghbznbq vjéyj yfpdfnm ctvbyfh yfntve ≤Cdjåjlyst b xtcnyst dsåjhs≥ (fghtkm 1998 ujlf) b ct-vbyfh yf ntve ≤Ltvjrhfnbz, cjwbfkmyjt jåtcgtxtybt b hs-yjxyfz ärjyjvbrf≥ (ctynzåhm 1998 ujlf).

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RYU gjllthébdftn rjynfrns c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb uhfélfy-crjuj jåotcndf, gjkbnbxtcrbvb gfhnbzvb, YGJ, f nfrét c yf-exysvb exhtéltybzvb b extåysvb pfdtltybzvb c wtkmñ yf-kfébdfybz ghjwtccf rjycekmnfwbq vtéle dctvb pfbynthtcj-dfyysvb cnjhjyfvb gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz ltvjrhfnbpfwbbd cnhfyt b hjkb gjkbnbxtcrjq jggjpbwbb, uhfélfy b YGJ djåtcgtxtybb dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf b cjåkñltybb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Ltzntkmyjcnm JÅCT d Äcnjybb

Exhtéltyyfz gj htitybñ dcnhtxb Rjvbntnf cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw jn 13 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf, vbccbz JÅCT dÄcnjybb åskf hfpdthyenf 15 atdhfkz 1993 ujlf. Åfpbhezcm dNfkkbyt, jyf bvttn jnltktybz d Qjödb b Yfhdt. Tt endth-éltyyfz xbcktyyjcnm cjcnfdkztn itcnm xtkjdtr. Pflfxtqvbccbb zdkztncz lfkmytqitt eukeåktybt byntuhfwbb b dpf-bvjgjybvfybz vtéle yfwbjyfkmysvb uheggfvb d Äcnjybb.

Cjukfcyj vfylfne vbccbb rjyrhtnyj gjhextyj gjllthéb-dfnm rjynfrns c rjvgtntynysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb yf yfwbj-yfkmyjv b vtcnyjv ehjdyt (d xfcnyjcnb, c jhufyfvb, jndtxfñ-obvb pf djghjcs uhfélfycndf, vbuhfwbb, zpsrjdst djghjcs,cjwbfkmyjt jåtcgtxtybt b pfyznjcnm), f nfrét c cjjndtncn-deñobvb YGJ, gjkbnbxtcrbvb gfhnbzvb, ghjacjñpfvb b jh-ufyfvb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Jyf, rhjvt njuj, egjk-yjvjxtyf cjåbhfnm byajhvfwbñ b dscnegfnm d hjkb wtynhflkz jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq, ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob b rjycekmnf-wbq gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz gjkjétybz ghjébdfñobö dÄcnjybb jåoby, f nfrét ghfd b jåzpfyyjcntq bö xktyjd.

Vbccbz cktlbn pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ ghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhuf-yjd b ghbvtytybtv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, rfcfñotujcz yfkfébdf-ybz lbfkjuf b dpfbvjgjybvfybz vtéle jåobyfvb d cnhfyt.Jyf, d xfcnyjcnb, yfåkñlftn pf hfpdbnbtv cbnefwbb d djghj-cfö uhfélfycndf, d njv xbckt pf ghbyznbtv gjghfdjr r pfrj-


ye j uhfélfycndt, ghbpdfyysö eghjcnbnm ghjwtlehe yfnehfkb-pfwbb ltntq, hjlbdiböcz d Äcnjybb e kbw åtp uhfélfycndfgjckt 1991 ujlf.

Vbccbz jncktébdftn b gjllthébdftn jceotcndkztveñ cjctyb 1997 ujlf byntuhfwbjyyeñ cnhfntubñ äcnjycrjuj ghfdb-ntkmcndf, wtkzvb rjnjhjq zdkzñncz: bpvtytybt jnyjitybz rytäcnjywfv; cjrhfotybt xbckf kbw, yt jghtltkbdibö cdjtuhfélfycndj; jåtcgtxtybt hfpdbnbz äcnjycrjq cbcntvs jåhf-pjdfybz d rfxtcndt rkñxtdjuj afrnjhf byntuhfwbb; gjdsit-ybt ehjdyz pyfybz äcnjycrjuj zpsrf chtlb ytäcnjywtd; ghjnb-djltqcndbt htubjyfkmyjq bpjkzwbb ytäcnjywtd; b cjltqcndbtgjkbnbxtcrjq byntuhfwbb uhfélfy Äcnjybb ytäcnjycrjuj ghj-bcöjéltybz.

Vbccbz dyjcbn cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt byntuhfwbjyysö ghj-wtccjd d Äcnjybb, jrfpsdfz djpltqcndbt yf htitybt ghfrnb-xtcrbö djghjcjd, exfcndez d ghjuhfvvfö gjdsitybz jcdtljv-ktyyjcnb jåotcndtyyjcnb b hzlt rjyrhtnysö ghjtrnjd, vyj-ubt bp rjnjhsö jceotcndkzñncz ghb gjllthért YGJ, yfwbj-yfkmysö bycnbnenjd, vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq b pfheåté-ysö ljyjhjd.

Ecbkbz vbccbb yfghfdktys yf cnbvekbhjdfybt jåhfpjdf-ybz YGJ, gjllthére bö hfåjns, jrfpfybt bv gjvjob d cåj-ht byajhvfwbb b jåvtyt tñ d wtkzö ghbdktxtybz dybvfybzjåotcndtyyjcnb r njve gjntywbfke, rjnjhsv jåkflfñn YGJd uhfélfycrjv jåotcndt.

D Äcnjybb nfrét ltqcndetn ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT d äcnjy-crjq ghfdbntkmcndtyyjq rjvbccbb gj djtyysv gtycbjythfv.Yt döjlz d cjcnfd vbccbb, ghtlcnfdbntkm exfcndetn d hfåjntäcnjycrjq ghfdbntkmcndtyyjq rjvbccbb gj djtyysv gtycbjyt-hfv, rjnjhfz åskf exhtéltyf d cbke gjlgbcfyyjuj vtéleÄcnjybtq b Hjccbtq d bñyt 1994 ujlf Cjukfitybz gj djghj-ce j cjwbfkmysö ufhfynbzö lkz djtyysö gtycbjythjd Hjccbq-

– nfrét dscnegftn c bybwbfnbdfvb, yfghfdktyysvb yf ekex-itybt dpfbvjgjybvfybz vtéle jåobyfvb d Kfndbb.

Vbccbz, dpfbvjltqcndeñofz c ghfdbntkmcndjv Kfndbb ddjghjcfö cnbvekbhjdfybz vbhyjq cjwbfkmyjq byntuhfwbb dcnhfyt, ghbdtncndjdfkf htpekmnfns cjcnjzditujcz 3 jrnzåhz1998 ujlf htathtylevf, yf rjnjhjv yfctktybt dscrfpfkjcm pfddtltybt d ltqcndbt gjghfdjr r ghbyznjve ctqvjv (gfhkfvty-njv) 22 bñyz 1998 ujlf pfrjye j uhfélfycndt, ghbpdfyysöeghjcnbnm ghjwtlehe ghbjåhtntybz kfndbqcrjuj uhfélfycndfytkfnsifvb.

C vjvtynf dsdjlf hjccbqcrjuj djtyyjuj gthcjyfkf bp Kfn-dbb d 1994 ujle herjdjlbntkm vbccbb JÅCT d Kfndbb bcgjk-yzk aeyrwbb ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT d Cjdvtcnyjq kfndbqcrj-hjccbqcrjq rjvbccbb gj djtyysv gtycbjythfv. Änf rjvbc-cbz pfybvftncz ghjåktvfvb, rfcfñobvbcz jncnfdysö hjccbq-crbö djtyyjckeéfobö, jcnfdiböcz d Kfndbb gjckt dsdjlf bpytt d 1994 ujle jcyjdyjuj rjynbyutynf hjccbqcrbö djqcr.

Tot jlybv rfyfkjv, gj rjnjhjve JÅCT jrfpsdfkf cj-ltqcndbt d dsgjkytybb ldecnjhjyybö cjukfitybq d Kfndbb,zdkzkcz ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT d Jåütlbytyyjq rjvbccbb gjHKC d Crheylt.

30 fghtkz 1994 ujlf Kfndbz b Hjccbz gjlgbcfkb Cjukfit-ybt j ghfdjdjv cnfnect Crheylcrjq hflbjkjrfwbjyyjq cnfy-wbb yf gthbjl tt dhtvtyyjuj aeyrwbjybhjdfybz b ltvjynféf.D bñyt 1994 ujlf Kfndbz b Hjccbz jåhfnbkbcm r CÅCT c ghj-cmåjq j gjvjob d dsgjkytybb änjuj cjukfitybz. D vft 1995ujlf åskf cjplfyf Jåütlbytyyfz kfndbqcrj-hjccbqcrfz rj-vbccbz gj dsgjkytybñ gjl ghtlctlfntkmcndjv ghtlcnfdbntkzJÅCT. Rjynhjkm pf dsgjkytybtv Cjukfitybz jceotcndkzkczldféls d ujl vtéleyfhjlysvb bycgtrwbjyysvb uheggfvb;åfpjdfz bycgtrwbz åskf ghjdtltyf d fduecnt 1995 ujlf.

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crjq Atlthfwbb yf nthhbnjhbb Äcnjycrjq Htcgeåkbrb c wtkmñgjlujnjdrb htrjvtylfwbq j dslfxt dbljd yf ébntkmcndj.

Ghtlcnfdbntkm, d pflfxb rjnjhjuj döjlbn, d xfcnyjcnb, ht-uekzhyjt byajhvbhjdfybt Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz j hf-åjnt rjvbccbb, ghbcnegbk r bcgjkytybñ cdjbö jåzpfyyjcntq16 yjzåhz 1994 ujlf.

Jcyjdyfz xfcnm hfccvfnhbdftvsö ltk åskf ehtuekbhjdfyfr cthtlbyt 2000 ujlf, b ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT åeltn ghjljk-éfnm jrfpsdfnm äcnjycrbv dkfcnzv cjltqcndbt lj ntö gjh,gjrf yt åelen ehtuekbhjdfys tot jcnfñobtcz djghjcs.

Ltzntkmyjcnm JÅCT d Kfndbb

C 19 yjzåhz 1993 ujlf d Hbut ltqcndetn vbccbz JÅCT dKfndbb. Tq gjhextyj pfybvfnmcz djghjcfvb uhfélfycndf blheubvb cdzpfyysvb c änbv djghjcfvb b ghtlcnfdkznm gj ybvhtrjvtylfwbb, ghtljcnfdkznm byajhvfwbñ b lfdfnm rjycekm-nfwbb exhtéltybzv, jhufybpfwbzv b xfcnysv kbwfv, pfbynt-htcjdfyysv d gjllthéfybb lbfkjuf gj änjq ghjåktvfnbrt, fnfrét cjåbhfnm byajhvfwbñ b cjjåofnm j cjåsnbzö, bvtñ-obö jnyjitybt r htfkbpfwbb d gjkyjv jåütvt ghbywbgjd,yjhv b jåzpfntkmcnd, ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT.

Jcyjdyjt dybvfybt vbccbz eltkztn djghjcfv cjwbfkmyjqbyntuhfwbb ytuhfélfy, ghtlcnfdkzñobö cjåjq vyjujxbckty-yeñ uhegge yfctktybz, d ébpym kfndbqcrjuj jåotcndf. Änfhfåjnf ghtlgjkfuftn ghbcnfkmyjt yfåkñltybt pf hfphfåjnrjqcjjndtncndeñobö pfrjyjd (gj djghjcfv uhfélfycndf, zpsrf,jåhfpjdfybz, pfyznjcnb b kbw åtp uhfélfycndf) b jrfpfybtyflktéfobö rjycekmnfwbjyysö eckeu, f nfrét rjynhjkm pfghbvtytybtv änbö pfrjyjd, yfghbvth pf ghjwtccjv dslfxb cj-jndtncndeñobö gfcgjhnjd ytuhfélfyfv b ghjdtltybtv ntcnjdyf ghtlvtn yfnehfkbpfwbb. Vbccbz – pfxfcneñ cjjåof c YGJ

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31 fduecnf 1998 ujlf Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz dsgjkybkfcdjt jåzpfntkmcndj jå jnrkñxtybb Crheylcrjq HKC. Ltvjy-nfé cnfywbb yfxfkcz 1 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlf b åsk pfdthity 19 jrnzåhz 1999 ujlf, yf ytcrjkmrj vtczwtd hfymit chjrf.Cjjndtncndtyyj, chjr ltqcndbz vfylfnf ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCTbcntr 1 atdhfkz 2000 ujlf.

Vbccbz JÅCT d Nflébrbcnfyt

Exhtéltyyfz htitybtv hbvcrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf 1 ltrfå-hz 1993 ujlf, vbccbz JÅCT d Nflébrbcnfyt åskf hfpdthyenfd Leifyåt 19 atdhfkz 1994 ujlf. 1 jrnzåhz 1995 ujlf vbc-cbtq åskb jnrhsns nhb jnltktybz – d Rehufy-Nñåt, Ifhne-pt b Lecnb. D fghtkt 1998 ujlf ghbcencndbt JÅCT åskj exhtéltyj b d Ufhvcrjv hfqjyt. Vbccbb nfrét åskf dslfyfcfyrwbz yf jnrhsnbt jnltktybz d Ktybyfåflcrjq jåkfcnb yfctdtht Nflébrbcnfyf.

Vbccbz gjkexbkf ibhjrbq b ubårbq vfylfn, cnfdzobq pf-lfxb cjltqcndbz gjkbnbxtcrjve ghbvbhtybñ, gjcnhjtybñ ltvjrhfnbb b edfétybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf d Nflébrbcnfyt. Tqgjhextyj gjllthébdfnm rjynfrns b cjltqcndjdfnm lbfkjue berhtgktybñ ljdthbz vtéle hfpkbxysvb htubjyfkmysvb b gj-kbnbxtcrbvb cbkfvb d cnhfyt, frnbdyj cjltqcndjdfnm cjåkñ-ltybñ yjhv b ghbywbgjd JÅCT b jceotcndkznm cjjndtncndeñ-obq rjynhjkm, bcrfnm genb b chtlcndf cjltqcndbz cj cnjhjysJÅCT hfpdbnbñ ghfdjdsö b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd bghjwtccjd b htuekzhyj byajhvbhjdfnm Jhufybpfwbñ j hfpdb-nbb cjåsnbq.

C jnrhsnbtv d jrnzåht 1995 ujlf nhtö htubjyfkmysö jn-ltktybq vbccbb åskj ghtlkjétyj cktlbnm pf cbnefwbtq c cjåkñltybtv d cnhfyt ghfd djpdhfofñoböcz åtétywtd b gt-htvtotyysö kbw, ghbdktrfnm dybvfybt dkfcntq r ghjåktvfv,pfnhfubdfñobv änb jcjåj ezpdbvst uheggs (c ntv xnjås cj-

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ltqcndjdfnm bö htbyntuhfwbb d nflébrcrjt jåotcndj), b htue-kzhyj ghtlcnfdkznm ljrkfls gj änjve djghjce.

D cktleñotv, 1996 ujle htitybtv Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf jn29 atdhfkz vfylfn vbccbb åsk ljgjkybntkmyj hfcibhty. Gt-htl ytq åskb gjcnfdktys yjdst pflfxb – ghtlkjébnm cdjt cj-ltqcndbt b rjycekmnfwbjyyst eckeub bycnbnene ytpfdbcbvjujjvåelcvtyf (b htuekzhyj cjjåofnm j tuj ltzntkmyjcnb), jrf-psdfnm gjvjom ÅLBGX d ghjdtltybb dctjåütvkñotuj jåpj-hf hfåjns, ghjltkfyyjq lfyysv bycnbnenjv pf gthdsq ujl tujaeyrwbjybhjdfybz, b ghtlcnfdbnm Cjdtne gbcmvtyysq ljrkfl.D yfcnjzott dhtvz dct tot dtlencz gthtujdjhs c dkfcnzvbcnhfys jå exhtéltybb bycnbnenf jvåelcvtyf.

Vbccbz eltkztn ytvfkj dybvfybz djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjujbpvthtybz. Jyf dtltn frnbdyeñ hfåjne gj jåtcgtxtybñ hfdyj-ghfdbz dctö uhfélfy b ekexitybñ eckjdbq cjlthéfybz pfrkñ-xtyysö. Jnltktybz yf vtcnfö pfybvfñncz nfrbvb djghjcfvb,rfr ghfdj cjåcndtyyjcnb b gjkmpjdfybz ébkmtv b ptvktq, lj-cnjqyjt jnyjitybt r pfrkñxtyysv b ghbpsdybrfv (drkñxfzjcdjåjéltybt ytpfrjyyj elthébdftvsö kbw), gjbcr ghjgfd-ibö åtp dtcnb, gjvjom d hfpdbnbb vtcnysö chtlcnd vfccjdjqbyajhvfwbb, utylthyst djghjcs, hfcghjcnhfytybt pyfybq jghfdfö xtkjdtrf b hfdyjvthyjt hfcghtltktybt uevfybnfhyjqgjvjob vtcnysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb. Ltqcndez cjdvtcnyj cVbccbtq yfåkñlfntktq JJY d Nflébrbcnfyt (ÑYVJN), vbc-cbz buhftn hjkm rjjhlbyfnjhf ltzntkmyjcnb gj djghjcfv ds-åjhjd; d änjq cdzpb jåt vbccbb gjjxthtlyj jhufybpeñn dcnht-xb c exfcnbtv ghtlcnfdbntktq dctö vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpf-wbq, pfybvfñoböcz djghjcfvb dsåjhjd d Nflébrbcnfyt.

Vbccbz nfrét ghbybvftn exfcnbt d ghjwtcct yfwbjyfkmyj-uj ghbvbhtybz. Jyf dscnegftn d hjkb ufhfynf pfrkñxtyyjujd bñyt 1997 ujlf vténflébrcrjuj vbhyjuj cjukfitybz. Dänjv rfxtcndt jyf cnhtvbncz cjltqcndjdfnm dsgjkytybñ ds-

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Nflébrcrbt étyobys

itegjvzyenjuj cjukfitybz, b d jcjåtyyjcnb ntö ghjnjrjkjd,rjnjhst rfcfñncz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö djghjcjd b djpdhfot-ybz åtétywtd.

Rhjvt njuj, vbccbz frnbdyj exfcndetn d pfctlfybzö rjy-nfrnyjq uheggs, yfåkñlfñotq pf dsgjkytybtv Jåotuj cj-ukfitybz. Jyf jrfpsdftn gjvjom d hfåjnt Rjvbccbb gj yf-wbjyfkmyjve ghbvbhtybñ, pfybvfzcm djghjcfvb dytctybz gj-ghfdjr d rjycnbnewbñ, hfphfåjnrb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j gjkb-nbxtcrbö gfhnbzö, ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd b chtlcnd vfccjdjq by-ajhvfwbb.

Wtynh JÅCT d Nfirtynt (d ghjikjv Åñhj JÅCT gj cdzpb d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb)

Cjplfyysq 16 vfhnf 1995 ujlf gj htitybñ Gjcnjzyyjujcjdtnf JÅCT ghbcnegbk r hfåjnt d bñyt 1995 ujlf. Gjvbvjherjdjlbntkz d tuj cjcnfd d yfcnjzott dhtvz döjlzn ldf ärcgthnf gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ b jlby ärcgthn gj ärj-yjvbxtcrbv/ärjkjubxtcrbv ghjåktvfv. Åsk cjplfy c wtkmñecnfyjdktybz åjktt ntcysö cdzptq vtéle gznmñ wtynhfkmyj-fpbfncrbvb ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb b JÅCT d hfvrfö endthéltyyjq d 1992 ujle cnhfntubb byntuhfwbb ytlfdyj ghb-yznsö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd.

D pflfxb, gjcnfdktyyst gthtl Wtynhjv d Nfirtynt, döjlbncjltqcndbt d jåtcgtxtybb rjynfrnjd b jåvtyt byajhvfwbtq cLtqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv, f nfrét c lheubvb bycnbnenf-vb JÅCT, yfkfébdfybt b gjllthéfybt cdzptq c vtcnysvbeybdthcbntnfvb, bccktljdfntkmcrbvb bycnbnenfvb b YGJ, cj-ltqcndbt htfkbpfwbb ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd JÅCT, f nfr-ét cjnhelybxtcnde vtéle cnhfyfvb änjuj htubjyf d hfvrföJÅCT b jrfpfybt gjvjob d jhufybpfwbb vthjghbznbq JÅCT,d xfcnyjcnb htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhjd b gjctotybq lfyyjuj ht-ubjyf ltktufwbzvb JÅCT dscjrjuj ehjdyz.

Wtynh exfcndjdfk d jhufybpfwbb ghjdjlbdiböcz JÅCT ct-vbyfhjd, d xfcnyjcnb, gjcdzotyysö htubjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjc-nb b erhtgktybñ ljdthbz, ytpfrjyyjve jåjhjne yfhrjnbrjd båjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ, cnfåbkmyjve b nhfycgfhtynyjve pf-rjyjlfntkmcnde gj ärjyjvbxtcrbv djghjcfv rfr chtlcndecnbvekbhjdfybz gthtöjlysö ghjwtccjd d cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvb-xtcrjq jåkfcnb, htubjyfkmyjq cnfåbkmyjcnb, htubjyfkmysvärjkjubxtcrbv ghjåktvfv b cjdvtcnysv gjlöjlfv r bö ht-itybñ, jåtcgtxtybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf b ecnjqxbdjve hfpdbnbñhtubjyf Fhfkmcrjuj vjhz.

14 ltrfåhz 2000 u. Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn ghbyzk htitybt bp-vtybnm yfpdfybt Åñhj JÅCT gj cdzpb d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb yfWtynh JÅCT d Nfirtynt. Änj htitybt åskj ghbyznj d cdzpbc bpvtytybtv ajrecf ltzntkmyjcnb Åñhj b exbnsdfz hfcib-htyyjt ghbcencndbt JÅCT d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb (nhb wtynhfJÅCT – d Fkvf-Fnt, Fiöfåflt b Åbirtrt – jnrhskbcm d zy-dfht 1999 u.) Vfylfn yjdjuj Wtynhf JÅCT d Nfirtynt drkñ-xftn d ctåz cjltqcndbt dytlhtybñ ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcndJÅCT d cjnhelybxtcndt c Epåtrbcnfyjv b d hfvrfö JÅCT.

Wtynhs JÅCT d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb

23 bñkz 1998 ujlf Gjcnjzyysv cjdtnjv åskj ghbyznj ht-itybt j cjplfybb nhtö yjdsö wtynhjd JÅCT – d Fkvf-Fnt,Fiöfåflt b Åbirtrt. Änb wtynhs, jnrhsnbt rjnjhsö cjcnjz-kjcm d yfxfkt 1999 ujlf, ghbpdfys cgjcjåcndjdfnm cjåkñlt-ybñ Rfpföcnfyjv, Nehrvtybcnfyjv b Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkb-rjq ghbyznsö d JÅCT ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd, f nfrét böexfcnbñ d cjnhelybxtcndt d hfvrfö JÅCT. D hfåjnt wtynhjdgj dctv bpvthtybzv JÅCT, drkñxfz ärjyjvbxtcrbt, ärjkj-ubxtcrbt, uevfybnfhyst b gjkbnbxtcrbt fcgtrns åtpjgfcyjc-nb, jcjåsq egjh ltkftncz yf htubjyfkmysq rjyntrcn.

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Wtynhs gjvjufñn yfkfébdfnm rjynfrns b cgjcjåcndeñnjåvtye byajhvfwbtq c Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv, lheub-vb bycnbnenfvb JÅCT b wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbvb ujcelfhcndf-vb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT, f nfrét cjnhelybxtcnde c vtéleyf-hjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb. Rhjvt njuj, jyb gjl-lthébdfñn ntcyst rjynfrns c vtcnysvb dkfcnzvb, eybdthcb-ntnfvb, yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbvb exhtéltybzvb b YGJ.

Kbxyst ghtlcnfdbntkb Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz

D gjhzlrt erhtgktybz bycnbnenjd b cnherneh JÅCT Ltqcn-deñotve ghtlctlfntkñ cjukfcyj gjkjétybzv Ötkmcbyrcrjujljrevtynf 1992 ujlf åskj hfphtityj d wtkzö jåtcgtxtybzgjllthérb gj cjåcndtyyjve ecvjnhtybñ yfpyfxfnm yf rjhjn-rbq chjr kbxyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz c xtnrbv b rjyrhtnysv vfy-lfnjv. D lfkmytqitv ltqcndeñobt ghtlctlfntkb JÅCT ib-hjrj bcgjkmpjdfkb äne ghfrnbre d bynthtcfö ghtljndhfotybzrjyakbrnjd b htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd. Kbxyst ghtlcnfdbnt-kb yfpyfxfkbcm lkz ghjdtltybz rhfnrjchjxysö vbccbq gj ec-nfyjdktybñ afrnjd (xnj ltkfkjcm ythtlrj d rfxtcndt ghtl-dfhbntkmyjuj ifuf gthtl cjplfybtv vbccbb) b (bkb) lkz jåtc-gtxtybz ghbcencndbz Jhufybpfwbb, ghtlcnfdktyyjq gjckfywtvLtqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz, d ntö hfqjyfö, d rjnjhsö Ghtl-ctlfntkñ ghtlcnfdkzkjcm étkfntkmysv cltkfnm tt hjkm åj-ktt frnbdyjq b ytgjchtlcndtyyjq.

Vjéyj jnvtnbnm ytcrjkmrj zhrbö ckexftd, rjulf rnj-kb-åj bp dblysö ltzntktq yfghfdkzkcz Jhufybpfwbtq lkz hfp-hzlrb cbnefwbb d eckjdbzö åscnhj yfhfcnfñotuj rhbpbcf.Nfr, d ltrfåht 1996 ujlf, rjulf gjckt ghjdtltybz veybwb-gfkmysö dsåjhjd d Cjñpyjq Htcgeåkbrt Ñujckfdbb gj cnhf-yt ghjrfnbkfcm djkyf ghjntcnjd jggjpbwbb, nelf dstöfk åsd-ibq ghtvmth-vbybcnh Bcgfybb Atkbgt Ujypfktc. Tve åskjgjhextyj ≤gjcnfhfnmcz gjkexbnm byajhvfwbñ jn dctö gjkb-

nbxtcrbö cbk b bycnbnenjd, d njv xbckt jn chtlcnd vfccjdjqbyajhvfwbb, f nfrét jn celtåysö jhufyjd j afrnfö b cjås-nbzö, bvtdibö vtcnj d cdzpb c veybwbgfkmysvb dsåjhfvb,drkñxfz fyyekbhjdfybt bö htpekmnfnjd≥. D tuj ljrkflt, bvt-yetvjv ybét ≤ljrkfljv Ujypfktcf≥, cltkfy hzl dsdjljd bhtrjvtylfwbq, bcöjlz bp rjnjhsö åskj ghbyznj htitybt jåjrfpfybb lfdktybz yf dkfcnb Åtkuhflf d gjgsnrt pfcnfdbnm böbpvtybnm ghbyznjt bvb htitybt.

Hfåjnf, ghjltkfyyfz åsdibv rfywkthjv Fdcnhbb AhfywtvDhfybwrbv d gthbjl c vfhnf gj yjzåhm 1997 ujlf, cnfkf dt-cjvsv drkfljv d ljcnbétybt cjukfitybz j vbht d Fkåfybbb djccnfyjdktybt d ytq cnfåbkmyjcnb. D vfhnt 1997 ujlf, rju-lf cbnefwbz d Fkåfybb åskf vfrcbvfkmyj ltcnfåbkbpbhjdf-yf, tve åskj gjhextyj dstöfnm d cnhfye, c ntv xnjås ghtl-

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103102

Kbxysq ghtlcnfdbntkm Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz l-h Ahfyw Dhfybwrbq d Fkåfybb d vfhnt 1997 ujlf


104

V T L F K M J Å C TVtlfkm JÅCT åskf exhtéltyf d 1997 ujle d rfxtcndt yfuhfls lkz djtyysö bkbuhfélfycrbö kbw, rfr zdkzñoböcz ljkéyjcnysvb kbwfvb Jhufybpfwbb, nfr bjrfpsdfñobö tq gjvjom bpdyt, d pyfr ghbpyfybz bö dslfñoböcz pfckeu gthtlJÅCT.

Vtlfkm bvttn cnfylfhnysq hfpvth, bpujnjdktyf bp åhjyps b yjcbncz yf ktynt, cj-cnjzotq bp nhtö dthnbrfkmysö gjkjc – ldeö ujkeåsö b jlyjq åtkjq. Yf kbwtdjqcnjhjyt vtlfkb jlyj yfl lheubv dsuhfdbhjdfys nhb ckjdf: ≤OSCE≥, ≤OSZE≥, ≤JÅCT≥– d jåhfvktybb kfdhjdsö dtndtq.

Yf jåjhjnyjq cnjhjyt vtlfkb – kfnbycrfz yflgbcm ≤Bene Merenti ad OSCE≥ (≤Pf ds-lfñobtcz pfckeub gthtl JÅCT≥).

Yfuhfélftvsv nfrét dhexftncz yfuhelyfz gkfyrf (c åtkjq b ldevz ujkeåsvb gj-kjcfvb) lkz yjitybz yf gfhflyjq ajhvt.

Ghfdjv dsldbétybz rfylblfneh yf yfuhféltybt vtlfkmñ jåkflfñn Ltqcndeñ-obq ghtlctlfntkm, Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm, herjdjlbntkb bycnbnenjd JÅCT, herjdj-lbntkb vbccbq JÅCT b, d cjjndtncndeñobö ckexfzö, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb.

Yf lfyysq vjvtyn vtlfkb JÅCT åskb eljcnjtys ldf xtkjdtrf.

Gthdsv bp yfuhféltyysö vtlfkmñ cnfk l-h Ahfyw Dhfybwrbq (Fdcnhbz) pf tujdslfñobtcz pfckeub d rfxtcndt kbxyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfnt-kz gj Fkåfybb d gthbjl c vfhnf gj yjzåhm 1997 ujlf.

Dnjhfz yfuhflf åskf dhextyf 15 bñkz 1998 ujlf gjcke Zye Reåbie (Ckjdfrbz). Gj-cjk Reåbi c bñkz 1994 ujlf gj bñkm 1998 ujlf pfybvfk gjcn Lbhtrnjhf Wtynhf gjghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd, f d 1992 ujle, rjulf cnhfyjq-ghtlctlfntktv åskfXtöjckjdfrbz, pfybvfk gjcn Ghtlctlfntkz Rjvbntnf cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbwCÅCT.

5

kjébnm ≤ytpfvtlkbntkmyst ifub gj bcghfdktybñ gjkjétybz,rjnjhst cktletn ghtlghbyznm d cktleñobö jåkfcnzö: ghfdfxtkjdtrf b jcyjdyst cdjåjls, jåtcgtxtybt dthöjdtycndf pf-rjyf, jåtcgtxtybt cdjåjls dshfétybz vytybq b cdjåjls by-ajhvfwbb, ytljgeotybt ghbvtytybz cbks, yfkfébdfybt lbf-kjuf vtéle ghfdbntkmcndjv b jggjpbwbtq, f nfrét lheubvbjåotcndtyysvb cbkfvb b cjplfybt rjycnbnewbjyyj-ghfdjdjqjcyjds lkz ecnfyjdktybz ghjxyjq cnfåbkmyjcnb d Fkåfybb≥.Dsgjkybd cdjq vfylfn, A. Dhfybwrbq cnfk gthdsv jåkflfnt-ktv vtlfkb JÅCT, dhexftvjq pf dslfñobtcz pfckeub gthtlJhufybpfwbtq.

Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv yfpyfxfkbcm b lheubt kbxystghtlcnfdbntkb, rjnjhsv gjhexfkjcm jåtcgtxbdfnm dsgjkytybtgjkjétybq Ltqnjycrbö vbhysö ljujdjhtyyjcntq, rfcfñoböczVLÅ b rjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb (cnfnmb ÈÈ, Èª b ª), cåjhchtlcnd yf wtkb dsåjhjd d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt d 1996 ujle,f nfrét herjdjlcndj vbccbzvb gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb.


107

Äaatrnbdyjcnm kñåjq cnhfntubb htuekbhjdfybz rjyakbr-njd jghtltkztncz ntv, yfcrjkmrj gkfdyj b åscnhj elftn-cz gthtqnb jn hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz r ytpfvtlkbntkm-

ysv ltqcndbzv. D jcyjdt ghbyznjq d JÅCT ghjwtlehs ghbyz-nbz htitybq ktébn ghbywbg rjyctycecf. Dvtcnt c ntv JÅCThfphfåjnfkf ytrjnjhst vtöfybpvs b ghjwtlehs, rjnjhst ghbytjåöjlbvjcnb åscnhjuj htfubhjdfybz jåktuxfñn jgthfnbd-ysq b ghzvjq rjynfrn vtéle djdktxtyysvb d rjyakbrn cnj-hjyfvb b gjvjufñn vjåbkbpjdfnm Jhufybpfwbñ yf cjukfcj-dfyyst ltqcndbz.

Vtöfybpv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz

Dtycrbq vtöfybpv

Dtycrbq vtöfybpv, jljåhtyysq Dtycrjq dcnhtxtq d hfvrfölfkmytqibö ifujd d 1989 ujle, ghtlecvfnhbdftn jåvty byajhvfwbtq gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvt-htybz. Änjn vtöfybpv jåzpsdftn ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb jndt-xfnm yf pfghjcs lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd j ghtljcnfdkt-ybb byajhvfwbb b ghjdjlbnm ldecnjhjyybt dcnhtxb (d ckexftgjcnegktybz cjjndtncndeñotq ghjcmås jn lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd), f nfrét gjpdjkztn ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfvghbdktrfnm dybvfybt lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd r cbnef-wbzv b ckexfzv, cdzpfyysv c xtkjdtxtcrbv bpvthtybtv.(Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d hfpltkt ≤Xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybtCÅCT≥ Bnjujdjuj ljrevtynf Dtycrjq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkm-ytqibö ifujd 1986–1989 ujljd.)

Vjcrjdcrbq vtöfybpv

Vjcrjdcrbq vtöfybpv ghtlecvfnhbdftn djpvjéyjcnm yf-ghfdktybz vbccbq ärcgthnjd lkz jrfpfybz ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv gjvjob d htitybb njuj bkb byjuj rjyrhtnyjuj

6

Vtöfybpv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz

♦

Vtöfybpv rjycekmnfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb ytjåsxyjq

djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb

♦

Cjnhelybxtcndj d jnyjitybb jgfcysö bywbltynjd djtyyjuj öfhfrnthf

♦

Gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz b ghtdtynbdysö ltqcndbq

♦

Vtöfybpv rjycekmnfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbq

(Åthkbycrbq vtöfybpv)

♦

Vbhyjt ehtuekbhjdfybt cgjhjd

V T Ö F Y B P V S B G H J W T L E H S

109

rféljt ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr yfpyfxbn geyrn lkz rjynfrnjdyf ckexfq nfrbö jgfcysö cjåsnbq b d jgthfnbdyjv gjhzlrtghjbyajhvbhetn jå bywbltynt dct lheubt ujcelfhcndf-exfcn-ybrb. Kñåjt ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr, pfnhjyenjt nfrbv bywb-ltynjv, vjétn pfghjcbnm hfpüzcytybt, b jndtns yf nfrbt pfghjcs ljkéys ghtlcnfdkznmcz åtpjnkfufntkmyj. (Gjlhjå-ytt jå änjv cv. d geyrnt 17 Dtycrjuj ljrevtynf 1994 ujlf.)

Gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz b ghtdtynbdysö ltqcndbq

C wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz j djpybrfñ-obö d htubjyt JÅCT cbnefwbzö, rjnjhst cgjcjåys gththfcnbd rhbpbcs, drkñxfz djjheétyyst rjyakbrns, ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv ghtljcnfdktyj ghfdj ghbdktrfnm dybvfybt Herj-djlzotuj cjdtnf r njq bkb byjq rjyrhtnyjq cbnefwbb. Änjvjétn åsnm cltkfyj xthtp Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz, dxfcnyjcnb: kñåsv ujcelfhcndjv, ytgjchtlcndtyyj ghbxfc-nysv r cgjhe; uheggjq bp 11 ujcelfhcnd, ytgjchtlcndtyyj ytghbxfcnysö r lfyyjv cgjhe; Dthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv gj lt-kfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf jy cxb-nftn, xnj cbnefwbz gththfcnftn d rjyakbrn bkb dsöjlbn pfghtltks caths tuj ltzntkmyjcnb; b Gjcnjzyysv cjdtnjv.(Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d geyrnfö 3–5 ukfds ÈÈÈ Ötkmcbyrcrjujljrevtynf 1992 ujlf.)

Cjplfybt Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf erhtgbkj djpvjéyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz, gjcrjkmre ujcelfh-cndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT vjuen ntgthm d kñåjq vjvtyn bcgjkm-pjdfnm änjn ajhev lkz ghbdktxtybz dybvfybz Jhufybpfwbb rgjntywbfkmyj rhbpbcysv cbnefwbzv.

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djghjcf bkb ghjåktvs, rfcfñotqcz xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybzJÅCT. Vbccbz ärcgthnjd vjétn yfghfdkznmcz kbåj gj ghb-ukfitybñ cjjndtncndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf, kbåj gjbybwbfnbdt uheggs bp itcnb bkb åjktt ujcelfhcnd-exfcnyb-rjd. Vbccbz vjétn cjåbhfnm byajhvfwbñ, ytjåöjlbveñ lkzdsgjkytybz tt pflfx, b d yflktéfobö ckexfzö jrfpsdfnm gjchtlybxtcrbt eckeub lkz cjltqcndbz lbfkjue b cjnhelybxt-cnde vtéle pfbynthtcjdfyysvb cnjhjyfvb. (Gjlhjåytt jåänjv cv. d hfpltkt È Ljrevtynf Vjcrjdcrjuj cjdtofybz Rjyathtywbb gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ CÅCT 1991 ujlf.)

Vtöfybpv rjycekmnfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb ytjåsxyjq djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb

Änjn vtöfybpv ghtlecvfnhbdftn jåvty byajhvfwbtq d jnyjitybb kñåjq ytjåsxyjq b ytpfgkfybhjdfyyjq ltzntkm-yjcnb djtyysö cbk ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd dyt vtcn bö jåsx-yjuj hfcgjkjétybz vbhyjuj dhtvtyb, rjnjhfz zdkztncz ceot-cndtyyjq d djtyyjv jnyjitybb. Rfr b d ckexft Dtycrjuj vtöfybpvf, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb jåzpfys jndtxfnm yf pfghjcs lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd j ghtlcnfdktybb hfpüzcytybq b – gj ghjcmåt pfghfibdfñotuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf – ghjdtcnb dcnhtxe lkz jåceéltybz cjjndtn-cndeñotuj djghjcf. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d geyrnt 16 Dty-crjuj ljrevtynf 1994 ujlf.)

Cjnhelybxtcndj d jnyjitybb jgfcysö bywbltynjd djtyyjuj öfhfrnthf

Änjn vtöfybpv nhtåetn jn ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd d ckexftjgfcysö bywbltynjd djtyyjuj öfhfrnthf cjnhelybxfnm gentvcjjåotybz j ybö b bö ghjzcytybz, c ntv xnjås ghtljndhfnbnmdjpvjéyjt ytghfdbkmyjt gjybvfybt b jckfåbnm gjcktlcndbzlkz lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd. Jy ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj

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jnltkmyjcnb bkb cj dctvb dvtcnt. Jyb vjuen ghtlkfufnm jåobt bkb rjyrhtnyst pfvtxfybz bkb cjdtns, yt bvtñobtlkz cnjhjy jåzpfntkmyjq cbks. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d Ljrkflt Cjdtofybz ärcgthnjd CÅCT gj vbhyjve ehtuekbhjdf-ybñ cgjhjd, Dfkktnnf, 1991 ujlf.)

Rjydtywbz gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCT

Rjydtywbz bvttn jåzpfntkmyeñ cbke njkmrj lkz ntö ujce-lfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, rjnjhst jabwbfkmyj cnfkb tt exfcnybrf-vb b rjnjhst, rhjvt njuj, jgkfxbdfñn hfcöjls Celf gj ghb-vbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée (cv. cnh. 46), exhtéltyyjuj Rjydtywb-tq c wtkmñ cjltqcndbz ehtuekbhjdfybñ cgjhjd vtéle exfcn-deñobvb d ytq ujcelfhcndfvb gentv ghbvbhtybz b, d cjjn-dtncndeñobö ckexfzö, fhåbnhféf. Cel yt zdkztncz gjcnjzy-yj ltqcndeñobv jhufyjv, f ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cgbcjr vbhj-dsö gjchtlybrjd b fhåbnhjd; njkmrj njulf, rjulf cgjh gtht-lftncz yf hfccvjnhtybt Celf, cjplftncz cgtwbfkmyfz ghbvb-hbntkmyfz rjvbccbz bkb cgtwbfkmysq fhåbnhféysq nhbåeyfk.Ghbvbhbntkmyfz rjvbccbz pfckeibdftn ltkf, ghtlcnfdktyystyf tt hfccvjnhtybt c jåotuj cjukfcbz ldeö bkb ytcrjkmrböujcelfhcnd, b ghtlcnfdkztn cnjhjyfv ljrkfl, d rjnjhjv ghtl-kfuftncz htitybt cgjhf. Tckb d nhblwfnblytdysq chjr yt elf-tncz ljcnbxm cjukfcbz, vjétn åsnm cjplfy fhåbnhféysq nhb-åeyfk. Htitybz nhbåeyfkf bvtñn lkz cnjhjy jåzpfntkmyeñcbke. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d Rjydtywbb gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCT.)

Gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz Rjvbccbb JÅCT gj ghbvbhtybñ

Étkfz ljgjkybnm Dfkktnncrbq vtöfybpv, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT cjukfcjdfkb gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz cjplf-ybz Rjvbccbb gj ghbvbhtybñ, rjnjhfz åeltn pfckeibdfnmcgjhs, ghtlcnfdktyyst tq yf hfccvjnhtybt ldevz ujcelfhcn-dfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT, ghb bö yf nj cjukfcbb. Rjvbccbzåeltn cnhtvbnmcz ghjzcybnm cgjhyst djghjcs vtéle cnjhj-

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Vtöfybpv lkz rjycekmnfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybbxhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbq (Åthkbycrbq vtöfybpv)

Åthkbycrbq vtöfybpv ghtlecvfnhbdftn djpvjéyst vthsyf ckexfq cthmtpysö xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbq, rjnjhst vjuendjpybryenm dcktlcndbt yfheitybz jlyjuj bp ghbywbgjd ötkm-cbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf bkb d htpekmnfnt lheubö ct-hmtpysö yfheitybq, cnfdzobö gjl euhjpe vbh, åtpjgfcyjcnm bcnfåbkmyjcnm. Cjukfcyj gjkjétybzv, jghtltkzñobv cenmänjuj vtöfybpvf, tckb rfrjt-kbåj ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr cxb-nftn, xnj cjplftncz nfrfz xhtpdsxfqyfz cbnefwbz, jyj vjétnjåhfnbnmcz pf hfpüzcytybtv r cjjndtncndeñotve ujcelfhcndebkb ujcelfhcndfv. Tckb cbnefwbz jcnftncz ytehtuekbhjdfy-yjq, ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr vjétn gjghjcbnm Ltqcndeñotujghtlctlfntkz cjpdfnm xhtpdsxfqyeñ dcnhtxe Herjdjlzotujcjdtnf. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d Ghbkjétybb 2 r Htpñvt ds-djljd åthkbycrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf, 1991 ujlf.)

