Van den Berg 2009 - Net Het Echte Leven. Belangen, macht en illusies in professionele teams

7/23/2019 Van den Berg 2009 - Net Het Echte Leven. Belangen, macht en illusies in professionele teams

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Glt blt lmbtl clvlgdlcjgnlg, ojmbt lg kccuskls kg prhalsskhglcl tljos

Dlckj vjg `lg Dlrn



]k`lsthgl Urlss J glw nlglrjtkhg ha Uudcksbkgn

[hu jrl rlj`kgn j aucc vlrskhg ha tbks dhhf, ahr arll!

Pbks dhhf ks pjrt ha tbl ]k`lsthgl l-ckdrjry wblrl ohst ha hur

pudckmjtkhgs jrl auccy jmmlsskdcl ahr arll. Ahr jmmlss th ohrl

arll dhhfs vkskt9 www.sk`lsthgl.mho/ckdrjry

@hwgchj` Aucc U@A

Qkskt tbl ]k`lsthgl l-ckdrjry th drhwsl hur l-dhhfs. Ahr j okgkojc

all yhu mjg purmbjsl j auccy augmtkhgjc U@A jg` dy `hkgn sh, yhu

blcp th fllp hur ckdrjry ruggkgn.

www.sk`lsthgl.mho/ckdrjry



]k`lsthgl Urlss




© 455; D.O. vjg `lg Dlrn

\ktnlnlvlg `hhr ]k`lsthgl Urlss, Clk`lg www.sk`lsthgl.gc]k`lsthgl rlnkstrjtkhg guodlr9 ]]U052=555:

K]DG ;>2-;5-22;5-544-2

Hoscjnkccustrjtkl9 Ojrkj J`lcjk`l ]kcvj, Tkh @l IjglkrhHoscjnhgtwlrp9 F. lgtkgf, ]k`lsthgl Urlss

Cjy-hut9 U.M. vjg ^hlr`lfho, ]k`lsthgl Urlss



Urhlasmbrkat

tlr vlrfrkinkgn vjg `l nrjj` vjg `hmthr

jjg `l \gkvlrsktlkt \trlmbt

hp nlzjn vjg `l rlmthr ojngkakmus, prha.`r. I.M. ]thha,

kgnlvhcnl blt dlscukt vjg blt mhcclnl vhhr prhohtkls

kg blt hplgdjjr tl vlr`l`knlg

hp vrki`jn < iugk 455; `ls ok``jns tl :4.0< uur.

`hhr

Dlckj Ojrtkgl vjg `lg Dlrn

nldhrlg hp =: ojjrt :;<>

tl @lcat


Js kg rljc ckal

Kgtlrlsts, phwlr jg` plrahrojgmlskg prhalsskhgjc tljos

(wktb j suoojry kg Lgncksb)



Urhohthr9 Urha.`r. U. Qlrwllc

Mh-prhohthr9 @r. I.B. Dhlsslgfhhc



Kgbhu`shpnjvl

Kgclk`kgn :=

Kgspkrjtkl tht `kt hg`lrzhlf :=

Phlnlvhln`l wjjr`l :0

Hpzlt vjg blt hg`lrzhlf :<

Ulrsplmtkla :<

Hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg :2

Cllswkizlr :;

@LLC K 4:

: \kt blt clvlg vjg llg tljo 4=

Qhhrjanjjg` jjg `l tljodkillgfhost 4=

jt whr`t zkmbtdjjr8 4>

4 @ygjoklf kg `l mhgtlxt 4;

@l mhgtlxt 4;

Qlrsglcckgn 4;

Nrhg`scjnlg vhhr sjolgwlrfkgn =4

Arjnolgtjtkl =0

]kopckmjtkl =<

Nrhg`scjnlg vhhr dlhhr`lckgn =1

Kg`kvk`ujckslrkgn =2

@kvlrsktlkt 05

= @klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg hg`lrzhlfstljos 0<

@l hg`lrzhlfstljos 0<

NHU 0<

@l jg`lrl twll tljos9 Ojx lg Ouctk <;

Ojx 15Ouctk 1>

@l `rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos >5

Hvlrllgfhostlg >5

Qlrsmbkcclg >:

@LLC KK >=

Kgclk`kgn hp @llc KK ><

Fluzl vjg `l tbloj°s >1



0 Ujsskl lg `hlc, drhgglg vjg blt bjg`lclg >>

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf >>

@l ojnkl vjg pjsskl >>

Pwll clvlgs dkgglg NHU >2Drhgglg vjg pjsskl >;

Chyjcktlkt 2=

@l pjsskl vhhrdki… 2<

Ujsskl lg `hlc 21

@hlc lg `hlcnlrkmbtblk` 22

@l kgvchl` vjg pjsskl lg `hlc hp summls 2;

Dlsmbhuwkgn ;5

Ujsskl ” dlcjgn ” `hlc ;5

Kg`kvk`ulcl lg tljo`hlclg ;:

jt llg nl`llc` `hlc `hlt… ;:Nl`llc` `hlc, nl`llc` dlcjgn8 ;4

Blt nrhtl vlrbjjc lg blt fclkgl ;=

Pwll clvlgs dkgglg NHU8 ;0

]jolgvjttkgn ;0

< Dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkamjtkl9 `l gjvlcstrlgn ;>

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf ;>

Bhl NHU zkmbzlca dlcllat ;>

Qlrdkg`kgn olt `l drl`lrl mhgtlxt ;2

Bhl duktlgstjjg`lrs gjjr blt tljo fkiflg :55Ulrshgjc k`lgtktkls :5:

Pwll pjsskls mhodkglrlg :5;

Blt laalmt vjg `lzl k`lgtktlktlg ::5

Dlsmbhuwkgn :::

Dkg`kgnsohtklvlg lg dlilnlgkgn :::

Dkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn9 hgjasmblk`lckif ::=

Dkg`kgn olt blt zlca, tljo âg hrnjgksjtkl8 ::;

l`lrflrknblk` hg`jgfs jsyooltrkl :44

@l kgvchl` vjg dkg`kgn hp blt summls vjg blt tljo :4=

]jolgvjttkgn :40

1 Mhoougkmjtkl9 `l djsks vhhr ‒sjolg‛ :4>

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf :4>

Ujtrhglg :42

Mhgkmtlg :=0

Tllmtkl :=1

Nlvhcnlg vhhr `l tljos :0:

Mhoougkmjtkl olt ‒duktlg‛ :0:

Kccuskl8 :04

Dlsmbhuwkgn :04



Dltlflgksslg vjg ‒mhoougkmjtkl‛ :04

lcfl frjmbtlg ojflg mhoougkmjtkl (hg)ohnlckif8 :00

^ksslcwlrfkgn tusslg mhoougkmjtkl lg kgtlrjmtkl :0<

Mhoougkmjtkl lg tljoplrahrojgml :0>]jolgvjttkgn :0;

> Clk`lg ha nlclk` whr`lg8 :<:

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf :<:

Ujrtkmkpjtkl, hhf kg blt `jnlckifs bjg`lclg :<:

Nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp kg `l prjftkif :<1

\kt`hvlg vjg blt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp :<2

Dlsmbhuwkgn :<;

Dltlflgksslg vjg clk`lrsmbjp :<;

Clk`lrsmbjp jcs nrhlpsprhmls :15Dlcjgn dki ëëgclk`lrsmbjp :14

Clk`lrsmbjp kg tljo lg honlvkgn :10

]jolgvjttkgn :1<

2 Kg- lg uktscuktkgn9 ojn kf lrdki8 :1>

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf :1>

Hp zhlf gjjr gkluwl cl`lg :12

]trjtlnklæg vjg gkluwl tljocl`lg :1;

Blt nrhtl vlrsmbkc lg blt laalmt `jjrvjg :>1

Tljmtkl vjg `l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg :>>

Mrktlrkj vhhr kg- lg uktscuktkgn :>;

Kgscuktkgn9 Llg nlzjolgckifl lxpl`ktkl8 :2=

\ktsthtkgn :20

]udtklclrl uktscuktkgn :2<

]udnrhlplg :21

Dlsmbhuwkgn :2>

Qlrsmbkigkgnsvhrolg :2>

Dlcjgnlg lg frjmbtlg :22

]trjtlnklæg vjg gkluwfholrs lg hu`nl`klg`lg :;:

Mhoougkmjtkl dki kg- lg uktscuktkgn :;=

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn kg `l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg NHU lg `l honlvkgn :;<

Blt laalmt hp plrahrojgml :;1

]jolgvjttkgn :;2

@LLC KKK 45:

Kgclk`kgn hp @llc KKK 45=

; Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud8 45<

jt nldlurt lr lknlgckif kg `ëzl tljos8 45<



Tjtkh, kccuskl lg lohtkl 4:4

Pbloj‛s kg `l hg`lrstrhho 4:<

Olgslg zkig scko 4:1

Blt tljock zlca 4:>Kgvchl` lg ojmbt 44:

Hgzl ‒vhhrstlcckgn‛ gj`lr dlsmbhuw` 4==

@l fllrzki`l 4=<

Hgtdrlflg` vlrtrhuwlg 4=1

Bhlzh scko8 40=

lcfhol kccuskls, llg ohhkl vhhrstlcckgn 400

:5 Mhgmcuskls 40>

Dlcjgnlg 402

Qlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus, vlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg 402Blt blo` gj`lr `jg `l rhf 402

Jodknu lknlgdlcjgn 402

Drhg 40;

‒]ckool‛ tljocl`lg 40;

Kgtlrjmtkls lg tljoplrahrojgml 40;

Hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho 40;

@l smbkig vjg ugkahroktlkt 4<5

Mhoougkmjtkl 4<5

Clk`lrsmbjp 4<:

Ojmbt dlpjjct `l vhhrstlcckgn 4<:Lrdki ohnlg bhrlg 4<:

Qlrtrhuwlg 4<4

Hgvlroki`lckifl jodknuètlkt 4<4

Pljoplrahrojgml 4<=

Hvlrclvlg 4<=

]ummls lg ajclg 4<=

Dltlflgksslg 4<0

Hhnst vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf 4<<

:: Dltlflgks vhhr l prjftkif 4<>

Dlcjgnlg 4<2

Qlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus, vlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg 4<2

Blt blo` gj`lr `jg `l rhf 4<2

Jodknu lknlgdlcjgn 4<;

Drhg 415

Kgtlrjmtkls 415

Hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho 415

Mhoougkmjtkl 41:

Clk`lrsmbjp 414

Lrdki ohnlg bhrlg 414



Dhuwlg jjg vlrtrhuwlg 41=

Dlnlclk`kgn vjg tljos 41<

]tjrt vjg blt tljoprhmls 41<

Kgtlrvlgtkls kg dlstjjg`l tljos 411Kgtlrvlgtkls kg rlcjtkl tht tljovhcwjsslgblk` 41>

]jolgvjttlg` 41>

Dltlflgks vhhr blt wlrflg kg tljos 412

:4 Plrundckf vjg dltrhfflglg 4>:

]jolgvjttkgn 42:

Jjgpjf 424

Pbloj‛s 424

Mhgmcuskls 42=

Plrundckf 42<

Hhnst vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf 42<

]uoojry 42>

Jpprhjmb 42>

Pblols 422

Mhgmcuskhgs 42;

Tltrhsplmt 4;:

Hutmhol ha tbks rlsljrmb 4;:

Cktlrjtuur 4;=

DKICJNLG =5=

Hg`lrzhlf & hg`lrzhlflr =5<

\ktnjgnsphsktkl =51

Dltlflgks =5>

@hlcstlcckgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf =52

Hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla =5;

Fwjgtktjtkla vlrsus fwjcktjtkla, hdilmtkla vlrsus sudilmtkla =:5

‒Chmjc / lolrnlgt‛ ha ‒lcktl / j-prkhrk‛8 =:4

Mhgslgsus ha `ksslgsus8 =:=

Ghrojtkla, kgtlrprltjtkla, frktksmb ha `kjchnksmb8 =:0

Hg`lrzhlflr âg hg`lrzhmbtl =:>

Bhl tljocl`lg oki zjnlg… =:>

Okig lknlg dlclvkgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf =:;

Oltbh`hchnksmbl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn =4:

]tjrt, hrkægtjtkl =4:

Hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`l =44

Ltkm ” Lokm =40



Tllxkvktlkt =4<

Nlglrjcksllrdjrl flggks ” Mhgtlxtsplmklfl flggks =41

Ahmus, Drll`tl lg @klptl vjg Dlnrkp =41

Hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg =42Oltbh`ksmbl fluzls kg `kt hg`lrzhlf =42

Alktlckifl wlrfwkizl =4;

Jg`lrl oltbh`lg `kl hvlrwhnlg zkig ==:

Fwjcktlkt ==4

@jgfwhhr` ==<

Murrkmucuo vktjl ==>



:=

Kgclk`kgn

@kt dhlf `hlt vlrscjn vjg llg stu`kl gjjr tljowlrf dkgglg mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtkls. Bhl njjgtljocl`lg olt lcfjjr ho, bhl lrvjrlg zki blt tljoclvlg lg wlcfl dltlflgks nlvlg zki `jjrjjg8

lcfl nlvhcnlg bllat `kt vhhr summls lg ajclg vjg blt dltrlaalg`l tljo8

Qktjcl tbloj‛s `kl dkgglg tljos splclg zkig9 lrdki bhrlg, `l ojtl vjg dkg`kgn olt blt tljo lgduktlg nlschtlg whr`lg, zkmb dchht (fugglg ha ùrvlg) nlvlg, jabjgflckifblk` lg vlrtrhuwlg.Blt njjt hvlr dlcjgnlg, ojmbt lg dlègvchl`kgn, hvlr vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, kg`kvkùlcl rukotl lghg`lrsmbkffkgn jjg blt mhcclmtkla, hvlr jgnst lg hgtwkfflckgnsohnlckifbl`lg. @kt zkig jcclojjc dl-cjgnrkifl jsplmtlg `kl blt nl`rjn vjg tljocl`lg dlègvchl`lg. Fhrtho, `kt dhlf njjt hvlr olgsl-

ckifl jsplmtlg vjg tljoclvlg lg nlvhcnlg jjrvjg vhhr dltrhfflg kg`kvkùlg lg hrnjgksjtkls6 hvlrkgtlrjmtkl tusslg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn lg tusslg blt tljo lg bjjr honlvkgn. Blt njjt hvlr dkg`kgnlg nlollgsmbjp kg llg wlrlc` `kl nlflgolrft whr`t `hhr kg`kvkùjckslrkgn, vlrsglcckgn lg blthpvhlrlg vjg ‒vhhrstlcckgnlg‛. Hg`lr llg vhhrstlcckgn whr`t kg `kt vlrdjg` vlrstjjg `l dlwustlha hgdlwustl dlègvchl`kgn vjg l kg`ruf `kl llg kg`kvkù dki llg jg`lr wlft.

Kgspkrjtkl tht `kt hg`lrzhlf

lrflg` dkgglg llg prht-hrnjgksjtkl, jawksslclg` kg `l rhc vjg ojgjnlr lg ol`lwlrflr, jcstljock` lg jcs shckst, bld kf zhwlc kgtlgskla tljoclvlg jcs `l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg llg tljo lg bjjrmhgtlxt jjg lg ckivl lrvjrlg. Llg (tljo)ojgjnlr ohlt llg mhoprhoks vkg`lg tusslg blt zh nhlòhnlckif `klglg vjg `l dlcjgnlg vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl, vjg zkmbzlca lg vjg zkig ol`lwlrflrs. @jjrkg

whr`t llg dlrhlp nl`jjg hp `klgs kgtlnrktlkt, jjgnlzklg `lzl dlcjgnlg zlc`lg kg ëëg ckig cknnlg.Hhf jcs ol`lwlrflr lrvjjr il, gj jjgvjgflckif puur lgtbhuskjsol hvlr `l gkluwl djjg, hp sho-oknl oholgtlg spjggkgn tusslg chyjcktlkt jjg il wlrfnlvlr lg jjg ilzlca. Bhlvllc frkin il olljjg hgtwkfflckgn `hhr`jt il kg `kt dl`rkia ojn wlrflg8 Lg bhlvllc nlla il8 Bhlvllc whr`t vjgil nlvrjjn`8 Lrvjjr il ihuw kgzlt vjg chyjcktlkt, lglrnkl lg lxkdkcktlkt jcs llg ajkrl `ljc tlnlghvlril zlflrblk` vjg kgfholg lg slmug`jkrl vhhrzklgkgnlg8 Lg bhl zlflr ks `jt kgfholg lknlgckif8

Qjgzlcasprlflg` vjrkærlg `l uktfhostlg hp `lrnlckifl vrjnlg tusslg kg`kvkùlg lg kg l tki`. Llgkg`kvkù lrvjjrt dki rllmtkl zlca shos hhf `jt zkig jgtwhhr` vjrkllrt kg `l tki`.

@lrnlckifl vrjnlg zlttlg oki, kg `l cjtlrl ijrlg vjg okig `klgstvlrdjg` lg olt `l ijrlg wlcckmbt

wkizlr lg smblrplr wjjrglolg`, jjg tht rllmtkl lg vlrwhg`lrkgn hvlr bhl olgslg bjg`lclg lg wjjrho zki zh bjg`lclg, kg rlcjtkl tht `l hostjg`knbl`lg wjjrhg`lr lg `l mhgtlxt wjjrdkgglgolgslg wlrflg. Hvlr wjt zki kg buks blddlg jjg (tl hgtwkfflclg) mhopltlgtkls, jjg vuur, jjgmrljtkvktlkt6 bhl zki `lzl drhgglg kgzlttlg lg bhl zki `kt lrvjrlg. Kf vrhln ol ja ha hrnjgksjtkls`jjr ‒bjg`kn‛ lg vlrstjg`kn oll honjjg, kg `kl zkg `jt zl hp ùurzjol wkizl nldrukfojflg vjg

wjt bug ol`lwlrflrs dkl`lg. Qhhrjc stlc`l kf olzlca vrjnlg hvlr `l syglrnkl tusslg dlk`l kg- vjcsbhlflg9 nldrukflg hrnjgksjtkls bug ‒rlshurmls‛ zh`jgkn jt zki lr hptkojjc vhhr`llc vjg blddlg,hp llg ojgklr wjjrdki `l ‒rlshurml‛ lr tlnlckiflrtki` hhf zkig prhit vjg bllat8 Kf zjn kg okig lknlghrnjgksjtkl `jt kgktkjtklvlg vjg `l `krlmtkl ho tljos olt llg splmklf `hlc kg blt clvlg tl rhlplgstrjg``lg hp jmtkls vjg `klzlca`l `krlmtkl. Llg vhhrdllc` vjg ‒ugkgtlg`l` mhgslqulgmls‛ . Ha vjg phck-tklf bjg`lclg8 ^lrflg` dkgglg okig lknlg tljo lg dkgglg fcjgthrnjgksjtkls ks blt oki ùk`lckif



:0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`jt lr ghn vllc nlwhgglg fjg whr`lg, `hhr prhalsskhgjcs lg ojgjnlolgt, hp blt nldkl` vjgsturkgn vjg tljos kg llg dl`rkiasojtknl honlvkgn.

Phlnlvhln`l wjjr`l

‒Bhl wlrft blt `jg dki tljos8 ^jt ojjft `jt llg tljo okscuft ha scjjnt8‛ vrhln kf ol hhkt ja. Qjgzlcasprlflg` zkig kt vllc tl jcnlolgl lg jjroll gklt tl dljgtwhhr`lg vrjnlg. Kg lzl stu`kldkl` kf u llg uktnldrlk`l dckf kg bllc nlwhgl `jnlckifsl kgtlrjmtkls kg tljos. @jjrkg ks tl clzlg wjt

vhhr shhrt vhhrvjcclg bklr pcjjtsvkg`lg. ]tll`s ks `l vrjjn wjt `lzl nldlurtlgksslg dltlflglg vhhr `l dltrhfflglg. lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg bklr, dkgglg lg duktlg blt tljo, lg wjt zkig `jjrnlvhcnlg vjg8

Hp okig k`ll bklr hg`lrzhlf gjjr tl `hlg fwjo llg lgflcl mhcclnj olt `l sunnlstkl ‒clls `jg llgdhlf‛. Qllc ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur ks lmbtlr tl prlsmrkptkla, zh vhlc`l kf, tl hgnlnrhg` hptkokstksmb.

Qllc hg`lrzhlf ks nldjsllr` hp stlrf nlstkcllr`l gjdhhtskgn hg`lr cjdhrjthrkuohostjg`knbl`lg.Llg stu`kl gjjr `l frjmbtlg lg dlcjgnlg `kl kg sktu splclg kg tljos, nlègtlnrllr`, `klp lg drll`dlflflg vjgukt ollr`lrl kgvjcsbhlflg, vjgukt ollr`lrl vjf`ksmkpckgls, wjs gklt vkg`djjr. @jt ktshhrt hg`lrzhlf smbjjrs ks, bld kf cjtlr hg`lrdhuw` nlzklg `hhr Ojrtkg:. Hhf ]mbrukilr stlct `ktùk`lckif9

–@l shmkjjc-psymbhchnksmbl flggks ks vhhrjc nldjsllr` hp cjdhrjthrkuohg`lrzhlf, wjjrdki sclmbts lgflcl vjrkjdlclg whr`lg nlojgkpucllr` lg hvlrknl mhgstjgt whr`lg nlbhu`lg. Qrkiwlc ghhktwhr`lg lr ollr `jg twll nrhlplg kg blt hg`lrzhlf dltrhfflg. @l hg`lrzhmbtl nrhlplg blddlgvjjf llg j` bhm fjrjftlr lg `l `ygjoklf hvlr cjgnlrl tki` whr`t duktlg dlsmbhuwkgn nlcjtlg.Hhf blt hrnjgksjtklpsymbhchnksmb hg`lrzhlf ks hvlrwlnlg` fwjgtktjtkla vjg jjr` lg vkg`t ollrlg ollr kg blt cjdhrjthrkuo pcjjts `jg wlc olt dlbucp vjg nrhhtsmbjcknl survlys. Qkj `lrnlckiflrlùmtkl zkig wjjr`lvhccl kgzkmbtlg hgtwkfflc` `kl kgahrojtkla zkig vhhr mhopclxlrl sktujtkls. Hpblt oholgt `jt olg kg dlstjjg`l sktujtkls wlgst tl kgtlrvlgkærlg `klgt `l mhopclxktlkt zkmb lmbtlrwllr nlgj`lchhs jjg. V…_ @lrnlckifl rlùmtkl vjg mhopclxktlkt njjt tlg fhstl vjg `l kopclolg- tjtklvjck`ktlkt ” `l vlrlkstl `jt shmkjjc-wltlgsmbjpplckifl flggks ohlt clk`lg tht gkluwl ha ollrlaalmtklvl jmtkls.‟ 4

@l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg `lzl stu`kl ks hg`lr jg`lrl `jt `lzl `l mhopclxl ‒rljcktlkt‛ vjg bltjccl`jjnsl tljoclvlg dlsmbrkiat jjg l bjg` vjg nldlurtlgksslg kg rkl tljos kg mhoolrmkæcl hrnj-gksjtkls, jafhostkn ukt vlrsmbkcclg`l ojrftslmthrlg. Kl`lr tljock` lrvjjrt llg lknlg wlrflckifblk`

vjgukt zkig ha bjjr lknlg ugklfl plrsplmtkla. Qllc `jjrvjg dckiat kopckmklt, hhf vhhr `l dltrhfflgzlca. Yh`hlg`l whr`t hg`lr blt hpplrvcjf vjg blt nlojfflckif wjjrgllodjrl nlflflg, hp zhlf

gjjr `klpnjjg` kgzkmbt wlcfl dltlflgksslg prhalsskhgjcs jjg blt wlrflg kg tljos thlflgglg lgbhl zki `jjr oll honjjg. @kt whr`t vlrtjjc` bjg`vjttlg vhhr kg blt prjnojtksmb lg laalmtkla oj-gjnlg vjg tljos.

: Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 4:5

4 ]mbrukilr, 4550, pn =50-=5<



:<

KGCLK@KGN

Hpzlt vjg blt hg`lrzhlf

@rkl tljos kg vlrsmbkcclg`l mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtkls zkig nlùrlg`l cjgnlrl tki` nlvhcn`. Jccl bklrnlprlslgtllr`l hdslrvjtkls, vhhrvjcclg lg hostjg`knbl`lg ” jafhostkn ukt kgtlrvklws, hdslrvjtkls

lg jg`lrl drhgglg ” zkig nljghgkoksllr`.

Qjg `l `rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos ks NHU, llg tljo kg `l zjflckifl `klgstvlrclgkgn, kg `kt hg`lrzhlfblt ollst kgtlgskla nlvhcn`9 vklr ijjr cjgn. jjrglokgnlg vjg `kt tljo vhrolg `l flrg vjg `kthg`lrzhlf. @l nlblcl hdslrvjtklplrkh`l dlg kf zlca tljock`, wjjroll kf tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `kttljo llg wjjrglolr vjg dkgglgukt dlg9 hg`lrzhlflr âg tljock` tlnlckif. @lzl hg`lrzhlfsphsktklojjft blt ohnlckif zllr vllc lg vlrig`l wjjrglokgnlg tl `hlg, nlpcjg` lg vhhrjc hhf hgnl -pcjg`. ‒Nlsprlfils dki `l fhal‛, fclkgl mhgarhgtjtkls kg blt tljo lg olt `l hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxtfugglg krlmt kg blt hg`lrzhlf nldrukft whr`lg. Jg`lrzki`s smbukct lr llg nlvjjr kg llg lrnlckiflmhodkgjtkl vjg phsktkls. Bhl hdilmtkla fug il zkig jcs tljock` lg hg`lrzhlflr8Hp `lrnlckifl vrjnlg whr`t uktnldrlk` kgnlnjjg kg `l twll dkicjnlg. Dkicjnl K ‒Hg`lrzhlf lg hg-`lrzhlflr‛ dkl`t `l clzlr vjg `kt dhlf jmbtlrnrhg` dki `l vrjjn ‒wkl ks `l plrshhg `kl bklr wjjr-gllot8‛. Blt dlsmbrkiat okig bksthrkl lg phsktkl jcs hg`lrzhlflr. Kg Dkicjnl KK ‒Oltbh`hchnksmbl

vlrjgtwhhr`kgn‛ cln kf vlrjgtwhhr`kgn ja vhhr fluzls kg `l hg`lrzhlfshpzlt. @l ‒dkicjnlg‛ zkig`jjroll llg lsslgtkllc `llc vjg `l vlrjgtwhhr`kgn vjg `lzl stu`kl. jt kf kg `kt dhlf hhf smbrkiahvlr NHU, kf dlg kg l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l vjg bjrtl tljock`, rjjn okig stllgtil dki, lg hvlrzkl jgglt zh nhl` ha glt zh okg jcs jg`lrlg wjt `l dltlflgksslg hgzl kgtlrjmtkls zkig.

@l jg`lrl twll tljos, Ojx lg Ouctk, cjr`lrlg lg dlvlstknlg kg `kt prhlasmbrkat blt vlrbjjc vjgNHU. Dlk`l tljos zkig fhrtlr, ojjr lvlgllgs kgtlgskla nlvhcn`9 Ojx nlùrlg`l jmbt ojjg`lglg Ouctk nlùrlg`l vkia ojjg`lg. @kt jjgnlvuc` olt lgflcl hgtohltkgnlg kg cjtlrl ijrlg, jcclsdkgglg `lzlca`l plrkh`l jcs `l hdslrvjtkl vjg NHU. Olt Ouctk blddlg kg `l ijrlg gj `l hg`lr-zhlfplrkh`l ghn hgtohltkgnlg pcjjtsnlvhg`lg `kl nlclnlgblk` tht hdslrvjtkl vjg `l vlr`lrl

hgtwkfflckgn nlvlg. Ojx ks `krlmt gj dlækg`knkgn vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l vjg `kt tljo hpnlblvlg. Hp vlrsmbkcclg`l pugtlg hg`lrsmbrkivlg `l wjjrglokgnlg jjg Ojx lg Ouctk wjt zkmbtdjjr ksdki NHU. Hp jg`lrl hg`lrwlrplg cjtlg `l wjjrglokgnlg dki llg ha dlk`l tljos iukst vlrsmbkcclgzklg, wlcfl oki blddlg jjgnlzlt tht vlr`lr hg`lrzhlf gjjr `l jmbtlrnrhg`lg bklrvjg. Dlbjcvl`jt zl blt jcnlblcl dllc` vlrrkiflg, vhrolg Ojx lg Ouctk zh hhf llg spklnlc lg llg thlts vhhr `luktnldrlk`lrl hdslrvjtkls vjg NHU.

Plrwkic kf dki NHU tljock` âg hg`lrzhlflr dlg, dlg kf dki Ojx lg Ouctk nllg tljock` lg `jjr`hhrollr duktlgstjjg`lr. @jt nllat llg jg`lrl wjjrglokgnsphsktkl, -arlqulgtkl lg -kgtlgsktlkt. Plgnlvhcnl vjg `lzl vlrsmbkcclg`l phsktkls vlrsmbkct `l `klptl vjg `l wjjrglokgnlg vjg `lzl tljos.

jjrglokgnlg vjg NHU vhrolg llg vllc iglr lg `kmbtlr nlwlvlg wld `jg `l wjjrglokgnlg

vjg `l jg`lrl tljos. Hhf rjflg `l wjjrglokgnlg vjg NHU ollr blt `hhr `l tljocl`lg zlcalrvjrlg nlvhlcsgkvlju `jg dki `l jg`lrl tljos. Qhhr llg uktnldrlk`l dlsprlfkgn bklrvjg vlrwkiskf lvlgllgs gjjr llr`lrnlghlo`l Dkicjnl KK.

Ulrsplmtkla

@kt hg`lrzhlf njjt ukt vjg blt jmthrplrsplmtkla. @jt wkc zlnnlg jt kf vhhrjc nlvrjjn` bld gjjr ldlclvkgn lg dltlflgksslg `kl sktujtkls blddlg vhhr `l `krlmt dltrhfflglg, `l tljocl`lg, lg `hhrbùg hnlg bld prhdlrlg tl fkiflg. Yhg`lr tlvhrlg hp djsks vjg vhhrflggks (cktlrjtuur lg lknlglrvjrkgnlg) llg byphtblsl hp tl stlcclg hvlr summls- lg ajjcajmthrlg vjg tljos bld kf tljocl`lgnlvrjjn` gjjr bug lrvjrkgnlg olt blt clvlg kg bug tljo. @jjrukt ks hg`lr jg`lrl gjjr vhrlg nl-



:1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

fholg wjt vhhr blg kg `kt tljo `l dlcjgnrkifstl jsplmtlg vjg blt tljoclvlg zkig. @kl jsplmtlgbld kf vlrvhcnlgs jcs tbloj‛s kg `kt hg`lrzhlf uktnl`klpt.

jjrglokgn vjg kgtlrjmtkl ks `l mlgtrjcl nlnlvlgsdrhg kg `kt hg`lrzhlf. @kt dltrlat zhwlc wjjr-

glokgnlg vjg okizlca jcs wjjrglokgnlg wjjr tljocl`lg oki kg `l kgtlrvklws `llcnlghht vjgojflg. Blt njjt zh`hlg`l zhwlc ho `l `krlmt wjjrgllodjrl kgtlrjmtkl jcs `l `hhr tljocl`lgnlplrmkpkllr`l kgtlrjmtkl. ^lcfl dltlflgksslg olgslg jjg blt alktlckif lg prjftksmb bjg`lclg vjgjmthrlg kg bug honlvkgn nlvlg, dckift vjjf ukt ohg`lckgnl kgtlrjmtkl cjtlr kg `l tki`=. Ohg`lckgnlkgtlrjmtkl (mhoougkmjtkl, `kjchhn) bllat blt nrhhtstl jjg`llc kg `kt hg`lrzhlf. Pl hg`lrsmblk`lg

vhrolg vjg ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl zkig `l bhhrdjrl mhoougkmjtkl tlnlghvlr `l `hhr tljo-cl`lg nlbhhr`l mhoougkmjtkl, uktwksslckgn vjg dllc`lg lg dltlflgksslg kg sphgtjgl kjchhn gjjst`l lgknszkgs nlstuur`l `kjchhn tki`lgs kgtlrvklws. Dki blt trjgsmrkdlrlg vjg kgtlrvklws vjct hvlrk-nlgs hp bhl hgvlrwjmbt nrhht blt vlrsmbkc ks tusslg bhhrdjrl lg nlbhhr`l mhoougkmjtkl, zlcas

vhhr llg hpclttlg`l hg`lrzhlflr!

Llg nlvhcn vjg blt bjgtlrlg vjg blt jmthrplrsplmtkla ks `l `hhr oki nlvhcn`l wlrfwkizl tki`lgsblt vlrzjolclg vjg nlnlvlgs. Kgtlrvklws vhrolg blt dlcjgnrkifstl hg`lrzhlfsok``lc kg blt jmb-tlrbjclg vjg l dltlflgks kl tljocl`lg thlflgglg. Kg llg llrstl, hplg, gjuwlckifs nlstrumturllr`nlsprlf blddlg tljocl`lg bug dllc`lg hvlr blt clvlg kg bug tljo dlsmbrlvlg. Yl bj``lg jjrdki`l vrkiblk` bug lknlg tlrolg lg dlwhhr`kgnlg tl fklzlg, lg bug plrshhgckifl jmmlgtlg tl fklzlgkg `l hg`lrwlrplg `kl zki jjg dh` wkc`lg cjtlg fholg. Qjgukt bug lknlg plrsplmtkla blddlg zloki dlsmbrlvlg wkl zki zlca wjrlg, wkl (kg bug dlclvkgn) `l jg`lrlg wjrlg lg bhl zki `l hg`lrckgnlkgtlrjmtkl dlclla`lg. Hvlrllgfhostkn wjt Ujrflr0 dlsmbrkiat fhg blt hvlr `l nlsprlfflg bllg vlr-smbkcclg bhl zki zkmbzlca lrvhlrlg, lg bhl zki `l jg`lr zjnlg. ]hos wkizknt `kt zlcas hhf nl`urlg`lllg nlsprlf. Llg nhl` vhhrdllc` `jjrvjg ks blt llrstl kgtlrvklw olt ]hl, `kl zkmbzlca `jjrkgrlnlcojtkn tlnlgsprllft. Qlrsmbkcclg kg dllc`lg whr`lg vlrhhrzjjft `hhr bhl `l tljocl`lg bug

mhgtlxt hp `jt oholgt dlclvlg, tlnlg wkl zl sprlflg, wjt zl iukst `jjrvhhr nl`jjg blddlg, `llohtkl kl kt hp jt oholgt tlwlln drlgnt, lt mltlrj. Okig djsks ks lr jctki` vjgukt tl njjg `jt wjtzki oki kg (llrckifl) nlsprlfflg vlrtlcclg, vhhr blg ‒wjjr‛ ks. @jt zl ol gklt dlwust ho `l tukg clk-`lg, ks jjrdki llg jjggjol, nlstjja` hhr okig wjjrglokgn vjg kl`lr nlsprlf lg nlsprlfspjrtglr.Lëg fllr bld kf blt nlvhlc nlbj` `jt llg kgtlrvklwll gklt :55% hplg gjjr oki wjs, gklt zh vrki

vlrtlc`l wjt blo dlzknbklc` jcs kf wlc zhu wkcclg. Kg kt splmklfl nlvjc wjs blt dltrhfflg tljock`llg gkluwl thltrl`lr lg cjn bki hg`lr vuur vjg zkig honlvkgn. @jt bllat blo ohnlckif hhf gjjroki dlbhl`zjjo nlojjft.

Hvlrknlgs ks llg fjgttlflgkgn bklrdki hp zkig pcjjts. Qhgf < nllat jjg, lg `l Tukitlr1 dlvlstknt `kt,`jt zlcarjpphrtjnl nllg nhl` dllc` nllat vjg `l `rkiavlrlg ha nl`rjn vjg llg plrshhg, `hmb ukt-scuktlg` vjg wjt blt lxpckmkltl zlca vjg `lzl plrshhg nlrjtkhgjcksllr`, nlmhgstrullr` bllat jcs zkig

`rkiavlrlg lg nl`rjn.

–Qllc vjg l plrojglgtl ksphsktkls, lknlgsmbjpplg lg tloplrjolgtlg vjg olgslg ojflg llc uktvjg blt j`jptkla hgdlwustl, `jt vhhr blg (zlca) gklt `krlmt thlnjgflckif ks. @jjrho zkig olgslg

= ^lkmf, :;;<

0 Ujrflr, 4555, pn 44<

< Fhhcl, 455>, pn :4<6 Thhs Qhgf, plrshhgckifl mhoougkmjtkl, :2 jprkc 4552

1 Jrkl `l Tukitlr, plrshhgckifl mhoougkmjtkl, 4: jprkc 4552



:>

KGCLK@KGN

nl`whgnlg ho hp djsks vjg jg`lrl drhgglg V…_ tblhrklæg hotrlgt bug lknlg plrshhgckifblk` tlhgtwkfflclg V…_.‟ >

@l dlcjgnrkifstl drhg ho `l `rkiavlrlg jmbtlr blt bjg`lclg tl jmbtlrbjclg ks blt nl`rjn vjg `klplrshhg tl hdslrvlrlg. @jjrkg vlrvucclg `l kgtlrvklws llg dlcjgnrkifl rhc9 wjt zlnnlg `l nlègtlr-

vklw`lg hvlr wjt zki hpolrflg dki bug tljonlghtlg8 ^kcshg ghlot `kt hutsk`l-kgahrojtkhg `jt vkj llg ‒spklnlczlca ‛2 vlrfrlnlg whr`t.

@jt `l dlclvkgn ùs zlcas gklt plr plrshhg ‒vjst‛ tl clnnlg vjct, ojjft llg dlsmbrkivkgn mhopclxlrlg `l jgjcysl cjstknlr. Plnlckiflrtki` ks blt dllc` `jt zh vlrfrlnlg whr`t zh vllc rkiflr `jg llg nl-stkcllr`l dlsmbrkivkgn, llg vlrskoplc` oh`lc vjg `l bhha`ckiglg `jt mhgslgsus sunnlrllrt wjjr`kvlrsktlkt (zlcas dkgglg ëëg plrshhg) dckift tl zkig.

Lr ks zh`hlg`l nllg sprjfl vjg ëëg wlrflckifblk`, ëëg tljo, ëëg hrnjgksjtkl. @jt jccls dckiat zh llg‒mhgtlstl`‛ prhmls, llg plrojglgtl hg`lrbjg`lckgn hvlr `l kgbhu`9 `l dlclvkgnlg vjg kg`kvkùlg,`kl kg `l tki` oll vlrjg`lrlg olt bug hostjg`knbl`lg. Jjg `l tljocl`lg gù vrjnlg wjt zki týëgdlclla`lg, clvlrt ùs gklt bltzlca`l hp jcs wjggllr kf blg thlg bltzlca`l vrhln, ha nlvrjjn` zhublddlg. Ykl bklrvhhr hhf bhha`stuf :4, wjjr dltrhfflg tljocl`lg llg tlrundckf nlvlg.

Gjjst blt nlblunlg spllct ojmbt bklr vjgzlcasprlflg` llg nrhtl rhc. ^kl kgvchl` bllat fjg zkigdllc`lg ojfflckiflr jjgglolckif ojflg. Phlg, lg gu jmbtlrja.

–J vklw ha rljckty ks cjrnlcy tbl rlsuct ha glnhtkjtkhgs dltwllg jmthrs kgvhcvl` kg jsyooltrkmjc phwlr rlcjtkhgsbkps. Pbl jmthrs kg tblsl rlcjtkhgsbkps bjvl jmmlss th `kaalrlgt rlshurml ” ojtlrkjc jg` syodhckm ” jg` bjvl `kaalrlgt phsskdkcktkls wblg kt mhols th `lmk`kgn bhw rljckty ks th dl`lgl`.‟ ;

–]hol mcjkos `h kg prjmtkmjc tlros bjvl ohrl plrsujskvl phwlr tbjg htblrs, cjrnlcy dlmjusltbly jrl put ahrwjr` dy bknb stjtus hr wlcc rlshurml` olodlrs hr nrhups wktbkg tbl hrnjgkzjtkhg…V…_ Pbl slgsl olodlrs ojfl ha tblkr hrnjgkzjtkhg ks tblrlahrl dhug`l` dy tbl mhgtlxt haug`lrsthh` phwlr rlcjtkhgs…‟ :5

Kg ckig olt dhvlgstjjg`l wkc lg fjg kf chnksmblrwkis gklt dlwlrlg `jt okig kgzkmbtlg ‒wjjr‛ zkig. jt ‒wjjr‛ ks bjgnt ja vjg phsktkl, mhgtlxt, rlalrlgtklfj`lr, plrshhgckif dlcjgn. jt kf prhdllr, ksdltlflgksslg lg prhmlsslg kgzkmbtlckif tl ojflg, tlr clrkgn vhhr llg kl`lr.

Glt jcs ojmbt ks hhf lohtkl llg dlcjgnrkifl ajmthr dki dltlflgksnlvkgn. Lohtkl ks llg hg`lrzhlfs-jsplmt `jt `hhrnjjgs wlkgkn jjg`jmbt frkint. Akglojg smbrkiat bklrhvlr9

–Hrnjgkzjtkhgs jrl hatlg prlslgtl` js rjtkhgjc lgtlrprksls. Dlmjusl buojg dlkgns jrl jdcl thtbkgf jg` jmt rjtkhgjccy th ojxkokzl tblkr njkgs, hrnjgkzjtkhgs mjg mjpktjckzl hg tbks mjpjmkty thlamklgtcy jg` lmhghokmjccy prhùml tblkr nhh`s jg` slrvkmls.V…_ Pbks ks j mhoahrtkgn pkmturl ahrtbl mhgtrhcckgn, tbkgfkgn ojgjnlr. ]hrtkgn prkhrktkls jg` ojfkgn slgsl ha lvlgts jrl hatlg arjunbtwktb jgxkltkls, slca-`hudt jg` lohtkhgjc prlalrlgmls.‟ ::

> ^kcshg, 4554, pn ><

2 ^kcshg, 4554, pn :2; lg 454

; Jcvlsshg, :;;1, pn 14

:5 Ujrflr, 4555, pn 44<

:: Akglojg, 4555, pn :5



:2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@kt ks kg ckig olt l jcnlolgl tlg`lgs ho zjflg nlhdilmtkvllr` wllr tl nlvlg. Qllc ojgjnlolgtck-tlrjtuur njjt nlbllc vhhrdki jjg l jgnst lg twkialc kl nlckif hpnjjg olt blt prhalsskhglcl clvlg kgllg hrnjgksjtkl. ^jjr dltlflgksnlvkgn lmbtlr llg zh dlcjgnrkifl rhc spllct jcs kg `kt hg`lrzhlf fjg

lohtkl vjgzlcasprlflg` gklt duktlg dllc` dckivlg. Dlbjcvl `l lohtkl vjg `l dltrhfflg tljocl`lg,ks okig lknlg lohtkl jcs hg`lrzhlflr hhf kg blt splc. Akglojg vlrwhhr`t `kt ohhk kg blt lpkchhn vjg llg vjg zkig dhlflg9

–Lohtkhg bjs lohtkhgjc jppljc th tbhsl wbh tjfl kt hg dhjr`. Oy koprlsskhg ks tbjt kt lgnjnlsstu`lgts ha hrnjgkzjtkhgs kg wjys tbjt jrl qujcktjtkvlcy `kaalrlgt arho htblr rlsljrmb lg`ljvhurs,lsplmkjccy tbhsl tbjt bjvl dllg stllpl` kg rjtkhgjckstkm trj`ktkhg. Pblrl ks hatlg j slgsl ha rlckla jg`lxmktlolgt jt dlkgn jdcl th jrtkmucjtl tbjt wbkmb sllos sh mrumkjc, sholtbkgn tbly ‒fghw‛ th dl trul,dut tbjt ks hdsmurl` dy `lmj`ls ha rlùmtkhgkso, hdilmtkvkso jg` qujgtkmjtkhg.‟ :4

Hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg

Qhhr oki clk``l `kt jccls tht `l vhronlvkgn vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf, olt jcs mlgtrjcl hg`lrzhlfsvrjjn9

–^lcfl dltlflgks vlrclglg prhalsskhgjcs jjg blt wlrflg kg llg tljo8‟

jggllr prhalsskhgjcs kg tljos wlrflg lg bklr dltlflgks jjg nlvlg, splclg vlrsmbkcclg`l hrnjgk-sjtklgkvljus oll. Jcclrllrst nllat blt kg`kvkù dltlflgks jjg kgtlrjmtkls lg nldlurtlgksslg `kl bltdkgglg blt tljo lg kg rlcjtkl tht l mhgtlxt lrvjjrt. Blt njjt bklr dkivhhrdllc` ho plrmlptkls, mhg-strumtkls lg kgtlrprltjtkls vjg nldlurtlgksslg, vjg dlcjgnlg vjg zkmbzlca lg jg`lrlg, vjg ojmbts-phsktkls, vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg. Bklr hgtstjjg olgnlckgnlg vjg chnksmbl rl`lglrkgnlg lg lohtkls, vjgsudilmtklvl rljcktlkt lg kccuskls. Hhf hp tljolg hrnjgksjtklgkvlju vkg`t dltlflgksnlvkgn pcjjts,

wjjr `l kg`kvkùllc thlnlflg`l dltlflgksslg kg `hhrwlrflg, lg jg`lrsho.

Pwll sudvrjnlg drlgnlg ahmus jjg kg blt hg`lrzhlfsvlc` wjjr`hhr `l mlgtrjcl vrjjn whr`t hplgnlcln`9

lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus lg bhl whr`lg `lzl nl`klg`8

Bhl dlègvchl`lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt `l tljoplrahr-ojgml6 bhl `rjjnt `l dlsmbrlvlg `ygjoklf dki jjg tljosummls ha -ajclg8

@lzl twll sudvrjnlg bjgnlg `krlmt sjolg olt `l mlgtrjcl hg`lrzhlfsvrjjn. @l llrstl sudvrjjnnjjt kg hp dlcjgnlg jcs splmklfl vhro vjg dltlflgks kl hhr tljocl`lg nlnlvlg whr`t. Dlcjgnlghp blt lgl gkvlju wlrflg hhr kg dltlflgksslg hp jg`lrl hrnjgksjtklgkvljus. @l twll`l sudvrjjn

ahmust hp kgtlrjmtkls jcs hhrsprhgn vjg dltlflgksslg, lg `l nlvhcnlg `kl `lzl dltlflgksnlvkgnbllat vhhr blt bjg`lclg vjg `lzl kg`kvkùlg lg `jjroll vhhr blt tljosummls lg -ajclg.

Ollr hvlr okig hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla lg uktnjgnspugtlg stjjt dlsmbrlvlg kg Dkicjnl K ‒@lHg`lrzhlflr‛, `jt `l hgthchnksmbl lg lpkstlohchnksmbl phsktkl vjg oki jcs dlcjgnrkifstl hg`lr-zhlfskgstruolgt vlrblc`lrt, lg kg Dkicjnl KK ‒Oltbh`hchnksmbl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn‛, `jt kgnjjt hp `l

vrjjn bhl `kt hg`lrzhlf ks vhronlnlvlg.

:4 Akglojg, 4555, pn 4>2

:.

4.



:;

KGCLK@KGN

Cllswkizlr

@llc K dlnkgt olt llg fkifil kg ëëg vjg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. Llg clttlrckifl wllrnjvl vjg `lclg vjg llg wkcclflurknl ojjg`jnhmbtlg`vlrnj`lrkgn vjg kt tljo nllat llg llrstl k`ll wjt lr zhjc kg

`kt tljo nldlurt. Qlrvhcnlgs whr`t llg dllc` nlsmbltst vjg `l wlrlc` wjjr `l hg`lrzhlfstljos`llc vjg zkig, wjjrkg `l tljocl`lg wlrflg lg clvlg. Llg mhgtlxt `kl blg vhhr ukt`jnkgnlg stlct,fjgslg dkl`t lg dlplrfkgnlg hpclnt. Kg bhha`stuf = whr`t llg `klptldlsmbrkivkgn vjg kl`lr tljonlnlvlg. Bklr whr`t nlsmbltst wkl `l tljocl`lg zkig, wjt `l prhalsskl, ukt`jnkgn lg `hlc zkig vjg`kt tljo, lg bhl `l sallr kg blt tljoclvlg ks.

@llc KK dlbjg`lct `l vkia tbloj‛s `kl kg `l llrstl rhg`l kgtlrvklws gjjr vhrlg fwjolg jcs bltollst prhokglgt jjgwlzkn kg `l jjg`jmbt vjg `l tljocl`lg. @kt zkig jmbtlrllgvhcnlgs ‒Ujsskl& `hlc‛, ‒Dkg`kgn & k`lgtkmjtkl‛, ‒Mhoougkmjtkl‛, ‒Clk`lrsmbjp‛ lg ‒Kg- lg uktscuktkgn‛. Jjg kl`lrtbloj ks llg bhha`stuf nlwki` `jt uktnldrlk` kgnjjt hp hdslrvjtkls tki`lgs blt vlc`wlrf lg ukt-sprjflg kg `l kgtlrvklws. Qjg kl`lr tbloj nlla kf llg nl`ltjkccllr` dllc` vjg wjt zkmb hp `kt spl-mklfl jjg`jmbtsnldkl` jaspllct kg `l tljos. @kt ks ojtlrkjjc vhhr `l cklablddlr6 `l ollr nchdjjcnlègtlrlssllr`l clzlr fjg vhcstjjg olt blt clzlg vjg `l sjolgvjttkgn jjg blt lkg`l vjg kl`lr vjg`lzl bhha`stufflg.