Rfr b d ckexft gjkjétybq, rfcfñoböcz hfyytuj ghtleght-éltybz b ghtdtynbdysö ltqcndbq, cjplfybt Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdt-nf bvttn dféyjt pyfxtybt, gjcrjkmre ntgthm JÅCT vjétnhtfubhjdfnm yf xhtpdsxfqyst cbnefwbb ujhfplj åscnhtt, ghfr-nbxtcrb d kñåjq vjvtyn.


Dfkktnncrbq vtöfybpv

Dfkktnncrbq vtöfybpv – änj hzl gjkjétybq, cjcnfdkzñ-obö vtöfybpv JÅCT gj ehtuekbhjdfybñ cgjhjd; jyb ghbpdf-ys cjltqcndjdfnm vbhyjve ehtuekbhjdfybñ cgjhjd vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb. Gj ajhvt änjn vtöfybpv cj-cnjbn bp jlyjuj bkb ytcrjkmrbö kbw, dsåbhftvsö bp cgbcrfrdfkbabwbhjdfyysö rfylblfnjd, d pflfxb rjnjhsö döjlbn ecnfyjdktybt rjynfrnf cj cnjhjyfvb d cgjht – c rféljq gj

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yfvb b gsnfnmcz ljcnbxm hfphtitybz cgjhf yf dpfbvjghbtv-ktvsö eckjdbzö. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d Ghbkjétybb 3 r Htpñvt dsdjljd cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf, 14–15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf.)

Gjkjétybz j lbhtrnbdyjv ghbvbhtybb

Cjukfcyj änbv gjkjétybzv Cjdtn vbybcnhjd JÅCT bkbHerjdjlzobq cjdtn vjuen ghtlgbcfnm ldev kñåsv ujcelfh-cndfv-exfcnybrfv ghbåtuyenm r ghjwtleht ghbvbhtybz c wt-kmñ jrfpfybz bv cjltqcndbz d hfphtitybb cgjhf, rjnjhsqjyb cfvb yt cvjukb ehtuekbhjdfnm d ntxtybt hfpevyjuj gt-hbjlf dhtvtyb. Cjdtn vbybcnhjd bkb Herjdjlzobq cjdtn vjétn ghtlgbcfnm cnjhjyfv bcgjkmpjdfnm Rjvbccbñ JÅCTgj ghbvbhtybñ, rfr tckb ås cnjhjys gjlfkb cjdvtcnyeñgbcmvtyyeñ ghjcmåe j gthtlfxt cgjhf yf hfccvjnhtybt Rj-vbccbb. Änf ghjwtlehf bpdtcnyf nfrét gjl yfpdfybtv ≤rjy-ctycec vbyec ldf≥. (Gjlhjåytt jå änjv cv. d Ghbkjétybb 4 r Htpñvt dsdjljd cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf, 14–15 lt-rfåhz 1992 ujlf.)

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Jåobt cdtltybz

Rjyakbrns yf änybxtcrjq gjxdt zdkzñncz ctujlyz d Tdhjgt jlybv bp jcyjdysö bcnjxybrjd ibhjrjvfcinfåyjujyfcbkbz. Cnhtvzcm r htitybñ änjq ghjåktvs, CÅCT d 1992ujle htibkj exhtlbnm gjcn Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ltkfvyfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd. Gthdsv Dthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv dltrfåht 1992 ujlf åsk yfpyfxty ujcelfhcndtyysq vbybcnhYblthkfyljd Vfrc dfy lth Cnek; jy ghbcnegbk r bcgjkytybñcdjbö jåzpfyyjcntq d zydfht 1993 ujlf. Eghfdktybt Dthöjd-yjuj rjvbccfhf yföjlbncz d Uffut.

D cdjtq hfåjnt Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh jgbhftncz yf infnvtéleyfhjlysö cjnhelybrjd d cjcnfdt 11 xtkjdtr, drkñxfzctvm cjdtnybrjd. D ltrfåht 1995 ujlf yf dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd JÅCT d Åelfgtint åskj ghbyznj htitybt ghj-lkbnm chjr ltqcndbz vfylfnf V. dfy lth Cnekf lj 31 ltrfå-hz 1998 ujlf. D bñkt 1998 ujlf åskj ghbyznj htitybt j yjdjv ghjlktybb chjrf ltqcndbz tuj vfylfnf – yf änjn hfp lj 31 ltrfåhz 1999 ujlf. Pfntv, yf cjcnjzditqcz d yjzåht1999 ujlf Cnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt, änjnchjr åsk ghjlkty tot yf 12 vtczwtd.

Hjkm Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf pfrkñxftncz d dszdktybb – bgjbcrt gentq crjhtqituj ehtuekbhjdfybz – cbnefwbq vtéän-ybxtcrjq yfghzétyyjcnb, rjnjhst vjuen cjplfdfnm euhjpelkz vbhf, cnfåbkmyjcnb bkb lheétcndtyysö jnyjitybq vté-le ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT. D tuj vfylfnt ujdjhbn-cz, xnj jy ≤åeltn cgjcjåcndjdfnm ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbr-njd gj djpvjéyjcnb yf cfvjv hfyytv änfgt≥.

Öjnz yfpdfybt tuj gjcnf byjulf djcghbybvftncz nfrbv jå-hfpjv, åelnj Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh ljkéty dscnegfnm d hjkbjvåelcvtyf, jncnfbdfñotuj ghfdf yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd,bkb pfybvfnmcz hfccktljdfybtv rjyrhtnysö ckexftd yfheit-ybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb änj yt nfr. Bysvb

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Jåobt cdtltybz

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Utjuhfabz ltzntkmyjcnb Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

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Vfylfn Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

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Ghfrnbxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

D T H Ö J D Y S Q R J V B C C F H G J L T K F VY F W B J Y F K M Y S Ö V T Y M I B Y C N D

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D 1993 ujle gj ghjcmåt ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT Dth-öjdysq rjvbccfh nfrét ghjdtk cgtwbfkmyjt bpextybt gjkj-étybz yfhjlyjcnb hjvf b cbynb dj dctv htubjyt JÅCT.

Vfylfn Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

Pflfxf Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjåsjåtcgtxbdfnm – gj djpvjéyjcnb yf cfvjv hfyytv änfgt –≤hfyytt ghtleghtéltybt≥ b d cjjndtncndeñobö ckexfzö ghtl-ghbybvfnm ≤chjxyst ltqcndbz≥ d jnyjitybb ≤cdzpfyysö cghjåktvfvb yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd yfghzétyysö cbnef-wbq, rjnjhst tot yt dsikb bp cnflbb hfyytuj ghtleghtélt-

ybz, yj gjntywbfkmyj cgjcjå-ys, gj vytybñ Dthöjdyjuj rj-vbccfhf, gththfcnb d rjy-akbrn d htubjyt JÅCT≥. Nf-rbv jåhfpjv, jy dsgjkyztnldjzreñ pflfxe: dj-gthdsö,gjgsnfnmcz clthéfnm b hfphz-lbnm yfghzétyyjcnm b, dj-dnj-hsö, ltqcndjdfnm d rfxtcndt≤ljpjhyjuj≥, d jåzpfyyjcnb rj-njhjuj döjlbn cbuyfkbpbhjdfnmJÅCT j dctö ckexfzö, rjulfehjdtym nfrjq yfghzétyyjcnbuhjpbn gjlyznmcz lj cnjkm ds-cjrjq jnvtnrb, xnj jy yt cvj-étn clthébdfnm tt lfkmytq-ibq hjcn bvtñobvbcz d tujhfcgjhzétybb chtlcndfvb.

Öjnz cjukfcyj vfylfne Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf tuj hfåjnfpfrkñxftncz ghtélt dctuj d rhfnrjchjxyjv ghtljndhfotybbrjyakbrnjd, jy, tckb öjxtn åsnm äaatrnbdysv, yt ljkéty

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ckjdfvb, jy zdkztncz Dthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv JÅCT gj lt-kfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd, f yt lkz yfwbjyfkmysö vtym-ibycnd. Tcntcndtyyj, yflktéfofz pfobnf ghfd kbw, ghbyflkt-éfobö r yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv, d ytvfkjq vtht cgjcjåcndetn ecgtöe ecbkbq njuj bkb byjuj ujcelfhcndf gj jckfåktybñ vtéänybxtcrjq yfghzétyyjcnb, rjnjhfz byfxtvjukf ås gjckeébnm gbnfntkmyjq gjxdjq lkz åjktt ibhjrj-uj rjyakbrnf. Gjänjve htrjvtylfwbb Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhfujcelfhcndfv xfcnj åsdfñn gjcdzotys gjljåysv dspsdfñ-obv åtcgjrjqcndj djghjcfv, yj yb d rjtv ckexft yt juhfyb-xbdfñncz bvb.

Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh, ltqcndeñobq ytpfdbcbvj jn dctö djdktxtyysö d nfrbt cbnefwbb cnjhjy, egjkyjvjxty jceot-cndkznm gjtplrb yf vtcnf b dtcnb ghtdtynbdyeñ lbgkjvfnbñyf cfvsö hfyybö änfgfö djpybryjdtybz yfghzétyyjcnb. Dth-öjdysq rjvbccfh yt njkmrj gjkexftn byajhvfwbñ bp gthdsöher, ytgjchtlcndtyyj jn pfbynthtcjdfyysö cnjhjy, yj b cnht-vbncz cjltqcndjdfnm lbfkjue, erhtgktybñ ljdthbz b cjnhel-ybxtcnde vtéle ybvb. D öjlt cdjtq hfåjns DRYV vjétnghbyznm htitybt j yfghfdktybb cjjndtncndeñotve ghfdb-ntkmcnde ljrkflf c htrjvtylfwbzvb. Afrnbxtcrb, d åjkmiby-cndt ckexftd DRYV ghtlcnfdkzk gj ytcrjkmre ljrkfljd,rfélsq bp rjnjhsö jcyjdsdfkcz yf tuj ghtlitcndeñobö htrjvtylfwbzö.

Utjuhfabz ltzntkmyjcnb Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh exfcndjdfk d ehtuekbhjdfybb ghj-åktv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd dj vyjubö ujcelfhcndfö-exfcnybrfö JÅCT, drkñxfz (d fkafdbnyjv gjhzlrt) Fkåf-ybñ, Dtyuhbñ, Rfpföcnfy, Rshuspcnfy, Kfndbñ, åsdieññujckfdcreñ Htcgeåkbre Vfrtljybñ, Hevsybñ, Ckjdfrbñ,Erhfbye, Öjhdfnbñ b Äcnjybñ.

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Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JÅCT gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd Vfrc dfy lth Cnek

D T H Ö J D Y S Q R J V B C C F H G J L T K F V Y F W B J Y F K M Y S Ö V T Y M I B Y C N D

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cz zcysv, åelen kb ujcelfhcndfvb ghtlghbyzns d ckexft yt-jåöjlbvjcnb htrjvtyletvst lfkmytqibt ifub.

Lkz Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf jcyjdysv jhufyjv JÅCT, ultjy gjkexftn gjkbnbxtcreñ gjllthére, zdkztncz Gjcnjzyysqcjdtn.

Lkz njuj xnjås Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh vju ltqcndbntkmyjäaatrnbdyj dsgjkyznm cdjñ hjkm nhtnmtq cnjhjys, tve nfr-ét rhfqyt dféyj dj dctö ckexfzö cjöhfyznm ytghtldpznjcnm.D cdzpb c ntv xnj tve ghböjlbncz pfybvfnmcz dtcmvf åjktp-ytyysvb ghjåktvfvb, jy yt vjétn gjpdjkbnm ctåt dcnfnm yfne bkb byeñ cnjhjye. Tckb vtéleyfhjlyst yjhvs b cnfylfh-ns, rjnjhsö jåzpfkbcm ghblthébdfnmcz ujcelfhcndf-exfcnyb-rb JÅCT, yt cjåkñlfñncz, Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh jåhfoftnczr ghfdbntkmcnde cjjndtncndeñotq cnhfys c ghjcmåjq gtht-cvjnhtnm cdjñ gjkbnbre, yfgjvbyfz tve, xnj jåtcgtxtybtgjkyjghfdbz kbw, ghbyflktéfobö r njve bkb byjve yfwbj-yfkmyjve vtymibycnde, rfr ghfdbkj, zdkztncz yfbkexibvcgjcjåjv ljcnbétybz cnfåbkmyjcnb b ghtljndhfotybz rjy-akbrnjd. Ghb änjv jy cnhjuj cktletn ghbywbge åtcghbcnhf-cnyjcnb.

Nhtåjdfybt rjyabltywbfkmyjcnb, jpyfxfñott, xnj d cdjtqltzntkmyjcnb DRYV ljkéty gjkfufnmcz yf vtnjls nböjqlbgkjvfnbb, ghtcktletn ytcrjkmrj wtktq. Åkfujlfhz tve pf-lfxb, cjåcndtyyj jåeckjdbdibt cjplfybt änjuj bycnbnenf,vjéyj htifnm, bpåtufz ghb änjv rfrjq ås nj yb åskj äcrf-kfwbb yfghzétyyjcnb d htpekmnfnt dvtifntkmcndf Dthöjdyj-uj rjvbccfhf. Ythtlrb ckexfb, rjulf ytgjchtlcndtyyj djdkt-xtyyst d cgjh cnjhjys vjukb ås ghjzdbnm åjkmieñ ujnjd-yjcnm r cjnhelybxtcnde b åjkmieñ ecnegxbdjcnm, tckb ås ås-kb edthtys d njv, xnj cjlthéfybt dtleoböcz jåceéltybq ytcnfytn ljcnjzybtv ukfcyjcnb. B yfjåjhjn, cnjhjys vjuen ds-cnegfnm c ujhfplj åjktt htprbvb pfzdktybzvb, xtv d öjlt

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ghtytåhtufnm dféysvb ljkujchjxysvb fcgtrnfvb cbnefwbq, crjnjhsvb tve ghböjlbncz cnfkrbdfnmcz.

Lkz ljcnbétybz yfltéysö htitybq rhfqyt dféyj exbns-dfnm lfkmyññ gthcgtrnbde. Cbñvbyenyjt cyznbt yfghzéty-yjcnb d njq bkb byjq cbnefwbb vjétn åsnm kbim gthdsv if-ujv d ghjwtcct ghbvbhtybz bynthtcjd ghjnbdjåjhcndeñoböcnjhjy. Wtkm pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås yfxfnm, gjllthéb-dfnm b ghjldbufnm ghjwtcc, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobq jåvty vyt-ybzvb b yfkfébdfybt cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle cnjhjyfvb b dt-leobq r rjyrhtnysv ifufv gj cybétybñ yfghzétyyjcnb, fnfrét, gj djpvjéyjcnb, ehtuekbhjdfybñ dspsdfñobö ttghjåktv.

Vfylfn Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf cjlthébn cajhvekbhjdfy-yst d jåotv gkfyt rhbnthbb lkz jghtltktybz njuj, cktletnkb tve åhfnmcz pf ehtuekbhjdfybt njq bkb byjq rjyrhtnyjqcbnefwbb. D änjv jnyjitybb vfylfn lftn tve ytjåöjlbveñcdjåjle lkz ghjzdktybz bybwbfnbds.

Xnj jcjåtyyj dféyj, vfylfn gjpdjkztn tve ltqcndjdfnm cyflktéfotq cntgtymñ ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Lkz exfcnbz Dthöjdyj-uj rjvbccfhf d ghjwtcct ehtuekbhjdfybz yt nhtåetncz cfyr-wbb yb Herjdjlzotuj bkb Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf, yb cjjndtn-cndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf. Nfrfz ytpfdbcbvjcnm Dthöjdyjuj rj-vbccfhf bvttn xhtpdsxfqyj dféyjt pyfxtybt c njxrb phtybzjgthfnbdyjcnb tuj ltqcndbq.

Ytcvjnhz yf nj xnj d cdjbö ltqcndbzö jy ytpfdbcbv bgjkmpetncz ibhjrjq cdjåjljq, Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh yt vjétnyflktéfobv jåhfpjv dsgjkyznm cdjb aeyrwbb åtp gjkbnb-xtcrjq gjllthérb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd. Nfrfz gjllthérfjcjåtyyj dféyf, rjulf Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh ghtlcnfdkztncdjb ljrkfls b htrjvtylfwbb cjjndtncndeñotve ujcelfhcn-de, f pfntv – Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne (d bcrkñxbntkmysö ckexf-zö – Herjdjlzotve cjdtne). Yf änjq cnflbb nfrét cnfyjdbn-

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D tuj aeyrwbb jghtltktyyj yt döjlbn hfccvjnhtybt rjy-rhtnysö ltk, rfcfñoböcz kbw, ghbyflktéfobö r yfwbjyfkm-ysv vtymibycndfv. Xnj rfcftncz hfåjns Dthöjdyjuj rjvbc-cfhf d wtkjv b tuj ltzntkmyjcnb gj cåjhe byajhvfwbb b ec-nfyjdktybñ afrnjd d xfcnyjcnb, nj tuj vfylfn yt gjpdjkztntve yb hfccvfnhbdfnm djghjcs yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd dcbnefwbzö, cdzpfyysö c jhufybpjdfyysvb frnfvb nthhjhbpvf,yb gjllthébdfnm rjynfrns lfét gj cjåcndtyyjq bybwbfnbdt ckñåsvb kbwfvb bkb jhufybpfwbzvb, ghbvtyzñobvb bkb geå-kbxyj jghfdlsdfñobvb nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt bkb yfcbkmcndty-yst vtnjls.

Ghfrnbxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

Pfybvfzcm djghjcfvb, jnyjczobvbcz r catht tuj rjvgt-ntywbb, Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh yt gsnftncz yfqnb rfrbt-kbåjeybdthcfkmyst htitybz. Cbnefwbb, cdzpfyyst c vtymibycndf-vb, vyjujjåhfpys, b rféleñ bp ybö cktletn jwtybdfnm c ext-njv ghbceobö njkmrj tq rjyrhtnysö jcjåtyyjcntq. Ntv ytvtytt d öjlt cdjtq hfåjns Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh cvju ghbqnbr ytrjnjhsv jåobv dsdjlfv. Gthdsq bp ybö cjcnjbn d njv,xnj pfobne kbw, ghbyflktéfobö r vtymibycndfv, cktletnhfccvfnhbdfnm ghtélt dctuj d rjyntrcnt bynthtcjd cjjndtncn-deñotuj ujcelfhcndf b ghjébdfñotuj d ytv åjkmibycndf.Yfbkexibv cgjcjåjv erhtgktybz cnfåbkmyjcnb b åtpjgfcyjc-nb, rfr ghfdbkj, zdkztncz ghtljcnfdktybt kbwfv, ghbyflkt-éfobv r yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv, htfkmyjq djpvjéyjc-nb gjkmpjdfnmcz cdjbvb ghfdfvb. Tckb ujcelfhcndj ghjzdkz-tn kjzkmyjcnm gj jnyjitybñ r kbwfv, ghbyflktéfobv rvtymibycndfv, jyj vjétn hfccxbnsdfnm yf dcnhtxyeñ kjzkm-yjcnm c bö cnjhjys, gjcrjkmre d nfrjq cbnefwbb jyb åelen ytgjchtlcndtyyj pfbynthtcjdfys d cnfåbkmyjcnb b åkfujlty-cndbb lfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf. Dnjhjq dsdjl pfrkñxftncz d njv,

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rjyabltywbfkmysö gthtujdjhjd, bp étkfybz cjplfnm dgtxfn-ktybt j ndthljcnb cdjtq gjpbwbb bkb d hfcxtnt yf bcgjkmpj-dfybt d cdjbö bynthtcfö dybvfybz dytiytuj vbhf.

C lheujq cnjhjys, Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh cjpyftn ytjåöjlb-vjcnm byajhvbhjdfnm ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb j cdjtq ltz-ntkmyjcnb. Jy htuekzhyj rfr d jabwbfkmyjv, nfr b d ytjab-wbfkmyjv gjhzlrt dscnegftn c cjjåotybzvb yf pfctlfybzöGjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf b, ghtlcnfdkzz cdjb htrjvtylfwbb njvebkb byjve ghfdbntkmcnde, pfntv dsyjcbn bö yf jåceéltybtCjdtnf.

D vfylfnt Rjvbccfhf yt cjlthébncz jgbcfybz bkb jght-ltktybz gjyznbz ≤yfwbjyfkmyjt vtymibycndj≥. Ltqcndbntkm-yj, yb d JÅCT, yb ult-kbåj tot ytn tlbyjuj vytybz j njv,xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq (yfwbjyfkmyjt) vtymibycndj. D cdjtqdcnegbntkmyjq htxb ghb jnrhsnbb cjcnjzditujcz d 1994 ujled Dfhifdt ctvbyfhf JÅCT gj ghjåktvfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtym-ibycnd Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh V. dfy lth Cnek crfpfk: ≤... z ytåele ghtlkfufnm dfv cdjt cjåcndtyyjt [jghtltktybt]. Jnvtxe,jlyfrj, xnj ceotcndjdfybt njuj bkb byjuj vtymibycndf – änjyt djghjc jghtltktybz, f htfkmyjcnm. D änjq cdzpb öjntk åsghjwbnbhjdfnm Rjgtyufutycrbq ljrevtyn 1990 ujlf, d rjnj-hjv ... ujdjhbncz, xnj ≤ghbyflktéyjcnm kbwf r yfwbjyfkmyj-ve vtymibycnde zdkztncz ghtlvtnjv tuj kbxyjuj dsåjhf≥. ...Jcvtkñcm crfpfnm, xnj z kturj vjue jghtltkbnm, rjulf bvtñltkj c vtymibycndjv. Ghtélt dctuj, vtymibycndj – änjuheggf, öfhfrnthbpetvfz zpsrjdsvb, änybxtcrbvb bkb rekm-nehysvb jcjåtyyjcnzvb, jnkbxfñobvb tuj jn åjkmibycndf.Dj-dnjhsö, vtymibycndj – änj uheggf, rjnjhfz jåsxyj cnht-vbncz yt njkmrj cjöhfybnm cdjñ cfvjåsnyjcnm, yj b zhxtghjzdbnm tt≥.

D vfylfnt pfabrcbhjdfy hzl gjkjétybq, juhfybxbdfñoböltzntkmyjcnm Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf.

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Ltzntkmyjcnm Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf JÅCT zdkztn cjåjqghbvth njuj ceotcndtyyjuj drkflf, rjnjhsq ghtdtynbdyfzlbgkjvfnbz JÅCT dyjcbn d erhtgktybt vbhf b cnfåbkmyjcnbd Tdhjgt. Jyf nfrét gjlndthélftn ytjåöjlbvjcnm dctjåütv-kñotuj gjlöjlf r lfyysv ghjåktvfv.

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xnj gjbcr htitybq gj djpvjéyjcnb ljkéty dtcnbcm d hfvrföcfvjuj ujcelfhcndf. Yfbdféytqibv drkfljv d ecnhfytybtghjåktv vtymibycnd rfr afrnjhf, jrfpsdfñotuj ltcnfåbkb-pbheñott dkbzybt yf cbnefwbñ d Tdhjgt, zdkztncz cjltqcn-dbt yfkfébdfybñ kexibö b åjktt ufhvjybxysö jnyjitybqvtéle åjkmibycndjv b vtymibycndfvb dyenhb cfvbö ujce-lfhcnd. Cktletn gjjohznm rjycnhernbdysq ghtlvtnysq lbf-kju vtéle åjkmibycndjv b vtymibycndfvb d cjxtnfybb cäaatrnbdysv exfcnbtv gjcktlybö d ébpyb jåotcndf.

R njve ét, cfvjendthéltybt vtymibycndf dgjkyt vjétnåsnm jåtcgtxtyj d cjcnfdt cjjndtncndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf. Jyjyt nhtåetn jåzpfntkmyjuj nthhbnjhbfkmyjuj jajhvktybz, fvjétn åsnm htfkbpjdfyj gentv ghbyznbz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf,cgjcjåcndeñotuj hfpdbnbñ cfvjåsnyjcnb vtymibycndf d nf-rbö jåkfcnzö, rfr rekmnehf, jåhfpjdfybt bkb jåotcndtyystltkf. Ghtljndhfotybt rjyakbrnjd yf ljkujchjxyeñ gthcgtr-nbde – ghjwtcc dctulf lkbntkmysq b pfxfcneñ nhtåeñobq gjl-lthérb b cjltqcndbz cj cnjhjys vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf.

Äaatrnbdyjt htitybt ghjåktv vtymibycnd dj vyjuböckexfzö nhtåetn dsltktybz chtlcnd yf rjyrhtnyst wtkb, nf-rbt, rfr jåextybt zpsrfv. Genm ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjdgjpdjkztn ljåbnmcz pyfxbntkmysö htpekmnfnjd ghb chfdyb-ntkmyj crhjvysö abyfycjdsö pfnhfnfö, d nj dhtvz rfr jrf-pfybt gjvjob cnhfyfv d cbnefwbb, rjulf rjyakbrn dct-nfrbhfphfpbkcz, cjghzétyj c ujhfplj åjkmibvb bplthérfvb. Dhzlt cnhfy gj bybwbfnbdt DRYV yfxfkjcm jceotcndktybtrjyrhtnysö ghjtrnjd, ghbpdfyysö cgjcjåcndjdfnm htitybñghjåktv vtymibycnd yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt. Htxm, d xfcnyjcnb,bltn j pfltqcndjdfybb rjynhjkmysö vtöfybpvjd, hfåjnt gtlf-ujubxtcrbö extåysö pfdtltybq, ghfdjdjq gjvjob b bycnbne-wbjyfkmyjv cnhjbntkmcndt.

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Nthvby ≤xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt≥ gjlhfpevtdftn dpznstyf ctåz ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT jåzpfntkmcndfjåtcgtxbdfnm gjkyjt edfétybt ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö

cdjåjl, cjåkñlfnm ghbywbg dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf, cgjcjåcndj-dfnm endthéltybñ ghbywbgjd ltvjrhfnbb b d änjq cdzpb cjplfdfnm, erhtgkznm b pfobofnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt bycnbne-ns, f nfrét cjplfdfnm dj dctv htubjyt JÅCT fnvjcathe nth-gbvjcnb.

Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT dpzkb yf ctåz wtksq hzlbvtñobö gjkbnbxtcreñ cbke jåzpfntkmcnd. D gthbjl c 1990ujlf Jhufybpfwbtq åskb exhtéltys hfpkbxyst bycnbnens bvtöfybpvs, ghbpdfyyst jåtcgtxbdfnm cjåkñltybt änbö jåzpf-ntkmcnd, nfrbt, rfr Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv bghfdfv xtkjdtrf, Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkm-ysö vtymibycnd, Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtl-cnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, f nfrét vbccbb b lheubt dbls ghb-cencndbz yf vtcnfö.

Jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz JÅCT

Jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz JÅCTeybrfkmys ntv, xnj dsöjlzn lfktrj pf hfvrb nhflbwbjyyjqpfobns ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl b drkñxfñn d ct-åz cjltqcndbt dthöjdtycnde pfrjyf b cnhjbntkmcnde ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd. Yjhvs JÅCT ltqcndeñn d jnyjitybbdctö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd: ddble njuj xnj dct htitybz ghb-ybvfñncz yf jcyjdt rjyctycecf, yb jlyj ujcelfhcndj-exfcn-ybr yt dghfdt endthélfnm, xnj rfrbt-nj jåzpfntkmcndf tuj ytrfcfñncz. Cnhfntubz JÅCT d djghjcfö xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvtht-ybz eybrfkmyf b ntv, xnj tt jcyjdfyysq yf cjnhelybxtcndtgjlöjl r jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb yfghfdkty yt yf bpjkz-wbñ ujcelfhcnd, yt cghfdkzñoböcz c dsgjkytybtv ghbyznsöbvb jåzpfntkmcnd, f yf jrfpfybt bv cjltqcndbz.

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Jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz JÅCT

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Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (ÅLBGX)

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≤nhtnmñ rjhpbye≥ (≤cjnhelybxtcndj d uevfybnfhysö b lheuböjåkfcnzö≥): d tt rjyntrcnt ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb dshfpbkbeåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj ≤hfpdbnbt cdzptq d jåkfcnb rekmne-hs b jåhfpjdfybz, åjktt ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt byajhvf-wbb, rjynfrns vtéle kñlmvb b htitybt uevfybnfhysö ghj-åktv åelen cjltqcndjdfnm erhtgktybñ vbhf b dpfbvjgjybvf-ybz vtéle yfhjlfvb≥. D bynthtcfö ljcnbétybz änjq wtkb ås-kb cajhvekbhjdfys 25 rjyrhtnysö yjhv, rfcfñoböcz ibhj-rjuj cgtrnhf djghjcjd, drkñxfz djccjtlbytybt ctvtq, cdjåj-le gjtpljr, ekexitybt eckjdbq lkz nehbpvf, ekexitybt hfc-ghjcnhfytybz, ljcnegf b jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq, f nfrét hfpdb-nbt cjnhelybxtcndf b jåvtyjd d jåkfcnb rekmnehs b jåhfpj-dfybz.

Abrcfwbz änbö jåzpfntkmcnd åskf jlybv bp ukfdysö lj-cnbétybq Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ghjwtccf. Ybrjulf hfytt ghfdf xtkj-dtrf b jcyjdyst cdjåjls yt åskb ghtlvtnjv ghzvsö gthtuj-djhjd vtéle Djcnjrjv b Pfgfljv. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, Ötkm-cbyrcrbq ghjwtcc csuhfk dféyeñ hjkm d ghtrhfotybb öjkjl-yjq djqys. CÅCT edzpfkj ekexitybt jnyjitybq vtéle ujce-lfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb c cjåkñltybtv ghfd xtkjdtrf d änböujcelfhcndfö, ghbhfdyzd ntv cfvsv gj dféyjcnb ghfdf xtkj-dtrf r jcyjdjgjkfufñobv yjhvfv vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjit-ybq, nfrbv, rfr cedthtyyjt hfdtycndj b nthhbnjhbfkmyfz wt-kjcnyjcnm ujcelfhcnd.

Jåzpfntkmcndf b herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs, bpkjétyyst dötkmcbyrcrjv Pfrkñxbntkmyjv frnt, ghjljkéfkb jåceé-lfnmcz b enjxyznmcz yf dcnhtxfö CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqiböifujd. Jcjåjt pyfxtybt c njxrb phtybz xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvt-htybz bvtkb Vflhblcrfz b Dtycrfz dcnhtxb. Ysyt dcnhtxfvd hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd ghbikb yf cvtye ldeöytltkmystcjdtofybz gj hfccvjnhtybñ dsgjkytybz, gjcdzotyyst xtkj-dtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ, – rjnjhst cjpsdfñncz d Dfhifdt d ntujls, rjulf yt ghjdjlzncz dcnhtxb JÅCT yf dscitv ehjdyt,

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Jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz, rfr blheubt ghbyznst d hfvrfö JÅCT jåzpfntkmcndf, eöjlzn cdjb-vb rjhyzvb d ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn. Pflevs-dfdittcz cyfxfkf rfr rjvgktrc jåotgjkbnbxtcrbö jhbtynb-hjd, rjnjhsvb ujcelfhcndf ljkéys herjdjlcndjdfnmcz d jn-yjitybb r cjåcndtyysv uhfélfyfv, xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybtghtnthgtkj jghtltktyyeñ ädjkñwbñ, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhjq dytuj åskb drkñxtys rjyrhtnyst jåzpfntkmcndf, f nfrét vt-öfybpvs bö htfkbpfwbb.

Ghbywbg ªÈÈ ≤Ltrfkjuf≥, cjlthéfotujcz d ötkmcbyrcrjvPfrkñxbntkmyjv frnt (cv. hfpltk 2) ukfcbn, xnj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ≤åelen edféfnm ghfdf xtkjdtrf b jcyjdyst cdjåj-ls, drkñxfz cdjåjle vsckb, cjdtcnb, htkbubb b eåtéltybq,

lkz dctö, åtp hfpkbxbz hfcs, gjkf, zpsrf b htkbubb≥. Ljgjk-ybntkmyst r änjve jåzpfntkmcndf djikb d nfr yfpsdftveñ

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Htfkbpfwbz ghfdf yf cdjåjle cjåhfybq

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– f nfrét rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe, cjpsdftvst yfrfyeyt dcnhtx yf dscitv ehjdyt.

Yf Dtycrjq dcnhtxt d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd (4 yjzå-hz 1986 ujlf – 19 zydfhz 1989 ujlf) åskj htityj cjpdfnm≤Rjyathtywbñ gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ JÅCT≥, c ntvxnjås hfccvjnhtnm gjkjétybt ltk d änjq jåkfcnb.

Rjyathtywbz åskf ghjdtltyf d nhb änfgf – d Gfhbét (30 vfz – 23 bñyz 1989 ujlf), Rjgtyufutyt (5 –29 bñyz 1990ujlf) b Vjcrdt (10 ctynzåhz – 4 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlf). Rjgty-ufutycrbq b vjcrjdcrbq änfgs pfdthibkbcm ghbyznbtv ljre-vtynjd, cjlthéfobö yjdst jåzpfntkmcndf gj xtkjdtxtcrjvebpvthtybñ.

Rjgtyufutycrbq ljrevtyn 1990 ujlf (Ljrevtyn Rjgtyuf-utycrjuj cjdtofybz Rjyathtywbb gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvtht-ybñ CÅCT) åsk gthdsv gjljåysv ljrevtynjv, d rjnjhjvcnjkm gjlhjåyj hfccvfnhbdfkbcm djghjcs xtkjdtxtcrjuj bp-vthtybz. Jy b gjysyt jcnftncz dféytqibv cdjljv jåzpf-ntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ, ghbyznsö d hfvrföJÅCT. D ytv ghjdjpukfiftncz, xnj pfobnf b jåtcgtxtybtghfd xtkjdtrf zdkzñncz jlyjq bp ukfdysö wtktq ghfdbntkm-cndtyysö cnherneh b xnj bö ghbpyfybt ktébn d jcyjdt cdjåj-ls, cghfdtlkbdjcnb b vbhf. D ljrevtynt pfabrcbhjdfy hzlghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl, hfytt ybrjulf jabwbfkmyjyt gjlndthélfdiböcz d rjyntrcnt JÅCT (yfghbvth, ghfdj yfvbhyst cjåhfybz b ltvjycnhfwbb, ghfdj yf vbhyjt bcgjkmpj-dfybt cdjtq cjåcndtyyjcnb, ghfdf htåtyrf), cjlthéfncz lfkt-rj bleobt gjkjétybz jnyjcbntkmyj yfwbjyfkmysö vtymiby-cnd; rhjvt njuj, ljrevtynjv åskf hfcibhtyf cathf jödfnfxtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz gentv drkñxtybz d ytt jåzpfntkm-cnd, rfcfñoböcz dsåjhjd.

Jxthtlyjq dtöjq d hfpdbnbb jåzpfntkmcnd JÅCT gj xtkj-dtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ cnfk Vjcrjdcrbq ljrevtyn 1991 ujlf

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(Ljrevtyn Vjcrjdcrjuj cjdtofybz Rjyathtywbb gj xtkjdt-xtcrjve bpvthtybñ CÅCT). D ytv rfntujhbxtcrb b ytghtkjé-yj pfzdkztncz, xnj jåzpfntkmcndf, ghbyznst d jåkfcnb xtkj-dtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz CÅCT, zdkzñncz djghjcfvb, ghtlcnfd-kzñobvb ytgjchtlcndtyysq b pfrjyysq bynthtc lkz dctö uj-celfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, b yt jnyjczncz r xbcke bcrkñxbntkmyjdyenhtyybö ltk cjjndtncndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf. Lfyysq ghby-wbg åsk gjlndthélty yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitvehjdyt d 1992 ujle b yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd d Rjgtyufutyt d1997 ujle. Rhjvt njuj, Vjcrjdcrbq ljrevtyn ecbkbk xtkjdt-xtcrjt bpvthtybt gentv ddtltybz d ytuj hzlf yjdsö jåzpf-ntkmcnd (nfrbö, rfr jrfpfybt gjllthérb ltvjrhfnbxtcrb bpåhfyyjve ghfdbntkmcnde cnhfys, d rjnjhjq ghjbcöjlbn gjgsnrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj gthtdjhjnf bkb afrnbxtcrbq gtht-djhjn, pfobnf ghfd xtkjdtrf d gthbjl ltqcndbz xhtpdsxfqyj-uj gjkjétybz).

Nfrbv jåhfpjv, r yfxfke 1990-ö ujljd e CÅCT bvtkczgjlhjåysq rfnfkju jåzpfntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvtht-ybñ b ltnfkmyj hfphfåjnfyysq rjvgktrc vtöfybpvjd, ghtl-yfpyfxtyysö lkz cnbvekbhjdfybz b rjynhjkz pf dsgjkytyb-tv änbö jåzpfntkmcnd. Jlyfrj lfkmytqibt cjåsnbz, nfrbt,rfr hfcgfl åsditq Ñujckfdbb b ltpbyntuhfwbz CjdtncrjujCjñpf, gjåelbkb ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb gthtcvjnhtnm b hjkmCÅCT d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz.

Jlybv bp fcgtrnjd lfyyjuj ghjwtccf åskj cjplfybt hzlfbycnbnenjd, ghbpdfyysö cjltqcndjdfnm dsgjkytybñ jåzpf-ntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ b yfåkñltybñ pf bödsgjkytybtv. Jcyjdysv bycnbnenjv d änjq jåkfcnb cnfkjÅñhj gj cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv, exhtéltyyjt d 1990 ujle bdgjcktlcndbb ghtjåhfpjdfyyjt d Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvbycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Åsk nfrét exhtélty gjcnDthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycndlkz hfccvjnhtybz ntö fcgtrnjd xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz, rj-


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njhst cdzpfys c pfobnjq kbw, ghbyflktéfobö r yfwbjyfkm-ysv vtymibycndfv (cv. hfpltk 7). Yfrjytw, d 1998 ujle åskexhtélty gjcn Ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjlschtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb.

Rhjvt njuj, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb htibkb hfcibhbnmcathe ltqcndbz ghbyznsö hfytt jåzpfntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrj-ve bpvthtybñ, hfcghjcnhfybd bö yf hzl yjdsö ghjåktvysöjåkfcntq. Cñlf döjlzn fuhtccbdysq yfwbjyfkbpv, hfcbpv, ij-dbybpv, rctyjajåbz b fynbctvbnbpv, nzétkjt gjkjétybtghjébdfñotq d Tdhjgt yfhjlyjcnb hjvf b cbynb, vbuhfwbz(jcjåtyyj d cnhfyfö CYU), hjkm chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvf-wbb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt b utylthyst djghjcs.

Xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt cnfkj nfrét ytjnütvktvjq xfc-nmñ ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yf vtcnfö (cv. hfpltk 5), xnj gjpdj-kbkj Jhufybpfwbb buhfnm åjktt frnbdyeñ hjkm d endthélt-ybb ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl dj dctv htubjyt JÅCT.

Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (ÅLBGX)

Ltzntkmyjcnm Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf drkñxftn:

■ cjltqcndbt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv dsåjhfv, jcjåtyyj gentv yf-åkñltybz pf bpåbhfntkmysv ghjwtccjv;

■ jrfpfybt ghfrnbxtcrjq gjllthérb d eghjxtybb ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbö bycnbnenjd b pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf, f nfrét d erhtgktybb uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf b dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf;

■ dytctybt drkflf d hfyytt ghtleghtéltybt b ghtljndhfotybtrjyakbrnjd, d njv xbckt gjchtlcndjv yfåkñltybz pf ds-gjkytybtv jåzpfntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ;

■ dsgjkytybt aeyrwbq geyrnf JÅCT lkz rjynfrnjd gj djghj-cfv, rfcfñobvcz yfhjlyjcnb hjvf b cbynb.

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Jåobt cdtltybz

Åñhj åskj jnrhsnj d Dfhifdt d 1990 ujle gjl yfpdfybtvÅñhj gj cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv (ÅCD) d cjjndtncndbb c Gfhbé-crjq öfhnbtq (cv. hfpltk 3) d wtkzö jåktuxtybz rjynfrnjd b jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq j dsåjhfö, ghjöjlzobö d htubjyt JÅCT. Ldevz ujlfvb gjpét yf ghfécrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vb-ybcnhjd vfylfn Åñhj åsk hfcibhty, b jyj åskj gthtbvtyj-dfyj d Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkj-dtrf. Yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq (1992 ujlf) b Åelfgtincrjq (1994 ujlf)dcnhtxfö yf dscitv ehjdyt bvtkj vtcnj lfkmytqitt hfcib-htybt vfylfnf Åñhj pf cxtn drkñxtybz d ytuj gjkjétybq jåjrfpfybb gjllthérb ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv JÅCT d ds-gjkytybb bö jåzpfntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ. C1997 ujlf Åñhj yterkjyyj yfhfobdftn cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm: dyfcnjzott dhtvz tuj infn yfcxbnsdftn åjktt 50 cjnhelybrjd,pfybvfñoböcz yfåkñltybtv pf dsåjhfvb, jrfpfybtv ntöyb-xtcrjuj cjltqcndbz d cdzpb c bö ghjdtltybtv, ghtljcnfdktyb-tv ghfdbntkmcndfv gjvjob d gjcnhjtybb ltvjrhfnbxtcrböbycnbnenjd b uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, f nfrét yfåkñltybtvpf dsgjkytybtv ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb cdjbö jåzpfntkm-cnd d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Ltzntkmyjcnm

Dcz jgthfnbdyfz hfåjnf dtltncz d ÅLBGX xtnshmvz tujjnltkfvb: jnltk dsåjhjd pfybvftncz djghjcfvb ljkujchjxyj-uj yfåkñltybz pf dsåjhfvb, ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob b jåextybzvtnjlfv jhufybpfwbb dsåjhjd; jnltk ltvjrhfnbpfwbb ukfd-ysv jåhfpjv jndtxftn pf htfkbpfwbñ ghfrnbxtcrbö ghjtrnjd,yfwtktyysö yf erhtgktybt ltvjrhfnbb, dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf buhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf d htubjyt JÅCT, f jnltk vjybnjhby-uf jceotcndkztn d jcyjdyjv rjynhjkm pf dsgjkytybtv jåzpf-ntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ. Hfåjnf änbö jnltkjd


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Åñhj ghbjåhtnftn dct åjktt dpfbvjcdzpfyysq öfhfrnth.Geyrn lkz rjynfrnjd gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz hjvf b cby-nb, ckeébn d rfxtcndt byajhvfwbjyyjuj wtynhf b jrfpsdftnrjycekmnfwbjyyst eckeub, gjvjufz d dshfåjnrt gjkbnbrb djnyjitybb hjvf b cbynb.

Dsåjhs

ÅLBGX cgjcjåcndetn ghjdtltybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö dsåj-hjd dj dctv htubjyt JÅCT, yfåkñlfz pf äktrnjhfkmysv ghj-wtccjv, jåexfz cjnhelybrjd bpåbhfntkmysö jhufyjd b gjvj-ufz d jhufybpfwbb dsåjhjd.

GHBYZNST D HFVRFÖ JÅCT JÅZPFNTKMCNDF, RFCFÑOBTCZ DSÅJHJD

Ghbyznst d hfvrfö JÅCT jåzpfntkmcndf d jnyjitybb dsåjhjd bpkjétys d Ljrevtynt Rjgtyufuty-crjuj cjdtofybz Rjyathtywbb gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ CÅCT (jn 29 bñyz 1990 ujlf):

7. Lkz njuj xnjås djkz yfhjlf ckeébkf jcyjdjq dkfcnb ghfdbntkmcndf, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb:

7.1 – ghjdjlzn cdjåjlyst dsåjhs c hfpevyjq gthbjlbxyjcnmñ, rfr änj ecnfyjdktyj pfrjyjv;

7.2 – ljgecrfñn, xnjås dct vfylfns gj rhfqytq vtht d jlyjq gfkfnt yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkm-yjuj jhufyf åskb jåütrnjv cdjåjlyjq cjcnzpfntkmyjcnb rfylblfnjd d öjlt dctyfhjlysö dsåjhjd;

7.3 – ufhfynbheñn dphjcksv uhfélfyfv dctjåott b hfdyjt bpåbhfntkmyjt ghfdj;

7.4 – jåtcgtxbdfñn, xnjås ujkjcjdfybt ghjdjlbkjcm nfqyj bkb ghbvtyzkfcm hfdyjwtyyfz ghjwtle-hf cdjåjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz b xnjås gjlcxtn ujkjcjd b cjjåotybt j ytv åskb xtcnysvb, f jabwb-fkmyst htpekmnfns åskb jgeåkbrjdfys;

7.5 – edféfñn ghfdj uhfélfy ljåbdfnmcz gjkbnbxtcrbö bkb ujcelfhcndtyysö gjcnjd d kbxyjv rfxtcndt bkb d rfxtcndt ghtlcnfdbntktq gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq bkb jhufybpfwbq åtp lbcrhbvbyfwbb;

7.6 – edféfñn ghfdj jnltkmysö kbw b uhegg kbw cjplfdfnm d eckjdbzö gjkyjq cdjåjls cdjb gjkbnb-xtcrbt gfhnbb bkb lheubt gjkbnbxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb b ghtljcnfdkzñn nfrbv gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnb-zv b jhufybpfwbzv ytjåöjlbvst ñhblbxtcrbt ufhfynbb, gjpdjkzñobt bv cjhtdyjdfnmcz lheu c lheujv yf jcyjdt hfdtycndf gthtl pfrjyjv b jhufyfvb dkfcnb;

7.7 – jåtcgtxbdfñn, xnjås pfrjy b ujcelfhcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf ljgecrfkb ghjdtltybt gjkbnbxtcrbörfvgfybq d fnvjcatht cdjåjls b xtcnyjcnb, d rjnjhjq ybrfrbt flvbybcnhfnbdyst ltqcndbz, yfcb-kbt bkb pfgeubdfybt yt elthébdfkb ås gfhnbb b rfylblfnjd jn cdjåjlyjuj bpkjétybz cdjbö dpukz-ljd b jwtyjr, f nfrét yt vtifkb ås bpåbhfntkzv pyfrjvbnmcz c ybvb b jåceélfnm bö bkb ujkjcj-dfnm cdjåjlyj, yt jgfcfzcm yfrfpfybz;

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7.8 – jåtcgtxbdfñn, xnjås yt ecnfyfdkbdfkbcm rfrbt-kbåj ñhblbxtcrbt bkb flvbybcnhfnbdyst åfhmths lkz åtcghtgzncndtyyjuj ljcnegf r chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yf ytlbcrhbvbyfwbjy-yjq jcyjdt lkz dctö gjkbnbxtcrbö uheggbhjdjr b jnltkmysö kbw, étkfñobö ghbyznm exfcnbt d bpåb-hfntkmyjv ghjwtcct;

7.9 – jåtcgtxbdfñn, xnjås rfylblfns, gjkexbdibt ytjåöjlbvjt xbckj ujkjcjd, jghtltktyyjt pfrjyjv, yflktéfobv jåhfpjv dcnegfkb d ljkéyjcnm b vjukb jcnfdfnmcz d ljkéyjcnb lj bcntxt-ybz chjrf cdjbö gjkyjvjxbq bkb lj bö ghtrhfotybz bysv jåhfpjv, rjnjhsq htuekbhetncz pfrjyjvd cjjndtncndbb c ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb gfhkfvtyncrbvb b rjycnbnewbjyysvb ghjwtlehfvb.

8. Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb cxbnfñn, xnj ghbcencndbt yfåkñlfntktq, rfr byjcnhfyysö, nfr b yfwbj-yfkmysö, vjétn gjdscbnm fdnjhbntnyjcnm bpåbhfntkmyjuj ghjwtccf lkz ujcelfhcnd, d rjnjhsö ghj-djlzncz dsåjhs. Gjänjve jyb ghbukfifñn yfåkñlfntktq jn kñåsö lheubö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjdCÅCT b kñåsö cjjndtncndeñobö xfcnysö exhtéltybq b jhufybpfwbq, rjnjhst gjétkfñn änjuj, yfåkñlfnm pf öjljv bö yfwbjyfkmysö dsåjhjd d jåütvt, ljgecrftvjv pfrjyjv. Jyb nfrét åelencnhtvbnmcz cjltqcndjdfnm nfrjve ét ljcnege r bpåbhfntkmysv ghjwtccfv, ghjdjlbvsv yf åjkttybprjv, xtv jåotyfwbjyfkmysq, ehjdyt. Nfrbt yfåkñlfntkb åelen åhfnm yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndj ytdvtibdfnmcz d bpåbhfntkmysq ghjwtcc.

Yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvb

Jåsxyj yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvb ghjöjlbn gj cktleñotqcnfylfhnyjq cötvt:

Ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr ghbukfiftn ÅLBGX ghbyznm exfcnbtd yfåkñltybb pf dsåjhfvb;

ÅLBGX, dj vyjubö ckexfzö ltqcndez d cjnhelybxtcndt clheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, yfghfdkztn däne cnhfye vbccbñ gj jwtyrt gjnhtåyjcntq lkz dszcytybzghtldsåjhyjq cbnefwbb b jghtltktybz yeél vbccbb gj yf-åkñltybñ;

ÅLBGX jåhfoftncz r lheubv ujcelfhcndfv JÅCT c ghj-cmåjq yfghfdbnm ljkujchjxysö b rhfnrjchjxysö yfåkñlf-ntktq;

Jnåbhftncz jcyjdyjq cjcnfd uheggs yfåkñlfntktq, drkñ-xfz herjdjlbntkz vbccbb gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb;

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D cnhfyt, ult ghjdjlzncz dsåjhs, exhtélftncz vbccbz gjyfåkñltybñ d cjcnfdt ljkujchjxysö b rhfnrjchjxysö yf-åkñlfntktq;

Chfpe gjckt dsåjhjd ltkftncz ghtldfhbntkmyjt pfzdktybtgj bö bnjufv;

Pfrkñxbntkmysq jnxtn j cjcnjzdiböcz dsåjhfö geåkbre-tncz xthtp ytcrjkmrj ytltkm gjckt bö ghjdtltybz.

Lfyysq gjlöjl jnhféftn gjybvfybt njuj, xnj yfåkñltybtpf dsåjhfvb – yt jlyjlytdyjt vthjghbznbt b xnj ytdjpvjé-yj lfnm jåjcyjdfyyeñ jwtyre dsåjhjd, tckb yfåkñltybt pfybvb cdjlbncz kbim r vjybnjhbyue d ltym ujkjcjdfybz. Gj-änjve Åñhj hfpdthnsdftn cdjb vbccbb gj yfåkñltybñ pfåkf-ujdhtvtyyj, byjulf pf ldf vtczwf lj lyz ujkjcjdfybz, c ntv

VII

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xnjås yfåkñlfnm pf dctv ghjwtccjv jn yfxfkf lj rjywf. Drjytxyjv bnjut, pflfxf vbccbb gj yfåkñltybñ cjcnjbn d njv,xnjås jghtltkbnm, åskb kb dsåjhs ghjdtltys d cjjndtncn-dbb c ghbyznsvb d hfvrfö JÅCT jåzpfntkmcndfvb d jnyjit-ybb dsåjhjd b c yfwbjyfkmysv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv, f nfrétghtlcnfdbnm htrjvtylfwbb j njv, xnj cktletn ekexibnm rcktleñobv dsåjhfv. D wtkzö cjplfybz vtnjljkjubxtcrjqåfps lkz nfrjq jwtyrb ÅLBGX bplfkj ≤Gjcjåbt ÅLBGX JÅCT gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb≥, d rjnjhjv bpkfufñnczyjhvs JÅCT, rfcfñobtcz dsåjhjd. D hfåjnt vbccbq JÅCTgj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb vjuen ghbybvfnm exfcnbt ghtl-cnfdbntkb b lheubö jhufybpfwbq, rfr ghfdbntkmcndtyysö, nfrb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö. D catht yfåkñltybz pf dsåjhfvbÅLBGX ntcyj cjnhelybxftn c ldevz jhufybpfwbzvb – Gfhkf-vtyncrjq fccfvåkttq JÅCT b Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs (drkñxfz tujGfhkfvtyncreñ fccfvåktñ).

D jåotq ckjéyjcnb pf gthbjl c 1991 ujlf ÅLBGX jrjkj 100hfp ghbybvfkj exfcnbt d yfåkñltybb pf dsåjhfvb b htathty-levfvb dj vyjubö ujcelfhcndfö-exfcnybrfö.

Gjlujnjdrf rflhjd b jrfpfybt cjltqcndbz d cdzpb c ghjdtltybtv dsåjhjd

Gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, ÅLBGX gjvjuftn ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv JÅCT d gjlujnjdrt rflhjd b jrfpsdftn bv cjltqcndbt d cjdthitycndjdfybb bpåbhfntkmyjuj ghjwtccf.Änj drkñxftn rjycekmnfwbb gj ghfdjdsv djghjcfv, ghjuhfv-vs gjlujnjdrb cgtwbfkbcnjd b vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcreñgjllthére b, d xfcnyjcnb, cjltqcndbt d dsgjkytybb kñåsöhtrjvtylfwbq, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm lfys gj bnjufv yfåkñlt-ybz ÅLBGX pf dsåjhfvb. D änjq jåkfcnb jceotcndkzñnczhfpyjjåhfpyst ghjtrns gj nfrbv yfghfdktybzv, rfr: hfphf-åjnrf yjdjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j dsåjhfö, fyfkbp bvtñobö-cz pfrjyjghjtrnjd j dsåjhfö, ghtlcnfdktybt htrjvtylfwbqjnyjcbntkmyj cjcnfdktybz cgbcrjd bpåbhfntktq, jåextybt kbw,


Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT Cgtycth Jkbdth, cgtwbfkmysq rjjhlbyfnjh JÅCT gj gfhkfvtyncrbv dsåjhfv d Fkåfybb Rfnhby Kfkñvmth b Lbhtrnjh ÅLBGX Éthfh Cnelvfy åtctleñn c jlybv

bp jabwbfkmysö jhufybpfnjhjd vtcnysö dsåjhjd d Fkåfybb d ltym ujkjcjdfybz, bñym 1997 ujlf

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jndtxfñobö pf gjlujnjdre b ghjdtltybt dsåjhjd, f nfrét jhufybpfwbz ctvbyfhjd b ghfrnbrevjd gj djghjcfv bpåbhf-ntkmyjuj ghjwtccf.

Ltvjrhfnbpfwbz

ÅLBGX hfphfåfnsdftn b jceotcndkztn ghjuhfvvs, wtkmñrjnjhsö zdkztncz cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ uhfélfycrjuj jåot-cndf b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd. Ghb änjv egjh ltkftnczyf ghfrnbxtcrbö ghjtrnfö yf ybpjdjv ehjdyt, htfkbpetvsö dcjnhelybxtcndt c ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb b lheubvb vté-leyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb.

D xbckj änbö ghjtrnjd döjlzn:

■ cgtwbfkmyst ghjuhfvvs gjlujnjdrb rflhjd b ntöybxtcrjqgjvjob, ghbpdfyyst cgjcjåcndjdfnm erhtgktybñ dthöjdty-cndf pfrjyf;

■ extåyfz gjlujnjdrf b jrfpfybt ntöybxtcrjuj cjltqcndbz jv-åelcvtyfv/yfwbjyfkmysv ghfdjpfobnysv bycnbnenfv;

■ ghjcdtnbntkmcrbt ghjtrns b hfcghjcnhfytybt byajhvfwbbgj djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz;

■ åjhmåf c njhujdktq kñlmvb;

■ erhtgktybt YGJ, drkñxfz cjplfybt ctntdsö cnherneh c wt-kmñ hfpdbnbz b cjdthitycndjdfybz cdzptq vtéle YGJ, fnfrét vtéle ybvb b ghfdbntkmcndfvb;

■ jrfpfybt ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv cjltqcndbz d htfkbpfwbbGhjuhfvvs ltqcndbq, ghbyznjq yf Rjyathtywbb gj djghj-cfv vbuhfwbb d cnhfyfö CYU;

■ ghjtrns, cdzpfyyst c djghjcfvb hfdyjghfdbz veéxby bétyoby;

■ åjhmåf c ghbvtytybtv gsnjr b ltzntkmyjcnm gj jåtcgtxt-ybñ cdjåjls htkbubb.

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D jceotcndktybb gthtxbcktyysö ghjtrnjd ÅLBGX ntcyjcjnhelybxftn c lheubvb bycnbnenfvb b vbccbzvb JÅCT, fnfrét c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb.

D gjcktlytt dhtvz dféyjt vtcnj d hfåjnt pfybvfñn ghj-åktvs ujcelfhcnd Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb b Rfdrfpf, f nfrétfltrdfnyst vths gj ehtuekbhjdfybñ djpybrfñobö gthtl JÅCT ärcnhtyysö ghjåktv, nfrbö, rfr rhbpbcs d Fkåfybb d1997 ujle b d Rjcjdj d 1998 b 1999 ujlfö.

Vjybnjhbyu

Yfxbyfz c 1998 ujlf ÅLBGX cnfkj ltkfnm åjkmibq egjhyf aeyrwbñ vjybnjhbyuf. Åñhj cjåbhftn byajhvfwbñ j ds-gjkytybb ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb cdjbö jåzpfntkmcnd gjxtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ, rjnjhfz ckeébn jcyjdjq lkzghtlcnfdktybz Lbhtrnjhjv ÅLBGX htrjvtylfwbq Ltqcndeñ-otve ghtlctlfntkñ b lheubv bycnbnenfv JÅCT, f nfrét lkzghbyznbz htitybq gj djghjcfv gjkbnbrb b ghjtrnjd cfvjujÅñhj. Gthtl cjdtofybzvb gj hfccvjnhtybñ dsgjkytybzÅLBGX gjlujnfdkbdftn ntvfnbxtcrbt ljrkfls gj jcyjdysvdjghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz d htubjyt JÅCT.

Gjvbvj änjuj ÅLBGX jhufybpetn cjdtofybz gj hfccvjn-htybñ dsgjkytybz, gjcdzotyyst xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñJÅCT, rjnjhst ghjdjlzncz d Dfhifdt, f nfrét ljgjkybntkm-yst dcnhtxb gj rjyrhtnysv fcgtrnfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvtht-ybz, ghjdjlbvst d Dtyt. D ljgjkytybt r änjve ÅLBGXtétujlyj jhufybpetn ctvbyfh gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ,pfxfcneñ d cjnhelybxtcndt c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhuf-ybpfwbzvb.

Djghjcs hjvf b cbynb

Yf Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d 1994 ujleukfds ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅ-CT gjcnfyjdbkb cjplfnm d ÅLBGX geyrn lkz rjynfrnjd gj dj-


139138

ghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz yfhjlyjcnb hjvf b cbynb (wsufy). Gj ht-itybñ, ghbyznjve yf dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd JÅCT d lt-rfåht 1998 ujlf, d wtkzö erhtgktybz änjuj rjynfrnyjuj gey-rnf åsk yfpyfxty cjdtnybr lkz cjcnfdktybz ghjuhfvvs hfåj-ns, yfghfdktyyjq yf pfobne ghfd hjvf b cbynb d htubjyt JÅ-CT. Rjynfrnysq geyrn jrfpsdftn ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfvrjycekmnfwbjyyst eckeub d djghjcfö dshfåjnrb gjkbnbrb djnyjitybb hjvf b cbynb, d xfcnyjcnb, gentv cjltqcndbz er-htgktybñ gjntywbfkf jåoby hjvf b cbynb b yfkfébdfybñvtéle ybvb dpfbvjltqcndbz, f nfrét gjjohzz exfcnbt ghtl-cnfdbntktq hjvf b cbynb d hfåjnt lbhtrnbdysö jhufyjd yfdctö ehjdyzö.

Gjvbvj änjuj rjynfrnysq geyrn cjåbhftn b fyfkbpbhetnvfnthbfks, rfcfñobtcz gjkjétybz hjvf b cbynb d rhbpbcysöcbnefwbzö. Yfhzle c änbv jy ckeébn d rfxtcndt wtynhf jåvt-yf byajhvfwbtq gj djghjcfv hjvf b cbynb b cjltqcndetn cj-nhelybxtcnde d änjq jåkfcnb vtéle bycnbnenfvb b vtcnysvbcnhernehfvb JÅCT, ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb, lheubvbvtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b YGJ.


Gjcn Ghtlcnfdbntkz gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccj-djq byajhvfwbb, j ytjåöjlbvjcnb rjnjhjuj ujdjhbkjcm yfKbccfåjycrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d 1996 ujle, åskjabwbfkmyj exhtélty htitybtv Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf jn 5 yjzåhz 1997 ujlf, rjnjhjt åskj gjlndthéltyj d ltrfåht1997 ujlf yf dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd d Rjgtyufutyt. D zydfht 1998 ujlf yf änjn gjcn yf nhtöktnybq chjr åsk yfpyf-xty u-y Ahfqven Ledt (Uthvfybz). Ukfdyfz pflfxf Ghtlcnf-dbntkz – cjnhelybxfnm c ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb b jrfps-dfnm bv cjltqcndbt d jåtcgtxtybb hfpdbnbz cdjåjlysö, ytpf-

8

dbcbvsö b gkñhfkbcnbxysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb,åtp rjnjhsö yt vjétn ceotcndjdfnm cdjåjlyjt b jnrhsnjtjåotcndj b jcyjdfyyst yf ghbywbgt gjljnxtnyjcnb cbcntvsghfdktybz. Åñhj Ghtlcnfdbntkz gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtl-cnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yföjlbncz d Dtyt.

Gjlxbyzzcm Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne b hfåjnfz yf jcyjdt ntc-ysö rjycekmnfwbq c Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv, Ghtlcnfdb-ntkm ghbpdfy dsgjkyznm rfr aeyrwbñ hfyytuj ghtleghtélt-ybz, nfr b aeyrwbñ ytvtlktyysö ltqcndbq.

Dj-gthdsö, jy egjkyjvjxty yfåkñlfnm pf ghjbcöjlzobv djåkfcnb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb dj dctö ujcelfhcndfö-

exfcnybrfö, f nfrét gjllthébdfnm bgjjohznm gjkyjt cjåkñltybt ghbywb-gjd b jåzpfntkmcnd JÅCT, rfcfñobö-cz cdjåjls dshfétybz cdjtuj vytybzb cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajh-vfwbb, eltkzz jcjåjt dybvfybt ghj-åktvfv, dspsdftvsv nfrbvb afrnj-hfvb, rfr cjplfybt gjvtö lkz hfåjnschtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b yt-åkfujghbznysö eckjdbq lkz ltzntkm-yjcnb éehyfkbcnjd.

Dj-dnjhsö, yf ytv ktébn jndtncn-dtyyjcnm pf jgthfnbdyjt htfubhjdfybtyf ckexfb cthmtpyjuj ytcjåkñltybzujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT ghb-

yznsö d hfvrfö Jhufybpfwbb ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd, rf-cfñoböcz cdjåjls dshfétybz cdjtuj vytybz b cdjåjls chtl-cnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb.

Ghb gjcnegktybb cbuyfkf j cthmtpyjv ytcjåkñltybb erf-pfyysö ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd Ghtlcnfdbntkm dcnegftn dytgjchtlcndtyysq rjynfrn c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb cjjndtncn-

Ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq

byajhvfwbb Ahfqven Ledt


obvb bkb geåkbxyj jghfdlsdfñobvb nthhjhbcnbxtcrbt bkbyfcbkmcndtyyst vtnjls, bkb jndtxfnm yf bö jåhfotybz.

Ghtlcnfdbntkm ntcyj dpfbvjltqcndetn c gjkbnbxtcrbvb jh-ufyfvb JÅCT (Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv b Gjcnjzyysvcjdtnjv), f nfrét c ÅLBGX b Dthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv gj lt-kfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd. Jy cbcntvfnbxtcrb ghjdjlbnrjycekmnfwbb c Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv b yf htuekzhyjqjcyjdt ghtlcnfdkztn ljrkfls Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne, rjnjhsqvjétn ghbukfifnm tuj yf cdjb pfctlfybz lkz ghtlcnfdktybzljrkfljd gj rjyrhtnysv djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz cdjåjls ds-hfétybz cdjtuj vytybz b cdjåjlysö, ytpfdbcbvsö b gkñhf-kbcnbxysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Rhjvt njuj, Ghtl-cnfdbntkm ljkéty tétujlyj ghtlcnfdkznm yf cjdtofybb gjhfccvjnhtybñ dsgjkytybz, gjcdzotyyjv djghjcfv xtkjdtxtc-rjuj bpvthtybz, bkb yf cjdtofybb JÅCT gj jåpjhe ljrkfl jgjkjétybb ltk c dsgjkytybtv ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd JÅCT d änbö jåkfcnzö. Jy nfrét jrfpsdftn gjllthéreÅLBGX d jwtyrt ceotcndeñobö eckjdbq lkz aeyrwbjybhjdf-ybz cdjåjlysö, ytpfdbcbvsö b gkñhfkbcnbxysö CVB lj, djdhtvz b gjckt dsåjhjd, pf rjnjhsvb ÅLBGX jceotcndkztnyfåkñltybt.

Dj bpåtéfybt leåkbhjdfybz vtéghfdbntkmcndtyysö ecb-kbq d lfyyjq jåkfcnb Ghtlcnfdbntkm jåzpfy cjnhelybxfnm brjjhlbybhjdfnm cdjb ltqcndbz c cjjndtncndeñobvb vtéleyf-hjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, d xfcnyjcnb c Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs, fnfrét c JJY b tt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysvb exhtéltybzvb.

8

141

deñotuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf b c lheubvb pfbynthtcjdfyys-vb cnjhjyfvb, ghjbpdjlbn fyfkbp afrnjd, jrfpsdftn gjvjomujcelfhcnde-exfcnybre b cjltqcndetn htitybñ ghjåktvs.

Ghtlcnfdbntkm dghfdt cjåbhfnm b gjkexfnm cdtltybz j gj-kjétybb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bp dctö pfckeébdfñ-obö ljdthbz bcnjxybrjd. Jy, d xfcnyjcnb, jgbhftncz yf by-ajhvfwbñ b jwtyrb, gjcnegfñobt jn ÅLBGX.

Ghtlcnfdbntkm dghfdt d kñåjt dhtvz cjåbhfnm b gjkexfnmjn ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd b lheubö pfbynthtcjdfyysö cnjhjy(yfghbvth, jn jhufybpfwbq bkb bycnbnenjd, CVB b bö ghtl-cnfdbntktq b cjjndtncndeñobö YGJ) pfghjcs, ghtlkjétybz bcjjåhfétybz, rfcfñobtcz erhtgktybz b lfkmytqituj gjds-itybz äaatrnbdyjcnb cjåkñltybz cjjndtncndeñobö ghbywb-gjd b jåzpfntkmcnd JÅCT ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb, d njvxbckt d cdzpb c cjjåotybzvb j cthmtpysö ghjzdktybzö ytnth-gbvjcnb, fuhtccbdyjuj yfwbjyfkbpvf, hfcbpvf b n.g. Jy vjétngthtlfdfnm nfrbt pfghjcs, ghtlkjétybz b cjjåhfétybz yfhfccvjnhtybt Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf, cjghjdjélfz bö, d ckexftytjåöjlbvjcnb, htrjvtylfwbzvb jnyjcbntkmyj lfkmytqiböltqcndbq.

Ltzntkmyjcnm Ghtlcnfdbntkz zdkztncz yfukzlysv ghbvt-hjv htfkbpfwbb rjywtgwbb åtpjgfcyjcnb, jcyjdfyyjq yf cj-nhelybxtcndt. Ghtlcnfdbntkm yt dsgjkyztn ñhblbxtcrböaeyrwbq, f tuj ltzntkmyjcnm yb d rjtq vtht yt vjétn ght-ljghtltkznm ghbvtytybt yfwbjyfkmysö bkb vtéleyfhjlysöñhblbxtcrbö ghjwtleh d cdzpb c pfzdktybzvb j yfheitybbghfd xtkjdtrf (ghb änjv gjybvftncz, xnj nfrbt pfzdktybz bghjwtlehs yt jåzpfntkmyj åelen ghtgzncndjdfnm dsgjkytybñbv cdjbö aeyrwbq). Rfr b Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JÅCT gj lt-kfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd, jy yt dghfdt gjllthébdfnmrjynfrns c kñåsvb kbwfvb bkb jhufybpfwbzvb, ghbvtyzñ-

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8

U T Y L T H Y S T D J G H J C S

C 1998 ujlf utylthyst djghjcs pfybvfñn pfvtnyjt vtcnj d gjdtcnrt lyz JÅCT. Pf änjdhtvz d lfyyjq jåkfcnb åsk htfkbpjdfy hzl bybwbfnbd, exhtéltys gjcns cjdtnybrjd gjutylthysv djghjcfv d Ctrhtnfhbfnt b ÅLBGX, f nfrét hfphfåjnfy gkfy ltqcndbq d uty-lthyjq jåkfcnb. Htitybt j yfpyfxtybb cjdtnybrf gj utylthysv djghjcfv ghb Ctrhtnfhbf-nt åskj ghbyznj c ntv, xnjås d gjkyjq vtht pfltqcndjdfnm bvtñobqcz d JÅCT gjntywbfkkñlcrbö htcehcjd yf dctö ehjdyzö Jhufybpfwbb bcöjlz bp gjybvfybz dféyjcnb cbcntvfnb-xtcrjuj extnf utylthysö djghjcjd b utylthyjuj ghjcdtotybz. Hjkm ét egjvzyenjuj cjdtn-ybrf ÅLBGX gj åjkmitq xfcnb cdjlbncz r dshfåjnrt gjcktljdfntkmyjuj gjlöjlf r ghjåkt-vt hfdyjghfdbz veéxby b étyoby d hfvrfö ghjtrnjd yf vtcnfö b r drkñxtybñ utylth-ysö djghjcjd d ltzntkmyjcnm ÅLBGX d hfpkbxysö jåkfcnzö.

JÅCT ghblftn dféyjt pyfxtybt cjnhelybxtcnde c vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b YGJd lfyyjq jåkfcnb. Bö ärcgthnysq gjntywbfk, yfrjgktyysq jgsn, vtnjls gjlujnjdrb cgtwbfkbcnjd b cfvf nfrfz gjlujnjdrf vjuen dytcnb ceotcndtyysq drkfl d ecbkbz JÅCT gjcbcntvfnbxtcrjve extne utylthysö djghjcjd d tt ltzntkmyjcnb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ÅLBGXd cjnhelybxtcndt c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb åthtn yf ctåz bybwbfnbde,

hfphfåfnsdftn b jceotcndkztn ghjtrns, ghjdjlbn bccktljdfybz b ctvbyfhs-ghfrnbrevs,cnhtvzcm cjltqcndjdfnm exfcnbñ étyoby d gjkbnbrt b åjktt ibhjrjve bö ghbdktxtybñ r ehtuekbhjdfybñ rjyakbrnjd b gjcnrjyakbrnyjve djccnfyjdktybñ, f nfrét åjktt gjkyj-ve cjåkñltybñ bö ghfd.

D wtkzö byntuhfwbb utylthyjuj fcgtrnf d ltzntkmyjcnm JÅCT utylthyst djghjcs hfccvfn-hbdfñncz yf hfpkbxysö cgtwbfkmysö ytjabwbfkmysö dcnhtxfö, d ytjabwbfkmyjq uheggt gjdjghjce jåtcgtxtybz hfdtycndf djpvjéyjcntq lkz étyoby b veéxby, d hfvrfö Gfhkf-vtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT, f nfrét yf cjdtofybzö c exfcnbtv YGJ b herjdjlbntktq vbc-cbq. Ceotcndeñofz d JÅCT ghjuhfvvf gjlujnjdrb yjdsö cjnhelybrjd vbccbq jödfnsdftn bdjghjcs utylthyjuj ghjcdtotybz.

Jåzpfntkmcndf ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ckt-leñott:

■ edfétybt ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysö cdjåjl, drkñxfz cdjåjle vsckb, cjdtcnb, htkbubbb eåtéltybq, lkz dctö, åtp hfpkbxbz hfcs, gjkf, zpsrf b htkbubb (Ötkmcbyrb, 1975ujl);

■ htibvjcnm jåtcgtxbdfnm hfdyjghfdbt veéxby b étyoby yf pfrjyjlfntkmyjv, ärjyj-vbxtcrjv, gjkbnbxtcrjv, cjwbfkmyjv b rekmnehyjv ehjdyzö (Dtyf, 1989 ujl);

■ gjkyjt b gjlkbyyjt hfdtycndj vtéle veéxbyfvb b étyobyfvb zdkztncz ceotcndtyyjdféysv äktvtynjv cghfdtlkbdjuj b ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf, jcyjdfyyjuj yf dth-öjdtycndt pfrjyf (Vjcrdf, 1991 ujl);

142

■ drkñxtybt d gjkbnbre (JÅCT) d rfxtcndt jlyjq bp tt cjcnfdkzñobö ghbywbgf hfdyjg-hfdbz veéxby b étyoby (Ltrkfhfwbz Cnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt 1999 ujlf) [Nj. 23];

■ dféyjcnm jåtcgtxtybz åfkfycf vtéle veéxbyfvb b étyobyfvb ghb yfåjht gthcjyfkf(nfv ét) [18].

145

Dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl JÅCT r ghjåktvfv åtpjgfcyjcnbjödfnsdftn, d xfcnyjcnb, jåzpfntkmcndf b vtöfybpvs,cdzpfyyst c djtyysvb djghjcfvb. JÅCT cnhtvbncz r

erhtgktybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb d djtyyjq catht gentv gjdsitybzjnrhsnjcnb, nhfycgfhtynyjcnb b hfpdbnbz cjnhelybxtcndfvtéle ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb.

Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb

Yf Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb (ACÅ)djpkjétyf jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ghjdtltybt gthtujdjhjd b rjy-cekmnfwbq gj djghjcfv djtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb.Pfctlfybz Ajhevf, d cjcnfd rjnjhjuj döjlzn ghtlcnfdbntkbujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT, ghjdjlzncz tétytltkmyj d dty-crjv rjyathtyw-wtynht ≤Öjaåehu≥. Ukfdysvb pflfxfvb Aj-hevf zdkzñncz: f) dtltybt gthtujdjhjd gj rjynhjkñ yfl dj-jheétybzvb, hfpjheétybñ, f nfrét erhtgktybñ ljdthbz b åt-pjgfcyjcnb; å) ghjdtltybt htuekzhysö rjycekmnfwbq b jceot-cndktybt byntycbdyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gj djghjcfv, cdzpfyysvc åtpjgfcyjcnmñ; d) lfkmytqitt cybétybt jgfcyjcnb djpybryj-dtybz rjyakbrnjd; b u) dsgjkytybt cjukfcjdfyysö vth.

Ajhev åsk exhtélty cjukfcyj gjkjétybzv ukfds ªÖtkmcbyrcrjuj ljrevtynf 1992 ujlf. Gthdjyfxfkmyj jy cj-cnjzk bp Cgtwbfkmyjuj rjvbntnf b Rjycekmnfnbdyjuj rjvbnt-nf Wtynhf gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd (cv. hfpltk 3). D 1993 ujle Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn åsk hfcgeoty, f lde-vz ujlfvb gjpét Cgtwbfkmysq rjvbntn åsk gthtbvtyjdfy d Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb.

D Ötkmcbyrcrjv ljrevtynt 1992 ujlf nfrét cjlthéfkczdctjåütvkñobq gkfy hfåjns ACÅ – ≤Ghjuhfvvf ytvtlkty-ysö ltqcndbq≥ (djitlifz d ukfde ª d rfxtcndt Ghbkjétybz).Cjukfcyj änjq ghjuhfvvt Ajheve gjhexfkjcm dtltybt rjy-cekmnfwbq b gthtujdjhjd jnyjcbntkmyj: ufhvjybpfwbb jåzpf-

9


♦

Vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (VLÅ)

♦

Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb

♦

Htubjyfkmyst cjukfitybz j rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb – cnfnmb ÈÈ, Èª b ª Ltqnjycrbö

vbhysö ljujdjhtyyjcntq

♦

LJDCT b Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe

D J T Y Y S T F C G T R N S Å T P J G F C Y J C N B

147

Ajhev cnfk nfrét vtcnjv ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd gj djghj-

cfv hfpdbnbz htébvf VLÅ, ghbdtlibö r ghbyznbñ Dtycrjuj

ljrevtynf 1994 ujlf, hfcibhbdituj b ecbkbdituj hfytt cj-

ukfcjdfyyst gjkjétybz. Cjukfcyj änjve ljrevtyne yf ACÅ

åskf, d xfcnyjcnb, djpkjétyf pflfxf ckeébnm d rfxtcndt aj-

hevf lkz ghjdtltybz Eétujlyjuj cjdtofybz gj jwtyrt ds-

gjkytybz (cv. cnh. 151).D 1994 ujle ACÅ ghbyzk tot ldf ljrevtynf: ≤Ukjåfkm-

ysq jåvty djtyyjq byajhvfwbtq≥, jåzpsdfñobq ujcelfh-cndf-exfcnybrb tétujlyj jåvtybdfnmcz byajhvfwbtq jå jc-yjdysö cbcntvfö djjheétybq b ntöybrb, j kbxyjv cjcnfdt bcnherneht rjvfyljdfybz bö jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbk djdctvbhyjv vfcinfåt; f nfrét ≤Ghbywbgs, htuekbheñobt yt-hfcghjcnhfytybt≥ – ljrevtyn, gjlrhtgkzñobq ceotcndeñobtvtéleyfhjlyst cjukfitybz j ythfcghjcnhfytybb zlthyjuj,öbvbxtcrjuj b åbjkjubxtcrjuj jheébz, f rjyrhtnytt ujdjhz,cjlthéfobq jåzpfntkmcndj jnhfpbnm d yfwbjyfkmyjv pfrjyj-lfntkmcndt, flvbybcnhfnbdysö ghfdbkfö b ghjwtlehfö ceot-cndeñobt d lfyyjq jåkfcnb jåzpfntkmcndf. Gjkjétybz yfänjn cxtn djikb d Åelfgtincrbq ljrevtyn 1994 ujlf d rfxt-cndt ukfds ªÈ.

Hfpdbnbt gjdtcnrb lyz ACÅ

Yf Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt 1994 ujlf ås-kb ghjdtltys hfccvjnhtybt b jwtyrf ljcnbuyenjuj ACÅ bhfcibhtyf ghjuhfvvf tuj hfåjns gentv djpkjétybz yf Aj-hev jndtncndtyyjcnb pf lfkmytqitt hfpdbnbt ceotcndeñotujhtébvf VLÅ, pf htitybt htubjyfkmysö ghjåktv åtpjgfcyjc-nb, f nfrét pf hfphfåjnre rjywtgnefkmyjq åfps lkz rjynhj-kz yfl djjheétybzvb, drkñxfz wtkb b vtnjls hfåjns gj erhtgktybñ, gjllthéfybñ b gjdsitybñ cnfåbkmyjcnb b åtpjgfcyjcnb d htubjyt CÅCT. ACÅ åskj gjhextyj ljkjébnmj ghjltkfyyjq hfåjnt rj dhtvtyb ghjdtltybz Kbccfåjycrjq

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ntkmcnd, rfcfñoböcz rjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb, hfpjheét-ybz b erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb; hfpdbnbz Dtycrjujljrevtynf 1992 ujlf; htébvf ukjåfkmyjuj jåvtyf djtyyjqbyajhvfwbtq; cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb ythfcghjcnhfyt-ybz; cjnhelybxtcndf d jåkfcnb rjydthcbb jåjhjyyjuj ghjbp-djlcndf; djtyysö rjynfrnjd; htubjyfkmysö ghjåktv; f nfrétgkfybhjdfybz cbk.

Ltzntkmyjcnm

D yjzåht 1993 ujlf d hfvrfö Ghjuhfvvs ytvtlktyysöltqcndbq Ajhev ghbyzk xtnsht ljrevtynf:

■ ≤Vths cnfåbkbpfwbb d jnyjitybb kjrfkmysö rhbpbcysö cb-nefwbq≥ – gthtxtym vth cnfåbkbpfwbb, ghbpdfyysö jåktu-xbnm ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq d cjjndtncndeñobö jhufyföJÅCT, f nfrét dshfåjnre rjyrhtnysö dhtvtyysö vth lkzgjllthérb gjkbnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccf d rhbpbcysö cbnefwbzö;

■ ≤Ghbywbgs, htuekbheñobt gthtlfxe jåsxysö djjheétybq≥– ghbywbgs, rjnjhsvb ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb herjdjl-cndeñncz ghb gthtlfxt djjheétybq b ghb htitybb djghjcfj wtktcjjåhfpyjcnb jnrfpf jn gthtlfxb ntö bkb bysö djjhe-étybq. Gjkjétybz änjuj ljrevtynf åskb gjlrhtgktys ddt-ltybtv d 1997 ujle tétujlyjuj jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq j gt-htlfxt cbcntv djjheétybq b ntöybrb;

■ ≤Ghjuhfvvf djtyysö rjynfrnjd b cjnhelybxtcndf≥ – drkñ-xftn, d xfcnyjcnb, jåvtys b gjctotybz c exfcnbtv ghtlcnf-dbntktq djjheétyysö cbk, cjdvtcnyst djtyyst extybz bgjlujnjdre, gjctotybz djtyysö jåütrnjd, ctvbyfhs gj dj-ghjcfv cjnhelybxtcndf b n.l.;

■ ≤Gkfybhjdfybt d jåkfcnb jåjhjys≥ – ljrevtyn, jåzpsdfñ-obq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ghtlcnfdkznm byajhvfwbñ jcdjtq jåjhjyyjq gjkbnbrt b ljrnhbyt, gkfybhjdfybb cbk,åñlétnfö b n.l.

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lfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb d djtyysö djghjcfö. VLÅ, d xfcnyjc-nb, drkñxfñn:

■ tétujlysq jåvty djtyyjq byajhvfwbtq;

■ vths gj evtymitybñ jgfcyjcnb (n.t. vtöfybpv rjycekmnf-wbq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybb ytjåsxyjq djtyyjq ltz-ntkmyjcnb);

■ gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz djtyysö rjynfrnjd b cjnhelybxt-cndf;

■ ghtldfhbntkmyjt edtljvktybt jå jghtltktyysö dblfö djty-yjq ltzntkmyjcnb;

■ yfåkñltybt pf jghtltktyysvb dblfvb djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb;

■ jåvty tétujlysvb gkfyfvb djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb;

■ juhfybxbntkmyst gjkjétybz j djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb;

■ vths gj jåtcgtxtybñ cjåkñltybz b ghjdthrt;

■ ctnm ghzvjq cdzpb vtéle cnjkbwfvb hfpkbxysö ujcelfhcnd;

■ tétujlyst cjdtofybz gj jwtyrt dsgjkytybz;

■ ukjåfkmysq jåvty djtyyjq byajhvfwbtq;

■ vths cnfåbkbpfwbb d jnyjitybb kjrfkmysö rhbpbcysö cbnefwbq;

■ ghbywbgs, htuekbheñobt gthtlfxe djjheétybq.

Wtkm änbö vth cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås cgjcjåcndjdfnm dpfbvyjve ljdthbñ b ecnhfyznm jpfåjxtyyjcnm d jnyjitybbdjtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb gentv gjjohtybz jnrhsnjcnb b nhfyc-gfhtynyjcnb. Dshfåjnrf änbö ltqcndeñobö d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjkjétybq ghjöjlbkf d nhb änfgf: htébv, ecnfyjdkty-ysq ötkmcbyrcrbv Pfrkñxbntkmysv frnjv (1975–1986 uu.), htébv, ecnfyjdktyysq Cnjrujkmvcrbv ljrevtynjv(1986–1990 uu.), b htébv, ecnfyjdktyysq Dtycrbv ljrevty-njv (c 1990 ujlf).

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dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt 1996 ujlf, f nfrét ghtlcnfdbnmcdjb htrjvtylfwbb.

Herjdjlcndezcm dsitbpkjétyysvb gjkjétybzvb, Ajhevghbyzk ldf htitybz jnyjcbntkmyj yjdsö yfghfdktybq cdjtqlfkmytqitq hfåjns. Gthdjt – änj ≤Rjywtgnefkmyfz åfpf lkzrjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb≥, yfwtktyyfz, d xfcnyjcnb, yf cj-plfybt cbcntvs dpfbvjedzpfyysö b gjlrhtgkzñobö lheu lhe-uf jåzpfntkmcnd gj rjynhjkñ yfl djjheétybzvb, ckeéfobödshfétybtv ghbywbgf ytltkbvjcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb. D änjv ljre-vtynt nfrét pfkjétys herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs åeleobö gtht-ujdjhjd gj rjynhjkñ yfl djjheétybzvb: ljcnfnjxyjcnm (cj-öhfytybt djtyyjuj gjntywbfkf, cjhfpvthyjuj pfrjyysv gjnhtå-yjcnzv d jåkfcnb bylbdblefkmyjq bkb rjkktrnbdyjq åtpjgfc-yjcnb); jåtcgtxtybt nhfycgfhtynyjcnb gjchtlcndjv jåvtyf by-ajhvfwbtq, rjynhjkz b, ult änj ytjåöjlbvj, juhfybxtybz cbk.

Dj dnjhjv ljrevtynt, jpfukfdktyyjv ≤Hfpdbnbt gjdtcnrblyz Ajhevf gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb≥, uj-celfhcndf-exfcnybrb gjcnfyjdbkb, xnj Ajheve yflktébn dgthdjjxthtlyjv gjhzlrt hfccvjnhtnm xtnsht djghjcf: dsgjk-ytybt cjukfcjdfyysö vth gj rjynhjkñ yfl djjheétybzvb,vths gj ghtjljktybñ htubjyfkmyjq ytcnfåbkmyjcnb, cjplfybtcbcntvs cjukfitybq gj rjynhjkñ yfl djjheétybzvb b, yfrj-ytw, erhtgktybt cjukfcjdfyysö b hfphfåjnrf yjdsö vth.

Änb htitybz djikb d dblt jnltkmysö ukfd d Kbccfåjycrbqljrevtyn 1996 ujlf.

Vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (VLÅ)

Vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (VLÅ) ghtlcnfd-kzñn cjåjq gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz jåvtyf b ghjdthrb by-ajhvfwbb d jnyjitybb djjheétyysö cbk b djtyyjq ltzntkm-yjcnb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, f nfrét jghtltktyyst vtöfybp-vs, ghbpdfyyst cgjcjåcndjdfnm cjnhelybxtcnde vtéle ujce-

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ntkmysö bycgtrwbzö rfr chtlcndt ghjdthrb. Ddble änbö ekex-itybq b åjktt ibhjrjuj jödfnf yfpdfyyst vths cnfkb hfc-cvfnhbdfnmcz rfr VLÅ ≤dnjhjuj gjrjktybz≥.