@llc KKK dlnkgt olt llg nlègtlnrllr` hvlrzkmbt vjg `l dlcjgnrkifstl dlvkg`kgnlg ukt blt vlc`wlrf(bhha`stuf ;, Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud), nlvhcn` `hhr mhgmcuskls hp `l dlk`l sudvrjnlg lg `lmlgtrjcl hg`lrzhlfsvrjjn (bhha`stuf :5). Kg bhha`stuf :: whr`t l vlrtjckgn vjg hg`lrzhlf gjjrthlpjsskgn kg `l prjftkif nlojjft. Bklr whr`t uktnlwlrft wjt `l dlvkg`kgnlg ukt blt hg`lrzhlfdltlflglg vhhr blt sturlg vjg tljos `hhr tljocl`lg lg ojgjnlolgt. Kg blt cjjtstl bhha`stuffkiflg tljocl`lg vjg NHU tlrun hp bug dlclvkgn vjg `l hdslrvjtklijrlg.



45

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



4:

@llc K



44

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



4=

@llc K B :

\kt blt clvlg vjg llg tljo

NHU ks ëëg vjg `l tljos `kl hg`lrwlrp zkig vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf. NHU `hlt twll shhrtlg wlrf9`l lvlgts vhhr fcjgtlg, wjjr `l tljocl`lg vllc vjg bug lgtbhuskjsol kg fwkit fugglg lg wjjr zkilglrnkl lg trhts uktbjclg. @jjrgjjst ks lr blt clvlg tusslg `l lvlgts , wjjrkg `l lvlgts vlrfhmbt lg

vhhrdlrlk` whr`lg, lg `l hplrjtkhglcl zjflg vjg blt tljo nlrlnlc` ohltlg whr`lg.

Hg`lrstjjg` lgflcl trjgsmrkptlg vjg arjnolgtlg ukt `l tljovlrnj`lrkgn vjg ojjg`jnhmbtlg` >jprkc 455=. @kt ks llg fkifil kg blt clvlg ‒tusslg l lvlgts‛. @jjroll nlvlg l mhgvlrsjtkls zkmbt hp

splmklf `kt `llc ukt `l jmtkvktlktlg vjg blt tljo. Llg dllc` vjg `jt jg`lrl stuf, ‒`l lvlgts ‛, whr`t`hhr `l tljocl`lg vlrwhhr` kg `l – @klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg hg`lrzhlfstljos‟, bhha`stuf =.

jt zkmb jaspllct ks gklt thlvjcckn. Blt ks lxlopcjrksmb vhhr `kt llc vjg blt tljoclvlg. Jccl tbloj‛s`kl kg kt hg`lrzhlf jjg l hr`l fholg zkig bklr zkmbtdjjr. @lzl tbloj‛s whr`lg kg l bhha`stuf-flg 0 tht lg olt 2 gj`lr dlsmbhuw`.

Qhhrjanjjg` jjg `l tljodkillgfhost

Jjgwlzkn dki `lzl dkillgfhost zkig Arjgs, Ojrtkig, Ujucj, Dlckj, Gjgj lg Lccks. Arjgs zkt vhhr. Kgblt fj`lr vjg rhuclrlg` vhhrzkttlrsmbjp bllat Dlckj kg `l wllf vhhrjanjjg` jjg `l dkillgfhostdki kl`lr nlègvlgtjrksllr` wjt jnlg`jpugtlg zkig, lg hp djsks bklrvjg hp `hg`lr`jn `l jnlg`j

vhhr `l vlrnj`lrkgn vlrsprlk`. Arjgs bllat hp vrki`jn llg twll`l jnlg`j vlrsprlk`, wjjr `l pug-tlg hp stjjg `kl vhcnlgs blo jjg `l hr`l ohltlg fholg. @jjrdki ks hhf `l jjgvjgnstki` nlwki-zkn`, jc bllat `jt dlrkmbt gklt kl`lrllg dlrlkft.

Ojjg`jnhmbtlg` 2.=5 uur

Arjgs9 –Yjc kf `l jnlg`j lvlg ukt`lclg8 Lg bklr zkig wjt stufflg.‟Ojrtkig9 –[ljb!‟Lccks, bllc zjmbt9 –@jgf il wlc!‟Arjgs9 –Kf `lgf `jt wl gjjr `l jnlg`j ohltlg fkiflg, lr cjnlg twll vhhrstlcclg. Lëg vjg Dlckj, lgëëg wjjr kf wjt jolg`lolgtlg hp bj`, lg wjjr Dlckj ghnjc vlrdhcnlg hvlr wjs, janlchplg vrki`jn.

@us wl ohltlg lvlg vjststlcclg wjt wl `hlg, wjgt hhf ]hl ks lr gklt, `us bjjr pugt hvlr bltgltwlrf bllat vhcnlgs oki nllg zkg, `jt vjct ja.‟Dlckj9 –Ij, kf `lgf `jt blt gltwlrf kg jg`lrl pugtlg wlc tlrunfhot, kgtusslg.‟Gjgj9 –Ij.‟Arjgs9 –Kf `lgf `jt blt du`nlt lmbt vjg dlcjgn ks, ho `jjrgjjr tl fkiflg….‟Ojrtkig9 –Ojjr nhl`, wjt zkig `l dlcjgnrkifstl vlrsmbkcclg tusslg `kl twll lg wjjr lbb…‟Arjgs9 –Blt du`nlt ks lrdki nlfholg.‟Ojrtkig9 –Ks `jt `l rl`lg…‟Arjgs9 –Lg lr zkig llg jjgtjc `kgnlg janlvjcclg9 hg`lrzhlf Dlckj lg sjddjtkmjc Arjgs.‟Dlckj9 –Kf `jmbt `jt olt gjol `l lrgst vjg `l hgtwkfflckgnlg vjg vhrknl wllf lbb… lbb..‟



40

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Arjgs9 –Ij, lr wjrlg llg jjgtjc `kgnlg `kl spllc`lg. Janlchplg wllf…. ^l blddlg `kl mkrmcl up thlg nlbj`, wjjrdki wl zlk`lg ‒wl ohltlg llg hvlrzkmbt frkinlg vjg blt du`nlt‛. Kf bld vhrknl

wllf zhg`jn blt du`nlthvlrzkmbt zkttlg ojflg `jt hp ojjg`jn lg `kgs`jn vlrwlrft ks lg blt

dckift nlwhhg `jt wl guc wkgst blddlg nl`rjjk`. Ghu, kf `lgf `jt wl ohltlg fkiflg ‒wjt `hlg wllrjjg8‛. @jt ks ëëg. Pwll ks9 kf bld whlgs`jn llg nlsprlf olt blt ojgjnlolgt hvlr `l gjgmkæg,hvlr bhl blt rlkct lg zlkct dkgglg NHU. @us kf `lgf `jt wl hhf vhhr `jt nlsprlf llg strjtlnklohltlg dlpjclg. @jt ks ëëg `kgn. Lg llg jg`lr `kgn ks, lg `jjr ks `l `ruf wjt vjgja, lr ks llghlfjzl uktnlvjjr`kn` `jt wl vjgwlnl `l tlnlgvjcclg`l rlsuctjtlg plr `krlmt nllg lxtlrglg ollrohnlg kgburlg, ùs hhf nllg bucp vjg arllcjgmlrs vhhr hgzl fcjgtlvlgts . Ghu, il dlnrkipt wjt `jtdltlflgt. Kf dlnrkip blt ojkctil gklt blclojjc, wjgt blt stjjt vhc olt jafhrtkgnlg, ojjr blt ckiftlrhp `jt wl thlstlookgn vjg blt kgtlrgjtkhgjcl bhha`fjgthhr ohltlg blddlg ho bklrvjg ja tl

wkiflg. Hgzl mhcclnj‛s dki NHU-mlgtrj kg blt duktlgcjg` blddlg ol jjgnlnlvlg `jt `kt vjflr ksnldlur` lg `jt wl blt thtghnthl jctki` blddlg fugglg flrlg. Okssmbklg ks llg hpchsskgn ho ëëgha twll olgslg ukt hgzl vjstl arllcjgmlrphhc okg`lr kg tl burlg lg bklrvhhr hglrvjrlg mhcclnj‛s tl

nldrukflg. Ojjr ij, `jt `hlg wl jc.‟Ojrtkig9 –Okig nlvhlc ks `jt wl `kt jc wlc `hlg. ^l blddlg koolrs nlzln` `jt wl ëëg mhgsuctjgt wkcclg dltrlfflg plr lvlgt , ojjr `jt ks `jg wlc llg thpplr, `kl lr blclojjc kg zkt. Lg ùs jdshcuutgklt klojg` `kl thlvjcckn glt gklts tl `hlg bllat.‟Arjgs9 –@us `kt zkig `rkl pugtlg wjjr wl zlflr jjg`jmbt jjg ohltlg dlstl`lg, lg `jg ohltlg wlojjr zklg wjt wl vlr`lr fugglg `hlg. Ho`jt blt hg`lrwlrp ‒gltwlrf‛ uktvjct ohltlg wl ojjrfkiflg wjt wl vjg `l llr`lrl jnlg`j hvlr fugglg glolg. Yucclg wl ojjr dlnkgglg8‟Gjgj9 –Kf `lgf gklt `jt `l gltwlrfphrtlalukccl, ho`jt ]hl lr gklt ks, blclojjc gklt ollr bhlat.Yl bllat hgs bklr vrjnlg nlstlc`… ^l ohltlg ojjr lvlg fkiflg bhl blt chhpt, ojjr wl fugglg`lgf kf wlc llg pjjr `kgnlg lrvjg zlnnlg. Kf wllt wlc wjjr zki oll spllct lg wjt zl vjg hgs wkc.Yki ohlt hhf vlr`lr.‟

Arjgs9 –HF. Yucclg wl olt sjcls dlnkgglg8‟@jg whr`t `l ckist olt fcjgtlg lg jmtkls dlsprhflg. Arjgs zkt vhhr lg kl`lr tljock` zlnt wjt bki hazki olt zkig ha bjjr jmtkls nl`jjg bllat. Gj`jt `l ckist janlwlrft ks9Ujucj9 – jt ks ihuw nlvhlc dki hgzl sjcls, Arjgs8 Bld il blt nlvhlc `jt wl rl`lckif nlvuc` zkig8‟Arjgs9 –Ghu, kf ohlt il llrckif zlnnlg… Kf bld vjg ‛t wllflg` jcclrclk smlgjrkh‛s zkttlg ojflg vjgfwjrtjjc KK. Okig nlvhlc zlnt ol `jt wl okssmbklg `lzlca`l sktujtkl frkinlg jcs vhrkn ijjr, `jt wlfwjrtjjc K hp guc rjjk`lg, lg jt jt gklt llgs zh‛g pugt ks, ojjr jt blt ollr llg zjjf whr`t ‒bhlnjjg wl zhrnlg `jt wjt lrjjg fhot, `jt wl `jt fugglg `hlg8‛. Zuj dlsmbkfdjrl olgslg. @jt ksollr `l `ksmusskl `jg `jt wl hgs nrhtl zhrnlg ohltlg ojflg ha wl nlghln hozlt `rjjklg. Cjtlg

wl wlc wlzlg9 ëëg slsskl lrdki lg `l mkialrs vlrjg`lrlg nknjgtksmb, vhhr llg fclkgl mcud jcs `l hgzl. Jcs dkivhhrdllc` `kl M@-rltjkclr lmbt fhot. @kl fjgs ks nrhht.‟

Ujucj9 –H ij8 Phmb8 Lg wkl `hlg `kl jcs-kl `hhrnjjt8 Ohltlg wl `jt jc dlpjclg ha fjg `jtcjtlr8‟Arjgs9 –@jt zhu kf `hlg jcs-kl lmbt dkgglgfhot, wl fugglg gu wlc jccls…‟Gjgj9 –Qhcnlgs oki zlk il `jjrglt ‒Kf wkc tljos ojflg vhhr jcs `kl hp`rjmbtlg vjcclg!‛‟Arjgs9 –Ij, kf bld `jjr llg hvlrzkmbtil vhhr nlojjft, ojjr `jt zklg wl `jg wlc.‟Dlckj9 –@jt dlsprlflg wl `jg wlc, lg `jt ks ùs hvlr tklg okgutlg dki blt vhcnlg`l jnlg`jpugt8‟Nlcjmb.Arjgs9 –Kg`lr`jj`.‟Ujucj9 –Ojjr il bldt ùs gklt blt nlvhlc `jt wl ollr jjg`jmbt jjg sjcls ohltlg njjg dlstl`lg8‟Arjgs9 –@jt ks gklt okig… Ks gklt okig nlvhlc, ohlt kf bllc llrckif zlnnlg.‟



4<

\KP BLP CLQLG QJG LLG PLJO

Dlckj9 –Kf bld wlc blt nlvhlc jt wl llg dëëtil vhhr l fholg`l ojjg`lg wjt ug zkttlg. ]mbrjjptbjjr fllc. ^lc olt llg jjgtjc hpphrtugktkls wjjrvjg il zlnt ‒`jt ks bhhpvhc‛. @jjrvjg vjcclg lr jctki`llg pjjr wlc lg llg pjjr gklt, lg kf bld blt nlvhlc, zhg`lr `jt kf bklr llg hvlrzkmbt vjg bld, `jt

blt wjt ùg zkt.‟Arjgs9 –Fchpt. jt gu hp hgs ja fhot, `jt zkig `rkl slsskls vhhr Mcud `l Qlgtk. @jjr zkt nllgfhrtkgn hp, `rkl =-`jjnslg. Jccllg, blt vlrvlclg`l dki `lzl fcjgt ks `jt il gklt wllt wjggllr zl lmbtnjjg vjcclg, ho`jt lr zý vllc phcktklf hobllg zkt! Il zkt olt `l jcclrbhhnstl thp, ojjr wl blddlglr nllg lmbt zkmbt hp. Lg `l lgl fcjgt wjmbt hp `l stjrt vjg `l jg`lrl. Jcs `jt `l fholg`l `rklojjg`lg lmbt jcclojjc njjt vjcclg zkt kf hvlrknlgs wlc bllc lrn fclo kg o‛g jnlg`j.‟Ojrtkig9 –Kf bld llg vrjjn vjg Bjgs `l ^kt.‟Lccks, bllc zjmbt9 –Bjgs `l ^kt88 @kl vjg @l Djgf8 @jt ks okig djjs nlwllst!‟Ojrtkig vlrvhcnt jcsha bki Lccks gklt nlbhhr` bllat9 –…ha wl llg nlsprlf fugglg blddlg dki @lDjgf. Yl blddlg llg hutshurmkgnsvrjjnstuf, lg zl wkcclg hgzl oltbh`l nldrukflg ho tl fkiflgbhl zl `jt fugglg kgrkmbtlg. @jt ks llg vrjjn `kl ghn blclojjc kg blt dlnkgtrjilmt vlrfllrt.‟

Arjgs9 –Okig jgnst ks, `jt jcs kf `kt hppjf, `jg ùurt blt bllc lrn cjgn vhhr`jt kf lr bllg fjg vhhrllg nlsprlf. ^jgt olt `kl =-`jjnslg kg blt vhhruktzkmbt zkt okig jnlg`j rjovhc!‟ ]tkctl Ujucj9 –Kf nj wlc olt Ojrtkig oll.‟Lccks9 –Ij, kf wllt blt wlc zlflr, bki wjs okig djjs.‟Gklojg` rljnllrt.Dlckj9 –Ghn lvlg hvlr hgzl bjg`rlkfkgn rkmbtkgn `l jmmhugt ojgjnlrs ho bug jmmhugt pcjggkgntl hg`lrstluglg lg zh nhh`wkcc dki blg tl mrlærlg. Tljnlrlg zl hp hgs jjgdh` ho bug sjcls mcudstl hg`lrstluglg8‟Ujucj9 –Kf bld vjg Tlgë llg rljmtkl. Kf lgf jt wl lrn zhrnvuc`kn lg uk`lckif blddlg nlmhoou-gkmllr`, ojjr bki bllat blt lmbt blclojjc vlrfllr` hpnlvjt. Bki zlk `jt-kl hgs jcs NHU dlst wkc`lblcplg ho summlsvhcclr tl whr`lg. Ij, `jt ks ghu glt gklt `l dhh`smbjp `kl wl uktstrjclg.‟

Dlckj9 –@jt shhrt nlcuk`lg bld kf gklt nlbhhr`, ojjr hhf `l mbloklmcud ks gklt nlègtlrlssllr`.Nhl` k`ll, ajgtjstksmb `jt iucckl `kt `hlg, ojjr `jg vlrvhcnlgs kg jasprjflg jcojjr gklt mhgmrllt

whr`lg.‟Arjgs9 –@jg zkl il thmb wkl il vrklg`lg zkig bâ, wjgt Mlls pjft blt blclojjc jg`lrs hp. @kl zktzlcas jjg twllojjc llg `jn tl `lgflg. @kl gh`knt lr zlcas klojg` vjg `l Tjj` vjg Dlstuur dki z‛gnrhhtstl fcjgt dki ukt kl oll`lgft hvlr bug sjcls! Lg hhf llg hgtlvrl`lg fcjgt. @jt ks kgput vhhrbug lknlg jmmhugt pcjggkgn , `kl bki `hhr hgs cjjt dlnlclk`lg.‟Dlckj9 –@jt ks ohhk, `jt zlt il lmbt klts gllr! Ghn klts jg`lrs, tht scht9 kf dlg nlvrjjn` ho kgputtl clvlrlg vhhr hgzl kgtlrgl sjcls hpclk`kgn. @jjrvhhr vrjnlg zl lkg` olk llg ok``jn uktcln hvlrhgs mhgmlpt. @jt ks jg vhhr l lxtlrgl fcjgtlg kl llg pjglc vhrolg jt l llcglolrs jjg lzlhpclk`kgn dlhhr`llct. Kf dlg prlmkls kg `l tki` `jt `kt spllct hp vjfjgtkl. Jjg wkl fjg kf blt hvlr-

`rjnlg, wkl pjft blt hp8‟Arjgs, zjmbt9 –Hhhb.. `jt vkg` kf wlc cluf!‟Dlckj, blclojjc vlrdjjs`9 –Kf vlrstj il gklt, wjt zln il8‟Arjgs blrbjjct, cuk`lr gu9 –Kf vkg` blt hhf wlc cluf.‟Dlckj9 –Ij, blt ks hhf cluf. Bjrry, llg vhhrjjgstjjg`l sjcls trjkglr ks lrdki. @jt ks lmbt cluf, `kltrjkgt `krlmtkls lg thpojgjnlolgt. Kf wllt gklt jjg wkl kf ‒o fwkit zjc ùs kf nhhk ‒o gu kg `lcumbt!‟Ojrtkig9 –Kf vkg` `kt hhf cluf!‟Arjgs9 –Kf dlg fjg`k`jjt.‟Dlckj9 –Ij8‟Ojrtkig9 –Bjgnt lr llg dlltil vjgja wjggllr blt prlmkls ks.‟



41

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Arjgs9 –Olt wkl ohltlg wki mhgtjmt hpglolg8‟Dlckj9 –Olt Thggkl `l ^kis.‟Ujucj9 –Jcs blt hp llg oholgt ks `jt iki gklt fugt, Arjgs, fugglg wl jctki` ghn wksslclg, `jg `hl

kf blt wlc.‟Arjgs9 –Nhl`. @jg l pcjggkgn, fkiflg jt wl jccls hp l fhrtl tlrokig nlrlnlc` blddlg. Qjgok``jnks lr sphgshr olltkgn dki `l fcjgt. l ohltlg lvlg fkiflg bhl wl `jt jjgpjfflg.‟Gjgj tlnlg Ojrtkig9 –Iki njjt oll8‟Ojrtkig9 –Ijjj, ojjr kf bld `j`lckif ghn wlc llrst llg jasprjjf.‟Gjgj9 –Ojjr `kl sphgshr olltkgn ks pjs ho fwjrt vhhr vkia.‟Ojrtkig9 –Ij, lg wjggllr ks `l vhhrdlrlk`kgn `jg8‟Gjgj9 –Lknlgckif `j`lckif `krlmt jjgscuktlg` hp `lzl tljovlrnj`lrkgn.‟Arjgs9 –^l ohltlg hhf lvlg fkiflg olt bhlvllc ojg wl njjg…. Jig, `jt zklg wl strjfs wlc,`jjr.‟Ujucj9 –Arjgs, jcs il zlnt ‒kf wkc fkiflg olt bhlvllc wl njjg‛, dl`hlc il `jg `jt il vklr olgslg tl

vllc vkg`t8‟Arjgs, zjmbt9 –Qkg` kf vllc ij.‟Ojrtkig, wjt hgtstlo`9 –Ghu, kf bhhr blt wlc, looo. Yhlf ‛t ojjr ukt!‟Ujucj9 –Ghu, `jt ks blt thppugt vjg kgtlrlssl!‟ Puouct Ojrtkig9 –Ij, kf ojjf llg nrjpil! Kf wkc lr nrjjn dki zkig, ojjr jcs iucckl `jt tl vllc vkg`lg, `jg bhhrkf ohrnlg wlc wjt iucckl dlsprhflg blddlg.‟Ujucj9 –Lr ks `jjr llg tjalc tlrzki`l, wjjrvjg`jjg il `l vlrnj`lrtjalc fugt hdslrvlrlg. @jg zkt il

wlc duktlg blt nlsprlf, ojjr dlg il lr wlc dki.‟Ojrtkig9 –Ij, ojjr blt ohlt wlc augmtkhgllc zkig.‟Arjgs9 –Qhcnlg` pugt9 ‛t du`nlt.‟Arjgs clnt ukt bhl blt hhr blo nlprlslgtllr`l hvlrzkmbt hpnldhuw` ks lg bhl bki nlrlflg` bllat.

Lr ks gklt lmbt llg systlojtklf vhhr du`nltdlrlflgkgn dkgglg NHU, wlc llg dlrlflgkgn `kl vhrknijjr nlbjgtllr` ks. Arjgs clnt ukt wjt bki jcs vjstl fhstlg dlsmbhuwt, lg wjt jcs vjrkjdlcl fhstlg

vhhr llg 4- ha =-`jjns fcjgtlvlgt. Kg `l sjcjrksfhstlg ks Blcclg ghn hpnlgholg. Yki ojjft skg`stwll ojjg`lg nllg `llc ollr ukt vjg blt tljo.Arjgs9 –Kf dlg llg dlltil fwkit bhl blt gu njjt olt Blcclg. Yki bllat kgtusslg nlsprlfflg nlbj`kg l hrnjgksjtkl, zl ohlt dlscuktlg wjt zl gu vlr`lr wkc. Yl wlrft kg l tusslgtki` jjg jg`lrl prh-ilmtlg, ojjr wjjr zl hp `l pjy rhcc stjjt8 Kf wllt blt gklt.‟Ojrtkig9 –^l ohltlg lrhp vlr`klglg, jcs zl hp jg`lrl prhilmtlg zkt!‟Arjgs9 –Blt zkig haalrtltrjilmtlg, ùs `jt zjc gklt zh ojfflckif njjg. Kf zkt whlgs`jn dki Ijg lg`jg ohlt kf jc `kt shhrt `kgnlg `hhrprjtlg. jgt kf dl`hlc… wjjr njjt bki hgs hp jarlflglg8 Kf

wllt blt gklt. Ha `kl jg`lrbjcvl thg vlrbuksfhstlg hp hgs lknlg du`nlt vjcclg8 @l sjcjrksfhstlg

vjg Blcclg8‟Dlckj9 –Lvlg vjgukt strjtlnkl9 Kf zhu lr gklt hp vhhrbjg` vjgukt njjg jt l vlrbuksfhstlg zhojjrkgllgs kg il du`nlt vjcclg.‟Ojrtkig9 –Gll!‟Dlckj9 –Jcs il ‛t lr ùs gu wlc kg bldt vlrwlrft ho tl zklg wjjr blt `jg hp ukt fhot… Blt ckift olgklt bjg`kn ho olt `kt hvlrzkmbt dki Ijg tl njjg zkttlg.‟Arjgs9 –Hfll, `jt vkg` kf llg nhlkl.‟Ojrtkig9 –Ij, `jt vkg` kf hhf. ^jgt blt ks ghnjc llg dl`rjn lg jcs `jt ojjft `jt `l prhnghsl lrkgllgs gklt nhl` ollr uktzklt, `jt ojjf il llg lghro kssul vjg klts `jt dhvlg`klg llg kgvlstlrkgnks, `kl ùs gklt kg ëëg fwjrtjjc ha ijjr ojn vjcclg.‟Arjgs9 –Gll, kf bjjc blt lrukt.‟



4>

\KP BLP CLQLG QJG LLG PLJO

Kg vlrnlckifkgn olt `l mkialrs vjg vhrkn ijjr ckift blt lrhp `jt wl okg`lr fhstlg plr lvlgt ojflg,lg hp `kt oholgt tl wlkgkn lvlgts `rjjklg. Dlckj blrkgglrt zkmb lmbtlr `jt `l mkialrs vjg vhrknijjr smbjttkgnlg wjrlg. @us `jt llg mrktkmus fjg zlnnlg ‒dckifdjjr tl cjjn nlsmbjt‛. ^lc `uk`lckif ks

wjt vhrkn ijjr `hhr lxtlrgl pjrtkilg vhhr hgzl `klgstvlrclgkgn jjg T&^ dltjjc` ks, gklt wjt hgzl vjstl fhstlg zkig. @jt ks jccllg kg nlmuoucllr`l mkialrs zkmbtdjjr vhhr NHU. Yh zkig dlpjjc`l phs-tlg olt <5% nlstlnlg, ojjr Arjgs wllt `lsnlvrjjn` gklt wjt `jjrkg hpnlgholg ks. Hhf fjg bkigklt zlnnlg ha fhstlg `kl vhhr hgzl lvlgts dki `l mjtlrkgn lg `l rlprh nlojjft whr`lg jjg hgs`hhrnlrlflg` whr`lg. Lg lvlgokg ha `l kgfhostlg vjg fcjgtlg `kl vkj jmmhugt ojgjnlrs dkihgs fholg, hhf kg hgs kgfhostlgpcjjtil vjcclg, ha dki kl jmmhugt ojgjnlr. jggllr llg jmmhugtojgjnlr zlnt ‒Kf nlla hp okig mhgth 4<% fhrtkgn, `jg ks lr nllg ohnlckifblk` vhhr NHU ho jatl `wkgnlg ha zlcas tl mhgtrhclrlg `jt bïi `kl fhrtkgn wlrflckif vhhr z‛g rlflgkgn gllot, lg `lzlgklt ‒plr hgnlcuf‛ jcs fhstlg jjg NHU thlnlrlflg` whr`lg.Fhrtho9 `l tljoojgjnlr dckift nllg ohnlckifblk` tl blddlg `l dltlflgks vjg blt du`nlt tl `uk-`lg, lg jjg tl nlvlg wjt kgfhostlg lg fhstlg zkig. Blt gjgmkæcl pcjjtil ks gklt wjt blt ckift, dl-

bllrskgn ks gklt ohnlckif. Blt tljo trlft `l mhgmcuskl –Ollr slsskls `rjjklg chst hgs du`nltkssul wjjrsmbkigckif hp.‟Arjgs9 –@kt hvlrzkmbt cknt lr gu. Ojjr kf vrjjn ol ja bhl wl `kt njjg cjtlg wlrflg. Kf zkt hhf gjjro‛g lknlg kgzlt tl fkiflg, ojjr kf zkt us kg l slsskls vhhr Mcud l Qlgtk, jjr fjg kf gklt hobllg.@jt njjt vllc wlrf dltlflglg…‟Gjgj9 –^jggllr dlg il hp sjddjtkmjc8‟ Arjgs bllat = ojjg`lg sjddjtkmjc nlpcjg` ho jjg z‛g prhohtklhg- `lrzhlf tl dlnkgglg.Arjgs9 –Ij, ahrnlt kt .‟ Nlcjmb.Ujucj9 –Fug il gklt gj `l llrstl slsskl vhhr `l Qlgtk blt jjg klojg` jg`lrs hvlr`hlg8‟Arjgs9 –Gll, `jt ks gklt tl `hlg.‟Ojrtkig9 –Kf `lgf `jt Arjgs `jg hhf gklt prlttkn kg Arjgfrkif zkt tl wlrflg.‟

Dlckj9 –Blt ks hhf `l vrjjn wjt il wlrflckif wkct, wjjr il vhhr fklst.‟Arjgs9 –Kf fjg blt `l jg`lrlg gklt jjg`hlg.‟Ujucj9 –Lg il sjddjtkmjc gj `kl slsskls8 @jg bld iki il nlc` wlc vlr`klg`.‟Arjgs9 –Gll, wjgt `jg… Ghu ij… Jmb, jig.‟Ujucj9 –Yjc kf dki `l Qlgtk dki il jjgscuktlg, Arjgs8‟Arjgs, jjrzlclg`9 –Ijj… lbb… `jt fjg.‟Dlckj9 –^l ohltlg lvlg fkiflg wjt tjmtksmb bjg`kn ks. ^kl wjggllr hp vjfjgtkl ks lg bhl wl zhr-nlg jt lr mjpjmktlkt ks vhhr l jg`lrl fcjgtvrjnlg. l ohltlg lgf kf gklt twll ajmkcktjthrs vhc hp`l Qlgtk zlttlg. Dltlr llg ajmkcktjthr lg llg JT.‟Arjgs9 –Oll llgs.‟

^jt whr`t zkmbtdjjr8

Pht zhvlr `l kgfkif kg blt tljoprhmls vjg NHU, llg tljo vjg prhalsskhgjcs kg llg nrhtl, `klgstvlrclglg`l hrnjgksjtkl, zý ukt blt jccl`jjnsl clvlg nlnrlplg. Ks `lzl nlvjcsdlsmbrkivkgn ja tl `hlgjcs `kl vjg llg ojtknl vhhrzkttlr, `kl ghn wjt tl clrlg bllat8 Qjg llg tljo `jt `kt jmmlptllrt8 Haks lr sprjfl vjg llg vlrnj`lrkgn wjjrkg ojrfltkgnvrjnlg, gjgmkæcl fwlstkls, rlcjtkls olt blt bh-nlrl ojgjnlolgt lglrzki`s lg djsjcl hrnjgksjtkllg dlzlttkgnsvrjnlg jg`lrzki`s frksfrjs `hhrlcfjjr chplg8 ^jjrkg `hhr tljocl`lg hgnlhr`lg` lg koprhvkslrlg` vhhr blg drjg`lg`l pugtlghp tjalc whr`lg nlcln`8

jt whr`t bklr, dki gj`lrl dlsmbhuwkgn, gu lknlgckif zkmbtdjjr8 Bhl mhoougkmlrlg `l tljocl`lg

olt lcfjjr8 Bhl vlrstlrflg ha vlrzwjfflg zki lcfjjr8 jjr whr`t clk`lrsmbjp nlnlvlg, lg whr`t



42

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`kt hhf nljmmlptllr`8 ^kl whr`t uktnlschtlg8 Lccks kg kl`lr nlvjc, hp blt oholgt `jt zki rlclvjgtlkgahrojtkl hvlr llg phtlgtkæcl fcjgt dckift tl blddlg. Lg Ojrtkig9 ojn bki wlc ha gklt oll gjjr`l sphgshr olltkgn 8 Ojn bki zkig hgnlghlnlg `jjrhvlr uktlg8 ^hr`t lr nlzhrn` vhhr lcfjjr8 ^jjr

spllct ojmbt8 Ylflr kg `l mhgarhgtjtkl tusslg Arjgs lg Dlckj, ojjr kg ollr sudtklcl vhro hhfhp jg`lrl oholgtlg. jjr whr`t mhgtrhcl uktnlhlalg`8 ^lcf `hlc `klgt `jt, wjt whr`t `jjrolldlhhn`8 ^jt zkig `rkiavlrlg vjg `l kg`kvk`ulcl splclrs, lg wjjr bjclg zki bug pjsskl vjg`jjg8 Ks`kt gu bltzlca`l tljo `jt vjg zkmbzlca (zkl `klptldlsmbrkivkgn, bhha`stuf =) zlnt dlvchnlg tl zkig8Bknb plrahokgn8

jt ks blt nrhtlrl pcjjtil8 lcfl dltlflgks nlvlg `lzl tljocl`lg jjg blt wlrflg kg llg tljo8

Kg wlcfl mhgtlxtlg `hlt `kt tljo bjjr wlrf8 ^jt ks njjg`l kg bjjr honlvkgn, lg bhl whr`t blttljo `jjr`hhr dlègvchl`8 ^jt ks blt uktlkg`lckifl rlsuctjjt8



4;

@llc K B 4

@ygjoklf kg `l mhgtlxt

jt ojjft blt kgtlrlssjgt ho tl fkiflg gjjr wjt lr nldlurt kg lg rhg` tljos8 lcfl hgtwkffl-ckgnlg zkig zkmbtdjjr kg `l honlvkgn vjg tljos, kg `l hrnjgksjtkl wjjr zki hg`lr`llc vjg zkig lg

” ghn drl`lr ” kg `l bl`lg`jjnsl ojjtsmbjppki8 ^lcfl kgvchl` bllat `jt ohnlckif hp tljos lgbug cl`lg8

@l mhgtlxt

@l tljos kg `kt hg`lrzhlf zkig jccl`rkl jmtkla kg llg ‒prht‛-honlvkgn. @jt whhr` ùk`t jc llglknlgsmbjp vjg `lzl honlvkgn jjg, gjolckif `jt wkgst bklr dlcjgnrkif nlvhg`lg whr`t. Blt rl-alrlgtklfj`lr vjg `l tljocl`lg ks clk`rjj` kg blt hg`lrzhlflg vjg trlg`s kg bug honlvkgn. Ykihg`lrvkg`lg kgvchl`lg vjgukt llg smjcj jjg mhgtlxtlg wjjr zki `llc vjg uktojflg. @jjrkg zkig

vlrsmbkcclg`l cjnlg tl hg`lrsmblk`lg. Yh hg`lrvkg`lg zki kgvchl`lg vjgukt bug `krlmtl wlrf- lgcllahonlvkgnlg, vjgukt `l hrnjgksjtkl wjjr zki `llc vjg uktojflg, vjg nrhlplrkgnlg kg `l ojjt-smbjppki wjjr zl zkmb llc vjg vhlclg lg vjgukt phcktklf lg hvlrblk`, dkivhhrdllc` hhr rlnlcnlvkgnlg vhhrdllc`nl`rjn vjg `l hvlrblk`.

Qlrsglcckgn@l llrstl hgtwkfflckgn `kl vjgukt blt plrsplmtkla vjg `l tljocl`lg hpvjct, ks llg vlrsglcckgn kgtlmbghchnksmbl hgtwkfflckgnlg. @kl vlrsglcckgn ks wlckswjjr jc `lmlggkj ha ” jabjgflckif vjg bltnlfhzlg plrsplmtkla ” zlcas lluwlg nlcl`lg kgnlzlt, l kopjmt jjrvjg ks l cjjtstl lrtkn ijjr nrh-tlr `jg hhkt. Pjc vjg vlrgkluwkgnlg hp blt nldkl` vjg tlclmhoougkmjtkl, trjgsphrt lg KP ojflgblt skg`s lgflcl ijrlg dkivhhrdllc` ohnlckif ho kg llg hhnwlgf vhhr wkcclflurkn wlcf prhùmtzllr vllc jjgdkl`lrs lg jjgdkl`kgnlg tl vlrnlckiflg, lg hnlgdckfflckif vjg jjgdkl`lr tl wksslclg.Ohnlckifbl`lg vhhr llg kg`kvkùlcl fcjgt glolg zh`hlg`l thl, `kt stkoucllrt `l vjrkjtkl kg `lfcjgtvrjjn, jcshhf `l vllclkslg`blk` vjg `l fcjgt. Fcjgtlgtrhuw gllot ja, wjgt jccls fjg lc`lrsnhl`fhplr dl`hgnlg whr`lg. @jt sglc vlrjg`lrlg`l nl`rjn vjg hgs jcs fhplrs bllat kgvchl` hpblt spllcvlc` `jt wl jcs vlrfhplrs blddlg tl trhtslrlg9

–^blg kt ks nlttkgn ljsklr ahr us js duylrs th nlt sholtbkgn dlttlr kt ks nlttkgn bjr`lr ahr us js slcclrsth fllp hur mustholrs jt tbl sjol tkol. V…_ Js tbl glw lmhghoy jmmlclrjtls, dhtb tbl njkgs jg`tbl chssls jrl ckflcy th kgmrljsl. Js hur ljrgkgns dlmhol clss prl`kmtjdcl, wl cljp jt lvlry mbjgmlth ojfl bjy wbkcl tbl sug sbkgls. Js tbl stjfls rksl wl‛cc `h wbjtlvlr wl mjg th dl kg tbl wkgglr‛smkrmcl jg` th nlt hur mbkc`rlg sjalcy tblrl js wlcc.‟ :=

@l vlrbhhn`l thlnjgflckifblk` vjg blt jjgdh` nlc`t zhwlc vhhr hrnjgksjtkls jcs vhhr kg`kvkùlg, vhhr `l nlblcl ojrft. Qlrsmbukvkgnlg kg `l vhhrflur vjg fcjgtlg fugglg zh`hlg`l kg fhrtltki` lghrol nlvhcnlg vhhr dl`rkivlg blddlg. Gkluwl tlmbghchnkl ojjft vlrjg`lrkgn kg `l dl-

:= Tlkmb, 4555, pn >-;



=5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`rkiashonlvkgn `jg hhf hgvlrwjmbtlr, hgdlrlflgdjjr`lr. Mhopclxktlkt lg `ygjoklf vjg `l ho-nlvkgn gllot `jjr`hhr thl, lg hhf `l vhcjtkcktlkt. Hg`lrglokgnlg rljnlrlg bklrhp `hhr tl prhdl-rlg nhl`fhplr tl prhùmlrlg lg lxkdlclr tl zkig, kgghvjtklvlr, lg zkmb stlrflr jjg tl pjsslg. Blt

sglc fugglg kgsplclg hp prhdclolg `kl fcjgtlg pchtslckgn lrvjrlg ha hp ohnlckifbl`lg `kl zki plr`krlmt wkcclg dlguttlg, nllat llg nrhht mhopltktkla vhhr`llc. Plnlckiflrtki` olt `lzl kgghvjtklvlahmus zjc llg hrnjgksjtkl hhf jjg`jmbt ohltlg bhu`lg vhhr stjdkcktlkt. @jt vrjjnt ho blt vhcnlg

vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l strjtlnklæg tlnlckiflrtki`, dlk`l hg`lr blt j`jnkuo ‒ajstlr, dlttlr, mbljplr‛ . Fhrtho9Ulrojglgtl vlrjg`lrkgn, wjjrdki kgghvjtkvktlkt, j`jptkvktlkt lg lxkdkcktlkt vjg dlcjgn zkig, cjgnsphcyohral strjtlnklæg lg olt gkluwl dlbllroh`lcclg. @jt zkig lkslg wjjr dl`rkivlg zkmb vjg`jjn`l `jn vhhr nlpcjjtst zklg.

jt dltlflgt `kt vhhr kg`kvkùlg `kl dkgglg `lzl hrnjgksjtkls wlrflg8 jggllr llg hrnjgksjtkllxkdlc wkc hplrlrlg, zjc `kt zlflr hhf ” okssmbklg zlcas kg `l llrstl pcjjts ” vlrtjjc` whr`lg gjjrlkslg jjg l jttktu`l vjg ol`lwlrflrs. Purduclgtkl kg ‒duskglss‛ vrjjnt vlrsmbkcclg`l prjftksmbl vhr-olg vjg lxkdkcktlkt, zhjcs jrdlk`sohdkcktlkt, rlkzlg, vlrbukzlg lg vlrjg`lrlg vjg wlrfhonlvkgn.

Qhhr bhnlr hpnlclk`l kg`kvkùlg dltlflgt `kt kg vllc nlvjcclg `jt lr gkluwl ohnlckifbl`lg vhhrplrshhgckifl hgtwkfflckgn dkgglg dlrlkf cknnlg, ojjr `l turduclgtkl drlgnt hhf hgvhhrsplcdjjr-blk` lg hgzlflrblk` olt zkmb oll, lg `jjroll jgnst vhhr blt vhhrtdlstjjg. @l nrlgs tusslg

wlrflg cllawlrlc` vlrvjjnt. Jctki` dlsmbkfdjjr zkig ks vjjf llg kopckmkltl lks, jctki` dlrlkfdjjr zkigckift llg rlol`kl tlnlg jgnst hvlr wjt lr nldlurt tki`lgs ihuw jawlzknblk`. Plnlckiflrtki` dltlflgt`l stlrfl ahmus vjg hrnjgksjtkls hp wkgstojxkojcksjtkl, `jt `l dlscuktvhrokgn lg nlplrmkpkllr`lbjg`lckgnsrukotl kg bhnl ojtl dlpjjc` whr`t `hhr `hlcrjtkhgjcktlkt. Kgtlrolgslckifl vlrsmbkcclglg dlbhlatlg whr`lg jcs lxhtkmj thlnlstjjg zhcjgn `kt nllg prhdclolg nllat:0. Olt blt kg thlgl-olg`l ojtl stlcclg vjg lkslg jjg ol`lwlrflrs hp blt vcjf vjg lxkdkcktlkt, kgghvjtkvktlkt lg mrl-jtkvktlkt vlrhg`lrstlcclg jutlurs jcs ]kldlrs lt jc.:< `jt vhhr hrnjgksjtkls `l ghh`zjjf hgtstjjt hohhf gjjr olgslg lg hrnjgksjtkls tl fkiflg ‒js lg`s kg tbloslcvls‛ , lg gjjr l hrnjgksjtkl jcs cllawlrlc`

vhhr bug ol`lwlrflrs. Llg `lrnlckifl `kvlrskmjtkl vjg plrsplmtklvlg cjjt lmbtlr ghn nllg rukol vlrdrlk`kgn zklg dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls.

Hrnjgksjtkls `kl uktnjjg vjg llgblk`s`lgflg lg gutsojxkojcksjtkl jcs sturlg`l olmbjgksolg, lg`kvlrsktlkt `jjrdki hg`lrnlsmbkft jmbtlg, dlsmbhuwlg zhwlc prhmlsslg jcs olgslckifl fluzlg lgbjg`lclg jcs vhhrsplcdjjr, stuurdjjr lg dlbllrsdjjr. ]kldlrs lt jc. wjjrsmbuwlg `jt blt nlvjjrnrhht ks, `jt wl vjgukt `kt pjrj`knoj vlrsmbkcclg kg (rl)jmtkls lg dltlflgksnlvkgn vjg olgslg gkltzucclg dlnrkiplg lg `lzl `jjroll jcs `ksaugmtkhgllc zucclg ja`hlg. @jt vlrlgnt gklt jccllg hgzlsturkgnsohnlckifbl`lg, stlcclg zki, blt hgtflgt tlvlgs `l rkif`ho vjg `l olgslckifl ohtklvlg.@jjrgjjst clk`t blt tht hg`lrckgnl vlrwki`lrkgn tusslg kg`kvkùlg kg pcjjts vjg sjolgwlrfkgn. Blt

vlrokg`lrt dhvlg`klg `l ohnlckifbl`lg vjg zlcavlrwlzlgckifkgn vjg stuur`lrs lg nlstuur`lg kg

`l hrnjgksjtkl:1

.Blddlg kg`kvkùlg kg `lrnlckifl hgtwkfflckgnlg ghn llg juthghol fluzl8 ^kldl Dkiflr, bhhncl-rjjr Plmbghchnkl lg ]jolgclvkgn, stlct vjg gklt:>. Bki fklst zlca kg`lrtki` dlwust ho cjgnl tki` zhg-`lr ohdklcl tlclahhg tl hlg. Gj vlrchhp vjg tki` whr`t bki lmbtlr nlmhgarhgtllr` olt blt alkt jt`l hu`l vhhrzklgkgnlg jcs tlclahhgmlcclg vlr`wkiglg, ha sclmbt hg`lrbhu`lg whr`lg. \ktlkg`lckif

vhlct bki zkmb nl`whgnlg oll tl njjg kg `l hgtwkfflckgn. @kt vhhrdllc` vjg `l ohdklcl tlclahhg

:0 ]kldlrs lt jc, 4554, pn 10

:< ]kldlrs lt jc, 4554, pn ;=

:1 Qrki gjjr ]kldlrs lt jc, 4554 pn ==

:> Dkiflr, Tj`khFjssj, 4= jprkc 4552



=:

@[GJOKLF KG @L MHGPLRP

stjjt vhhr Dkiflr oh`lc vhhr `l wkizl wjjrhp tlmbghchnkl hgs clvlg dlègvchl`t, ha wl `kt wkcclgha gklt. Hhf Mhrklg Urkgs, bhhnclrjjr rlmbt lg kgahrojtkslrkgn jjg `l \gkvlrsktlkt vjg Pkcdurn,stlct `jt wl jcs dlwhglrs vjg `lzl ojjtsmbjppki stll`s ollr jjgnlzlt whr`lg tl vlrtrhuwlg hp

tlmbgklf, lr jabjgflckif vjg whr`lg, lg vlrvhcnlgs kg `l djg `jg wlc kg `l nrllp vjg `l tlmbgklffholg:2. Olt llg kg`kvkùlcl dhymht vjg hgtwkfflckgnlg kg `l vknlrlg`l ojgjnlolgtmuctuur ksblt kg lsslgtkl gklt jg`lrs nlstlc`. Kg`kvkùlg blddlg zh`hlg`l cjgn gklt jctki` llg juthgholfluzl.

Nlpjjr` jjg `l nlghlo`l turduclgtkl ks vlrsglcckgn kg blt jcnlollg llg flgolrf vjg `l tlnlgwhhr`knl tki`. @kt nlc`t hpgkluw lvlgzllr vhhr kg`kvkùlg dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls, zhwlc kg bug wlrflg kg bug prkvë-clvlg. Qhcnlgs Lrkfslg, Ghhrs shmkjjc jgtrhphchhn, ks `l nlok``lc`l sprllfsglc-blk` skg`s :;<5 olt ollr `jg <5 prhmlgt thlnlgholg.

– l `hlg hgs wlrf sglcclr lg lamkægtlr `jg hhkt tlvhrlg, wl`lrho `jgfzki `l gkluwl tlmbgklflg.

Ojjr kg pcjjts bklrvjg tl prhtlrlg `hhr okg`lr tl wlrflg, vucclg wl `l dlspjjr`l tki` hp olt

ollr lg sglcclrl dlzknbl`lg.‟ :;

@l thlnlgholg sglcblk` bllat gklt jccllg kgvchl` hp `l ojgklr wjjrhp wl olt lcfjjr mhoou-gkmlrlg, ojjr hhf hp hgzl wkizl vjg mhgtjmtlg clnnlg. Gltwlrflg hp Kgtlrglt zkig nlollgnhl`nlwhr`lg. Qhhrjc klojg`s `knktjcl plrshgjc drjg` lg blt jjgtjc mhgtjmtlg ckift `jjrdki dki tl `rjnlgjjg stjtus. Blt k`ll vjg mhgtjmt vlrvjgnt blt mhgtjmt zlca, stlct Lrkm Dhrnojg45.

Dlbjcvl jt wl sglcclr wlrflg, whr`t tlnlgwhhr`kn hhf vlrwjmbt jt wl vlrsmbkcclg`l tjflg tlnl-ckiflrtki` fugglg hlg. Ouctktjsfkgn bllt kt. Blt ks llg ohhk vhhrdllc` bhl tlmbghchnkl, hhr ok`-`lc vjg ojrfltkgn nlrkmbt hp hgtvjgflckifl pudlrs, hgzl clvlgs dlègvchl`t `hhr blt dllc` tl vlr-sprlk`lg `jt llg olgs ollr`lrl tjflg tlnlckiflrtki` lg olt dlbhu` vjg fwjcktlkt fjg vhcdrlgnlg.