Yf nhtnmtq dcnhtxt d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd, cjcnjzd-itqcz d Dtyt (1986–1989 uu.), åskj ghbyznj htitybt ghjljk-ébnm gthtujdjhs jå VLÅ gfhfkktkmyj c gthtujdjhfvb jåjåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt (JDCT, cv. cnh. 159);d tt bnjut åsk ghbyzn Dtycrbq ljrevtyn gthtujdjhjd j vt-hfö erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb 1990 ujlf. D änjv lj-revtynt, jåyjdktyyjv d 1992 ujle, åskb hfcibhtys hfvrbjåvtyf byajhvfwbtq b ghjdthrb b ddtltys yjdst vths, rf-cfñobtcz cdzptq b rjycekmnfwbq b ghtlecvfnhbdfdibt, d xfc-nyjcnb: geyrns lkz rjynfrnjd yf ckexfq jgfcysö bywbltynjddjtyyjuj öfhfrnthf, ctnm cdzpb, cgjcjåyeñ gthtlfdfnm rjv-gmñnthbpbhjdfyyeñ byajhvfwbñ, f nfrét ärcnhtyyst dcnht-xb lkz ghjzcytybz ytjåsxyjq djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Yfrjytw,ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ljujdjhbkbcm j ghjdtltybb tétujlysöcjdtofybq gj jwtyrt dsgjkytybz lkz jåceéltybz htfkbpfwbbVLÅ (gthtxtym tétujlysö cjdtofybq gj jwtyrt dsgjkytybzghbdjlbncz d Ghbkjétybb ªÈÈ ).

Gthtujdjhs jå VLÅ åskb ghjljkétys yf Ajhevt gj cj-nhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghbdtkb r ghbyznbñDtycrjuj ljrevtynf 1994 ujlf, rjnjhsq hfcibhbk ghtlsle-obq htébv VLÅ, ddtlz d ytuj ljgjkybntkmyst gjhjujdstehjdyb d jnyjitybb edtljvktybz b yfåkñltybz, f nfrét gj-kjétybz, rfcfñobtcz gkfybhjdfybz d jåkfcnb jåjhjys brjynfrnjd gj djtyyjq kbybb.

16 yjzåhz 1999 ujlf, yfrfyeyt Cnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxb yfdscitv ehjdyt, Ajhev JÅCT gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnbåtpjgfcyjcnb yf cdjtq dcnhtxt d Cnfvåekt ghbyzk Dtycrbqljrevtyn 1999 ujlf. Chtlb rjyrhtnysö gjkjétybq, djitl-ibö d änjn yjdsq ljrevtyn – ukfdf gj djghjcfv htubjyfkm-

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Rhfteujkmysv rfvytv ysytiytuj htébvf VLÅ zdbkfcm≤gthdfz rjhpbyf≥ ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf (cv.hfpltk 2), d hfvrfö rjnjhjq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ljujdjhb-kbcm jå jghtltktyysö vthfö, ghbpdfyysö ≤cjltqcndjdfnmevtymitybñ jgfcyjcnb djjheétyyjuj rjyakbrnf, ytghfdbkm-yjuj gjybvfybz bkb ytghfdbkmyjq jwtyrb djtyyjq ltzntkm-yjcnb, rjnjhfz vjukf ås dspdfnm jgfctybt, d xfcnyjcnb, d eckjdbzö, rjulf e ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd jncencndetn zcyfz b cdjtdhtvtyyfz byajhvfwbz≥. Änb vths drkñxfkb:

■ ghtldfhbntkmyjt edtljvktybt j rhegysö djtyysö extybzö bgthtldbétybzö;

■ jåvty yfåkñlfntkzvb;

■ ≤lheubt vths erhtgktybz ljdthbz≥, nfrbt, rfr jåvty djty-ysv gthcjyfkjv.

Änb VLÅ ≤gthdjuj gjrjktybz≥, gthdjyfxfkmyj yfpsdfd-ibtcz vthfvb erhtgktybz ljdthbz (VL), åskb d gjcktleñ-otv gthtcvjnhtys b ecjdthitycndjdfys. Gthdsv ifujv yfänjv genb cnfkf cjcnjzdifzcz d Vflhblt dnjhfz dcnhtxf dhfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd, yf rjnjhjq åskj ghbyznj htitybtj cjpsdt rjyathtywbb gj vthfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpj-gfcyjcnb b hfpjheétybñ d Tdhjgt.

Rjyathtywbz cjcnjzkfcm d Cnjrujkmvt (1984–1986 uu.) bpfdthibkfcm ghbyznbtv 19 ctynzåhz 1986 ujlf Cnjrujkmvcrj-uj ljrevtynf, ecbkbdituj gjkjétybz ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñ-xbntkmyjuj frnf. D ytv, yfghbvth, ghtlecvfnhbdfkbcm åjkttybprbt gjhjujdst ehjdyb b åjktt lkbntkmysq chjr ghtldfhb-ntkmyjuj edtljvktybz jå jghtltktyysö dblfö djtyyjq ltz-ntkmyjcnb, ghbukfitybt yfåkñlfntktq, f nfrét jåvty tét-ujlysvb gkfyfvb djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. B cfvjt ukfdyjt –dgthdst d bcnjhbb cjdhtvtyyjuj rjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvbd änjv ljrevtynt åskj pfabrcbhjdfyj gjkjétybt jå jåzpf-

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ltqcndjdfnm d leöt cjkblfhyjcnb d ckexft yfheitybz yjhv bjåzpfntkmcnd, ghbyznsö d hfvrfö CÅCT, f nfrét jåktuxfnmdshfåjnre cjukfcjdfyysö gjlöjljd r htitybñ nhelysö pf-lfx d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb, c rjnjhsvb jyb vjuen cnjkr-yenmcz d htpekmnfnt änjuj b ghb jncnfbdfybb cdjbö jåoböwtyyjcntq.

D Rjltrct nfrét ujdjhbncz jå jåzpfntkmcndt yt jrfpsdfnmcjltqcndbz ujcelfhcndfv, ghbåtufñobv r ghbvtytybñ cbksbkb euhjps cbkjq ghjnbd nthhbnjhbfkmyjq wtkjcnyjcnb bkbgjkbnbxtcrjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb rfrjuj-kbåj lheujuj ujcelfhcn-df. Jy jåzpsdftn ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb gjllthébdfnm kbimnfrjq djtyysq gjntywbfk, rjnjhsq cjbpvthbv c pfrjyysvbbylbdblefkmysvb bkb rjkktrnbdysvb gjnhtåyjcnzvb d jå-kfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb, b gjlxthrbdftn ghfdj rféljuj ujcelfh-cndf-exfcnybrf cdjåjlyj jghtltkznm cdjb bynthtcs åtpjgfc-yjcnb b dsåbhfnm cgjcjås jåtcgtxtybz cjåcndtyyjq åtpjgfc-yjcnb, drkñxfz ljujdjhs b cjñps. D Rjltrct nfrét cjlth-ébncz yfgjvbyfybt j njv, xnj ujcelfhcndf vjuen hfpvtofnmcdjb djjheétyyst cbks yf nthhbnjhbb lheujuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf njkmrj d cjjndtncndbb c cjukfitybtv, dshfåjnfy-ysv bvb yf ljåhjdjkmyjq jcyjdt d öjlt gthtujdjhjd, f nfrét d cjjndtncndbb c vtéleyfhjlysv ghfdjv.

Xnj rfcftncz dyenhbujcelfhcndtyysö jnyjitybq, nj d änjqjåkfcnb Rjltrcjv crfpfyj yjdjt ckjdj – cajhvekbhjdfysyjhvs, rfcfñobtcz hjkb djjheétyysö cbk d ltvjrhfnbxtc-rjv jåotcndt.

C jlyjq cnjhjys, Rjltrc jåzpsdftn ujcelfhcndf-exfcnyb-rb gjcnjzyyj jåtcgtxbdfnm b gjllthébdfnm äaatrnbdyjt he-rjdjlcndj b rjynhjkm yfl cdjbvb djtyysvb b djtybpbhjdfy-ysvb cbkfvb b cbkfvb åtpjgfcyjcnb cj cnjhjys rjycnbnewb-jyyj exhtéltyysö jhufyjd dkfcnb, f nfrét jåtcgtxbdfnm ds-gjkytybt nfrbvb jhufyfvb gjkjétybq vtéleyfhjlyjuj uevf-

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yjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, jnhféfñofz dféyjcnm htubjyfkmysö fc-gtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb d hfvrfö JÅCT b ghbpsdfñofz ujcelfh-cndf-exfcnybrb ljgjkyznm htébv VLÅ vthfvb, exbnsdfñob-vb cgtwbabxtcrbt gjnhtåyjcnb jnltkmysö htubjyjd.

Cnhtvzcm jåktuxbnm dsgjkytybt gjkjétybq Dtycrjuj lj-revtynf, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb cjplfkb ctnm ghzvjq cdzpbvtéle cdjbvb cnjkbwfvb lkz jåvtyf cjjåotybzvb, rfcfñ-obvbcz VLÅ.

Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtrnjdåtpjgfcyjcnb

Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fc-gtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb, ghbyznsq yf Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxt yfdscitv ehjdyt 1994 ujlf, zdkztncz jlyjq bp dféysö dtö dghjwtcct ajhvbhjdfybz rjywtgwbb åtpjgfcyjcnb, jcyjdfyyjqyf cjnhelybxtcndt. C jlyjq cnjhjys, d Rjltrct dyjdm bpkfuf-ñncz b gjlndthélfñncz herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs ötkmcbyrcrj-uj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf, f nfrét lheubt ghbyznst d hfvrföCÅCT jåzpfntkmcndf, rfcfñobtcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtr-njd åtpjgfcyjcnb. C lheujq cnjhjys, d ytv dgthdst d bcnjhbbåsk cajhvekbhjdfy hzl yjhv, rfcfñoböcz, d xfcnyjcnb, hj-kb djjheétyysö cbk d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt.

Bltz dshfåjnrb rjltrcf gjdtltybz, rfcfñotujcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö djghjcjd, åskf dgthdst dsldbyenf d Ötkmcbyr-crjv ljrevtynt 1992 ujlf d hfvrfö Ghjuhfvvs ytvtlktyysöltqcndbq Ajhevf gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb(cv. cnh. 145). Ukfds ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd egjkyjvjxb-kb ACÅ ≤ghjdtcnb rjycekmnfwbb d wtkzö erhtgktybz hjkbCÅCT yf jcyjdt hfphfåjnrb rjltrcf gjdtltybz, htuekbheñot-uj bö dpfbvjjnyjitybz d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb≥.

Xnj rfcftncz vtéujcelfhcndtyysö jnyjitybq, nj d Rjltr-ct dyjdm gjlndthélftncz htibvjcnm ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd

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Htubjyfkmyst cjukfitybz j rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb – cnfnmb ÈÈ, Èª b ª Ltqnjycrbö vbhysö ljujdjhtyyjcntq

Cjukfcyj Ghbkjétybñ 1-Å r Jåotve hfvjxyjve cjukfit-ybñ j vbht d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt 1995 ujlf (Ltqnjycrbtvbhyst ljujdjhtyyjcnb) JÅCT åskf egjkyjvjxtyf ghbyznmexfcnbt d dshfåjnrt b jåtcgtxtybb dsgjkytybz nhtö cfvj-cnjzntkmysö ljrevtynjd: cjukfitybz jå VLÅ d Åjcybb bUthwtujdbyt (cnfnmz ÈÈ), cjukfitybz j ceåhtubjyfkmyjv rjy-nhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb (cnfnmz Èª) b, yfrjytw, htubjyfkmyj-uj cjukfitybz j rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb, ghbvtybvjuj≤d åsditq Ñujckfdbb b djrheu ytt≥ (cnfnmz ª).

Gthtujdjhs jå VLÅ d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt b gj dshfåjn-rt cjukfitybz j ceåhtubjyfkmyjv rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybz-vb, bybwbfnbdf j ghjdtltybb rjnjhsö åskf dsldbyenf d Åjy-yt 18 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf, cjjndtncndtyyj yfxfkbcm d Dtyt 4 zydfhz 1996 ujlf gjl äubljq JÅCT. D jåjbö ckexfzö gtht-ujdjhs ghbdtkb (ghb cjltqcndbb kbxyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkzLtqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz) r ghbyznbñ jabwbfkmyjuj åf-pbcyjuj cjukfitybz.

Cjukfitybt jå VLÅ d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt åskj pfrkñxt-yj d Dtyt 26 zydfhz 1996 ujlf vtéle Htcgeåkbrjq Åjcybz bUthwtujdbyf, Atlthfwbtq Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbys b Htcgeåkb-rjq Cthåcrjq. Änj cjukfitybt, chfpe ét dcnegbditt d cbke,ghtlecvfnhbdftn dctjåütvkñobq yfåjh vth erhtgktybz dpfb-vyjuj ljdthbz b cybétybz jgfcyjcnb djpybryjdtybz rjy-akbrnf, nfrbö, rfr jåvty djtyyjq byajhvfwbtq, edtljvkt-ybt, yfåkñltybt b juhfybxbntkmyst gjkjétybz d jnyjitybbjghtltktyysö dbljd djtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, juhfybxtybz yfdjtyyst hfpdthnsdfybz b extybz d jghtltktyysö utjuhfab-xtcrbö hfqjyfö, dsdjl cbk b nzétksö djjheétybq d djtyystujhjlrb bkb yfpyfxtyyst hfqjys b n.l. Dsgjkytybt dctö vthgjlktébn ghjdthrt b bycgtrwbzv. Djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c

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ybnfhyjuj ghfdf b bö gjkbnbxtcrbq ytqnhfkbntn. C lheujqcnjhjys, Rjltrc jåzpsdftn rféljt ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr, yfghfdkzñott cdjb djjheétyyst cbks lkz dsgjkytybz pflfxd jåkfcnb dyenhtyytq åtpjgfcyjcnb, jåtcgtxbdfnm, xnjås änbpflfxb cnfdbkbcm b dsgjkyzkbcm gjl äaatrnbdysv rjynhj-ktv rjycnbnewbjyyj exhtéltyysö jhufyjd dkfcnb b c cjåkñ-ltybtv ghbywbgf dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf; jy ukfcbn, xnj tckbjåjqnbcm åtp ghbvtytybz cbks ytdjpvjéyj, nj tt ghbvtytybtljkéyj åsnm cjbpvthbvj c bvtñotqcz gjnhtåyjcnmñ d ghb-yelbntkmysö ltqcndbzö; rhjvt njuj, jy pfghtoftn bcgjkmpj-dfnm djjheétyyst cbks d wtkzö juhfybxtybz vbhyjuj b pfrjyyjuj jceotcndktybz uhfélfycrbö ghfd kbwfvb, ltqcn-deñobvb d kbxyjv rfxtcndt kbåj d rfxtcndt ghtlcnfdbntktquhegg, bkb d wtkzö kbitybz änbö kbw bö yfwbjyfkmyjq, htkb-ubjpyjq, rekmnehyjq, zpsrjdjq bkb änybxtcrjq cfvjåsnyjcnb.

D Rjltrct cjlthébncz gjkjétybt j njv, xnj jhufys, vt-öfybpvs b ghjwtlehs JÅCT åelen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz jwty-rb, jåpjhf b, d ckexft ytjåöjlbvjcnb, ekexitybz dsgjkytybzRjltrcf. Rjltrc nfrét ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrbjåtcgtxbdfnm jnhfétybt cajhvekbhjdfyysö d ytv rjyrhtn-ysö jåzpfntkmcnd d bö cjjndtncndeñobö dyenhtyybö ljrevty-nfö b ghjwtlehfö, f nfrét, d yflktéfobö ckexfzö, d bö ljrevtynfö ghfdjdjuj öfhfrnthf.

D ctynzåht 1997 ujlf ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT ghjdt-kb rjyathtywbñ d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd lkz hfccvjnht-ybz djpvjéysö gentq b cgjcjåjd ekexitybz cjåkñltybz Rj-ltrcf. D öjlt cjcnjzditqcz lbcreccbb ltktufwbb hfccrfpfkbj ceotcndeñotq d bö cnhfyfö ghfrnbrt dsgjkytybz Rjltrcfb ghtlcnfdbkb ghtlkjétybz b cjjåhfétybz, yfghfdktyyst yfjåtcgtxtybt åjktt cnhjujuj cjåkñltybz Rjltrcf, f nfrét tujåjktt ibhjrjuj b gjcktljdfntkmyjuj ghbvtytybz.

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nbdyjq rjvbccbb (CHRR). R vjvtyne jrjyxfybz ghtlecvjn-htyyjuj Cjukfitybtv gthbjlf cjrhfotybz 31 jrnzåhz 1997ujlf cnjhjyfvb åskj cjrhfotyj jrjkj 6 600 tlbybw djjheét-ybq, ghbxtv gjxnb ldt nhtnb jåotuj rjkbxtcndf – d Åjcybb bUthwtujdbyt.

Ecgtiyjt dsgjkytybt dtycrjuj b akjhtynbqcrjuj cjukf-itybq ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dféysq drkfl JÅCT d jåobt ecb-kbz gj erhtgktybñ vbhf b cnfåbkmyjcnb yf Åfkrfyfö.

Cktleñobq änfg – dshfåjnrf htubjyfkmyjuj cjukfitybz j rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb, ghtlecvjnhtyyjuj d cnfnmt ª Ghbkjétybz 1-Å r Ltqnjycrbv vbhysv ljujdjhtyyjcnzv.Öjnz ghtldfhbntkmyjt jåceéltybt d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtqª dtltncz cj dhtvtyb ghjdtltybz d ltrfåht 1997 ujlf rjgty-ufutycrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, gthtujdjhs, ghtlecvj-nhtyyst änjq cnfnmtq, d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht åskb gjcnfdktysd pfdbcbvjcnm jn eljdktndjhbntkmyjuj dsgjkytybz gjkjét-ybq cnfntq ÈÈ b Èª.

Yf rjgtyufutycrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd cgtwbfkmysvghtlcnfdbntktv Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz lkz dtltybz gt-htujdjhjd gj djghjcfv htubjyfkmyjq cnfåbkbpfwbb d Ñuj-Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq ª Ghbkjétybz1-Å r Ltqnjycrbv vbhysv ljujdjhtyyjcnzv åsk yfpyfxty gj-cjk Fyhb Éfrjkty.

D fghtkt-vft 1998 ujlf d cnjkbwfö åjkmibycndf ujcelfh-cnd, djdktxtyysö d gthtujdjhysq ghjwtcc, åskb ghjdtltysrjycekmnfwbb. Ghjtrn vfylfnf lkz gthtujdjhjd d cjjndtncn-dbb cj cnfnmtq ª åsk gjlujnjdkty, hfcghjcnhfyty b jåceéltyc 20 exfcndeñobvb ujcelfhcndfvb: Fkåfybtq, Uthvfybtq, Cj-tlbytyysvb Infnfvb Fvthbrb, Fdcnhbtq, Åjcybtq b Uthwtuj-dbyjq, Åjkufhbtq, Öjhdfnbtq, Bcgfybtq, Ahfywbtq, Cjtlbyty-ysv Rjhjktdcndjv, Uhtwbtq, Dtyuhbtq, Bnfkbtq, åsditqñujckfdcrjq Htcgeåkbrjq Vfrtljybtq, Yblthkfylfvb, Hevs-

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cjåkñltybtv, ljkéys hfccvfnhbdfnmcz Cjdvtcnyjq rjycekm-nfnbdyjq rjvbccbtq. D öjlt 130 bycgtrwbq, cjcnjzdiböcz pfgthdst nhb ujlf dsgjkytybz Cjukfitybz, ybrfrbö cthmtpysöghjåktv jnvtxtyj yt åskj. Yf dcnhtxt gj hfccvjnhtybñltqcndbz Cjukfitybz, cjcnjzditqcz d Dtyt 16–20 atdhfkz1998 ujlf, åsk cltkfy dsdjl, xnj ltqcndbz cnjhjy d wtkjvyjczn rjycnhernbdysq öfhfrnth. Åsk ghbyzn hzl htitybq jnyjcbntkmyj jåyjdktybz cjlthéfoböcz d Cjukfitybb cnfntqb vth. Lheufz fyfkjubxyfz dcnhtxf åskf cjpdfyf cnjhjyfvbd atdhfkt 1999 ujlf.

Cjukfitybt j ceåhtubjyfkmyjv rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybz-vb åskj pfrkñxtyj dj Akjhtywbb 14 bñyz 1996 ujlf. Tujexfcnybrfvb zdkzñncz eét egjvbyfdibtcz nhb jåhfpjdfybz,döjlzobt d cjcnfd Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbys, f nfrét Öjhdfnbzb CHÑ. Ghb gjlgbcfybb lfyyjuj cjukfitybz gznm tuj exfcn-ybrjd ghbpyfkb dféyjcnm ≤ljcnbétybz cåfkfycbhjdfyysö bcnfåbkmysö ehjdytq cbk jåjhjys ghb vfrcbvfkmyj ybprjqxbcktyyjcnb, c extnjv cjjndtncndeñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb Cnjhjy≥.Cjukfitybtv ecnfyjdktys ghtltkmyst ehjdyb gj gznb rfnt-ujhbzv jåsxysö djjheétybq (åjtdst nfyrb, fhnbkkthbqcrbtjhelbz, åjtdst cfvjktns, elfhyst dthnjktns b åjtdst åhj-ybhjdfyyst vfibys), rjnjhst ltqcndeñn c 1 yjzåhz 1997 uj-lf b åelen jcnfdfnmcz d cbkt yf ghjnzétybb dctuj dhtvtybltqcndbz Cjukfitybz, chjr rjnjhjuj yt juhfybxty. D ckexftCHÑ ghtltkmyst ehjdyb cjcnfdkzñn ghbvthyj 75 ghjwtynjdjn tt ehjdytq yfkbxbz 1996 ujlf, d nj dhtvz rfr lkz Öjhdf-nbb b Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbys bö pyfxtybz åskb jghtltktysghbvthyj d 30 ghjwtynjd jn ehjdytq yfkbxbz CHÑ 1996 uj-lf (ldt nhtnb – lkz Atlthfwbb Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbys b jlyfnhtnm – lkz Htcgeåkbrb Cthåcrjq). Cjukfitybtv nfrét ght-lecvjnhtys rjyrhtnyst vtnjls cjrhfotybz djjheétybq,gjlhjåysq jåvty byajhvfwbtq, bynhepbdyst bycgtrwbb b hfc-cvjnhtybt dsgjkytybz d hfvrfö Ceåhtubjyfkmyjq rjycekmnf-

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vb ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb b hfcghjcnhfyzñncz njkmrj yfybö. Nfr jåcnjbn ltkj c Ljujdjhjv jå jåsxysö djjheétyysöcbkfö d Tdhjgt (LJDCT) b Ljujdjhjv gj jnrhsnjve ytåe.

Ljujdjh jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt

Ljujdjh jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt zdkztn-cz ckjéysv ghfdjdsv bycnhevtynjv, pfrhtgbdibv åfkfycjåsxysö djjheétyysö cbk d Tdhjgt.

D bynthtcfö erhtgktybz djtyyjq cnfåbkmyjcnb b åtpjgfc-yjcnb d Tdhjgt yf dcnhtxt CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd,cjcnjzditqcz d Dtyt d 1986–1989 ujlfö, åsk endthélty vfy-lfn gthtujdjhjd jå ehjdyzö jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbk d Tdhjgt. Änb gthtujdjhs åskb ghjdtltys d hfvrfö CÅCT 23 ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb, döjlbdibvb d YFNJ b d Jhufybpfwbñ Dfhifdcrjuj ljujdjhf (JDL). Jyb edtyxfkbcmgjlgbcfybtv d Gfhbét 19 yjzåhz 1990 ujlf ñhblbxtcrb jåz-pfntkmyjuj cjukfitybz, bpdtcnyjuj rfr Ljujdjh jå JDCT.

D Ljujdjht cjlthéfkbcm gjkjétybz, yfghfdktyyst yf ecnfyjdktybt djtyyjuj åfkfycf vtéle ldevz cjñpfvb yf åj-ktt ybprjv ehjdyt djjheétybq.

Ghtélt dctuj Ljujdjhjv åskb jghtltktys hfdyst lkz jåjbö åkjrjd ghtltkmyst ehjdyb gj jcyjdysv cbcntvfv dj-jheétybq b ntöybrb: 20 000 åjtdsö nfyrjd; 20 000 fhnbkkthbq-crbö jhelbq; 30 000 åjtdsö åhjybhjdfyysö vfiby; 6 800 åjt-dsö cfvjktnjd; 2 000 elfhysö dthnjktnjd. D lfkmytqitv änbuheggjdst ghtltkmyst ehjdyb åskb ghtjåhfpjdfys d yfwbj-yfkmyst ehjdyb lkz rféljuj jnltkmyjuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf.

Dj-dnjhsö, d cjjndtncndbb c nfrbv yjdjddtltybtv, rfr≤ghfdbkj ljcnfnjxyjcnb≥, Ljujdjhjv åskf juhfybxtyf ljkzdjjheétybq, rjnjhjq vjétn jåkflfnm kñåfz jnltkmyj dpznfzcnhfyf: yt åjktt jlyjq nhtnb jn ecnfyjdktyysö Ljujdjhjv jå-obö ghtltkjd.

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ybtq, Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbtq, Ckjdtybtq, Nehwbtq b CjñpyjqHtcgeåkbrjq Ñujckfdbtq. Ljcnbuyenj ytcjvytyyjt tlbycndjvytybq jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, xnj dct ujcelfhcndf åelen exfcn-djdfnm d änbö gthtujdjhfö pf jlybv b ntv ét cnjkjv yf hfd-

ysö ghfdfö. Ddble njuj xnj d lfyyjv ghjwtcct ghbybvfñnexfcnbt ujcelfhcndf rfr bp cfvjuj htubjyf, nfr b yt döjlz-obt d ytuj, åskf ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j njv, xnj jght-ltktybt htubjye, j rjnjhjv bltn htxm, lfdfnmcz yt åeltn.

LJDCT b Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe

Åjkmibycndj ljrevtynjd b jåzpfntkmcnd, cdzpfyysö c djtyysvb fcgtrnfvb åtpjgfcyjcnb, rfcfñncz dctuj htubjyf JÅCT b dctö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT. Ntv yt vtytt ytrj-njhst ljrevtyns, bvtñobt rkñxtdjt pyfxtybt c njxrb phtybzdjtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt, åskb ghbyzns kbim ytrjnjhs-

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Xktys bycgtrwbjyyjq uheggs d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt jceotcndkzñn htubcnhfwbñ djjheétybq, ghtlyfpyfxtyysö yf eybxnjétybt d cjjndtncndbb c cjukfitybtv j ceåhtubjyfkmyjv

rjynhjkt yfl djjheétybzvb

yjt yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt 10 bñkz 1992ujlf, ecnfyfdkbdftn juhfybxtybz yf xbcktyyjcnm kbxyjuj cjcnfdf djbycrbö ajhvbhjdfybq pf bcrkñxtybtv djtyyj-vjh-crbö cbk vjhcrjuj åfpbhjdfybz, cbk dyenhtyytq åtpjgfcyjcnbb cbk, yföjlzoböcz gjl rjvfyljdfybtv JJY. D jnkbxbt jnLJDCT Cjukfitybt jå JDCT-1F zdkztncz ljrevtynjv gjkb-nbxtcrb, f yt ñhblbxtcrb jåzpsdfñotuj öfhfrnthf. Jyj ght-lecvfnhbdftn, xnj ghtltkmyst ehjdyb, jåüzdkztvst rfélsvujcelfhcndjv, yfxbyfñn ltqcndjdfnm xthtp 40 vtczwtd gjcktdcnegktybz Cjukfitybz d cbke. Rhjvt njuj, d ytv cjlth-éfncz gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq, edtljv-ktybq b rjynhjkz.

Ljujdjh jå JDCT b Cjukfitybt jå JDCT-1F dcnegbkb dcbke 9 yjzåhz 1992 ujlf. Ghtlgjkfufkjcm, xnj ecnfyjdktyystänbvb ljrevtynfvb juhfybxbntkmyst ehjdyb åelen ljcnbuye-ns r 16 yjzåhz 1995 ujlf. D htpekmnfnt jåütlbytybz Uthvf-ybb, f nfrét hfcgflf åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf b Xtöjckj-dfrbb xbckj ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd Ljujdjhf jå JDCT b Cj-ukfitybz jå JDCT-1F d yfcnjzott dhtvz ljcnbukj 30 (cgb-cjr cnhfy, gjlgbcfdibö LJDCT, b tuj ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjdghbdjlbncz d Ghbkjétybb ÈÈÈ).

Cjukfcjdfybt bpvtytybq d Ljujdjht

Cnhtvzcm flfgnbhjdfnmcz r gthtvtyfv, dspdfyysv jrjyxf-ybtv öjkjlyjq djqys, jcjåtyyj hfcgfljv Jhufybpfwbb Dfh-ifdcrjuj ljujdjhf (JDL), ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb Ljujdjhfgjhexbkb cdjbv ltktufwbzv d CRU d vft 1996 ujlf (yf gth-djq Rjyathtywbb gj hfccvjnhtybñ ltqcndbz Ljujdjhf jåJDCT) yfxfnm rjycekmnfwbb, yfghfdktyyst yf ≤ekexitybtltqcndbz Ljujdjhf d bpvtyzñotqcz jåcnfyjdrt d jåkfcnb åt-pjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt≥.

Änb rjycekmnfwbb åskb pfdthitys d yjzåht 1999 ujlf yfCnfvåekmcrjq dcnhtxt ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy


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D-nhtnmbö, Ljujdjhjv åskj jghtltktyj, xnj djjheétybz bntöybrf cdthö cjukfcjdfyysö ghtltkjd ljkéys åsnm eybxnj-étys d ntxtybt 40 vtczwtd cj lyz tuj dcnegktybz d cbke.

D-xtndthnsö, Ljujdjhjv ghtlecvjnhty cnhjubq htébv jå-vtyf byajhvfwbtq, rjnjhsq ljgjkyztncz htébvjv rjynhjkz,drkñxfñobv bycgtrwbb b yfåkñltybt pf eybxnjétybtv juhf-ybxbdftvsö Ljujdjhjv tlbybw ntöybrb (d rjyrhtnyj jujdjhty-ysö vtcnfö).

Yfrjytw, Ljujdjh cjlthéfk vfylfn exhtélftvjuj d Dtytcgtwbfkmyjuj jhufyf gjl yfpdfybtv Cjdvtcnyfz rjycekmnf-nbdyfz uheggf (CRU) c exfcnbtv ghtlcnfdbntktq dctö cnjhjylkz hfccvjnhtybz djghjcjd, cdzpfyysö c cjåkñltybtv gjkj-étybq Ljujdjhf, ehtuekbhjdfybz ytzcysö cbnefwbq b hfpyj-ukfcbq d njkrjdfybb, hfccvjnhtybz vth gj gjdsitybñ ébp-ytcgjcjåyjcnb b äaatrnbdyjcnb Ljujdjhf, htitybz ntöybxtc-rbö djghjcjd, f nfrét lkz hfccvjnhtybz kñåsö cgjhysö djghjcjd, djpybrfñobö d cdzpb c dsgjkytybtv LJDCT. CRUåskf exhtéltyf d 1990 ujle.

Ljujdjh jå JDCT bvttn åjkmijt bcnjhbxtcrjt pyfxtybt.Tdhjgf, zdkzdifzcz dj dhtvz öjkjlyjq djqys fhtyjq yfghz-étyyjuj ghjnbdjcnjzybz c dscjrjq rjywtynhfwbtq djjheét-ybq, yfxfkf nfrbv jåhfpjv åtcghtwtltynysq ghjwtcc hfpjhe-étybz, ghbdtlibq r eybxnjétybñ ltcznrjd nsczx tlbybw ntöybrb, b ecnfyjdbkf htébv ibhjrjvfcinfåyjuj jåvtyf by-ajhvfwbtq b htuekzhyjuj rjynhjkz.

Cjukfitybt jå JDCT-1F

Gjckt pfrkñxtybz LJDCT åskb yfxfns yjdst gthtujdjhs– j xbcktyyjcnb kbxyjuj cjcnfdf djjheétyysö cbk. Htpekmnf-njv änbö gthtujdjhjd zdbkcz Bnjujdsq frn gthtujdjhjd jxbcktyyjcnb kbxyjuj cjcnfdf jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbk dTdhjgt (Cjukfitybt jå JDCT-1F). Änj cjukfitybt, gjlgbcfy-

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Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe

Ljujdjhjv gj jnrhsnjve ytåe ecnfyjdkty htébv yfåkñ-lfntkmysö gjktnjd yfl nthhbnjhbtq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ytdjjheétyysö cfvjktnjd.

Öjnz c ajhvfkmyjq njxrb phtybz Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjveytåe åsk cjukfcjdfy dyt hfvjr JÅCT, jy ntcyj cdzpfy c JÅCT d cbke gj vtymitq vtht ldeö dféysö jåcnjzntkmcnd.Dj-gthdsö, ktéfofz d tuj jcyjdt abkjcjabz jnrhsnjcnb bnhfycgfhtynyjcnb d djtyysö djghjcfö cjdgflftn c abkjcjab-tq htébvjd VLÅ, ghbvtyzdiböcz d hfvrfö JÅCT yf dctöänfgfö tt ceotcndjdfybz. Dj-dnjhsö, d cgtwbfkmyjq ltrkfhf-wbb, ghbyznjq yf ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT ghbdtn-cndjdfkb gjlgbcfybt Ljujdjhf gj jnrhsnjve ytåe, ghbpyfdtuj dféyjcnm c njxrb phtybz erhtgktybz åtpjgfcyjcnb b lj-dthbz d Tdhjgt.

Bltz yfåkñlfntkmysö gjktnjd c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ytdjjhe-étyysö cfvjktnjd åskf dgthdst dsldbyenf d 1955 ujle ght-pbltynjv CIF L. Äqptyöfeähjv. Tt htfkbpfwbz yfxfkfcm gjbybwbfnbdt Rfyfls b Dtyuhbb yf dcnhtxt, cjcnjzditqcz d Jnnfdt 12 atdhfkz 1990 ujlf c exfcnbtv ujcelfhcnd-xktyjdYFNJ b Jhufybpfwbb Dfhifdcrjuj ljujdjhf. D lfkmytqitvgthtujdjhs ghjljkéfkbcm d Dtyt b pfdthibkbcm gjlgbcfybtv14 vfhnf 1992 ujlf Ljujdjhf gj jnrhsnjve ytåe.

Ljujdjhjv jghtltkztncz gjhzljr ghjdtltybz yfåkñlf-ntkmysö gjktnjd yfl nthhbnjhbzvb ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ytdjjheétyysö cfvjktnjd. D ytv cjlth-éfncz rjyrhtnyst gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz, d xfcnyjcnb, rdjnyfåkñlfntkmysö gjktnjd (yf jcyjdt dpfbvyjcnb vtéle jn-ltkmysvb ujcelfhcndfvb bkb uheggfvb ujcelfhcnd), jght-ltktybz geyrnjd dütplf lkz yfåkñlfntkmysö gjktnjd ghbvt-ybntkmyj r rféljve ujcelfhcnde b ntöybxtcrbö gjlhjåyjcntq


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-exfcnybw JÅCT. 30 ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd gjlgbcf-kb Cjukfitybt jå flfgnfwbb Ljujdjhf jå jåsxysö djjheéty-ysö cbkfö d Tdhjgt (yfpsdftvjt nfrét ≤Flfgnbhjdfyysq lj-ujdjh jå JDCT≥), jnrhsditt djpvjéyjcnm ghbcjtlbytybz rLjujdjhe lkz ujcelfhcnd, yt zdkzñoböcz b ybrjulf yt zd-kzdiböcz xktyfvb YFNJ bkb Dfhifdcrjuj gfrnf. Flfgnbhj-dfyysq ljujdjh nfrét gjkjébk rjytw hfcrjke Tdhjgs yf ldfåkjrf, jghtltkbd lkz rféljuj ujcelfhcndf bylbdblefkmystyfwbjyfkmyst b nthhbnjhbfkmyst ghtltkmyst ehjdyb djjhe-étybq dvtcnj ecnfyjdktybz ghtltkmysö uheggjdsö ehjdytq.Gj gthdjyfxfkmyjve Ljujdjhe jå JDCT e rféljq bp ldeöuhegg ujcelfhcnd – YFNJ b Dfhifdcrjuj gfrnf – åskb cdjbghtltkmyst uheggjdst ehjdyb. Ntgthm ét flfgnbhjdfyysq lj-ujdjh gjpdjkztn njve bkb byjve ujcelfhcnde-exfcnybrebvtnm jghtltktyyjt rjkbxtcndj djjheétybq yf yfwbjyfkmyjvehjdyt, xnj jpyfxftn ecnfyjdktybt ghtltkmyjuj ehjdyz lkzcbk, rjnjhst änjq cnhfyt hfphtiftncz hfpdthnsdfnm dj dctvgjlgflfñotv gjl ltqcndbt Ljujdjhf hfqjyt, f nfrét abrcb-hetn ghtltkmysq nthhbnjhbfkmysq ehjdtym, jghtltkzñobq njrjkbxtcndj cbk, rjnjhjt hfphtiftncz bvtnm yf nthhbnjhbblfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf (drkñxfz kñåst byjcnhfyyst cbks).

Änb yjdst ghtltkmyst ehjdyb nfrét ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjqyjdsq ifu dgthtl d ghjwtcct hfpjheétybz d Tdhjgt. D jåotqckjéyjcnb åelen eybxnjétys 11 000 tlbybw djjheétybq –åjtdst nfyrb, fhnbkkthbqcrbt cbcntvs b åjtdst cfvjktns.Änj ghbdtltn r cjrhfotybñ rjkbxtcndf jåsxysö cbcntv dj-jheétybz d Tdhjgt ghbvthyj yf 10 ghjwtynjd. Jceotcndkt-ybt flfgnbhjdfyyjuj Ljujdjhf jå JDCT yfxytncz njkmrj gjckt tuj hfnbabrfwbb gfhkfvtynfvb dctö cjjndtncndeñobö ujcelfhcnd.

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jnyjcbntkmyj fggfhfnehs yfåkñltybz, bcgjkmpetvjq lkz wt-ktq yfåkñlfntkmysö gjktnjd, f nfrét ghjdthrb änjq fggfhf-nehs. Rhjvt njuj, Ljujdjhjv åskj ghtlecvjnhtyj cjplfybtd Dtyt Rjycekmnfnbdyjq rjvbccbb gj jnrhsnjve ytåe(RRJY), flvbybcnhfnbdyj-ntöybxtcrjt jåtcgtxtybt ltzntkm-yjcnb rjnjhjq jceotcndkztncz Ctrhtnfhbfnjv JÅCT. Jcyjd-yfz pflfxf RRJY – jåceéltybt dctö djghjcjd, cdzpfyysö ccjåkñltybtv gjkjétybq Ljujdjhf.

Ljujdjh gjrf tot d cbke yt dcnegbk. Änj ghjbpjqltn xt-htp 60 lytq gjckt clfxb yf öhfytybt 20 hfnbabrfwbjyysö uhfvjn, drkñxfz uhfvjns ltgjpbnfhbtd b ntö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, rjnjhst jåzpfys ghbybvfnm gj djctvm bkb åjkttyfåkñlfntkmysö gjktnjd.

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JÅCT yt zdkztncz ärjyjvbxtcrjq jhufybpfwbtq; ntv ytvtytt d hfvrfö cdjtuj dctjåütvkñotuj gjlöjlf r ghj-åktvfv åtpjgfcyjcnb jyf pfybvftncz djghjcfvb ärjyj-

vbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls, bcöjlz bp njuj, xnj ärjyjvbxtc-rfz b ärjkjubxtcrfz cjkblfhyjcnm b cjnhelybxtcndj vjuencgjcjåcndjdfnm vbhe, ghjwdtnfybñ b cnfåbkmyjcnb. B yfjåj-hjn, ärjyjvbxtcrbt b ärjkjubxtcrbt ghjåktvs, yt yfitlibtäaatrnbdyjuj htitybz, vjuen ckeébnm ghbxbyjq hjcnf yfghzétyyjcnb dyenhb ujcelfhcnd bkb d jnyjitybzö vtéleybvb.

Ärjyjvbxtcrjt bpvthtybt JÅCT drkñxftn:

■ jncktébdfybt cjåsnbq d ärjyjvbxtcrjq b ärjkjubxtcrjqjåkfcnzö, pfnhfubdfñobö bynthtcs ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd,d wtkzö ghbdktxtybz bö dybvfybz r djpybryjdtybñ rfrjqås nj yb åskj euhjps rjyakbrnf; f nfrét

■ cjltqcndbt dshfåjnrt ärjyjvbxtcrjq b ärjkjubxtcrjq gj-kbnbrb b bybwbfnbd d bynthtcfö erhtgktybz åtpjgfcyjcnb dhtubjyt JÅCT, jcjåtyyj d ujcelfhcndfö-exfcnybrfö, yföjlz-oböcz yf gthtöjlyjv änfgt, gentv: f) jhufybpfwbb rjyat-htywbq b ctvbyfhjd gj ärjyjvbxtcrbv b ärjkjubxtcrbv dj-ghjcfv; å) gjjohtybz dshfåjnrb b cjåkñltybz tlbysöcnfylfhnjd b yjhv gjdtltybz d catht ärjyjvbrb b jrhe-éfñotq chtls; d) yfkfébdfybz b frnbdbpfwbb rjynfrnjd c cjjndtncndeñobvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb.

Jcyjdysvb ≤bycnhevtynfvb≥, pfltqcndjdfyysvb d cathtärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz, zdkzñncz Rjjhlbyfnjh ltzntkm-yjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls bÄrjyjvbxtcrbq ajhev.

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Jåobt cdtltybz

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Ärjyjvbxtcrbq ajhev

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Rjjhlbyfnjh ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls

Ä R J Y J V B X T C R J T B P V T H T Y B T

Jåobt cdtltybz

Ärjyjvbxtcrbt b ärjkjubxtcrbt djghjcs dctulf döjlbkb dgjdtcnre lyz JÅCT, xnj zdkztncz jnhfétybtv dctcnjhjyytujgjlöjlf Jhufybpfwbb r ghjåktvfv åtpjgfcyjcnb.

D ötkmcbyrcrjv Pfrkñxbntkmyjv frnt ujcelfhcndf-exfcn-ybrb CÅCT dshfpbkb cdjñ eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj ≤bö ecb-kbz, yfghfdktyyst yf hfpdbnbt cjnhelybxtcndf d jåkfcnb njh-ujdkb, ghjvsiktyyjcnb, yferb b ntöybrb, jrheéfñotq cht-ls, f nfrét d lheubö jåkfcnzö ärjyjvbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb,cgjcjåcndeñn erhtgktybñ vbhf b åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt b djdctv vbht≥. Gthtxbcktyyst djghjcs cjcnfdkzñn cjlthéfybt≤dnjhjq rjhpbys≥ ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf, dhfvrfö rjnjhjq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ljujdjhbkbcm cgjcjå-cndjdfnm njhujdkt, jåvtye ärjyjvbxtcrjq b rjvvthxtcrjqbyajhvfwbtq b ghjvsiktyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde; hfcibhznmdjpvjéyjcnb lkz jåvtyf b hfcghjcnhfytybz yfexyjq byajh-vfwbb; f nfrét ghtlghbybvfnm ytjåöjlbvst vths lkz ufhvj-ybpfwbb ghbhjljjöhfyyjq gjkbnbrb.