Jc llg tki` zjnlg wl kg jt smbhgl cumbt lg hgdl`hrvlg gjtuur dkgglgfhrt smbjjrsl nhl`lrlg zhu-`lg whr`lg. Hgnlolrft ks blt gu zh nlwhr`lg `jt hhf tki` smbjjrs ks. Plnlckiflrtki` wltlg wl `jtshooknl `kgnlg jccllg cjgnzjjo nl`jjg fugglg whr`lg, `jt zl tki` lg jjg`jmbt gh`kn blddlg.Fkg`lrlg frkinlg dkivhhrdllc`, ha llg buwlckif clvlg, llg prhlasmbrkat smbrkivlg. @jt zkig trjnldlzknbl`lg lg jcs zl okscufflg fhot jt kg vllc nlvjcclg hhr vlrsglcckgn9 l lmbtnlghtlg blddlgblt zh `ruf `jt zl lcfjjr lknlgckif ghhkt clrlg flgglg, wl glolg lr `l tki` gklt vhhr. Jcs `kgnlg`kl jccllg cjgnzjjo nl`jjg fugglg whr`lg vlrsglc` whr`lg, njjt lr klts vlrchrlg. Llg nhl`l shlpbllat tki` vjg trlfflg gh`kn, ojjr ukt llg pjfil cuft blt hhf ‒hgnlvllr‛. Ylflr jcs il gklt ollr wlltbhl nhl`l shlp sojjft. Llg nlrhhftl bjo ohlt llg ijjr bjgnlg ho hp sojjf tl fholg, ojjrjcs lr zhut wjtlr kg nlsphtlg whr`t, sojjft blt rl`lckif. Lrkfslg9

–Lr dlstjjg njtlg kg `l tki`, wjjrkg gklts dkizhg`lrs nldlurt. @lzl njtlg zkig zhg`lr ollr lsslgtkllc vhhr ckla`l, vrl`l, mrljtkvktlkt, ‒zkig‛. Kg llg ojjtsmbjppki zhg`lr `lrnlckifl njtlg ks gklojg`kg stjjt tht nl`jmbtlg cjgnlr `jg vkia mlgtkoltlr. Jcs klts vhhrtùrlg` nldlurt, nldlurt lr lknlgckifgklts. @jt fhot `hhr`jt lr jccllg klts fjg nldlurlg wjggllr lr gklts dkizhg`lrs nldlurt.‟ 4:

Kg llg ojjtsmbjppki ‒zhg`lr njtlg‛, zhg`lr nl`jmbtlg ‒cjgnlr `jg vkia mlgtkoltlr‛, fhot hhfgklojg` jjg rllmtkl thl. @kt ks llg alghollg `jt kg vllc hrnjgksjtkls zkmbtdjjr ks, hhf kg `l hr-

:2 vjg `lg Dlrn lt jc, 4552

:; Lrkfslg, 4551, pn :<

45 Dhrnojg, kgtlrvklw hp Tj`kh:, :2 ghvlodlr 4552

4: Lrkfslg, 4551, pn :<



=4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

njgksjtkls vjg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. Blt bllat rlplrmusskls vhhr `l vhhrdllc`rhc vjg ojgjnlrs, vhhr `l vlrwjmbtkgnlg jjg ol`lwlrflrs, lg blt ‒`hl-nl`rjn‛ `jt zki vlrthglg. Hg`jgfs `l rhlpho fwjcktlkt `hhr fcjgtlg ks `l fwjgtktlkt vjg bjg`lclg dkgglg `l dl`rkiasvhlrkgn okssmbklg wlc

dlcjgnrkiflr nlwhr`lg.Lr zkig ollr nldkl`lg wjjr ‒gklt jccls ks wjt blt ckift‛. Kg hgzl ojjtsmbjppki zkig wl lrjjg nlwlg``jt `l vhhrstlcckgn ha jjgprkizkgn lg `l kgbhu` lcfjjr gklt `lfflg. Gjjst `l zhiukst nlghlo`ltlnlgstlcckgn tusslg `l rhlp ho fwjcktlkt lg `l ahmus vjg bjg`lclg hp fwjgtktlkt fugglg wl dki-

vhhrdllc` hhf `lgflg jjg `l djgf `kl llg kojnh vjg shck`ktlkt gjstrllat, tlrwkic l jmmhugt ojgj-nlrs vjg lzlca`l djgf dhgusslg frkinlg vhhr wkgstlg kl zki dlbjclg hhr nrhtl rkskmh‛s tl glolg.Yh fkift hhf gklojg` lr vjg hp `jt vhl`slc, `jt jjgnlprlzlg whr`t jcs ‒nlzhg`‛, `kt prl`kfjjtsclmbts hp ëëg jsplmt wjjrojjft, lg vlr`lr dhc stjjt vjg hgnlzhg`l j``ktklvlg. @lrnlckifl vhhr-spklnlckgnlg zkig hvlrjc kg l ojjtsmbjppki tl vkg`lg. Blt ks blt spjggkgnsvlc` tusslg l nlwlgstlsktujtkl, `kl hvlrtuknlg` nlprlslgtllr` whr`t jcs wjs blt `l jmtulcl prlstjtkl, lg `l wlrflckiflprlstjtkl. ‒^bjt yhu sll ks wbjt yhu nlt‛, zlk olg vrhlnlr. @jjr fug il gklt ollr vjg hp jjg.

Nrhg`scjnlg vhhr sjolgwlrfkgn

Dkgglg `lzl mhgtlxt stlct Fjcaa 44, vhhrojckn thpojg vjg ]blcc lg FCO, `jt sjolgwlrfkgn vjglsslgtkllc dlcjgn ks vhhr `l vhcnlg`l rhg`l vjg lmhghoksmbl hgtwkfflckgn. Bki mhgmcu`llrtlmbtlr hhf `jt `l nrhg`scjnlg vhhr sjolgwlrfkgn lrgstkn zkig jjgnltjst. Qllc nrhtl Lurhplsldlursnlghtllr`l hg`lrglokgnlg blddlg blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgnsoh`lc hojro`, lg `jt

wlrft gklt kg blt vhhr`llc vjg sjolgwlrfkgn. @kt oh`lc ks zh phpucjkr `hhr`jt `l uktnjgns-pugtlg lrvjg skoplc lg jjgsprlflg` zkig9 skoplcl `hlclg, llgvhu`knl strumturlg olt llgùk`knl

vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`.

–Jccllg kg`kvkùlg fugglg vlrjgtwhhr`kgn jlnnlg, jccllg lmbtl clk`lrs fugglg ol`lwlrflrs kg - spkrlrlg. Ho `lzl rl`lglg zkig tljos (vjgukt blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgnsoh`lc) uktlkg`lckifukt lg dhzl.‟, jcùs Fjcaa 4=. –Blt lclg vjg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` dltlflgt llg vlrckls vjg ojmbtlg whr`t `jjrho tl rksfjgt nljmbt.‟ 40

]jolgwlrfkgn, lg zlflr `l mhopclxlrl vhrolg `jjrvjg, whr`lg hgnlwlgst nljmbt vjgwlnl bltalkt `jt zl gklt jjgscuktlg hp `l dlbhlatl jjg llgvhu`knl dlhhr`lckgnspjrjoltlrs lg dlchgkgnssy-tlolg. Bklr whr`t blt pjjr` jmbtlr `l wjnlg nlspjgglg! Hhf kg `l muctuur vjg `l hg`lrglokg-nlg `kl `kt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgnsoh`lc vhcnlg, dlghlot Fjcaa jcho dlflg`l trlfflg, `kl

wl lvlgwlc zlc`lg hplgckif hg`lrflgglg.

–Hhf dkgglg `l hg`lrglokgn whr`t mhgmurrlgtkl nlzklg jcs blt dlstl hr`lglg`l dlnkgslc ho nhl`llg us smbjjrsl ol`lwlrflrs lg blt dlsmbkfdjrl fjpktjjc thl tl wkizlg. Lg vlr`lr nlc`t vhhr ojgjnlrs lg ol`lwlrflrs `jt jccls `rjjkt ho blt wkgglg, wkgglg olt `l nrhhtstl ohnlckifl ojrnl, `lthtjcl hvlrwkggkgn. Kg blt dlcjgn vjg `l hvlrwkggkgn ks jccls nlhhrchha` `jt wlttlckif ks thlnlstjjglg mhgtrjmtullc gklt uktnlschtlg.‟ 4<

44 Fjcaa, 4550j, pn >

4= Fjcaa, 4550d, pn:=

40 Fjcaa, 4550j, pn :54

4< Fjcaa, 4550d

, pn :=



==


Blt ks ùk`lckif wjt Fjcaa dl`hlct olt zkig hpolrfkgn `jt `l nrhg`scjnlg vhhr sjolgwlrfkgn zkigjjgnltjst. Fjcaa nllat hgs llg gj`lr41 dllc` vjg `l hgdl`hlc`l nlvhcnlg lg hgzkmbtdjrl fhstlg

vjg blt Jolrkfjjgsl oh`lc9 MLH‛s whr`lg vllcjc nlmhgtrjmtllr` vhhr llg plrkh`l vjg `rkl ha

vklr ijjr, wjt `l bhrkzhg vjg kl`lrl ojgjnlr jjgzklgckif vlrfhrt. @l tki`ckig vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl whr`t `hhr `lzl kg`kvkùlcl vlrfhrtkgn vllcvhu`kn nlarjnolgtllr`. Qjrkjdlc sjcjrks vjg jccl ol`lwlrflrs whr`t vjstnlstlc` hp djsks vjg blt dlbjclg vjg `hlcstlcckg-nlg, wjjrhp `l plrahrojgml llgùk`kn vjst tl stlcclg ohlt zkig. Kopckmklt nlvhcn bklrvjg ks `jthhf l prlstjtkl vjg nrhtl mhopclxl duskglss ugkts janloltlg whr`t jjg llg dlplrftl slt llgvhu-`knl flgnltjcclg, `kl gklt kg vlrbhu`kgn stjjg tht `l mhopclxktlkt vjg `l prlstjtkl wjjr dlbhlatljjg ks. Kl`lrl dlcjgnblddlg`l kg `kt splc zhrnt lrvhhr `l dlstl uktnjgnsphsktkl tl mrlærlg `hhrok``lclg lg dlvhln`bl`lg tl dlojmbtknlg lg vlrpckmbtkgnlg tl okgkojckslrlg. Kg`kvkùllc dlcjgnfrkint zh llg bllc `krlmtl vlrtjckgn. @hlclg wjjrvjg l rljcksjtkl jabjgnt vjg l sjolgwlrfkgn oltjg`lrlg (ha jg`lrl ugkts) whr`lg nlol`lg, jjgnlzklg `l sjolgwlrfkgn hp vhhrbjg` rksfjgt lghgzlflr ks lg cjstkn tl uk`lg ks jjg wkl summls ” ha ajclg ” ohlt whr`lg thlnlrlflg`. Honlfllr`

bjgnt tl vllc ja vjg blt dlrlkflg vjg kg`kvkùlcl `hlcstlcckgnlg ho llg jg`lr llg blcplg`l bjg`thl tl stlflg, ha tl kgvlstlrlg kg zjflg `kl gklt jc `kt du`nltijjr vrumbtlg jawlrplg. @hlclg whr-`lg nl`lgkllr` kg fwjgtktjtklvl tlrolg jcs tl dlbjclg wkgst, gklt ha gjuwlckifs kg lgknl vhro vjgfwjcktjtklvl nrhlk vjg `l hg`lrglokgn.

Olt blt `kvlrskmlrlg vjg `l ojrft dlstjjt `l glknkgn `l hrnjgksjtkl vlr`lr hp tl spcktslg kg fclk-glrl, du`nltvlrjgtwhhr`lckifl llgbl`lg `kl `kmbt hp `l splmklfl ojrft fugglg hplrlrlg. @lzlugkts zkig dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl mhgmurrlgtlg vjg lcfjjr, kg `kl zkg `jt zl kg `l hg`lrbjg`lckgnjcclojjc prhdlrlg llg zh cjjn ohnlckif du`nlt ja tl sprlflg lg `jjrdki zh vllc ohnlckif ok``lclg

vhhr zkmbzlca tl dlojmbtknlg. Bhnlrl ojgjnlolgtgkvljus blddlg lr dlcjgn dki jt l bug hg`lr-nlsmbkftl gkvljus zh bhhn ohnlckifl du`nlttlg jmmlptlrlg, hhf jc ks `kt gklt rljckstksmb.4>

Bhlwlc blt hhf jg`lrs42

fjg, whr`t sjolgwlrflg tusslg duskglss ugkts vjflr `jg hhkt llg prh-mls vjg hg`lrbjg`lclg. Kgtlrg llg nhl`l scjn scjjg clvlrt shos ollr wkgst vhhr `l ugkt hp `jgllg lxtlrgl fcjgt dkgglgbjclg. Gh`lchhs ho tl stlcclg `jt `kt vllc kgtlrg nlrkmbtl phcktklf lgojmbtstrki` tht nlvhcn bllat, lg ùs vlrokg`lr`l ahmus hp `l lxtlrgl ojrft. Gu zjflckifl mhg-kmtlg plrshhgckifl nlvhcnlg blddlg (gjolckif kg `l dlchgkgn), whr`lg zjflckifl mhgkmtlg vllcplrshhgckiflr dlclla`. Ojmbt whr`t dlcjgnrkiflr, spjggkgn hg`lr`ruft, mrljtkvktlkt lg ura whr`lgkg `l fklo nlsohhr`, sjolgwlrfkgn whr`t gklt nlstkoucllr` ha dlchhg`. Pht zhvlr Fjcaa hvlrmhgslqulgtkls vjg blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgnsoh`lc.

Ghut ^lcckgf, prlsk`lgt vjg `l Gl`lrcjg`smbl Djgf, nllat jjg `jt `l vlr `hhrnlvhlr`l kg`kvk-ùlcl dlchgkgn kg mhodkgjtkl olt `l stlrf vlrfhrtl gjgmkllc-lmhghoksmbl bhrkzhg hhf jg`lrlnlvhcnlg bllat. ^lrfglolrs frkinlg gu bhnl dhgusslg (vjjf vlcl ojclg bhnlr `jg bug sjcjrks)

wjggllr zl wkgstlg dlbjclg hhr nrhtl rkskmh‛s tl glolg, tlrwkic lvlgtulcl vlrcklzlg vhhr rlflgkgnfholg vjg `l djgf. ‒Ulrvlrsl prkfflcs‛, jcùs ^lcckgf 4;. @l nlvhcnlg vjg `lzl prjftkiflg fholgkgok``lcs jjg blt ckmbt=5.

41 Fjcaa, 4550j, pn ;= - :42

4> Llg mhgmrllt vhhrdllc` bklrvjg ks ol`l hhrzjjf vjg blt uktllgvjcclg vjg blt hg`lrzhlfstljo dkgglg Ohstlrt

DQ.

42 @lgf bklr dkivhhrdllc` jjg l pjrj`hx vjg mhopltktkl lg mhñplrjtkl zhjcs kl hhr l ^kt & Olylr (4550, pn =12

” =>=) nlsmbltst whr`t.

4; ^lcckgf, 4552

=5 Hp blt oholgt `jt `lzl tlfst nlsmbrlvlg whr`t, gjijjr 4552, ks blt ollst ùk`lckifl vhhrdllc` l kgllgsthrtkgn

vjg `l akgjgmkæcl systllo, zhjcs `l wlstlrsl wlrlc` `jt skg`s `l twll`l wlrlc`hhrchn flg`l.



=0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Arjnolgtjtkl

jt bklrkg ollspllct ks `jt wl hgzl honlvkgn stll`s stlrflr wjjrglolg jcs chssl hg`lr`lclg kgpcjjts vjg jcs llg nlègtlnrllr` lg sjolgbjgnlg` nlbllc. ^l vhlclg hgs nlsmblk`lg vjg `l wl-

rlc` wjjrkg wl clvlg, lrdhvlg vlrblvlg lg nllg kgtlnrjjc `llc lrvjg=:

. ]lgnl lt jc.=4

dlsmbrkivlg`kt jjg `l bjg` vjg llg hg`lrzhlf `hhr twll @uktsl jrtslg gjjr `l hgtwkfflckgn kg bug prjftkif.Yki whrstlc`lg olt `l dlflg`l tlnlgstrki`knblk` vjg fhstlglamkægtkl lg dlspjrkgnlg tlrwkic týmb`lzlca`l fwjcktlkt ohlst whr`lg nlclvlr`. Hg`lrzhlf dki bhg`lr``lrtkn pjtkægtlg lg mhcclnj‛sdrjmbtlg blg tht `l mhgmcuskl `jt kg `l ol`ksmbl wlrlc` ” `hhr `l stlrfl dlzukgknkgnlg nl`whg-nlg ” stll`s vjflr fkift gjjr ‒blt fjphttl hg`lr`llc‛ kg pcjjts vjg gjjr blt nlblcl hrnjgksol.

–Jccls V…_ dlnkgt olt blt dlnrkiplg vjg `l jjr` vjg blt nlbllc, lg bhl `l nlblclg zkmb tht lcfjjrvlrbhu`lg. Hgzl ghrojcl ojgklr vjg `lgflg nllat hgs `jjrvjg llg vlrfllr` dllc`. ^ki `lgflg`jt llg nlbllc ks hpnldhuw` ukt vlcl `llctils, zhjcs llg juth dlstjjt ukt wklclg, llg mbjssks lg jjg- `rkivkgn. Qhcnlgs `lzl ojgklr vjg `lgflg dlstjjt blt nlbllc ukt llg sjolgvhlnkgn vjg `l `lclg lg

ks blt jjrvjg jabjgflckif ho nhl` tl fugglg augmtkhglrlg. Jcs llg (hg`lr)`llc fjpht ks, ohlt blt nlrlpjrllr` ha vlrvjgnlg whr`lg. @kt ks llg chnksmbl ojgklr ho hvlr ojmbkgls tl `lgflg. Clvlg`lsystlolg, hhf hrnjgksjtkls, zkig jg`lrs.‟ ==

]lgnl lt jc. stlcclg jt llg lrnlckifl nlarjnolgtllr`l dckf hp zjflg vhhr llg nrhht jjgtjc dl`rkias-tjfflg hpnjjt. ^l zjnlg klts `lrnlckifs llr`lr kg `kt bhha`stuf9 `l jjgsturkgn vjg hrnjgksjtkls kgstll`s fclkglrl du`nltvlrjgtwhhr`lckifl llgbl`lg. @hhr`jt wl hgzl honlvkgn stll`s ollr jcschssl hg`lr`lclg lg `ltjkcs wjjrglolg, flgglg wl `l vlrdjg`lg gklt ollr, vhrolg zki gklt ollrhgs hmucjkr. Llg nlvhcn vjg lrnlckif vlrckls vjg blt dlsla vjg hhrsprhgn lg sjolgbjgn ks hhf jtrllmtlrlg hp `l vlrdjg`lg tusslg hgtwkfflckgnlg ha nldlurtlgksslg hgohnlckif whr`t.

Hrnjgksjtkls prhdlrlg jgtwhhr`lg tl vkg`lg hp `lrnlckifl arjnolgtjtkl vjg hrnjgksjtklstrumtuur

lg -bjg`lclg, wjggllr `kt `l rlsuctjtlg vjg `l hg`lrglokgn rlot. Kg llg ckgljkrl bkærjrmbkl ks`l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr hozlt lg wkgst hvlr ëëg js dlcln`. @kt clk`t tht rlcjtkla trjnl lg

vlrtkmjcl, nlsmblk`lg dlscuktckiglg. Dki sglccl vlrjg`lrkgnlg kg `l ojrft stjjt llg ugkt ojgjnlr gkltsglc zkig ok``lclg ja jjg llg jg`lrl ugkt . Nlfhpplc` jjg `l kgtlrgl vlrrlflgkgnsolmbjgksolgks blt rlsuctjjt vhhr `l thtjcl hrnjgksjtkl `jg vjjf cjnlr `jg `l phtlgtkl. Ho `kt tl hg`lrvjgnlgnjjg hrnjgksjtkls hvlr hp ojtrkx- lg gltwlrfstrumturlg, zlcasturkgn lg plrojglgtl vlrjg`lrkgn =0.

Jg`lrl hrnjgksjtkls=< prhdlrlg skg`s lgflcl ijrlg `l arjnolgtjtkl tl hvlrstkinlg `hhr kopclolg-tjtkl vjg ouctk`kolgskhgjcl strumturlg. Dki `lzl hrnjgksjtklvhro whr`t llg hrnjgksjtkl kgnl`llc`kg `kolgskls jcs prh`umt, ojrftslnolgt, jmmhugt ha rlnkh. @l vhhr `l `kolgskls vlrjgtwhhr`l-ckifl ojgjnlrs whr`lg nlollgsmbjpplckif vlrjgtwhhr`lckif nlbhu`lg vhhr `l rlsuctjtlg vjg `lhg`lrglokgn. Yki whr`lg bklrhp zhwlc kg`kvk`ullc jcs nlzjolgckif jjgnlsprhflg lg dlhhr`llc`=1.

Llg ouctk`kolgskhgjjc hrnjgksjtkloh`lc vrjjnt llg kgnrkiplg`l pjrj`knojvlrjg`lrkgn vjg ojgj-nlrs9 vjg ahmus hp lknlgdlcjgn gjjr kgtlgsklvl sjolgwlrfkgn.Kg`klg `lzl pjrj`knojvlrjg`lrkgn scjjnt, stjjt hgs ‒llg ohhklrl wlrlc`‛ tl wjmbtlg, olt llggkluwl kgvucckgn vjg tljowhrf `hhr `l nlblcl hg`lrglokgn vjgukt ëëg nlollgsmbjpplckif `hlc,

=: lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn = - ;

=4 ]lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn :::

== ]lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn =

=0 Hvlrcjlt, 4555, pn 0=

=< Dkivhhrdllc` Jcdlrt Blkig Mhopjgy, J]OC, JDG/JOTH lg KDO Gl`lrcjg`.

=1 Ukltlrsl, 4552



=<


kg nlckifwjjr`knblk`, hplgblk` lg nlzjolgckifl vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, wjjrdki jccl splclrs dlsmbkf-flg hvlr lzlca`l kgahrojtkl. Oki ckift l vlrhg`lrstlcckgn jt llg lrnlckifl vlrjg`lrkgn pcjjts fjg

vkg`lg tlnlg blt lknlgdlcjgn kg llg vhhrdllc` vjg llg uthpksmbl, hvlrojtkn phsktklvl dlgj`lrkgn

vjg `l wlrlc`.

]kopckakmjtkl

Kgtusslg dckiat `l bhha`strhho jjg ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur=> `l hgtwkfflckgnlg dliudlclg lg vhhr-zklg vjg j`vklzlg ‒bhw th summll`‛ . Fhht & ]jdlcks=2 mhgstjtlrlg `jt flggks hvlr ojgjnlolgt lgclk`lrsmbjp vllcjc ghrojtkla, oh`lcojtkn lg nl`lmhgtlxtujcksllr` ks, `jt zki `l prltlgtkl vjg ugk-

vlrslcl thlpjsdjjrblk` bllat lg l lohtkhglcl cllawlrlc`, muctuur lg k`lgtktlkt vjg ojgjnlrs nhl`-`llcs ckgfs cjjt cknnlg. @l vlrskoplckgn `kl `kt nlgrl tl zklg nllat, `l kccuskl jcsha blt `rjjklg jjgllg lgflcl fghp vjg blt systllo blt plrshhgckif summls dkgglg dlrlkf drlgnt, vhhrzklt dckifdjjr kgllg dlbhlatl, nlzklg `l phpucjrktlkt vjg `lzl dhlflg. Kg skoplcl dlwhhr`kgnlg, ollstjc olt llg-

vhu`knl `hmb fsl mhgmcuskls lg zhg`lr vllc hg`lrdhuwkgn ha vlrwkizkgn, whr`t olt jjgstlflckiflgtbhuskjsol jjgnlnlvlg (‒vhhrnlsmbrlvlg‛) bhl klts ohlt whr`lg jjgnlpjft ho tht summls tlclk`lg. Mhopclxktlkt jcs nlvhcn vjg `kvlrsktlkt kg mhgtlxt whr`t nlglnllr`, lg olg dhuwt vhhrthp `hokgjgtl pjrj`knoj‛s dkgglg blt ojgjnlolgt`lgflg9 ‒wkgst ohlt‛ =; , ‒muctuur whr`t dlpjjc` hhrlgflcl tl dlègvchl`lg pjrjoltlrs‛ lg ‒`l ojgjnlr ks l blc` kl l prhalsskhgjc tht llg dltlrl prlstjtkl clk`t‒ . Lg wklzhu gklt summlsvhc wkcclg zkig, jcs `kt flgglckif zh llgvhu`kn dkgglg bjg`dlrlkf cknt8

Ujrflr smbltst kg lgflcl whhr`lg zkig dllc` vjg `kt nlgrl cktlrjtuur jjg `l bjg` vjg llg hpolr-fkgn hvlr ‒Mhrphrjtl Mucturls‛ vjg @ljc & Flggl`y 059

–Ha j survlyl` 25 mhopjgkls hgcy :2 bj` mcljrcy jrtkmucjtl` slts ha qujcktjtkvl (ghg-gjgmkjc)

dlcklas jg` jcc tblsl wlrl hutstjg`kgncy summlssauc. Pbl chnkmjc kgalrlgml ks qulstkhgl` kg hgl slgtlgml

jg` arho tblg hg kt ks jmmlptl` tbjt ‒strhgn‛ mucturls mjusl summlss, ‒wljf‛ hgls ajkcurls. Js jglopchylr, mhgtrhc tbl mucturl summlssauccy jg` yhu wkcc bjvl bknblr prh`umtkvkty wktb ohrl lopchyllkgvhcvlolgt. Js jg lopchyll, ug`lrstjg` yhur mucturl jg` yhu wkcc dl ohrl ckflcy th nlt jblj` kgkt.‟ 0:

@l sunnlstkl kg `lzl dhlflg ks `jt summls skoplc tl dlbjclg ks, `jt blt ojjfdjjr ks. @kl sunnlstklks llg kccuskl, `hmb vjct kg `l rkifl vhl`kgnsdh`lo vjg hgs mucturllc nl`jmbtlnhl`. @l hgnlchal-ckifl hgtwkfflckgn vjg `l wltlgsmbjp, vjg tlmbghchnksmbl flggks lg vjjr`knbl`lg, bllat `l olgskg blt jcnlollg llg nlvhlc nlnlvlg vjg suprlojtkl. ^l fugglg jccls, gklts zjc hgs jcs `klrshhrtdlclt whr`lg ha dl`rlknlg. Gu wl hvlrtukn` zkig vjg `l ojjfdjjrblk` vjg jccls dckift lmbtlr `jthhf wltlgsmbjp lg tlmbgklf nllg vjt blddlg hp wlrlc`wki`l vlrjg`lrkgnlg kg `l gjtuurckifl

systlolg, `kl wl ghn hgvhc`hlg`l flgglg. Gkluwl hgtwkfflckgnlg kg wltlgsmbjp lg tlmbgklfdrlgnlg hgs wlc gkluwl sguails lg pklpils, ojjr stll`s okg`lr zkgnlvkgn. Llr`lr zkig zki syodhhc

vjg `l hgnlrlo`l hgtwkfflckgnlg `kl gu llg nlvjjr vhhr `l olgsblk` njjg vhrolg. Alktlg `klbklrhp `uk`lg, zhjcs `l vlrgkltknkgn vjg lmhsystlolg lg `l vlrjg`lrkgn vjg fckojtlg, drlgnlg

=> Dkivhhrdllc` Ultlrs & ^jtlrojg, :;246 @ljc & Flggl`y, :;226 Fjtzlgdjmb & ]oktb, :;;26 Clhgjr` & ]wjp,

:;;;6 lr zkig hhf prjmbtknl uktzhg`lrkgnlg bklrhp, zhjcs ]lgnl lt.jc, 4550.

=2 Fhht & ]jdlcks, 4555, pn 4:;

=; –Urhakt ks ckfl bljctb. [hu gll` kt, jg` tbl ohrl tbl dlttlr. Dut kt ks ght wby yhu lxkst.‟ Ultlrs & ^jtlrojg, :;24,

pn :5=

05 @ljc & Flggl`y, :;22

0: Ujrflr, 4555, pn :=



=1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

hgs kg vlrwjrrkgn. Hgs nlchha kg lknlg fugglg ks lmbtlr zý stlrf, lg `l phtlgtkæcl nlvhcnlg vhl-clg jcs ghn zý vlrja, `jt wl ghn nllg wllt wkcclg blddlg vjg ojjtrlnlclg `kl hgs plrshhgckifmhoahrt (hgs dlcjgn hp fhrtl tlrokig) dlplrflg. ^l bjg`lclg jcsha wl hgs lknlgdlcjgn ghn

hgnlstrjat lg hghpnlolrft fugglg cjtlg prlvjclrlg. ^l fugglg hgs `lrnlckifl kccuskls dckifdjjrghn vlrhhrchvlg.

Dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls zkig vlrsmbkcclg`l nlvhcnlg tl zklg vjg skopckmjtkls pjrjcclc jjg dhvlgstjjg-`l trlg` vjg ojjfdjjrblk` lg kccuskl. Yh ks lr dkgglg `l wlrlc` vjg vlrjg`lrfug`l llg jc ijrlgrhuclrlg`l wkisblk` `jt >5% vjg `l vlrjg`lrprhilmtlg okscuft04. Gkluwl dhlflg nlvlg `lshg-`jgfs gkluwl vhhrsmbrkatlg bhl jg wâc tl bjg`lclg ho vhhrnjjg`l okscuffkgnlg tl vhhrfholg.

Jg`lrl cktlrjtuur vrjjnt zkmb ja wjt wl ahut `hlg, jcs lr zh vllc prhilmtlg gklt scjnlg. @kt jcclszhg`lr `jt `l fjgslg hp summls ghlolgswjjr`kn vlrdltlrlg. Okigs kgzklgs cknt `l hhrzjjf vhhrllg nrhht `llc kg llg hg`lrsmbjttkgn vjg `l mhopclxktlkt vjg blt tl vlrjg`lrlg systllo, llg tldlplrftl dlsmbhuwkgn vjg systllonrlgzlg, blt glolg vjg tl wlkgkn tki` vhhr rllmtkl hvlr `ldltrhfflg frjmbtlg lg bhl vjg `kl frjmbtlg nldrukf fjg whr`lg nlojjft. llrstjg` whr`t ollr

nlzklg jcs llg tl vlroki`lg frjmbt `jg jcs lglrnkl vjg dltrhfflglg `kl dlgut fjg whr`lg.

@l oltjahhr rkgnt zkmb hp vjg llg smbkp jt ho nllg tki` tl vlrcklzlg vrhln vlrtrlft lg vlrvhcnlgsz‛g lglrnkl vlrsthhft tlnlg `l wkg` lg blt tki, kg pcjjts vjg llg thmbt tl pcjgglg `kl janlstlo` kshp blt tki lg tl wjmbtlg hp nugstknl wkg`. Hrnjgksjtkls zkig vjg`jjn `l `jn `us plrojglgt kg vlr-jg`lrkgn lg ojgjnlolgtdhlflg nlvlg hpnlwlftl j`vklzlg bhl `kt jjg tl pjfflg. @lshg`jgfs

vlrchhpt >5% vjg `kl vlrjg`lrkgnlg gklt gjjr tlvrl`lgblk`. Qhhr ojgjnlrs vhhrwjjr llg jodk-nul mhgtlxt. Ha nldrukflg zki `l ohnlckifblk` tht hpgkluw vlrjg`lrlg iukst jcs llg vcumbt vhhrukt,hp llg oholgt jt zl gklt nhl` wltlg bhl jg`lrs tl bjg`lclg8 Glt jcs vhhr ojgjnlrs ks hhf vhhrtljos jodknuètlkt llg nlvhcn. Bhhrt blt lknlg tljo dki `l =5% `kl wlc zjc scjnlg8

Llg twll`l, vlrnlckifdjjr laalmt vjg skopckmjtkl ks tl zklg kg blt ojgjnlolgt vjg tljos. Bhlwlc

blt shmkjcl systllo kg lg rhg` llg tljo quj mhopclxktlkt gklt vlrnlckifdjjr ks olt `l nrhtl gjtuur-ckifl systlolg, nlc`t hhf vhhr tljos `jt blt llg kccuskl ks ho tl `lgflg `jt blt zh tl rkmbtlg ks `jtlr vhcnlgs llg k`ljjc oh`lc sjolgnlwlrft whr`t, `jt lknlgdlcjgnlg lg blt kgtlrjmtkhglcl nlbjr-rlwjr gklt hpnlolrft bhlvlg whr`lg lg zlflr hg`lrnlsmbkft nlojjft fugglg whr`lg jjg blt hr-njgksjtkl`hlc. Qjgukt llg plrsplmtkla vjg wkgsthptkojcksjtkl ks kt lmbtlr wlc llg zllr jjgtrlfflckifdllc`, `jt `hhr vllc ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur kg blt vlrsmbklt whr`t nlstlc`. ^jggllr ojgjnlrs `lmhopclxktlkt vjg llg mhgstlccjtkl jcs llg tljo gklt fugglg `hhrzklg, zki `jjr gklt kg hpnlclk` hathl nlstkoucllr` whr`lg, clk`t `lrnlckifl hgfug`l ojfflckif tht zlcahvlrsmbjttkgn, tht llg kccusklhvlr `l lknlg stuurfugst. Lg `l ‒bhw th‛ -dhlflg nlvlg koolrs jjg `jt blt fjg8

Nrhg`scjnlg vhhr dlhhr`lckgn

@l lghrol vcumbt `kl tlmbghchnksmbl ohnlckifbl`lg blddlg nlgholg, bllat ghn llg bllc jg`lrnlvhcn. @jgfzki `l kgahrojtkltlmbghchnkl ks blt ohnlckif ho ” vhhr wkl `jjr thlnjgn tht bllat

” `l njgnlg vjg jg`lrlg gj tl njjg. @l hvlrblk` fjg `l njgnlg gjnjjg vjg kl`lr `kl rlkst, ha `ktgu vkrtullc olt llg pm hvlr kgtlrglt ks ha aysklf olt llg ohdklc kg il dkgglgzjf lg dkgglgfhrt llgTAK@-mbkp kg il duoplr, olt llg HQ-mbkpfjjrt blt hplgdjjr vlrvhlr kg lg ukt.Kg hrnjgksjtkls clk`lg shhrtnlckifl hgtwkfflckgnlg, vjgukt llg bllc jg`lrl rkmbtkgn lvlgllgs thtmhgtrhcl vjg vlrnlckifdjrl strlffkgn. Jcclrllrst `l hgtwkfflckgn vjg dlgmbojrfkgn , `l vlrnlckifkgn

vjg rlsuctjtlg tusslg rlclvjgtl mhgmurrlgtlg. Dki `l ijmbt gjjr ojxkojcksjtkl vjg l wkgst plr jjg-

04 Mhgglr, :;;4



=>


`llc ks kt llg bjg`knl ojgklr ho tl fkiflg ‒bhl dl`rkivlg blt hlg‛. Lmbtlr, jccllg llgvhu`kn ollt-djrl pjrjoltlrs clglg zkmb vhhr llg `lrnlckifl vlrnlckifkgn vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l dl`rkiasvhlrkgnlg.

–Fwjgtkmlrkgn vlrwrkgnt `l fkif hp `l wlrflckifblk`9 olltdjrl vlrfhhpfhstlg plr jrtkflc fug - glg hgolltdjrl vlrsmbkcclg kg slrvkml vlrbucclg6 blt plrmlgtjnl vlrchhp hg`lr blt plrshgllc zlnt gkltshvlr `l rl`lglg vjg vlrtrlf.‟ 0=

Plnlckiflrtki` ks blt gh`kn `l rljcksjtkl vjg llgojjc nlstlc`l `hlclg hhf kgtlrg gjuwnlzlt tl vhc-nlg. Ojgjnlrs mhgtrhclrlg bug ol`lwlrflrs hp blt dlbjclg vjg lvlgllgs skoplc fwjgtkmllr-djrl zjflg jcs jjgtjc ajmturjdlcl urlg, hozlt lg wkgstdki`rjnl. Llg `lr`l hgtwkfflckgn `kl `ltwll`l vlrstlrft lg dki`rjjnt jjg `l thlglolg`l mhgtrhcl ks blt alkt `jt `l ojgjnlr stll`s vjflrzlca nllg vjfojtknl whrtlcs bllat kg blt prhmls `jt bki dlbllrt. Ho dki hgtdrlflg` vlrtrhuwlgthmb tl fugglg sturlg bllat bki llg `jsbdhjr` olt jcclrbjg`l flgnltjcclg gh`kn.

Hp hrnjgksjtklgkvlju vlrtjjct `l thlnlgholg mhgtrhcl zkmb kg thlglolg`l fhstlg lg jaglolg`l

sglcblk` vjg bjg`lclg00

. @kt zkig hgdl`hlc`l, ojjr hgoksflgdjrl glvlglaalmtlg. Hp ol`lwlr-flrgkvlju dltlflglg lzl trlg`s ollr mhgtrhcl lg thlzkmbt hhr blt ojgjnlolgt9 wl wkcclg wltlg wjt il `hlt, ha il vhc`hlg`l ‒dki`rjjnt‛. @l prlstjtkl vjg ol`lwlrflrs dlpjjct koolrs kg dlcjgn-rkifl ojtl `l dhgus vjg `l ojgjnlr8 @hhr thlglolg`l ahmus hp `l prlstjtkl vjg ol`lwlrflrshp blt gkvlju hg`lr blo fhot `l ojgjnlr rlnlcojtkn gklt thl jjg zkig lknlg tjflg. Qhhrjc `lollr strjtlnksmbl tjflg lg `l lxtlrgl nlrkmbtblk` vjg ojgjnlrs cki`lg bklrhg`lr.

Dlchgkgn vjg prlstjtkls vkg`t stll`s vjflr pcjjts vhcnlgs llg rlcjtklvl olltcjt9 Jcs il nhl` nlprls-tllr` bldt, ojjr okg`lr `jg `l dlstl, frkin il okg`lr dltjjc` `jg wjggllr il olt `klzlca`l prlstj-tkl `l rjgnckist jjgvhlrt. Bld il nhl` nlprlstllr`, ojjr vjct blt thtjcl dl`rkiasrlsuctjjt tlnlg, `jgks l fjgs nrhht jt il thmb gklt vhcnlgs jasprjjf dlchhg` whr`t. Qhcnlgs Fjcaa whr`t olt kt jcclslmbtlr blt honlfllr`l laalmt dlrlkft9

–Olgslg zkig prh`umtklvlr jcs zl gklt tlnlg lcfjjr whr`lg hpnlzlt lg jcs zl gklt `hhrchplg` djgnzkig ho bug dhgus ha zlcas bug djjg tl vlrcklzlg.‟ 0<

Dlcjgnrkifl jsplmtlg vjg fwjcktjtklvl jjr`, zhjcs sjolgwlrfkgn, lxkdkcktlkt, fwjcktlkt vjg dlscuktvhrokgn lg slrvkmlnlrkmbtblk`, dckivlg dki dhvlgnlsmbltstl ahmus hp flgnltjcclg duktlg dllc`.@lzl trlg` dkgglg `l dl`rkiashonlvkgn whr`t `hhr vjg Lnohg`, vhhrojckn `krlmtlur vjg bltOkcklu- lg Gjtuur-Ucjgdurlju, hhf kg blt phcktklfl prhmls nlskngjcllr`. Bki ghlot `kt ‒lmhghok-slrkgn‛9 thlglolg`l dlscuktvhrokgn hp djsks vjg fwjgtktjtklvl fhstlg-djtlgjgjcysls.

– l blddlg kg kt tki`snlwrkmbt l glknkgn ho shmkjjc-mucturlcl lg lmhchnksmbl pugtlg ukt tl rufflg

kg lmhghoksmbl tlrolg. V…_ Ks blt prkgmkpkllc wlc ohnlckif ho lmhchnksmbl fwjcktlktlg lg shmkjjc- mucturlcl wjjr`lg kg llg ojjtsmbjpplckifl fhstlg-djtlgjgjcysl ukt tl `rufflg8 V…_ Ks blt up- nrj`lg vjg blt Ahmbtlchærvllg jabjgflckif vjg `l vrjjn kg bhlvlrrl `l bukzlgprkizlg kg Jpplcsmbjstkinlg8 V…_ Blt ks prkoj ho blt phcktklfl prhmls tl ajmkcktlrlg olt `lrnlckifl jgjcysls. Ojjr bltdckiat llgzki`kn. Yhklts ohlt il ojjr dlplrft wkcclg ukt`rufflg kg shoolg. @lrnlckifl vrjnlg ohlt

il dki `l olgs gllrclnnlg, `l olgs olt llg nrhtl clttlr O.‟ 01

0= Fjcaa, 4550j, pn ::4

00 Mhvly, 4551, pn 40 - 42

0< Oltz, 4550, pn :0

01 ]mbrlu`lr, 455>, pn =;



=2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@jt lr dlbhlatl ks jjg fwjgtkmlrkgn ho vlrnlckifkgn tusslg dlcjgnlg tl vlrskoplclg, ks gklt vlr - whg`lrckif. ]tll`s dckift blt thmb vhhrjc `l wkgst `kl tlct. Yh `hlt blt fjdkglt lkg` 455> alroluktsprjflg hvlr blt dlcjgn vjg olgslgrlmbtlg lg bhl Gl`lrcjg` `jjrvhhr hp `l dóbgl zjc njjg

stjjg. Kg `l prjftkif vjcclg `l `j`lg tlnlg, wjgt Thttlr`jo ks Mbkgj‛s nrhhtstl lxphrtbjvlg, ùs wl ohltlg blt rlnkol `jjr gklt tlnlg hgs kg blt bjrgjs ijnlg, `jt fhst nlc`. l wkcclg wlc, lg cj-tlg chvlgswjjr`knl kgtlgtkls bhrlg, ojjr blt lmhghoksmb dlcjgn wllrbhu`t hgs l nlahroucllr`lk`ljclg tl vlrwlzlgckiflg. @kt ks ëëg vjg `l vlcl ojjtsmbjpplckif vhhrdllc`lg `kl tljocl`lg kgbug honlvkgn zklg.

Hhf dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls zkig `lrnlckifl tlnlgstlcckgnlg wjjr tl glolg. Jjg ojgjnlrs whr`lgpjrj`hxjcl lkslg nlstlc` jcs j`lqujtl sturkgn nlvlg ojjr hhf tht zlcasturkgn jjgzlttlg, lxkdkck-slrkgn ojjr hhf dkg`kgn tht stjg` drlgnlg, vlrsglcckgn ëg hgtbjjstkgn, mlgtrjcksjtkl lg `lmlgtrj-cksjtkl0>. Yki dckiflg zkmb lmbtlr gjuwlckifs vjg `lzl pjrj`hxjcktlkt dlwust tl zkig02, cjjt stjjg `jtzl dlwustl fluzls ojflg tlg jjgzklg vjg bug bjg`lclg. Lg vhhr zhvlr zki zkmb wlc klts vjg `lzlpjrj`hxjcktlkt rljckslrlg, ojflg zki zkmb bklr gklt wlrflckif `ruf hvlr. Bug wlrflckifl ahmus, zh

vkg`lg Fhht & ]jdlcks, ks nlrkmbt hp blt bjg`bjvlg lg uktdhuwlg vjg bug (ojmbts)phsktkl. Kg `lzhnlgjjo`l arhgtstjnl prlslgtlrlg zl zkmb ghnjc llgs jcs vhhrstjg`lr ha pclktdlzhrnlr vjg hgt-bjjstkgn, zlcasturkgn, `lmlgtrjcksjtkl, lophwlrolgt, mbjhstblhrkl lg ‒`l fugst vjg blt chscjtlg‛6kg `l djmfstjnl rlflglg zl lcfjjr ja hp `l ojtl wjjrkg zl lrkg scjnlg hvlr tl fholg jcs klojg``kl ‒zkig zjjfils dlbllrst‛0;. @l thpojgjnlrs ukt blt hg`lrzhlf vjg Fhht & ]jdlcks vhc`hlg, zhmhgstjtlrlg `lzl hg`lrzhlflrs, kg vllc hpzkmbtlg dlsckst gklt jjg blt k`ljjcdllc` `jt kg (phpucjkrllg ollr slrkluzl) ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur whr`t gllrnlzlt. @l bhha`strhho vjg `kt nlgrl dlstjjtukt bjg`lc kg kccuskls.

Ol`lwlrflrs vlrstjjg lzl uddlcl dh`lo vjg nlthhg` k`ljjc lg nlbjgtllr`l rljcktlkt uktstlflg`lg wltlg bhl zl `kt ohltlg vlrtjclg gjjr wârflckif nlwlgst nl`rjn hp `l wlrfvchlr. Yl fklzlg

olt llg lmhghoksmbl ahmus lklrlg vhhr bug nlc`. Cl`lg vjg ëëg vjg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos stlcclg9‒Olt gj`lgflg fug il nllg drhh` vlr`klglg.‛ ‒@hlg‛ lg ‒dlzkn zkig‛ blddlg llg `krlmtl rlcjtkl olthozlt lg wkgst hp `l fhrtl tlrokig. @kl jmtkvktlktlg whr`lg bhnlr jjgnlsmbrlvlg `jg vhhrukt`lgflg ha llg gjdlsmbhuwkgn vjg `l rlsuctjtlg vjg `jt bjg`lclg. @kvlrsktlkt hp vlrsmbkcclg`ltlrrlkglg njjt zh vlrchrlg9 blt bjg`lclg vlrsmbrjjct dkivhhrdllc`, wjt hg`lr jg`lrl tht ukt`ruf-fkgn fhot kg mhoougkmjtkl (zkl bhha`stuf 1) lg vhhr vlrgkluwkgn whr`t nllg rukotl nlojjft. Kg`l kivlr tl vhc`hlg jjg blt pjrj`knoj ks `lrnlckifl `kvlrsktlkt lrukt nlæmhghoksllr`.

Kg`kvkùjckslrkgn

Llg bllc jg`lrl ojjtsmbjpplckifl hgtwkfflckgn, sclmbts kg`krlmt vlrhhrzjjft `hhr `l tlmbghchnk-

smbl ohnlckifbl`lg, ks `l kg`kvkùjckslrkgn. Nlzkgglg whglg jc `lmlggkj gklt ollr dki lcfjjr kgblt `hrp, gkluwl mjtlnhrklæg buksbhu`lgs `kvlrskmlrlg quj sjolgclvkgnsvhro<5. Il bhhrt gkltollr vjgzlcasprlflg` ‒lrnlgs dki‛, tlrwkic `kt vrhlnlr wjs hpnlcln` vjgukt il nldhhrtlokcklu. ^jjrklojg` dki fwjo tl bhrlg wjs gklt jctki` kg zkig ha bjjr dlcjgn. Qrhuwlg ohmbtlg vjjf gklt stu-`lrlg ha wlrflg, ojgglg ukt jrdlk`lrsokcklus bj``lg zkmb vllcjc tl smbkfflg kg blt wlrf `jt kg`l duurt dlsmbkfdjjr lg vhhr bug ‒fjstl‛ dlrlkfdjjr wjs. Llg fluzl fugglg ojflg vhhr il lknlgdlcjgn ks zh`hlg`l ghn rlcjtkla gkluw. Llg smbjt jjg ohnlckifbl`lg cknt gu dkgglg dlrlkf vjg vllc

0> Fhht & ]jdlcks, 4555, pn 4:;

02 Fhht & ]jdlcks, 4555, pn 44:

0; Fhht & ]jdlcks, 4555, pn 44:

<5 Oly, :;;0, pn 4=



=;


ollr olgslg. Blt ks lmbtlr gklt jccllg `jt lr gu fluzls nlojjft oýnlg whr`lg, blt ohlt zlcas,ha il wkct ha gklt. @l lknlg jawlnkgn ohlt `jjroll tlnlgwhhr`kn lxpckmkltlr zkig. Lg tlnlckiflrtki`ks ‒lrdki bhrlg‛ ghn jctki` `l `klpstl `rjgn vjg `l olgs<:.

Hhf dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls trll`t kg`kvkùjckslrkgn hp. Kg llg phnkgn `l sglccl vlrjg`lrkgnlg bltbhha` tl dkl`lg `hhr ok``lc vjg lxkdkckslrkgn vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl vlrvjgnlg vllc dl`rkivlg `l

vlrtrhuw`l stjdkcktlkt vjg `l bkærjrmbksmbl strumtuur `hhr `ygjoksmbl ojtrkxhrnjgksjtkls lg gltwlrflg<4. Ojgjnlrs strholg kg bhhn tloph `hhr vjg `l lgl phsktkl gjjr `l jg`lrl. Blt nlvhcn vhhr `l ol`lwlrflr ks plrojglgtl vlrjg`lrkgn kg `l bkærjrmbkl wjjr bki oll tl ojflg bllat lgkg zkig shmkjcl honlvkgn. Jjg jasprjflg nlojjft olt `l lgl ojgjnlr dckift `l vhcnlg`l ojgjnlrzkmb rlnlcojtkn gklt nldhg`lg tl vhlclg.

Qllc llgbl`lg wjjrkg olgslg hplrlrlg ” dl`rkivlg, vlrlgknkgnlg, lvlglolgtlg ” whr`lg stll`snrhtlr lg jghgklolr. @lshg`jgfs blddlg olgslg iukst kg `l buk`knl turduclgtkl lg vhcjtkcktlkt`l dlbhlatl lrnlgs dki tl bhrlg, ojjr cklast zhg`lr dlohlklgks ha vlrpckmbtkgnlg. @us vcumbtkn,

vrkidckivlg` lg olt vhhr`llc9 QQQ. @kt bllat llg lknlg `ygjoklf tht nlvhcn. Ojrtkgl @lcahs zlnt`jjrhvlr9

–@l vlrdjg`lg wjjrdkgglg wl clvlg zkig stll`s chsslr nlwhr`lg. ^l ojflg stll`s okg`lr cjgn- ùrknl rlcjtkls oll `kl hgs clrlg bhl wl prhdclolg ohltlg hvlrwkgglg, bhl wl llg rlcjtkl stjg`fugglg cjtlg bhu`lg.‟ <=

@l vcumbtknblk` lg vrkidckivlg`blk` blddlg wlcckmbt ùs nlvhcnlg vhhr hgzl mhgtjmtulcl vjjr`kn-bl`lg. Qhhr blt clvlg kg tljos rhlpt `kt llg kgtlrlssjgtl vrjjn hp9 zkig wl ghn kg stjjt ho sjolgprhdclolg tl hvlrwkgglg, fugglg wl llg rlcjtkl dhuwlg lg stjg` cjtlg bhu`lg8

@l hvlrblk` `wkgnt durnlrs kg blt fj`lr vjg kg`kvkùjckslrkgn stll`s vjflr tht ‒llg lknlg fluzl‛.

Hhf wlrfnlvlrs stlcclg bug ol`lwlrflrs vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr bug lknlg fluzl, blt vhronlvlg vjg bug lknlg chhpdjjg. Llg nlvhcn bklrvjg ks `jt llg kg`kvkù kg bhnl ojtl hp zkmbzlca ks jjg-nlwlzlg. Kg il fluzl vhhr llg zklftlfhstlgphcks, kg il fluzl vhhr llg chhpdjjg, llg wlrfnlvlr. Ilstjjt hp ilzlca, hhf dkgglg `l rlcjtklvl cuwtl vjg llg tljo. Fjg kl`lr tljock` bklroll honjjg8Bllat ‒lknlg fluzl‛ `jjroll llg ùddlcl dh`lo nlfrlnlg8 Blt kg`kvkù bllat koolrs nllg jg-`lrl fluzl `jg zlca tl fklzlg8 Ha thmb wlc8 Bjcvlrwlnl `l vhrknl lluw wjs blt mrl`h ho zh ok`-`lcojtkn ohnlckif tl zkig. @l ‒hrnjgkzjtkhg ojg‛ , zh smbrlla ^kcckjo B. ^bytl Ir kg :;<1, trjmbttliukst ho zh nhl` ohnlckif ‒tbl ojg kg tbl ok``cl‛ tl zkig<0. ]kg`s`klg ks lr vllc vlrjg`lr`. ^jt dltl-flgt `lzl tlg`lgs vhhr `l vlrwjmbtkgnlg `kl llg hrnjgksjtkl bllat vjg llg kg`kvkù, vhhr `klgs

vlrwjmbtkgn vjg zkmbzlca lg vhhr nl`rjn kg tljos8

Gjjst `l lknlg fluzl lg fluzlvrkiblk`, `kl zh prhokglgt ckiflg, zkig tlnlckiflrtki` `wkgnlg`l ghr-

olg jjg blt wlrf, kl blt vhhr duktlgstjjg`lrs lrn ohlkckif ojflg hpnlgholg tl whr`lg kg hgzlojjtsmbjppki lg muctuur. J`rkjg Ajvlc dlsmbrkiat kg zkig rlmlgtl dhlf << ‒Lurhstjrs jg` Lurhmktkls,Arll Ohvlolgt jg` Ohdkckty kg jg Kgtlnrjtkgn Lurhpl‛ jt Jostlr`jo lg Chg`lg vhhr arll ohvlrs nllg prlttknl stl`lg zkig, Drusslc `jjrlgtlnlg wlc. Bki stlct9

<: Djuolkstlr & Cljry, :;;<, pn <45

<4 Hvlrcjlt, 4555, pn 0=

<= @lcahs, 4550, pn :2

<0 Tlkmb, 4555, pn :=4

<< Ajvlcc, 4552



05

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Kg Drusslc fug il gklt kgtlnrlrlg. Lr ks nllg gjtkhgjcl muctuur. @us kgtlnrlrlg kg wjt8 @l stj` ksllg spllcdjc vjg mucturlg, lr zkig `rkl hamkæcl tjclg. Kl`lrllg bllat llg jmmlgt. Il dlgt nllg hutmjst,kl`lrëëg ks hutmjst. Lr ks gklt ëëg lcktl, lr zkig lr vlcl.‟ <1

Kg llg cjg` jcs Gl`lrcjg` whr`t vjg ihu jcs arll ohvlr vlrwjmbt `jt il fklst vhhr llg gkluwl gjtk-hgjcl k`lgtktlkt, olt dkidlbhrlg`l mh`ls. @kl shmkjcl mh`ls zkig vhhr duktlgcjg`lrs gklt tl frjflg.@jt nllat llg dlfcloolg`l vlrwjmbtkgn, wjjr iukst `lzl fjgsrkifl arll ohvlrs wllr vhhr vcumbtlg.Kg Drusslc zkig `l vlrwjmbtkgnlg cjjn, `jjr ks olg lrhp vhhrdlrlk` `jt jg`lrlg jg`lrs fugglgzkig. ‒Olg bhu`t rlflgkgn olt lcfjjr‛, jcùs Ajvlcc, `kl zlca lgflcl ijrlg kg Gl`lrcjg` bllat nl-

whhg`. Gl`lrcjg` bllat llg vjg `l cjjnstl plrmlgtjnls Lurhplsl kgwhglrs, vlrnlclflg olt jg-`lrl Lurhplsl cjg`lg. Llg hpolrflckif alkt, wjggllr kg hnlgsmbhuw whr`t nlgholg hg`lr wlcflhostjg`knbl`lg Gl`lrcjg` tusslg nrhawln :<55 lg :1<5 bjjr hgtwkfflckgn `hhrojjftl tht llgrkifl lg `kvlrsl bjg`lcsgjtkl.

@kvlrsktlkt

Llg cjjtstl trlg` `kl kf bklr wkc ghlolg ks gklt `l okgstl9 `kvlrsktlkt. Blt whhr` hp zkmb ks kg `ktbhha`stuf kg jg`lr vlrdjg` jc `kvlrsl ojclg nlvjcclg, gu fholg wl hp `kvlrsktlkt kg `l ojjt-smbjppki lg dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls. Qjg hu`sblr flgglg wl kg Gl`lrcjg` l glknkgn, wllrspklnlc` kgsprllfwhhr`lg, ho `kvlrsktlkt tl dltlunlclg. @lgf dkivhhrdllc` jjg sprluflg jcs ‒Jcs il nlwhhg`hlt, `hl il jc nlf nlghln‛ ha ‒Il fhp dhvlg blt ojjkvlc` uktstlflg…‛. Hg`jgfs blt dllc` `jt

wl zlca vjg hgs cjg` blddlg ” vlr`rjjnzjjo lg ouctkmucturllc ” dckift hhf dhvlgstjjg` `jt `ldlzhlflg`l duktlgcjg`lr `kt vjjf jg`lrs lrvjjrt. Dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls hgtstjjg `l cjjtstl ijrlgstrhokgnlg kl kvlrsktlkt kg l ahrojtkl jjgohl`knlg ” ollr vrhuwlg kg l thp, ollr jcchmbthglol`lwlrflrs ” vjjf olt dl`rkiaslmhghoksmbl ohtklvlg jcs jmbtlrnrhg`. @jjrdki ks blt `l vrjjn,

nlzklg `l vlrsmbhclg mh`ls, ha blt uktnl`rjnlg dlclk` laalmt zjc blddlg. Hhf vhhr tljos ks `kvlr-sktlkt llg dlcjgnrkifl pjrjoltlr9 wlcfl vllcvhroknblk` bllat llg tljo gh`kn ho bjjr hp`rjmbt tlfugglg vlrvucclg8 Ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur<> zlnnlg `jt `kvlrsktlkt ‒nhl`‛ ks, ojjr wlcfl `kvlrsktlktùrvlg wki jcs tljock` thl tl cjtlg8 Bhl vlrsmbkcclg` urvlg wki tl zkig8 jt clrlg hgs l vhhrdllc-`lg ukt `l hgs horkgnlg`l ojjtsmbjppki8

Pht scht vjg lzl smblts vjg l mhgtlxt wjjrkg tljos kg prht-hrnjgksjtkls wlrflg, wkc kf ghn twll vrjjnstufflg jjgstkpplg `kl kg kt vlrdjg` tht gj`lgflg stloolg. Bhl `lgflg wki Gl`lrcjg`lrshvlr ojmbt lg bhl fkiflg wl jjg tlnlg blt dlcjgn vjg blt kg`kvkù kg hgzl sjolgclvkgn8

Ojmbt whr`t kg `l mktjtlg vjg Fjcaa jjgnlstkpt jcs ajmthr vjg dlcjgn dkgglg blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg-`lrglokgnsoh`lc. Kg vllc cjg`lg wjjr wki jcs Gl`lrcjg`lrs kg l kgtlrgjtkhgjcl jrlgj mhgtjmt oll

blddlg, whr`t jg`lrs jjgnlflflg tlnlg blt alghollg ojmbt `jg kg Gl`lrcjg` jcnlollg nldruk-flckif ks. Jcs vhhrdllc` fjg llg hg`lrzhlf vjg ‛Krkdjrgl<2 `klglg, `kl dkgglg `rkl tlmbgksmb k`lg-tklfl vlstknkgnlg vjg llg Arjgs jcuokgkuodl`rkia kg Arjgfrkif, `l Q] lg Gl`lrcjg` `rkl chnkmj‛s

” chshlæg ” jjgtrha `kl `l kgtlrplrshhgckifl kgtlrjmtkls hp `l chmjtkl sturlg9 ‒llr‛ kg Arjgfrkif,‒mhgtrjmt‛ kg `l Q] lg ‒mhgslgsus‛ kg Gl`lrcjg`. Bki dlsmbrkiat bhl `lzl `rkl chnkmj‛s vlrdjg` bhu-`lg olt fjrjftlrkstklflg kg `l clvlgswkizl kg `l `rkl ojjtsmbjppkilg<;.

<1 Ajvlcc, kg9 Nruytlr, 4552, pn >

<> Dkivhhrdllc` Clhgjr` & ]wjp, :;;;

<2 `‛Krkdjrgl, :;2; lg :;;1

<; `‛Krkdjrgl, :;2;9 `kt dhlf nllat prjmbtknl hdslrvjtkls vjg llg Arjgsojg `kl zkmb vlrdjjst hvlr wjt bki kg llg

Gl`lrcjg`sl ajdrklf zklt6 llg spklnlc vhhrnlbhu`lg `hhr llg duktlgstjjg`lr!



0:


Arjgfrkif wjs lg ks vhcnlgs `‛Krkdjrgl llg fcjsslgojjtsmbjppki olt bjjr whrtlcs kg `l jrksthmrjtkl.Bki vlrnlckift Arjgfrkif bklrkg zlcas olt `l fjstlgojjtsmbjppki vjg Kg`kj. Blt hg`lrsmblk` tusslgfcjsslg ks smblrp lg ks `klp kg `l ojjtsmbjpplckifl kgstktutkls vlrjgflr`9 kg `l ajokcklstrumtuur,

blt lùmjtklvl systllo, kg hrnjgksjtkls lg blt phcktklfl cjg`smbjp. Llg fkifil kg `l Arjgsl chnkmj, vhcnlgs `‛Krkdjrgl9

–Ljmb prhalsskhgjc nrhup ks pjsskhgjtlcy jttjmbl` th tbl prkvkclnls jg` ùtkls `ltlrokgl` dy tbl pjrtkmucjr trj`ktkhgs ha ljmb nrhup. ^ktbhut jgy rlalrlgml th kgstrumtkhgs arho suplrkhrs, tblsltrj`ktkhgs `lgl V…_ wbjt ks –ghrojc‟ th `h, jg` wbjt jg kg`kvkùjc mjgght sthhp th, wblg hgl

ks j prhùmtkhg lgnkgllr, j cjtbl hplrjthr, jg jmmhugtjgt, hr shol htblr mjcckgn. Pbks mjg uslauccy dlrlnjr`l` js rllmtkgn j shmklty wbhsl augmtkhgkgn ks nhvlrgl` dy bhghr, js jgjcyzl` dy Ohgtlsquklu

(:>02).

Ght th rlsplmt tbl ghros ha hgl‛s –trj`l‟ tbrhunb j cjmf ha prhalsskhgjc jwjrlglss, hr th dhw th prlssurls arho jdhvl th chwlr stjg`jr`s kg tbl pursukt ha prht, ks th ug`lrokgl tbl bhghr ha tbl

prhalsskhgjc nrhup th wbkmb tbl kg`kvkùjc dlchgns. Kt whuc` dl `lnrj`kgn th dl –kg tbl slrvkml ha ‟jgydh`y, kg pjrtkmucjr ha hgl‛s suplrkhrs. Dy mhgtrjst, kt ks bhghrjdcl th lvhtl hglslca th j mjusl, hrth –nkvl slrvkml‟ wktb ojngjgkokty, jt cljst ka hgl ks jsfl` th `h sh wktb ùl mlrlohgy. V…_ Pbksrlsucts kg tbl strjtkmjtkhg ha rlsphgskdkcktkls, wktb ljmb plrshg ojstlr kg bks hr blr hwg `hojkg.

Pbl hatlg-mrktkmkzl` hrnjgkzjtkhg ha Arlgmb ros kgth djrhgkls rllmts tbks mucturjc oh`lc.‟ 15

Kg `l Qlrlgkn`l ]tjtlg trlat `‛Krkdjrgl llg nlbllc jg`lr hrnjgksjtkloh`lc jjg. Blt rllmtllrt llgphcktklf k`ljjc jt l ojjtsmbjppki ks nldjsllr` hp mhgtrjmtlg kl kg`kvkùlg kg vrkiblk` olt lcfjjrjjgnjjg. @l fcjgt zlt jjrdki l stjg`jjr` vhhr wjt nlclvlr` ohlt whr`lg, l djjs hlt bltzlca`lkgtlrg vhhr `l tl dlbjclg `hlclg, `l ol`lwlrflr fklst ” kg `l k`ljcl sktujtkl ” ha bki bklr `llc vjg

wkc zkig. @l strumtuur vjg llg hrnjgksjtkl fjg zh dlsmbhuw` whr`lg jcs llg slt vjg hp lcfjjr kg-

nrkiplg`l mhgtrjmtlg.

–Pbks mhgtrjmtujc k`ljc ks jsshmkjtl` wktb j nrljt okstrust ha tbl jrdktrjrkglss ha phwlr jg` wktbj nrljt ajktb kg rlmhursl th hdilmtkvkty js j oljgs ha jvhk`kgn tbks jrdktrjrkglss. Pbl rlsuct ha tbksmhgmlrg wktb ajkrglss ks j `lojg` tbjt ljmb kg`kvkùjc dl iu`nl` hg wlcc-lstjdcksbl` ajmts, ght hghpkgkhgs, hg jmts, ght hg kgtlgtkhgs, jg` kg jmmhr`jgml wktb lxpckmkt mrktlrkj tbjt jrl wlcc fghwg kgj`vjgml, ght hg tbl djsks ha vjnul mhgsk`lrjtkhgs `lgl` jatlr tbl lvlgt. Kt prlmcu`ls mhgsk`lrjtkhgha jgytbkgn jrkskgn hut ha prlalrlgmls, allckgns, hr rlcjtkhgsbkps tbjt jrl ght `krlmtcy mhgglmtl` wktb

aucccolgt ha tbl hdcknjtkhgs kgth wbkmb tbl kg`kvkùjc bjs lgtlrl`.‟ 1:

Jmbtlrnrhg` vjg `lzl chnkmj ks blt hgtdrlflg vjg trj`ktkhglcl jrksthmrjtkl, llg durnlrojjtsmbjp-

pki `kl nldhuw` ks hp kooknrjgtlg `kl hp zhlf wjrlg gjjr jsshmkjtkl tusslg nlckiflg, nlrlnlc``hhr mhgtrjmtulcl hvlrllgfhostlg.

@l whrtlcs vjg `l kg Gl`lrcjg` vknlrlg`l chnkmj zhlft `‛Krkdjrgl zh vlr tlrun jcs `l thtstjg`fh-okgn vjg `l \gkl vjg \trlmbt (:<>;), scuktstuf vjg llg ijrlg ùrlg` prhmls vjg hvlrtuknkgn lg

wl`lrzki`s smbkfflg vjg `l dltrhfflg nlwlstlg. @kl chnkmj fjg blt dlst nlflgsmbltst whr`lg jcsllg olgnvhro vjg hgjabjgflckifblk` lg jjgpjsskgn, vjg lknlgdlcjgn lg nl`llc` dlcjgn. Blt kshvlrknlgs wjjrsmbkigckif `jt blt strlvlg gjjr mhgslgsus jcs kgtlrjmtklpjtrhhg jc vjgja `l :4l lluwhgtsthg` jcs nlvhcn vjg `l ghh`nl`whgnlg sjolgwlrfkgn vjg kl`lr, hgnljmbt rjgn ha stjg`, kg

15 `‛Krkdjrgl, :;;1, pn =:-=4

1: @‛Krkdjrgl, :;;1, pn =:



04

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`l strki` tlnlg blt wjtlr. @‛Krkdjrgl hvlr zkig hdslrvjtkl jjg mhgslgsus kg `l Gl`lrcjg`sl vlstk-nkgn vjg blt dl`rkia9

–Pbks ahro ha ckvkgn kg shmklty rlilmts tbl usl ha prlssurl, wbltblr kt ks lxlrtl` ahrojccy hr kgahr- ojccy. Pbl sholtkols drutjc sjgmtkhgs tbjt tbl \.]. chnkm jttjmbls th tbl ghg-lxlmutkhg ha mhg- trjmts bjvl gh pcjml kg tbl @utmb jpprhjmb6 kgstlj`, tbl suplrkhr bjs th usl plrsujskhg ka bl hr sblwjgts th sll kgstrumtkhgs ahcchwl`. V…_ Ka jg kg`kvkùjc ks ght sjtksl` wktb tbl sktujtkhg jmbklvl`

dy tbl jrnuolgts jt bks hr blr `ksphsjc, bl hr sbl bjs gh hptkhg dut th wktb`rjw. Lopchyolgtturghvlr ks pjrtkmucjrcy bknb ahr tbks rljshg.

Ojgjnlrs kg Bhccjg` jrl bknbcy `lplg`lgt hg tbks spkrkt ha mhgmkckjtkhg. Pbly usl j cjrnl jsshrt- olgt ha mhgsuctjtkvl prhmlùrls. V…_ Pbks ahro ha hrnjgkzjtkhg jcchws ahr tbl wk`l `ksslokgj- tkhg ha ajmtujc kgahrojtkhg tlg`kgn th supphrt ojgjnlrs‛ jrnuolgts, th tbhsl wbho tbly gll` th

plrsuj`l.‟

Ks blt zh `jt ojmbt kg Gl`lrcjg` gklt zh `l dhvlgthhg ojn vhlrlg8 Kg jg`lrl cjg`lg dlg il bltshos clttlrckif jjg il stjg` vlrpckmbt ho nldrukf tl ojflg vjg `l phsktkl `kl il bldt, kg Gl`lrcjg`

whr`t blt kopckmklt janlflur` wjggllr klojg` zkmbtdjjr nldrukf ojjft vjg zkig ojmbtsphsktkl. l vlrdlrnlg cklvlr `jt klojg` ojmbt bllat, `jt lr ojmbtsvlrsmbkcclg zkig. Hgtflgglg wl `l ojmbt`kl wl zlca blddlg8 Kg `l kgtlrvklws bld kf rlnlcojtkn blt whhr` ‒ojmbt‛ kg llg vrjjn ohltlg

vlrvjgnlg vhhr`jt `l nlsprlfspjrtglr ‒lr dllc` dki bj`‛ wjt nlvrjjn` wlr` lg fhg jgtwhhr`lg.Ojmbt ckift ukt hgs olgtjjc lg vlrdjjc oh`lc vlrdjgglg tl zkig. Jcs `jt zh ks, bhl ks ojmbt `jgzkmbtdjjr kg tljos8 Bhl njjg tljos ho olt ojmbt8 jt dltlflgt `kt vhhr clk`lrsmbjp kg tljos8

Bhastl`l dhuwt vhhrt hp l dlvkg`kgnlg vjg ‛Krkdjrgl jjgnjjg`l chnkmj‛s, bki trlft kt hhr gjjrllg vlrnlckifkgn olt gklt-wlstlrsl mucturlg. Bki `hlt llg hpolrflckifl hdslrvjtkl9

–Pbl @utmb mhgslgsus kg j wjy rlslodcls tbl wlcc-fghwg Ijpjglsl mhgslgsus, dut kt bjs j vlry`kaalrlgt jgmlstrjc rhhts. Ijpjglsl mhgslgsus ks djsl` hg nrhup kgtlrlst, hg mhcclmtkvkst kgtlnrjtkhgwktbkg tbl whrf nrhup jg` tbl lgtlrprksl. @utmb mhgslgsus ks djsl` hg tbl mhgmlrg ha kg`kvkùjcs‛qujckty ha ckal, wbkmb sbhuc` ght dl bjrol` dy jvhk`jdcl mhgkmts wktb htblr kg`kvkùjcs.‟ 14

Bhastl`l ùk`t `l whrtlcs vjg `l Gl`lrcjg`sl mhgslgsusdlgj`lrkgn kg dlzhrn`blk` ho `l fwj-cktlkt vjg clvlg vjg blt kg`kvkù. Kg rlcjtkl tht blt kg `l cjtlrl bhha`stufflg nlmhgstjtllr`l lknlg-dlcjgn ks `kt hpolrflckif.

Bklroll fholg wl tlgschttl tlrun hp kg`kvkùjcksol lg hp blt dlcjgn vjg blt kg`kvkù kg hgzlsjolgclvkgn. Bhl jg`lrs kg hhstlrsl sjolgclvkgnlg nl`jmbt whr`t hvlr blt dlcjgn vjg kg`kvkù

lg mhcclmtkla whr`t `hhr Gksdltt uktnlsphgglg kg zkig dhlf ‒Pbl Nlhnrjpby ha Pbhunbt‛1=

. Blt ks`l vrjjn ha llg `lrnlckif vlrsmbkc hp `kt oholgt lgknl kgvchl` bllat kg tljos, ojjr nlzklg `l`hokgjgtl pcjjts kl blt kg`kvkù kggllot kg blt lgflg vhcnlgs blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgns-oh`lc fjg `l hpfhost vjg hhstlrsl lmhghoklæg lg `l thlglolg`l rhc vjg dkivhhrdllc` Mbkglslkgvlstllr`lrs kg vhcnlgs Jolrkfjjgs oh`lc nlclk`l hg`lrglokgnlg thmb prkfflclg` nlghlo`

whr`lg.

Kg `lzl mhgtlxt wlrflg tljos, olt gjol tljos kg mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtkls, zhjcs kg `kt hg`lr-zhlf. Hhf gklt mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtkls prhdlrlg lmbtlr kg thlglolg`l ojtl hp llg `lrnlckifl

14 Bhastl`l, :;;;, pn =>

1= Gksdltt, 455=



0=


‒prhalsskhglcl‛ ojgklr tl wlrflg. Pljocl`lg whr`lg nljmbt sjolg tl wlrflg ho llg nlzjolgckif`hlc tl dlbjclg. Kgtusslg j`lolg zl kg `l blg horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl l dhvlgnlsmbltstl jtohs-allr kg. Yl zklg bhl bug djzlg vhhrrjgn nlvlg jjg fhrtl tlrokig lg lknlgdlcjgn, lg hhf zki bld-

dlg bug kg`kvk`ulcl Fly Ulrahrojgml Kg`kmjthrs . Hhf zki whr`lg nl`whgnlg llg du`nlt tl jmmlptlrlg`jt kg bug nlvhlc gklts olt bug splmklfl thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l tl ojflg bllat, ojjr uktscuktlg`blt nlvhcn ks vjg `l mjsmj`l vjg blt hg`lrglokgnsdu`nlt. Blt plrsplmtkla vjg `l clk`kgnnlvlg-`lg `kl `lrnlckifl dlchgkgnsstrumturlg kopclolgtlrlg vhl`t blt plrsplmtkla vjg `l ol`lwlrflrs.

Pljocl`lg whr`lg zh jjgnlzlt tht llg kg`kvk`ulcl prlstjtkl, tht nrltknblk`, tht blt zkmb vlrzlflrlg vjg plrshhgckifl zkmbtdjjrblk`. @kt scukt nhl` jjg dki llg scukolrlg` nlvhlc vjg hgdlbjnlg lg hgvlkcknblk` jcs nlvhcn vjg `l bhnl `ygjoklf kg `l ojjtsmbjppki, `l thlglolg`l lkslg `kl vjg `jjrukt jjg blg nlstlc` whr`lg lg `l vlrokg`lr`l nldhrnlgblk` kg `l hrnjgksjtkl. @l bhnl `ygjoklfkg hgzl honlvkgn ojjft hgs wjjfzjjo10.

10 ]lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn 2



00

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



0<

@llc K B =

@klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg hg`lrzhlfstljos

@l hg`lrzhlfstljos

@rkl tljos zkig dltrhfflg dki `kt hg`lrzhlf9 NHU, Ojx lg Ouctk. Bklrhg`lr stlc kf zl u fhrt vhhr9

NHU wlrft kg `l zjflckifl `klgstvlrclgkgn, ks llg hg`lr`llc vjg T& . Blt tljo dlstjjt ukt jmbtprhalsskhgjcs lg blcpt hrnjgksjtkls ho mhopclxl vrjjnstufflg hp llg hgmhgvlgtkhglcl ojgklr hp

tl chsslg. Hg`lr`llc vjg bug wlrfwkizl ks ho llg drll` vlc` vjg dltrhfflglg kg blt prhmls olltl glolg, wjjr`hhr llg hgnldrukflckif nhl` `rjjnvcjf vhhr `l nlzjolgckif hgtwkfflc`l hpchs-skgn hgtstjjt. @l gjjo NHU stjjt `jg hhf vhhr ‒nl`rjnlg hpchsskgnlg vhhr prhdclolg‛. Blttljo ojjft nldrukf vjg nrhlps`ygjoklf ho `l fcjgthrnjgksjtkl tht hpchsskgnlg tl cjtlg fholgkg pcjjts vjg `lzl `hhr lxtlrgl lxplrts tl cjtlg dlpjclg. Blt tljoclvlg flgt twll nlzkmbtlg9 tki-`lgs fcjgtlvlgts lg tki`lgs `l plrkh`ls `jjr tusslgkg. @kt hg`lrzhlf njjt hvlr blt clvlg tusslg `llvlgts . Ho`jt lvlgts lmbtlr llg lsslgtkllc `llc uktojflg vjg `l k`lgtktlkt vjg NHU-cl`lg whr`t`jjr kg `kt bhha`stuf llg pjrjnrjja jjg nlwki`.

Ojx ks llg tljo dkgglg Ohstlrt DQ, llg thlclvlrjgmklr vjg `l ol`ksmbl kgùstrkl. Blt tljodlstjjt ukt :5 ojgjnlrs vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l ja`lckgnlg, kl`lr hp ëëg ha jg`lrl ojgklr vlrjgtwhhr-`lckif vhhr llg prhùmtnrhlp ha llg stjaja`lckgn. Urkojkrl tjjf vjg blt tljo ks ho tl sturlg hp

ojrfltkgn- lg sjcls kgspjggkgnlg, zh`jgkn `jt `l wkgst vjg `l Ohstlrt-hrnjgksjtkl nlojxkojck-sllr` whr`t.

Ouctk ks blt `krlmtkltljo vjg Ouctk@klgst, llg hg`lrglokgn `kl dlstjjt ukt bllc vlrsmbkcclg`l `k- vkskls olt kl`lr bug lknlg `klgstlgphrtahckh. ]hooknl `jjrvjg clvlrlg `klgstlg jjg kgùstrklæg,jg`lrl jjg mhgsuolgtlg, ha lgtjolrlg nrhtl ihkgt vlgturls . Blt OP dlstjjt ukt jmbt ojgjnlrs9`krlmtlurlg, `kvksklojgjnlrs lg stjaojgjnlrs.

Urkojkrl tjjf vjg blt tljo ks `l Ouctk@klgst-hrnjgksjtkl jcs nlbllc nhl` tl dlsturlg, lg zh wkgst vhhr `l jjg`llcbhu`lrs tl nlglrlrlg.

NHU

@l tljocl`lg `lgkærlg `l prkojkrl tjjf vjg NHU kg bug hg`lrglokgnspcjg jcs

–Blt hpchsslg vjg urnlgtl, okssklfrktksmbl vrjjnstufflg dki dl`rkivlg kl llg trjgsahrojtkl wkcclgrljckslrlg lg `jjrdki hplgstjjg vhhr llg nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkl‟.

Blt tljo ks nl`rlvlg vjgukt bjjr oksskl ho hrnjgksjtkls kg stjjt tl stlcclg kg fhrtl tki` olt llgdrll` nlsmbjfllr` llcglolrsvlc` llg kgspkrlrlg`l lg bjjcdjrl thlfhost tl mrlærlg, kl vjg olltja jjg llg nhl` `rjjnvcjf bllat. @l bjjr horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl zklt jcs prkojkrl tjjf vjg NHU



01

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

lmbtlr ho vhc`hlg`l wkgst tl nlglrlrlg. Qlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg ùs, `kl lcfjjr hvlrknlgs gkltbhlvlg tl dkitlg zhcjgn zl dlk`l kg vhc`hlg`l ojtl nlrljcksllr` whr`lg.

NHU ks llg tljo vjg jmbt dlvchnlg prhalsskhgjcs, dkinlstjjg `hhr llg slmrltjrlssl. Blt ks llg

`kvlrs tljo. @kvlrs dkivhhrdllc` kg cllatki` (vjg 42 tht <: ijjr), clvlgsajsl, ojjtsmbjpplckifl stjtuslg phsktkl, fjrjftlr, prhalsskhglcl jmbtlrnrhg` lg slgkhrktlkt, olt vlrsmbkcclg`l plrshhgckifl `rh-olg. Kl`lrs ‒`rhho‛ tlg jjgzklg vjg blt tljorlsuctjjt vlrsmbkct llg dlltil. Lëg tljock` wkc vhhrjcllg prlstjtkl clvlrlg kl hhr jg`lrlg vhhr hgohnlckif nlbhu`lg whr`t lg bllat jjr blt tljo dkigh`kn. Llg jg`lr njjt blt lr vhhrjc ho wjt lr vhhr `l fcjgt dlrlkft whr`t. Llg `lr`l wkc zkmbzlca

vhhrjc stlrf hgtwkfflclg kg blt fugglg `hlg vjg prhmlskgtlrvlgtkls, lg zh ks lr ollr vjrkjtkl.

Hhf kg `l `hlcstlcckgn zhjcs `l tljocl`lg `kl kl`lr vhhr zkmbzlca dlghlolg, ks vjrkjtkl zkmbtdjjr9Tuko `l blcat vjg blg bhhpt –wllr glt zh‛g drll` `rjjnvcjf dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl tl mrlærlg jcs

vhhr `l auskl‟. Llg twll`l `hlcstlcckgn `kl `jjrgjjst nlghlo` whr`t ks –llg lmbt blmbt tljo whr`lg `jt hp lcfjjr stlugt, lcfjjr `hhr ohlkckifl tki`lg bllg blcpt‟. Hpolrflckif ks `jt kt twll

okg ha ollr kgtlrg nlrkmbtl `hlcstlcckgnlg zkig ” `l ëëg hp blt lknlg tljo nlrkmbt lg `l jg`lr hp`l rlcjtkl olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl ” tlrwkic `l bhhaòhht vjg blt `jnlckifs wlrf vjg NHUzkmb kg kgtlrjmtkl olt lxtlrgl fcjgtlg jaspllct, `kl NHU kgburlg ho mhopclxl vrjjnstufflg tlblcplg hpchsslg. Llg ohnlckifl vlrfcjrkgn vhhr `lzl ahmus kg nlghlo`l `hlcstlcckgn ks `jt blt

wlrf vhhr fcjgtlg zhg`lr uktzhg`lrkgn summlsvhc ks lg hplgckif `hhr fcjgtlg nlwjjr`llr` whr`t.@l lxphsurl lg rlcjtkl olt `l wlrlc` duktlg `l hrnjgksjtkl ‒zkt ùs wlc nhl`‛.

@l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl, T&^, hgtstjjt fhrt vhhr `l stjrt vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l ukt llg hvlr-gjol vjg Glsth `hhr Tkx&^jlc. Blt NHU-tljo ks kg :;;; dkgglg blt thlgojcknl Glsth hpnl-rkmbt. @l kgktkjtklaglolrs, llg pjrtglr lg llg mhgsuctjgt, wjrlg nltrhaalg `hhr llg wlrfwkizl vhhrprhdcllohpchsskgn kl zl dki llg Jolrkfjjgsl vlstknkgn vjg Glsth hgt`lftlg, wjjrdki nldrukf nl-ojjft whr`t vjg `l flggks lg mrljtkvktlkt vjg llg drl`l nrhlp dltrhfflglg. Cjrnl ]mjcl Kgtlrvlgtkhg bllt llg `lrnlckifl ojgklr vjg wlrflg, hatlwlc ‒nrhtl-nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkl‛. Jc pkhgklrlg` blddlgzki NHU kg `l Gl`lrcjg`sl vlstknkgn vjg `l nrhg` nltrhfflg lg bklr mhcclnj‛s dki dltrhfflg. Lrhgtstjjt llg tljo vjg ihgnl olgslg `jt `lzl gkluwl ojgklr vjg wlrflg jjgùrat, lg `kl kl`lrnlghln aysklfl vllrfrjmbt blddlg ho l lxtrlol wlrftki`lg kl l wlrfwkizl olt zkmb olldrlgnt(kg llg slssklwllf :55 tht :45 uur) vhc tl bhu`lg. Ho blt mhgmlpt nhl` kg `l vkgnlrs tl frkinlgzkig llrstl tljocl`lg dki `l nllstlsvj`lr kg `l Q] ‒kg `l cllr‛ nlnjjg, lg `lzl okg`slt ks dki blt

vlrsl tljo nlègtrhùmllr`, nlèopclolgtllr`. Qjgja `jt oholgt ks `kt ‒`l ojgklr wjjrhp wki oltnrhlplg lg prhdcllohpchsskgn wlrflg‛. Clttlrckif vjstnlstlc`. Hp sunnlstkl vjg `l nllstlsvj`lr

whr`lg gjolckif strjffl prhthmhcclg nlègtrhùmllr` ho nhl`dl`hlc`l jjgvjcclg vjg slgkhrl mhc-clnj-mhgsuctjgts hp `l hgnldrukflckifl wlrfwkizl ja tl wlrlg. @l uktstrjckgn vjg blt tljo ks `jjr-oll llg stlvkn –Yh `hlg wl `kt lg gklt jg`lrs. @us jcs iki `kt dkizhg`lrl rlsuctjjt hhf wkct vhhr

ihuw fcjgt, `jg ks `kt `l ojgklr wjjrhp. ^ki blddlg bklr vlrstjg` vjg.‟. @l jmmhugt ojgjnlrskg `l hrnjgksjtkl, `kl llg vrjjn vjg bûg fcjgt dki NHU jjg`rjnlg, vlrstjjg `kt jcs –^jggllr kfNHU dki okig fcjgt kgsmbjflc, frkint `kl llg prjmbtkn rlsuctjjt, ojjr kf dlg `l rlnkl hp okig fcjgtfwkit.‟. Kg blt dlsturkgnsoh`lc vjg T&^, wjjrkg `l hozlt `kl llg jmmhugt ojgjnlr nlglrllrtrlmbtstrllfs kgvchl` bllat hp l bhhntl vjg zkig sjcjrks, stjjt ‒rlnkl blddlg‛ nlckif jjg ‒mhgtrhcl hp`l bhhntl vjg il kgfholg‛. Blt ks zh`hlg`l dlnrkiplckif `jt `lzl mhcclnj‛s gklt jctki` bjppkn zkigho duskglss dki NHU jjg tl `klglg.



0>

@KLUPLDL]MBTKIQKGNLG HG@LTYHLF]PLJO]

Llg pjjr ijjr gj `l stjrt ” lg vllc summlsvhccl fcjgtlvlgts vlr`lr ” dlsmbhuwt blt tljo zkmbzlca jcslxplrt kg `l dlnlclk`kgn vjg ‒nrhtl-nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkls‛. Kgtlrlssjgt ks kg `kt vlrdjg` `l kg`lckgnkg gkvljus vjg ‒ollstlrsmbjp‛ `kl @rlyaus & @rlyaus1< bjgtlrlg, wjjrkg `l `rkl cjnlrl gkvljus kg

jaglolg`l ojtl nlstuur` whr`lg `hhr jgjcytksmbl rjtkhgjcktlkt, blt vklr`l llg hvlrnjgnsgkvlju vhrot lg blt vkia`l gkvlju vjg lxplrts nlstuur` whr`t `hhr

–V…_ j ojturl, bhckstkm wlcc-trkl` ug`lrstjg`kgn, kgtuktkvlcy jg` wktbhut mhgsmkhus`lckdlrjtkhg.‟ 11

–Jgjcytkmjc rjtkhgjckty ks j ckoktl` rjtkhgjckty9 kt ks jpprhprkjtl th tbl chwlr clvlcs kg tbl plr - ahrojgml ha j sfkcc, dut ght th bknb-clvlc plrahrojgml. Pbl dlst plrahrojgmls wktbkg j nkvlgjrlj rlqukrl j qujcktjtkvlcy `kaalrlgt lxplrtksl djsl` hg kgtuktkhg, lxplrklgml jg` iu`nolgt. V…_Tjtkhgjckty kg tbl ^lst bjs dlmhol k`lgtkmjc wktb jgjcytkmjc tbkgfkgn, tbjt ks, wktb mhgsmkhusslpjrjtkhg ha wbhcls kgth pjrts. Mhopltlgt plrahrojgml ks rjtkhgjc, prhmklgmy ks trjgsktkhgjc,

lxplrts jmt jrjtkhgjc.‟ 1>

Acyvdilrn dlsmbrkiat bklr llg sprhgn tusslg `l llrstl `rkl gkvljus lg blt vkia`l, gjolckif vjg rucl- djsl` , mhgtlxthgjabjgflckif gjjr lxplrklgml-djsl` , sktujtkhgllc nl`rlvlg nl`rjn. Plrwkic NHU-cl`lgzkmbzlca jcs `â lxplrts hp blt nldkl` vjg nrhtl-nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkl zklg, dlvkg`t blt tljo zkmb kg`l zkg vjg `lzl mcjsskmjtkl `uk`lckif ghn gklt hp blt lxplrt-gkvlju, jjgnlzklg lr kg blt hgtwlrp

vjg lvlgts iukst vllc dlrl`lgllr`, dl`ksmusskllr` lg hhf stlvkn hg`lrbjg`lc` whr`t hvlr `l ‒iukstljjgpjf‛.

Pljosjolgstlcckgn

Kg `l chhp vjg `l llrstl jg`lrbjca ijjr vjg blt dlstjjg vjg NHU trll`t hhf llg lgflcl slgkhrl

mhcclnj thl tht blt iugkhrl tljo. Dki jjgvjgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf zklt blt tljo lr jcs vhcnt ukt9]hal Tlkzknlr, Ojrtkig vjg Clluwlg lg Gjgj `l Tkiflr zkig blt cjgnst dki blt tljo. Yki dl-bhrlg tht `l ihgnlrl njr`l (rhg` `l =5 ijjr) lg zkig `l ollr iugkhrl mhgsuctjgts, `kl gj llg fhrtlplrkh`l kg `l trj`ktkhglcl mhgsuctkgn `krlmt vjgja `l stjrt kg `kt tljo wlrflg. Tlnlcojtkn smbhp-plg zki tlnlg `l sthlcphtlg vjg `l ollr slgkhrl tljocl`lg, `kl gj blg dki blt tljo fwjolg.

]hl ks dl`rkiasfug`knl, klojg` `kl zkmbzlca tlrlmbt dlsmbrkiat jcs bjr`wlrflg`. Yki ks llg NHU-‒dlcklvlr‛ vjg blt llrstl uur, llg vhhrvlmbtstlr vjg `l rlmbtl ckig. ]hl bllat `l gltwlrfphrtlalukcclhg`lr bjjr bhl`l, wjt dltlflgt jt zki l rlcjtkls hg`lrbhu`t gjjr arllcjgmlrs kl ollwlrflg tki`lgsfcjgtlvlgts .

Ojrtkig ks llg vrkinlvhmbtlg ihgnl bhg`, vjg hhrsprhgn hhf dl`rkiasfug`knl. Ojrtkig ks llg rl-

nlcjjr pur sjgn. Qhhr vllc fcjgtlvlgts rlnlct bki dkizhg`lrl lglrnkzlrs , lg bki bllat `l phrtlalukccl ‒aug‛ hg`lr zkig bhl`l.

Gjgj ks `l rlsljrmblr vjg blt tljo. Yki bllat llg `hmuolgtjtklhpclk`kgn nl`jjg. Dki `l stjrt vjgNHU ks zki vjg duktlg jjgnltrhfflg. Bjjr splmklfl phrtlalukccl ks flggksojgjnlolgt.

Arjgs Thtkl ks nl`urlg`l llg nrhht `llc vjg blt hg`lrzhlf `l ojgjnlr vjg blt tljo. Bki ks `lhu`stl, blt cjgnst kg `klgst, lg hu`-pjrtglr. @kt jccls nllat blo llg splmkjcl phsktkl. Hhf Arjgs ks

1< @rlyaus & @rlyaus, :;21, kg Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn ; - 4=

11 Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn :2

1> Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn 4: - 44



02

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

rlcjtkla cjgn dki NHU. Ykig jmbtlrnrhg` cknt kg `l chnkstklf. Bki bllat nrhtl, kgtlrgjtkhgjcl prhilm-tlg jjgnlstuur`. Qjgukt zkig rhc jcs tljoojgjnlr hg`lrbhu`t bki l mhgtjmtlg olt l horkgnlg`lhrnjgksjtkl, lg `jjrgjjst `hlt Arjgs `l phrtlalukccls plhpcl ojgjnlolgt lg sjcls .

Kfzlca, Dlckj, trll`t dki `l jjgvjgn vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l thl tht blt tljo. Kf dlg llg slgkhrl vlrjg`lrfug`knl, vhhrojckn duskglss ugkt ojgjnlr, cjg`smbjpslmhchhn vjg buks ukt, lg kg okigllrstl ijjr kg blt tljo dlg kf l lgknl kl jafhostkn ks vjg ‒`l jg`lrl ausklpjrtglr‛, blt thlgojcknlTkx&^jlc. Kf drlgn `jjroll llg bllc jg`lrl slt ghrolg lg wjjr`lg kg. Kf dlg ol zllr dlwust`jjroll llg okg`lrblk` tl zkig. Okig phrtlalukccl ks vjfhgtwkfflckgn.

Hhf Lccks ]trllaflrf ks jafhostkn vjg blt vhhrojcknl Tkx&^jlc, zki trll`t ruko llg ijjr cjtlrthl. Lccks ks llg ‒ihgn vluclg‛, `kl nrjjn hvlrjc wkc blcplg lg kgsprkgnlg. Yki bllat BLJH nl-`jjg lg fhot olt wlkgkn wlrflrvjrkgn dki NHU. Yki blcpt Ujucj dki `l phrtlalukccl ojrfltkgn &mhoougkmjtkl.

Blcclg Ohclgjjr ks llg slgkhrl mhgsuctjgt jafhostkn ukt Tkx&^jlc. Yki ks llg lglrnklfl vrhuw

`kl llg jjgtjc lvlgts dki NHU bllat ollnlojjft, lg nlohtkvllr` ks zkmb `l wlrfwkizl lknlg tlojflg, lrjjg dki tl `rjnlg.

Ujucj Drjgìls lg @jvl `l Cjgnl trl`lg ghn wllr llg ijjr rlsplmtklvlckif jg`lrbjca ijjr cjtlrtht blt tljo thl. Ujucj ks blt `lr`l tljock` jafhostkn vjg hu`-Tkx& jlc. Yki ks llg slgkhrl mhg-suctjgt, vjg hhrsprhgn kgùstrkllc hgtwlrplr lg ojrfltllr. Yl bllat jcs ojrfltllr nlwlrft oltllg kgtlrgjtkhgjjc tljo, wjjr`hhr zl `l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg `kvlrsktlkt bllat clrlg flgglg.Ujucj dlbllrt `l phrtlalukccl ojrfltkgn & mhoougkmjtkl.

@jvl ks gj cjgnl tki` wllr blt llrstl tljock` jafhostkn vjg vhhrojckn Glsth. Hhf @jvl bllat llgchnkstklfl jmbtlrnrhg`. Jcs strumtuur`lgflr ks bki nlajsmkgllr` nlrjjft `hhr blt mhgmlpt `jt NHUnldrukft dki nrhtl-nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkls lg `l ojnkl `kl bki `jjrdki lrvjjrt. @jvl bllat kg `l hdslrvj-

tklplrkh`l nllg phrtlalukccl hg`lr zkig bhl`l. @hhr`jt @jvl jcs cjjtstl dkgglgfhot, lg `hhr zkigzllr rustknl fjrjftlr, ks bki okg`lr fclurdlpjclg` kg `l hdslrvjtkls jjg NHU.

Jcs cjjtstl kg l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l trll`t Ijmmh vjg Cklrhp thl. Bki bllat vllc trjkgkgnlg nlnlvlglg hgtwkfflc`, lg vhcnt llg hpclk`kgn hp blt nldkl` vjg nrhlps`ygjokmj.

Lëg `kgn `jt jc `lzl tljocl`lg nlollgsmbjpplckif blddlg9 Yl zlnnlg vhhr nllg nhu` tlrun tl wkcclg kg ‒`l nlwhgl mhgsuctkgn‛. ‒Nlwhgl mhgsuctkgn stjjt vhhr blg nlckif jjg shckstksmb lg spl-mkjckstksmb wlrflg. Dkgglg blt gkluwl T&^ ohlt il il `jjrdki gjolckif dlplrflg tht ëëg sojcojrft/mhopltlgtklnldkl`. Blt ks `jjr dhvlg`klg vllc ollr ‒kl`lr vhhr zkmb‛9 kl`lr njjt vhhr z‛glknlg jjgzklg lg tjgtkâol.

Nlok``lc` strhhot hgnlvllr ëëg gkluw tljock` plr ijjr kg. @l nlok``lc`l vlrdckiatki` vjg cl`lgdkgglg NHU ks =,2 ijjr. Jjg blt lkg`l vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l vjg vklr ijjr dlstjjt NHU <,<ijjr. Kg `lzlca`l plrkh`l `jt `lzl tljocl`lg thltrl`lg strholg hhf tljocl`lg ukt, `kl kf lmbtlrgklt jcclojjc jjg u vhhrstlc. Yki zkig llg fclkglr `llc vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l tljock` nlwllst, jc-clg kg blt dlnkg vjg blt hg`lrzhlf, lg vhhr `kt hg`lrzhlf `jjroll gklt fclurdlpjclg`. Gjjst `ltljocl`lg ks hhf ëëg arllcjgmlr nlègtlrvklw`, Ksj Fhcf . Ksj wlrft vjjf oll dki lvlgts .

]udnrhlplg dkgglg blt tljo

Llg ùk`lckifl arjnolgtjtkl trll`t hp dkgglg NHU hp djsks vjg hu`lr`ho9 ‒hu`lrl‛ lg ‒ihgnlrl‛tljocl`lg. Qlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg hr`lglg zkmb hp twll ojgklrlg9



0;


@l ollr iugkhrl mhgsuctjgts wkcclg dkgglg blt tljo llg stlrflrl phsktkl9 ollr vlrjgtwhhr`l-ckifblk` lg thlnjgn tht blt ‒cluflrl‛ wlrf vjg `l ajmkcktjthrs. @l rhc vjg ajmkcktjthr whr`t `hhr`l slgkhrlg dlzlt lg l ajmkcktjthrs zkig vjg olgkgn jt il `kl rhc gklt zhojjr, jcs ukt blt gklts,

wjjr fugt ojflg. @jjrvhhr ohlt il olt il vhltlg kg `l oh``lr blddlg nlstjjg, il lrvjrkgnolt mhopclxl sktujtkls lg vllclkslg`l fcjgtlg blddlg hpnl`jjg.

@l ollr iugkhrl mhgsuctjgts zkig tlnlckiflrtki` `l (kg NHU-cllatki` nlrlflg`) hu`stl tljocl-`lg. jggllr l hprkmbtlrs vjg NHU jjg blt dlnkg vjg blt hg`lrzhlf uktstrholg, vhlclg liugkhrl tljocl`lg `jt zïi gu `l hu`lrl njr`l vhrolg, lg blt nl`jmbtlnhl` vjg NHU ohltlgdlsmblrolg tlnlg `l lrhskl vjg `l vlrgkluwkgns`rkat vjg gkluw thlnltrl`lg tljocl`lg, `klgklt `klzlca`l bksthrkl blddlg.

Pljoojgjnlolgt lg tljoojgjnlr

Arjgs ks blt nrhhtstl `llc vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l tljoojgjnlr. @jt nllat Arjgs llg ollr mlg-

trjcl phsktkl kg `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg `kl vhcnlg kg `kt bhha`stuf lg tblojbhha`stufflg 0 tht lg olt2. \kt blt alkt `jt Arjgs arlqulgt kg `l kgtlrvklws nlghlo` whr`t, dckift `jt `l hnlg ollr hp zkig`hlg lg cjtlg zkig nlrkmbt `jg hp wkcclflurknl jg`lrl tljocl`lg, wjt dlnrkiplckif ks vjgukt `l ollrdlpjclg`l rhc kl bki jcs tljoclk`lr bllat hp blt tljoclvlg. @kt nlc`t zlflr vhhr llg hg`lrwlrp jcsclk`lrsmbjp, ojjr hhf tlg jjgzklg vjg llg vhhrdllc`rhc dki mhoougkmjtkl lg kg- lg uktscuktkgn.

Arjgs lg `l tljocl`lg dlpjclg dki zkig stjrt sjolg blt oh`lc vjg nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp. @l phsktkl vjg Arjgs ks `jjroll ‒prkous kgtlr pjrls‛ , lg thmb hhf wllr gklt blclojjc. ^jgt Arjgs dckift jc sglcthmb glt llg jg`lrl phsktkl tl blddlg, olt ollr jjgzklg lg ollr ojmbt. Bki frkint ukt bhha`l vjgzkig phsktkl jcs tljoojgjnlr dkivhhrdllc` vllc kgahrojtkl hvlr blt rlkclg lg zlkclg vjg `l hrnj-gksjtkl lg nllat `jjr wlkgkn vjg `hhr jjg blt tljo. Hhf gklt jcs `jjr `hhr lgflcl cl`lg lxpckmkltho whr`t nlvrjjn`. @kt vlrstlrft lglrzki`s zkig phsktkl tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg lgjg`lrzki`s hhf blt kshclolgt vjg blt tljo. @hhr zkig blrbjjc`l uktsprjjf ‒jcs blt gklt ho blt nlc`

wjs, `jg zjt kf bklr gklt ollr‛ stkoucllrt bki `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg lvlgokg kg llg hplglr bhu`kgngjjr `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl.

Arjgs whr`t `hhr kl`lr lrflg` jcs llg llrstlfcjs ajmkcktjthr, kg lvlgts zlt bki ohhkl rlsuctjtlg gllr.Arjgs ks dki uktstlf llg ‒`hlglr‛. Bki nllat jjg nrjjn bjr` lg vllc tl wlrflg. Ykig dllc` ks `jt bkizh jjg blt rlsuctjjt dki`rjjnt lg wjjr`lrkgn dkgglg T&^ frkint. Arjgs zlnt hgrustkn tl whr`lg jcslr nllg lvlgt hp fhost ks. Blt ghh`zjflckifl wlrf gjjst lvlgts fjg blo gklt `lzlca`l tlvrl`lgblk`nlvlg jcs wlrf vhhr fcjgtlg, `jt mhgmrltlr rlsuctjjt clvlrt lg ollr zkmbtdjjr ks. Jcs ojgjnlr ks blt

vhhr Arjgs gklt llgvhu`kn zkmb olt blt plhpcl ojgjnlolgt dlzkn tl bhu`lg, wjt hhf ëëg vjg zkigphrtlalukccls ks. ‒Kf dlg gu llgojjc gklt nlrkmbt hp olgslg‛, zlnt bki llgs tlnlg ol.