Pf dhtvz ceotcndjdfybz CÅCT åskj ghjdtltyj nhb dcnht-xb, d ajrect dybvfybz rjnjhsö åskb ärjyjvbxtcrbt, yfex-yst b ärjkjubxtcrbt djghjcs, f bvtyyj: yfexysq ajhev dUfvåehut (1980 ujl), cjdtofybt gj pfobnt jrheéfñotq cht-ls d Cjabb (1989 ujl) b – cfvjt ukfdyjt – cjcnjzdifzcz d Åjyyt rjyathtywbz gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt (1990 ujl).

Åjyycrfz rjyathtywbz 1990 ujlf gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve cj-nhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt cnfkf jlybv bp heåtéysö cjåsnbq dädjkñwbb CÅCT, f gjpét – ärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz JÅCT.Yf ytq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb dshfpbkb cdjñ ghbdthétyyjcnmghbywbgfv hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb, jnrhsd ntv cfvsv genm rrfxtcndtyyjve cjdthitycndjdfybñ ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelyb-xtcndf. Ukeåjrbt hfpkbxbz, hfytt ghtgzncndjdfdibt cjwbfkm-

yj-ärjyjvbxtcrjve dpfbvjltqcndbñ, åskb, nfrbv jåhfpjv,ecnhfytys.

Gj vtht njuj rfr dct åjkmitt xbckj ujcelfhcnd-exfcnyb-rjd dcnegfkb yf genm ghtjåhfpjdfybz eghfdkztvjq ujcelfh-cndjv wtynhfkbpjdfyyjq ärjyjvbrb d hsyjxyj-rfgbnfkbcnb-xtcreñ, yfxfk djphjélfnmcz bynthtc r åjktt ntcyjve cjnhel-ybxtcnde gj ärjyjvbxtcrbv djghjcfv d hfvrfö JÅCT. Änjgjåelbkj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ghbcnegbnm r gjbcre gentq gjdsitybz hjkb JÅCT d ärjyjvbxtcrbö b ärjkjubxtcrbö ltkfö, htpekmnfnjv xtuj cnfkb ldf dféysö cjåsnbz: cjplfybtÄrjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf b exhtéltybt gjcnf Rjjhlbyfnjhfltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls.

Ärjyjvbxtcrbq ajhev

Yf dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd d Ghfut d 1992 ujle vbybc-nhs cnhfy CÅCT gjcnfyjdbkb exhtlbnm Ärjyjvbxtcrbq aj-hev (d hfvrfö Herjdjlzotuj cjdtnf, cv. hfpltk 3) lkz åjkttwtktyfghfdktyyjuj hfccvjnhtybz d CÅCT djghjcjd gthtöjlfr hsyre b ajhvbhjdfybz cdjåjlyjq hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb drfxtcndt ceotcndtyyj ytjåöjlbvjuj drkflf d erhtgktybt ltvjrhfnbb. D cjjndtncndbb c änbv htitybtv Herjdjlzobqcjdtn ntgthm jlby hfp d ujl cjåbhftncz ≤d rfxtcndt Ärjyjvb-xtcrjuj ajhevf≥, lkz njuj xnjås ghblfnm gjkbnbxtcrbq bvgekmc lbfkjue gj djghjcfv gthtöjlf r cdjåjlyjq hsyjx-yjq ärjyjvbrt, ghtlkjébnm ghfrnbxtcrbt vths gj hfpdbnbñcbcntv cdjåjlyjuj hsyrf b ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf, fnfrét frnbdbpbhjdfnm dpfbvjltqcndbt c cjjndtncndeñobvbvtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Gthdfz dcnhtxf Ärjyjvb-xtcrjuj ajhevf cjcnjzkfcm 16–18 vfhnf 1993 ujlf d Ghfut(gthtxtym dcnhtx Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf ghbdjlbncz d Ghb-kjétybb ªÈÈ).

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D ljgjkytybt r tétujlysv dcnhtxfv Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj aj-hevf jhufybpeñncz gjlujnjdbntkmyst ctvbyfhs b ctvbyfhs dhfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd gj ibhjrjve rheue ärjyjvbxtcrböb ärjkjubxtcrbö ntv c wtkmñ cjltqcndjdfnm ghjdtltybñghtlcrfpetvjq, cghfdtlkbdjq b cnfåbkmyjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq bärjkjubxtcrjq gjkbnbrb (gthtxtym ctvbyfhjd gj ärjyjvbxtc-rjve bpvthtybñ ghbdjlbncz d Ghbkjétybb ªÈÈ).

Rjjhlbyfnjh ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls

Yf dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd d Hbvt d 1993 ujle åskjerfpfyj, xnj Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne cktletn ≤eltkznm ghjåkt-vfv ärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz åjktt ghbcnfkmyjt dybvfybtghb hfccvjnhtybb cnjzobö gthtl CÅCT pflfx≥. Ntvf erhtg-ktybz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz åskf dyjdm gjlyznf yf Åe-lfgtincrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d 1994 ujle, ult ukf-ds ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd jabwbfkmyj gjhexbkb Ltqcn-deñotve ghtlctlfntkñ ≤bpexbnm djpvjéyjcnb byntuhfwbbghjåktv ärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz c pflfxfvb, cnjzobvbgthtl CÅCT≥. Yf Kbccfåjycrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt dltrfåht 1996 ujlf ukfds ujcelfhcnd ghbpdfkb JÅCT ≤pfyznm-cz dszdktybtv hbcrjd lkz åtpjgfcyjcnb, gjhjélftvsö ghj-åktvfvb d ärjyjvbxtcrjq, cjwbfkmyjq b ärjkjubxtcrjq jå-kfcnzö, hfccvfnhbdfz bö ghbxbys b djpvjéyst gjcktlcndbz,f nfrét ghbdktrfnm dybvfybt cjjndtncndeñobö vtéleyfhjl-ysö bycnbnenjd r ytjåöjlbvjcnb ghbyznbz yflktéfobö vthgj ghtjljktybñ jåeckjdktyysö änbvb hbcrfvb nhelyjcntq≥.Jyb nfrét gjhexbkb Gjcnjzyyjve cjdtne hfphfåjnfnm vfylfnlkz Rjjhlbyfnjhf ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrbb jrheéfñotq chtls d hfvrfö Ctrhtnfhbfnf.

5 yjzåhz 1997 ujlf Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn endthlbk nfrjq vfy-lfn b exhtlbk ljkéyjcnm Rjjhlbyfnjhf ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT

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d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls d cjcnfdt Ctrht-nfhbfnf JÅCT. D zydfht 1998 ujlf yf äne ljkéyjcnm åsk yf-pyfxty u-y Njv Ghfqc, åsdibq fvthbrfycrbq lbgkjvfn.

Rjjhlbyfnjhe, jrfpsdfñotve gjllthére Ltqcndeñotveghtlctlfntkñ, dvtyztncz d jåzpfyyjcnm erhtgktybt gjntywbf-kf Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf b bycnbnenjd JÅCT gj htitybñ dj-ghjcjd, jnyjczoböcz r ärjyjvbxtcrbv, cjwbfkmysv b ärjkj-ubxtcrbv fcgtrnfv åtpjgfcyjcnb. Rhjvt njuj, d cdjtq ltz-ntkmyjcnb jy ljkéty herjdjlcndjdfnmcz ckjébditqcz d JÅCT ghfrnbrjq ubårjuj htfubhjdfybz yf yfghzétyyst brhbpbcyst cbnefwbb gj vtht bö djpybryjdtybz b hfpdbnbz. Tujgthdjjxthtlyst pflfxb, rfr ghfdbkj, cjcnjzn d njv, xnjås:

erhtgkznm dpfbvjltqcndbt JÅCT c cjjndtncndeñobvbvtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb;ecbkbdfnm ärjyjvbxtcreñ, ärjkjubxtcreñ b cjwbfkmyeñcjcnfdkzñobt d hfåjnt vbccbq b ghbcencndbq JÅCT yfvtcnfö;

eukeåkznm dpfbvjltqcndbt c Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttqJÅCT;

hfcibhznm rjynfrns JÅCT c ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhuf-ybpfwbzvb b xfcnysv ctrnjhjv; f nfrét

hfphfåfnsdfnm ghjuhfvve hfåjns, rfcfñoeñcz ytjåöjlb-vsö ljgjkybntkmysö vthjghbznbq d catht ärjyjvbxtcrj-uj bpvthtybz JÅCT b d cdzpfyysö c ybv jåkfcnzö.

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Dcjcnfd Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT döjlzn cdsit300 gfhkfvtynfhbtd bp ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd, wtkmñ rj-njhsö zdkztncz hfcibhtybt exfcnbz gfhkfvtynfhbtd d

ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT, f nfrét jåktuxtybt vtégfhkfvtyncrjujlbfkjuf b cjnhelybxtcndf.

Bcnjhbz cjplfybz

D Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (1990 ujl) ghbpyf-dfkfcm dféyfz hjkm, rjnjheñ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen buhfnm d Ötkmcbyrcrjv ghjwtcct, b cjlthéfkcz ghbpsd r cjplfybñfccfvåktb c exfcnbtv xktyjd gfhkfvtynjd dctö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd.

≤Ghbpyfdfz dféyeñ hjkm, rjnjheñ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen buhfnm d ghjwtcct CÅCT, vs ghb-psdftv r åjktt ibhjrjve exfcnbñ gfhkfvtynjd d CÅCT, d xfcnyjcnb gentv cjplfybz gfh-kfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb CÅCT, d rjnjheñ djqlen xktys gfhkfvtynjd dctö ujcelfhcnd-exfcn-ybrjd. C änjq wtkmñ vs yfcnjzntkmyj ghbpsdftv r hfpdbnbñ rjynfrnjd yf gfhkfvtyncrjvehjdyt lkz jåceéltybz caths ltzntkmyjcnb, hfåjxbö vtnjljd b ghfdbk ghjwtlehs nfrjqgfhkfvtyncrjq cnhernehs CÅCT c bcgjkmpjdfybtv bvtñotujcz jgsns b hfåjns, eét ghjlt-kfyyjq d änjq jåkfcnb≥. Gfhbécrfz öfhnbz lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (yjzåhm 1990 ujlf).

Gj ghbukfitybñ bcgfycrjuj gfhkfvtynf dscjrjgjcnfdkty-yst gfhkfvtyncrbt herjdjlbntkb bp dctö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnyb-rjd JÅCT 2–3 fghtkz 1991 ujlf cjåhfkbcm d Vflhblt cgtwbfkm-yj lkz njuj, xnjås jnrkbryenmcz yf ghjcmåe herjdjlbntktqukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd cdjbö cnhfy b exhtlbnm Gfh-kfvtyncreñ fccfvåktñ CÅCT. Yf Vflhblcrjq dcnhtxt jå-ceélfkbcm djghjc j njv, cktletn kb cjöhfybnm bcgjkmpetvjtd CÅCT ghfdbkj rjyctycecf, djghjcs j ajhvfnt b xfcnjntghjdtltybz ctccbq fccfvåktb, hjkb b rjkbxtcndt rjvbntnjd, fnfrét j rjkbxtcndt ujkjcjd, rjnjhjt cktletn jndtcnb rfélj-ve gfhkfvtyne. Dcnhtxf pfdthibkfcm ghbyznbtv Vflhblcrjqltrkfhfwbb, d rjnjhjq jghtltkzñncz jcyjdyst ghfdbkf ghjwt-

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Bcnjhbz cjplfybz

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Wtkb Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb

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Cnhernehs b bycnbnens

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Jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb

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Jnyjitybz c lheubvb bycnbnenfvb JÅCT b vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb

G F H K F V T Y N C R F Z F C C F V Å K T Z

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ubb b bvveybntns, fyfkjubxyst ntv, rjnjhsvb gjkmpetnczghtlcnfdbntkmcndj JJY b lheubt vyjujcnjhjyybt b ldecnj-hjyybt ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf d Lfybb.

D Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktt bvtñn ghfdj åsnm ghtlcnfd-ktyysvb gfhkfvtynfhbb dctö ujcelfhcnd JÅCT c extnjv xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz rféljq cnhfys. Yfcxbnsdfdifz yf yfxfkmyjv änfgt 245 gfhkfvtynfhbtd, ctqxfc – d htpekmnfntedtkbxtybz xbckf ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT c 34 lj 55 –Fccfvåktz hfcibhbkfcm b bvttn d cdjtv cjcnfdt 315 gfhkf-vtyncrbö ghtlcnfdbntktq.

Wtkb Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb

Jcyjdyjq pflfxtq Fccfvåktb zdkztncz cjltqcndbt vtégfh-kfvtyncrjve lbfkjue, buhfñotve dct åjktt dféyeñ hjkm djåobö ecbkbzö gj yföjéltybñ jndtnjd yf dspjds, c rjnjhs-vb cnfkrbdftncz ltvjrhfnbz dj dctv htubjyt JÅCT.

Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT vjétn nfrét dsgjkyznmb lheubt dféyst pflfxb, cajhvekbhjdfyyst d ghtfvåektghfdbk ghjwtlehs Fccfvåktb, d njv xbckt:

■ lfdfnm jwtyre öjlf jceotcndktybz ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcn-ybrfvb wtktq JÅCT;

■ jåceélfnm djghjcs, hfccvfnhbdftvst yf dcnhtxfö Cjdtnfvbybcnhjd b dcnhtxfö ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd;

■ cjplfdfnm b cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ vtöfybpvjd ght-ljndhfotybz b ehtuekbhjdfybz rjyakbrnjd;

■ jrfpsdfnm gjllthére erhtgktybñ b rjycjkblfwbb ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd d ujcelfhcndfö-exfcnybrfö JÅCT;

■ cjltqcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ bycnbnewbjyfkmysö cnherneh JÅCT,f nfrét dpfbvjltqcndbñ b cjnhelybxtcnde vtéle ceotcn-deñobvb bycnbnenfvb JÅCT.

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lehs, vtnjls hfåjns, xbcktyysq cjcnfd b vfylfn fccfvåktb,f nfrét ecnfyfdkbdftncz hfcghtltktybt d ytq ujkjcjd.

D 1991 ujle yf cdjtq dcnhtxt d Åthkbyt Cjdtn vbybcnhjdCÅCT ghbdtncndjdfk cjplfybt Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb b pf-zdbk, xnj vbybcnhs dtcmvf pfbynthtcjdfys d ≤rjkktrnbdyjvdshfétybb≥ vytybq Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb j åtpjgfcyjc-nb b cjnhelybxtcndt d Tdhjgt, f nfrét j gthcgtrnbdfö lfkm-ytqituj hfpdbnbz CÅCT. D cktleñotv ujle – yf ghfécrjqdcnhtxt vbybcnhjd – CÅCT ghtlghbyzkj ytgjchtlcndtyysqifu r yfkfébdfybñ frnbdyjuj lbfkjuf, jåüzdbd j njv, xnjLtqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm åeltn ujnjd kbxyj ljkjébnm Fccfvåktt j hfåjnt CÅCT, lfnm jndtns yf djghjcs gfhkfvty-nfhbtd d änjq cdzpb b ghbyznm r cdtltybñ cjjåhfétybz gfhkfvtynfhbtd lkz gjcktleñotq bö gthtlfxb yf hfccvjnht-ybt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd. C ntö gjh lkz Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlct-lfntkz cnfkj nhflbwbtq dscnegfnm gthtl Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttq b jndtxfnm d pfkt pfctlfybq yf ghzvst djghjcsgfhkfvtynfhbtd. Yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq (1992 ujl) b Åelfgtincrjq(1994 ujl) dcnhtxfö yf dscitv ehjdyt åskf gjlndthéltyf pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd d frnbdyjv exfc-nbb gfhkfvtynfhbtd d ghjwtcct JÅCT, f Ltqcndeñotve ghtl-ctlfntkñ åskb lfys gjkyjvjxbz gj gjllthéfybñ ntcysörjynfrnjd c Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttq, ljdtltybñ tt htrj-vtylfwbq lj cdtltybz Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf b byajhvbhjdfybñgfhkfvtynfhbtd j ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT.

Gthdfz jabwbfkmyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb cj-cnjzkfcm d Åelfgtint d yfxfkt bñkz 1992 ujlf. Fccfvåktz,d xfcnyjcnb, gjcnfyjdbkf ghbyznm ghbukfitybt gfhkfvtynfLfybb exhtlbnm d Rjgtyufutyt Vtéleyfhjlysq ctrhtnfhbfn.Lfncrjt ghfdbntkmcndj gjlgbcfkj c Fccfvåkttq cjukfitybt jinfå-rdfhnbht, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ctrhtnfhbfn gjkexbk gjk-yjwtyysq vtéleyfhjlysq lbgkjvfnbxtcrbq cnfnec, ghbdbkt-

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Lkz dsgjkytybz dsitbpkjétyysö pflfx GF JÅCT gjkm-petncz hfpyjjåhfpysvb chtlcndfvb. Tétujlyj yf jxthtlyjqctccbb ghbybvfñncz pfrkñxbntkmyfz ltrkfhfwbz b ytcrjkmrjhtpjkñwbq b htrjvtylfwbq (cv. ybét); yf pfctlfybzö rjvbnt-njd hfccvfnhbdfñncz dféyst vtéleyfhjlyst ghjåktvs cjdhtvtyyjcnb; d wtkzö hfpdbnbz b erhtgktybz ltvjrhfnbbgjlujnfdkbdfñncz hfpkbxyst ghjuhfvvs, drkñxfz jåibh-yeñ ghjuhfvve yfåkñltybz pf dsåjhfvb, f nfrét hfpkbxystctvbyfhs; rhjvt njuj, d hfqjys rfr kfntynysö, nfr b frnbd-yj hfpdbdfñoböcz rhbpbcjd yfghfdkzñncz ltktufwbb lkz dsgjkytybz cgtwbfkmysö vbccbq.

Cnhernehs b bycnbnens

Jcyjdysvb jhufyfvb Fccfvåktb zdkzñncz tétujlyfz ctccbz, Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn ukfd ltktufwbq, Åñhj, Hfcibhty-yjt åñhj, nhb jåobö rjvbntnf, Ghtlctlfntkm, Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm b Vtéleyfhjlysq ctrhtnfhbfn.

D vtéctccbjyysq gthbjl Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn b Åñhjghjdjlzn gjlujnjdbntkmyeñ hfåjne r ctccbzv Fccfvåktb bjåtcgtxbdfñn tt äaatrnbdyjt aeyrwbjybhjdfybt. Cgtwbfkb-pfwbz nhtö jåobö rjvbntnjd cjjndtncndetn nhtv jcyjdysvhfpltkfv ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf: Jåobq rj-vbntn gj gjkbnbxtcrbv djghjcfv b åtpjgfcyjcnb; Jåobq rjvbntn gj ärjyjvbxtcrbv djghjcfv, yfert, ntöyjkjubb b jrheéfñotq chtlt; b Jåobq rjvbntn gj ltvjrhfnbb, ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b uevfybnfhysv djghjcfv. Vtéleyfhjlysq ctrht-nfhbfn jrfpsdftn Fccfvåktt flvbybcnhfnbdyeñ gjllthére d hfpkbxysö dblfö tt ltzntkmyjcnb. Ljrkflxbr rféljuj rjvbntnf jndtxftn pf gjlujnjdre ljrevtynf, ghtlcnfdkzt-vjuj gthtl rféljq tétujlyjq ctccbtq yf hfccvjnhtybt cjjndtncndeñotuj rjvbntnf. Lkz dscnegktybz yf pfctlfybzörjvbntnf vjuen ghbukfifnmcz b lheubt jhfnjhs; d htpekmnf-nt jåotq lbcreccbb gj ghtlcnfdktyysv ljrevtynfv d rjvb-

176

Jhufybpfwbjyyfz cötvf Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT

Cgtwbfkmyst rjvbntnsGhtlctlfntkm, pfvtcnbntkmghtlctlfntkz b xktys cgtwb-fkmysö rjvbntnjd yfpyfxf-

ñncz Ghtlctlfntktv GF

Yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvbHerjdjlbntkb vbccbq

gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvbyfpyfxfñncz

Ghtlctlfntktv GF

VbccbbHerjdjlbntkb b xktys vbc-cbq GF JÅCT yfpyfxfñncz

Ghtlctlfntktv GF

PfctlfybzÅñhj

PfctlfybzGjcnjzyyjuj

rjvbntnf

Tétujlyfzctccbz

Djghjcs gt-xfnb b cdzpbc jåotcn-dtyyjcnmñ

VbccbbYfåkñltybtpf dsåjhfvb

Ghjuhfvvfcjltqcndbzltvjrhfnbb

Ghjuhfvvfcnfébhjdjr

Pfvtcnbntkm Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhzDbnfkbq Tdcttd

Yfpyfxty Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtvb endthélty d ljkéyjcnb Gjcnjzyysv rjvbntnjv

Jåobt rjvbntnsXktys nhtö jåobö rjvbntnjdyfpyfxfñncz yfwbjyfkmysvbltktufwbzvb. Ghtlctlfntkm,pfvtcnbntkm ghtlctlfntkz bljrkflxbr rféljuj rjvbntnf

bpåbhfñncz tuj xktyfvb.Gjkbnbxtcrbt djghjcs b åtpjgfcyjcnm

(Gthdsq rjvbntn)

Ärjyjvbxtcrbt djghjcs, yferf, ntöyjkjubz b jrheéfñofz chtlf

(Dnjhjq rjvbntn)

Ltvjrhfnbz, ghfdf xtkjdtrfb uevfybnfhyst djghjcs

(Nhtnbq rjvbntn)

Ghtlctlfntkm GF Flhbfy Ctdthby

(Hevsybz)Bpåhfy d 2000 ujle yf

tétujlyjq ctccbb d Åeöfhtcnt

Tétujlyfz ctccbz FccfvåktbGfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz Jhufybpfwbb gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b

cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt (GF JÅCT) cjcnjbn bp 317 gfhkfvtynfhbtd,ghtlcnfdkzñobö 55 ujcelfhcnd, b cjåbhftncz yf jxthtlyeñ ctccbñ

(tétujlyfz ctccbz) jlby hfp d ujl.

Pfvtcnbntkm Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhzGtynb Dzbytyty

Yfpyfxty Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv b endthélty d ljkéyjcnb Gjcnjzyysv rjvbntnjv

Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntnGjcnjzyysq rjvbntn cjcnjbn bp

herjdjlbntktq yfwbjyfkmysö ltktufwbq d GF JÅCT, xktyjd Åñhj

b ghtlctlfntktq nhtö jåobö rjvbntnjd.

ÅñhjD cjcnfd Åñhj döjlzn Ghtlctlfntkm

GF, ltdznm pfvtcnbntktq Ghtlctlfnt-kz, rfpyfxtq b gjxtnysq ghtlctlfntkm.

Dct ljkéyjcnyst kbwf Fccfvåktb bpåb-hfñncz yf tt tétujlysö ctccbzö.

Lbhtrnjh ghjuhfvvÄhbr Heltyitkml

Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhmH. Cgtycth Jkbdth

Bpåhfy Gjcnjzyysv rjvb-ntnjv yf gznbktnybq chjrc djpvjéyjcnmñ gthtbpåhf-ybz åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjd.

Abyfycs

Cjdtnybr gj djghjcfv gtxfnbZy Qjhty

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Ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq d GF: Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn ghbybvftn htitybz yf jcyjdtghbywbgf ≤rjyctycec vbyec jlby≥. D Åñhj, jåobö rjvbntnfö b yf tétujlysö ctccbzö Fccfvåktb htitybz ghbybvfñncz åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjd. Änj gjpdjkztn GF ghbybvfnm htrjvtylfwbb gj djghjcfv, yjczobv cgjhysq öfhfrnth, drkñxfz lfktrj bleobt ghtlkj-étybz j htajhvbhjdfybb bycnbnenjd JÅCT. GF gjcktljdfntkmyj dscnegftn pf bpvtytybtbcgjkmpetvjuj d JÅCT ghfdbkf rjyctycecf d wtkzö ecrjhtybz ghjwtccf ghbyznbz htitybq.Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz ghtlkjébkf ddtcnb ghfdbkj ≤ghbåkbpbntkmyjuj rjyctycecf≥,cjukfcyj rjnjhjve lkz ghbyznbz htitybz ytjåöjlbvj, xnjås tuj gjllthéfkb 90 ghjwty-njd xktyjd Fccfvåktb, dyjczobö nfreñ ét ljkñ abyfycjdsö dpyjcjd d åñlétn Fccfvåktb.

Yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvb

Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT hfphfåjnfkf frnbdyeñghjuhfvve yfåkñltybz pf gfhkfvtyncrbvb dsåjhfvb. Pf gthbjl c 1993 ujlf cdsit 800 gfhkfvtynfhbtd bp åjktt xtvcjhjrf cnhfy åskb yfghfdktys tñ lkz yfåkñltybz pf dsåj-hfvb. Jcjåtyyj gjrfpfntkmysvb ghbvthfvb d änjv jnyjit-ybb zdkzñncz, d xfcnyjcnb, dsåjhs, cjcnjzdibtcz d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt, Fkåfybb, Öjhdfnbb, Ckjdfrbb b Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb.

D 1997 ujle vtéle ÅLBGX b Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttqJÅCT åskj gjlgbcfyj cjukfitybt j cjnhelybxtcndt, d rjnj-hjv jghtltkzñncz hjkb, jndjlbvst änbv ldev bycnbnenfv d hfåjnt vbccbq gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb. Gj änjve cjukfitybñ ÅLBGX jndtxftn pf jhufybpfwbñ ≤vbccbq gjjwtyrt gjnhtåyjcntq≥, ljkujchjxyjt yfåkñltybt b cjplfybtpfljkuj lj cfvbö dsåjhjd rjjhlbyfwbjyyjuj geyrnf JÅCT(cv. cnh. 132). Ljkujchjxyst yfåkñlfntkb yfghfdkzñncz yfvtcnf pf ytcrjkmrj ytltkm lj ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd, c ntv xnj-ås JÅCT bvtkf djpvjéyjcnm jwtybnm cjåsnbz, ghtlitcndeñ-obt dsåjhfv, drkñxfz ghtldsåjhyeñ rfvgfybñ. Gfhkfvtyn-crfz ét fccfvåktz JÅCT yfghfdkztn gfhkfvtynfhbtd d rfxt-

11

ntnt dshfåfnsdftncz ghjtrn htpjkñwbb, rjnjhsq dsyjcbnczyf hfccvjnhtybt Fccfvåktb yf tt gjcktlytv gktyfhyjv pfct-lfybb.

Yf rféljq tétujlyjq ctccbb Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktzbpåbhftn cdjtuj Ghtlctlfntkz, rjnjhsq ltqcndetn d rfxtcndtdscituj ghtlcnfdbntkz Fccfvåktb b ghtlctlfntkmcndetn yftt pfctlfybzö. Ghtlctlfntkñ gjvjuftn Utythfkmysq ctrht-nfhm, yfpyfxftvsq Gjcnjzyysv rjvbntnjv gj ghtlkjétybñÅñhj. Gthdsv Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv, bcgjkyzñobv cdjbjåzpfyyjcnb b gjysyt, cnfk u-y Cgtycth Jkbdth (CIF).

Jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb

Tétujlyst ctccbb

Jlybv bp dféytqibö cjåsnbq d hfåjnt Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT zdkztncz tétujlyfz ctccbz. Ctccbb Gfhkf-vtyncrjq fccfvåktb ghjdjlzncz jlby hfp d ujl d yfxfkt bñ-kz, n.t. njulf, rjulf d åjkmibycndt gfhkfvtynjd – rfybreks,c ntv xnjås yf ybö vjukb ghbcencndjdfnm herjdjlbntkb b dt-leobt xktys gfhkfvtynjd hfpysö cnhfy. Yf rféljq tétujl-yjq ctccbb, ckeéfotq ajhevjv lkz frnbdyjuj jåceéltybz bjwtyrb ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT, ghbybvftncz pfrkñxbntkmyfzltrkfhfwbz, f nfrét htpjkñwbb b htrjvtylfwbb, rjnjhst gt-htlfñncz Cjdtne vbybcnhjd JÅCT, Ltqcndeñotve ghtlctlf-ntkñ Jhufybpfwbb b yfwbjyfkmysv gfhkfvtynfv ujcelfhcnd–exfcnybrjd JÅCT. Tétujlyst ctccbb Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfv-åktb JÅCT ghjöjlbkb d Åelfgtint (1992 ujl), Ötkmcbyrb(1993 ujl), Dtyt (1994 ujl), Jnnfdt (1995 ujl), Cnjrujkmvt(1996 ujl), Dfhifdt (1997 ujl), Rjgtyufutyt (1998 ujl) bCfyrn-Gtnthåehut (1999 ujl). Vtcnjv ghjdtltybz ctccbb 2000ujlf cnfk Åeöfhtcn.

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181

cndt rhfnrjchjxysö yfåkñlfntktq.

Rhjvt njuj, cjukfitybtv j cjnhelybxtcndt ghtlecvfnhb-dftncz, xnj Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkm JÅCT vjétn yfpyf-xbnm njuj bkb byjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj ltzntkz d rfxtcndt cgtwb-fkmyjuj rjjhlbyfnjhf, djpukfdkzñotuj vbccbñ JÅCT gj yfåkñltybñ. Rfr ghfdbkj, nfrbv gjkbnbxtcrbv ltzntktv zdkztncz Ghtlctlfntkm Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT bkbjlby bp tt fdnjhbntnysö xktyjd. Cgtwbfkmysq rjjhlbyfnjhdscnegftn d hjkb ghtlcnfdbntkz Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkzJÅCT b d öjlt jceotcndktybz ghjtrnf gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb hfåjnftn d ntcyjv rjynfrnt c rjjhlbyfnjhjv ltz-ntkmyjcnb ÅLBGX yf vtcnfö. Änjn gjkbnbxtcrbq ltzntkm/cgt-wbfkmysq rjjhlbyfnjh, ltqcndez cjdvtcnyj c lheubvb cjjn-dtncndeñobvb jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb, dscnegftn c pfzdktyb-tv gj bnjufv dsåjhjd.

Vbccbb b gjtplrb

D wtkzö hfpdbnbz lbfkjuf b gfhkfvtyncrjq ltvjrhfnbbFccfvåktz yfghfdkztn ltktufwbb (drkñxfz dscjrjgjcnfdkty-ysö gfhkfvtynfhbtd, jåkflfñobö åjkmibv gjkbnbxtcrbv fdnjhbntnjv) d hfpkbxyst gjtplrb b d rfxtcndt cgtwbfkmysövbccbq. Jlby bp ghbvthjd – nhtögfhkfvtyncrfz vbccbz d Fkåfybñ, jhufybpjdfyyfz d zydfht 1998 ujlf gj ghjcmåt Ghb-cencndbz JÅCT d änjq cnhfyt. Tt ukfdyjq wtkmñ åskj jrfpf-ybt cjltqcndbz b ghtlcnfdktybt htrjvtylfwbq d cdzpb c cjcnfdktybtv yjdjq rjycnbnewbb b hfphfåjnrjq ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbö gfhkfvtyncrbö ghjwtleh d yjdjv gfhkfvtynt Fkåf-ybb. Lkz jceotcndktybz änjq vbccbb b dsgjkytybz yfvtxty-yjq ghjuhfvvs Vtéleyfhjlysq ctrhtnfhbfn GF JÅCT ghb-dktr ghtlcnfdbntktq Tdhjgtqcrjuj gfhkfvtynf b Gfhkfvtyn-crjq fccfvåktb Cjdtnf Tdhjgs.

Lheujq ghbvth – änj gjtplrb, cjdthityyst ghtlctlfntkz-vb GF JÅCT d hfpkbxyst cnhfys, nfrbt, rfr Epåtrbcnfy,

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Fhvtybz, Åjkufhbz, Rshuspcnfy, Fåöfpbz (Uhepbz) b åfknbq-crbt ujcelfhcndf. Änb gjtplrb gjlxthrbdfñn dféyjcnm ghjdj-lbvjq JÅCT ltzntkmyjcnb b cgjcjåcndeñn cjnhelybxtcndevtéle GF b lheubvb jhufyfvb, döjlzobvb d cnhernehe JÅCT. Byjulf, rfr, yfghbvth, d ckexft gjtplrb gjxtnyjujghtlctlfntkz Fccfvåktb Öfdmthf Hegthtcf d Uhepbñ b Fhvt-ybñ d 1996 ujle, nfrbt dbpbns ckeéfn yfkfébdfybñ ghzvsörjynfrnjd b eukeåktybñ lbfkjuf vtéle gfhkfvtynfhbzvbrfrjuj-nj rjyrhtnyjuj htubjyf b Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttq.

Ghtvbz pf ltzntkmyjcnm d jåkfcnb éehyfkbcnbrb b pfobns ltvjrhfnbb

D 1996 ujle Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT exhtlbkfghtvbñ pf ltzntkmyjcnm d jåkfcnb éehyfkbcnbrb b pfobnsltvjrhfnbb, ghbceéltybt rjnjhjq ghjbcöjlbn d hfvrfö rfé-ljq tétujlyjq ctccbb Fccfvåktb. Exhtéltyf änf ghtvbz ås-kf gj bybwbfnbdt Ahfqvenf Ledt, åsdituj xktyf ltktufwbbUthvfybb d Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktt, f ysyt – Ghtlcnfdbnt-kz JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvf-wbb. Ghtlyfpyfxtybt ghtvbb – cjltqcndjdfnm htfkbpfwbbghbywbgjd cdjåjlyjq éehyfkbcnbrb, pfrhtgktyysö d Åelf-gtincrjv ljrevtynt 1994 ujlf. Gthdsv tt kfehtfnjv cnfkgjkmcrbq éehyfkbcn Flfv Vböybr. Chtlb gjcktleñobö kfe-htfnjd – ahfywepcrfz jhufybpfwbz ≤Htgjhnths åtp uhfybw≥ bNbvjnb Ufhnjy Äi, åhbnfycrbq éehyfkbcn, gbcfntkm b bcnj-hbr. D 1999 ujle ghtvbz åskf ghbceéltyf Rhbcnbfyt Fvfy-geh, htgjhnthe ntktdbpbjyyjq rjvgfybb Cb-Äy-Äy, f d 2000ujle tñ åsk yfuhfélty Fylhtq Åfåbwrbq, htgjhnth hflbjc-nfywbb ≤Cdjåjlyfz Tdhjgf≥ – hflbj ≤Cdjåjlf≥, rjnjhsq pf-ybvfkcz jcdtotybtv rjyakbrnf d Xtxyt (Hjccbqcrfz Atlthf-wbz), ≤gjkyjcnmñ ghtytåhtufz cjåcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnmñ≥.

Lheubt dbls ltzntkmyjcnb

Fccfvåktz hfphfåjnfkf ghjuhfvve cjltqcndbz ltvjrhf-nbb, ghbpdfyyeñ cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfcibhtybñ tt exfcnbz d

11


nenfvb JÅCT. Dct htitybz b ljrkfls gj bnjufv tétujlysöctccbq Fccfvåktb, vbccbq, gjtpljr b vthjghbznbq gj yfåkñ-ltybñ pf dsåjhfvb gthtlfñncz Ltqcndeñotve ghtlctlfntkñb d Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn. Fccfvåktz ghtlcnfdktyf yf jabwbfkm-ysö dcnhtxfö JÅCT dctö ehjdytq b gjllthébdftn ntcyst hfåjxbt jnyjitybz c Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktv JÅCT,Nhjqrjq b Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv Jhufybpfwbb, f nfrét clheubvb bycnbnenfvb JÅCT d Dtyt, Dfhifdt, Uffut b Ghfut.Rhjvt njuj, ghtlcnfdbntkb Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb ghbyb-vfñn exfcnbt dj dcnhtxfö Herjdjlzotuj b Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdt-njd JÅCT, f nfrét dj dcnhtxfö JÅCT yf dscitv ehjdyt bdcnhtxfö tt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd. Fccfvåktz yfkflbkf ibhjrjtcjnhelybxtcndj c Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttq Cjdtnf Tdhjgsb Fccfvåkttq Pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrjuj cjñpf, Ctdthjfnkfynbxtc-rjq fccfvåkttq, Vtégfhkfvtyncrbv cjñpjv, Tdhjgtqcrbvgfhkfvtynjv b Vtégfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåkttq CjlheétcndfYtpfdbcbvsö Ujcelfhcnd; dct dsitgthtxbcktyyst jhufybpf-wbb bvtñn jabwbfkmysq cnfnec yfåkñlfntkz d Gfhkfvtyn-crjq fccfvåktt JÅCT.

11

183

endthéltybb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö wtyyjcntq b erhtgktybb pfrj-yjlfntkmysö bycnbnenjd d ujcelfhcndfö c ajhvbheñotqczltvjrhfnbtq yf nthhbnjhbb åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. Wtkmghjuhfvvs – ghbdktxm gfhkfvtynfhbtd, f nfrét lheubö gjkbnbxtcrbö kblthjd b ärcgthnjd d rfxtcndt jgsnysö ktr-njhjd b herjdjlbntktq lbcreccbjyysö uhegg r hfåjnt d ujce-lfhcndfö, ult ghjbcöjlbn cnfyjdktybt yjdjq ltvjrhfnbb.

Byjulf lkz hfccvjnhtybz rjyrhtnysö djghjcjd, yfghbvthjå Fkåfybb, Åtkfhecb bkb j cjcnfdktybb ≤Rjltrcf gjdtltybz,rfcfñotujcz gjkbnbxtcrbö b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö fcgtrnjd cjnhelybxtcndf≥, GF cjplftn cgtwbfkmyst rjvbntns.

D 1997 ujle Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz b gfhkfvtyn Vjyf-rj d gfhnythcndt c Tdhjgtqcrjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq rjvbccbtqJJY cjdvtcnyj jhufybpjdfkb gfhkfvtyncreñ rjyathtywbñJÅCT d Vjyfrj yf ntve ≤Ghjwtccs ceåhtubjyfkmyjuj ärjyj-vbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf – drkfl d yjdeñ tdhjgtqcreñ fhöbntrnehe≥. Cktleñofz gjljåyfz rjyathtywbz ljkéyf cjcnjznmcz d Yfynt, Ahfywbz, c 13 gj 15 jrnzåhz 1999 ujlf.

C 1995 ujlf Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz jceotcndkztn vté-leyfhjlyeñ ghjuhfvve cnfébhjdrb, jnrhsneñ lkz fcgbhfy-njd depjd bp cnhfy JÅCT gj nfrbv cgtwbfkmyjcnzv, rfr gj-kbnjkjubz, ghfdj b vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz. Änf ghjuhfv-vf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jhufybpfwbjyyj jajhvktyysq dféysqäktvtyn infnyjq cnhernehs b yt njkmrj ghblftn Vtéle-yfhjlyjve ctrhtnfhbfne pyfxbntkmysq kbyudbcnbxtcrbq gjntywbfk, yj b gjpdjkztn tve ghjdjlbnm bccktljdfybz yfdtcmvf dscjrjv ghjatccbjyfkmyjv ehjdyt.

Jnyjitybz GF JÅCT c lheubvb bycnbnenfvb JÅCT b vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb

GF JÅCT jceotcndkztn yf htuekzhyjq b jabwbfkmyjq jcyjdt dpfbvjltqcndbt yf dscjrjv ehjdyt c lheubvb bycnb-

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185

Ddtltybt

Yf ghjnzétybb Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ghjwtccf d 70-ö b 80-ö ujlfö cdzpb CÅCT c vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvbyjcbkb juhfybxtyysq öfhfrnth. Ghtlcnfdkzz cjåjq crj-

htt ghjwtcc, xtv jhufybpfwbñ, CÅCT ckeébkj ajhevjv, dhfåjnt rjnjhjuj vjukb ghbybvfnm exfcnbt vtéleyfhjlysthtubjyfkmyst b ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb, yj cfvjjyj htlrj dscnegfkj c bybwbfnbdjq ecnfyjdktybz rjynfrnjd.

Jlyfrj gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys yf rjywtgnefkm-yjv ehjdyt ckjébkjcm tlbyjt vytybt j njv, xnj JÅCT ckt-letn hfcibhznm b eukeåkznm cdjb dytiybt rjynfrns b cjnhelybxtcndj. Änj jnxfcnb zdbkjcm cktlcndbtv jcjpyfybznjuj, xnj vyjujuhfyysq öfhfrnth dspjdjd d jåkfcnb åtpjgfc-yjcnb nhtåetn vyjujbycnbnewbjyfkmyjuj htfubhjdfybz. Ckj-ébdibqcz rjyctycec åsk nfrét jåeckjdkty ntv, xnj r yfxf-ke 90-ö ujljd ghjwtcc CÅCT åsk bycnbnewbjyfkbpbhjdfy ljnfrjq cntgtyb, xnj CÅCT ghtdhfnbkjcm d jhufybpfwbñ, rjnj-heñ ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb hfccvfnhbdfkb d rfxtcndt ≤jlyj-uj bp ukfdysö bycnhevtynjd hfyytuj ghtleghtéltybz, ght-ljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjd, htuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd b gjcnrjy-akbrnyjuj djccnfyjdktybz≥.

JÅCT zdkztncz ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ ctnb ljgjkyzñobölheu lheuf bycnbnenjd, pfybvfñoböcz djghjcfvb tdhjgtqcrjqåtpjgfcyjcnb, ghfd xtkjdtrf, f nfrét ärjyjvbxtcrbvb ghj-åktvfvb. Ddble ibhjrjuj cgtrnhf b ckjéyjuj öfhfrnthf ghjåktv b dspjdjd d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb, c rjnjhsvb ctq-xfc cnfkrbdftncz Tdhjgf, dféytqitt pyfxtybt bvttn cjnhel-ybxtcndj vtéle JÅCT b lheubvb dpfbvjgjlrhtgkzñobvbjhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb, pfybvfñobvbcz djghjcfvb åtpjgfcyjcnb, rfr yf ehjdyt gjkbnbxtcrbö rjycekmnfwbq, nfrb yf vtcnfö.

12

Ddtltybt

♦

Cjnhelybxtcndj yf gjkbnbxtcrjv ehjdyt

♦

Cjnhelybxtcndj yf vtcnfö

♦

Rjynfrns c ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb (YGJ)


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pfntkmcnd, ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT, b xktycndj d rjnjhsöjcyjdsdftncz yf jnrhsnsö b ljåhjdjkmyj ghbybvftvsö jåz-pfntkmcndfö≥.

Lfkmytqibq ghjuhtcc d cjplfybb aeylfvtynf lkz ghfuvf-nbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle JÅCT b tt vtéleyfhjlys-vb gfhnythfvb åsk ljcnbuyen yf rjgtyufutycrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd 1997 ujlf, yf rjnjhjq åskb cajhvekbhj-dfys jcyjdyst äktvtyns Ljrevtynf JÅCT-Öfhnbb tdhjgtq-crjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. D bö xbckj djikf ≤Jåofz rjywtgwbz hfp-dbnbz cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle gjlrhtgkzñobvb lheu lheufbycnbnenfvb≥, ult bpkfufñncz gfhfvtnhs Gkfnajhvs åtpj-gfcyjcnb, jcyjdfyyjq yf cjnhelybxtcndt.