@l rlcjtkl vjg NHU olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl

NHU bllat nl`urlg`l `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l llg ohlkzjol rlcjtkl olt `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl,T&^. Kg `l plrkh`l `krlmt gj `l hprkmbtkgn, zh`rj NHU dlwkist `jt blt ukt `l Q] nlbjjc`l mhg-mlpt tht dkizhg`lrl rlsuctjtlg lg zllr tlvrl`lg fcjgtlg clk`t, ks lr llg bhnl jmmlptjtkl dki `l ho-rkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl (`jg ghn Glsth). @l pjrtglrs bjclg vllc wlrf vhhr NHU dkgglg. Lëg ijjrcjtlr whr`t Glsth hvlrnlgholg `hhr Tkx& jlc, llg vllc nrhtlrl hrnjgksjtkl. Qjg ollt ja jjg kslr stlrfl jgkohsktlkt tusslg `l ol`lwlrflrs vjg dlk`l hrnjgksjtkls. @l (kgok``lcs) hu`-pjrtglrs

vjg Glsth blddlg bug tki` gh`kn ho bug buk` tl rl``lg. Blt mhoolrmkæcl `rjjnvcjf vjg NHU

•

•



<5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

dkgglg l hrnjgksjtkl dckift jjr`hhr kgllgs stlrf vlrzwjft. Dlwhg`lrkgn vjg mhcclnj‛s kg blt hu`lGlsth vhhr `l uktzhg`lrckifl wlrfwkizl vjg NHU dckift gj `l hvlrgjol vlrvjgnlg `hhr jrnwjjgdki `l gkluwl mhoolrmkllc vlrjgtwhhr`lckiflg ukt T&^. @l gkluwl mhcclnj‛s vkg`lg NHU `ls-

nlvrjjn` llg olrfwjjr`knl mcud. Yl dlnrkiplg gklt vllc vjg `l jpjrtl wlrfwkizl, lg sgjpplg hhfgklt bhl `kt mcudil tht z‛g rlsuctjtlg fhot.

Lr drllft llg ohlkckifl tki` jjg vhhr NHU. Llg stlrf lknlg fcjgtlggltwlrf bllat blt tljo ghhkthpnldhuw`, wjjr`hhr blt zlca dkgglgbjclg vjg hp`rjmbtlg ohlkzjjo ks. Plnlckiflrtki` clt bltgkluwl ojgjnlolgt smblrp hp l hozlt lg wkgstdki`rjnl. Hhf vhhr blg ks NHU cjstkn kg l gklu-

wl strumtuur kg tl pjsslg. Hhn vhhr l nhh`wkcc lg spkg haa `kl NHU vhhr T&^ jcs nlbllc nlglrllrtbllat blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt gklt. @jt vjct koolrs gjuwlckifs tl fwjgtkmlrlg8 Kg bug vkskl vjct`kt jg hhf gklt tl dlchglg. Klts lrnlckifs nlc`t vhhr l plrmlptkl vjg llg tljodhgus9 jg zhu`lg`l okg`lr prlstlrlg`l tljocl`lg zkmb fugglg vlrsmbukclg. Blt NHU-tljo gllot zkmb wlc vhhrho jjg `l rlcjtkl olt `l gkluwl hrnjgksjtkl tl dhuwlg, ojjr thhgt `jjrkg nllg `hhrzlttkgnsvlr-ohnlg lg ks bklrkg gklt summlsvhc. Qhhr oki, jcs mhcclnj-tljock` ‒ukt blt jg`lrl fjop‛, ks `l jvlrskl

vjg NHU-cl`lg tlnlg `l ‒hvlrglolr‛ Tkx& jlc ùk`lckif olrfdjjr. Hgdlwust whr`lg `l gkluwlmhcclnj‛s kg `l llrstl ijrlg gj `l hvlrgjol dlcjmblckif nlojjft jcs `l NHU-cl`lg hg`lr lcfjjrzkig. ‒Yl sgjpplg blt thmb gklt‛ ks `l bhu`kgn dkgglg NHU. @jjr blddlg `l tljocl`lg hvlrknlgsnlckif kg, jccllg fhot blt gklt `hhr`jt `l mhcclnj‛s olgtjjc gklt kg hr`l zkig. @lzl bhu`kgn vjguktNHU vlrstlrft `l fchha llr`lr `jg `jt `lzl bklr`hhr vlrfclkg` whr`t. Lxtlrgl fcjgtlg chplg oltblt tljo wln. Blt tljo blcpt fcjgtlg fllr hp fllr jjg nhl` kopclolgtllrdjrl hpchsskgnlg vhhrcjstknl prhdclolg, `kl kg `l dltrlaalg`l hrnjgksjtkl vjjf jc cjgnlrl tki` splclg. ]jolgwlrfkgn lg

vlrtrhuwlg zkig bklrdki sclutlcdlnrkpplg. Kg blt dhlf `jt NHU kg 4550 smbrkiat hvlr bjjr wlrfwkizl ahroucllrt blt tljo blt zh9

–Lr fjg nllg strkftl smblk`kgn jjgnldrjmbt whr`lg tusslg wjt `l fcjgt `hlt lg wjt blt NHU-

tljo `hlt, jc bllat blt NHU-tljo kg llrstl kgstjgtkl `l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr blt prhmls lg `lfcjgt vhhr `l kgbhu` vjg blt prhdcllo-hpchsslg. Nlzjolgckif zhrnlg wl vhhr blt sjolgsolctlgvjg prhmls lg kgbhu` tht prlmkls jtnlgl wjt hp jt oholgt gh`kn ks ho blt vrjjnstuf hp llg rkiflojgklr hp tl chsslg. ^l wltlg nllg vjg jcclg wjt hgzl lxjmtl dlstlookgn zjc zkig, ojjr wlc wjtgh`kn ks vhhr llg nhl` lkg`rlsuctjjt, lg `jt wl lr sjolg njjg fholg. Kg `l vjfcktlrjtuur bllt llg`lrnlckifl sjolgwlrfkgn ‒llg prhmls vjg mh-mrljtkl‛ (^klr`soj, :;;<).‟

–Qhhr `l hp`rjmbtnlvlr lg `llcglolrs ks `kt vjjf llg gkluwl, vlrrjsslg`l lrvjrkgn. Ujs jmbtlrjaks `l kopjmt ùk`lckif.‟ 12

Flgolrflg`l jawkifkgnlg bklrkg tlg hpzkmbtl vjg ‒trj`ktkhglcl j`vkslrkgn‛ zkig jt l vlrjgtwhhr-

`lckifblk` vhhr `l kgbhu` dki `l fcjgt cknt, `jt lr nlckifwjjr`knblk` ks tusslg fcjgt (kgbhu`lckiflxplrt) lg blt ajmkcktlrlg`l tljo (prhmlslxplrt) Jawkiflg` ks hhf `jt kl`lr bklrkg z‛g vjf`lsfug-`knblk` kgdrlgnt, lg `l wltlgsmbjp `jt lr nllg vhhrja nl`lgkllr`l uktfhost dlpjjc` ks.

Qhhrjc `jt cjjtstl ks gkluw vhhr hp`rjmbtnlvlrs. \kt hhnpugt vjg fhstlglg rkskmhdlbllrskgnzkig zki nlwlg` vhhrja llg blc`lr dllc` tl lkslg vjg blt lkg`rlsuctjjt, zlcas dki zllr mhopclxl lgcjgnùrknl vlrjg`lrprhmlsslg. Kg llg jjgtjc nlvjcclg zklg zki lmbtlr nllg jg`lrl ohnlckifblk` `jg`l wlrfwkizl vjg NHU tl vhcnlg, hhf jc fugglg zl `kl ” bhlvllc uktcln lr hhf nlnlvlg whr`t

” vhhrjanjjg` jjg blt lrvjrlg lrvjg gklt wlrflckif dlnrkiplg. @l rlsuctjtlg `kl NHU olt bjjr wlrfwkizl vhhr jg`lrl hrnjgksjtkls bllat dlrlkft hvlrtuknlg blg `lshg`jgfs `kt sphhr tl vhcnlg

12 vjg `lg Dlrn lt jc, 4550



<:


lg zkmb lgknszkgs hvlr tl nlvlg jjg blt prhmls lg `l ajmkcktjthrs. ‒Yki blddlg blt tlgschttl vjflrnl`jjg.‛ @kt jccls bllat llg bllc dkizhg`lrl sjolgwlrfkgn tht nlvhcn, wjjrdki ‒hp lcfjjr vlrtrhu-

wlg‛ llg mlgtrjcl rhc spllct. Blt ks llg sjolg zhlflg vjg blt dlstl pj`, stll`s rllmtlrlg` wjjr

il stjjt lg bhl il vjg `jjrukt vlr`lr njjt gjjr `l dlstl uktfhost. @kl uktfhost hgtvhuwt zkmb stjp vhhr stjp.

Kg dhvlgstjjg`l hostjg`knbl`lg cknt `l lsslgtkl vjg blt vlrsmbkc kg prhalsskhglcl hvlrtuknkgn lgbjg`lclg tusslg `l NHU-cl`lg lg bug mhcclnj‛s `kl vjgukt blt trj`ktkhglcl plrsplmtkla wlrflg.Dki `lzl cjjtstl wlrfwkizl bllrst llg fcjgt-clvlrjgmklrvlrbhu`kgn wjjrdki `l fcjgt lkst lg `l mhg-suctjgt zkmb prlslgtllrt jcs `l jcclswltlg`l lxplrt. Ultlr, llg mhcclnj-mhgsuctjgt olt llg nhl`lrlputjtkl whr`t `hhr llg jg`lrl T&^-mhcclnj hosmbrlvlg jcs

–Ultlr ks ‒<55% mhgsuctjgt‛9 klojg` `kl gklt cukstlrt gjjr wjt il jc bldt, ojjr nlwhhg zlnt bhlblt ohlt. Llg lxplrt `us, `kl ihu vlrtlct wjt `l dlstl wln ks.‟ 1;

Kg `lrnlckifl hp`rjmbtlg whr`t `l hp tl clvlrlg uktfhost tlvhrlg hvlrllgnlfholg, wjgtrhuwlghvlr blt gjfholg vjg kl`lrs jjg`llc kg l prlstjtkl vhrot jjgclk`kgn vhhr uktnldrlk`l mhgtrjmthg-`lrbjg`lckgnlg. Qlrtrhuwlgsdlcjstkgn ghlot Mhvly >5 kt. Ykl bklr l klpnlwhrtlc`l flrg vjg blthgdlnrkp tusslg `l NHU-cl`lg lg bug mhcclnj‛s9 vlrtrhuwlg lg sjolgwlrfkgn, ‒sjolg hp pj`‛,

vlrsus wjgtrhuwlg lg fglcclg`l jasprjflg kg llg strjf rhutldhlf. Kl`lr ks nlwlg` jjg `l lknlg wlrfwkizl, lg bllat `kl tht stjg`jjr` vlrblvlg. Bhlwlc l NHU-cl`lg kl`lr zlca hhf kg l wlrlc` vjg trj`ktkhglcl mhgsuctkgn nlwlrft blddlg, whr`t `l drun gjjr `l mhcclnj‛s gklt nlscjnlg.

@l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lg duktlgwlrlc`

T&^ dlstjjt dki `l stjrt vjg blt hg`lrzhlf =0 ijjr. Kg `l zjflckifl `klgstvlrclgkgn lg KMP ks `jtrlcjtkla cjgn. @l hrnjgksjtkl nrhlkt vrki sglc `hhr llg nrhht jjgtjc jmquksktkls, lg jc vrhln kg bjjrdlstjjg wlrft zki kgtlrgjtkhgjjc, olt blt bhha`fjgthhr kg Nlgâvl. Hp `jt oholgt wlrflg wl-rlc`wki` 15.555 olgslg dki `l hrnjgksjtkl. Kg llg mhopjgy dhhfclt olt `l tktlc ‒^bh wl jrl‛ whr`t kg455: nlsmbrlvlg

– l `k`g‛t dlnkg wktb `rjwkgn j ojp. l glvlr `lgl` j gjc `lstkgjtkhg.V…_ Pbl `kvlrskty ha

hur k`ljs bjs uctkojtlcy cl` th j mhoohg mucturl. Kt ks j mucturl dhrg hut ha hur sbjrl` j`vlgturlsjg` hur mhooktolgt th kg`kvk`ujc arll`ho. V…_ Pbks ks bhw hur vjculs bjvl dllg lstjdcksbl`,tbrhunb lxplrklgml.‟

Yh hgtstjjg zlvlg wjjr`lg, `kl dlghlo` whr`lg9 ‒bhglsty‛, ‒dhc`glss‛, ‒trust‛, ‒arll`ho‛, ‒tljo spkrkt‛,‒oh`lsty‛ lg ‒aug‛ . ^jggllr kf kg :;21 jcs ihgnl prhalsskhgjc kg `klgst trll` ” blt dl`rkia dlstjjt

`jg dkigj 45 ijjr ” lrvjjr kf `lzl wjjr`lg jcs wlrflckif clvlg` kg `l hrnjgksjtkl. @l Gl`lrcjg`sl vlstknkgn vjg T&^ bllat skg`s`klg `rkl auskls ollnlojjft, `l cjjtstl iukst vhhrjanjjg` jjg `lhdslrvjtklplrkh`l. Lg `jt ks hhf wlc `l ollst blatknl vjg `l `rkl. @l ojrfthostjg`knbl`lg zkighp `jt oholgt sclmbt lg lr cknt llg zwjrl `ruf hp blt dl`rkia ho tl ‒plrahrolg‛ . Blt ausklprhmlsohlt pcjjtsvkg`lg ‒wbkcl whrfkgn‛ , zhjcs `jt whr`t nlghlo`. @l prjftksmbl vlrtjckgn bklrvjg ks `jtlr wlkgkn jjg`jmbt dlstll` whr`t jjg `l olgslg hp `l wlrfvchlr. Lr ks nllg tki` vhhr ‒nlvhlckn-bl`lg‛. Lg ol`lwlrflr vlrwhhr`t `kt jcs9

1; OvL, plrshhgckifl mhoougkmjtkl :: ghv 455=

>5 Mhvly, 4551, pn 42



<4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Gkfs vlrzhlgkgn vjg mucturlg. Gklt wjt il dlgt wjs dlcjgnrkif, ojjr wjt il hpclvlrt.‟ >:

Tlcjtkla vllc tki` ” `rkl ojjg`lg ” bllat blt ojgjnlolgt gh`kn ho `l gkluwl ojgjnlolgtrhcclgtl vlr`lclg, wjjrgj `l ol`lwlrflrs ghn `rkl wlflg tki` blddlg ho hp dlzhlf tl njjg dki vlr-smbkcclg`l gkluwl ugkts lg ojgjnlrs, lg bug fluzl `jjrukt tl ojflg.@jjns gj `l ahrolcl hvlrgjol`jtuo vlrfcjjrt `l `krlmtlur `jt ‒`l mucturlg gklt wlzlgckif vlr-smbkcclg, `jjr bhlat nllg lglrnkl kg tl whr`lg nlsthflg‛. Lr ohlt nlwlrft whr`lg, zh sglc ohnl-ckif ohltlg `l wkgstojrnls wllr hp plkc zkig. @kl nl`jmbtl ks dlnrkiplckif, ojjr whr`t `hhr ol`l-

wlrflrs jcs zh okspcjjtst lrvjrlg `jt bki jvlrlmbts uktwlrft. jggllr llg rlcjtkla nrhht jjgtjc zllrdltrhfflg ol`lwlrflrs mhgmcu`llrt `jt ‒`lzl njgn vjg zjflg gklt pjst dki `l hrnjgksjtkl wjjr zkiolt trhts wlrftlg‛, zlnt `l BT-`krlmtlur kg llg kgtlrvklw ‒`jt zkig `l `kghsjurkærs vjg blt dl`rkia,`l olgslg `kl gklt vlrjg`lrlg wkcclg6 `kl fugglg wl oksslg‛>4. @jt smbltst `l smblrptl vjg `lsallr hp `jt oholgt, lg `l dlrlk`blk` vjg `l thp vjg T&^ ho tl lrflgglg wjt zkmb jjg`klgt.

@l hrnjgksjtkl lrvjjrt zkmbzlca hp `jt oholgt kg wjrl gjgmkæcl ghh`. Ol`lwlrflrs frkinlg

fjjrtils tbuks nlstuur` olt tklg nl`rjnsrlnlcs. Lëg `jjrvjg rhlpt hp ho hp`rjmbtlg dki fcjgtlgzh cjgn ohnlckif tl rlfflg lg zh vllc ohnlckif `lmcjrjdlcl urlg tl ojflg. Urhalsskhgjcs vjg dlk`l‒dchl`nrhlplg‛ nruwlg vjg `lrnlckifl kgstrumtkls, `kl kg blt nlbllc gklt dki bug bhu`kgn jcs kgtl-nlrl `klgstvlrclglr pjsslg. Yki vrjnlg zkmb ja kg wjt vhhr hrnjgksjtkl zl tlrlmbt nlfholg zkig. @lol`lwlrflrs vjg Glsth kgtlrprltlrlg `kt jcs ‒dckifdjjr typksmb vhhr kl KP-dhlrlg vjg Tkx& jlc‛,tlrwkic hhf hu`-Tkx&^jlc-ol`lwlrflrs zkmb gklt blrflgglg kg blt gkluwl dlclk`. Lëg vjg `lhu`-Glsth-ol`lwlrflrs9

–Qllc ol`lwlrflrs vjg hu`-Tkx&^jlc vhg`lg blt trhuwlgs hhf ohlkckif `jt blt pchtslckgn zhbkærjrmbksmb lg durljumrjtksmb wlr`. @l chssl dlg`l KMP-lrs V…_ wlr` glt jcs wki kgllgs strjfkg blt njrllc nltrhfflg.‟ >=

Hg`jgfs blt alkt `jt `l ojrft tlg nlvhcnl vjg `l okcclggkuo`kp vhhr ol`lwlrflrs sclmbt ks, vlr-trlfflg fhrt gj `l hvlrgjol vllc ol`lwlrflrs, vhhrjc jafhostkn vjg hu`-Glsth. Jg`lrlg dcki-

vlg, lg bhplg `jt blt wlrffckojjt zjc vlrdltlrlg. Plnlgwkmbt kg `lzl glnjtklvl frjmbtlg vhrot`l sjjobhrknblk` hg`lr ol`lwlrflrs dkgglg `l lknlg dchl`nrhlp. Qjjf bhhr il zlnnlg ‒kf bldkg kl`lr nlvjc clufl mhcclnj‛s.‛

@lzl whlcknl plrkh`l ks vjg nrhtl kgvchl` hp `l hrnjgksjtklmuctuur. Jcclrllrst olgnlg zkmb twllmucturlg olt llg stlrf vlrsmbkcclg` fjrjftlr. Tkx&^jlc whr`t jjg `l vhhrjvhg` vjg `l hvlr-gjol nl`rlvlg `hhr tjolckif stlrf ojmbh- lg spklrdjcclgnl`rjn, olt cla-ltjclrlg`l ojgjnlrs

vjg prlstknkluzl prhilmtlg. @l sallr ks llg dlltil drjgkljmbtkn, ojjr wlc cluf, lg frjmbtkn trhts!Glsth whr`t nlflgolrft `hhr stjtusblddlg`l pjrtglrs, `kl iukst ltjclrlg blt kgtlcclmtulcl bhhn tl

jmbtlg, fwjcktlktdlwust, lg ollr kgnlthnlg trhts. ]tlrf nlglrjckslrlg` whr`t wlc nlsprhflg hvlr–llg sjolgnjjg vjg KP-dhlrlg lg arécl kgtlcclmtulclg‟>0. @hhr `l blcl gkluwl hrnjgksjtkl bllg

vlrhhrzjjft blt hgdlnlclk` okxlg vjg `lzl mucturlg, nlstuur` `hhr T& -ojmbtvlrthhg, llgolnj-mcjsb . Qllc hu`-pjrtglrs (Glsth) zkig nllg pjrtki vhhr `l ojmbtsplccltils vjg `l T& -ojgj-nlrs. @us bhlwlc lr, howkccl vjg blt lvlgwkmbt, hhrsprhgflckif wlc lgflclg ukt `l Glsth-nrhlptht ojgjnlr dlghlo` whr`lg, zhlflg vlclg ukt `lzl nrhlp bug blkc sglc lc`lrs. Yki `kl fklzlg

>: ]kldlckgf, 4554, pn :;

>4 ]kldlckgf, 4554, pn 4:

>= ]kldlckgf, 4554, pn :;

>0 ]kldlckgf, 4554, pn :0



<=


tl dckivlg fugglg jccllg tlnlg vllc nlc` uktnlfhmbt whr`lg, wjjr blt gkluwl T&^ lxpckmklt gklt vhhr fklst. Yh zkttlg zl okg ha ollr olt lcfjjr hpnlsmbllpt. Lr hgtstjjt llg ojgjnlolgtcjjn kldkigj nlbllc ukt hu`-Tkx&^jlc-clk`kgnnlvlg`lg dlstjjt, olt `jjrgjjst llg thpzwjrl nrhlp dhzl

hu`-Glsth-pjrtglrs, ojgglg `kl llr`lr nlzkmbtsdlpjclg` vhhr `l hrnjgksjtkl wjrlg. @hhr`jt `l`krlmtkl dhvlg`klg dlscukt llg rlcjtkla nrhht jjgtjc nldrukflg lg wlrfwkizlg ukt `l hu`-Glsth-muctuur ja tl smbjaalg, blrflgglg hu`-Glsth-ol`lwlrflrs bug wlrfhonlvkgn gklt ollr tlrun.@l sclmbtl jrdlk`sojrft `rjjnt lrthl dki `jt tl vllc ol`lwlrflrs `kl zkmb nlfhlkhgllr` vhlclg,thmb dki `l hrnjgksjtkl dckivlg bjgnlg. Hgnlghlnlg lg jgnst scukplg fgklbhhn `hhr blt fjgthhr.Lr fhot llg stlrf ojmbtnl`rlvlg, pjtrkjrmbjcl, (vrhuw-)hgvrklg`lckifl ojgjnlolgtbhu`kgn ththgtwkfflckgn. Jjg mhgsuctjgts whr`t dkivhhrdllc` hp llg nrhtl ojgkalstjtkl nlzln` –Mhgsuctkgnks thpsphrt. Nj ojjr llgs dki ilzlca gj ha iki wlc zh nhl` dlgt `jt il bklr dki ojn bhrlg! Lg ha ikiil wlc kgzlt jcs llg thpsphrtlr8‟ Plnlckiflrtki` vhlclg `l ol`lwlrflrs zkmb gklt olt zhrn horkgn`zhjcs `jt dki thpsphrt zhu bhrlg.

jggllr llg vkiatjc ijrlg cjtlr `l jrdlk`sojrft ollr ohnlckifbl`lg dkl`t, hgtstjjt lr llg nrhht

vlrchhp. Blt dckift `jt jrrhnjgtkl lg blt jcs vjgzlcasprlflg` bjgtlrlg vjg ojmbtsvlrthhg `jg kgnrhtl lclg vjg blt ojgjnlolgt kgnlscltlg pjtrhglg zkig nlwhr`lg. Ojgjnlrs vrjnlg vlrtrlfflg-`l ol`lwlrflrs wjjrho zl wlnnjjg, wjt blt ojgjnlolgt zhu ohltlg hlg ho blg jjg dhhr` tlbhu`lg8 @l jgtwhhr`lg kl zl vjg bug ol`lwlrflr frkinlg dlnrkiplg zl gklt. @l zlvlg wjjr`lg,hhkt bhhn kg blt vjjg`lc, stjjg ghn wlc kg l hamkæcl BT-`hmuolgtlg, ojjr zkig hgblrflgdjjr kgblt hrnjgksjtklclvlg vjg jccl`jn. @kt nlc`t olt gjol vhhr `l wjjr`lg ‒bhglsty‛, ‒trust‛ lg ‒oh`lsty‛ .

Hhf ijrlg cjtlr zlnt llg ojgjnlr `kl llg pjjr ijjr ukt `klgst ks nlwllst9 –Yh`rj il wllr kg `klgstdlgt lg lmbt hg`lr`llc uktojjft vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl, whr` il nlrjjft `hhr blt phcktklfl systllo,ha il wkct ha gklt><.‟

@l rlcjtkl lg kgtlrjmtkl tusslg NHU lg bjjr `krlmtl honlvkgn gj`lr dlsmbhuw`

Kg `l whlcknl plrkh`l vjg `l `lr`l hvlrgjol stjrt blt hg`lrzhlf jjg NHU. Yhjcs nlzln`9 `lollstl tljocl`lg zkig jafhostkn vjg Glsth, `l hvlrnlgholg lg nlfwltstl pjrtki. Jcs kf hp bltoholgt vjg `l hvlrgjol thltrll` vjgukt blt fjop vjg Tkx&^jlc, hgtohlt kf zhwlc wjjr`lrkgn

vhhr okig plrshhg jcs jawkizkgn vjgwlnl okig jafhost. @kl jawkizkgn `hhr blt tljo vhhr jccls wjt olt hu`-Tkx& jlc tl ojflg bllat, ks nrhht. Kg `l rlst vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl ks zh vllc ohnlckifnlzhrn` vhhr nlolgn`l ugkts, zh`jt jc wlrflg` `l smblrpl fjgtils lrja sckitlg. NHU ks llg tljo

vjg splmkjckstlg, wjjr`hhr zki nlvrkiwjjr` dckivlg vjg gkluwl tljocl`lg kl zhojjr kg blt tljo nl-`rhpt whr`lg. Blt tljo trlft zkmb zhwlc aysklf jcs olgtjjc tlrun9 kg bjjr dkizhg`lrl wlrfrukotl,kg bjjr mhgmlpt lg kg bjjr jawkizkgn vjg `l gkluwl hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt lg -muctuur.

Ujrflr>1

stlct kg zkig dhlf ‒Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Mucturl & K`lgtkty‛

–]hmkjccy mhoohg k`lgtkmjtkhgs jrl hgl ha tbl nrhug`s uphg wbkmb lvlry`jy hrnjgkzjtkhgjc muc - turl ks jrtkmucjtl`. ]kopcy dlmjusl (ojgy mhopjgkls) jrl skokcjr kg tbks rlsplmt hls ght oljg tbjt

pjtrkjrmby (hr rjmkso) jrl ght jsplmts ha tblkr chmjc hrnjgkzjtkhgjc mucturls. Pbl tloptjtkhg th hgcy ahmus hg tbl strjgnl jg` `kaalrlgt mjg dckg` us th tbl lg`urjgml ha tbl ajokckjr jg` hdvkhus.‟

>< BN, 42 ojjrt 455>6 olt ‒phcktklf systllo‛ whr`t bklr l hg`lrckgnl dlkgvchl`kgn lg dlscuktvhrokgn kg `l wjg`lc-

njgnlg dl`hlc`.

>1 Ujrflr, 4555, pn :;:



<0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Jccl hg`lrzhmbtl tljos wlrflg kg llg sjolgclvkgn `kl pjtrkjrmbjjc ks kgnlrkmbt. Qhcnlgs nlg- `lr -hg`lrzhlf >> rlsuctllrt `kt kg hrnjgksjtkls `kl bhrkzhgtjjc lg vlrtkfjjc nlslnrlnllr` zkig cjgnsslfslckiglg. Dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtklbkærjrmbkl glolg vrhuwlg vjjf cjnlrl phsktkls kg, lg jcs zki jc

phsktkls kgglolg olt ollr ojmbt lg stjtus, `jg zkig `jt vjjf phsktkls `kl nljsshmkllr` whr`lgolt ‒zhrn‛, ha ‒alokgkzl` rhcls‛ olt wlkgkn lmbtl kgvchl`>2. @kt nlc`t hhf vhhr T& , l ohl`lrhrnj-gksjtkl vjg NHU. T&^ whr`t dlstuur` vjgukt ojmbts`lgflg, nldrukf vjg ojmbt, ojmbtsplccltilslg ojmbtsvlrbhu`kgnlg. Kg `l mhgsuctkgn-slmthr vjg T&^, wjjr NHU hg`lr`llc vjg ks, bllrsthp `l wlrfvchlr llg fckojjt vjg ‒kl`lr vhhr zkmb‛, kg`kvk`ullc prlstknl lg `l `jjrdki dlbhrlg`lojggltilsojflrki9 llg ojmbh-kgscjn `kl chnksmblrwkis nhl` jjgscukt hp `l ojmbtsahmus vjg bltojgjnlolgt. Jccllg zý vjc il ojxkojjc dki blt ojgjnlolgt kg `l sojjf lg ojjf il fjgs hp llgnhl`l dlchgkgn lg sglccl prhohtkl.

Dki NHU zkig blt lmbtlr `l vrhuwlg `kl `l clk`kgn glolg lg nlvlg. @l hprkmbtstlr vjg NHU ksllg vrhuwlckifl mhgsuctjgt, vlrrlwln `l ollstl ajmkcktjthrs (`l tljorhc olt blt ollstl jjgzklg)zkig vrhuwlg. Bhlwlc `l tljocl`lg `kt vlrsmbkigslc hpolrflg lg strlvlg gjjr llg ollr lvlg-

wkmbtknl ojg-vrhuwvlr`lckgn dkgglg blt tljo, cuft blt gklt gkluwl ojgglckifl ajmkcktjthrs tl vkg-`lg. @kt bhu`t okigs kgzklgs vlrdjg` olt l rhc vjg ajmkcktjthr lg l alokgklgl lknlgsmbjpplg kl`jt vrjjnt9 `l hp`rjmbtnlvlr vlrchfflg tht jg`lrl wlrfwkizlg, blt wlrflg hp djsks vjg vlrtrhu-

wlg, lg blt vlrflgglg vjg kl`lrs nlzkmbtspugtlg. Kf bld vjjf nlolrft `jt ojgglckifl ajmkcktjthrszkmb (`rlknlg tl) vlrcklzlg kg phsktklsplc, thmb bug kgvchl` wkcclg hlg nlc`lg, tlrwkic vrhuwlg zkmbojfflckiflr ” vhhr `jt oholgt lvlg, dkgglg bug rhc ” hg`lrnlsmbkft fugglg lg `urvlg ojflg,zhg`lr zkmbzlca `jjroll tl vlrcklzlg. Olt dlbucp vjg smbkigdjrl hg`lrnlsmbkftblk` fugglg zki `ljmmlptjtkl vjg ‒jg`lrs wlrflg‛ vhhr `l hp`rjmbtnlvlr dlrlkfdjjr ojflg. Ol`l vlrfcjrlg` vhhr`lzl smblvl ojgvrhuw-vlr`lckgn fjg zkig `jt `l hrnjgksjtkl tlg tki`l vjg blt hgtstjjg vjg NHUghn gklt nlausllr` wjs9 Glsth, `l hrnjgksjtkl wjjrukt NHU vhhrt fhot wjs okg`lr ojmbh `jgblt hvlrglolg`l Tkx&^jlc. Blt vlrsmbkc kg ojtl vjg ojsmuckgktlkt ” wjgt hhf NHU zhu kf gklt

jcs alokgklg wkcclg dlstloplclg ” ks vhhr NHU hgnltwkialc` llg lxtrj bkg`lrgks kg blt vkg`lg vjgjjgscuktkgn olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl. ^jggllr lr gj lgflcl ijrlg dkgglg NHU llg ojggl-ckifl ojgjnlr fhot, whr`t `ïl rhc `hhr `l kgstlcckgn vjg phrtlalukccls hvlr tljocl`lg vlr`llc` lg`jjr`hhr stlrf ‒alokgkzl`‛ . Jctbjgs, kg `l hnlg vjg blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt.

Llg jg`lr dlcjgnrkif flgolrf vjg `l rlcjtkl tusslg NHU lg blt hvlrknl T&^ ks `l nrhtl jastjg`. Pljocl`lg lrvjrlg `kl jastjg` hp vlrsmbkcclg`l ojgklrlg. Jcclrllrst ks lr `l alktlckifl, aysklfl ja-stjg`9 NHU bllat llg wlrfrukotl kg llg jpjrtl vclunlc vjg blt nldhuw. Il zklt lr ghhkt klojg`

vjg blt ojgjnlolgt, ha blt ohlt jc zkig ho`jt lr llg whrfsbhp vhhr `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl nl-bhu`lg whr`t. Jg`lrzki`s cugmblg NHU-cl`lg hhf vjjf kg bug lknlg wlrfrukotl, wjjr`hhr zkisphgtjgl mhgtjmtlg kg `l njgn ha kg blt rlstjurjgt okschplg.

Llg twll`l vhro wjjrkg jastjg` zkmb ojgkalstllrt, ks blt alkt `jt nllg vjg `l tljocl`lg llg nhl`dllc` bllat wjjr `l T& -hrnjgksjtkl gu lknlgckif vhhr stjjt, wjt `l oksskl ks ha wjt `hlclg zkig.Hvlrknlgs nlc`t `jt hhf vhhr mhcclnj‛s duktlg T&^. @l ahrolcl jodktkl vjg T&^, zhjcs `kl hp`l wldsktl stjjt tl clzlg, cuk`t9

–Hur oksskhg9 Lgjdckgn Prjgsahrojtkhg. T&^ lgjdcls kts mcklgts th trjgsahro jg` plrahrotbrhunb tlmbghchnkls.

>> Dkivhhrdllc` Mhmfdurg, :;;:6 ]jvjnl & ^ktz, :;;4

>2 Ujrflr, 4555, pn :2;



<<


Hur vkskhg9 Lgjdckgn Arll`ho. T&^ wkcc clj` tbl wjy dy prhvk`kgn mcklgts wktb kg-

sknbts jg` mjpjdkcktkls tbjt dhhst tblkr arll`ho th jmbklvl suplrkhr rlsucts.‟ >;

Kg `lzl oksskl lg vkskl cknt klts dlschtlg jcs ‒il fcjgtlg blcplg ho trjgsahrojtkl lg vrkiblk` tl dl-rlkflg‛. Qhhrwjjr llg dlvchnlg `hlcstlcckgn, lg nllg nlrkgnl hpnjvl vhhr llg `klgstvlrclglg`lhrnjgksjtkl! Kg `l prjftkif lrvjrlg ol`lwlrflrs lmbtlr `jt blt lr uktscuktlg` ho njjt vhc`hlg`l

wkgst tl ojflg, `l ahrolcl tlfst whr`t lrvjrlg jcs wkg`hw `rlsskgn . @l oksskl vjg Mhgsuctkgn, `l‒tjf‛ wjjr NHU thl dlbhhrt, ks `jjr kg `kl tki` ùk`lckif hvlr9 prhtjdkcktlkt vjg hgzl `klgstlg kshgzl oksskl. Hhf blt ijjrvlrscjn hvlr 4554 nllat ùk`lckifblk`. Blt stlct `jt T&^ llg pjjr nhu-`lg rlnlcs bllat, wjjrvjg prhtjdkcktlkt (wkgstnlvlg`blk`) lg nrhlk `l llrstl zkig. @jg vhcnlg llg

vklrtjc hrnjgksjtklprkgmkpls, lg `l hrnjgksjtklwjjr`lg jcs blfflgscuktlrs, kl kg blt ijjrvlrscjn prjk- slwhrtby whr`lg nlghlo`. Hhf lgflcl ijrlg cjtlr whr`t ghn bltzlca`l j`jnkuo nlmhoougkmllr`9

–^ktbkg tbl @utmb Mhgsuctkgn hrnjgkzjtkhg, wl bjvl stjrtl` j strjtlnkm kgktkjtkvl ahr

4552-45:5. Pbl hdilmtkvl ha tbks strjtlnkm kgktkjtkvl ks th jmmlclrjtl thp ckgl (turghvlr)

nrhwtb. J``ktkhgjccy, tbl mhgslqulgmls ha tbks nrhwtb jodktkhg hg tbl hrnjgkzjtkhg wkcc

dl k`lgtkl`, jg` jgy glmlssjry mbjgnls wkcc dl kopclolgtl`. V…_ Pbks strjtlny oust

supphrt hur jodktkhg th dlmhol Guodlr hgl kg Duskglss Prjgsahrojtkhg.‟ 25

@lrnlckifl nrhlk`hlcstlcckgnlg zkig `l jjgclk`kgn tht `l `lr`l vhro wjjrkg `l jastjg` tusslg NHUlg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl nlvhlc` whr`t9 jjg blt tljo whr`lg ijjr`hlclg nlstlc` `kl zhg`lrhvlrcln hpnlcln` whr`lg. @lzl `hlclg zkig chutlr gjgmkllc vjg jjr`9 jcs lr ” gjjr `l jodktkluzlojjtstjvlg ” vhc`hlg`l ‒wkgst nl`rjjk`‛ whr`t ks kl`lrllg tlvrl`lg. Qhc`hlg`l ks `jjrdki hgnl-

vllr =5% vjg l hozlt. Blt tljo ks lmbtlr dlzkn ‒ohhkl kgnlg‛ tl rljckslrlg, lg rjjkt `jjrdki llg wkgst `kl zki zlca jcclszkgs rl`lckif vkg`t9 zh‛g :< tht 45%. Blt `hhr `l hrnjgksjtkl hpnlcln`l `hlcbllat zh`hlg`l nllg dltlflgks vhhr blt tljo, blt wlg`t zkmb bklrvjg ja. Llg gj`lrl uktwlrfkgn

bklrvjg ks tl vkg`lg kg bhha`stuf 0 ‒Ujsskl lg `hlc‛.

Blt vlrsmbkc tusslg ‒zki‛ lg ‒wki‛

Jc lgflcl flrlg ks blt vlrsmbkc tusslg ‒wki vjg NHU‛ lg ‒zki `jjrduktlg‛ gjjr vhrlg nlfholg. ^klzkig ‒zki‛ vhhr `l NHU-cl`lg8 ^jt hg`lrsmblk`t ‒wki‛ vjg ‒zki‛8

Lr whr`lg `hhr NHU-cl`lg vklr shhrtlg ‒zki‛ lrvjrlg9

jg`lrl mhgsuctjgts ‒zki‛ `hlg trj`ktkhglcl mhgsuctjgmy, vlrvucclg `l lxplrtrhc, ‒zki‛ zkig hg`lr-nlsmbkft jjg bug hp`rjmbtnlvlr, ‒zki‛ ùrvlg gkfs6 ‒zki‛ zkig fhrtzkmbtkn!

ojgjnlolgt lg sjcls ‒zki‛ sgjpplg hgzl thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l gklt, zklg gklt bhl zl hgs fug-

glg nldrukflg, ‛t fhst zl tlvllc ohlktl, ‒zki‛ wkcclg kg mhgtrhc dckivlg tlrwkic zl gklts vjg hgsshhrt wlrf sgjpplg lg `l kgtlrol`kjkrl rhc gjjr `l fcjgt ùs gklt fugglg splclg6 hhf ‒zki‛zkig fhrtzkmbtkn!

`krlmtkl ‒zki‛ sgjpplg hgzl thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l gklt, wkcclg jccllg ojjr wkgst zklg, spkg haa lgkojnldukc`kgn tlcclg gklt, ‒zki‛ dkg`lg hgs olt rlnlcs wjjr`hhr ‒wki‛ hgzl ugklfl thlnlvhln`l

wjjr`l gklt ollr fugglg clvlrlg, dkiv. hvlr `l scuktkgnstki`lg vjg blt nldhuw6

>; www.T&^.mho, pjnkgj thlnjgflckif vhhr fcjgtlg, :< `lmlodlr 455>

25 www.T&^.mho, pjnkgj thlnjgflckif vhhr ol`lwlrflrs, ojjrt 4552

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<1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

T&^-ol`lwlrflrs ‒zki‛ (vhhrojcknl Tkx&^jlc-ol`lwlrflrs) zkig KP-dhlrlg, wki zkig vjf-olgslg6 vrhlnlr, vhhr `l hvlrgjol, thlg ‒wki‛ (Glsth) ghn hg`lr lcfjjr wjrlg, wjs jcclsdltlr nlhrnjgksllr`, nlzlccknlr, prhalsskhglclr, mhcclmtklvlr

Ujrflr2: hg`lrsmblk`t llg k`lgtkmjtkl vjg ‒wki‛ lg ‒zki‛ dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls hp djsks vjg `rklmrktlrkj9

rukotlckif / augmtkhgllc nlhnrjsmb lg ja`lckgnshg`lrsmblk`9 ‒wki bklr‛ lg ‒zki `jjr‛6 hhf k`lg-tkmjtkl olt dchl`nrhlplg vjct bklrhg`lr

gjjr nlglrjtkl bksthrksmb hg`lrsmblk` lg cllatki`hg`lrsmblk`,

gjjr dlrhlp / prhalsskl ‒zki `kl `jt `hlg‛, ‒wki `kl `kt `hlg‛

Bklrdki dlgj`ruft Ujrflr `jt blt ho `rkl typlg njjt `kl gklt plr së vlrsmbkcclg` zkig, `jt blt vhhr-fholg vjg llg typl shos jabjgflckif ks vjg jjggjols hvlr llg jg`lr. Lg tlvlgs nllat bki jjg `jtblt bklr ho llg prhmls njjt, llg stll`s vlrjg`lrlg`l stjjt, wjjrdki jjggjols hvlr zkmbzlca lg

`l jg`lr llg dlcjgnrkifl rhc splclg. @l `hhr Ujrflr jcs twll`l nlghlo`l vhro, gjjr cllatki`, ks`uk`lckif olrfdjjr dkgglg blt NHU-tljo zlca, gjolckif tusslg `l llr`lr nlghlo`l sudnrhlplg9`l kg cllatki` hu`lrl lg ollr lrvjrlg ajmkcktjthrs tlnlghvlr `l ihgnl bhg`lg, `kl okg`lr jcnlollglrvjrlg zkig, ojjr jc cjgnlr tljock`, wjjr`hhr zki zkmb thmb ‒`l hu`lrl njr`l‛ vhlclg. Blt ‒zki‛-‒wki‛-nlvhlc vjg NHU-cl`lg fhot vhhrjc tht ukt`ruffkgn kg `l llrstl lg `l `lr`l vhro, `kl splclg kgrlcjtkl vjg NHU tht `l hrnjgksjtklhonlvkgn.

–^bjtlvlr tbl smjcl ha tbl jsslrtkhgs jdhut ‒blrl‛, tbl spjtkjc rlalrlgt ks usl` th kg`kmjtl sholtbkgnjdhut tbl rlcjtkvl (oks)ug`lrstjg`kgns ha twh nrhups, th jsslrt tbjt rjtkhgjckty mjg dl ahug` blrljg` krrjtkhgjckty tblrl.‟ 24

@kt mktjjt nllat blt vlrsmbkc kg dlclvkgn tusslg NHU lg bjjr honlvkgn wllr. Bklr `hhrbllg prhlail `l ‒prhalsskhgjc `kvk`l‛ , blt `lr`l typl `jt Ujrflr ghlot9 ‒zki‛ sgjpplg gklt wjjr ‛t hvlr njjt, ‒wki‛jccllg sgjpplg wjt hgzl fcjgt gh`kn bllat lg bhl wl `jt ohltlg clvlrlg. Olt `lzl bhu`kgn vjg‒dltlr wltlg‛ vlrzlt blt NHU-tljo zkmb tlnlg blt alkt `jt zl okssmbklg wlc oll ohlt olt `l hp-nlcln`l fluzl vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl vhhr llg stlrflrl tlmbghmrjtksmbl ahmus. @l tljocl`lg vhlclgzkmb nllg vjg jcclg vlrwjgt olt `kl tlmbgksmbl kgvjcsbhlf, vhhr `l hu`-Glsth-cl`lg ks blt zlcas`l lxphglgt vjg `l hvlrgjol `kl zki gklt wlgstlg. Blt tljo stlct zkmb hp `l ojmbtsphsktkl hojg`lrs tl fklzlg lg `l strjtlnkl vjg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl tl glnlrlg.

–Ph usl Vjg hmmupjtkhgjc hr_ j prhalsskhgjc k`lgtkty ks th mhoolgt hg tbl kgjdkcktkls ha htblrs iustjs kt mlcldrjtls tbl lxplrtksl ha slca.‟ 2=

@kt ks prlmkls wjt `l NHU-cl`lg cuk` `hlg9 ‒mhoolgt hg tbl kgjdkckty ha htblrs‛. Blt ojgjnlolgt njjt`uk`lckif gklt jffhhr` olt `kt vlrzlt. Yki nldrukflg lmbtlr llg shhrtnlckif jrnuolgt, zki blt ho-nlfllr` nlrkmbt. ‒Yki‛ vkg`lg blt NHU-tljo `hnojtksmb, kglxkdlc lg gklt vhc`hlg`l hp ‒bjr`l‛duskglss nlrkmbt, wjt zki vjg zkmbzlca iukst zh wjjr`lrlg.

2: Ujrflr, 4555, pn :;0

24 Ujrflr, 4555, pn :;<

2= Ujrflr 4555, pn 450

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Blt clvlg kg blt tljo

Kg blt `jnlckifs clvlg dkgglg blt tljo blrflgglg tljocl`lg twll vlrsmbkigkgnsvhrolg9 ‒il zkt kgllg slsskl‛ ha ‒il zkt tusslg slsskls‛. ]lsskls, ollst ollr`jjnsl whrfsbhps ha lvlgts vhhr llg fcjgt,

zkig dlpjclg` vhhr `l k`lgtktlkt vjg blt tljo lg bjjr cl`lg. Bhlwlc `kt hg`lrzhlf zkmb gklt rkmbthp `l uktvhlrkgn vjg lvlgts ks blt wlrflg tki`lgs lvlgts zh dlpjclg` vhhr `l pjsskl vjg tljocl`lg,bug wkc tht dkg`kgn, kgsmbkfflg lg dki`rjnlg, `jt lr bklrvjg llg dllc` nlsmbltst ohlt whr`lg9

Pki`lgs llg lvlgt wlrflg stll`s lgflcl NHU-cl`lg sjolg olt llg nrhlp vjg hgnlvllr tklg arllcjgmlrs ho llg mhopclxl fcjgtvrjjn sjolg olt `l fcjgthrnjgksjtkl tl vlrflgglg, `l wlrfvhrolglrvhhr tl hgtwlrplg, `l (vjjf ollr`jjnsl) whrfsbhp lrvhhr vhhr tl dlrlk`lg lg `lzl uktlkg`lckiftl dlnlclk`lg. @jt fckgft jcclojjc skoplc lg stlrklc jcs blt zh hpnlsmbrlvlg whr`t. Gklts ks lmbtlrokg`lr wjjr, nltuknl blt dhlf `jt NHU-cl`lg bklr sjolg hvlr smbrlvlg 20. Bhl nhl` il llg prh-nrjooj hhf vhhrdlrlk`t, il wlrft olt l rlsuctjtlg kl l `llcglolrs vhhrtdrlgnlg, lg kl vjcclggklt tl vhhrsplcclg. Hhf l rljmtkl vjg l hp`rjmbtnlvlrs hp l rlsuctjtlg tki`lgs blt lvlgt zkig gklttl vhhrsplcclg, `hmb sjolg olt blg nlla il jcs ajmkcktlrlg` tljo `l whrfsbhp vhro. @l wlrf`jnlg

zkig olt hpzlt cjgn, vhhr `llcglolrs vjg jmbt tht jmbt, vhhr blt ajmkcktlrlg` tljo vjjf vjg zlvlguur ‛s hmbtlg`s tht twjjca ha ëëg, shos twll uur ‛s gjmbts. Lg `jt ollr`lrl `jnlg jmbtlrllg. Kgzh‛g tljo whr`t sjolgnlwlrft, ojjr fholg hhf arjnolgtjtkls vhhr. Llg drlufckig `kl zkmb hhfduktlg `l lvlgts vhhrtzlt ks `kl tusslg arllcjgmlrs lg tljocl`lg. Arllcjgmlrs zklg blt vlrsmbkc tusslgdlk`l clvlgs vjg NHU, lg prkizlg zkmb nlcuffkn `jt zki blt hpwkg`lg`l `llc lrvjg ollojflg.

Hp`rjmbtnlvlrs smblgflg blt tljo bug vlrtrhuwlg ho `l vrjjn `kl zl llr`lr olt kgbhu`lckiflxplrts gklt fhg`lg hpchsslg, olt bucp vjg NHU lg llg nrhtl nrhlp vjg bug ol`lwlrflrs gu

wlc tl frjflg. Hhf jc ks NHU thtghnthl jctki` summlsvhc nlwllst kg bjjr wlrf, kl`lrl hp`rjmbtlgks wllr spjgglg` lg ukt`jnlg`, lg hp vhhrbjg` ks summls ghhkt zlflr. Qjg `l cl`lg vjg blt ajmk-cktlrlg` tljo vrjjnt `kt wlrf vlrtrhuwlg, lxkdkcktlkt, sglcblk`, mrljtkvktlkt, uktbhu`kgnsvlrohnlg,

nlùc`, jmmlptjtkl, hhn vhhr kl`lrs frjmbt lg kgmjsslrkgnsvlrohnlg, ho llg pjjr dlcjgnrkifl js-plmtlg tl ghlolg. Lg vllc vjg `jt jccls. Blt lvlgt tljo wlrft zh kgtlgskla sjolg `jt lr nlùrlg`l`kl pjjr jnlg llg zllr kgtlgsl wlrfrlcjtkl hgtstjjt. Olgslg njjg hvlr bug lknlg nrlgzlg bllg, kg

vllc hpzkmbtlg. Blt bllt ‒lghro sjolg klts gllrzlttlg‛. Zuj kgtlgsktlkt, j`rlgjckgl lg dlvrl`knkgnks blt wlrf kg llg lvlgt vlrscjvlg`. Gj jhhp zkig vllc vjg `lzl olgslg zkmbzlca llg pjjr `jnlglgknszkgs fwkit. Yl wkcclg `l sjjobhrknblk` vjstbhu`lg, zl wkcclg lknlgckif gklt gjjr buks.