Wtkmñ änjq Gkfnajhvs, ghbyznjq yf Cnfvåekmcrjqdcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d 1999 ujle, zdkztncz ecbktybtdpfbvjgjlrhtgkzñotuj öfhfrnthf jnyjitybq vtéle jhufyb-

12

≤Vs dyjdm gjlndthélftv, xnj lkz åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt ytjåöjlbvs cfvjt ibhjrjt cjnhelybxtcndj b rjjhlbyfwbz ltqcndbq vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb b tdhjgtqcrb-vb b nhfycfnkfynbxtcrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb. JÅCT ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jnrhsneñ gj cjcnfdeb dctjåütvkñoeñ gj öfhfrnthe jhufybpfwbñ, ghtlyfpyfxtyyeñ lkz ghjdtltybz rjycekm-nfwbq, ghbyznbz htitybq b cjnhelybxtcndf d jödfnsdftvjv tñ htubjyt, b htubjyfkmyjtcjukfitybt d cvsckt ukfds ªÈÈÈ Ecnfdf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq. D änjv rfxtcn-dt jyf jcjåtyyj öjhjij ghbcgjcjåktyf lkz dsgjkytybz aeyrwbq ajhevf gj hfpdbnbñ cjnhelybxtcndf b gjdsitybñ dpfbvjljgjkyztvjcnb vtéle nfrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb. JÅCT åeltn ltqcndjdfnm d gfhnythcndt c ybvb d gjbcrfö äaatrnbdyjuj jndtnf yf euhjps b dspjds, djpybrfñobt d tt htubjyt≥. Kbccfåjycrfz ltrkfhfwbz j Vjlt-kb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz Tdhjgs ÖÖÈ dtrf (ltrfåhm 1996 ujlf).

Cjnhelybxtcndj yf gjkbnbxtcrjv ehjdyt

JÅCT gjllthébdftn cdzpb c lheubvb bycnbnenfvb – gfh-nythfvb yf vtéleyfhjlyjv, htubjyfkmyjv, ceåhtubjyfkmyjvb ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjv ehjdyzö. Gjckt Åelfgtincrjq dcnht-xb yf dscitv ehjdyt 1994 ujlf ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb dtlenhfåjne c wtkmñ jghtltkbnm änb jnyjitybz åjktt xtnrj gentvghbyznbz Ljrevtynf-Öfhnbb tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Rhj-vt njuj, bltn hfpdbnbt jnyjitybq yf ldecnjhjyytq jcyjdt b dhfvrfö cjnhelybxtcndf yf vtcnfö.

Åelfgtincrbq ljrevtyn 1994 ujlf, jpfukfdktyysq ≤Yf ge-nb r gjlkbyyjve gfhnythcnde d yjdeñ ägjöe≥, gjkjébk yfxf-kj lbcreccbb j vjltkb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjc-nb lkz Tdhjgs ÖÖÈ dtrf yf jcyjdt ghbywbgjd b jåzpfntkmcnd,ghbyznsö d hfvrfö JÅCT. Lfkmytqibq bvgekmc änjve ghj-wtcce åsk lfy d 1996 ujle ghbyznbtv ≤Kbccfåjycrjq ltrkf-hfwbb j vjltkb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkzTdhjgs ÖÖÈ dtrf≥, d rjnjhjq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb jåzpf-kbcm ≤erhtgkznm cjnhelybxtcndj c lheubvb jhufybpfwbzvb,pfybvfñobvbcz djghjcfvb åtpjgfcyjcnb, ltzntkmyjcnm rjnj-hsö nhfycgfhtynyf b ghtlcrfpetvf, exfcnybrb rjnjhsö bylb-dblefkmyj b rjkktrnbdyj ghblthébdfñncz ghbywbgjd b jåz-

186


Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm JÅCT gjcjk Zy Reåbi dcnhtxftncz c Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv JJY Rjab Fyyfyjv (bñym 1999 ujlf)

189

yjcntq, ghbrjvfylbhjdfybt r JÅCT ärcgthnjd lheubö jhufyb-pfwbq, yfpyfxtybt cjnhelybrjd gj cdzpzv, hfphfåjnre cj-dvtcnysö ghjtrnjd b hfpdbnbt ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö, f nfrét cjdvtcnyeñ hfåjne gj gjlujnjdrt rflhjd.

Jlybv bp åkbéfqibö gfhnythjd JÅCT zdkztncz Jhufybpf-wbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq. Yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt 1992 ujlf ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb pfzdbkb, xnjJÅCT (yfpsdfdifzcz d nj dhtvz CÅCT) zdkztncz ≤htubjyfkm-ysv cjukfitybtv d njv cvsckt, d rfrjv jå änjv ujdjhbnczd ukfdt ªÈÈÈ Ecnfdf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq≥. Yfjcyjdt ljgjkybntkmysö herjdjlzobö ghbywbgjd, endthélty-ysö yf cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd d ltrfåht1992 ujlf, d vft 1993 ujlf åskj cjukfcjdfyj Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt j cjnhelybxtcndt b rjjhlbyfwbb ltqcndbq vtéleCtrhtnfhbfnjv JJY b CÅCT. C ntö gjh djghjc j cjnhelybxt-cndt vtéle JÅCT b JJY abuehbhetn d rfxtcndt gjcnjzyyj-uj geyrnf d gjdtcnrt lyz Utythfkmyjq fccfvåktb JJY b zdkztncz ghtlvtnjv ljrkfljd, ghtlcnfdkztvsö Utythfkmysvctrhtnfhtv JJY yf tétujlyjq jcyjdt. D cdjñ jxthtlm, Utyt-hfkmysq ctrhtnfhm JÅCT ghtlcnfdkztn ljrkfl yf rféljqtétujlyjq ctccbb Utythfkmyjq fccfvåktb JJY, f Utythfkm-ysq ctrhtnfhm JJY htuekzhyj dscnegftn yf dcnhtxfö JÅCTyf dscitv ehjdyt.

Dtcmvf ntcyst jnyjitybz gjllthébdfñncz b c CjdtnjvTdhjgs. C 1993 ujlf tétujlyj ghjdjlzncz ldecnjhjyybt (gjajhvekt ≤2+2≥) dcnhtxb yf dscjrjv ehjdyt c exfcnbtv Ghtl-ctlfntkz b Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz JÅCT b, cjjndtncndtyyj,Cjdtnf Tdhjgs; jåsxyj yf nfrbö dcnhtxfö ghbcencndeñn nfr-ét DRYV b Lbhtrnjh ÅLBGX. Rhjvt njuj, ntcyjt cjnhelyb-xtcndj vtéle änbvb ldevz jhufybpfwbzvb yfkfétyj d hfåj-nt gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb b d jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjujbpvthtybz. Dhtvz jn dhtvtyb jyb cjdvtcnyj jhufybpeñn hfpkbxyst dcnhtxb, ctvbyfhs b rjyathtywbb, yfghbvth, gj

12

pfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb, pfbynthtcjdfyysvb d cjltqcndbb eghjxtybñ dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb d htubjyt JÅCT.

C cfvjuj yfxfkf änjuj ghjwtccf gjlxthrbdfkfcm ytjåöjlb-vjcnm cjnhelybxtcndf b rjjhlbyfwbb ltqcndbq c lheubvbvtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb, f nfrét ecb-ktybz ytbthfhöbxtcrjuj dpfbvjgjlrhtgkzñotuj öfhfrnthfjnyjitybq vtéle cjjndtncndeñobvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnb-nenfvb d bynthtcfö eghjxtybz aeylfvtynf jåotq, dctjåütv-kñotq b ytltkbvjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d htubjyt JÅCT.

Gkfnajhvf ukfcbn, xnj JÅCT åeltn cjnhelybxfnm c ntvbjhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb, xktys rjnjhsö bylbdblefkmyjb rjkktrnbdyj ghbdthétys ghbywbgfv Ecnfdf JJY b ghbywb-gfv b jåzpfntkmcndfv JÅCT b xktycndj d rjnjhsö jcyjdsdf-tncz yf jnrhsnjcnb b ljåhjdjkmyjcnb. D Gkfnajhvt ujdjhbn-cz, xnj hfpdbnbñ cjnhelybxtcndf vjétn ljgjkybntkmyj cgj-cjåcndjdfnm ibhjrjt bcgjkmpjdfybt vtöfybpvf htuekzhysörjynfrnjd, drkñxfz dcnhtxb; ecnjqxbdsö hfvjr lkz lbfkjuf;gjdsityyjq nhfycgfhtynyjcnb b ghfrnbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcn-df, drkñxfz dsltktybt cjnhelybrjd gj cdzpzv bkb rjynfr-nysö geyrnjd; gthtrhtcnyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf yf cjjndtncn-deñobö dcnhtxfö, f nfrét lheubö rjynfrnjd, yfghfdktyysöyf kexitt gjybvfybt bvtñoböcz e rféljq jhufybpfwbbbycnhevtynjd lkz ghtljndhfotybz rjyakbrnjd.

Yfhzle c änbv d Gkfnajhvt ujdjhbncz j hfpdbnbb d gj-cktlybt ujls ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yf vtcnfö, jnhféfñotv cthmtpyst bpvtytybz d Jhufybpfwbb. Cjnhelybxtcndj vtéleJÅCT b lheubvb cjjndtncndeñobvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhuf-yfvb, jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbnenfvb d ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnföcktletn hfpdbdfnm b yfhfobdfnm d cjjndtncndbb c bö rjyrhtn-ysvb vfylfnfvb. Jhufybpfwbjyyst eckjdbz änjq ajhvs cjnhelybxtcndf vjukb ås drkñxfnm: htuekzhyst jåvtys byajhvfwbtq b dcnhtxb, cjdvtcnyst vbccbb gj jwtyrt gjnhtå-

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191

yfhjlyjuj rjvbntnf Rhfcyjuj Rhtcnf (VRRR) b Vtéle-yfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbb gj djghjcfv vbuhfwbb (VJV). D rfxt-cndt lheujuj gjktpyjuj bycnhevtynf rjjhlbyfwbb hfåjns JÅCT b lheubö cjjndtncndeñobö vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpf-wbq d ntvfnbxtcrbö jåkfcnzö b (bkb) utjuhfabxtcrbö htubj-yfö, ghtlcnfdkzñobö jåobq bynthtc, pfhtrjvtyljdfkb ctåznfr yfpsdftvst ≤wtktdst dcnhtxb≥ ghtlcnfdbntktq egjvzye-nsö jhufybpfwbq, ghjdjlbvst yf ehjdyt ärcgthnjd d hfcib-htyyjv nhtöcnjhjyytv ajhvfnt.

Gjvbvj änjuj, JÅCT ntcyj cjnhelybxftn c Tdhjgtqcrbvcjñpjv. Yfwbjyfkmyfz ltktufwbz njuj ujcelfhcndf, rjnjhjt dlfyysq vjvtyn zdkztncz Ghtlctlfntktv TC (drkñxfñofznfrét ljkéyjcnysö kbw Tdhjgtqcrjq rjvbccbb), dscnegftnjn bvtyb dctö ujcelfhcnd, döjlzobö d cjcnfd Tdhjgtqcrjujcjñpf. Nj, xnj d JÅCT jn bvtyb TC dscnegftn jlyf cnhfyf,zdkztncz yfukzlyjq bkkñcnhfwbtq ghbywbgf ≤tlbyjq dytiytqgjkbnbrb b gjkbnbrb d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb≥ d ltqcndbb. Ujcelfhcndf, zdkzñobtcz fccjwbbhjdfyysvb xktyfvb TC,bvtñn ghfdj ghbcjtlbyznmcz r pfzdktybzv Cjñpf.

Lfkmytqibv ifujv yf genb hfpdbnbz dpfbvjltqcndbz cnfkGfrn j cnfåbkmyjcnb (ghtlkjéty Tdhjgtqcrbv cjñpjv d 1994 ujle b endthélty d 1995 ujle), cjukfcyj rjnjhjve åskb exhtéltys htubjyfkmyst ≤rheukst cnjks≥ b wtkmñ rjnjhjuj zdkztncz ehtuekbhjdfybt jnyjitybq vtéle wty-nhfkmyjtdhjgtqcrbvb b åfknbqcrbvb ujcelfhcndfvb. Yf pfrkñxbntkmyjv cjdtofybb d Gfhbét 20–21 vfhnf 1995 ujlfJÅCT åskj ljdthtyj dsgjkyznm aeyrwbb öhfybntkz Gfrnf j cnfåbkmyjcnb. D cjjndtncndbb c ghbyznsv htitybtv cjukf-itybz, pfrkñxtyyst d hfvrfö Gfrnf j cnfåbkmyjcnb, lj-åhjdjkmyj clfñncz yf öhfytybt gjlgbcfdibvb bö ujcelfhcn-dfvb.

12

nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr hjkm chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb drjyakbrnysö cbnefwbzö, hjkm jåhfpjdfybz d erhtgktybbuhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf b yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvb.

Eét cnfkb jåsxyjq ghfrnbrjq gjctotybz Utythfkmysvctrhtnfhtv Cjdtnf Tdhjgs pfctlfybq Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf dDtyt b Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv JÅCT – pfctlfybq rjvbntnfvbybcnhjd yf ehjdyt pfvtcnbntktq d Cnhfcåehut.

Cjnhelybrb ÅLBGX gjcnjzyyj gjllthébdfñn htuekzhystrjynfrns cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb bp Cjdtnf Tdhjgs. Bö cj-dvtcnyfz wtkm – gjbcr htfkmysö gentq jåtcgtxtybz dpfbvj-ljgjkyztvjcnb d vtnjlfö b ltqcndbzö, ytljgeotybt leåkbhj-dfybz ghb vfrcbvfkmyj äaatrnbdyjv bcgjkmpjdfybb bvtñ-oböcz htcehcjd b evtymitybt dthjznyjcnb gjzdktybz hfc-öjéltybq d jwtyrfö b gjpbwbzö. Ldf hfpf d ujl ÅLBGX b ctrhtnfhbfn Cjdtnf Tdhjgs ghjdjlzn dcnhtxb gj jåpjhe dsgjkytybz ghjuhfvvs cjnhelybxtcndf, b, rhjvt njuj, CjdtnTdhjgs ghbukfiftn ghtlcnfdbntktq ÅLBGX yf pfctlfybz hfpkbxysö hfåjxbö uhegg b wtktdsö rjvbntnjd. Jyb ntcyjdpfbvjltqcndeñn d ghjwtcct yfåkñltybz pf dsåjhfvb, d hfv-rfö cjdvtcnysö vbccbq ärcgthnjd gj djghjcfv ghfd xtkjdt-rf, f nfrét d htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvv ghfdjdjq gjlujnjdrb.

Yfxbyfz c 1993 ujlf ghjdjlzncz nhtöcnjhjyybt dcnhtxb yfdscjrjv ehjdyt c exfcnbtv JÅCT b Cjdtnf Tdhjgs, f nfrétåfpbheñoböcz d Étytdt exhtéltybq b bycnbnenjd JJY. C 1996 ujlf ghfrnbretncz ghjdtltybt nfrbö dcnhtx d hfcib-htyyjv ajhvfnt c exfcnbtv Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf JÅCT gjltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd, Lbhtrnjhf ÅLBGX, Dthöjd-yjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ltkfv åtétywtd (EDRÅ), Dthöjdyj-uj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (EDRGX), Bcgjkyb-ntkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz Tdhjgtqcrjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq rjvbccbbJJY (TÄR JJY), gjvjoybrf Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz JJYgj gjkbnbxtcrbv djghjcfv, f nfrét ghtlcnfdbntktq Vtéle-

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hjdfybz d hfåjnt JÅCT b lheubö jhufybpfwbq d jåkfcnb ärj-yjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz.

JÅCT nfrét gjllthébdftn rjynfrns c vtéghfdbntkmcn-dtyysvb uheggbhjdrfvb, cajhvbhjdfyysvb ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb yf ceåhtubjyfkmyjq jcyjdt. D bö xbckj döjlznWtynhfkmyjtdhjgtqcrfz bybwbfnbdf (WTB), Cjdtn ujcelfhcndÅfknbqcrjuj vjhz (CUÅV), Cjdtn gj xthyjvjhcrjve ärjyj-vbxtcrjve cjnhelybxtcnde (CXÄC), Hefqjvjycrbq ghjwtcc bBybwbfnbdf gj cjnhelybxtcnde d Ñuj-Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt(BCÑDT).

Cjnhelybxtcndj yf vtcnfö

Dsitjgbcfyyst gjkbnbxtcrbt vtöfybpvs b ghjwtcc rjy-cekmnfwbq ljgjkyzñncz ltzntkmyjcnmñ yf vtcnfö. Cjnhelyb-xtcndj d jcyjdyjv yjcbn ghfuvfnbxtcrbq öfhfrnth, b gfhfvtn-hs tuj hfpdbnbz jghtltkzñncz c extnjv jcjåtyyjcntq rfélj-uj rjyrhtnyjuj ckexfz. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö bvttn vtcnjgjlgbcfybt cjukfitybq (d ajhvt jåvtyf gbcmvfvb bkb vtvj-hfylevjd j ljujdjhtyyjcnb) c nfrbvb gfhnythcrbvb bycnbne-nfvb, rfr EDRÅ, ltqcndeñobvb d ntö ét, xnj b JÅCT, utj-uhfabxtcrbö b ntvfnbxtcrbö jåkfcnzö.

Ljcnbuyen dscjrbq ehjdtym cjnhelybxtcndf c JJY b tt exhtéltybzvb, jcjåtyyj d Ñuj-Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b Wty-nhfkmyjq Fpbb. C ctynzåhz 1992 ujlf ghbcnegbkb r hfåjntvbccbb gj gjllthért cfyrwbq (VGC), exhtéltyyst CÅCT dwtkzö cjltqcndbz jceotcndktybñ cfyrwbq, ddtltyysö Cjdt-njv Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY ghjnbd Cjñpyjq Htcgeåkbrb Ñujckf-dbb. D 1992 ujle VGC åskb cjplfys d Dtyuhbb, Hevsybb båsditq ñujckfdcrjq Htcgeåkbrt Vfrtljybb, f d 1993 ujle –d Fkåfybb, Åjkufhbb, Öjhdfnbb b Erhfbyt. Bö vfylfn ght-lecvfnhbdfk jrfpfybt rjycekmnfwbjyysö eckeu gj djghjcfvjceotcndktybz cfyrwbq dkfcnzvb ghbybvfñobö cnhfy b ghtl-

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JÅCT gjllthébdftn rjynfrns c hzljv lheubö jhufybpf-wbq, drkñxfz exhtéltybz JJY, YFNJ, PTC b CjlheétcndjYtpfdbcbvsö Ujcelfhcnd (CYU).

Yfxbyfz c 1996 ujlf dpfbvjltqcndbt b cjnhelybxtcndjvtéle JÅCT b YFNJ yterkjyyj hfcibhztncz. Bvtñn vtcnjhtuekzhyst rjynfrns vtéle Ltqcndeñobv ghtlctlfntktvJÅCT b Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbv cjdtnjv. Ljkéyjcnyst kbwfJÅCT htuekzhyj ghbybvfñn exfcnbt dj dcnhtxfö, ghjdjlb-vsö YFNJ, nfrbö, rfr pfctlfybz Cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb vbhjndjhxtcndf b Djtyyj-gjkbnb-xtcrjuj herjdjlzotuj rjvbntnf, f Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhmYFNJ (bkb jlby bp tuj ghtlcnfdbntktq) ghbcencndetn yf cjjndtncndeñobö dcnhtxfö, ghjdjlbvsö JÅCT. Gjvbvj änj-uj, vtéle Ctrhtnfhbfnjv JÅCT b Jnltkjv gj rjjhlbyfwbbrjynhjkz b dsgjkytybz Ctrhtnfhbfnf YFNJ ghjdjlbncz htuekzhysq jåvty byajhvfwbtq j dsgjkytybb VLÅ.

C 1995 ujlf d tétujlysö dcnhtxfö herjdjlbntktq vbccbqJÅCT ghbybvfñn exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb pfbynthtcjdfyysöjhufybpfwbq-gfhnythjd. D ljgjkytybt r änjve c 1998 ujlf JÅCT cjnhelybxftn c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbz-vb b bycnbnenfvb d njv, xnj rfcftncz gjlujnjdrb cjnhelyb-rjd vbccbq JÅCT, jcjåtyyj gj djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvt-htybz.

Gjckt exhtéltybz d 1998 ujle d cjcnfdt Ctrhtnfhbfnf JÅCT gjcnf Rjjhlbyfnjhf ltzntkmyjcnb d jåkfcnb ärjyjvb-rb b jrheéfñotq chtls pyfxbntkmyj hfcibhbkbcm cdzpb c ärjyjvbxtcrbvb b abyfycjdsvb jhufybpfwbzvb b bycnbne-nfvb, jcjåtyyj c TÄR JJY, TÅHH, JÄCH b Tdhjgtqcrjq rjvbccbtq. Gthdsv b yfbåjktt dféysv äktvtynjv vfylfnfRjjhlbyfnjhf zdkztncz ecbktybt dpfbvjltqcndbz JÅCT c cjjndtncndeñobvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b cdtlt-ybt r vbybveve gthtrhtobdfybz cath ltzntkmyjcnb b leåkb-

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Ytlfdyj JÅCT elfkjcm cltkfnm tot jlby ifu dgthtl: jyfcnfkf bybwbfnjhjv cjplfybz (b cjghtlctlfntktv) uheggs≤Lhepmz Fkåfybb≥, exhtlbntkmyfz dcnhtxf rjnjhjq cjcnjz-kfcm d ctynzåht 1998 ujlf d Åhñcctkt. JÅCT jåtcgtxbdftnjåobq jhufybpfwbjyysq rjyntrcn lkz hfåjns uheggs, f ttghtlcnfdbntkm dvtcnt c ghtlcnfdbntktv TC ghtlctlfntkm-cndetn yf gktyfhysö pfctlfybzö. Uheggf jnrhsnf lkz exfcnbzcnhfy b vtéleyfhjlysö bycnbnenjd, étkfñobö frnbdyj gj-vjufnm Fkåfybb d tt ghjldbétybb gj genb hfpdbnbz. D xfcn-yjcnb, uheggf ckeébn ajhevjv lkz jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq,ghjdtltybz rjycekmnfwbq b rjjhlbyfwbb ltqcndbq d gjkbnb-xtcrjq b abyfycjdj-ärjyjvbxtcrjq jåkfcnzö b d jåkfcnb åt-pjgfcyjcnb d njv, xnj rfcftncz Fkåfybb.

D Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt dct vthjghbznbz JÅCT gj yfåkñ-ltybñ pf dsåjhfvb yfxbyfz c 1996 ujlf gjkmpeñncz gjllth-érjq vbccbb JJY d änjq cnhfyt. Gjcktlyzz ntcyj dpfbvj-ltqcndetn c vbccbtq JÅCT d djghjcfö, rfcfñoböcz CVB, fnfrét d cjltqcndbb cjåkñltybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf d cnhfyt b drjynhjkt pf bö cjåkñltybtv. Rhjvt njuj, ldt jhufybpfwbbntcyj cjnhelybxfñn lheu c lheujv d cjplfybb vtöfybpvf rjy-nhjkz pf djpdhfotybtv åtétywtd.

D Öjhdfnbb gjckt bcntxtybz d zydfht 1998 ujlf chjrfltqcndbz vfylfnf Dhtvtyyjq flvbybcnhfwbb JJY lkz Dj-cnjxyjq Ckfdjybb, Åfhfymb b Pfgflyjuj Chtvf vbccbz JÅCTghbyzkf yf ctåz dsgjkytybt ébpytyyj dféysö aeyrwbq, jce-otcndkzdiböcz lj änjuj Jhufybpfwbtq Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq.Rhjvt njuj, gjckt bcntxtybz chjrf ltqcndbz vfylfnf UheggsJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj gjllthért gjkbwbb(UGG JJY) JÅCT ghbcnegbkf r htitybñ åtcghtwtltynyjq pf-lfxb hfpdthnsdfybz yfåkñlfntktq pf uhfélfycrjq gjkbwbtqd ghbleyfqcrjv hfqjyt Öjhdfnbb. Ukflrfz gthtlfxf cjjndtn-cndeñobö gjkyjvjxbq jn JJY r JÅCT cnfkf djpvjéyjqåkfujlfhz öjhjij yfkfétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde vtéle ybvb.

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cnfdktybt ghfrnbxtcrbö htrjvtylfwbq, ghbpdfyysö gjvjxmegjvzyensv dkfcnzv d ghjdtltybb änbö cfyrwbq d ébpym. Jnvtyf cfyrwbq Cjdtnjv Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY d jrnzåht 1996ujlf ghbdtkf r gjcntgtyyjve ghtrhfotybñ ltzntkmyjcnb vbccbq.

Lkz JÅCT tt Vbccbz d Rjcjdj – yjdsq ifu d hfpdbnbb cj-nhelybxtcndf c vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, jcjåtyyj cJhufybpfwbtq Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq. Dgthdst JÅCT cnfkf yt-gjchtlcndtyysv exfcnybrjv jgthfwbb, ghjdjlbvjq JJY.Rhjvt njuj, JÅCT ntcyj dpfbvjltqcndetn c lheubvb rhegys-vb gfhnythfvb, nfrbvb, rfr Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JJY gj lt-kfv åtétywtd, Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-rf, Cjdtn Tdhjgs b Tdhjgtqcrbq cjñp. Änj drkñxftn cjnhel-ybxtcndj gj rjyrhtnysv ghjtrnfv, f nfrét dpfbvyeñ gjl-lthére d njv, xnj rfcftncz flvbybcnhfnbdyj-ntöybxtcrjujjåtcgtxtybz b ghtljcnfdktybz djpvjéyjcnb gjkmpjdfnmcz gj-vtotybzvb b jåjheljdfybtv.

Jlybv bp hfyybö ghbvthjd cjnhelybxtcndf d jnyjitybbRjcjdj zdkztncz wtktdfz dcnhtxf, ghjdtltyyfz d Dfhifdt 5 yjzåhz 1998 ujlf c ntv, xnjås cjåhfnm dvtcnt ghtlcnfdbnt-ktq vtéleyfhjlysö b uevfybnfhysö jhufybpfwbq, YGJ b by-cnbnenjd JÅCT. D öjlt änjq dcnhtxb EDRGX b EDRÅ ghtl-kjébkb cdjb eckeub d hfphfåjnrt extåysö gjcjåbq b dsltkt-ybb ärcgthnjd lkz bycnhernbhjdfybz xktyjd VGR gj djghj-cfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz. Bö drkfl d ghjuhfvve gjluj-njdrb cjnhelybrjd Vbccbb gj ghjdthrt d Rjcjdj – yjdfz bvyjujjåtofñofz ajhvf cjnhelybxtcndf.

Jnkbxysv ghbvthjv cgjcjåyjcnb JÅCT cjnhelybxfnm clheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, drkñxfz JJY,ghjljkéftn ckeébnm Ghbcencndbt JÅCT d Fkåfybb, buhfñ-ott hjkm ubårjuj vtöfybpvf rjjhlbyfwbb ecbkbq vtéle-yfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf.

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Rhjvt njuj, ldt änb jhufybpfwbb ntcyj dpfbvjltqcndeñn dNflébrbcnfyt b Uhepbb. Dscnegfz d rfxtcndt jhufybpfwbq-ufhfynjd, JÅCT b JJY gjvjufñn cnjhjyfv d jceotcndktybbJåotuj cjukfitybz jå ecnfyjdktybb vbhf b yfwbjyfkmyjujcjukfcbz d Nflébrbcnfyt. Vbccbz yfåkñlfntktq JJY d Nflébrbcnfyt b vbccbz JÅCT hfåjnfñn d gkjnyjv rjynfrntlheu c lheujv gj wtkjve hzle djghjcjd, nfrbö, rfr cjltq-cndbt jceotcndktybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf b cnhjbntkmcnde ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd, pfobnf åtétywtd b kbw, gthtvtoty-ysö dyenhb cnhfys, gjvjom d hfphfåjnrt gjghfdjr r rjycnb-newbb b cjltqcndbt äktrnjhfkmyjve ghjwtcce.

D Uhepbb JJY dybvfntkmyj yfåkñlftn pf fåöfpcrbv rjy-akbrnjv, d nj dhtvz rfr JÅCT ghbyflktébn jcyjdyfz hjkmd jncktébdfybb hfpdbnbz rjyakbrnyjq cbnefwbb d Ñéyjq

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Cjnhelybrb vbccbb JÅCT dvtcnt c cjklfnfvb CAJH.

Jctnbb. Jlyjuj bp cjnhelybrjd cdjtq vbccbb JÅCT rjvfylb-hjdfkf d Åñhj JJY gj pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf d Fåöfpbb. Gj-vbvj änjuj, JÅCT ytgjchtlcndtyyj rjjhlbybhetn ltqcndbz dUhepbb c GHJJY b EDRÅ.

JÅCT b Cjdtn Tdhjgs, ltqcndez yf hfdysö ghfdfö b bc-gjkmpez rfélsq cdjb cjåcndtyyst vtnjls hfåjns, ghtcktle-ñn tlbyeñ wtkm – cjltqcndbt cnfåbkmyjcnb yf jcyjdt ltvjr-hfnbb, dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf b edfétybz ghfd xtkjdtrf d Tdhjgt. Cjjndtncndtyyj, ldt änb jhufybpfwbb hfåjnfñn d ntc-yjv rjynfrnt lheu c lheujv gj djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz, drkñxfz ghjåktvs yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd.Åkfujlfhz ghbcencndbñ JÅCT yf vtcnfö d hzlt utjuhfabxtc-rbö hfqjyjd, Cjdtn Tdhjgs gjkexftn ytjåöjlbveñ byajhvf-wbñ, f ärcgthns b cgtwbfkbcns Cjdtnf, d cdjñ jxthtlm, jrfpsdfñn gjvjom d ltzntkmyjcnb Jhufybpfwbb.

Vyjubt bp vbccbq JÅCT, vfylfn rjnjhsö drkñxftn dj-ghjcs ghfd xtkjdtrf b erhtgktybz ltvjrhfnbb, gjllthébdf-ñn ntcyst rjynfrns c Cjdtnjv Tdhjgs. Änj jcjåtyyj jnyj-cbncz r vbccbzv d Äcnjybb, Kfndbb, Vjkljdt, Crjgmt (åsd-ifz ñujckfdcrfz Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz), Erhfbyt, Åjcybb bUthwtujdbyt, Öjhdfnbb, Rjycekmnfwbjyyj-yfåkñlfntkmyjquheggt d Åtkfhecb b Ghbcencndbñ JÅCT d Fkåfybb, f nfrétr Vbccbb gj ghjdthrt d Rjcjdj.

Cjnhelybxtcndj JÅCT c Tdhjgtqcrbv cjñpjv yf vtcnföyfxfkjcm yf dtcmvf hfyytv änfgt d cdzpb c ltqcndbzvb, ghtl-ghbyznsvb Cjñpjv d öjlt ñujckfdcrjuj rjyakbrnf. JÅCTghbybvfkf exfcnbt d htfkbpfwbb Åhbjycrbö cjukfitybq jn 7 bñkz 1991 ujlf (gjkjébdibö rjytw åjtdsv ltqcndbzv dCkjdtybb), f nfrét d gjcktleñotq ltzntkmyjcnb Rjynhjkm-yjq vbccbb Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf (RVTC). D ljgjkytybtr änjve JÅCT b Tdhjgtqcrbq cjñp hfåjnfkb d ghzvjv rjy-nfrnt lheu c lheujv, cjltqcndez dsgjkytybñ cfyrwbq, ddt-


Åskj yfkfétyj cjnhelybxtcndj c Pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrbv cjñpjv d Fkåfybb – cnhfyt, ult PTC ghb jåotq rjjhlbyb-heñotq hjkb JÅCT hfpdthyek vyjujyfwbjyfkmyeñ uheggegjkbwtqcrbö-rjycekmnfynjd, pflfxtq rjnjhsö zdkztncz ght-ljcnfdktybt cjjndtncndeñotq byajhvfwbb b htrjvtylfwbq, fnfrét jåextybt cjnhelybrjd fkåfycrjq gjkbwbb.

Rjynfrns c ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb (YGJ)

JÅCT ghblftn åjkmijt pyfxtybt cdjbv rjynfrnfv c ytghf-dbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Lkz ytt jyb zdkzñncz dfé-ysv bcnjxybrjv byajhvfwbb j cjåsnbzö, ghjbcöjlzobö d ht-ubjyt JÅCT, jcjåtyyj d njv, xnj rfcftncz ghfd xtkjdtrf, yjnfrét b gj djghjcfv jrheéfñotq chtls, ärjyjvbrb b åtpj-gfcyjcnb. D nj ét dhtvz JÅCT, åelexb htibntkmyj ghbdth-étyf wtkb hfpdbnbz uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, jrfpsdftn gjl-lthére jåotcndtyysv jhufybpfwbzv, pfybvfñobvcz cfvsvibhjrbv cgtrnhjv djghjcjd.

Jcyjdysv rfyfkjv lkz rjynfrnjd JÅCT c ytghfdbntkmcn-dtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb zdkztncz Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvbycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, f d ytv – gjlhfpltktybt, jn-dtxfñott pf cdzpb c YGJ. Tuj ltzntkmyjcnm drkñxftn jce-otcndktybt ghjuhfvv cjltqcndbz gjcnhjtybñ uhfélfycrjujjåotcndf d Uhepbb, Rshuspcnfyt b Epåtrbcnfyt d cjnhelyb-xtcndt c vtcnysvb b vtéleyfhjlysvb YGJ. Gjvbvj änjuj,ÅLBGX jhufybpetn cjdtofybz gj hfccvjnhtybñ dsgjkytybz,gjcdzotyyst djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz, jnkbxb-ntkmyjq jcjåtyyjcnmñ rjnjhsö zdkztncz hfcibhtybt exfcnbzd ybö YGJ.

YGJ ghbybvfñn frnbdyjt exfcnbt d ctvbyfhfö JÅCT,Ärjyjvbxtcrjv ajhevt, f nfrét d lheubö jhufybpetvsö JÅCT dcnhtxfö.

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ltyysö Cjdtnjv Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY ghjnbd CHÑ b Cthåcrjqhtcgeåkbrb. JÅCT cjplfkf vbccbb gj gjllthért cfyrwbq(VGC), ltzntkmyjcnm rjnjhsö rjjhlbybhjdfkfcm åfpbhjdfd-ibvcz d Åhñcctkt Rjvbntnjv gj cfyrwbzv (RVGC), abyfy-cbhjdfybt b xfcnbxyjt erjvgktrnjdfybt gthcjyfkjv rjnjhj-uj jceotcndkzkjcm Tdhjgtqcrbv cjñpjv.

D cjcnfd vbccbq yf ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd, yfghfdkztvsö gjbybwbfnbdt kbåj JÅCT (vbccbz Ujypfktcf d CHÑ d ltrfåht1996 ujlf), kbåj TC (yfghbvth, d Åtkfhecm d zydfht b fghtkt1997 ujlf), xfcnj döjlzn ghtlcnfdbntkb jåtbö jhufybpfwbq.

Cnfåbkmyjt hfpdbnbt jnyjitybq vtéle JÅCT b YFNJ zdkztncz jlyjq bp yfbåjktt pyfxbvsö jcjåtyyjcntq cajhvb-hjdfditqcz d gthbjl gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys cötvs cjnhelyb-xtcndf vtéle jhufybpfwbzvb. Ldt änb jhufybpfwbb dpfbvj-ltqcndeñn, ljgjkyzz ecbkbz lheu lheuf d yfåkñltybb pf dsgjkytybtv cfyrwbq b ghjdthrt jceotcndktybz vth rjynhj-kz yfl djjheétybzvb yf Åfkrfyfö. Cbks YFNJ gj dsgjkyt-ybñ cjukfitybz (CDC), f pfntv b cnfåbkbpfwbjyyst cbks(CAJH) jrfpsdfkb ébpytyyj dféyeñ gjllthére ltzntkmyjc-nb JÅCT d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt. Änj drkñxftn jåtcgtxtybtåtpjgfcyjcnb cjnhelybrjd JÅCT, f nfrét gjvjom kñlcrbvbb vfnthbfkmysvb htcehcfvb d ltzntkmyjcnb, cdzpfyyjq c ghj-dtltybtv dsåjhjd.

Dtcmvf ntcysv åskj cjnhelybxtcndj d Rjcjdj, ult ltz-ntkmyjcnm ghtlsleotq Vbccbb JÅCT gj ghjdthrt d Rjcjdj(dsdtltyf bp rhfz d vfhnt 1999 ujlf) ljgjkyzkf jceotcn-dkzdieñcz YFNJ ghjdthre c djpleöf. Gjckt hfpvtotybzVbccbb JÅCT d Rjcjdj d bñkt 1999 ujlf åñhj Vbccbb yfkflbkj cdzpb cj cnfåbkbpfwbjyysvb cbkfvb d Rjcjdj(RAJH), rjnjhst jåtcgtxbdfñn åtpjgfcyeñ chtle lkz ltz-ntkmyjcnb JÅCT d änjv rhft.

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Gjvbvj ÅLBGX ntcyst dpfbvjjnyjitybz c YGJ gjllth-ébdfñn b ytrjnjhst lheubt bycnbnens JÅCT. YGJ ckeéfndféysv bcnjxybrjv byajhvfwbb lkz Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhfgj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd. Ghtlcnfdbntkm gj djghj-cfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, ghbcnegbdibq rhfåjnt d 1998 ujle, yfpdfk YGJ jlyjq bp cdjbö ≤xtnshtöfelbnjhbq≥ (nhtvz lheubvb zdkzñncz ghfdbntkmcndf, gfhkf-vtyns b cjåcndtyyj hfåjnybrb CVB). Rjynfrns c YGJ ght-lecvjnhtys b vfylfnjv Rjjhlbyfnjhf ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT djåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtls. Ntcyst cdzpb cvtéleyfhjlysvb YGJ, pfybvfñobvbcz utylthysvb djghj-cfvb, ecnfyjdbkf Rjjhlbyfnjh gj utylthysv djghjcfv, yfpyf-xtyyfz d 1998 ujle. Vbccbb JÅCT nfrét gjllthébdfñn fr-nbdyst rjynfrns b cjnhelybxfñn c YGJ d jåkfcnzö, bvtñ-obö ghzvjt jnyjitybt r bö vfylfne. Cñlf jnyjczncz ghfdfxtkjdtrf b ghjåktvs vtymibycnd, erhtgktybt uhfélfycrjujjåotcndf, utylthyst djghjcs, yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhfvb b ue-vfybnfhyfz gjvjom.

Cjnhelybxftn JÅCT b c yfexysvb exhtéltybzvb, yfghb-vth, d hfvrfö cdjtq ghjuhfvvs ≤Bccktljdfntkm-htpbltyn≥, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq yfexysv hfåjnybrfv, ghjdjlzobvbccktljdfybz gj ntvfnbrt JÅCT b cdzpfyyjq c JÅCT, ghtlj-cnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm hfåjnfnm d fhöbdfö JÅCT d Ghfut.

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Ceotcndetn hzl cnhfy, rjnjhst gjllthébdfñn jcjåst jnyjitybz c JÅCT: bö yfpsdfñn ≤gfhnythfvb gj cjnhel-ybxtcnde≥. C cfvjuj yfxfkf Ötkmcbyrcrjuj ghjwtccf

ytrjnjhst chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt ujcelfhcndf dscnegbkb gthdj-ghjöjlwfvb d ltkt ecnfyjdktybz jcjåjuj hjlf dpfbvjjnyjit-ybq c JÅCT, jcyjdfyysö yf dpfbvjcdzpb vtéle tdhjgtqcrjqåtpjgfcyjcnmñ b åtpjgfcyjcnmñ chtlbptvyjvjhcrjuj htubjyf.Gjplytt r änbv ujcelfhcndfv ghbcjtlbybkbcm Zgjybz, Htc-geåkbrf Rjhtz b Nfbkfyl, nfrét gjllthébdfñobt ntcyst jn-yjitybz c JÅCT.

Chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde

Nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj ytrjnjhst ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrbJÅCT uhfybxfn cj Chtlbptvyjvjhmtv b xnj cnhfys chtlbptv-yjvjhcrjuj htubjyf bvtñn bcnjhbxtcrbt, rekmnehyst, ärjyj-vbxtcrbt b gjkbnbxtcrbt cdzpb c htubjyjv JÅCT, ckeébn yf-ukzlysv cdbltntkmcndjv ceotcndjdfybz chtlbptvyjvjhcrjujbpvthtybz tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. D ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñ-xbntkmysq frn (1975 ujl) åskf drkñxtyf jnltkmyfz ukfdf,yfpsdfñofzcz ≤Djghjcs, jnyjczobtcz r åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt≥. D ytq ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb pfzdbkb j cdjtq eåtéltyyjcnb d njv, xnj ≤åtpjgfc-yjcnm d Tdhjgt cktletn hfccvfnhbdfnm d åjktt ibhjrjv rjy-ntrcnt åtpjgfcyjcnb d vbht, xnj jyf ntcyj cdzpfyf c åtpjgfc-yjcnmñ d hfqjyt Chtlbptvyjvjhmz d wtkjv b xnj, cktljdf-ntkmyj, ghjwtcc erhtgktybz åtpjgfcyjcnb, yt juhfybxbdfzcmTdhjgjq, ljkéty hfcghjcnhfyznmcz yf lheubt hfqjys vbhf, dxfcnyjcnb yf Chtlbptvyjvjhmt≥.

Drkñxtybt d ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn ukfds gjChtlbptvyjvjhmñ zdbkjcm dshfétybtv gjkbnbxtcrjq djkbujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd b ytexfcndeñobö chtlbptvyjvjhcrböujcelfhcnd (YCU), rfr bö njulf yfpsdfkb, r cjnhelybxtcnde d 13

Chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde

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Zgjybz, Rjhtz b Nfbkfyl: gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde


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åsk ghtljcnfdkty ljcneg rj dctv ljrevtynfv CÅCT, f nfr-ét ghfdj ghtlcnfdkznm cdjb dpukzls Ltqcndeñotve ghtlct-lfntkñ.

Dféyjq dtöjq d hfpdbnbb jnyjitybq vtéle JÅCT b YCUcnfkj ghbyznbt d ltrfåht 1994 ujlf yf Åelfgtincrjq dcnht-xt yf dscitv ehjdyt htitybz gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ. Änbv htitybtv ghtlecvfnhbdfkjcm, d xfcnyjcnb, exhtéltybt dhfvrfö Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf rjynfrnyjq uheggs jnrhsnjuj cjcnfdf yf ehjdyt ärcgthnjd ≤d wtkzö jåktuxtybz jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq, ghtlcnfdkzñotq dpfbvysq bynthtc, b dshfåjn-rb yjdsö bltq≥.

Änf yjdfz jhufybpfwbjyyfz jcyjdf lkz cjnhelybxtcndf åskf cjplfyf c wtkmñ frnbdbpfwbb lbfkjuf cj chtlbptvyj-vjhcrbvb ujcelfhcndfvb b ghtlecvfnhbdfkf, d xfcnyjcnb,ghjdtltybt ctvbyfhjd gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ yf ntvs, ghtl-cnfdkzñobt dpfbvysq bynthtc, b rjycekmnfwbq yf dscjrjvehjdyt vtéle JÅCT, ghtlcnfdkztvjq Nhjqrjq b Utythfkm-ysv ctrhtnfhtv, c jlyjq cnjhjys, b chtlbptvyjvjhcrbvbgfhnythfvb – c lheujq.