Fcjgtlvlgts zkig zh vhhr kl`lr `kl lrjjg ollwlrft stll`s wllr bhhntlpugtlg9 flkbjr` wlrflg, ja-zklg, jccls nlvlg, ojjr zh vhc`jjg jcs il dlgt wjggllr `l fcjgt vlrrjst, hgtrhlr` lg dcki ks `hhrblt rlsuctjjt `jt zkig nrhlp dlrlkft, `l `hhrdrjflg kg cjstknl sktujtkls `kl tht stjg` fholg lg `jtiki `jjrjjg dkinl`rjnlg bldt. @l jgjchnkl `rkgnt zkmb hp vjg llg nrhlp olgslg ukt llg gklt-kgù-strkæcl sjolgclvkgn, `kl `hhr cjgnùrkn `jgslg, zkgnlg lg buoolg kg trjgml nlrjflg, `kl zh ëëg

whr`lg olt lcfjjr lg olt blt ugkvlrsuo.

Duktlg `l alktlckifl lvlgt jnlg ho zkig `l lvlgts hhf dlcjgnrkif dkgglg blt tljo. Bhlvllc sls-skls bld il vhhr `kt ijjr nlpcjg`8 Bhlvllc bld il lr jc nl`jjg8 Kg wlcfl rhc8 Bhl thhgjjgnlvlg`(stjtusvlrbhnlg`) zkig `l fcjgtlg wjjrvhhr iki wlrft8 Ykig blt `rkl- ha twll`jjnsl lvlgts 8 @jt zkig

vrjnlg `kl lrthl hlg. ]hooknl tljocl`lg lrflgglg `jt lknlgckif jccllg `l rkl`jjnsl whrfsbhpsnlc`lg jcs slrklus. @kt hg`jgfs blt alkt `jt blt hgtwlrplg vjg llg nhl` prhnrjooj lg blt dlrlk-flg vjg ‒bjr`‛ rlsuctjjt kg llg llg`jjnsl vjjf vllc cjstknlr ks. @lshg`jgfs whr`t llg llg`jjnsl

whrfsbhp thmb jcs ‒okg`lr‛ lrvjrlg. Okssmbklg ho`jt blt dki llg llg`jjnsl okg`lr hp aysklfhvlrclvlg jjgfhot8 ^jgt `jt ks dlcjgnrkif dkgglg NHU9 `ruf zkig, dki vllc slsskls dltrhfflg zkig,

20 vjg `lg Dlrn, 4550



<2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`l nrhtl gjolg, ollst `rkl`jjnslg, lr jctki` zkig, blt wlrf jctki` vhhr cjtlg njjg dhvlg wjt ilprkvë-honlvkgn vjg il vlrwjmbt. @lzl hl-sallr whr`t hhr shooknl tljocl`lg wlc hosmbrlvlgjcs ‒sthlr‛. @jt ks hhf nllg rjrl fwjckmjtkl, dki llg wlrfwllf vjg :55 tht :45 uur kg zls jjgscuk-

tlg`l `jnlg vhhr ëëg lvlgt . @jjrgjjst zkig fcjgtlvlgts stjtusvlrbhnlg` vhhr `l kg`kvkùlcl cl`lg`kl lrjjg dki`rjnlg. Lvlgts whr`lg dkigj jctki` lrvjrlg lg nlprlslgtllr` jcs zllr summlsvhc, olrflg wl wlc llgs nlfsmblrlg` hp. Lg hhf jc ks blt llg tljoprlstjtkl ” zl vhrolg `ë nlclnlgblk` dkiuktstlf vhhr llg tljock` ho tl cjtlg zklg wjt zkig ha bjjr plrshhgckifl dki`rjnl ks. @lzl dlbhlatljjg kg`kvkùlcl zkmbtdjjrblk` nllat llg nrhht hg`lrsmblk` olt blt nlsmbltstl dllc` vjg `l buo-olg`l lg `jgslg`l stjo. ‒]jolg‛ vhlct clfflr zhcjgn ‒kf‛ vhc`hlg`l rukotl frkint.

Pusslg `l fcjgtwhrfsbhps `hhr dlstjjt lr llg jg`lr tljoclvlg. @jg dlg il jjg blt vhhrdlrlk`lg, vlrfhplg, jastloolg. @jg whr`lg l jjgvrjnlg `kl dkgglgfholg tki`lgs tljoolltkgns vlr`llc`hvlr tljocl`lg. Nlzklg blt dlcjgn jt jjg llg rhc kg lvlgts nlblmbt whr`t, ks kt vlr`lclg llg spjg-glg` prhmls wjjrkg tljocl`lg ojmbt kgzlttlg ho tlgokgstl bug lvlgrl`kn llc tl frkinlg. Pusslg`l fcjgtwhrfsbhps `hhr whr`t hhf ‒blt nlwhgl wlrf‛ nl`jjg, blt hg`lrbhu`. Yhjcs dkivhhrdllc`

flggks`hmuolgtlg dkiwlrflg, mhgtjmt hg`lrbhu`lg olt gltwlrflrs hvlr bug kgzlt, tjrklvlg ltm., vjfhgtwkfflckgn, lvjcujtkl lg dlhhr`lckgn. @jt jccls kg nlwhgl wlrf`jnlg, olt nlwhhg cugmb-pjuzl, nlwhgl wlrftki`lg. @kl plrkh`ls ohltlg vhhr `l ollstl tljocl`lg gklt tl cjgn ùrlg,

wjgt `jg whr`lg zl hgnlùrkn. @jt jg`lrl wlrf, `jt ks cluf, `êêr njjt blt ho! @l rlst whr`t wlcllgs ‒oluf‛ nlghlo`. Blt bhlat jg hhf nllg vlrdjzkgn tl wlfflg jt ‒blt nlwhgl wlrf‛ hvlr l

vhccl ckgkl okg`lr lglrnkl lg jjg`jmbt frkint.

@l bklr nlsmbltst bhu`kgn bllat nlvhcnlg vhhr `l muctuur dkgglg blt tljo. ]hooknl tljocl`lg(twll kg blt dkizhg`lr) whr`lg hgnlùrkn jcs zl cjgnlr `jg llg wllf nllg uktzkmbt hp blt vhc-nlg`l lvlgt blddlg. ‒Dlzltlg‛ ghlot ëëg vjg dlk`l zkig lknlg bhu`kgn bklrkg. Jg`lrl tljocl`lg

wkcclg tusslg `l lvlgts wlc ‒llg tjgìl okg`lr‛, lvlg dkitjgflg lg jg`lrl `kgnlg jjg`jmbt nlvlg,

dkivhhrdllc` wllr llgs gjjr il wkigprhlamursus njjg, ojjr `jt ks llg bhu`kgn `kl gklt nljpprlmk-llr` whr`t. Gklt sthlr! @lrnlckifl vlrsmbkcclg zkig vhlcdjjr, ojjr whr`lg gklt lmbt dlsprhflg. Ylnlvlg spjggkgn kg blt tljo.

Hgtwkfflckgn vjg blt tljo kg `l tki`

Kg l chhp vjg l vklr ijrknl hdslrvjtklplrkh`l cllrt blt tljo ollr gjjr zkmbzlca tl fkiflg, gjjr bltprhmls wjjr blt kg zkt. @jt ks hpolrflckif9 llg tljo `jt olt nrhlpprhmlsslg wlrft lg zkig lknlgprhmls gklt fjg wjjrglolg. Phmb ks blt zh. @jt `kt summlsvhc sjolg fjg njjg, cknt kg blt alkt `jtlr kg blt wlrf vhhr fcjgtlg vjg strjffl prhthmhcclg uktnlnjjg whr`t, lg vjjf vhhrjc hp rjtkhglclrlsuctjtlg nlstuur` whr`t. Hp blt vcjf vjg nrhlps`ygjoklf, kgtlrjmtkl tusslg olgslg lg nrhlplg,ks blt tljo kg llrstl kgstjgtkl wlkgkn hgtwkfflc`. Kg `l chhp vjg blt llrstl hg`lrzhlfsijjr (455:)hg`lrzhlft blt tljo vhhr ‛t llrst wjt l vllcnldlzkn`l frllt ‒bknb plrahrojgml tljo‛ kg l tljocktlrj-tuur jcs dltlflgks ollfrkint, lg ha NHU jjr zlca hhf thl nlrlflg` fjg whr`lg. @l lknlg hgtflg-gkgn `jjrvjg tki`lgs llg whrfsbhp vhrot llg smbhf, lg tlvlgs `l stjrt vjg hgtwkfflckgn hp `kt

vcjf. Qjgja `jt oholgt whr`t lr ” kg fclkgl stjpils ” stll`s llg dlltil ollr åmbtlr `l mhgmlptlg vjg `l NHU-oltbh`l nlflflg.

Kg blt dlnkg vjg blt lr`l hg`lrzhlfsijjr (455=) whr`t dlschtlg ho llgs olt lcfjjr kg nlsprlf tlnjjg hvlr `l kgtlrgl nrhlps`ygjoklf lg kl`lrs rhc `jjrkg. Kl`lr tljock` `hlt olt dlbucp vjg llglxtlrgl mhjmb llg zlcahg`lrzhlf. Qlrvhcnlgs njjg `l tljocl`lg kg twll whrfsbhps olt lcfjjr kgnlsprlf hvlr bug hgt`lffkgnlg. Dki `l stjrt vjg `l llrstl whrfsbhp whr`lg nlzjolgckif nlsprlfs-tbloj‛s dlghlot. Lëg `jjrvjg ks ‒QQQ‛9 ‒vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vlrsus vrkiblk`‛. Lr whr`t hplg



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nlprjjt lg stjg`pugtlg nl`llc`. jt clnnlg wl lcfjjr jjg vlrwjmbtkgnlg hp8 Jccllg jjrhvlr vjgnl`jmbtlg wksslclg blcpt jc ho stjg`pugtlg lg dlcjgnlg wllr zkmbtdjjr tl ojflg lg vlr`rjjn-zjolr gjjr lcfjjr tl whr`lg. @l tljocl`lg hgtwkfflclg zkmb kg `l chhp vjg `l hdslrvjtklijrlg

zh`hlg`l hhf.Lëg vjg `l k`llæg `kl ukt `lzl whrfsbhps gjjr vhrlg fhot, ks `jt blt tljo zkig lxplrtksl wkc lxpck-mktlrlg, jcs stjrt vjg vlr`lrl prhalsskhgjckslrkgn. Dkgglg zls ojjg`lg tki` whr`t (gjjst blt jg`lrl

wlrf) llg dhlf 2< nlsmbrlvlg hvlr `l wlrfwkizl vjg blt tljo wjjrkg kl`lr tljock` okgstlgs ëëgbhha`stuf vhhr bjjr ha zkig rlflgkgn gllot. Iugkhrlg whr`lg nlmhjmbt `hhr `l slgkhrlg. @lzlprlstjtkl whr`t lrvjrlg jcs ‒blt dlnkg vjg llg gkluwl ajsl vhhr blt tljo‛. Olt `kt dhlf zjc NHUdltlr kg stjjt zkig bjjr lknlg wlrf tl jmqukrlrlg. Kg `l zholr vjg 4550 fholg lmbtlr `l llrstlskngjclg `jt `l `krlmtkl gklt cjgnlr jmmlptllrt `jt `l wkgst lg hozlt hg`lr bug vlrwjmbtkgn dcki-

vlg. ^jt `kt dltlflgt ks kg llrstl kgstjgtkl gklt ùk`lckif vhhr `l tljocl`lg. Jc vjflr bllat ‛t wjtnlrhoolc`, ojjr `jt clk``l ghhkt tht ojjtrlnlclg. @us wjt drlgnt blt `lzl fllr8Olt `l ahmus hp blt smbrkivlg vjg blt dhlf bllat blt tljo ghn okg`lr jjg`jmbt `jg jg`lrs jjg

bjjr gjgmkæcl prlstjtkl nlnlvlg. Blt ks koolrs nlwlc`kn `jt lr llg dhlf nlsmbrlvlg whr`t gjjstjc `kl fcjgtlvlgts 8 @l duskglss ks tki`lckif wjt scjp, ojjr blt dhlf zjc `l hg`lrglokgn vllc spkg haa hpclvlrlg! @lzl jrnlchhsblk` zjc dckiflg `l jmbkcclsbklc vjg blt tljo tl zkig.

Lkg` slptlodlr dckift `jt `l T&^-`krlmtkl dlschtlg bllat `l hovjgn vjg NHU olt `l blcat tlrlùmlrlg. @jjrgj zjc blt tljo whr`lg sjolgnlvhln` olt lgflcl jg`lrl tljos lc`lrs kg `l hr-njgksjtkl. @jt dlscukt whr`t lrvjrlg jcs llg `hg`lrfcjp dki blc`lrl blolc. Blt tljo dlzkgt zkmbbhl blt vlr`lr ohlt. Gu dckift `jt kl`lr tljock` bklr jccjgn zkig ha bjjr nl`jmbtlg hvlr bllat cjtlgnjjg. ]hooknlg zucclg dckivlg, jg`lrlg njjg. Bhlwlc `l gjjo vjg `kt gkluwl tljo ghn stll`sNHU ks, ks blt `l ajmth llg nlbllc jg`lr tljo, olt jg`lrl cl`lg, llg jg`lrl ojgjnlr, llg jg`lrlmuctuur, llg jg`lrl zklc.

Jcs blt dhlf llg ojjg` cjtlr vlrsmbkigt, ks `jt llg fjtlrkn allstil. @l fjcfhlg ks jc tlr zklcl. Plrwkicblt tljo zkmb blt cjjtstl ijjr blrpjftl quj kgtlrgl shmkjcl kgtlrjmtkl lg prhalsskhgjcktlkt, bllat zki`l vlrdkg`kgn olt l krlmtl honlvkgn, bjjr ojgjnlolgt, zh`jgkn vlrwjjrchhs` jt kt bjjr uurfhot tl stjjg!

@l jg`lrl twll tljos9 Ojx lg Ouctk

Ojx lg Ouctk zkig nlfhzlg jcs 4l lg =l tljo. Gjjrojtl blt hg`lrzhlf vhr`lrt lg kgzkmbtlg nrhlk-lg, dckiflg `lzl dlk`l tljos ghnjc tl vlrsmbkcclg vjg NHU. Blt ollst kg blt hhn sprkgnlg`l

vlrsmbkc ks `l wkizl wjjrhp tljocl`lg jcs tljock` jjgnlzhmbt zkig, lg ” `jjroll sjolgbjgnlg`ha okssmbklg lr zlcas ukt vhhrtfholg` ” `l wkizl wjjrhp lg `l ojtl wjjrkg zki zkmb dltrhfflg

thglg dki blt augmtkhglrlg vjg bug tljo lg blt tljorlsuctjjt. NHU dlstjjt ukt prhalsskhgjcs,mhgsuctjgts, kl zlca jmtkla fklzlg vhhr tljockòjjtsmbjp, `kl hp thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l lg ohtkvj-tkl nlslclmtllr` whr`lg. Dki Ojx lg Ouctk zkig ojgjnlrs ck` ukt bhha`l vjg `l augmtkl `kl zl kg `lhrnjgksjtkl dlfcl`lg. @kt skoplcl vlrsmbkc bllat nrhtl nlvhcnlg kg tlrolg vjg dltrhfflgblk` lgohtkvjtkl, blt glolg vjg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` lg `l ojtl vjg `hokgjgtkl vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn

vjg `l tljocl`lg. @hhr `kt vlrsmbkc hgtstjjt dkgglg NHU llg nlbllc jg`lrl nrhlps`ygjoklf,olt jg`lrl frjmbtlg. Yhwlc dki Ojx jcs dki Ouctk nl`rjnlg tljocl`lg zkmb jcsha zki gklt vllc dlcjgnblddlg dki blt tljorlsuctjjt. Lglrzki`s ks `jt dlnrkiplckif9 zl zkig kg llrstl kgstjgtkl ojgjnlr vjgbug ja`lckgn ha `kvkskl, `êêr bjclg zki bug prhalsskhglcl dlvrl`knkgn, stjtus lg dlchgkgn ukt. Blttljockòjjtsmbjp fhot vhhr blg hp `l twll`l pcjjts, nlvlg `l Ojx-cl`lg jjg. Jg`lrzki`s zhu

2< vjg `lg Dlrn lt jc, 4550



15

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

llg nhl` tljorlsuctjjt vhhr cl`lg vjg dlk`l tljos hhf llg stlrfl plrshhgckifl (gjgmkæcl) pcusfugglg dltlflglg. Hpolrflckif ks `jt dlk`l tljos vhhrjanjjg` jjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l ghhkt`klpnjjg` olt lcfjjr hvlr bug tljo`hlcstlcckgn blddlg nlsprhflg. Dckifdjjr stjpt olg zh‛g tljo

dkgglg zhg`lr zkmb tl dlfhoolrlg ho `hlc, `hlcstlcckgn lg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, lg strhhotoll olt wjt zkmb jccl`jn jjg`klgt.

Ojx

Ojx ks llg tljo dkgglg Ohstlrt DQ, llg hrlrlg`l vlrfhhphrnjgksjtkl kg `l ol`ksmbl kgùstrkl.Blt tljo wlrft `krlmt hg`lr blt `krlmtkltljo, `jt ukt llg jcnlollg `krlmtlur lg llg jjgtjc vjf-`krlmtlurlg dlstjjt. Jccl Ojx-cl`lg rjpphrtlrlg jjg ëëg vjg `lzl vjf`krlmtlurlg. @l tljocl`lgzkig glnlg ja`lckgnsojgjnlrs ” kl`lr vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr llg lknlg prhùmtnrhlp ” jjgnlvucòlt `l jsskstlgt vjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur. Ojx ks llg bjca ijjr vhhr `l stjrt vjg blt hg`lrzhlfkgnlstlc` `hhr `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur, lgknszkgs tlnlg `l zkg vjg zkig OP vjg vjf`krlmtlurlg. Yki

vrlzlg gjolckif `jt Ojx (llg llc vjg) l ojmbt frkint `kl jjg blg thldlbhhrt. Blt lclnlrlg vjg`lzl tjjf ks gkluw dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl. Lr ks `jg hhf ghn nllg wlrfwkizl vhhr uktnl`jmbt.

@l tjjf vjg Ojx ks gklt ncjsblc`lr, dckift hp `l llrstl tljodkillgfhost. @l jcnlollg `krlmtlur, vlrwhhr`t `kl tjjf gjjr oki jcs vhcnt9 –Ojx ks vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr `l uktvhlrkgn vjg blt ijjr-pcjg, kgtlnrjjc! @jt ks >5 ” 25% vjg jccl lxplgsls . @us jccls dlbjcvl BT (jccl sjcjrksslg lg l sjolg-stlcckgn vjg l ahrojtkl), dlbjcvl KP, pudckm lg mhrphrjtl jaajkrs .‟ @jt ks bllc wjt, blt ks dlnrkiplckif jtblt `krlmtkltljo, `jt zkmb vhhrjc hp `l hplrjtkhglcl zjflg rkmbt, bklr wjt smbrkfjmbtkn hp rljnllrt.

jt dckiat lr hvlr vhhr blg8 Bhl dlègvchl`t `kt l ojmbtsvlrbhu`kgn8

@l prkojkrl tjjf zhjcs `l cl`lg vjg Ojx zlnnlg `lzl tl dlclvlg, ks vllc dlplrftlr. Bklr`hhr ks `lalktlckifl dl`rlknkgn vhhr blt OP ghn gklt zh nrhht. @l Ojx-cl`lg lrvjrlg bug tjjf jcs –sturlg

hp ojrfltkgn- lg sjcls kgspjggkgnlg, zh`jgkn `jt `l wkgst vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl nlojxkojcksllr` whr`t‟. @jjrthl ohltlg `l cl`lg jjg blt dlnkg vjg blt fjclg`lrijjr dlpjclg bhlvllc nlc` kl`lrukt zkig ojrfltkgndu`nlt rlslrvllrt vhhr llg jcnlollg ojrfltkgn`lpht. Kg `l chhp vjg blt ijjr

vhcnlg zl sjolg l vlrfhhp- lg wkgstmkialrs vjg bug dlcjgnrkifstl prhùmtlg, lg vlrvhcnlgs fug-glg zl llg `llc vjg `l rlslrvlrkgn kg blt ‒`lpht‛ thlflgglg jjg `l dlst chplg`l prhùmtlg, zh`jt`l vlrfhhpmkialrs vjg `jt prhùmt ghn vlr`lr zucclg stkinlg. @l nl`jmbtl ks `jt zh `l wkgst hvlrllg dlpjjc` ijjr nlojxkojcksllr` fjg whr`lg, tlg djtl vjg blt blcl dl`rkia. Nlzklg blt alktlckifltloph vjg rljcksjtkl vjg `l dlplrftl tjjfhpvjttkgn nlùrlg`l `l hg`lrzhlfsojjg`lg, ks jjg-glolckif `jt `l hp`rjmbt`hhr blt tljo whr`t lrvjrlg jcs llg mhopclxl tjjf. @l ghn rukolrltjjfhpvjttkgn vjg `l `krlmtlur cknt kg bug vhhrstlcckgnsvlrohnlg ghn gklt dkgglg blt dlrlkf vjgbug mhopltlgtkls.

jt lmbtlr tlnlg `l chshl vjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur kg wlrft, ks blt alkt `jt `lzl ja`lckgnsoj-gjnlrs llg ahrsl dhgus uktdltjjc` frkinlg `kl `krlmt nlfhpplc` ks jjg `l mhoolrmkæcl lg gjgmkæclprlstjtkl vjg bug lknlg prhùmtlg lg ja`lckgn. Ojrfltkgnok``lclg `kl kg llrstl kgstjgtkl vjg bugja`lckgnsdu`nlt kgnlbhu`lg whr`lg lg cjtlr jjg llg jg`lr prhùmt thlnlflg` whr`lg, smbj-`lg `l prhohtkl ” lg `jjroll `l gjgmkæcl prlstjtkl ” vjg `l prhùmtlg wjjrhp kl`lr Ojx-ck`plrshhgckif janlrlflg` whr`t. @lshg`jgfs whr`t vjg blg vlrwjmbt `jt zl jjg `l dl`rkiasdrl`lhptkojcksjtkl ollwlrflg. Thhfnhr`kiglg kg `l vhro vjg nlbjrrlwjr hvlr `l tl vhcnlg prhmlùrllg ‒nlvhnlc‛ olt `l mkialrs zkig blt nlvhcn. @l dlscuktvhrokgn vlrtrjjnt, kgahrojtkl-uktwksslckgn lghplgblk` whr`lg (`hhr shooknlg) nlskoucllr`, dckift cjtlr.



1:


Pljosjolgstlcckgn

Ojx dlstjjt dki l jjgvjgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf llg bjca ijjr. Blt tljo ks jg ghn gklt summlsvhc, lg`l llrstl tljoojgjnlr ks glt vlrvjgnlg. Lëg vjg `l jg`lrl ja`lckgnsojgjnlrs ks glt, dki `l stjrt

vjg blt gkluwl (du`nlt-)ijjr, `hhr l `krlmtlur dlghlo` tht tljoojgjnlr. Bki whr`t hhr `l jg-`lrlg nlsmbltst jcs ‒blt nhu`bjjgtil‛, llg nlscjjn` mjrrkârlpkffkl. Yl lrflgglg zkig fwjcktlktlg lgnugglg blo jt summls. @jt l llrstl tljoclk`lr kg lzl rhc gklt nlscjjn` ks, ks ghhkt uktnlsprhflg.Bki ks gu nlwhhg tljock` lg gklojg` sprllft `jjrhvlr, ojjr kg l hg`lrckgnl nrjpplg ks bhhrdjjr`jt bki llg vclfil bllat hpnlchplg.

@l tljocl`lg, jmbt ojgglg lg twll vrhuwlg, jcclg nlscjjn`l `lrtknlr-tht-vllrtknlrs, zkig ollstojrfltkgn- lg sjclsolgslg. @jjrgjjst llg wltlgsmbjpplr, llg mhgtrhcclr, lg ‒tbl jsskstjgt th tblNO‛ , `l rlmbtlrbjg` vjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur. Bjjr rhc kg blt tljo ks gklt blc`lr, dlbjcvl `jt `l`krlmtlur nlstlc` bllat `jt zki tljock` ks lg `l hp`rjmbt bllat ‒`l tljoojgjnlr tlrzki`l tl stjjg‛,tlrwkic kl`lrllg zklt jt kl z‛g ojggltil zlca wlc stjjt. @hhr bjjr jjgwlzknblk` bllat l jcnlollg`krlmtlur hnlg lg hrlg kg blt tljo. Pljocl`lg nlvlg kg `l kgtlrvklws jjg zkmb `kt tl rljckslrlg

tki`lgs blt uktwksslclg vjg nlnlvlgs kg `l dkillgfhostlg. Gklojg` vjg `l tljocl`lg zlnt `jjrlvlgwlc llg prhdcllo oll tl blddlg.

Hg`lr `l ojrfltkgn- lg sjclscl`lg dlvkg`lg zkmb lgflcl rjs-mhoolrmkljgtlg, jctki` hpphrtugks-tksmb, lg llg pjjr cl`lg `kl dl`jmbtzjolr lg ollr prhmlsnlrkmbt zkig. @l mhoolrmkljgtlg vhlrlgollstjc `l dhvlgthhg kg blt tljo olt okc`l nrhhtsprjjf, ojsmucklgl nrjpplg lg jcclrbjg`l hp-plrvcjffknbl`lg wjjr jccl tljocl`lg jctki` wllr lrn bjr` (vhhrjc bjr`, vjct ol hp jcs kf `l djg`-hpgjol tlrunbhhr) ho cjmblg. Yki dlwjflg `l nrhlpsrlnlcs. Klojg` `kl vhhrtnjgn wkc ojflg lghpstjjt ho jcs llrstl kg `l rki tl prlslgtlrlg, frkint dkivhhrdllc` `l thlvhlnkgn ‒wl wjjr`lrlg wlcil lgtbhuskjsol lg prh`umtkvktlkt!‛, lg njjt vlrvhcnlgs ojjr wllr zkttlg, wjmbt hp z‛g dlurt. @lmhgtrhcclr stlct rlnlcojtkn vrjnlg ho `l nlprlslgtllr`l mkialrs vlrblc`lr` tl frkinlg. Qjjf lmbtlr

whr`lg `lzl vrjnlg `hhr `l tljoojgjnlr nlpjrfllr` olt `l whhr`lg ‒il bldt nlckif, ojjr cjtlg wl ‛t `jjr gu lvlg gklt hvlr blddlg‛. Lg `l mhgtrhcclr cêêt zkmb pjrflrlg. Bki whr`t dlilnlg` jcs‒`l dhlfbhu`lr‛, llg duktlgstjjg`lr. @l nlsills`l llrstl tljoojgjnlr lg `lzl mhgtrhcclr vhlclgbklr vlrwjgtsmbjp. Yki vlrtlcclg ol `jt zl lcfjjr rlnlcojtkn hpzhlflg lg lcfjjr stluglg.Kg `l hg`lrckgnl phsktkldlpjckgn dkgglg `kt tljo dckift stll`s hhf dlcjgnrkif tl zkig wkl il kg ilkgtlrgl gltwlrf bldt9 lr whr`t nlphmbt hvlr mhgtjmtlg olt cl`lg vjg blt `krlmtkltljo, olt kgtlr-gjtkhgjcl rlcjtkls, lg bhl fhrt il ckig gjjr `l `krlmtlur ks.

Pljoojgjnlolgt

@l tljoojgjnlr ks llg ruf djjsil. Bki cknt nhl` dkgglg l hrnjgksjtkl, kl`lrllg dlghlot blo jcsstlrf ‒upwjr s ohdkcl‛ . Bki prjjt zhjcs bki `hlt9 sglc lg `ruf, lg wkc nrjjn lg vjjf `l dlvlstknkgn `jtkl`lrllg hhf kg`lr`jj` zklt `jt bki blt nhl` `hlt. Bki vlrtlct vllc hvlr zkmbzlca, z‛g pcjgglg bhlbki `kgnlg `hlt. Bjjct rlnlcojtkn jjg wjt bki hp llg cllrnjgn dki Gylgrh`l bllat nlcllr` kgzjfl `lhgtwkfflckgn vjg tljos. Nlpjst lg scko ltjclrlg vjg kgahrojtkl `kl bki vjg thlpjsskgn jmbt.

Gjjr blt tljo thl ks bki `klgstdjjr9 bki stlct `l jnlg`j hp, vhlrt vhhrjanjjg` jjg tljodkillgfho-stlg hvlrcln olt `krlmtklcl`lg jcs `jt blo guttkn ckift, bhu`t blt tki`smbloj vjg `l vlrnj`lrkgnkg `l bjg` lg stlct gjuwlckifs lkslg jjg ‒zkig tljocl`lg‛. Bki vlrnllt `jg hhf mhgslqulgt all`djmf tl vrjnlg bhl jg`lrlg blt zhu`lg `hlg ha zhu`lg wkcclg zklg. Lg bhlwlc bki gj`rufflckif bltdlcjgn vjg `l jg`lr dlghlot (vhhrjc wjjr blt njjt ho ol`lwlrflrs), ks zkig prkojkrl bhu`kgnllr`lr zlg`lg `jg hgtvjgnlg.



14

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Bki nllat jjg `jt bki wkc `jt blt tljo nhl` prlstllrt9 tlg dlbhlvl vjg blt `hlc, lg howkccl vjg zkigdki`rjnl. Bki bllat zkig gjjo lr tlgschttl jjg vlrdhg`lg. Cjstkn `jjrdki ks `jt bki ‒blt gkvlju vjg`l ollstl olgslg gklt zh bhhn vkg`t‛, zhjcs bki ol blrbjjc`lckif vlrtlct. Tl`lg vhhr blo ho zlca

vllc kgktkjtkla tl glolg. Dkivhhrdllc` `hhr dki `krlmtklcl`lg tl njjg pclktlg vhhr zjflg wjjr Ojxha Ojx-cl`lg ” jcs tljock` ojjr shos ýýf jcs ja`lckgnsojgjnlr ” dlcjgn dki blddlg. Bki trll`t`jjroll duktlg zkig dlvhln`bl`lg jcs tljoojgjnlr. Hg`jgfs `jt `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg blo tl

vlrstjjg nlvlg `jt zl `kt gklt kg l bjjf vkg`lg, dckiat blt vhhrfholg. Bki stlct zkmb `jjroll dhvlgblt tljo. Hhf gjjr oki jcs hg`lrzhlflr thhgt bki zkmb klgstdjjr. Bki gllot vjjf vhhrjanjjg` jjgllg tljodkillgfhost blt kgktkjtkla ho ol olt llg uktnldrlk`l tlclahgksmbl up`jtl hp `l bhhntltl stlcclg vjg hgtwkfflckgnlg. Honlfllr` gllot bki sunnlstkls vjg ol hvlr jjgnjjg`l `l jnlg`j

vjg vlrnj`lrkgnlg, kg tl cjsslg whrfsbhps, prhmlslvjcujtkl ltm.

Kg zkig rhc jcs rlnksslur vjg blt nrhlpsprhmls thhgt bki zkmb fllr hp fllr dlùmbt ho gltlcknlfwlstkls ha hglgknbl`lg jjg tl vjttlg lg ukt tl prjtlg, zhwlc dkgglg blt tljo jcs kg `l kgtlrjmtkltusslg tljo lg honlvkgn. Llg typlrlg`l zkgsgl`l ukt zkig ohg` `kl `kt kccustrllrt, ks ‒^lcckmbt `jt

lr hg`lrckgn lvlgtullc wlc klts kg `l du`nlttlg nlsmbhvlg zhu fugglg whr`lg, ojjr okssmbklghhf gklt‛. Kg llg fglcclg`l vlrnj`lrkgn wjjr `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur dki jjgwlzkn ks lg `lzl blttljo llg du`nltdlplrfkgn hpclnt, nldrukft `l tljoojgjnlr `lzl zkgsgl`l ollr`lrl flrlg. Yhnllat bki dlk`l fjoplg bhhp9 zki `kl ollr du`nlt wkcclg tlg fhstl vjg jg`lrlg, lg `l jg`lrlg `klzkmb bklrkg dl`rlkn` vhlclg. Hhf `l `krlmtlur prhdllrt bki zh `l nlruststlcckgn tl nlvlg ‒`jt lrjjgnlwlrft whr`t‛. Olt llg jg`lrl blo typlrlg`l uktsprjjf ‒@kt chsslg wl bklr gklt hp, kf stlc vhhr`jt wl `kt kg fjjrt drlgnlg lg vhhr `l vhcnlg`l fllr vhhrdlrlk`lg‛ whr`t zh‛g hg`lrwlrp `jg`hhrnlsmbhvlg gjjr llg tki`stkp lgflcl wlflg cjtlr. Kg `l wjg`lcnjgnlg fjg lr `jg vhhrwlrf nl-`jjg whr`lg. @hhr blo.

@l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lg duktlgwlrlc`@l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl vjg Ojx, Ohstlrt DQ, ks hg`lr`llc vjg llg kgtlrgjtkhgjjc mhgmlrg. KgGl`lrcjg` whr`t llg dlplrftl slt prhùmtlg nlclvlr`, kl`lr olt llg ohhkl wkgstojrnl, vhhrsplmklfl ol`ksmbl thlpjsskgnlg. @l prhùmtlg whr`lg kg blt duktlgcjg` hgtwkfflc`, wjjr bltohl`lrmhgmlrg nrhtl vlstknkgnlg bllat. Kg Gl`lrcjg` ks l hrnjgksjtkl pcjt. Jmj`lokmk whr`lg hpblt cjjnstl wlrfgkvlju nlwhrvlg, lg frkinlg `l fjgs sglc `hhr tl nrhlklg gjjr ojgjnlolgtrhcclg.Lr bllrst llg nlohl`lckifl sallr wjjrkg jccls fjg.

Jjg blt dlnkg vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l ks kt `llc vjg l ol`ksmbl kgùstrkl ghn llg hgvhcwjsslgdl`rkiastjf wjjr blt nlc` kg il zjf rhct zhg`lr `jt il lr vllc vhhr bhlat tl `hlg. @jt vlrjg`lrt lmb-tlr sglc9 `l rlnlcnlvkgn gllot thl, jaglolrs whr`lg prkisdlwustlr. Kl`lrllg zklt `jt, blt whr`t kg`l kgtlrvklws vlrolc`, ojjr `l nlvhcnlg `rkgnlg ghn gklt wlrflckif `hhr9 `l sallr kgtlrg ks lr ghnllg vjg nhu`lg ohnlckifbl`lg. Lr whr`t hp wkgst nlstuur`, fhstlg whr`lg gjuwlckifs nlvhcn`.Olgslg whr`lg gjuwlckifs jjgnlsprhflg hp wjt zl prlstlrlg. Bhhn tki` ùs vhhr Ohstlrt DQho llg vlrjg`lrkgn kg tl zlttlg lg dltlr hp `l mlgtlg tl njjg pjsslg! Ghn dkgglg `l hdslrvjtkl-plrkh`l vjg jmbt ojjg`lg zlt `lzl vlrjg`lrkgn `hhr lg ohlt `l drhlfrklo jjg ho `l jjg bltbhha`fjgthhr dlchha`l wkgstlg tl dlgj`lrlg. 21

21 Lgflcl ijrlg gj `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l trlft `l mhgmurrlgtkl rhg` Ohstlrt DQ jjg, lg `l wkgst gllot vhhr blt

llrst åa kg pcjjts vjg thl6 llg prhùmt rjjft kg hpsprjjf, `l fhlrs vjct kgllgs olt :0% lg vlrvhcnlgs vlr`lr,

fhstlgdlspjrkgnlg zkig hghgtfhhodjjr.



1=


@l rlcjtkl lg kgtlrjmtkl tusslg Ojx lg `l `krlmtl honlvkgn

Ojx ks dlbjcvl hplrjtkhgllc hrnjgksjtklhg`lr`llc hhf llg vhhrphrtjjc vjg blt `krlmtkltljo9 Oltllg pcjjts kg kt tljo nllat `l jcnlollg krlmtlur ihgnl bhg`lg llg fjgs tl cjtlg zklg wjt zl wjjr`

zkig, llg chshl `kl drl`lr dkgglg blt dl`rkia nlvhcn` whr`t. @lshg`jgfs rljcksllrt sclmbts llglgflc Ojx-ck` zkmb wjt vhhr fjgs blg nldh`lg whr`t. @l ollstl uktlg zkmb hvlr bug ckòjjtsmbjp vjg Ojx kg `l zkg vjg ‒cjstkn‛, ‒tki`rhvlg`‛ lg ‒lxtrj wlrf‛. jt zl gklt hplgckif zlnnlg, ks `jt zlblt hhf jcs llg krlmtl dl`rlknkgn vjg blt ojrfltkgndu`nlt vjg bug lknlg ja`lckgn ” lg us ojmbt

” zklg. @jjrdki smbjttlg zl `l ghh`zjjf vjg blt jjgclnnlg vjg llg ‒`lpht‛ cjjn kg. Hhf zki wjglgzkmb ghn kg `l nhu`lg lluw, wjjrkg jccls vjgzlca njjt. Yhwlc `l wkgst jcs `kl pclf kg blt `krlmtkl-tljo. @l `krlmtlur zlnt kg `kt vlrdjg`9

–Kf zhu vhhr llg jg`lrl stkic fugglg fklzlg lg jccl hplrjtkhglcl kssuls hp ojjg`jn tusslg ; lg:4 jatkfflg9 ‒zh njjg wl ‛t `hlg‛. Ojjr jcs il olgslg wkct cjtlg hgtwkfflclg, `jg ohlt il `jt

jg`lrs `hlg.‟

@lzl `krlmtlur ks llg sglccl `lgflr, llg sckool ojg `kl vllc zklt, lg tlnlckiflrtki` shos hhf dckg`dckift vhhr lvk`lgtl hostjg`knbl`lg kg zkig krlmtl honlvkgn. Blt njjt blo vjjf gklt sglc nlghlnlg bki fjg blt gklt cjtlg zlca ghn vllc tl `hlg. Bki cjjt zkmb vjjf hp `l wlrfvchlr zklg lg olgntzkmb `jg `krlmt kg `l jjgsturkgn vjg ol`lwlrflrs. Ykig OP ks gklt scjnvjjr`kn. @lzl twll zjflg

vlrstlrflg lcfjjr. Kg `l hrnjgksjtkl bllrst llg muctuur ho, ‒ho `l lknlg clk`kgnnlvlg`l bllg‛, `k-rlmt dki `l bhhnstl djjs, `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur, dkgglg tl chplg. Jcs il koolrs zkig jffhhr` bldt,bld il blt hhr`llc vjg il lknlg clk`kgnnlvlg`l gklt ollr gh`kn8 Yh whr`t lr vllc ‒hp `l njgn‛nlrlnlc`. @l thlnjgn tht `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur ks lmbtlr gklt vhhr kl`lr dlsmbkfdjjr.

Plnlckiflrtki` bllrst lr hp shooknl jsplmtlg nlbhhrzjjoblk`, olt gjol wjjr blt kgtlrgjtkhgjclbhha`fjgthhr ollfkift. Blt ùk`lckifstl vhhrdllc` bklrvjg ks `l vjststlcckgn vjg `l vlrfhhptjr-nlts vhhr blt gkluwl ijjr. @l sjcls krlmtlur mhoougkmllrt lzl hlcstlcckgnlg llgzki`kn, mhgahro`l wlgslg vjg blt bhha`fjgthhr, hhf jc dlzwlrlg `l Ojx-cl`lg `kl jjg bjjr rjpphrtlrlg bjjr`jt lzl hlclg gklt rljckstksmb zkig. Kg`kvkùlcl frjmbt ks zh l dlcjgnrkifstl ajmthr kg lzl muctuur.

^kl ” jctki`, ha kg llg splmklfl sktujtkl ” tl wlkgkn frjmbt bllat, ohlt llg wln `hhr `l rlnlcszhlflg. @jt ks jctki` llg gj`lcknl phsktkl.

Hrnjgksjtkldrl`l vlrdltlrpugtlg kl nlckiftki`kn olt l stjrt vjg kt hg`lrzhlf zkig dlghlo`, zkig‒sjolgwlrflg‛, ‛prhjmtkla bjg`lclg‛, ‒`hlclg uk`lckiflr ahrouclrlg‛ lg ‒jastloolg‛. @hlcstlcckgnlg`kl kccustrlrlg bhl `l hrnjgksjtkl kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l zhlft gjjr ollr hr`l lg sjolgwlrfkgn.

Jmbtlrnrhg` bklrvjg ks `jt kl`lr llr`lr vrkilckif ‒zkig `kgn‛ fhg `hlg, ojjr `jt hgtwkfflckgnlg kg`l ojrft `lrnlckif nl`rjn gu njjg jastrjaalg. Qjjf zkig `hlclg vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l hrnjgksjtkl`lclggklt hp lcfjjr janlstlo`, shos zlcas tlnlgnlstlc` nlrkmbt. @jg fug il gklt sjolgwlrflg. Phmb ks

`kt vhhr jccl splclrs llg zý vlrtrhuw`l sktujtkl, `jt blt blg hhf gklt hpvjct `jt `l tjjf vjg Ojxgklt blc`lr ks lg `jt `l ojg`jtlg vjg blt `krlmtkltljo lg vjg Ojx gklt hp lcfjjr jjgscuktlg9 jccl-ojjc drhgglg vjg ‒nl`hl‛ lg kgtlrg nlrkmbtl lglrnkl! Hhf gj`jt l dltrhfflglg bklr hpolrfzjjohp nlojjft zkig, `llrt blt zl gklt. Llg clttlrckifl hdslrvjtkl vjg `l `krlmtlur bklrdki9

–^jt dhvlg`klg dchfflrlg` wlrft kg `l hrnjgksjtkl ks blt plrshgjckty kssul. ^l blddlg `jt jjghgszlca tl `jgflg, wjgt wl blddlg jctki` kg`kvkùlcl wltlgsmbjpplrs nlwhrvlg. @kl wkcclg buglknlg DQ, wjjr zki l klgst uktojflg. Yl ‒wkcclg sjolgwlrflg zhcjgn kl`lr hlt wjt kf vjg pcjgwjs‛. Yl fugglg bëëc ohlkckif thlnlvlg `jt llg k`ll vjg llg jg`lr dltlr ks. Dki llg k`ll vjg llgjg`lr whr`t nlzln` ‒kf bld lr nhl` hvlr gjnl`jmbt‛, jcsha `jjroll `l `kjchhn janlchplg ks.



10

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Blt bllat dckifdjjr hhf vhhr`lclg, bhhr, `kl bhu`kgn, wjgt wl cjtlg `l mhgmurrlgtkl thmb olt llgrukol jastjg` jmbtlr hgs. Kf wkc ùs gklt blclojjc hpsmbukvlg gjjr blt jg`lrl lkg`l vjg blt splmtruo. Ojjr blt gj`llc, `l stlrfl ahmus hp lknlgdlcjgn, bllat wlc llg jjgtjc nlvhcnlg. Blt njjt tlg

fhstl vjg `l wlrfchc, lr whr`t gklt kgtlnrjjc nlflflg, lg blt ks gklt lamkægt lg laalmtkla.

Blt nlffl ks `jt il twll uktlrstlg zklt. Lglrzki`s `kl bhu`kgn vjg ‒kf wkc o‛g lknlg `kgnlg `hlg‛,lg jcs blt `jg thmb jg`lrs ohlt `jg fhot lr llg bhu`kgn vjg ‒`jg wkc kf vhccl`kn nlègstrullr`whr`lg‛. @jt zkig twll fjgtlg vjg lzlca`l ougt9 ‒jcs kf o‛g zkg gklt frkin rjjn kf gklt dki.‛ Lg

`jg zkig lr jctki` ol`lwlrflrs `kl `lgflg ‒jcs kf `kt ghu lvlg wlnbhu `jg zklt gklojg` blt‛. @klsmblg`lg ùs `l flrgwjjr`lg vjg `lzl hg`lrglokgn9 trjgspjrjgtkl lg kgtlnrktlkt.‟

Kg alktl smbltst lzl krlmtlur llg bjr`glffknl sktujtkl vjg ‒lknlg fhgkgfrkifils‛ wjjrkg l lknlg wkclg frjmbt `l dhvlgthhg vhlrlg. @l flrgwjjr`lg trjgspjrjgtkl lg kgtlnrktlkt zkig kg `kl zkg ‒wlgs-

wjjr`lg‛. Yl stjjg hp nlspjgglg vhlt olt `l rljcktlkt vjg `l hp ojmbt lg frjmbt nlrkmbtl muctuur.@l Ojx-cl`lg bhu`lg `l lknlg fhgkgfrkifils jmtkla kg stjg`. Yl vlrfcjrlg zkmbzlca gjolckif gklt

mhopltlgt ho hvlr lcfjjrs phrtlalukccl oll tl prjtlg, ha sjolg `l hgtwkfflckgn vjg blt nlbllc vjg phrtlalukccls tl dlsmbhuwlg. @kt ks llg fkg`lrckifl vlr`l`knkgn, wjgt jcs kf jjgnlla `jt kf hgvhc`hlg`l `ltjkckgahrojtkl bld ho hvlr ihuw phrtlalukccl tl hhr`lclg, fug iki `jt hhf gklt hvlr`l okigl. Lg dckia kf fhgkgn. Yl zlnnlg clttlrckif9 –Kf wãc blclojjc gklt gjjr jg`lrl phrtlalukcclsfkiflg‟, lg kgvjck`lrlg `jjroll zkmbzlca jcs ck` vjg Ojx, lg jcs thlfhostkn ck` vjg blt OP.

Blt vlrsmbkc `jt blt tljo lrvjjrt tusslg ‒zki‛ lg ‒wki‛

Dki NHU zjnlg wl jt lr llg uk`lckif hg`lrsmblk` whr`t lrvjrlg tusslg ‒wki‛ (tljo) lg ‒zki‛ (`jjr-duktlg). Qhhr `l cl`lg vjg Ojx cknt `jt jg`lrs. Yki blddlg jcclrllrst bug augmtkl jcs ja`lckgns-bhha`, hgtclglg bug summls lg dhgus jjg `l prlstjtkl vjg bug lknlg ja`lckgn. Ujs `jjrgj zkig `l

tljock` vjg Ojx, nlvlg zl jjg. ^jjr `l ja`lckgnsojgjnlrs llg hg`lrsmblk` tusslg ‒wki‛ lg ‒zki‛lrvjrlg ks `jt tusslg bug lknlg ojgjnlolgtgkvlju lg blt `krlmtkltljo `jjrdhvlg9 olt blg spllctzkmb `l ojmbtsstrki` prkojkr ja.

Blt clvlg kg blt tljo, hgtwkfflckgn kg `l tki`

@l sallr dki Ojx tki`lgs dkillgfhostlg ks dkigj jctki` nhl`, olt vllc nlcjmb. Kg blt dlnkg vjg blthg`lrzhlf hrnjgksllrt l tljoclk`lr hp okig vhhrstlc llg llg`jjnsl whrfsbhp wjjrkg l tljocl`lgbug nlzjolgckif `hlc hg`lrzhlflg lg tht jasprjflg hvlr bug wlrfwkizl prhdlrlg tl fholg. Llgnhl`l stjp ho ollr blc`lrblk` tl mrlærlg, dkgglg blt tljo lg kg kgtlrjmtkl olt `l `krlmtl honl-

vkgn. Pki`lgs `lzl llg`jjnsl ckift lr hvlrllgstlookgn tl zkig hvlr blt `hlc vjg Ojx. @jt whr`t gj

`lzl whrfsbhp dlsmbhuw` jcs ‒fcjjr‛. Lr ks skg`s`klg wlkgkn hvlr `hhrnlsprhflg, jjg nlrlalrllr`ha hp vlr`klpt. Hg`jgfs `l hgùk`lckifl ahrouclrkgn whr`t `l hp`rjmbt vjg `l jcnlollg `krlm-tlur jcs ‒vjststjjg` lg ùk`lckif‛ jjgnlgholg.

Olg sprllft gj`klg kg tljodkillgfhostlg dki blrbjckgn lg cjgnùrkn hvlr ‒bhl njjg wl ‛t `hlg8‛.Blt tljo fhot llgs plr ojjg` jg`lrbjca uur dkillg. Llg cjnl arlqulgtkl lg fhrtl vlrnj`lrùurjcs il zklt wjjrhvlr dlschtlg ohlt whr`lg, lg wjt lr ghn jjg wlrfwkizl lg rjpphrtjnl hpnlzltohlt whr`lg, zh stlcclg shooknl tljocl`lg. Jg`lrl tljocl`lg stlcclg iukst lkslg jjg `l fhrtl

vlrnj`lrùur lg cjnl arlqulgtkl ‒jg`lrs fjg ( clls9 wkc ) kf bklr gklt dki dltrhfflg zkig‛. Jcs hdslrvjthrlrvjjr kf vllc prhmlùrlcl fj`lrs lg duktlgfjgt. @l cjjtstl nrhlp bllat `l stlrfstl stlo lg wkgtblt pclkt.



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Kf spklnlc vjg dlnkg ja jjg rlnlcojtkn gjjr l tljocl`lg wjt kf hdslrvllr. @l ollr prhmlsnlrkmbtltljocl`lg nlvlg jjg `kt prlttkn tl vkg`lg. Ho dlwustlr tl whr`lg vjg bug kgtlrjmtkl stlcclg zki

vhhr kl`lrl dkillgfhost ja tl scuktlg olt llg rhgìl prhmlslvjcujtkl9 l tljocl`lg vlrtlcclg lcfjjr

wjt zl zklg nldlurlg lg wjt zl jjrvjg vkg`lg, kf scukt jt rhgìl ja olt all`djmf gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg okig wjjrglokgnlg.