Exbnsdfz ytufnbdyeñ rjyyjnfwbñ nthvbyf ≤ytexfcndeñ-obt chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt ujcelfhcndf≥, Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn 5 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf ghbyzk htitybt bcgjkmpjdfnm gj jnyjit-ybñ r änbv ujcelfhcndfv lheujt jghtltktybt – ≤chtlbptvyj-vjhcrbt gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde≥ (CGC). Änjn nthvbynjxytt jnhféftn åjktt dscjreñ cnegtym hfpdbnbz jnyjitybqvtéle ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb JÅCT b chtlbptvyjvjh-crbvb cnhfyfvb.

Dcnhtxb rjynfrnyjq uheggs c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb CGC btétujlyst ctvbyfhs gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ cjcnfdkzñn dfé-yeñ xfcnm ghjljkéfñotujcz lbfkjuf vtéle JÅCT b tt cht-lbptvyjvjhcrbvb gfhnythfvb. Änb b lheubt dbls ltzntkmyjc-nb lfñn chtlbptvyjvjhcrbv gfhnythfv djpvjéyjcnm gj

13

wtkjv hzlt jåkfcntq. C ntö gjh dpfbvjcdzpm åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt b d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt ytjlyjrhfnyj gjlxthrbdfkfcm d ljrevtynfö CÅCT/JÅCT, d öjlt lbfkjuf, f nfrét yf ctvb-yfhfö b dcnhtxfö, ult hfccvfnhbdfkjcm chtlbptvyjvjhcrjt bpvthtybt åtpjgfcyjcnb.

Yf dcnhtxfö d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd gjckt Ötkmcbyr-crjuj cjdtofybz chtlbptvyjvjhcrbv ujcelfhcndfv ghtlkfuf-kjcm cltkfnm gbcmvtyyst b ecnyst drkfls. Åsk ghjdtlty hzldcnhtx, rjyrhtnyj gjcdzotyysö ghjåktvfv Chtlbptvyjvjhmzb rfcfdiböcz ukfdysv jåhfpjv ärjyjvbxtcrjq, ärjkjubxtc-rjq, yfexyjq b rekmnehyjq jåkfcntq, exfcndjdfnm d rjnjhsöghbukfifkbcm chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt ujcelfhcndf (Dfkktnnf,1978 ujl; Dtytwbz, 1984 ujl; Gfkmvf-lt-Vfqjhrf, 1990 ujl;Dfkktnnf, 1993 ujl).

D Gfhbécrjq öfhnbb 1990 ujlf ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb pfzdbkb, xnj ≤åelen b dghtlm ghtlghbybvfnm ecbkbz lkz erhtgktybz åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d Chtlbptvyjvj-hmt rfr dféyjuj afrnjhf cnfåbkmyjcnb d Tdhjgt≥. Änj étåskj gjlndthéltyj d ljrevtynt Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxb yfdscitv ehjdyt 1992 ujlf, ult ujdjhbkjcm, xnj ytexfcndeñ-obv chtlbptvyjvjhcrbv ujcelfhcndfv åeltn ghtlkjétyj bdghtlm dyjcbnm drkfl d ltzntkmyjcnm CÅCT.

Yf 25-q dcnhtxt RCLK d Ghfut d vfhnt 1994 ujlf, hfc-cvjnhtd öjlfnfqcndf gznb ytexfcndeñobö ujcelfhcnd (Fkéb-hf, Tubgnf, Bphfbkz, Vfhjrrj b Neybcf), ujcelfhcndf-exfcn-ybrb gjcnfyjdbkb ghbukfifnm chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt cnhfys yfytrjnjhst vthjghbznbz CÅCT d wtkzö yfkfébdfybz åjkttntcysö dpfbvjjnyjitybq. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, YCU ghbukfifkbcmyf dcnhtxb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe, htue-kzhyst dcnhtxb c Nhjqrjq b – d jnltkmysö ckexfzö – yf ctvbyfhs b lheubt cgtwbfkmyst dcnhtxb, ghtlcnfdkzñobtlkz ybö jcjåsq bynthtc. Chtlbptvyjvjhcrbv ujcelfhcndfv

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D Ltrkfhfwbb cjcnjzditqcz d yjzåht 1999 ujlf Cnfv-åekmcrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt åskf d jxthtlyjq hfpgjlxthryenf dpfbvjcdzpm vtéle åtpjgfcyjcnmñ d Tdhjgt bChtlbptvyjvjhmt. Ljrevtyn ukfcbn:

≤D cdtnt yfibö dpfbvjjnyjitybq cj chtlbptvyjvjhcrbvbgfhnythfvb – Fkébhjv, Tubgnjv, Bphfbktv, Bjhlfybtq, Vf-hjrrj b Neybcjv – vs dyjdm gjlndthélftv, xnj erhtgktybtåtpjgfcyjcnb b hfpdbnbt cjnhelybxtcndf d hfqjyt Chtlbptv-yjvjhmz zdkztncz dtcmvf dféysv afrnjhjv cnfåbkmyjcnb dhtubjyt JÅCT. Gjänjve vs yfvthtys frnbdbpbhjdfnm yfilbfkju b dpfbvjltqcndbt c ybvb≥.

Zgjybz, Rjhtz b Nfbkfyl – gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcnde

Yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d 1992 ujleujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb JÅCT ljujdjhbkbcm j hfpdbnbb cjlth-éfntkmysö, yfgjkytyysö rjyrhtnbrjq jnyjitybq c Zgjybtqrfr ytexfcndeñobv ujcelfhcndjv. Ötkmcbyrcrbq ljrevtynukfcbk, xnj Zgjybz åeltn ghbukfityf exfcndjdfnm dj dcnht-xfö CÅCT, drkñxfz dcnhtxb ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd,dcnhtxb Cjdtnf CÅCT, dcnhtxb Rjvbntnf cnfhibö ljkéyjcn-ysö kbw b lheubö cjjndtncndeñobö jhufyjd CÅCT, gjcdzoty-yst hfccvjnhtybñ rjyrhtnysö djghjcjd hfcibhtybz rjycekm-nfwbq b cjnhelybxtcndf.

Zgjybz åskf dsltktyf jcjåj ddble tt ukeåjrjuj bynthtcfr ltkfv JÅCT, f nfrét gjllthérb tñ ghbywbgjd b wtktq Jhufybpfwbb b frnbdyjuj exfcnbz d tdhjgtqcrjv cjnhelybxt-cndt d hfvrfö cjjndtncndeñobö jhufybpfwbq. C ntö gjh cdz-pb Zgjybb c JÅCT erhtgbkbcm. Zgjybz ghbukfiftncz yf gkt-yfhyst pfctlfybz Gjcnjzyyjuj cjdtnf b Ajhevf gj cjnhelyb-xtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb. Jyf rjvfylbhjdfkf cdjböghtlcnfdbntktq d cjcnfd vbccbq JÅCT (d Crjgmt, Öjhdfnbb bÅjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt) b yfghfdbkf yfåkñlfntktq, d njv xbc- 13

ljcnjbycnde jwtybnm åjktt xtv ldflwfnbktnybq jgsn hfåjnsb vthjghbznbq JÅCT d hfpkbxysö jåkfcnzö tt rjvgtntywbb.

D xbckj dsitegjvzyensö dcnhtx döjlzn ctvbyfhs yf nt-vs: ≤Jgsn JÅCT d jåkfcnb erhtgktybz ljdthbz≥ (Rfbh,26–28 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf), ≤JÅCT rfr åfpf lkz lbfkjuf b en-dthéltybz yjhv gjdtltybz≥ (Ntkm-Fdbd, 2-4 bñyz 1996 ujlf),≤Vjltkm åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz ÖÖÈ dtrf: gthcgtrnbds lkz chtlb-ptvyjvjhcrjuj åfcctqyf≥ (Rfbh, 3–5 ctynzåhz 1997 ujlf) b≤Xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt åtpjgfcyjcnb, eghjxtybt ltvjrhf-nbb b dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf≥ (Dfkktnnf, Vfkmnf, 19–20 jrnzå-hz 1998 ujlf).

11 bñyz 1998 ujlf Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn ghbyzk htitybt jdrkñxtybb ghtlcnfdbntktq CGC d cjcnfd uheggs ÅLBGX JÅCT gj yfåkñltybñ pf dsåjhfvb b j ghtljcnfdktybb bvdjpvjéyjcnb cjdthifnm rhfnrjchjxyst dbpbns d vbccbb JÅCT, c ntv xnjås jyb vjukb jpyfrjvbnmcz c ghfrnbretvsvd änjq jåkfcnb dctjåütvkñobv gjlöjljv r åtpjgfcyjcnb. R CGC åsk jåhfoty ghbpsd djcgjkmpjdfnmcz änbv htitybtv,ghbyzd frnbdyjt exfcnbt d ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d lfyyjq jåkfcnb b ntv cfvsv gjcnfdbd ctåt yf ckeéåe jgsn Jhufyb-pfwbb.

D htitybb jå jcyjdysö yfghfdktybzö Ljrevtynf JÅCT-Öfhnbb tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, ghbyznjv yf rjgtyufuty-crjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd d 1997 ujle, ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb dyjdm gjlndthlbkb, xnj ≤erhtgktybt åtpjgfcyjcnbb cjnhelybxtcndf d ghbktufñobö hfqjyfö, d xfcnyjcnb d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt, zdkztncz dféysv afrnjhjv cnfåbkmyjcnbd htubjyt JÅCT≥. Jyb pfzdbkb, xnj hfccvjnhzn djghjc j åj-ktt ntcyjv dpfbvjltqcndbb cj dctvb gfhnythfvb gj cjnhelyb-xtcnde ≤d wtkzö endthéltybz yjhv b wtyyjcntq, jåobö lkzujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd JÅCT≥. Jyb åelen nfrét gjåeélfnmgfhnythjd r bcgjkmpjdfybñ ärcgthnyjuj gjntywbfkf JÅCT.

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kt pf dsåjhfvb, yf hfåjne d Åjcybñ b Uthwtujdbye, f nfrétÖjhdfnbñ. Rhjvt njuj, Zgjybz dytckf hzl pyfxbntkmysödrkfljd yf wtkb ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt,ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d Fkåfybb b ecbktybz Ctrhtnfhbfnf Jhufybpfwbb.

Gj jabwbfkmyjq ghjcmåt Ctekf Htcgeåkbrf Rjhtz åskfghbukfityf d rfxtcndt yfåkñlfntkz yf Åelfgtincreñ rjy-athtywbñ 1994 ujlf gj jåpjhe; tq nfrét åskj ghtlkjétyjghbcencndjdfnm b dytcnb cdjq drkfl d rfxtcndt yfåkñlfntkzd hfåjne Åelfgtincrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt. Htcgeåkb-rf Rjhtz gjkmpetncz ljcnegjv r jabwbfkmyjq ljrevtynfwbbJÅCT b vjétn, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn jåcnjzntkmcnd d rféljvrjyrhtnyjv ckexft, ghbukfifnmcz yf dcnhtxb JÅCT, ntvfnb-rf rjnjhsö ghtlcnfdkztn lkz ytt jcjåsq bynthtc. Htcgeåkb-rf Rjhtz ghbybvfkf exfcnbt d yfåkñltybb pf dsåjhfvb dÅjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt d 1996 ujle b dytckf drkfl d ghjdtlt-ybt veybwbgfkmysö dsåjhjd d änjq cnhfyt. Jyf ytjlyjrhfn-yj pfzdkzkf, xnj tt jcjåst jnyjitybz c JÅCT (d rfxtcndt≤gfhnythf gj cjnhelybxtcnde≥) ckeéfn änfkjyjv d ecbkbzögj erhtgktybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb yf Rjhtqcrjvgjkejcnhjdt.

9 yjzåhz 2000 u. Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn JÅCT ajhvfkmyj ghb-dtncndjdfk Nfbkfyl d rfxtcndt 9-juj gfhnythf gj cjnhelybxt-cnde b d rfxtcndt nhtnmtuj fpbfncrjuj gfhnythf. Ghfdbntkmcn-dj Nfbkfylf dshfpbkj étkfybt hfpdbdfnm åjktt xtnrbt rjynfrns c JÅCT b frnbdyj ghjgfufylbhjdfnm wtkb Jhufyb-pfwbb. Rfr tlbycndtyyfz ñuj-djcnjxyfz cnhfyf Fpbb bvtñofzcdzpb c JÅCT Nfbkfyl ujnjd ghtljcnfdkznm cdtébt bltb gjwtkjve hzle djghjcjd – jn htubjyfkmyjq cnfåbkbpfwbb ljnhfycyfwbjyfkmyjq ghtcnegyjcnb.

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G H B K J É T Y B T È

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G H B K J É T Y B Z

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Lfns dcnegktybz ujcelfhcnd d CÅCT/JÅCT b gjlgbcfybz bvbötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf (1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf) bGfhbécrjq öfhnbb lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs (21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlf)

Ujcelfhcndj Lfnf dcnegktybz Lfnf gjlgbcfybz Lfnf gjlgbcfybzd CÅCT/JÅCT ötkmcbycrjuj Gfhbécrjq

Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj öfhnbbfrnf

Fdcnhbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfFpthåfqléfy 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf 20 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlfFkåfybz 19 bñyz 1991 ujlf 16 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlf 17 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlfFyljhhf 25 fghtkz 1996 ujlf 10 yjzåhz 1999 ujlf 17 atdhfkz 1998 ujlfFhvtybz 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf 17 fghtkz 1992 ujlfÅtkfhecm 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 26 atdhfkz 1992 ujlf 8 fghtkz 1992 ujlfÅtkmubz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfÅjkufhbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfÅjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf (f) 30 fghtkz 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlfåsdifz ñujckfdcrfz Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz (g) 12 jrnzåhz 1995 ujlf 28 vfz 1996 ujlf (g) 9 vfz 1996 ujlf (g)Dtyuhbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfUthvfybz (d) 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfUhtwbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfUhepbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf 21 zydfhz 1994 ujlfLfybz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfBhkfylbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfBckfylbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfBcgfybz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfBnfkbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfRfpföcnfy 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf 23 ctynzåhz 1992 ujlfRfyflf 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfRbgh 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfRshuspcnfy 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf 3 bñyz 1994 ujlfKfndbz (c) 10 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlf 14 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlf 6 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfKbndf (c) 10 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlf 14 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlf 6 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfKböntyintqy 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfKñrctvåehu 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfVfkmnf 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfVjkljdf 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 26 atdhfkz 1992 ujlf 29 zydfhz 1993 ujlfVjyfrj (e) 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfYblthkfyls 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlf

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c) Kfndbz, Kbndf b Äcnjybz åskb ghbyzns d xbckj ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd yfljgjkybntkmyjq dcnhtxt yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd yfrfyeyt jnrhsnbz Vjcrjdcrjujcjdtofybz Rjyathtywbb CÅCT gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ.

d) Atlthfnbdyfz Htcgeåkbrf Uthvfybb b Uthvfycrfz Ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz Htcgeå-kbrf, jåütlbybdibtcz 3 jrnzåhz 1990 ujlf, åskb d xbckt gthdjyfxfkmysö ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd CÅCT b gthdsö ujcelfhcnd, gjlgbcfdibö ötkmcbyrcrbqPfrkñxbntkmysq frn.

e) Vjyfrj exfcndjdfkj d CÅCT c 3 bñkz 1973 ujlf, yj yt ghbybvfkj exfcnbzd ghtlitcndjdfdibö Ötkmcbyrcrbö rjycekmnfwbzö (Lbgjkb).

f) Vtcnj Cjñpf Cjdtncrbö Cjwbfkbcnbxtcrbö Htcgeåkbr d CÅCT pfyzkf Hjccbq-crfz Atlthfwbz (cv. Éehyfk No. 1 gznjq dcnhtxb RCLK b Cjjåotybt No. 10CÅCT jn 7 zydfhz 1992 ujlf).

g) Åsdifz ñujckfdcrfz Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz (ÅÑHV) jabwbfkmyj yt gjl-gbcfkf ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn b Gfhbécreñ öfhnbñ lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs, yj jåüzdbkf j ghbpyfybb änbö ljrevtynjd d gbcmvfö, yfghfdktyysöghtpbltynjv ÅÑHV Rbhj Ukbujhjdsv, cjjndtncndtyyj, 28 vfz 1996 b 9 vfz1996 ujlf.

h) Xktycndj Ñujckfdbb, exfcndjdfditq d CÅCT c 25 bñyz 1973 u. b gjlgbcfd-itq ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn 1 fduecnf 1975 u. b Gfhbécreñ öfhnbñ21 yjzåhz 1990 u., åskj ghbjcnfyjdktyj d bñkt 1992.

f) Åjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf åskf ghbyznf d CÅCT d rfxtcndt ujcelfhcndf-exfcnyb-rf yf jcyjdfybb pfzdktybz Ghtlctlfntkz, cltkfyyjuj bv yf 10-q dcnhtxt RCLK30 fghtkz 1992 ujlf. Yf 13-q dcnhtxt RCLK 2 bñkz 1992 ujlf åskj ghbyznjhtitybt j njv, xnj ghbdtncndbt Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbys yf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnht-xt yf dscitv ehjdyt ghtpbltynjv ghbybvfñotq cnhfys åeltn hfccvfnhbdfnm-cz rfr jabwbfkmyjt gjlndthéltybt ghbyznbz Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbys d rfxtcndtujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf CÅCT, ghtlecvjnhtyyjt pfzdktybtv Ghtlctlfntkz.

b) Ujcelfhcndf-ghfdjghttvybrb åsditq Xticrjq b Ckjdfwrjq AtlthfnbdyjqHtcgeåkbrb, rjnjhfz gjl lheubv yfpdfybtv döjlbkf d xbckj gthdjyfxfkmysöujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd CÅCT. Yf Cnjrujkmvcrjq dcnhtxt Cjdtnf 15 ltrfåhz1992 ujlf åskj ghbyznj htitybt, xnj Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf b Ckjdfwrfz Htcgeå-kbrf åelen cxbnfnmcz ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb c 1 zydfhz 1993 ujlf, n.t. cvjvtynf ghjdjpukfitybz bvb cdjtq ytpfdbcbvjcnb.

Yjhdtubz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfGjkmif 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfGjhneufkbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfHjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz (f) 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfHevsybz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfCfy-Vfhbyj 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfCdzntqibq Ghtcnjk 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfCkjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf (b) 1 zydfhz 1993 ujlfCkjdtybz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlf 8 vfhnf 1993 ujlfCjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfCjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfNflébrbcnfy 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 26 atdhfkz 1992 ujlfNehrvtybcnfy 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlfNehwbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfEpåtrbcnfy 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 26 atdhfkz 1992 ujlf 27 jrnzåhz 1993 ujlfErhfbyf 30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf 26 atdhfkz 1992 ujlf 16 bñyz 1992 ujlfAbykzylbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfAhfywbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfÖjhdfnbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf 8 bñkz 1992 ujlfXticrfz Htcgeåkbrf (b) 1 zydfhz 1993 ujlfIdtqwfhbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfIdtwbz 25 bñyz 1973 ujlf 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlf 21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfÄcnjybz (c) 10 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlf 14 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlf 6 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfCjñpyfz Htcgeåkbrf Ñujckfdbz (h) 10 yjzåhz 2000 27 yjzåhz 2000 ujlf 27 yjzåhz 2000 ujlf

G H B K J É T Y B T È

215214

Rjydtywbz gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCT(gj cjcnjzybñ yf 30 bñyz 2000 ujlf)

Ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr Lfnf gjlgbcfybz Lfnf hfnbabrfwbb/ Lfnf dcnegktybzghbcjtlbytybz d cbke

Fdcnhbz 1 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 14 yjzåhz 1995 ujlf 14 zydfhz 1996 ujlfFkåfybz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 10 bñyz 1996 ujlf 10 fduecnf 1996 ujlfFhvtybz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfÅtkfhecm 7 atdhfkz 2000 ujlf 7 fghtkz 2000 ujlfÅtkmubz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfÅjkufhbz 2 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfÅjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfåsdifz ñujckfdcrfz HtcgeåkbrfVfrtljybz 13 21 fghtkz 1998 ujlf 21 bñyz 1998 ujlfDtyuhbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 2 bñyz 1995 ujlf 2 fduecnf 1995 ujlfUthvfybz 4 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 29 ctynzåhz 1994 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfUhtwbz 5 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 22 fduecnf 1995 ujlf 22 jrnzåhz 1995 ujlfLfybz 6 25 vfhnf 1993 ujlf 23 fduecnf 1994 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfBnfkbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 5 jrnzåhz 1994 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfRfyflf 31 vfhnf 1993 ujlfRbgh 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 16 atdhfkz 1994 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfKfndbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 25 bñkz 1997 ujlf 25 ctynzåhz 1997 ujlfKbndf 8 19 ltrfåhz 1997 ujlf 19 atdhfkz 1998 ujlfKböntyintqy 7 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 15 bñkz 1994 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfKñrctvåehu 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfVfkmnf 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfVjkljdf 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 1 atdhfkz 1999 ujlf 1 fghtkz 1999 ujlfVjyfrj 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 14 jrnzåhz 1993 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfYjhdtubz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 8 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlf 8 yjzåhz 1998 ujlfGjkmif 9 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 9 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlf 4 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfGjhneufkbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfHjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf

G H B K J É T Y B T È È

01 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.02 Pfzdktybt ghb gjlgbcfybb.03 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4., pfzdktybt gj cn. 26.2.04 Pfzdktybt gj cn. 26.2.05 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.06 Pfzdktybt gj cn. 26.2.07 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.08 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.09 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.10 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.11 Pfzdktybt gj cn. 26.2.12 Jujdjhrf gj cn. 19.4.13 Pfzdktybt gj cn. 26.2.

G H B K J É T Y B T È È

Hevsybz 10 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 22 vfz 1996 ujlf 22 bñkz 1996 ujlfCfy-Vfhbyj 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 18 yjzåhz 1994 ujlf 18 zydfhz 1995 ujlfCkjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf 31 vfhnf 1993 ujlfCkjdtybz 29 vfhnf 1993 ujlf 11 vfz 1994 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfNflébrbcnfy 24 vfhnf 1995 ujlf 24 vfz 1995 ujlfEpåtrbcnfy 24 zydfhz 1996 ujlf 24 vfhnf 1996 ujlfErhfbyf 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 12 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf 12 atdhfkz 1996 ujlfAbykzylbz 11 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 20 atdhfkz 1995 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfAhfywbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 13 fduecnf 1993 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfÖjhdfnbz 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 4 yjzåhz 1993 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfIdtqwfhbz 12 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 23 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfIdtwbz 13 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf 25 yjzåhz 1993 ujlf 5 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlf

Ljujdjh gj jnrhsnjve ytåe((ggjj ccjjccnnjjzzyybbññ yyff 77 jjrrnnzzååhhzz 11999988 uujjllff))

Ujcelfhcndj Lfnf Lfnf clfxb yf öhfytybtgjlgbcfybz hfnbabrfwbjyysö

uhfvjn

Åtkfhecm 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlfÅtkmubz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 28 bñyz 1995 ujlfÅjkufhbz 1 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 15 fghtkz 1994 ujlfDtyuhbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 11 fduecnf 1993 ujlfUthvfybz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 27 zydfhz 1994 ujlfUhtwbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 9 ctynzåhz 1993 ujlfUhepbz 1 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 2 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlfLfybz 1 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 21 zydfhz 1993 ujlfBckfylbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 25 fduecnf 1994 ujlfBcgfybz 1 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 18 yjzåhz 1993 ujlfBnfkbz 3 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 28 jrnzåhz 1994 ujlfRfyflf 2 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 21 bñkz 1992 ujlfRshuspcnfy 15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfKñrctvåehu 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 28 bñyz 1995 ujlfYblthkfyls 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 28 bñyz 1995 ujlfYjhdtubz 1 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 14 bñkz 1993 ujlfGjkmif 4 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 29 vfz 1995 ujlfGjhneufkbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 22 yjzåhz 1994 ujlfHjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlfHevsybz 1 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 5 bñyz 1994 ujlfCkjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf 5 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h)¡ 21 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlfCjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj 7 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 8 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlfCjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb 2 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 3 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlfNehwbz 6 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 30 yjzåhz 1994 ujlfErhfbyf 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h)Ahfywbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 30 bñkz 1993 ujlfXticrfz Htcgeåkbrf 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf (h) 21 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf

217

G H B K J É T Y B T È ª

Ljujdjh gjrf tot yt dcnegbk d cbke. Jy dcnegbn d cbke xthtp 60 lytq gjckt clfxb yf öhfytybt 20 hfnbabrfwbjyysö uhfvjn, d njv xbckt ltgjpbnfhbzvb b ntvb ujcelfhcndfvb, rjnjhst jåzpfys ghbybvfnm 8 bkb åjktt yfåkñlfntkmysö gjktnjd.

(h) Hfnbabwbhjdfy.1 Hfnbabrfwbjyyst uhfvjns clfys yf öhfytybt njkmrj

Dtyuhbb.2 C pfzdktybtv(zvb) b(bkb) jujdjhrjq(fvb).3 Clfys yf öhfytybt Rfyflt 31 jrnzåhz 1994 ujlf b Dtyuhbb

28 jrnzåhz 1994 ujlf.

4 Clfys yf öhfytybt Rfyflt 29 vfz 1995 ujlf b Dtyuhbb 29 vfz 1995 ujlf.

5 D rfxtcndt ujcelfhcndf-ghfdjghttvybrf åsditq Xticrjq b Ckjdfwrjq Atlthfnbdyjq Htcgeåkbrb.

6 Clfys yf öhfytybt Rfyflt 1 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlf b Dtyuhbb30 yjzåhz 1994 ujlf.

7 Cv. gjkjétybt j nthhbnjhbfkmyjv ghbvtytybb.

Ljujdjh jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbkfö d TdhjgtGGffhhbbéé,, 1199 yyjjzzååhhzz 11999900 uujjllff*

Ujcelfhcndj Lfnf hfnbabrfwbb

Xtöjckjdfrbz 5 fduecnf 1991 ujlfDtyuhbz 4 yjzåhz 1991 ujlfRjhjktdcndj Yblthkfyljd(d jnyjitybb nthhbnjhbq Rjhjktdcndf d Tdhjgt) 8 yjzåhz 1991 ujlfÅjkufhbz 12 yjzåhz 1991 ujlfCjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj Dtkbrjåhbnfybb b Ctdthyjq Bhkfylbb 19 yjzåhz 1991 ujlf(d jnyjitybb- Cjtlbytyyjuj Rjhjktdcndf Dtkbrjåhbnfybb b Ctdthyjq Bhkfylbb- jrheuf Léthcb- jrheuf Uthycb- jcnhjdf Väy- eghfdkztvjq nthhbnjhbb Ubåhfknfh- nthhbnjhbb cedthtyysö åfp Cjtlbytyyjuj Rjhjktdcndf Frhjnbhb b Ltrtkbz yf jcnhjdt Rbgh)Rfyflf 22 yjzåhz 1991 ujlfGjkmif 26 yjzåhz 1991 ujlfYjhdtubz 29 yjzåhz 1991 ujlfÅtkmubz 17 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfAtlthfnbdyfz Htcgeåkbrf Uthvfybz (c pfzdktybzvb) 23 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfBckfylbz 24 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfLfybz 30 ltrfåhz 1991 ujlfKñrctvåehu 22 zydfhz 1992 ujlfCjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb 29 zydfhz 1992 ujlfAhfywbz 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlfHevsybz 21 fghtkz 1992 ujlfBnfkbz 22 fghtkz 1992 ujlfBcgfybz (c pfzdktybzvb) 1 bñyz 1992 ujlfUhepbz 6 bñkz 1992 ujlfVjkljdf 6 bñkz 1992 ujlfUhtwbz (c pfzdktybzvb) 8 bñkz 1992 ujlfNehwbz (c jujdjhrjq) 8 bñkz 1992 ujlfFpthåfqléfy 9 bñkz 1992 ujlfErhfbyf 9 bñkz 1992 ujlfGjhneufkbz 14 fduecnf 1992 ujlfHjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz 3 ctynzåhz 1992 ujlfFhvtybz 12 jrnzåhz 1992 ujlfÅtkfhecm 30 jrnzåhz 1992 ujlfRfpföcnfy 30 jrnzåhz 1992 ujlf

216¡Ljujdjh dcnegbk d cbke 9 yjzåhz 1992 ujlf.

G H B K J É T Y B T È È È

Cnhfyf D ghjwtynfö Cnhfyf D ghjwtynfö

Irfkf hfcghtltktybz dpyjcjd d htuekzhysq åñlétn JÅCT((ggjj ccjjccnnjjzzyybbññ yyff 3300 bbññyyzz 22000000 uujjllff))

G H B K J É T Y B T ª È

219218

G H B K J É T Y B T ª

Cnhfyf D ghjwtynfö Cnhfyf D ghjwtynfö

Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb 12,40 Ckjdtybz 0,14Uthvfybz 10,34 Öjhdfnbz 0,14Bnfkbz 10,34 Åtkfhecm 0,07Cjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj 10,34 Hevsybz 0,07Ahfywbz 10,34 Åjkufhbz 0,06Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz 5,50 Rfpföcnfy 0,06Rfyflf 5,45 Epåtrbcnfy 0,06Bcgfybz 4,20 Fpthåfqléfy 0,02Åtkmubz 4,07 Fkåfybz 0,02Yblthkfyls 4,07 Fyljhhf 0,02Idtwbz 4,07 Fhvtybz 0,02Idtqwfhbz 2,65 Åjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf 0,02Fdcnhbz 2,36 Uhepbz 0,02Lfybz 2,36 Rshuspcnfy 0,02Yjhdtubz 2,36 Kfndbz 0,02Abykzylbz 2,36 Kbndf 0,02Gjkmif 1,05 Kböntyintqy 0,02Nehwbz 0,75 åsdifz ñujckfdcrfzBhkfylbz 0,63 Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz 0,02Kñrctvåehu 0,63 Vfkmnf 0,02Dtyuhbz 0,53 Vjkljdf 0,02Uhtwbz 0,53 Vjyfrj 0,02Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf 0,50 Cfy-Vfhbyj 0,02Gjhneufkbz 0,41 Cdzntqibq Ghtcnjk 0,02Ckjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf 0,25 Nflébrbcnfy 0,02Bckfylbz 0,21 Nehrvtybcnfy 0,02Erhfbyf 0,18 Äcnjybz 0,02Rbgh 0,14 Dctuj 100,00

Irfkf lkz rhegysö vbccbq b ghjtrnjd JÅCT((ggjj ccjjccnnjjzzyybbññ yyff 3300 bbññyyzz 22000000 uujjllff))

Uthvfybz 9,00 Epåtrbcnfy 0,55Bnfkbz 9,00 ÑujckfdbzHjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz 9,00 (exfcnbt ghbjcnfyjdktyj c 1992 u.) 0,55Cjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj 9,00 Ckjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf 0,33Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb 9,00 Fkåfybz 0,19Ahfywbz 9,00 Åjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf 0,19Rfyflf 5,45 Åtkmubz 3,55Bckfylbz 0,19 Rbgh 0,19Bcgfybz 3,65 Kfndbz 0,19Yblthkfyls 3,55 Kbndf 0,19Idtwbz 3,55 åsdifz ñujckfdcrfzIdtqwfhbz 2,30 Htcgeåkbrf Vfrtljybz 0,19Fdcnhbz 2,05 Vjkljdf 0,19Lfybz 2,05 Ckjdtybz 0,19Yjhdtubz 2,05 Öjhdfnbz 0,19Abykzylbz 2,05 Äcnjybz 0,19Erhfbyf 1,75 Fpthåfqléfy 0,185Gjkmif 1,40 Fhvtybz 0,185Nehwbz 1,00 Uhepbz 0,185Åtkfhecm 0,70 Rshuspcnfy 0,185Dtyuhbz 0,70 Nflébrbcnfy 0,185Uhtwbz 0,70 Nehrvtybcnfy 0,185Hevsybz 0,70 Fyljhhf 0,125Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf 0,67 Kböntyintqy 0,125Åjkufhbz 0,55 Vfkmnf 0,125Bhkfylbz 0,55 Vjyfrj 0,125Rfpföcnfy 0,55 Cfy-Vfhbyj 0,125Kñrctvåehu 0,55 Cdzntqibq Ghtcnjk 0,125Gjhneufkbz 0,55 Dctuj 100,00

Dcnhtxb Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd(hfytt – Cjdtn CÅCT)

Dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd byjcnhfyysö ltk YYmmññ--QQjjhhrr, 1–2 jrnzåhz 1990 ujlf1-z dcnhtxf ÅÅtthhkkbbyy, 19–20 bñyz 1991 ujlfLjgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf, yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd,ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd gj djghjcej ghbyznbb Äcnjycrjq, Kfndbqcrjq b Kbnjdcrjq htcgeåkbr VVjjccrrddff, 10 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlf2-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 30–31 zydfhz 1992 ujlf1-z ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf3-z dcnhtxf CCnnjjrruujjkkmmvv, 14–15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf4-z dcnhtxf HHbbvv, 30 yjzåhz – 1 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlf5-z dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd ÅÅeellffggttiinn, 7–8 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf6-z dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd RRjjggttyyuuffuuttyy,, 18–19 ltrfåhz 1997 ujlf7-z dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd JJcckkjj, 2–3 ltrfåhz 1998 ujlf8-z dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd DDttyyff, 27–28 yjzåhz 2000 ujlf

Rjyathtywbb gj jåpjhe(hfytt – dcnhtxb CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd b cjdtofybz gj jåpjhe)

1-z dcnhtxf CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd ÅÅttkkuuhhffll, 4 jrnzåhz 1977 ujlf – 9 vfhnf 1978 ujlf2-z dcnhtxf CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd VVffllhhbbll, 11 yjzåhz 1980 ujlf – 9 ctynzåhz 1983 ujlf3-z dcnhtxf CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd DDttyyff, 4 yjzåhz 1986 ujlf – 19 zydfhz 1989 ujlf4-z dcnhtxf CÅCT d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 24 vfhnf – 8 bñkz 1992 ujlfRjyathtywbz gj jåpjhe ÅÅeellffggttiinn, 10 jrnzåhz – 2 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfCjdtofybt gj jåpjhe DDttyyff, 4–22 yjzåhz 1996 ujlfRjyathtywbz gj jåpjhe (gthdfz xfcnm) DDttyyff,, 20 ctynzåhz – 1 jrnzåhz 1999 ujlfRjyathtywbz gj jåpjhe (dnjhfz xfcnm) CCnnffvvååeekk,, 8–10 yjzåhz 1999 ujlf

Dcnhtxb ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd(Dcnhtxb ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy JÅCT)

ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb,, 30 bñkz – 1 fduecnf 1975 ujlfGGffhhbbéé, 19–21 yjzåhz 1990 ujlfÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 9–10 bñkz 1992 ujlfÅÅeellffggttiinn, 5–6 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlfKKbbccccffååjjyy, 2–3 ltrfåhz 1996 ujlfCCnnffvvååeekk,, 18–19 yjzåhz 1999 ujlf

220

G H B K J É T Y B T ª È È

221


Jcyjdyst vthjghbznbz CÅCT/JÅCTd 1972 u.–2000 u. (gj cjcnjzybñ yf 30 bñyz)

Herjdjlzobq cjdtn(hfytt, lj 1995 ujlf – Rjvbntn cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw (RCLK)

1-z dcnhtxf DDttyyff, 28–29 zydfhz 1991 ujlf2-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 22–24 vfz 1991 ujlf3-z dcnhtxf ÅÅtthhkkbbyy, 17–20 bñyz 1991 ujlf

1-z xhtpdsxfqyfz dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 3–5 bñkz 1991 ujlf1-z ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 8–9 fduecnf 1991 ujlf1

2-z ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 3–4 ctynzåhz 1991 ujlf1

3-z ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 10 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlf1

4-z ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 29 yjzåhz 1991 ujlf1

4-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 22–24 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlf5-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 8–11 zydfhz 1992 ujlf6-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 27–30 zydfhz 1992 ujlf7-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 27–28 atdhfkz 1992 ujlf8-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 13–14 vfhnf 1992 ujlf9-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 19, 23–24 vfhnf 1992 ujlf10-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 29 fghtkz – 1 vfz 1992 ujlf

2-z xhtpdsxfqyfz dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 6–9, 11–12 vfz 1992 ujlf1

11-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 18–21 vfz 1992 ujlf12-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 8–11 bñyz 1992 ujlf13-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 29 bñyz – 3 bñkz,

6–7 bñkz 1992 ujlf14-z dcnhtxf ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 9 bñkz 1992 ujlf15-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 13–14 fduecnf 1992 ujlf16-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 16–18 ctynzåhz 1992 ujlf17-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 5–7 yjzåhz 1992 ujlf18-z dcnhtxf CCnnjjrruujjkkmmvv, 11–15 ltrfåhz 1992 ujlf19-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 2–4 atdhfkz 1993 ujlf20-z dcnhtxf(Gthdfz dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf) GGhhffuuff, 16–18 vfhnf 1993 ujlf

3-z xhtpdsxfqyfz dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 26, 28, 29 fghtkz 1993 ujlf 2

21-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 26–28 fghtkz 1993 ujlf22-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 29 bñyz – 1 bñkz 1993 ujlf23-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 21–23 ctynzåhz 1993 ujlf24-z dcnhtxf HHbbvv, 27 yjzåhz – 1 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlf25-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 2–4 vfhnf 1994 ujlf26-z dcnhtxf(Dnjhfz dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf) GGhhffuuff, 15–17 vfhnf 1994 ujlf27-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 13–15 bñyz 1994 ujlf28-z dcnhtxf GGhhffuuff, 14–16 ctynzåhz 1994 ujlf29-z dcnhtxf ÅÅeellffggttiinn, 18–19 yjzåhz 1994 ujlf

Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn(hfytt – Dtycrfz uheggf RCLK, Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn)

Dtycrfz uheggf RCLK (18 zydfhz 1993 ujlf – 25 yjzåhz 1993 ujlf)38 pfctlfybq

Gjcnjzyysq rjvbntn (9 ltrfåhz 1993 ujlf – 28 yjzåhz 1994 ujlf)43 pfctlfybz

Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn (gthdjt pfctlfybt – 15 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlf)Pfctlftn tétytltkmyj

Rjyathtywbz gj vthfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz båtpjgfcyjcnb b hfpjheétybñ d Tdhjgt

CCnnjjrruujjkkmmvv, 17 zydfhz 1984 ujlf – 19 ctynzåhz 1986 ujlf

4-z xhtpdsxfqyfz dcnhtxf ÅÅeellffggttiinn, 28, 30 yjzåhz, 1 ltrfåhz 1994 ujlf1-z dcnhtxf Herjdjlzotuj cjdtnf GGhhffuuff, 30–31 vfhnf 1995 ujlf3-z dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf GGhhffuuff, 7–9 bñyz 1995 ujlf2-z dcnhtxf Herjdjlzotuj cjdtnf GGhhffuuff, 26–27 jrnzåhz 1995 ujlf3-z dcnhtxf Herjdjlzotuj cjdtnf GGhhffuuff, 21–22 vfhnf 1996 ujlf4-z dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf GGhhffuuff, 27–29 vfhnf 1996 ujlf5-z dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf GGhhffuuff, 11–13 bñyz 1997 ujlf6-z dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf GGhhffuuff, 1–5 bñyz 1998 ujlf7-z dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf GGhhffuuff,, 25–28 vfz 1999 ujlf8-z dcnhtxf Ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ajhevf GGhhffuuff,, 11–14 fghtkz 2000 ujlf

Rjltrc gjdtltybz, rfcfñobqcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö fcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb

1-z rjyathtywbz d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd DDttyyff, 22–24 ctynzåhz 1997 ujlf2-z rjyathtywbz d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd DDttyyff,, 29–30 bñyz 1999 ujlf

223

1 Dcnhtxf, cgtwbfkmyj gjcdzotyyfz hfccvjnhtybñ rhbpbcf d åsditq Ñujckfdbb.2 Dcnhtxf, cgtwbfkmyj gjcdzotyyfz hfccvjnhtybñ gjkjétybz d Yfujhyjv Rfhfåföt b djrheu ytuj.

Gthtujdjhs gj VLÅ

DDttyyff, 9 vfhnf 1989 ujlf – 4 vfhnf 1992 ujlfDtycrbq ljrevtyn 1990 ujlf b Dtycrbq ljrevtyn 1992 ujlf. Lfktt gthtujdjhs ghjljkéfkbcm d hfvrfö Ajhevf gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghbdtkb r dshfåjnrt dtycrbö ljre-vtynjd 1994 b 1999 ujljd.


Gthdjt pfctlfybt – 22 ctynzåhz 1992 ujlf d DDttyytt. Pfctlftn tétytltkmyj.