Gj `l stjrtdkillgfhost ks lr ghn llg ojjg` gh`kn vhhr`jt lkg` aldrujrk hvlrllgstlookgn ks dl-rlkft hvlr `l bhhntl vjg `l rlslrvlrkgnlg hp `l ojrfltkgndu`nlttlg. Pki`lgs `l ojjg`lckifsl dki-llgfhostlg whr`t nlrjpphrtllr` hvlr `l plrahrojgml vjg kl`lrs prhùmtnrhlp. Jabjgflckif vjg `lprlstjtkls vjg kl`lr prhùmt ohlt blt nlrlslrvllr`l nlc` koolrs zh sglc ohnlckif wllr uktnlfllr`lg dlgut njjg whr`lg8 Bhl llr`lr `kt nldlurt, bhl ollr laalmt lxtrj ojrfltkgn fjg shrtlrlg kg`l vlrfhplg vjg `jtzlca`l ijjr. Bklr zjc scjnvjjr`knblk` uktdltjclg!

Gj vlrchhp vjg vkia ojjg`lg all`djmf nlvlg, ks dlrlkft jt kl`lr wlrflckif zkig ha bjjr prlslgtjtkl vhhr llg hvlrcln vhhrdlrlk`t, `jt `l cjpthps vjg `l vlrnj`lrtjalc zkig lg lr nllg jjg`jmbt ollr

jjg ojkcs lg ]O]-lg dlstll` whr`t tki`lgs vlrnj`lrkgnlg. Dkgglgfholg`l ohdklcl nlsprlfflg vlrsthrlg `l vlrnj`lrkgnlg gjuwlckifs ollr. @l tljoojgjnlr stlct `l jnlg`j hp6 lr fholg ” hhfgj jjg`rkgnlg vjg okig fjgt ” ghhkt sunnlstkls vjg jg`lrl tljocl`lg vhhr l jnlg`j. Jc blt wlrfnldlurt kg `l vlrnj`lrkgn zlca, lr zkig nllg wlrfnrhlpils `kl dlpjjc`l zjflg tlvhrlg uktzhlflg lg`jjrhvlr rjpphrtlrlg. @l tljocl`lg cluglg jmbtlrhvlr lg wjmbtlg ja. @l lgknl `kl tusslg`hhrjmtkls hppjft, ks `l tljoojgjnlr. ^jggllr kf `l tljocl`lg bklrhp wkis, mhgstjtlrlg zl vlrdjjs``jt `kt kg`lr`jj` zh ks. Blt ks llg vhro vjg ‒gjtuurckif nl`rjn‛, vhcfholg hgdlwust. Yh hgdl-

wust njjt olg hhf ho olt blt nlvlg vjg hg`lrckgnl all`djmf hp nl`rjn tki`lgs `l tljodkillg-fhostlg. Olg rl`lgllrt9 ‒bïi `jjr ks `l djjs, ùs bki ohlt blt `hlg‛, lg zl wkizlg `jjrdki hp bugnhu`bjjgtil. @kl bllat `l llr, bki bllat zkmb nlmhookttllr` `hhr `kl rhc tl jmmlptlrlg, lg frkintùs hhf l sbkt . Clttlrckif whr`t nlzln` ‒Jcs lr klojg` gklt nhl` oll`hlt, ohlt bïi jt zlnnlg, jt

ks zïig rhc, thmb gklt `l okigl8‛. Hvlr bug lknlg jjg`llc lg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` kg blt sjolgsplcblddlg zl hprlmbt ghn ghhkt gjnl`jmbt. @jt dckift kg jccl tljos lg prhilmtnrhlplg dkgglg OhstlrtDQ nlollgnhl` tl zkig. ]hooknl tljocl`lg pjfflg bug vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr blt nrhlps-nl`rjn vjgja gu hp, lg ojflg shos llg prhmlshpolrfkgn.

Ol`kh jprkc whr`t llg dl`rjnil (okg`lr `jg 4%) vjg blt `lpht jjg llg prhùmt thlnlflg` tlgdlbhlvl vjg lxtrj ojrfltkgnjmtkls. Qhhr blt hvlrknl ks olg blt tht kg iuck ghn gklt llgs wjjr zkmb`l lrnstl fglcpugtlg vhhr`hlg lg wjjr kg blt chplg`l du`nlt lxtrj ojrfltkgnfrjmbt blt stlrfstllaalmt zjc blddlg. Kg olk whr`lg lr ‒vlrflggkgnlg‛ nl`jjg, kg iugk whr`lg ‒cjtlst lstkojtls‛ nlprl-slgtllr`, lg gýn fjg olg gklt tht hvlrllgstlookgn lg dlscuktlg fholg. ^jgt wjt uktnlnlvlg

whr`t jjg llg jg`lrl prhùmtnrhlp fjg gklt ollr jjg `l ihuwl uktnlnlvlg whr`lg. @jg, dlnkgiuck, dlscukt blt `krlmtkltljo `jt `l rlslrvls kg blt ojrfltkgn`lpht `kt ijjr blclojjc gklt ollr dl-

gut ohnlg whr`lg9 lr zkig lc`lrs hvlrrugs kg fhstlg tlg hpzkmbtl vjg blt du`nlt jt jjg blt bhha`-fjgthhr vlrjgtwhhr` ohlt whr`lg, lg blt ‒`lpht‛ vuct nlcuffkn blt nrhhtstl `llc vjg `lzl hvlrrug jjg. @l ojrfltkgn ojgjnlr lg sjcls ojgjnlr vjg l prhùmtnrhlp olt l sclmbtstl vlrfhhpmkialrs

whr`lg hg`lr murjtlcl nlzlt. @jt fhot bjr` jjg.

@rkl wlflg cjtlr (!) fhot blt tljo wllr dkillg ho tl zklg wjt `l mhgslqulgtkl ks vjg blt pchtsl-ckgnl wlnvjcclg vjg bug ojrfltkgnrlslrvl. Jcclrllrst rjpphrtllrt kl`lrl ja`lckgnsojgjnlr wjt lrgj `l vhrknl dkillgfhost ks nldlur`, bhl blt gkluws hvlr rlslrvlrkgnlg kg bug tljos kg `l ckighgtvjgnlg ks. \kt `l vlrwjrrkgn dki bug tljos dckift bug lknlg vlrwjrrkgn lg hgvlrohnlg ho jjgbug tljos ukt tl clnnlg wjt `l sktujtkl ks. Hhf `l hgùk`lckifbl`lg kg `l tjjfvlr`lckgn tusslg `k-rlmtkltljo lg Ojx whr`lg gu dlcjgnrkif9 ^kl bj` wjt ohltlg hlg8 kl ks vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr



11

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

wlcfl ahutlg8 Jccl lglrnkl ks gu kgtlrg nlrkmbt, iukst hp blt oholgt `jt ojxkojcl ojrftahmus vjgjccl blgs gh`kn ks ho blt tki tl flrlg.

Ho dlurtlg prlslgtllrt kl`lr kg `lzl vlrnj`lrkgn `l cjjtstl mkialrs. @l gjgmkæg dckiflg vllc

okg`lr dlbllrsdjjr `jg vlrhg`lrstlc`. Hvlrjc whr`t nlrlflg` olt phtils wjjr gklojg` lmbt vjg wllt wkl lr njrjgt vhhr stjjt. Nrjpils zkig lr ghn vhchp, `l sallr ks hgvlrokg`lr` nhl`, `l lrgst`rkgnt gôn gklt hhr. Dki llg tlfhrt vjg jg`lrbjca okcihlg olrft l ‒lknlgjjr‛ bklrvjg vlrhgtsmbuc-`knlg` hp –vhhr o‛g vjfjgtkl wjs ‛t ojjr llg bjca okcihlg‟. ^jjrhp bki `hhr llg tljonlghhtthlnlvhln` frkint –ùrl vjfjgtkl bld iki nlbj`!‟.

Qhrkn ijjr ks dkgglg Ojx janlsprhflg `jt, uktnjjg`l vjg kl`lrs llgojjc vjstnlstlc`l jjg`llc kg`l rlslrvlrkgnlg, `kt vlr`lr kg kl`lrs lknlg tljo dlbllr` zhu whr`lg. Gu dckift `kt kg ëëg vjg `l

vklr tljos gklt mhrrlmt nldlur` tl zkig. @jjr ks llg `llc vjg blt zhnlgjjo` nlrlslrvllr`l nlc`thmb uktnlnlvlg. @l jg`lrlg tljocl`lg zkig fwjj` jcs zl `l tlfhrtlg zklg, gu jccls uktlkg`lckifdchht cknt. Fwjj` lg dlsmbjjot. Hg`jgfs `jt stlct `l tljoojgjnlr wl`lrho vhhr kg `l vhc-nlg`l vlrnj`lrkgn tht dlscuktlg hp `l gh`knl jmtkls tl fholg. @l vlrnj`lrkgn njjt vlr`lr olt `l

prlslgtjtkl vjg blt twll`l tljo. Bklr dckift olg `l rlslrvlrkgnlg-hp-pjpklr nlwhhg uktnlnlvlgtl blddlg. @l ojgjnlrs zlnnlg nllg mhgtrhcl tl fugglg blddlg hp wjt bug ol`lwlrflrs jjg

vlrpckmbtkgnlg jjgnjjg. Lr whr`t nlc` uktnlnlvlg jcsha lr nllg ‒`lpht‛ dlstjjt. Kg `l vlrnj`lrkgnprhdlrlg `l dltrhfflg ojgjnlrs duktlg smbht tl dckivlg `hhr `l smbuc` jjg jg`lrlg tl nlvlg,`l `ltjkcs gklt tl wltlg, ha zlca gklt tl sgjpplg wjt bug mkialrs wllrnlvlg. Olt bllc vllc nlplurlg nlvrjjn vjg `l jg`lrlg fhot dhvlg tjalc `jt `l ojgjnlrs `kl bklr vlrjgtwhhr`lckif zkig bugol`lwlrflrs ghhkt blddlg kgnlckmbt `jt llg `llc vjg `l du`nlt ks nlrlslrvllr`, ‒dlvrhrlg‛. Yl`jmbtlg `jt blt jcclojjc wlc oll zhu vjcclg, glt jcs jg`lrl ijrlg.

@l dlwustl sjcls ojgjnlr9 –Kf bld jctki` nl`jmbt ‒Jcs kf klts kg `kl vrklzlr `hl, frkin kf`jjr dlst llg nl`llctl vjg tlrun‛. @us `jjr dlg kf oll dckivlg wlrflg, wjgt kf fjg gklt zhojjr

`l rlo hp jcclrclk zjflg zlttlg. @jg fjg il zlnnlg ‒Ks ihuw ahut‛. Ij, thl ojjr, `jt ks `jg okig ahut, ojjr wjt kf bklr jccllg ol`l`llc ks `jt kf jccllg ojjr <2 ùkzlg` lurh dhvlg o‛g du`nltzkt. Qlr`lr gklts.‟

Llg tljonlghht, `kl `l gjgmkæg wlc nhl` rlnlct lg dlbllrt, ùk`t blt jcs rlstlg vjg `l hu`l muc-tuur vjg ëëg vjg `l drhghrnjgksjtkls vhhr `l auskl vjg lgflcl ijrlg llr`lr9

–Ij, kf llc jt…. jt nlvhlc (vjg smbjjotl). Kf lgf jt blt hhf llcs lknlg ks jjg hgzl muctuur.

@lmlodlr vhrkn ijjr ohlstlg wl ghn twll okcihlg wlnsthuwlg kg mj`ljus lg llg pjjr ojjg`lg lrhpblddlg wl llg dlvrhrlg ‒`lpht‛ lg llg dkidlbhrlg` prhdcllo. @l vrjjn ks ha olgslg `jt jcclojjcfugglg vhcnlg. Looo… Kf `lgf `jt `jjr ëëg vjg `l kssuls zkt. Kf fho ukt llg hu`l muctuur

wjjr blt olt `l `hh`strja dlfhmbt wlr` jcs blt cjjtil vjg `lzl vrklsfkst hplgsthg`, ùs okssmbklg`jt kf jjr hhf wjt ollr nlcllr` bld, zln ojjr, bhl lroll ho tl njjg. Kf flg blt hhf gklt zh jtlr jjg blt lkg` vjg blt ijjr ghn twll okcihlg wlnnl`huw` ohlst whr`lg bhhr! Kf lgf jt wl jjrllg shhrt muctuur olt lcfjjr blddlg `jt olgslg gklt dlnrkiplg lg ùs `lgflg, glt zhjcs Plug zlnt‒Jmb ij, jjg blt lkg` vjg blt ijjr njjt `jt `lpht thmb wlc wllr hplg, ùs jcvjst rlflgkgn bhu`lgòlt jt lr wlc wjt uktfhot, hlg wl kl kgnlg thmb, jg bllat blt kt ijjr ghn z‛g laalmt‛. Lvlg vrkivlrtjjc`. Lg kf `lgf `jt `jjr ëëg vjg `l mucturlcl lrnlrgksslg zkt jcs kf lr zh tlnlgjjg fkif. Lggu whr`lg wl jcclojjc bllc bjr` olt `l glus hp `l alktlg nl`ruft `jt `l cjjtils hplg zkig dckivlgstjjg lg `jt `l kisils nlsohctlg zkig. Lg `jg ks blt allstil hvlr. @jt ks okig nlvhlc.‟

Blt lgknl wjt gu rlst ho thmb blt nlvrjjn`l dl`rjn jjg `l `krlmtkl hp tl clvlrlg ks ho hglvlgrl-

`kn tl njjg sghlklg kg `jnlckifsl jmtkvktlktlg. Olt `kt dlrkmbt ohltlg `l cl`lg vjg Ojx tlrun gjjr



1>


`l jcnlollg `krlmtlur. Yl vhlclg zkmb dlsmbjjo`, zkig jjgnlscjnlg9 ‒wl blddlg ‛t gklt nlrl`‛. Kgblt gjprjtlg hp `lzl vlrnj`lrkgn fholg `l vlrbjclg chs. Olgslg blrflgglg zkmb gklt kg wjt lrnldlurt. @l mhgtrhcclr vjt zkig hgtnhhmblckgn jcs vhcnt sjolg9

–Jcs il fkift gjjr blt prhmls, jg zkig lr llg jjgtjc vklzl zjflg hp tjalc nlfholg… Kf lgf jcs il fkift gjjr hgszlca jcs Ojx, `jg blddlg wl blt nlwhhg gklt stlrf nl`jjg. Lg `jjr ohltlg wlojjr llgs lvlg gjjr fkiflg bhl `jt `jg… Blt ks llg drlvlt vjg hgvlrohnlg wjt il uktlkg`lckifjlvlrt olt z‛g jcclg. Plgokgstl, zh vhlc kf ol wlc bâ. Kf zkt bklr gklt vjgukt Akgjgml ojjr hhfjcs Ojx-ck`, `us kf djjc bklr shwklsh zlca hhf jcs llg stlfflr vjg. Ojjr `jt ks wlc okig nlvhlc.@us vrki lbbb…. Ij, kf dlg nlwhhg bllc lrn tlclurnlstlc`.‟ (stkctl)

Ouctk

Ouctk ks blt `krlmtkltljo vjg llg rlnkhgjcl prhalsskhglcl `klgstvlrclglr, Ouctk@klgst. Blt ks llgdl`rkia olt llg drl`l phrtahckh jjg `klgstlg. @lzl vllczki`knblk` ks blt nlvhcn vjg dl`rkiasnrhlk`hhr auskls lg hvlrgjols, lg ks vlrvhcnlgs jcs ojrfltkgnfrjmbt dlghlo` lg tht `hlc vlrblvlg.Blt tljo dlstjjt ukt llg jcnlollg `krlmtlur, llg gjgmkllc `krlmtlur, `kvksklojgjnlrs lg bhha`lg

vjg stja`klgstlg. ]hooknl vjg lzl cjjtstl zkig vhcwjjr`kn ck`, jg`lrl ‒zkttlg jjg‛. Glnlg ojgglg,ëëg vrhuw. Pwll vjg `lzl OP-cl`lg, `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur lg `l gjgmkllc `krlmtlur, vhrolgsjolg ‒blt dlstuur‛. @kt dlstuur fjg dlscuktlg vjg blt krlmtkltljo ‒hvlrstloolg‛. Yh zkig dkgglgblt `krlmtkltljo `rkl shhrtlg cl`lg tl hg`lrsmblk`lg9 vhcwjjr`knl cl`lg `kl hhf dlstuursck` zkig,

vhcwjjr`knl cl`lg lg ‒jjgzkttlrs‛.

Urkojkrl tjjf vjg blt tljo ks `l Ouctk@klgst-hrnjgksjtkl jcs nlbllc nhl` tl dlsturlg lg zh wkgst vhhr `l jjg`llcbhu`lrs tl nlglrlrlg. Glvlg`hlc ks llg bhlfstllg tl zkig vjg `l wlrfnlclnlgblk`

kg `l rlnkh.

Ho scjnvjjr`knlr lg smblrplr hp `l duskglss nlahmust tl zkig, ks lgflcl ijrlg nlcl`lg llg dusk-glss ugkt strumtuur kgnlvhlr`. @lzl rlhrnjgksjtkl ks nlscjjn` kg `kl zkg `jt `l duskglss ugkts gujuthghho wlrflg lg hp bug lknlg rlsuctjtlg janlrlflg` whr`lg. @l `kvksklstrumtuur bllat lrlmbtlr hhf thl nlclk` `jt lr slpjrjtl dl`rkiails dkgglg Ouctk@klgst zkig hgtstjjg kg llg bhc`kgnolt stjvlg. Kl`lrl `kvkskl trlft zkig lknlg pcjg lg lr whr`t gjuwlckifs nldrukf nlojjft vjg lcfjjrsflggks lg lxplrtksl. Qlrsmbkcclg kg `l dl`rkiasmuctuur zkig nrhht, sjolgbjgnlg` olt `l hhrsprhgnlg ojrftflgolrflg vjg `l `kvkskls. Nlvhcn ks `jt fcjgtlg lg hhf ol`lwlrflrs Ouctk@klgst gkltjctki` ollr jcs llgblk` lrvjrlg.

Blt uktnldrlk`l `krlmtkltljo hgtstjjt `hhr`jt `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur dki `l rlhrnjgksjtkl hhr`llct

`jt `l cjjn hg`lr blo blt dlclk` ohlt dlpjclg. Plnlckiflrtki` zhrnt bki lmbtlr `jt `l gjgmkllc`krlmtlur lg bkizlca sjolg jctki` ghn wlc llg lkg`hhr llc ukt fugglg sprlflg, jctki` `l uctkloldlscksskgn fugglg glolg. Bklr sprllft jodknuètlkt ukt9 ‒iucckl ohltlg vjgja gu dlscksslg, ojjr jcsblt ol gklt zkgt bld kf blt lkg`hhr`llc.‛ @l tljocl`lg zkig ck` ukt bhha`l vjg bug augmtkl, gklt hpdjsks vjg llg splmklfl wlgs vjg `l dltrhfflgl ha vjg blt tljo.

Pljosjolgstlcckgn

Ouctk dlstjjt ukt tljocl`lg olt llg bllc vlrsmbkcclg`l jmbtlrnrhg` lg llg vlrsmbkcclg`l kgstlcckgn. Qjg `l twll `krlmtlurlg `kl sjolg blt dlstuur vhrolg, ks `l ëëg llg mbjrksojtksmb dlstuur`lr,klojg` `kl jccls pchhkt lg olgslg dki lcfjjr prjjt. Lg jcs blt uktlkg`lckif gklt nhl`smbkfs gjjr zkig



12

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

zkg cuft, `jg zkig lr stlvknlr ojjtrlnlclg. Yh fjg `lzl `krlmtlur olgslg ohtkvlrlg, tht ohhklprlstjtkls jjgzlttlg, ha kg `l bhlf zlttlg jcs kgmjpjdlc vhhr bug ihd. @kt jabjgflckif vjg blt alktha `l kgktkjtklvlg vjg `lzl plrshhg blt `hlc `klglg `jt bki zlca hp `jt oholgt gjstrllat. @l jg-

`lrl `krlmtlur ks llg prjnojtksmbl rljckst olt ëëg wlrflckifblk`9 zkig lknlg. @l twll ojgglg bld-dlg `l wlrfzjjobl`lg duktlg lg dkgglg prjnojtksmb vlr`llc` hvlrllgfhostkn bug fwjcktlktlg.

]hooknl vjg `l `kvksklojgjnlrs zkig dlstuur`lrs vjg `l hu`l stloplc (`lnlckif, juthrktjkr lgtrjjn), jg`lrl vlrtlnlgwhhr`knlg iukst `l wlrlc` vjg `l sglccl bjg`lc. Yki hrnjgkslrlg hg`lrgl-olrsmbjp kg bug `kvkskl, chfflg pjrtkmkpjtkl ukt. Jccl `kvksklojgjnlrs zkig fhgkgn kg bug rkif. Yki

” lg zlflr `l summlsvhccl hg`lr blg ” zkig uk`lckif hvlr blt alkt `jt zl wlkgkn thlnlvhln`l wjjr`lhp bug lknlg `kvksklrlsuctjjt zklg vjg bug `krlmtl mhcclnj-ojgjnlrs, wjt `l sjolgwlrfkgn hg`lr-ckgn lrgstkn dlohlkckift. ]jolgwlrfkgn whr`t jcs cjstkn lg dlcloolrlg` vhhr lknlg vhhrtnjgnlrvjrlg. @lshg`jgfs stjjg zl jcs `krlmtkl hpnlstlc` ho clk`kgn tl nlvlg jjg `l hrnjgksjtkl jcsnlbllc. @l vlrfhflrkgn lg strhplrknl dlscuktvhrokgn `kl blt nlvhcn ks vjg bug kgtlrjmtkl, ks kg `lblcl OutckAhro-hrnjgksjtkl olrfdjjr.

Pwll bhha`lg vjg stja`klgstlg drlgnlg jcs lgknl zlcarllmtkl lg prhmlsahmus kg `kt tljo. Blcjjszkig `kt `l okgst ojmbtknl tljocl`lg. Yki blddlg wlkgkn stlo lg glolg zlc`lg phsktkl kg. @lollstl rllmtkl vkg`t pcjjts jmbtlr blt lknlg durlju ha hp `l njgn, wjggllr tljocl`lg gj `l wl-flckifsl OP-vlrnj`lrkgn olt lcfjjr `hhrsprlflg wjt lr zhiukst ôg`lr tjalc nldlur`l.

@l rlcjtkl vjg Ouctk olt `l hrnjgksjtklhonlvkgn

Plrwkic dki NHU lg Ojx `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl clttlrckif llg honlvkgn vhro`l, dlvkg`t Ouctk zkmbjjg `l thp vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl. Jccl jg`lrl jmtkvktlktlg vkg`lg `jjrhg`lr pcjjts. @l ojmbt cknt dkiOuctk. @jt vlrllgvhu`knt `l sktujtkl jjgzklgckif, hhf `l ojtl wjjrkg blt tljo nl`whgnlg ks wlr-flckif rlflgkgn olt jg`lrlg tl bhu`lg.

@l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lg `l duktlgwlrlc`

Yhjcs nlzln`9 Ouctk ks ” jcs `krlmtkltljo ” kg bhnl ojtl dlpjclg` vhhr `l muctuur vjg `l hrnjgk-sjtkl. @l hrnjgksjtklmuctuur ks `kvlrs lg llg jaspklnlckgn vjg `l nl`rjnsvhhrflurlg kg blt tljo9kg shooknl `lclg vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl `krlmtkla, dlbhu`lg` lg `lnlckif, kg jg`lrl `lclg ollr pjr-tkmkpjtkla, mhoolrmkllc, nl`ura`, hpphrtugkstksmb. Lëg vjg `l dlk`l `krlmtlurlg stlct –^l zkig llgouctkmucturlcl sjolgclvkgn, olt jccl prhdclolg vjg `klg.‟Akgjgmkæcl, dlbhu`lg`l hvlrwlnkgnlg zkig lmbtlr `hokgjgt kg `l thp. Qhhr `l gkluwl buksvls-tkgnspcjgglg ks dkivhhrdllc` nlsprhflg hvlr llg mhgmlpt å cj Kgtlrphcks. @l frjmbtlg kl kt vhhr-stjjg blddlg lmbtlr blt hg`lrspkt nl`hcvlg. Blt whr`t gu llg trj`ktkhglcl vlrdhuwkgn. Kg mho-

dkgjtkl olt `l muctuur`kvlrsktlkt ks `lzl dlbhu`lg`l fhlrs vhhr `l ollr vhhruktstrlvlg`l `lclg vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl jjgclk`kgn tht arustrjtkl. @l duktlgwlrlc` ks tlnlckiflrtki` stlrf kg dlwlnkgn.Tlnlcnlvkgn `hhr `l gjtkhgjcl hvlrblk` dl`rlknt Ouctk@klgst kg bjjr vllcvhroknblk` lg vhhrtdl-stjjg, lg ghhpt tht scjnvjjr`kn ojgjnlolgt.

@l hrnjgksjtkl hg`lr Ouctk zklt kg thlglolg`l ojtl wlcfl prlstjtkl lr (gklt) hhr blt krlmtkltljonlclvlr` whr`t. @jt ghhpt blt tljo lmbtlr gklt tht vlrdltlrkgn vjg zkig prlstjtkl. Olg ckift zkmbgklt jjgnlsprhflg tl vhlclg, hg`jgfs blt alkt `jt `l vrjnlg jjg `l `krlmtkl tki`lgs dkillgfhostlgolt blt ok``lgojgjnlolgt kg`rkgnlg`lr whr`lg. Hhf `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur stlct nllg hr`l hpzjflg. Bki sust `l hgnlrustblk` vjg zkig ok``lgojgjnlrs. Olg ckift zkmb gklt dlwust vjg `l lrgst

vjg `l smbj`l `kl blt nl`rjn vjg `l thp `l Ouctk@klgst-hrnjgksjtkl dlrhfflgt.



1;


Blt vlrsmbkc `jt blt tljo lrvjjrt tusslg ‒zki‛ lg ‒wki‛

jt ks vhhr `l cl`lg vjg Ouctk ‒wki‛ lg wjt ks ‒zki‛8 Glt jcs dki Ojx zkig `l tljocl`lg ck` ukt bhha`l vjg bug augmtkl, lg nlvlg zki prkojkr clk`kgn jjg bug lknlg nrhlp. Kg tlnlgstlcckgn tht l cl`lg vjg

Ojx blddlg `l cl`lg vjg Ouctk sjolg lmbtlr wlc `lnlckif llg dlsla vjg ‒wki‛. @jjr zkig vlrsmbkc-clg`l rl`lglg vhhr. Jcclrllrst hgtclglg zki llg nrhht `llc vjg bug jjgzklg kg `l hrnjgksjtkl jjgbug ckòjjtsmbjp vjg Ouctk. @jjr zltlct koolrs `l ojmbt8 Jg`lrzki`s vrjjnt bug tljockòjjt-smbjp vllc jjg`jmbt, tki` lg lglrnkl. ^lflckifs whr`t okgkojjc llg vhccl hmbtlg` vlrnj`lr`. Bltnrhhtstl `llc vjg `l cl`lg bllat oki vlrzlflr` `jt `lzl vlrnj`lrkgnlg nllg oholgtlg zkig hogjjr ukt tl fkiflg. Gj jhhp vjg `l vlrnj`lrkgn whr`t kg fclkgl nrhlpils vjjf ghn gjnlprjjt, nl-rllmtllr` wjt `l uktfhost gu lknlgckif ks. @kt nlzjolgckifl cki`lg vlrdkg`t blg lgknszkgs.

Blt clvlg kg blt tljo

Ouctk-cl`lg lrvjrlg wlkgkn nlzjolgckifblk`, vkg`lg zlca `jt zl wlkgkn kgktkjtkla thglg lg nllgkg`kvkùlcl vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` glolg. Yl lrvjrlg dki zkmbzlca lg jg`lrlg llg stlrfl ahmus hpblt dlcjgn vjg `l lknlg `kvkskl, lg mhopltktkl tusslg `kvkskls. Olg sprllft zkmb gklt ukt hvlr wjtarustrllrt, bhu`t `jt shhrt `kgnlg hg`lr `l plt. ^jgt gklojg` kg blt tljo ks lmbt tl vlrtrhuwlg,nlvlg zl jjg.

@l `kvkskls vlrsmbkcclg stlrf quj fjrjftlr lg shhrt wlrf. Yl hplrlrlg nlèshcllr` lg `krlmtklcl`lgblddlg wlkgkn dlcjgnstlcckgn vhhr lcfjjrs wlrftlrrlkg9

–Kf dlg ghn `l lgknl tlmbgksmbl ojg dkgglg Ouctk, olgslg wltlg gklt wjjr zl ‛t hvlr blddlg jcszl hvlr okig `kvkskl prjtlg.‟

–^l wjrlg cjjtst olt llg uktil vjg hu`-`krlmtlurlg hp `l wlrfvchlr dki ëëg vjg `l jg`lrl `kvkskls. Kf `jmbt ‒^jt chplg zl `jjr ghu `ruf tl `hlg olt jc `kl smblrolg olt wlrlc`gkluws8 ^ki`l`lg `ktzlca`l wlrf hhf jc, nlwhhg lrdki, lg zhg`lr jc `kl `ruftl. Lg wjt blddlg zl vëëc vjg `kl`ruftlojflrs!‛‟

Lr ks dkgglg Ouctk dki lgflclg wlc dlsla `jt blt jg`lrs zhu ohltlg. Lmbtlr zhg`lr kgktkjtkla, zhg-`lr `jt olg zkmb dchht ùrat tl nlvlg, fhot `jjr gklt vllc dlwlnkgn kg.

– l blddlg wlc klts nlollgsmbjpplckifs gh`kn. @jt zkt gu vhhrjc kg `l mhcclmtklvl hgvrl`l `jt wl nllg nlollgsmbjpplckifblk` blddlg.‟

–^l zhu`lg frjmbtknlr ohltlg zkig gjjr lcfjjr dkgglg Ouctk. Lcfjjr jjgsprlflg lg dlchglg nlrkmbt hp sjolgwlrfkgn.‟

@l uktsprjflg hg`lrdhuwlg wjt ëëg vjg blg stlct kg llg Nrhgkgns ug`lrstjtlolgt

–@l wlflckifsl vlrnj`lrkgnlg zkig nllg oholgt ho gjjr ukt tl zklg‟.

@l sallr kg blt tljo ks `hhrnjjgs kgnlthnlg lg dl`ruft.

Hgtwkfflckgn vjg blt tljo kg `l tki`

Kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l whr`t lr olt dlbucp vjg lxtlrgl mhgsuctjgts llg vlrjg`lrprhnrjooj kg`l hrnjgksjtkl hpnlstjrt. Blt `hlc ks twllcl`kn. @l vrjjn jjg `l mhgsuctjgts ks ho wllr llg sjjo-bhrknblk`snlvhlc tl mrlærlg dkgglg Ouctk@klgst. Ol`lwlrflrs ohltlg zkmbzlca wllr blrflgglg



>5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

jcs hg`lr`llc vjg blt ohl`lrdl`rkia kg pcjjts vjg uktscuktlg` vjg bug `kvkskl. @l ol`lwlrflrohlt wllr trhts zkig hp Ouctk@klgst.

Plg twll`l ohlt vhhrfholg whr`lg jt Ouctk@klgst uktllg vjct kg stlrfl lg okg`lr stlrfl lclg.

]jolgbjgn lg sjolgwlrfkgn tusslg `l hrnjgksjtklhg`lr`lclg ohlt vhronlnlvlg whr`lg, lg`hhr ol`lwlrflrs dlclla` lg uktnldhuw` whr`lg. Hhf fcjgtlg zucclg Ouctk@klgst `jg ollr jcsllgblk` njjg lrvjrlg. Hpvjcclg` ks `jt `lzl `hlcstlcckgnlg `hhr blt `krlmtkltljo nlahroucllr`

whr`lg jcsha zl hp blt gkvlju vjg `l ol`lwlrflrs nlrljcksllr` ohltlg whr`lg.

@l mhgsuctjgts `kl bklrvhhr kgnlbuur` whr`lg, mhgstjtlrlg `krlmt dki jjgvjgn `jt llg `lrnlckifl vlrjg`lrkgn jjg l thp zjc ohltlg dlnkgglg. Yhcjgn jjr nllg sjolgwlrfkgn dlclla` lg nlthhg` whr`t, vjct lr kg jccl rl`lckifblk` vjg l ojgjnlolgtcjnlg `jjrhg`lr gklt vllc tl vlrwjmbtlg. @klblddlg jc tl cjgn llg jg`lr vhhrdllc` vhhrnlclla` zklg whr`lg.

Yh ks `kt `krlmtkltljo llg jjgtjc whrfsbhps kgnlnjjg. @jjr whr`t lkg`lckif olt lcfjjr nlprjjthvlr blt nrhlpsprhmls lg `l nlvhcnlg `jjrvjg. @l `krlmtlur ks lmbtlr jjg blt lkg`l vjg zkig tlr-

okig, lg gj llg jjgtjc ojjg`lg vlstknt zkig hpvhcnlr zkig lknlg ojmbt lg dlclk`. @jjr bllat blthpnlstjrtl vlrjg`lrtrjilmt nllg pcjjts kg, `jt bhhr`l koolrs thl jjg zkig vhhrnjgnlr8 Blt nlvhcnks `jt lr, hhf ijrlg cjtlr, gklts vlrjg`lr` ks. @l vhhrzkmbtknl vlrjg`lrdlrlk`blk` `kl kg lgflcl vjgdhvlgstjjg`l uktsprjflg bhhrdjjr wjs, ks nlærh`llr`. Lr ks llg alccl strki` hgtstjjg tusslg `lgkluwl `krlmtlur lg jccl Ouctk-cl`lg, wjt blg kg llrstl kgstjgtkl vlrdrhl`lrt. Hpgkluw llg vlrdkg-`kgn vjgukt blt glnjtklvl! Gj jg`lrbjca ijjr ks lmbtlr hhf kl djg` vlr`wlglg lg strki`t kl`lr wllr

vhhr zkmb. Olrfwjjr`kn nlghln ks blt tljo quj sjolgstlcckgn ghn vrkiwlc hgnlwkizkn`. Nllg vjg`l Ouctk-cl`lg bllat vhhr zkmbzlca mhgslqulgtkls vlrdhg`lg jjg blt nldrlf jjg sjolgwlrfkgn.

jt bhu`t blg vjst dki Ouctk@klgst8

@l vhhrgjjostl vlrsmbkcclg `kl oki lgflcl ijrlg cjtlr jcs hdslrvjthr hpvjcclg zkig `jt `l `krlm-tklcl`lg lr okg`lr t lg arks uktzklg, lg `jt blt ok``lgojgjnlolgt stll`s smblrplr zklt wjt lr

(gklt) nldlurt. Yki nlvlg jjg `jt zl zkmb zhrnlg ojflg ho blt nldrlf jjg scjnvjjr`knblk` vjg `l`krlmtkl lg blt vlrchhp hg`lr nhl`nlfwjckmllr`l mhcclnj‛s. @l hvlrblk` bllat kgok``lcs dlscuktlgnlgholg kl kgnrkiplg`l mhgslqulgtkls vhhr Ouctk@klgst zucclg blddlg. Lr cknt vllc wlrf vhhr ldlzlo vhhr `kt tljo. Bhl zjc blt zl vlrnjjg8

@l rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos

Hvlrllgfhostlg

@l `rkl tljos dlstjjg jccl ukt jmbt tht tklg bhhnhpnlclk`l tljocl`lg, lg zkig nlolgn` quj slxl.Yl wlrflg jccl ouctk`ksmkpckgjkr, jjg strumturlcl tjflg, gklt jjg fhrtchplg`l wksslclg`l prhilmtlg.

Yl wlrflg kl`lr kg llg mhoolrmkæcl honlvkgn, bhlwlc hozlt lg wkgst vhhr NHU lg Ojx klts`hokgjgtlr dlnrkpplg zkig `jg vhhr Ouctk. Jccl `rkl `l tljos wlrflg kg `l ojjtsmbjpplckifl mhgtlxt zhjcs (vjgukt bug plrsplmtkla) dlsmbrlvlg whr`t kg bhha`stuf 4, ‒@ygjoklf kg `l mhgtlxt‛9 tlmbghchnksmbl hgtwkfflckgnlg nrkiplg `klpkg hp zhwlc `l hrnjgksjtkl jcs `l kg`kvk`ulg `jjrdkgglg, thlglolg`l sglcblk`, dlcjgn vjg `lfwjgtktjtklvl hrnjgksjtkljsplmtlg dhvlg `l fwjcktjtklvl, rjtkhgjcksjtkl, nlchha kg ojjfdjjrblk` lgdlstuurdjjrblk`, hgtflggkgn vjg ojmbt jcs kgtlrjmtkhgllc sturkgnsolmbjgksol.

Yhwlc dki NHU jcs dki Ojx ks blt dllc` hvlr `l prkojkrl tjjf vjg blt tljo gklt nlckifcuk`lg`, gkltblc`lr. @l plrmlptkls vlrsmbkcclg zhwlc tusslg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn jcs tusslg blt tljo lg blt bh-nlr ojgjnlolgt. Hhf dki Ouctk dlstjjt llg `lrnlckif vlrsmbkc, ojjr `jg kg `l zkg `jt blt tljo zlca



>:


llg jg`lrl prjftksmbl tjjfkgvucckgn bllat `jg `l hrnjgksjtkl lrhg`lr vjg blg vlrwjmbt. @kt nllatjodknuètlkt kg `l djsks vjg `l tljos.Nllg vjg `l tljos ks zhg`lr ollr nlscjjn` kg blt rljckslrlg vjg zkig `hlc.

Qlrsmbkcclg

Blt ollst hpvjcclg`l vlrsmbkc tusslg `lzl tljos ks blt alkt `jt NHU bjjr cl`lg zlca slclmtllrt, lg`jt `l cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk `kt ukt bhha`l vjg bug augmtkl zkig. @jjrgjjst zkig Ojx lg Ouctktljos `kl llg pcjjts bhhn kg `l bkærjrmbkl vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl blddlg, NHU stjjt jcs uktvhlrlg`tljo hg`lrjjg kg `l hrnjgksjtkl.NHU dlstjjt ukt uktvhlrlg`l mhgsuctjgts lg slcckgn mhgsuctjgts. Dki Ojx zkig `l tljocl`lg slcckgnok``lgojgjnlrs lg dki Ouctk ojgjnlrs-`krlmtklcl`lg. Blt hg`lrsmblk` bklrtusslg fjg vjg dlcjgnzkig vhhr `l ojtl wjjrkg olg bllat nlcllr` hp lknlg bjg`lclg tl rllmtlrlg.Zuj cllatki`shpdhuw ks NHU blt ollst nl`kaalrlgtkllr` olt llg okx vjg =5-lrs tht <5-lrs. Ojx-cl`lg zkig jccl ihgnl 05-lrs, tlrwkic Ouctk dlstjjt ukt bhha`zjflckif <5-lrs.

NHU lg Ouctk dlstjjg dki jjgvjgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf jc lgknl tki`, `l kgtlrjmtkls blddlg tki` nl-bj` zkmb tl hgtwkfflclg. Ojx ks lmbtlr glt hpnlrkmbt. Pljocl`lg zhlflg bklr ghn gjjr llg oh`usvkvlg`k .Dki NHU lg Ojx ks `l sallr `hhrnjjgs nhl`, dki Ouctk dl`ruft.

jt jcs vlrsmbkc vlr`lr ghn hpvjct9 `l ojsmuckgktlkt ks zllr bhhn dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctk, lg jjgzklg-ckif okc`lr, ojjr zlflr gklt nlbllc jawlzkn dkgglg NHU. Dkgglg Ojx ks `l lknlg frjmbt dlpjclg`,`jjrgj `l rlnlcs. Dkgglg Ouctk ks `l pjtrkjrmbjcl frjmbt vjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur `hokgjgt.NHU whr`t vhhrjc nlfclur` `hhr ‒wki‛ tlnlg ‒zki‛, `hhr nrhlpsghrolg lg mrljtkla wlrf. @l `ksmk-pckgl ks kg jccl tljos cjjn, olt uktzhg`lrkgn vjg ‒NHU tki`lgs lvlgts ‛. Yhjcs ukt `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg

vjg `l tbloj‛s gj`lr zjc dckiflg, vhrot ‒NHU tki`lgs lvlgts ‛ kg vllc hpzkmbtlg llg uktzhg`lrkgn.

NHU fhot tki`lgs lvlgts hvlr jcs llg nlbllc lknlg, ‒ lophwlr`l okmrhfhsohs‛, nlbllc jg`lrs `jgblt NHU, `jt zkmbtdjjr ks tusslg `l lvlgts `hhr. @kt dltlflgt oltllg hhf llg jg`lr vlrsmbkc9 vhhrNHU-cl`lg ks blt hlg vjg lvlgts nlwlc`kn, cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk blddlg ‛t gklt ig, zki lrvjrlgbug tjjf jcs llg hpnjvl.

@jt nllg vjg `l tljos zhg`lr ollr scjjnt kg blt rljckslrlg vjg zkig `hlc, twll tljos zlcas jjgblt lkg`l vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l hpnlblvlg ha kgnrkiplg` nlwkizkn` whr`lg, fckgft rhg`ukt`rjojtksmb. Olt `lzl nldlurtlgks whr`t `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l jjg `lzl tljos hp llg gjtuurckiflojgklr janlrhg`.



>4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



>=

@llc KK



>0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



><

Kgclk`kgn hp @llc KK

jjr kg `l `klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg (bhha`stuf =) vhhrjc uktnlnjjg ks vjg wjt hplgdjjr nlthhg` lgnl`llc` whr`t lg wjt dhvlg blt ojjkvlc` zkmbtdjjr ks, whr`t kg l tblojbhha`stufflg (bhha`stuf0 tht lg olt 2) ýg`lr blt ojjkvlc` nlflflg. Bklrthl whr`lg arjnolgtlg ukt `l trjgsmrkptlg vjgkg`kvkùlcl kgtlrvklws nldrukft. @l nlègtlrvklw`lg `lclg vkskls lg nlvhlclgs olt `l kgtlrvklwlr`kl zl ” kg vllc nlvjcclg ” gklt hplgckif dkgglg `l tljos uktsprlflg. @kt dltlflgt `jt `jjr wjjr kg`l `klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg vhhrjc `l zhgzki`l vjg `l tljosystlolg zkmbtdjjr ks, kg `l tblojbhha`-stufflg hhf `l smbjùwzki`l gj`rufflckif gjjr vhrlg fhot. Qhhrjc dki `l tlfstlg hvlr NHU vjctblt vlrsmbkc kg sallr hp tusslg lglrzki`s `l jcnlolgl dlsmbrkivkgn kg `l `klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg kg

bhha`stuf = lg jg`lrzki`s `l tblojbhha`stufflg. Yhg lg smbjùw, wjt dltlflgt `jt kg `kt vlr-djg` lg bhl bjgnlg `kl dlk`l sjolg8 Jgs Prhs2> dlsmbrkiat `kt vjgukt `l mhgtlxt vjg mhjmbkgn jcs vhcnt9

–Kl`lr olgs bllat smbjùwfjgtlg ” lknlgsmbjpplg ha nl`rjn wjjrvjg bki cklvlr hgtflgt `jt bki`kl dlzkt. @l smbjùw hgtstjjt jc hp ihgnl cllatki` `hhr`jt wl hgs dkgglg `l ghrolg vjg hgs nlzkgvjg blrfhost clrlg nl`rjnlg. V…_ ]hooknl lknlgsmbjpplg zkig kg blt nlzkg vjg blrfhost ha kg`l sudmuctuur wjjrkg il dlgt hpnlnrhlk` nlwlgst, jg`lrl zkig tjdhl lg whr`lg vlrdjgglg. Yl vlr- `wkiglg ukt blt nlzkmbtsvlc` gjjr klojg`s smbjùw. @jjrgjjst hgtwkfflclg wl vhhr lcfl dlwustllknlgsmbjp llg ‒tlnlghvlrnlstlc`l‛ fwjcktlkt kg blt hgdlwustl. ]mbjùwfjgtlg zkig (jg`lrs `jg wlkg blt sprjjfnldrukf nlwlg` zkig) gklt plr `lgktkl sclmbtl lknlgsmbjpplg, blt cknt lr ojjr jjg

wlcfl fwjcktlktlg lr ohnlg zkig. Qjg wkl nlcllr` bllat `jt lohtkls thglg llg tlflg vjg zwjftlks lg jccllg ol`lcki`lg hpclvlrt, vlr`wkigt blt thglg vjg lohtkls gjjr `l smbjùw. Bki cllrt blttlnlghvlrnlstlc`l nl`rjn tl vlrthglg lg `hlt sthlr lg nllat gklt thl `jt bki bucp gh`kn bllat.‟

jt Prhs bklr vhhr kg`kvkùlg dlsmbrkiat, nlc`t kg okig lrvjrkgn hhf vhhr tljos, dlzklg jcs sjolg-stlc vjg kg`kvkùlg. Pljocl`lg vlrdjgglg hgnlwlgstl (tljo)lknlgsmbjpplg (ollstjc hgdlwust)gjjr `l smbjùw, hgtflgglg `lzl `jjroll. ^l zkig `jjrkg jcclojjc gklt ugklf, ojjr vhcnlg `llcs`hhr hgzl muctuur dlpjjc`l ojjtstjvlg hvlr wjt gjstrlvlgswjjr`kn lg jmmlptjdlc ks. ^jjr hgzlrlalrlgtklfj`lrs lg ghrolg vlrsmbkcclg ks lr hhf gklt ëëg hdilmtklvl lg iukstl dlclvkgn lg kgtlrprl-tjtkl vjg nldlurtlgksslg.

@hhr`jt kg `l vhcnlg`l bhha`stufflg tlg nlvhcnl vjg `l hplgbjrtknblk` vjg `l nlègtlrvklw`lg

`lclg vjg `l smbjùw gjjr dhvlg fholg, nllat llg kgfkif kg wjt kg blt `jnlckifs clvlg gklt `krlmtzkmbtdjjr ks. Clvlg olt jccllg zhggknblk` ks lmbtlr llg kccuskl. Blt hg`lr hnlg zklg vjg `lclg vjg`l smbjùwfjgt nllat tljos ohnlckifblk` tht hgtwkfflckgn, vlrrkifkgn lg vlrstlrfkgn hhr kgtlnrj-tkl vjg zhg lg smbjùw. Lknlgsmbjpplg ukt l smbjùw zkig, llgojjc hg`lr hnlg nlzklg, ohnlckifllg wlcfhol jjgvucckgn. Blt vlrblc`lrlg vjg prhmlsslg kg `l hg`lrnrhg` fjg blcplg dlnrkiplg

wjjrho blt llg tljo stll`s ojjr gklt cuft llg dlpjjc` `hlc tl rljckslrlg. Blt hg`lr hnlg zklg vjg‒ahutlg‛ nllat drjg`stha vhhr nrhlk22.

2> Prhs, 4550, pn 1: - 14

22 Ujrrl & @l`lg, ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, :5 `lm. 455>



>1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Qllc vjg wjt vhcnt kg `l tblojbhha`stufflg (olt gjol `l gj`lrl dlsmbhuwkgn kg blt twll`l`llc vjg kl`lr bhha`stuf) ks hhf vhhr oki jcs tljock`-hg`lrzhlflr pjs zkmbtdjjr nlwhr`lg gj`jtkf jastjg` nlgholg bj` vjg `l tljos lg `l kgtlrjmtkls `jjrdkgglg, dki nlègtlnrllr`l (blr-)clzkgn

vjg `l kgtlrvklws, nlmhodkgllr` olt hvlr`lgfkgn vjg l hdslrvjtkls.Okssmbklg tlg hvlrvchl`l, ojjr thmb9 Jc ghlo kf blt gklt stll`s, hvlrjc wjjr kf hvlr NHU jcs tljosmbrkia, smbrkia kf hhf hvlr okizlca jcs tljock` lg okig lknlg jjg`llc kg `l kgtlrjmtkls lg prlstjtkls

vjg `kt tljo. @jt `kt shos gklt zh hvlrfhot whr`t vlrhhrzjjft `hhr`jt llg hvlrojtkn nldrukf vjg ‒wki‛ kg `l tlfst vlrol`lg ks, wjt lzl jastjg`lckiflr ojjft.

Fluzl vjg `l tbloj°s

Yhjcs kg Dkicjnl KK, Oltbh`hchnksmbl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn, ks dlsmbrlvlg, blddlg `l kgtlrvklws kg `lllrstl rhg`l llg vrki fjrjftlr kg `kl zkg `jt lr `hhr `l nlègtlrvklw`lg jjg `l bjg` vjg lgflclhplg stjrtvrjnlg kg ëëg-hp-ëëg nlsprlfflg vrki nlsprhflg ks hvlr wjt blg dlzkn bhu`t kg rlcjtkltht bug tljo. Nlvrjjn` ks dkivhhrdllc` ‒Jcs il tlrunfkift, wjt dltlflgt blt wlrflg kg `kt tljo

vhhr ihu8 jt `hlt `jt olt ihu8 Bhl wlrflg iucckl lg wjt vkg`t il `jjrvjg8 Bhl ks `l rlcjtkl vjgblt tljo gjjr `l hrnjgksjtkl8 Lg vjg ihuzlca8‛ @lzl stjrtvrjnlg vjrkllr`lg klts plr nlsprlf, ojjrzkig jctki` hpzlttlckif drll` nlstlc` lg jcs kg llg whcfil hpnlwhrplg, zh`jt l nlègtlrvklw`l zlca`jjrukt zkig ha bjjr fluzl ohlst ojflg lg `kl hg`lrwlrplg fhhs `kl blo ha bjjr hp `jt oholgtblt ollst gj jjg blt bjrt cjnlg.