Tétujlyst cjdtofybz gj jwtyrt dsgjkytybz(gjcdzotyyst vthfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb)

1-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 11–13 yjzåhz 1991 ujlf2-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 9–11 yjzåhz 1992 ujlf3-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 4–5 vfz 1993 ujlf4-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 12–14 fghtkz 1994 ujlf5-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff,, 13–15 vfhnf 1995 ujlf6-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 4–6 vfhnf 1996 ujlf7-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 3–5 vfhnf 1997 ujlf8-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff, 2–4 vfhnf 1998 ujlf9-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff,, 1–3 vfhnf 1999 ujlf10-t cjdtofybt DDttyyff,, 28 atdhfkz – 1 vfhnf 2000 ujlf

Ctvbyfhs ACÅ/WGR

Gthdsq ctvbyfh gj djtyyjq ljrnhbyt DDttyyff, 16 zydfhz – 5 atdhfkz 1990 ujlfDnjhjq ctvbyfh gj djtyyjq ljrnhbyt DDttyyff, 8–18 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv rjydthcbb djtyyjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb d uhfélfycrjt ghjbpdjlcndj ÅÅhhffnnbbcckkffddff, 19–21 atdhfkz 1992 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq djjheétyysv cbkfv dltvjrhfnbxtcrbö jåotcndfö DDttyyff, 4–6 vfhnf 1992 ujlfCtvbyfh gj gkfybhjdfybñ d jåkfcnb jåjhjys DDttyyff, 31 vfhnf – 2 fghtkz 1993 ujlfCtvbyfh gj Rjltrce gjdtltybz, htuekbheñotve dpfbvyst jnyjitybz d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb DDttyyff, 6–7 vfz 1993 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv ltzntkmyjcnb CÅCT gjgjllthéfybñ vbhf DDttyyff, 7–9 bñyz 1993 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv htubjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb 3 FFiiööffååffll, 24–26 vfz 1994 ujlf


222

Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn Wtynhf gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd (RR WGR)

DDttyyff, 3 ltrfåhz 1990 ujlf – 8 yjzåhz 1993 ujlf; 43 cjdtofybzLtzntkmyjcnm Rjvbntnf ghtrhfotyf gj htitybñ Hbvcrjq dcnhtxb Cjdtnf (ltrfåhm 1993 ujlf)

Cjdtofybz gj hfccvjnhtybñdsgjkytybz, gjcdzotyyst djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz

1-t cjdtofybt DDffhhiiffddff, 27 ctynzåhz – 15 jrnzåhz 1993 ujlf2-t cjdtofybt DDffhhiiffddff, 2–19 jrnzåhz 1995 ujlf3-t cjdtofybt DDffhhiiffddff, 12–28 yjzåhz 1997 ujlf4-t cjdtofybt DDffhhiiffddff, 26 jrnzåhz – 6 yjzåhz 1998 ujlf

Ctvbyfh gj cdjåjlysv chtlcndfv byajhvfwbb DDffhhiiffddff, 2–5 yjzåhz 1993 ujlfCtvbyfh gj hfyytve ghtleghtéltybñ b ghtdtynbdyjq lbgkjvfnbb DDffhhiiffddff, 19–21 zydfhz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj ghjåktvfv hfåjxbö-vbuhfynjd DDffhhiiffddff, 21–25 vfhnf 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb FFkkvvff--FFnnff, 20–22 fghtkz 1994 ujlf 4

Ctvbyfh gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt DDffhhiiffddff, 16–20 vfz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj ghjåktvfv yfhjlyjcnb hjvf d htubjyt CÅCT DDffhhiiffddff, 20–23 ctynzåhz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Cnhernehyst äktvtynsuhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf: cdjåjlf fccjwbfwbq b YGJ≥ DDffhhiiffddff, 4–7 fghtkz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjce j dthöjdtycndt pfrjyf DDffhhiiffddff, 28 yjzåhz – 1 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj rjycnbnewbjyysv, ghfdjdsv b flvbybcnhfnbdysv fcgtrnfv cdjåjls htkbubb DDffhhiiffddff, 16–19 fghtkz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv jhufybpfwbb dsåjhjd b yfåkñltybz pf ybvb DDffhhiiffddff, 8–11 fghtkz 1997 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq cjltqcndbñ exfcnbñ étyoby d ébpyb jåotcndf DDffhhiiffddff, 14–17 jrnzåhz 1997 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjce jå bycnbnenfö jvåelcvtyf b yfwbjyfkmysö bycnbnenfö gj pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf DDffhhiiffddff, 25–28 vfz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Ghfdf xtkjdtrf: hjkm vbccbq yf vtcnfö≥ DDffhhiiffddff,, 27–30 fghtkz 1999 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Ltnb b djjheétyyst rjyakbrns≥ DDffhhiiffddff,, 23–26 vfz 2000 ujlf


225

Ctvbyfh yf ntve ≤VLÅ b rjynhjkm yfl djjheétybzvb: djghjcs ghbvtytybz b cjåkñltybz≥ FFkkvvff--FFnnff, 16–23 vfz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjce j ghbywbgfö, htuekbheñobö gthtlfxe jåsxysö djjheétybq DDttyyff, 20–21 bñyz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv htubjyfkmyjujrjynhjkz yfl djjheétybzvb DDttyyff, 10–12 bñkz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv jåjhjyyjq gjkbnbrb b djtyysö ljrnhby DDttyyff, 26–28 zydfhz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh gj htubjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, cnfåbkmyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb FFiiööffååffll, 17–18 atdhfkz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh gj cnhtkrjdjve jheébñ DDttyyff, 3–5 fghtkz 2000 ujlf

224

3 Nfrét ghjdjlbkcz d dblt htubjyfkmyjuj ctvbyfhf lkz wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbö cnhfy gj htitybñ RCLK, ghbyznjve yf tuj 22-q dcnhtxt.

Ctvbyfhs d hfvrfö Vjltkb jåotq b dctjåütvkñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz Tdhjgs XXI dtrf

Ctvbyfh gj vjltkb åtpjgfcyjcnb VVjjccrrddff, 17–18 bñkz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj vjltkb åtpjgfcyjcnb DDttyyff, 18–19 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Rjyrhtnyst dspjds b euhjps≥ DDttyyff, 5–7 vfz 1997 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Htubjyfkmyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm b cjnhelybxtcndj≥ DDttyyff, 2–4 bñyz 1997 ujlf

4 Nfrét ghjdjlbkcz d dblt htubjyfkmyjuj ctvbyfhf lkz wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbö cnhfy gj htitybñ RCLK, ghbyznjve yf tuj 22–q dcnhtxt.

Rjyathtywbb gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ

1-t cjdtofybt GGffhhbbéé, 30 vfz – 23 bñyz 1989 ujlf2-t cjdtofybt RRjjggttyyuuffuuttyy, 5–29 bñyz 1990 ujlf3-t cjdtofybt VVjjccrrddff, 10 ctynzåhz – 4 jrnzåhz 1991 ujlfCtvbyfhs gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ

Ctvbyfh gj djghjcfv nthgbvjcnb DDffhhiiffddff, 16–20 yjzåhz 1992 ujlfCtvbyfh gj ghjåktvfv vbuhfwbb, drkñxfz åtétywtd b gthtvtotyysö kbw DDffhhiiffddff, 20–23 fghtkz 1993 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Rjyrhtnyst ghjåktvs yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd (gjkjébntkmyst htpekmnfns bö htitybz)≥ DDffhhiiffddff, 24–28 vfz 1993 ujlf

Cjdtofybz gj hfccvjnhtybñ dsgjkytybz, gjcdzotyyst djghjcfv ärjyjvbxtcrjuj bpvthtybz

1-t cjdtofybt ÉÉttyyttddff, 22–23 zydfhz 1996 ujlf2-t cjdtofybt GGhhffuuff, 4–5 bñyz 1998 ujlf


227226

Ctvbyfh yf ntve ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrjt djccnfyjdktybt b cktleñobt ifub d gthtöjlyjv ghjwtcct: ajhvbhjdfybt bycnbnenjd, dthöjdtycndj pfrjyf b hjkm uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf≥ NNffiirrttyynn,, 19–20 jrnzåhz 1999 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Ärjkjubxtcrbt gjcktlcndbz rjyakbrnjd b djccnfyjdbntkmyst vths≥ CCffhhffttddjj,, 13–14 ltrfåhz 1999 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq jgsne gjcnrjyakbrnyjuj djccnfyjdktybz NNååbbkkbbccbb,, 26–27 zydfhz 2000 ujlf

Htubjyfkmyst ctvbyfhs lkz Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb

Ctvbyfh gj cjltqcndbñ hfpdbnbñ vfksö b chtlybö ghtlghbznbq ÅÅbbiirrttrr, 24–25 atdhfkz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv xtkjdtxtcrjuj bpvthtybz d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb FFkkvvff--FFnnff, 20–22 fghtkz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv htubjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb FFiiööffååffll, 24–26 vfz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj jåobv djghjcfv CÅCT NNffiirrttyynn, 28–29 ctynzåhz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤VLÅ b juhfybxtybt djjheétybq: djghjcs ghbvtytybz b cjåkñltybz≥ FFkkvvff--FFnnff,, 16–23 vfz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv hfphfåjnrb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf FFiiööffååffll, 19–21 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv jpljhjdktybz jrheéfñotq chtls NNffiirrttyynn// EEhhuuttyyxx, 10–14 jrnzåhz 1995 ujlfCbvgjpbev gj ghjåktvfv Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb yf ntve ≤Dctjåütvkñofz åtpjgfcyjcnm d hfvrfö JÅCT b htubjyfkmyst dspjds≥ NNffiirrttyynn, 23 fghtkz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjcfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz LLeeiiffyyåått, 24–26 fghtkz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Yfhrjnbrb bghtcnegyjcnm: yjdst dspjds≥ ÅÅbbiirrttrr, 10–12 bñyz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq yfwbjyfkmysv bycnbnenfv gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf NNffiirrttyynn, 11–13 ctynzåhz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh gj cjltqcndbñ ecnjqxbdjve ärjkjubxtcrjve hfpdbnbñ d hfqjyt Fhfkmcrjuj vjhz NNffiirrttyynn, 30–31 jrnzåhz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Hjkm cnfåbkmyjuj b nhfycgfhtynyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf d ärjyjvbxtcrjq jåkfcnb d htitybb cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghjåktv gthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf≥ FFkkvvff--FFnnff, 22–24 jrnzåhz 1997 ujlfCtvbyfh gj htubjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, cnfåbkmyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb FFiiööffååffll, 17–18 atdhfkz 1998 ujlfHtubjyfkmyst rjycekmnfwbb yf ntve ≤Hjkmétyoby d ébpyb jåotcndf≥ NNffiirrttyynn, 16–18 bñyz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq htubjyfkmysv ärjkjubxtcrbvghjåktvfv b cjdvtcnysv gjlöjlfv r bö htitybñ NNffiirrttyynn, 22–24 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlf

5 Nfrét ghjdjlbkcz d dblt htubjyfkmyjuj ctvbyfhf lkz wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbö cnhfy gj htitybñ RCLK, ghbyznjve yf tuj 22-q dcnhtxt.

Ctvbyfhs gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve bpvthtybñ

Ctvbyfh gj cjltqcndbñ hfpdbnbñ vfksö b chtlybö ghtlghbznbq ÅÅbbiirrttrr, 24–25 atdhfkz 1994 ujlf 5

Ctvbyfh yf ntve ≤Åbpytc b jrheéfñofz chtlf≥ NNffkkkkbbyyyy, 7–9 ctynzåhz 1994 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjce j hjkb nehbpvf d ekexitybb dpfbvjgjybvfybz vtéle ghtlcnfdbntkzvb hfpkbxysö rekmneh ÅÅeeööffhhttccnn, 6–8 yjzåhz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Hjkm nhfycütdhjgtqcrjq byahfcnhernehs d erhtgktybb cnfåbkmyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d xthyjvjhcrjv htubjyt≥ CCjjaabbzz, 15–17 yjzåhz 1995 ujlfCtvbyfh gj djghjce j åfpt lkz hfpdbnbz xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf, ghjvsiktyyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b ghzvsö bydtcnbwbq d cnhfyfö CYU VVbbyyccrr, 25–26 ctynzåhz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh gj jåtcgtxtybñ ecnjqxbdjuj ärjkjubxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz d hfqjyt Fhfkmcrjuj vjhz NNffiirrttyynn, 30–31 jrnzåhz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Hjkm cnfåbkmyjuj b nhfycgfhtynyjujpfrjyjlfntkmcndf d ärjyjvbxtcrjq jåkfcnb d htitybbcjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghjåktv gthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf≥ FFkkvvff--FFnnff, 22–24 jrnzåhz 1997 ujlfCjdvtcnyfz rjyathtywbz JÅCT/JÄCH yf ntve ≤Yfwbjyfkmyst b vtéleyfhjlyst gjlöjls r gjdsitybñ jndtncndtyyjcnb b nhfycgfhtynyjcnb d hfåjnt jhufyjd eghfdktybz≥ GGffhhbbéé, 15–16 bñkz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq htubjyfkmysv ärjkjubxtcrbvghjåktvfv b cjdvtcnysv gjlöjlfv r bö htitybñ NNffiirrttyynn, 22–24 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh, gjcdzotyysq htubjyfkmysv ärjkjubxtcrbv ghjåktvfv b cjdvtcnysv gjlöjlfv r bö htitybñ yf ghbvtht xthyjvjhcrjuj htubjyf CCnnffvvååeekk, 5–6 yjzåhz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Htubjyfkmyst ärjkjubxtcrbt ghjåktvsb cjdvtcnyst gjlöjls r bö htitybñ yf ghbvtht Chtlbptvyjuj vjhz≥ VVffkkmmnnff,, 22–23 atdhfkz 1999 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Cjnhelybxtcndj d jåkfcnb äythutnbrb d htubjyt Åfknbqcrjuj vjhz b hjkm nhfycütdhjgtqcrbö äythutnbxtcrbö ctntq≥ HHbbuuff,, 9 fghtkz 1999 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Htubjyfkmyst ärjkjubxtcrbt ghjåktvs b cjdvtcnyst gjlöjls r bö htitybñ yf ghbvtht åfknbqcrjuj htubjyf≥ DDffhhyyttvvññyylltt,, 26–27 fghtkz 1999 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Ljcneg r byajhvfwbb, exfcnbt jåotcndtyyjcnb d ghbyznbb htitybq b ljcneg r ghfdjcelbñ d ärjkjubxtcrbö djghjcfö≥ FFkkvvff--FFnnff, 11–12 bñyz 1999 ujlf

228


229

Ctvbyfh gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ yf ntve ≤JÅCT rfr åfpf lkz lbfkjuf b endthéltybz yjhv gjdtltybz≥ NNttkkmm--FFddbbdd, 2–4 bñyz 1996 ujlfCtvbyfh gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ yf ntve ≤Vjltkm åtpjgfcyjcnb lkz ÖÖÈ dtrf:gthcgtrnbds lkz chtlbptvyjvjhcrjuj åfcctqyf≥ RRffbbhh, 3–5 ctynzåhz 1997 ujlfCtvbyfh gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ yf ntve ≤Xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt åtpjgfcyjcnb, eghjxtybt ltvjrhfnbb b dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf≥ DDffkkkkttnnnnff, 19–20 jrnzåhz 1998 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Dsgjkytybt jåzpfntkmcnd gj xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ≥ FFvvvvffyy,, 6–7 ltrfåhz 1999 ujlf


Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd VVjjyynnhhçç , 31 jrnzåhz – 11 ltrfåhz 1978 ujlfCjdtofybt ärcgthnjd FFaabbyyss, 21 vfhnf – 30 fghtkz 1984 ujlfCjdtofybt ärcgthnjd DDffkkkkttnnnnff,, 15 zydfhz – 8 atdhfkz 1991 ujlfCjdtofybt ärcgthnjd ÉÉttyyttddff, 12–23 jrnzåhz 1992 ujlf

Cjnhelybxtcndj c vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb

Ctvbyfh yf ntve ≤Jgsn hfåjns d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt≥ GGjjhhnnjjhhjjéé, 29–30 ctynzåhz 1997 ujlfCtvbyfh yf ntve ≤Jgsn b gthcgtrnbds hfåjns d Ñuj-Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt≥ CCjjaabbzz,, 17–19 vfz 1999 ujlf

Ärjyjvbxtcrbt, ärjkjubxtcrbt b yfexyst djghjcs

Xtkjdtxtcrjt bpvthtybt

Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj djghjce j ghjldbétybb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf JJnnnnffddff, 7 vfz – 17 bñyz 1985 ujlfRekmnehysq ajhev ÅÅeellffggttiinn, 15 jrnzåhz – 25 yjzåhz 1985 ujlfCjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj rjynfrnfv vtéle kñlmvb ÅÅtthhyy, 15 fghtkz – 26 vfz 1986 ujlfByajhvfwbjyysq ajhev KKjjyylljjyy, 18 fghtkz – 12 vfz 1989 ujlfCbvgjpbev gj rekmnehyjve yfcktlbñ RRhhffrrjjdd, 28 vfz – 7 bñyz 1991 ujlfCjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj djghjcfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd ÉÉttyyttddff, 1–19 bñkz 1991 ujlfCtvbyfh ärcgthnjd gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv JJcckkjj, 4–15 yjzåhz 1991 ujlf

Ärjyjvbxtcrbt, ärjkjubxtcrbt b yfexyst djghjcs

Yfexysq ajhev UUffvvååeehhuu, 18 atdhfkz – 3 vfhnf 1980 ujlfCjdtofybt gj pfobnt jrheéfñotq chtls CCjjaabbzz, 16 jrnzåhz – 3 yjzåhz 1989 ujlfRjyathtywbz gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt ÅÅjjyyyy, 19 vfhnf – 11 fghtkz 1990 ujlfCtvbyfh gj hfwbjyfkmyjve jcdjtybñ ktcjd fhrnbxtcrjuj b evthtyyjuj gjzcf VVjjyyhhttffkkmm, 27 ctynzåhz – 1 jrnzåhz 1993 ujlfCgtwbfkmyfz dcnhtxf cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw c wtkmñ jghtltktybz vtéleyfhjlysö ghjtrnjd gj jrfpfybñ pfnhjyensv cfyrwbzvb ujcelfhcndfv d htubjyt CHÑ gjvjob d åjktt ecgtiyjv ghtjljktybb bö gjcktlcndbq DDttyyff, 31 zydfhz – 1 atdhfkz 1994 ujlf

Chtlbptvyjvjhmt

Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve, yfexyjve b rekmnehyjve cjnhelybxtcnde d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt DDffkkkkttnnnnff, 13 atdhfkz – 26 vfhnf 1979 ujlfCtvbyfh gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve, yfexyjve b rekmnehyjve cjnhelybxtcnde d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt DDttyyttwwbbzz, 16–26 jrnzåhz 1984 ujlfCjdtofybt gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ GGffkkmmvvff--lltt--VVffqqjjhhrrff, 24 ctynzåhz –19 jrnzåhz

1990 ujlfCtvbyfh gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ DDffkkkkttnnnnff, 17–21 vfz 1993 ujlfCtvbyfh gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ, gjcdzotyysqjgsne JÅCT d jåkfcnb erhtgktybz ljdthbz RRffbbhh, 26–28 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf

Ghjxbt ctvbyfhs JÅCT

Ctvbyfh gj djghjcfv dpfbvjjnyjitybq wtynhfkmysö b ghjdbywbfkmysö jhufyjd dkfcnb RRbbiibbyyttdd, 1–2 bñkz 1998 ujlf

Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT

Gthdfz tétujlyfz ctccbz ÅÅeellffggttiinn, 3–5 bñkz 1992 ujlfDnjhfz tétujlyfz ctccbz ÖÖttkkmmccbbyyrrbb, 6–9 bñkz 1993 ujlfNhtnmz tétujlyfz ctccbz DDttyyff, 4–8 bñkz 1994 ujlfXtndthnfz tétujlyfz ctccbz JJnnnnffddff, 4–8 bñkz 1995 ujlfGznfz tétujlyfz ctccbz CCnnjjrruujjkkmmvv, 5–9 bñkz 1996 ujlfItcnfz tétujlyfz ctccbz DDffhhiiffddff, 5–8 bñkz 1997 ujlfCtlmvfz tétujlyfz ctccbz RRjjggttyyuuffuuttyy, 7–10 bñkz 1998 ujlfDjcmvfz tétujlyfz ctccbz CCffyyrrnn--GGttnntthhååeehhuu,, 6–10 bñkz 1999 ujlf

G H B K J É T Y B T ª È È È

231230


Öhjyjkjubxtcrbq jåpjh jcyjdysö vthjghbznbq CÅCT/JÅCTc 1972 gj 2000 ujl

11997722 uu.. 22 yjzåhz 1971 u. – 8 bñyz 1973 u. Yfxfkj rjycekmnfwbq gj djghjce j Cjdtofybb gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt (Ötkmcbyrb/Lbgjkb)

11997733 uu.. 3–7 bñkz Gthdsq änfg CÅCT d Ötkmcbyrb18 ctynzåhz Dnjhjq änfg

CÅCT Yfxfkj dnjhjuj hfåjxtuj änfgf d Étytdt11997755 uu.. 21 bñkz Jrjyxfybt dnjhjuj änfgf

30 bñkz – 1 fduecnf Nhtnbq änfg CÅCT. Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd d Ötkmcbyrb. Gjlgbcfybt ukfdfvb ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd dctö ujcelfhcnde-xfcnybrjd ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf

11997777 uu.. 15 bñyz – 5 fduecnf Gjlujnjdbntkmyfz dcnhtxf lkz jhufybpfwbb Åtkuhflcrjq dcnhtxb

4 jrnzåhz Yfxfkj gthdjq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd, Åtkuhfl

11997788 uu.. 9 vfhnf Jrjyxfybt gthdjq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd, Åtkuhfl

20 bñyz – 28 bñkz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj gjlujnjdrt Yfexyjuj ajhevf (1980 u.), Åjyy

31 jrnzåhz – 11 ltrfåhz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj vbhyjve ehtuekbhjdfybñ cgjhjd, Vjynhç

11997799 uu.. 13 atdhfkz – 26 vfhnf Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj djghjcfv cjnhelybxtcndf d ärjyjvbxtcrjq, yfexyjq b rekmnehyjq jåkfcnzö d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt, Dfkktnnf

11998800 uu.. 18 atdhfkz – 3 vfhnf Yfexysq ajhev, Ufvåehu9 ctynzåhz – 10 yjzåhz Gjlujnjdbntkmyfz dcnhtxf lkz jhufybpfwbb

Vflhblcrjq dcnhtxb11 yjzåhz Yfxfkj dnjhjq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö

ifujd, Vflhbl11998833 uu.. 9 ctynzåhz Jrjyxfybt dnjhjq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö

ifujd, Vflhbl25 jrnzåhz – 11 yjzåhz Gjlujnjdbntkmyfz dcnhtxf gj jhufybpfwbb

gthdjuj änfgf Rjyathtywbb gj vthfv erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (VLÅ) bhfpjheétybñ d Tdhjgt, Ötkmcbyrb

11998844 uu.. 17 zydfhz Yfxfkj Rjyathtywbb gj VLÅ b hfpjheétybñ d Tdhjgt,Cnjrujkmv

21 vfhnf – 30 fghtkz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj vbhyjveehtuekbhjdfybñ cgjhjd, Fabys

16–26 jrnzåhz Ctvbyfh gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve, yfexyjve b rekmnehyjve cjnhelybxtcnde d Chtlbptvyjvjhmt, Dtytwbz

21 yjzåhz – 4 ltrfåhz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj gjlujnjdrtRekmnehyjuj ajhevf, Åelfgtin

11998855 uu.. 7 vfz – 17 bñyz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj ljcnbétybzv d jåkfcnbghfd xtkjdtrf, Jnnfdf

30 bñkz – 1 fduecnf Wthtvjybz gj ckexfñ 10-ktnbz gjlgbcfybzPfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf, Ötkmcbyrb

15 jrnzåhz – 25 yjzåhz Rekmnehysq ajhev, Åelfgtin11998866 uu.. 15 fghtkz – 26 vfz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj rjynfrnfv vtéle

kñlmvb, Åthy19 ctynzåhz Pfdthitybt Cnjrujkmvcrjq rjyathtywbb gj VLÅ23 ctynzåhz – 6 jrnzåhz Gjlujnjdbntkmyfz dcnhtxf gj jhufybpfwbb

Dtycrjq dcnhtxb4 yjzåhz Yfxfkj nhtnmtq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö

ifujd, Dtyf11998899 uu.. 19 zydfhz Jrjyxfybt nhtnmtq dcnhtxb d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö

ifujd, Dtyf9 vfhnf Yfxfkj gthtujdjhjd jå jåsxysö djjheétyysö

cbkfö d Tdhjgt (JDCT) vtéle 23 ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcn-ybrfvb CÅCT, döjlbdibvb d YFNJ bDfhifdcrbq gfrn, Dtyf

9 vfhnf Yfxfkj dnjhjuj änfgf gthtujdjhjd j vthföerhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnb (VLÅ), Dtyf

18 fghtkz – 12 vfz Byajhvfwbjyysq ajhev, Kjyljy30 vfz – 23 bñyz Gthdjt cjdtofybt Rjyathtywbb gj

xtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ CÅCT, Gfhbé16 jrnzåhz – 3 yjzåhz Cjdtofybt gj pfobnt jrheéfñotq chtls, Cjabz

11999900 uu.. 19 vfhnf – 11 fghtkz Rjyathtywbz gj ärjyjvbxtcrjve cjnhelybxtcnded Tdhjgt, Åjyy

5–29 bñyz Dnjhjt cjdtofybt Rjyathtywbb gjxtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ CÅCT, Rjgtyufuty

10 bñkz – 17 yjzåhz Gjlujnjdbntkmysq rjvbntn gj ghjdtltybñdcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt, Dtyf

24 ctynzåhz – 19 jrnzåhz Cjdtofybt gj Chtlbptvyjvjhmñ, Gfkmvf-lt-Vfqjhrf

1–2 jrnzåhz Dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd byjcnhfyysö ltk, Ymñ-Qjhr

233232


17 yjzåhz Dtycrbq ljrevtyn 1990 ujlf gthtujdjhjd gj VLÅ,Dtyf

19 yjzåhz Gjlgbcfybt d Gfhbét Ljujdjhf jå JDCT19–21 yjzåhz Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd,

Gfhbé: Gfhbécrfz öfhnbz lkz yjdjq Tdhjgs

11999911 uu.. 15 zydfhz – 8 atdhfkz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj vbhyjveehtuekbhjdfybñ cgjhjd, Dfkktnnf

3 fghtkz Ghbyznbt Pfrkñxbntkmyjq htpjkñwbb,rfcfñotqcz cjplfybz Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktbCÅCT, Vflhbl

28 vfz – 7 bñyz Cbvgjpbev gj rekmnehyjve yfcktlbñ, Rhfrjd19–20 bñyz Gthdfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Åthkby1–19 bñkz Cjdtofybt ärcgthnjd gj djghjcfv

yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd, Étytdf10 ctynzåhz Ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf, yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd,

ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd gj djghjce j ghbyznbb Äcnjycrjq, Kfndbqcrjq b Kbnjdcrjqhtcgeåkbr, Vjcrdf

10 ctynzåhz – 4 jrnzåhz Nhtnmt cjdtofybt Rjyathtywbb gjxtkjdtxtcrjve bpvthtybñ CÅCT, Vjcrdf

4–15 yjzåhz Ctvbyfh ärcgthnjd gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvbycnbnenfv, Jckj

11999922 uu.. 30–31 zydfhz Dnjhfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Ghfuf4 vfhnf Dtycrbq ljrevtyn 1992 ujlf gthtujdjhjd gj VLÅ, Dtyf10–20 vfhnf Gjlujnjdbntkmyfz dcnhtxf Ötkmcbyrcrjq dcnhtxb

d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd, Ötkmcbyrb24 vfhnf Gthdfz ljgjkybntkmyfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf

vbybcnhjd, Ötkmcbyrb24 vfhnf Gjlgbcfybt d Ötkmcbyrb Ljujdjhf gj

jnrhsnjve ytåe24 vfhnf Ltrkfhfwbz CÅCT d cdzpb c Ljujdjhjv gj

jnrhsnjve ytåe, Ötkmcbyrb24 vfhnf – 8 bñkz Xtndthnfz dcnhtxf d hfvrfö lfkmytqibö ifujd,

Ötkmcbyrb3–5 bñkz Gthdfz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjq

fccfvåktb CÅCT, Åelfgtin9–10 bñkz Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd, Ötkmcbyrb;

Ötkmcbyrcrbq ljrevtyn 1992 ujlf ≤Dspjd dhtvtyb gthtvty≥

10 bñkz Gjlgbcfybt d Ötkmcbyrb Bnjujdjuj frnfgthtujdjhjd j xbcktyyjcnb kbxyjuj cjcnfdf

jåsxysö djjheétyysö cbk d Tdhjgt (JDCT-1F)14–15 ltrfåhz Nhtnmz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Cnjrujkmv

11999933 uu.. 6–9 bñkz Dnjhfz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjqfccfvåktb CÅCT, Ötkmcbyrb

25 yjzåhz 49-t pfctlfybt Cgtwbfkmyjuj rjvbntnf AjhevfCÅCT gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnbåtpjgfcyjcnb, Dtyf/Hbv, pfdthibdittczghbyznbtv ljrevtynjd, rfcfñoböcz vthcnfåbkbpfwbb d jnyjitybb kjrfkmysörhbpbcysö cbnefwbq, ghbywbgjd, htuekbheñobögthtlfxe jåsxysö djjheétybq, djtyysörjynfrnjd b gkfybhjdfybz d jåkfcnb jåjhjys

30 yjzåhz – 1 ltrfåhz Xtndthnfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Hbv11999944 uu.. 4–8 bñkz Nhtnmz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjq

fccfvåktb CÅCT, Dtyf10 jrnzåhz – 2 ltrfåhz Rjyathtywbz gj jåpjhe, Åelfgtin28 yjzåhz 91-t gktyfhyjt pfctlfybt Cgtwbfkmyjuj rjvbntnf

Ajhevf CÅCT gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnbåtpjgfcyjcnb, Åelfgtin, pfdthibdittczghbyznbtv ljrevtynjd, rfcfñoböcz ukjåfkmyjujjåvtyf djtyyjq byajhvfwbtq, ghbywbgjd,htuekbheñobö ythfcghjcnhfytybt, b Rjltrcfgjdtltybz, rfcfñotujcz djtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrböfcgtrnjd åtpjgfcyjcnb

5–6 ltrfåhz Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd, Åelfgtin

11999955 uu.. 5–9 bñkz Xtndthnfz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjqfccfvåktb JÅCT, Jnnfdf

7–8 ltrfåhz Gznfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd (hfytt Cjdtn CÅCT),Åelfgtin

11999966 uu.. 15–31 vfz Gthdfz rjyathtywbz gj hfccvjnhtybñ ltqcndbzLjujdjhf jå JDCT b Bnjujdjuj frnf gthtujdjhjd jxbcktyyjcnb kbxyjuj cjcnfdf, Dtyf

5–9 bñkz Gznfz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjqfccfvåktb JÅCT, Cnjrujkmv

4–22 yjzåhz Cjdtofybt gj jåpjhe, Dtyf2–3 ltrfåhz Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd,

Kbccfåjy11999977 uu.. 5–8 bñkz Itcnfz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjq

fccfvåktb JÅCT, Dfhifdf18–19 ltrfåhz Itcnfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Rjgtyufuty

235234

G H B K J É T Y B T È Ö

11999988 uu.. 7–10 bñkz Ctlmvfz tétujlyfz ctccbz Gfhkfvtyncrjqfccfvåktb JÅCT, Rjgtyufuty

2–3 ltrfåhz Ctlmvfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Jckj11999999 uu.. 6–10 bñkz Djcmvfz tétujlyfz ctccbz

Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT, Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu18–19 yjzåhz Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd, Cnfvåek

22000000 uu.. 27–28 yjzåhz Djcmvfz dcnhtxf Cjdtnf vbybcnhjd, Dtyf

Flhtcf b rjynfrnyst ntktajys

OOSSCCEE SSeeccrreettaarriiaattKärntner Ring 5–7 A-1010 Vienna, Austriantk.: (+43-1) 514 36-0afrc: (+43-1) 514 36-96äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Ghfécrjt jnltktybt Ctrhtnfhbfnf JÅCTRytíªská 31, CZ-110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republicntk.: (+420-2) 216 10 217afrc: (+420-2) 216 10 227äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

■ Rfywtkzhbz Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhzntk.: (+43-1) 514 36-0afrc: (+43-1) 514 36-99äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

■ Wtynh gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjdntk.: (+43-1) 514 36-122äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

■ Ltgfhnfvtyn eghfdktybz b abyfycjdntk.: (+43-1) 514 36-113äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

■ Rfywtkzhbz Rjjhlbyfnjhf ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT d jåkfcnb ärjyjvbrb b jrheéfñotq chtlsntk.: (+43-1) 514 36-151äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

■ Ltgfhnfvtyn kñlcrbö htcehcjdntk.: (+43-1) 514 36-0afrc: (+43-1) 514 36-96äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (ÅLBGX)Aleje Ujazdowskie 19

PL-00 557 Warsaw, Polandntk.: (+48-22) 520 06 00afrc: (+48-22) 520 06 05

äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JÅCT gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd (DRYV)PO Box 20062,

Prinsessegracht 222500 EB, The Hague, The Netherlands

ntk.: (+31-70) 312 55 00afrc: (+31-70) 363 59 10


Ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbbKärntner Ring 5–7

Top 14, 2.DGA-1010 Vienna, Austria

ntk.: (+43-1) 512 21 45-0afrc: (+43-1) 512 21 45-9


237236


Cel gj ghbvbhtybñ b fhåbnhfée d hfvrfö JÅCTCtrhtnfhbfn

Villa Rive-Belle266 Route de Lausanne/Case Postale 20

1292 Chambésy, GenevaSwitzerland

ntk: (+41-22) 758 00 25afrc: (+41-22) 758 25 10

Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz (GF) JÅCTVtéleyfhjlysq ctrhtnfhbfn Gfhkfvtyncrjq fccfvåktb JÅCT

R�dhusstr¾de 1DK-1466 Copenhagen, Denmark

ntk.: (+45-33) 37 80 40afrc: (+45-33) 37 80 40


Vbccbb JÅCT b lheubt ajhvs ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf JÅCT yf vtcnfö

Ghbcencndbt JÅCT d FkåfybbRruga: Donika Kastrioti

Villa 6, Tiranantk.: (+355-42) 35 993afrc: (+355-42) 35 994


Wtynh JÅCT d Fkvf-Fnt67 Tole Bi Street

2nd floor, Almaty, Kazakhstan 480091ntk.: (+7-3272) 62 17 62afrc: (+7-3272) 62 43 85


Wtynh JÅCT d Fiöfåflt47 Karl Liebknecht Str.

744000 Ashgabad, Turkmenistanntk.: (+993-12) 35 30 92afrc: (+993-12) 35 30 41


Rjycekmnfnbdyj-yfåkñlfntkmyfz uheggf JÅCT d ÅtkfhecbProspekt Gasety Pravda 11

Minsk 220116, RBntk.: (+375-172) 72 34 97afrc: (+375-172) 72 34 98


Wtynh JÅCT d Åbirtrt139 St. Toktogula

720001 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstanntk.: (+996-312) 66 41 80afrc: (+996-312) 66 31 69äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Vbccbz JÅCT d Åjcybb b UthwtujdbytObala Kulina Bana 19, Sarajevo

ntk.: (+387-71)(+387-33) 444 444afrc: (+387-71)(+387-33) 442 479


Uheggf cjltqcndbz JÅCT d XtxytVjcrjdcrbq jabc (dhtvtyyj)

ntk.: (+7-095) 797 68 28afrc: (+7-095) 797 68 27

Vbccbz JÅCT d ÖjhdfnbbFlorijana Andraseca14, 10 000 Zagreb

ntk.: (+385-1) 3096 620afrc: (+385-1) 3096 621


Vbccbz JÅCT d ÄcnjybbRaekoja Plats 17, EE-10146 Tallinn

ntk.: +372-6) 10 18 20afrc: (+372-6) 10 18 22


Ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT d äcnjycrjq rjvbccbb gj djtyysv gtycbjythfv(yföjlbncz gj njve ét flhtce, xnj b Vbccbz JÅCT d Äcnjybb)

ntk.: (+372-6) 10 18 30afrc: (+372-6) 10 18 31

239238

Vbccbz JÅCT d UhepbbKrtsanisi Datcha No. 5, Tbilisi

ntk.: (+995-32) 98 82 05 bkb 93 89 15afrc: (+995-32) 94 23 30


Vbccbz JÅCT d RjcjdjBeogradska 3238000 Priµtina

ntk.: (+381-38) 500 162afrc: (+381-38) 500 188


Vbccbz JÅCT d KfndbbJekaba iela 20/22

Riga,Latvija LV 1050

ntk.: (+371) 732 31 50 bkb 732 44 67afrc: (+371) 934 39 81äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Vbccbz JÅCT d VjkljdtSfatul Tsarii 162012 Chisinau

ntk.: (+373-2) 24 14 00 bkb 23 37 71afrc: (+373-2) 54 76 20


Rjynhjkmyfz vbccbz JÅCT d Crjgmt gj ghtljndhfotybñ hfcghjcnhfytybz rjyakbrnfMarshal Tito 9–2

91000 Skopje, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniantk.: (+389-91) 222 950 bkb 112 413 bkb 111 143

afrc: (+389-91) 111 267äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Vbccbz JÅCT d NflébrbcnfytMendeleyeva Str. 12734003 Dushanbe

ntk.: (+992-372) 21 40 63afrc: (+992-372) 24 91 59


Rjjhlbyfnjh gj ghjtrnfv JÅCT d Erhfbyt18/24 Dimitrivska St.

01054 Kyivntk.: (+380-44) 244 70 75afrc: (+380-44) 246 88 26


Wtynh JÅCT d Thtdfyt60 Plekhanov St.

Yerevan 37501, Armeniantk.: (+374-2) 54 10 65afrc: (+374-2) 54 11 38


Wtynh JÅCT d NfirtyntWestern Side, 2nd FloorKhamid Alimdoain Sq.

700 000 Tashkent, Uzbekistanntk.: (+998-71) 132 01 52 bkb 132 01 56

afrc: (+998-71) 120 61 25äk. gjxnf: [email protected]

Kbxysq ghtlcnfdbntkm Ltqcndeñotuj ghtlctlfntkz gj rjyakbrne, zdkzñotveczghtlvtnjv hfccvjnhtybz yf Vbycrjq rjyathtywbb JÅCT

15 Zovreti str.Tbilisi, Georgia

ntk.: (+995-32) 37 61 61afrc: (+995-32) 98 85 66


Ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj JÅCT d Åfre City Mansion, Unit 2153, Azadlig Avenue

Baku 370106, Azerbaijanntk.: (+994-12) 90 80 47afrc: (+994-12) 90 80 48

äk. gjxnf: office@osce. baku


241240

C J R H F O T Y B Z

Cgbcjr cjrhfotybq, dcnhtxfñoböcz d Cghfdjxybrt JÅCT

TÅHH Tdhjgtqcrbq åfyr htrjycnherwbb b hfpdbnbzLtqnjycrbt vbhyst Jåott hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt j vbht d Åjcybb b ljujdjhtyyjcnb UthwtujdbytÅLBGX Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv

xtkjdtrfÅCD Åñhj gj cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv¡ÅCWF Åñhj JÅCT gj cdzpb d Wtynhfkmyjq FpbbÅÑHV åsdifz ñujckfdcrfz Htcgeåkbrf VfrtljybzDFJJYDC Dhtvtyyfz flvbybcnhfwbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbyty-

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DRYV Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh gj ltkfv yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd

UGDE Uheggf gkfybhjdfybz dscjrjuj ehjdyzUC Uheggf cjltqcndbz JÅCT d XtxytLG Ltqcndeñobq ghtlctlfntkmTC Tdhjgtqcrbq cjñpTC Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndjTÄR JJY Tdhjgtqcrfz ärjyjvbxtcrfz rjvbccbz Jhufybpfwbb

Jåütlbytyysö YfwbqPTC Pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrbq cjñpRRJY Rjycekmnfnbdyfz rjvbccbz gj jnrhsnjve ytåeRYU Rjycekmnfnbdyj-yfåkñlfntkmyfz uheggf JÅCT

d ÅtkfhecbRVTC Rjynhjkmyfz vbccbz Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndfRCLK Rjvbntn cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw¡VL vthf(s) ljdthbz¡VLÅ vthf(s) erhtgktybz ljdthbz b åtpjgfcyjcnbVRRR Vtéleyfhjlysq rjvbntn Rhfcyjuj RhtcnfVGR Vbccbz gj ghjdthrt d RjcjdjVGC Vbccbz(b) gj gjllthért cfyrwbqYFNJ Jhufybpfwbz Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhfYGJ ytghfdbntkmcndtyyfz(st) jhufybpfwbz(b)YCU ytexfcndeñott(bt) chtlbptvyjvjhcrjt(bt)

ujcelfhcndj(f)¡JDL Jhufybpfwbz Dfhifdcrjuj ljujdjhf¡JDCT jåsxyst djjheétyyst cbks d Tdhjgt (Ljujdjh j)JÅCT Jhufybpfwbz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d TdhjgtJVBR Vbccbz JÅCT d Rjcjdj

JÄCH Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbzGF Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktzGHJJY Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö YfwbqGC Gjcnjzyysq cjdtnHC Herjdjlzobq cjdtnCT Cjdtn TdhjgsCÅCT Cjdtofybt gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt¡CHÑ Cjñpyfz Htcgeåkbrf ÑujckfdbzCRU Cjdvtcnyfz rjycekmnfnbdyfz uheggfCRR Cjdvtcnyfz rjynhjkmyfz rjvbccbzCYU Cjlheétcndj Ytpfdbcbvsö UjcelfhcndCGC chtlbptvyjvjhcrbt gfhnyths gj cjnhelybxtcndeCAJH Cnfåbkbpfwbjyyst cbksEDRÅ Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq

gj ltkfv åtétywtdEDRGX Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq

gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrfWGR Wtynh gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjdACÅ Ajhev gj cjnhelybxtcnde d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb

¡ Cjrhfotybz, jåjpyfxfñobt åjktt yt ceotcndeñobt gjyznbz bkb yfpdfybz, rjnjhst dgjcktlcndbb åskb bpvtytys.

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Cnh. 11: Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin

Cnh. 17: Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin

Cnh. 23: FG/Cfynmzuj KbjyCnh. 60: Åtkf IfyltktirbCnh. 63: Vtkbccf AktvbyuCnh. 68: Åmëhy T. ÅhecnflCnh. 98: Vtkbccf AktvbyuCnh. 187: JJY/LJB Ädfy Iyfqlth

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Ult yfqnb ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ?Bcnjxybrb htuekzhyj jåyjdkztvjq byajhvfwbb d Ctrhtnfhbfnt JÅCT

1. Ctntdjq eptk JÅCTCjlthébn tétlytdyj jåyjdkztveñ njxyeñ byajhvfwbñ j ntreotq ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT b gjgjkyztvsqjgthfnbdyj-ljcnegysq fhöbd ljrevtynfwbb, rfcfñotqcz htitybq Jhufybpfwbb. Gjkysq gthtxtym geåkbrfwbq JÅCT vjéyj gjkexbnm d ctntdjv epkt (http://www.osce.org).

2. Dtcnybr JÅCTCjlthébn ntreoeñ byajhvfwbñ b jpyfrjvbntkmyst cnfnmb j hfåjnt JÅCT, d njv xbckt j tt ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö b bycnbnenfö. Bplftncz tétvtczxyj yf dctö itcnb jabwbfkmysö zpsrfö JÅCT *.

3. Htitybz JÅCT CghfdjxybrTétujlysq cåjhybr dctö htitybq, ghbyznsö lbcreccbjyysvb b lbhtrnbdysvb jhufyfvb JÅCT. Bvtñncz bplfybz pf 1993–94, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 b 1999 uu.

4. Byajhvfwbjyyst cghfdrb jå JÅCTCthbz bplfybq c bpkjétybtv åfpjdjq byajhvfwbb jå JÅCT, tt ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnfö b bycnbnenfö(htuekzhyj jåyjdkztncz b dsgecrftncz yf ytcrjkmrbö jabwbfkmysö b vtcnysö zpsrfö).

5. Tétujlysq ljrkfl Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz j ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCTTétujlysq ljrkfl j ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT, gjlujnfdkbdftvsq Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv (pf 1993, 1994,1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 b 1999 uu.). Bvttncz yf dctö itcnb jabwbfkmysö zpsrfö JÅCT *.

6. Jåpjh ltzntkmyjcnb ljkujchjxysö vbccbq JÅCTJgbcfntkmysq jåpjh ltzntkmyjcnb JÅCT yf vtcnfö, drkñxfz vfylfns b ntöybxtcrbt lfyyst, gjlujnfd-kbdftvsq b jåyjdkztvsq Wtynhjv gj ghtljndhfotybñ rjyakbrnjd

7. Gjkeujljdjq ljrkfl ÅLBGXJåpjh ltzntkmyjcnb Åñhj gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv bycnbnenfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf

8. Tétujlybr, dsgecrftvsq Ghtlcnfdbntktv JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbbCjlthébn ghtlcnfdkztvst éehyfkbcnfvb b lheubvb fdnjhfvb vfnthbfks j cdjåjlt chtlcnd vfccjdjqbyajhvfwbb d htubjyt JÅCT, f nfrét ljrkfl j hfåjnt rfywtkzhbb Ghtlcnfdbntkz.

Bvtñncz bplfybz pf 1999 b 2000 ujls.

Änb vfnthbfks vjéyj gjkexbnm, jåhfnbdibcm dCtrwbñ ljrevtynfwbb Ghfécrjuj jnltktybz Ctrhtnfhbfnf JÅCT

Rytíªµká 31 CZ-110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republicntk.: (+420-2) 216 10 217 afrc: (+420-2) 216 10 227


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Geåkbrfwbz Ctrhtnfhbfnf Jhufybpfwbb

gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt

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