@l trjgsmrkptlg vjg `lzl kgtlrvklws zkig nljgjcysllr` hp vhhrfholg`l hg`lrwlrplg lg bug arl-qulgtkl. @kt bllat nlrlsuctllr` kg kgzkmbt kg blt rlcjtklvl dlcjgn vhhr `l tljocl`lg vjg ruko twkg-tkn hg`lrwlrplg kg `l llrstl blcat vjg l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l. Qkia hg`lrwlrplg stlflg quj dlcjgn

vhhr `l tljocl`lg olt fhp lg smbhu`lrs dhvlg `l rlst ukt.

@lzl hg`lrwlrplg zkigpjsskl lg `hlc,dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkmjtkl,mhoougkmjtkl,clk`lrsmbjp,kg- lg uktscuktkgn.

@kt sjolgstlc vjg hg`lrwlrplg ks vlrvhcnlgs nlfhzlg jcs clk`rjj` vhhr blt vlr`lrl hg`lrzhlf9 vhhr `l chssl strumtuur vjg `l vlrvhcnkgtlrvklws, lg vhhr `l uktwlrfkgn lg jgjcysl. Jabjgflckif vjg blt jdstrjmtklgkvlju wjjrhp nlflflg whr`t, `lfflg `lzl tbloj‛s sjolg blt (nrhhtstl `llc vjg blt) vlc` vjg kgtlrjmtklprhmlsslg dkgglg tljos. Blt vhhrtdrlgnkgnsprhmls vjg prh`umtlg ha

`klgstlg `hhr `l tljos dckiat duktlg dlsmbhuwkgn. Blt hg`lrzhlf njjt `jjroll `jg hhf lxpckmkltgklt kg hp llg jsplmt jcs kgghvjtkl.

@l kgtlrvklwtrjgsmrkptlg lg hdslrvjtkls vhrolg `l djsks vjg `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg kg `l tbloj-bhha`stufflg. ]jolgbjgnlg`l kgtlrvklwarjnolgtlg zkig plr tbloj nlhr`lg` hp splmklfl hg-`lrwlrplg. Jjg `l bjg` bklrvjg ks `l tlfst nlsmbrlvlg, wjjrdki lr ëëg ha lgflcl mktjtlg tlr kccu-strjtkl vjg llg hg`lrwlrp nlslclmtllr` zkig2;.

Kl`lr tblojbhha`stuf ks hpnldhuw` ukt llg dlsmbrkivkgn vjg blt tbloj jjg `l bjg` vjg vlc`nl-nlvlgs, `l dlsmbhuwkgn hp `lzl dlsmbrkivkgn lg llg sjolgvjttkgn.

2; Blt fjg bklrdki gklt jg`lrs jg jt okig stlo lg dllc` hhrfckgft kg l tlfst. Ykl bklrvhhr hhf Dkicjnl K, Hg`lrzhlf

lg hg`lrzhlflr.

•••••



>>

@llc KK B 0

Ujsskl lg `hlc, drhgglg vjg blt bjg`lclg

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf

‒Ujsskl‛, wjt ks jt8 Bhl lrvjrlg tljocl`lg pjsskl lg bhl thhgt kt zkmb kg llg tljo8 jjrhp nl`kitpjsskl lg wlcfl hostjg`knbl`lg bhcclg blt ukt8 Ks lr vlrsmbkc tusslg ‒olt pjsskl wlrflg‛ lg ‒llg`hlc blddlg‛8 Lg bhl dlègvchl`lg pjsskl lg `hlc blt summls vjg blt tljo8 Hvlr wklgs `hlc njjtblt `jjrdki8 @kt zkig lgflcl vjg `l vlcl vrjnlg `kl hpfholg dki `l whhr`lg ‒pjsskl‛ lg ‒`hlc‛. @ljgtwhhr`lg hp dhvlgstjjg`l vrjnlg dckiflg stlrf plrshhgckif nlfclur` tl whr`lg.

@l ojnkl vjg pjsskl

Qjg @jcl nllat jcs hosmbrkivkgn dki pjsskl ‒llg blatknl jjg`hlgkgn, hgstukoknl `rjgn vjg `l zklcha blt nlohl`‛. @jt zlnt ghn gklt bllc vllc. @l hosmbrkivkgn vjg ëëg vjg `l tljocl`lg bhl zki‒pjsskl‛ kg bjjr prjftkif mhgmrllt lrvjjrt, fhot bklr hp llg jjgtjc hg`lr`lclg `kmbtdki. Yki stlct9

Gjgj9 –Bhl kf blt vhhr olzlca bld vlrwhhr`, ks `l pjsskl ‒`l ckla`l vhhr blt vjf‛. @us gkltzhzllr l ollr`jjnsl whrfsbhp rjjklg (blt jnlckifsl wlrf), ojjr ollr blt mhgmlpt lr jmbtlr, us`l blcl chshl vjg blt nrhlps`lgflg lg `l kgtlrvlgtkls… V…_ Jcs nrhlp hhf, lg `jt `lclg.‟

Lclolgtlg kl bklrkg hhrfckgflg zkig ‒ckla`l vhhr blt vjf‛, vjfojg zkig, hhrnrhg`lg wjt il `hlt,lg sêolg9 sjolgwlrfkgn, blt `lclg vjg flggks lg sjolg kgspjggkgn clvlrlg. Jg`lrl tljocl`lgsprlflg vjg ‒lmbt lrnlgs vhhr njjg‛, blt sjolgsplc, blt hp lcfjjr vhhrtdhuwlg, `jjrkg hp lcfjjrthlvhlnlg, blt gllrzlttlg vjg llg vlrrjsslg` ohhk rlsuctjjt. Klts dki `l jg`lr (`l fcjgt) dlrlkflg,cklast klts nrhhts. @jt blt vllc tki` fhst ks nllg prhdcllo, wjgt `lzl olgslg wãcclg `kt nlwhhgrljckslrlg.

@jvl9 –Kf vlrzlt ollr wlrf jcs kf nlpjsskhgllr` dlg. Bhnlrl fwjcktlkt. Kf jjrzlc gklt ho jg tlzlnnlg `jt okig wlrf o‛g bhddy ks. V…_ Lg pjsskl strjjc il ukt gjjr `l fcjgt. Bllc vjjf zlnnlgfcjgtlg ‒Iucckl zkig zý lgtbhuskjst!‛ Blt zlt blg jjg tht ahmus, zl njjg zlca hp zhlf gjjr bug

pjsskl. Blt ks jcs blt wjrl dlsolttlckif.‟

Blt ks uk`lckif jt lr vhhr @jvl llg vlrdkg`kgn dlstjjt tusslg zkig dkgglgwlrlc` (vuur lg mhopl-tlgtkls) lg zkig duktlgwlrlc` (mhgmrltl prlstjtkl, `hlc). @l vhgflg vcklnlg lr dki tki`lg ja, lg `jt ksblrflgdjjr vhhr hostjg`lrs. –Ujsskl ks llr`lr nlrkmbt hp smblpplg lg lrvjrlg `jg hp vlrfrkinlgha dlrlkflg‟ stlct ]mbukit;5. Qhhr NHU bhhrt `jjr gjjst ‒lrvjrlg‛ hhf ‒cjtlg lrvjrlg‛ dki.

Pljocl`lg vhlclg `jt lr llg vlrdkg`kgn gh`kn ks tusslg jt wjt plrshhgckif llg fkmf nllat lg `jt-nlgl wjt kg blt wlrf llg fkmf nllat, zh`jt blt ëëg nlvhl` whr`t `hhr blt jg`lr. Llg `lrnlckifl

vlrdkg`kgn clk`t tht syglrnkl tusslg prkvë lg wlrfsallr. @l pjsskl `kl nlvhlc` whr`t, whr`t gkltdlpjjc` ha dlnrlgs` `hhr `l wlrfrlcjtkl. Qjjf vlrvjjnt `l nrlgs tusslg wlrf lg prkvë olt blt

;5 ]mbukit, :;;;, pn :1



>2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

lrvjrlg vjg pjsskl6 jmtkvktlktlg kg dlk`l nldkl`lg chplg kg lcfjjr hvlr. Ujsskl ks koolrs llg drhgukt blt kgglrckif, lg `jt kgglrckif flgt zhwlc prkvë- jcs wlrfjsplmtlg.

Blt lclolgt ‒ hgstukoknl rjgn vjg l zklc‛ zhjcs vjg @jcl jt dlghlot, fhot dhvlg`klg tht uktkgn

kg `l hvlrtuknkgn dki NHU, `jt blt tljo olt bjjr wlrfoltbh`l tki`lgs lvlgts klts bllc ohhks lgfrjmbtkns kg bjg`lg bllat, wjjr `l wlrlc` z‛g vhhr`llc oll fjg `hlg. @jt glknt gjjr zlg`kgns-`rjgn9 ‒Kf bld klts bllc ohhks, cukstlr ghu thmb gjjr ol!‛ @jjr smbukclg vjgzlcasprlflg` hhf nl-

vjrlg kg.

–Nrljt Nrhups tbkgf tbly jrl hg j oksskhg arho Nh`. Pbks ks ght j ihd. Pbks ks j oksskhg, mjrrkl`hut dy plhpcl wktb rl kg tblkr lyls. V…_ Nrljt whrf ks kts hwg rlwjr`.‟ ;:

Hg`jgfs jc `lzl dlvchnlg whhr`lg dckiat ‒pjsskl‛ llg vjjn dlnrkp. ‒Ujsskl‛ dltlflgt kg blt fj`lr vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf llg kg`kvkùlcl drhg vjg lglrnkl, llg rkivlg`l frjmbt ho llg `hlc tl dlrlkflgha jodktkl tl rljckslrlg, wjjr`hhr klojg` nlùrlg`l llg cjgnlrl plrkh`l clufl lg okg`lr clufl

jmtkvktlktlg hppjft kl bki ghh`zjflckif jmbt ho llg nlwlgstl sktujtkl ha dlhhn` hlc tl rljckslrlg.@jt `hlc ks gklt vjststjjg`. ^jggllr llg nlstlc` `hlc (dkigj) dlrlkft ks, fjg hp `lzlca`l pjsskl llg vhcnlg` `hlc kg zkmbt nlfholg zkig. Jjgnlzklg pjsskl vhcnlgs `lzl `lgktkl llg plrshhgckifl drhgks, ks blt gklt ohnlckif llg `lgktkl tl nlvlg wjt blt mhcclmtkla vjg blt tljo hg`lr pjsskl vlrstjjt.@jt zjc vhhr kl`lr kg`kvkù koolrs jg`lrs zkig.

Blt sprlflg hvlr pjsskl chhpt vhhr `l nlègtlrvklw`lg zhg`lr vllc hg`lrsmblk` hvlr kg ‒oksskl‛,‒jodktkl‛, ‒`hlc‛ lg `l mhgmrltkslrkgn `jjrvjg kg jccl`jjnsl tjflg. @jt tljocl`lg nllg strjf hg-`lrsmblk` ojflg ks gklt vlrwhg`lrckif. Jcclrllrst zkig `lzl olgslg gklt zh nlrkmbt hp rllmtkl lgùk`kgn, lg `jjrgjjst whr`t `hhr vlrsmbkcclg`l jutlurs;4 jjgnlnlvlg `jt

–J aug`jolgtjc jssuoptkhg ha psymbh`ygjokm tblhrkls ks tbjt shurmls ha lglrny jg` ohtkvjtkhg

arlqulgtcy jrl kgjmmlsskdcl th tbl mhgsmkhus okg` ha tbhsl plhpcl kgvhcvl` lvlg tbhunb dlbjvkhr jg`lohtkhgs jrl dlkgn jaalmtl`.‟

Blt alkt `jt `lzl prhmlsslg zkmb hp llg hgdlwust gkvlju jasplclg ojjft zl ohlkckif tl vjttlg,ojjr tlvlgs lxtrj frjmbtkn. Yl wlrflg hgnlolrft `hhr kg blt bjg`lclg.

Bhl hgnrkipdjjr blt dlnrkp pjsskl hhf fckgft, ukt l hdslrvjtkls dckift uk`lckif jt blt dlclvlg vjgllg nl`llc`l pjsskl, pjsskls `kl gjjr rljcksjtkl vjg `lzlca`l `hlclg `rkivlg, vhhr NHU-cl`lg vhhr-

wjjr`l ks ho llg cjgnlr ùrlg`l kgspjggkgn ha hphaalrkgn tl vhcdrlgnlg. @jt ks hhf prlmkls wjt`kt tljo gh`kn bllat tki`lgs l zllr kgspjgglg`l fcjgtlvlgts. Ojx lg Ouctk, kl llg dkgglg blt tljonl`llc`l pjsskl oksslg, thglg zkmb ollr vlrsgkpplr` kg bug kgzlt lg ahmus. Yl fugglg blt gklt hp-drlgnlg lglrnkl tl stlflg kg blt zhlflg vjg llg nlzjolgckifl strjtlnkl. Yl wlrflg gklt hlcnlrkmbt

lg bug kgspjggkgnlg clk`lg tht nlarjnolgtllr`l rlsuctjtlg. Qhhr tljos `kl llg cjgnlr chplg`l hamhopclxl hp`rjmbt wkcclg vhcdrlgnlg ckift blt lrvjrlg vjg pjsskl llg dlcjgnrkifl summlsajmthr.

Pwll clvlgs dkgglg NHU

NHU-cl`lg wlrflg us olt pjsskl. Lr zkig kg blt tljoclvlg vjg NHU lmbtlr twll nlzkmbtlg tl hg-`lrsmblk`lg. Lëg wjjr nlwlrft whr`t vjgukt pjsskl9 blt wlrf jjg lvlgts vhhr fcjgtlg. @jt ks wjjrbklrdhvlg hvlr vlrtlc` whr`t. ]trumtuurlclolgtlg jcs `hlclg, rhcclg, tjjfvlr`lckgn lg oltbh`lgzkig ùk`lckif, `lj`ckgls zkig blkckn. Blt jg`lrl clvlg, `jt tusslg `l lvlgts , bllat llg bllc jg`lrl

;: Ijy Mrhss hvlr Dlggks & Dkl`lrojg, :;;>

;4 Dkivhhrdllc` Gluojgg & Bkrsmbbhrg, :;;;, 120-12<, kg Urkgs, 455:, pn 45



>;

UJ]]KL LG @HLC, DTHGGLG QJG BLP BJG@LCLG

uktstrjckgn9 vllc okg`lr lglrnklf lg dlvchnlg. ]hooknl tljocl`lg, zhjcs Arjgs lg ]hl, bhu`lg`lzl plrkh`ls tusslg lvlgts cklast zh fhrt ohnlckif. Yl nlvlg jjg lr lrn hgnl`urkn vjg tl whr`lg.Hhf jg`lrlg nlvlg jjg kg thlglolg`l ojtl ‒llg blflc‛ tl blddlg jjg `l plrkh`ls tusslg lvlgts.

@l trjgsmrkptlg ukt bhha`stuf : (‒\kt blt clvlg vjg llg tljo‛) nlvlg llg nhl` dllc` vjg `l sallr`kl hp `lzl wlrf`jnlg tusslg lvlgts kg blt tljo fjg bjgnlg. Glt jcs `l jg`lrl tljos ks NHU `jg

wlkgkn `hlcnlrkmbt jjg blt wlrf. @ksmusskls blrbjclg zkmb dkivhhrdllc`, dlscuktvhrokgn ks trjjn lgshos mbjhtksmb.

Blt ks zh`hlg`l gklt vlrwhg`lrckif `jt blt clvlg rhg` lg tki`lgs `l lvlgts `hhr NHU-cl`lg jcs vlrscjvlg` lrvjrlg whr`t. Okssmbklg ks blt lrvjrlg vjg pjsskl wlc blt `hlc kg `kt tljo8 Plrwkicgj`rufflckif jjgnlnlvlg whr`t `jt `l pjsskl zh dlcjgnrkif ks, vlrtlcclg tljocl`lg kg `l kgtlrvklws

vhhrjc hvlr blt clvlg tusslg lvlgts , lg `jg olt gjol hvlr wjt zhrnlg djjrt, wjt vlrdltlrkgn dl-bhlat. Lëg vjg `l arllcjgmlrs trlft `l vlrnlckifkgn olt llg ojgksmb `lprlsskla pjtrhhg9 ojgksmbtki`lgs lvlgts , `lprlsskla lrtusslg.

Blt vlrsmbkc kg lglrnkl lg wjjr`lrkgn `hhr tljocl`lg vjg `lzl dlk`l wlrfsalrlg dkgglg bugtljohonlvkgn fjg wlcckmbt vlrfcjjr` whr`lg olt llg hdslrvjtkl vjg Dhfslo;=, ;09

–Hgs nl`rjn dlrust hp llg kopckmkltl jawlnkgn tusslg `l fhstlg lg `l djtlg vjg llg dlpjjc`lbjg`lckgn. ^lnlg `l fhstlg (kg tlrolg vjg `l bhlvllcblk` lglrnkl `kl `l bjg`lckgn zjc vlrnlg)hp tlnlg `l djtlg (kg tlrolg vjg blt tl dlrlkflg vhhr`llc vhhr blt kg`kvk`u), `jg zjc `l plrshhgkg jmtkl fholg. Ks `kt gklt blt nlvjc, `jg zjc olg fklzlg vhhr llg jctlrgjtkla nl`rjn `jt wlcckmbtollr hp zjc clvlrlg.

Hgzl dlvkg`kgn ks llg stlrfl jjgwkizkgn `jt (olgtjcl) vlrohlk`blk` sjolgbjgnt olt llg vlrjg`lrkgn kg `l fhstlg/djtlg-jgjcysl vjg `l buk`knl tjjf.‟

Dkgglg NHU whr`t tki`lgs lvlgts lghro vllc lglrnkl vlrspkiflr`. Blt nlzhg` vlrstjg` zlnt bklrohnlckif ‒]thp! @kt fhst lrn vllc lglrnkl‛. @l dlchgkgn ks lmbtlr `l kgtlgs tlvrl`lg fcjgt, blt hg-ohnlckifl `jt thmb wllr nlfcjjr` ks, blt alkt `jt blt duaalclg ” `hhr jccl nrlgzlg bllg ” vhcnlbhu-`lg ks, `l sjjobhrknblk`. Dlrnsphrtlrs ghlolg `kt ‒blt vlrohnlg ho tl cki`lg‛9 hgtzlttlg` jazklglg `jg ilzlca hvlrwkgglg;<. Blt wlrf tusslg lvlgts clvlrt `lrnlckifl vhc`hlgkgn gklt. @jt whr`t`hhr shooknlg jcs trjjn lg sclplg` lrvjrlg, gklt ‒il wjrl‛, ‒oluf‛!

Drhgglg vjg pjsskl

jggllr jjg tljocl`lg nlvrjjn` whr`t wjt bug prhalsskhglcl pjsskl vhl`t, `jg rl`lglrlg zki vjgukt twll vlrsmbkcclg`l kgvjcsbhlflg. Yki dlghlolg vhhrdllc`lg vjg blt rlsuctjjt vjg bug kg-

tlrjmtkl olt llg jg`lr tljock`, `llcglolrs jjg lvlgts ha olt `l honlvkgn, zhjcs ‒blt ollglolg vjg `l jg`lr hp rlks lg sjolg hgt`lfflg wjt lr jcclojjc nlmrlælr` fjg whr`lg‛. Ha blt zklg vjgblt laalmt vjg lknlg bjg`lclg hp jg`lrlg9 ‒zklg wjt ihuw kgtlrvlgtkl olt `llcglolrs `hlt‛.

Gjgj9 –Il fkmft thmb hp ohhkl sphgshr olltkgns, ohhkl strjw`hn olltkgns, `jt il `kgnlg olt

lcfjjr `hlt.‟

;= Dhfslo 4551

;0 Dhfslo, kg9 @kmfl, 4551, pn :;, 45

;< Pbklrry ]mbokttlr, vhhrojckn dlrnsphrtlr lg gu pjrjcyopkm zlkclr, Gl`lrcjg` 4, 0 junustus 4552



25

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Blt ‒ohhkl wlrf‛, zkmbtdjjr jjg blt rlsuctjjt, ks `l ollst nlghlo`l stkoucjgs vjg pjsskl. Jg`lrldrhgglg whr`lg hhf nlghlo`. Llg bllc dkizhg`lrl vhro vjg lglrnkl frkint ëëg vjg `l tljocl-`lg iukst ukt `l wrkivkgn lg dkigj-dhtskgnlg kg zkig wksslcwlrfkgn olt jg`lrlg lg `l wksslcwlrfkgn

tusslg vlrsmbkcclg`l jmtkvktlktlg9Ojrtkig9 –Kf bld hhf l mhgarhgtjtkl gh`kn. V…_ Blt kgtlgsl vjg blt sjolgwlrflg, jt ks dkigj

nlvjjrckif! … V…_ Kf `lgf `jt kf gklt zhg`lr `l spjggkgn tusslg `l olgslg fjg. V…_ Kf zlngklt klts zh`jt klojg` fjg zlnnlg ‒@jt ks nhl`‛. Kf zln klts zh`jt klojg` jjrhp fjg rljnlrlg…Kf zhlf bllc sglc `l `ksmusskl hp, `jt ks shos wlc vlrvlclg`, ojjr kf vkg` blt zlca hhf wlc dk-

i`rjnlg, kf ohlt blt jccllg llg dlltil fjgjckslrlg. Kf `lgf `jt `kt vhhr oki wlc bllc dlcjgnrkifks. V…_ Lg gêêst jc `jt wlrf wjt kf `hl, `hl kf ghn zý vlrsmbrkfflckif vllc jg`lrl `kgnlg. @jtbhu`t okig systllo clvlg`. Kf bld blt k`ll `jt kf `jt shhrt `kgnlg ohlt `hlg ho bllc vllc lglrnkltl bhu`lg lg tl frkinlg.‟

Jg`lrzki`s ghlolg tljocl`lg blt plrshhgckif prhit `jt zki vjg pjsskl blddlg, zhjcs ‒kf wkc dckivlg

clrlg, nldhlk` dckivlg, gkluwl `kgnlg hgt`lfflg‛, ha ‒kf vkg` blt bllrckif ho tl smhrlg‛ stkoucl-rlg` vhhr bug wlrfpclzklr.‒ @jt `l wlrfhonlvkgn ihu rukotl nllat, il `jjroll kopckmklt lrflgt‛

whr`t jcs stkouclrlg` lrvjrlg.Fhrtho9 zllr vlrsmbkcclg`l drhgglg ha `rkiavlrlg. @l ollstl tljocl`lg olrflg hvlrknlgs hp`jt zl nlègspkrllr` whr`lg `hhr llg mhodkgjtkl vjg dlk`l kgvjcsbhlflg9 blt rlsuctjjt vjg bugkgtlrjmtkl olt jg`lrlg lg bug plrshhgckif prhit. Hpolrflckif ks `jt NHU-cl`lg bug pjsskl lrvj-rlg jcs vhhrtfholg` ukt lg vlrdhg`lg olt blt NHU-clvlg, tlrwkic zki hp jg`lrl oholgtlg kg `lkgtlrvklws jjgnlvlg jccllg blt lvlgt -`llc bug pjsskl vhl`t.

Glt jcs pjsskl zkmb cjjt vlrstlrflg, zkig lr hhf hostjg`knbl`lg `kl bjjr uktbhcclg. Dkivhhrdllc` wjggllr il lrvjjrt `jt lr gklt nlghln rukotl ks vhhr ihuw kgdrlgn, wjggllr lgflcl jg`lrl tljocl-

`lg stll`s ojjr wllr `l dhvlgthhg wkcclg vhlrlg lg iki `jjr`hhr okg`lr zkmbtdjjr dlgt, okg`lril lknlg njgn fugt njjg. Ha wjggllr il lrn hp ilzlca nlahmust rjjft `hhr zjflg kg `l prkvë-sallr,

wjjr`hhr il jjg`jmbt janlclk` whr`t. Ha hhf `hhr`jt blt ajgtjstksmbl wlrf nlclk`lckif jjg ‒nlwhhg rhutkgl‛ whr`t.

]hal9 –Blt ks okssmbklg llg rjjr nlvhlc bhhr, jc ks blt ghn zý kgspkrlrlg`, ojjr blt ks stll`s ollr

lbb… blt ks ollr lg ollr nlwhhg prhalsskhgllc wlrf nlwhr`lg.‟

Hhf Ojrtkig olrft gj vklr ijjr kg blt tljo `jt zkig pjsskl vlrjuwt, lg bki nugt zkmbzlca llg cjgnl`ukfvjfjgtkl ho dki tl tjgflg lg `jjrgj olt arkssl lglrnkl vlr`lr tl njjg. @jt pjft lmbtlr jg`lrsukt.

Ojrtkig9 –Kf `jmbt, thlg kf hp rlks nkgn , ‒Kf fho zlflr wltlg tlrun, wjgt kf dlg blclojjc gkltfcjjr olt NHU, kf wkc ghn dlpjjc`l `kgnlg `hlg‛. V…_ Ojjr kf bld blt gj`jt kf tlrunfwjogklt hp fugglg pjfflg, kf bld blt gklt ollr vjst fugglg nrkiplg. V…_ Kf bld okig mhgmcuskl

nltrhfflg ho vlr`lrhp tl njjg, puur hp djsks vjg blt nlvhlc `jt kf `kl pjsskl okstl. Kf vhlc`l olgklt ollr smblrp. Kf bj` gklt blt nlvhlc `jt kf hp o‛g tlglg cklp, bj` gklt ollr blt nlvhlc `jt kflrnlgs vhhr nkgn. Lg jt jjr`hhr Vdlpjjc`l oksslrs_ ohnlckif wjrlg. jgt jcs kf lr dhvlghp bj`

nlzltlg wjs lr gkfs nldlur`, ojjr kf wjs nlwhhg olt jg`lrl `kgnlg dlzkn. Kf vhg` blt jcclojjc



2:


prkoj jcs klojg` ol wlrf ukt bjg`lg gjo, `jg `jmbt kf ‒Urkoj, `jg bhla kf `jt gklt tl `hlg‛. Lvlg nlmbjrnllr` gu bâ8 Yh `lgf kf gjtuurckif ghhkt, ojjr kf nkgn gklt ollr l `ksmusskl jjg.‟

Blt cuft Ojrtkig gj zkig vlrcha gklt ollr `l `rjj` jcs tljock` hp tl pjfflg, zkig pjsskl hpgkluwjjg tl dhrlg. Bki okst blt zkmb uktnl`jjn` vhlclg, blt sjolg llg ohlkckifl prlstjtkl gllrzlttlg, lrsjolg jjg tl sclurlg.;1

Kg `l kgtlrvklws bhhr il `jt blt sjolg jjg ëëg `hlc wlrflg blr- lg lrflggkgn nllat vjg (`lclg vjg) ilzlca kg jg`lrlg. Blt dkl`t il llg dlvlstknkgn vjg `l fluzls `kl il zlca ojjft kg il wlrf.Hhf jc bllat il pjsskl nllg dlfrjmbtknkgn ha nhl`flurkgn vjg duktlgja gh`kn, blt ks prlttkn `jjrkgdki llg nrhlp tl bhrlg. ‒Pht llg nrhlp dlbhrlg‛ ks llg bllc djsjcl dlbhlatl vjg kl`lr olgs;>. Lëgtljock` nllat zlcas jjg `jt `kt lmbt bjjr `rkvl ks. Kg prkoktklvl tki`lg wjs `jt vjg dlcjgn vhhr bltaysklf hvlrclvlg, gu blcpt blt kg `l hrnjgksjtkl tl hvlrclvlg. Blt nllat bhuvjst, dlsmblrokgn lglxtrj scjnfrjmbt `hhr dug`lckgn vjg frjmbtlg. Jcs il dhvlg`klg `l rlcjtkl tusslg iýuw jodktkllg blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc zklt, dlsla il `jt `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg kopckmklt olldhuwlg jjg

ihuw `hlc.

Yh stlrf fjg `l vlrdkg`kgn olt `kl pjsskl zkig, `jt lxtlrgl dlcjgnlg `kl `jjroll strki`kn zkig vhcfholghgdlcjgnrkif smbkiglg. Blt hhr`llc vjg `l ‒ojjtils‛ kg blt tljo vhlct jcs dlcjgnrkiflrlg vlr`rkgnt blt dlsla vjg `l kopjmt `kl llg hhr`llc vjg duktlg zhu fugglg blddlg. @lrnlckiflolmbjgksolg whr`lg hhf dlsmbrlvlg, dkivhhrdllc` `hhr ]mbukit, hvlr wjt zki ‒dlzklc`l olgslg‛ghlot9

–Bhlwlc `lzl olgslg stlrf kg vlrdkg`kgn clvlg olt jg`lrlg lg bug honlvkgn, ckiflg zki zkmbwlkgkn jjg tl trlfflg vjg vlrwjmbtkgnlg lg ghrolg `kl bug honlvkgn stlct. Yki cjtlg zkmb ollrclk`lg `hhr bug kgglrckif vuur V…_ `jg `hhr blt hhr`llc vjg jg`lrlg.‟ ;2

@l uktsprjjf vjg ]mbukit scukt jjg dki blt alkt `jt NHU-cl`lg `l hvlr`uk`lckifl skngjclg ukt `lhonlvkgn gklt hpolrflg. Dkgglg NHU ks `lzl vlrdckg`kgn `uk`lckif zkmbtdjjr kg `l fluzls `klblt tljo ojjft lg `l ojgklr wjjrhp zl `jt `hlt. Olg rljcksllrt zkmb `jt `l lknlg vkskl llg stlrfjmmlgt bllat hp blt hgtwkfflclg vjg vjfojgsmbjp lg jt kt vhhr l fcjgt ajgtjstksmbl lrvjrkgnlglg rlsuctjtlg ohnlckif ojjft. Bklroll whr`t blt (lxtlrgl) dlcjgn vjg `l fcjgt nl`klg`. @jt blt

wlrfoh`lc gjjr l sojjf vjg `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl tl wlkgkn hp wkgst nlrkmbt ks, whr`t bjcadlwusttlr zki`l nlsmbhvlg. ‒Yl dlnrkiplg blt gklt. jt wki hlg ks vllc dltlr vhhr l fcjgt jg wjt zki wkc-clg `jt wl `hlg.‛ Blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt whr`t olt `lrnlckifl nrhup tbkgf nl`ksfwjckmllr`.

Kg mhgtrjst bklroll ks dki zhwlc Ojx jcs Ouctk blt hhr`llc vjg l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl iukst bllcdlcjgnrkif, `hokgjgt zlcas kg `l dlscuktvhrokgn vjg blt tljo. Bklrjjg ks zkmbtdjjr `jt kg `kt tljo

`l rkiavlrlg ollr hhr lxtlrgl ajmthrlg nlstkoucllr` whr`lg, lg okg`lr hhr l kgglrckifl rjgn vjg `l dltrhfflg tljocl`lg zlca.

jjr blt sjolgwlrflg jjg llg nl`llc`l pjsskl stlrf stkoucllrt, hg`lrokigt lxtlrgl `rlknkgn hvlrblt uktllgvjcclg vjg blt tljo `klzlca`l pjsskl. @jt hvlrfhot NHU jjg blt lkg`l vjg `l hdslr-

vjtklplrkh`l9 `l `krlmtkl hhr`llct kg `l zholr vjg 4550 `jt lr tl wlkgkn wkgst nlojjft whr`t lg`jt blt tljo ohlt bjcvlrlg. ‒^kl zjc fugglg dckivlg, wkl zjc vlrtrlfflg8 lcfl fluzls wkc il zlca

;1 Hpolrflckif ks `jt Ojrtkig twll ijjr cjtlr, gj`jt bki hgtscjn bllat nlgholg, vhhr zkmbzlca llg duskglss hpzlt

wjjrkg bki prlmkls `jt `hlt wjt kg blt tljo gklt ollr cuftl. Dckifdjjr cjn blt gklt jjg zkig pjsskl `kl janlgholg

ha vlrjg`lr` zhu zkig, ojjr bj` blt tl ojflg olt `l wlrfhostjg`knbl`lg `kl bki dkgglg NHU lrvhlr.

;> Djuolkstlr & Cljry, :;;<, pn <45

;2 ]mbukit, :;;;, pn. :>



24

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`jjrkg ojflg, kg bhlvlrrl zjc vhhr ihu dlschtlg whr`lg8‛ @jt zkig vrjnlg `kl zkmb kgllgs jjg kl-`lr hp`rkgnlg, `kl tljocl`lg zkmb stlcclg. Lg hhf ‒^jt zjc `l tljoskngjtuur gj `l spcktskgn zkig,lg wjt ks okig vlrwjgtsmbjp lr ghn oll8‛. Kg`kvkùlcl hvlrplkgzkgnlg hvlr kl`lrs lknlgdlcjgn lg

ohnlckifbl`lg zkig blt nlvhcn6 `l tljocl`lg rjflg janlclk` vjg bug pjsskl.Llgzlca`l ahmus hp lknlg dlcjgnlg lg hlclg jcs zkmb dki NHU lxpckmklt kg l lkgàjsl vhhr`hlt, ksplrojglgt zkmbtdjjr kg l jg`lrl twll hg`lrzhlfstljos. @hhr`jt tljocl`lg jjr tljock` zkig hpdjsks vjg bug augmtkl, vhlclg zki zkmb tlnlckiflrtki` hhf vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr blt rljckslrlg vjg l`hlcstlcckgnlg vjg bug lknlg ja`lckgn. @jt ks dhvlg`klg `l prlstjtkl wjjr zki hp dlchhg` whr`lg.@jjroll whr`t kl`lr tljock` llr`lr strki`lr ho dlplrftl fjgslg lg rlshurmls, `jg tljonlghtlg`kl lcfjjr vlrstlrflg. Kg pcjjts vjg `l rkif`ho vjg nldug`lc`l frjmbtlg, whr`t bklr `l smbjjrstl

vjg fjgslg lg ok``lclg nlvhlc`. Ujs wjggllr `lzl stjtksmbl sktujtkl `hhr `hlcdlwustl kgtlrvlg-tkls `hhrdrhflg whr`t lg tljocl`lg okg ha ollr nl`whgnlg whr`lg tl hg`lrzhlflg wjt blgdkg`t, fjg dckiflg wjjr dug`lckgn vjg frjmbtlg ohnlckif lg cumrjtkla ks.

Gklt kg jccl tljos zjc llg `lrnlckifl dug`lckgn tht stjg` fholg. Dkgglg Ojx dkivhhrdllc` whr-`lg hp llg dlpjjc` oholgt wlc nlzjolgckifl `hlclg dlgýlo`, ojjr gklt ‒dlclla`‛ jcs blt lmbtl`hlc. Lr ks nllg kgglrckifl `rkiavllr ho blt sjolg dlpjjc`l `hlc tl rljckslrlg, olg bllat `l vjgbhnlrbjg` hpnlcln`l tjjf gklt tht lknlg `hlc fugglg vlrtjclg. Hhf blt `hhr blgzlca dlghlo`ltljo`hlc bhu`t blt fjrjftlr vjg ‒llg tjjf‛. @l dlcjgnlg vjg kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg whr`lg `hhr

vlrsmbkcclg`l vjg blg kg kgtlrvklws vlrtjjc` kg ‒wl strki`lg gu ho bltzlca`l nlc`‛. @jt dckift kg`l chhp `lr ojjg`lg kg`lr`jj` blt wlrflckifl `hlc vjg lgflclg9 zlca zh vllc ohnlckif vjg `lnlzjolgckifl pht dkgglgbjclg. Qjgukt blt nrhlps`hlc dlflflg zkig `lzl bjg`lckgnlg zlcas hg-`lrokiglg` tl ghlolg, jjgnlzklg zl blkolckif pcjjtsvkg`lg. Olg fhot gklt tht mhgstrumtklvlsjolgwlrfkgn tlg dlbhlvl vjg blt hvlrfhlplclg` `hlc. Lknlgdlcjgn vhlrt `l dhvlgthhg lg bltcuft `l tljocl`lg gklt ho nlckifnlrkmbtblk` ha nlzjolgckifblk` kg `l lknlgdlcjgnlg tl hgt`lf-

flg. Blt nldrukflg vjg llg tljo jcs hrnjgksjtkllg sjolgwlrfkgnsvhro bllat fcjjrdckiflckif pjsollrwjjr`l jcs llg nlzjolgckif `hlc dlghlo` lg nlvhlc` fjg whr`lg. Llg `hlc `jt gklt nlvhcn` whr`t ukt nlbhhrzjjoblk` jjg `l jnlg`j vjg blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt, ojjr lrvjrlg whr`t jcsmhgnrulgt olt `l lknlg jodktkls.

Llg jg`lrl stlrfl clfstrhho hp pjsskl fjg kg `l rlcjtkl olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl cknnlg,zhjcs dckift ukt blt vhcnlg`l arjnolgt9

Arjgs9 –Lëg vjg `l rl`lglg `jt kf ghn stll`s aug`jolgtllc janlbjjft dlg lg `jt kf lr lmbt hvlr`lgf ho tl vlrtrlfflg, V…_ bllat tl ojflg Volt blt alkt_ `jt T&^ llg dl`rkia ks `jt nrhtlKP-trjilmtlg hlt olt cjnl ojrnls, wjjrdki olgslg gklt dlcjgnrkif zkig. @l ojrnls zkig dlcjgnrkif.

Lg blt dkigj vjg wllf tht wllf lg vjg `jn tht `jn oltlg wjt il wkgstdki`rjnl ks. Lg jcs il olgslg

tl vllc ha tl wlkgkn bldt, `jg rlsfkcc il zl thmb8 @jg nlla il zl llg trjkgkgn lg `jg smbhhc il zlvjg Mhdhc gjjr Djskm ha jg`lrsho. Lg `jt dlg kf gklt nlwlg`. Kg llg mhgsuctkgn sktujtkl zkig`l olgslg dlcjgnrkif. V…_ Lg il bldt gjtuurckif wlc zlflr nlstlc` `jt il nhl`l olgslg bldt, lg`kl fhlstlr il, lg `jg fhot `l rlst vjgzlca. @jt ks jctki` `l wln `kl kf nlvhcn` bld. Lg kf bj` `lkg`ruf `jt wl hgs `jt dkgglg NHU ghn fhg`lg vlrhhrchvlg.‟

Llg `lrnlckif nrhht lglrnklclf trll`t hhf hp dki jg`lrl NHU-cl`lg ;;, zki blt kg okg`lrl ojtl.Dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctk spllct llg `lrnlckifl `lskccuskl hvlr `l vlrsmbkcclg olt `l horkgnlg`l hr-njgksjtkl gklt. @lzl tljos lrvjrlg llg `lrnlckif hg`lrsmblk` olt `l honlvkgn koolrs gklt8 Yl

;; @rkl tljocl`lg njjg dkgglg llg ijjr gj `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l ukt `klgst, zki dlnkgglg llg duskglss vhhr zkmbzlca6 kg blt

ijjr `jjrhp vhcnlg ghn twll tljocl`lg `kt pj`.



2=


blddlg iukst llg stlrfl djg` olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl, `kl bug `jnlckifsl wlrfhonlvkgn vhrot. @êêr bukzlg zki wlrflckif. Blt tljo wjjrkg zki nlpcjjtst zkig, wjs kg bug hnlg dki vhhrdjjthg`lrnlsmbkft jjg `l dlcjgnlg vjg `l ja`lckgnlg wjjr zki ojgjnlr vjg zkig.

Chyjcktlkt

Kg l vhhrnjjg`l pjrjnrjja whr`lg tlrchhps llg pjjr ‒vhhrwjjr lg‛ nlghlo` vhhr sjolgwlrflgolt pjsskl, zhjcs9

llg `hlc fugglg rljckslrlg `jt iki dlcjgnrkif vkg`t, wjjrthl il nl`rlvlg dlgt, `jt ihuw dlcjgnrjjft6sêolg bklrjjg wlrflg, `us vlrdkg`kgn lrvjrlg tusslg il lknlg `hlclg lg blt nl`llc`l `hlc6`l lglrnkl zklg `kl jg`lrlg lrkg kgvlstlrlg, `jjrkg wjt vhhr lcfjjr fugglg dltlflglg6stll`s gkluwl lclg fugglg hgt`lfflg jjg (blt kgvucclg vjg) blt hlc wjjr`hhr vlrgkluwkgnlg nrhlk (llg vjjfnlghlo` lknlgdlcjgn) lrvjrlg whr`t6

vlrdkg`kgn vhlclg olt `l horkgnlg`l mhgtlxt, wjjr`hhr il pjsskl llg drl`lrl lrflggkgn,

dlguttkgn lg dltlflgks frkint.

Hvlr `lzl vhhrwjjr`lg vjct ghn wlc wjt ollr tl zlnnlg, dkivhhrdllc` tht bhlvlr `lzl vhhrwjjr-`lg strlfflg. Dltlflgt blt blddlg vjg llg nl`llc`l pjsskl juthojtksmb hhf vhccl`knl hvlrnjvljjg `kt lgl `hlc8 Ks jdshcutl chyjcktlkt bklrjjg `jjroll llg vhhrwjjr`l8 @lrnlckifl vrjnlg, vlr-oho` jcs smblroutslckgnlg, bhu`lg `l NHU-cl`lg `hhr `l ijrlg bllg dlzkn.

Pljocl`lg olt llg twll`l prhalsskhglcl pjsskl gjjst kl vhhr blt wlrf dkgglg NHU zkig plr l-gktkl gklt vhccl`kn dlsmbkfdjjr, olgtjjc ha aysklf, vhhr `l jmtkvktlktlg vjg blt tljo. Yki whr`lg dkitki`lg dlsmbhuw` jcs ‒gklt chyjjc‛ ha ‒gklt chyjjc nlghln‛. @kt hhr`llc whr`t ollstjc gklt uktnlsprh-flg, ojjr ks `lshg`jgfs olrfdjjr. Klts `lrnlckifs vjct hhf `kt hg`lrzhlf tlg `llc, hg`jgfs bltalkt `jt blt vhhr jjgvjgn olt blt tljo dlsprhflg ks. Gj vlrchhp vjg ijrlg hgtstjjt dki llg jjgtjctljocl`lg blt nlvhlc –iki dlgt lr gklt jctki` jcs wl il gh`kn blddlg6 iki dlgt jg`lrs, il smblk`t il ja‟.Lg zl blddlg nlckif, kf dlg jg`lrs. Llg `lrnlckifl frktksmbl bhu`kgn vjg tljonlghtlg nllat bltdltrlaalg`l tljock` tl `lgflg. Gklojg` wkc koolrs `kschyjjc nlvhg`lg whr`lg8 Yh hhf Lccks9

Lccks9 –]hos bld kf blt k`ll ‒@jg bld kf dckifdjjr thmb okg`lr pjsskl vhhr NHU… okg`lr`jg ]hl lg Gjgj.‛ … Lg ja lg thl `lgf kf ‒Blt ks gklt gh`kn ho zh cjgn tl wlrflg‛. Kf vkg`

blt hhf gh`kn ho jjg olzlca tl wlrflg. Lg zhjcs nkstlrlg... @lzl janlchplg wllf ks llg ghrojclwlrfwllf, nllg slsskl, ojjr wl wlrflg thmb rl`lckif cjgnl jnlg. @jg lgf kf vjgok``jn wlc ‒Kf

nj clfflr vrhln gjjr buks‛. @kl urlg bld kf thmb wlc stjjg. Kf fjg gjtuurckif hhf wlc hhrwlrflgtht zls uur, ojjr `jg gllo kf cklvlr wjt tki` vhhr olzlca.‟

Lccks njjt hp `lzl rustknl `jn wlc klts llr`lr gjjr buks, ojjr vhlct `jt thmb jcsha bjjr nl`rjn gkltzh thlnlwki` ks jcs `jt vjg jg`lrl NHU-cl`lg. Yl fklst vhhr zkmbzlca, ojjr blt fgjjnt.Chyjcktlkt bllat gklt jccllg olt vlrwjmbtkgnlg vjg `l jg`lr jjg ihu tl ojflg, ojjr hhf olt `l`hlclg `kl il nlstlc` bldt. Kg dhvlgstjjg` vhhrdllc` bllat Lccks jasprjflg olt zkmbzlca nlojjfthvlr bjjr plrshhgckifl hgtwkfflckgn, lg zl wllt `jt `kl hgtwkfflckgn vhhr llg `llc duktlg blttljo cknt. @jt ks llg hlc jt jjg`jmbt vrjjnt, lg wjjrkg zl chyjjc (trhuw) jjg zkmbzlca wkc zkig. Blttljo vlrwjmbt lmbtlr `jt Lccks chyjjc ks jjg blt tljo`hlc, `jjr (jc) bjjr tki` jjg dlstll`t, lg bllatokssmbklg nllg wllt vjg ha nllg dhh`smbjp jjg Lccks bjjr lknlg `hlc. Bklr hgtstjjt ohnlckif llg

•

•••

•



20

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

dlcjgnlgmhgkmt.9 @l dhh`smbjp kl tljonlghtlg uktzlg`lg, ks9 ‒Iki wlrft gklt zh bjr` jcs wki‛. @ktsmblpt lohtkhglcl jastjg`.

Ksj9 –… chyjcktlkt, vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, kgtlnrktlkt, zkig bllc dlcjgnrkifl whhr`lg. Jccllg, `lojgklr wjjrhp `jjr dkgglg blt tljo kgvucckgn jjg nlnlvlg whr`t ks dlst `lstrumtkla. Lg uktlkg- `lckif vhhr `l blcl nrhlp gjtuurckif, wjgt hp blt oholgt `jt olgslg lmbt njjg jadrhfflclg, `jgfug il `jjr hhf nllg buks ollr vjg dhuwlg.‟

Dlckj9 –Lëg vjg `l nlvhcnlg… blt alkt `jt Jg`rlj (llg hu`-NHU-ck`) hp llg nhl` oholgtvlrtrlft lg zlnt ‒kf nj o‛g clvlg jg`lrs kgrkmbtlg‛, lg blt alkt `jt ]hgij (hhf llg hu`- NHU-ck`)zlnt ‒kf wkc hhf jg`lrl `kgnlg `hlg, kf fho jc ijrlg gklt ollr jjg tlggksslg thl‛ `jg `lgf kf,`jt ks thmb ijoolr `jt il `jjrvhhr blt tljo ukt ohlt8‟

Ksj9 –Ij, `jt fchpt. Ojjr dckifdjjr fjg blt gklt, gll. Hp blt oholgt `jt il hhf jg`lrl `kgnlgwkct ohlt il lrukt.‟

Lr ks dckifdjjr sprjfl vjg llg strkftl chyjcktlktlks dkgglg blt NHU-tljo. @jjrdki whr`t nlrl`l-gllr` vjgukt llg smbjjrstl-plrsplmtkla9 wjggllr il hhf chyjjc dlgt jjg llg jg`lr hlc, fhot NHUtl fhrt. Il clvlrt ilzlca olt buk` lg bjjr hvlr ha il fugt vlrtrlfflg. Hhf `l hprkmbtlrs vjg blttljo pjsslg kt hp zkmbzlca thl. Mhooktolgt lg pjsskl zkig hp lzl ojgklr olmbjgksolg kl hhf(zlca-)uktscuktkgn fugglg vlrhhrzjflg, wjggllr il gklt ollr blclojjc jjg `l nrhlpsghro fugt ha

wkct vhc`hlg. @lzlca`l vjrkjdlcl `kl llg summlsajmthr ks vhhr `l lvlgts, dckift llg spckitzwjo kgblt tljo tl fugglg zkig.

Lg jc dlg il :55% chyjjc jjg blt tljo`hlc, `jg ghn ks `l ojgklr wjjrhp il `kt dlgt vjg dlcjgn.Dkivhhrdllc` llg tljock` cjjt olrflg `jt bki dckiat vhhr ‒t nlc`9

Blcclg9 –…wjjr kf lmbt ohlktl oll bld, lg `jt njjt hvlr chyjcktlkt… Bki zlnt bjr`hp `jt bkibklr ghn zkt vhhr blt nlc`. Lg `jt-kl zh‛g blflc bllat jjg T&^, `jt jcs blt gklt ho blt nlc` wjs

nlwllst `jt-kl `jg wln wjs nlwllst. Ghu, `jg bld kf ojjr ëëg jgtwhhr 9 ‒Nj `jg!‛‟

Blt laalmt vjg `l bhu`kgn vjg nlghlo` tljock` ks `jt jg`lrlg zkmb javrjnlg bhl vlr zkig ohtkvjtkl vhhr blt wlrf wlrflckif njjt. Hhf dlgj`ruft bki lroll `jt bki olt nhu`lg flttkgnlg vjstzkt,tlrwkic `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg ghn wlc llgs wjt tl ohpplrlg blddlg hvlr `l bhhntl vjg bug sj-cjrks. Ulrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg lg tljodlcjgnlg fugglg `us vlrsmbkcclg. Hhf Ojrtkig kccustrllrt `kt

wjggllr bki smbltst `jt wjt ‒wki‛ dki NHU `hlg lg dlcjgnrkif vkg`lg, klts jg`lrs ks `jg wjt vhhrblozlca dlcjgnrkif ks. Ks vhhr NHU `l tlvrl`lg fcjgt lg blt `rjjnvcjf vhhr blt mhgmlpt dlcjgn-rkif, vhhr blozlca ks `jt ollr `l fkmf vjg blt kgtlgsklvl wlrf lg `l kgtlrjmtkls `kl bki `jjrdki mrl-

llrt. Llg `lrnlckif vlrsmbkc tusslg dlcjgnlg vhrot nllg lgflc prhdcllo, zhcjgn dlk`l `hlclg kg`lzlca`l rkmbtkgn cknnlg, vlrdhg`lg zkig lg lcfjjr vlrstlrflg. Blt njjt bklr ho vlrdkg`kgn tusslg

wjt vhhr ihu jcs tljock` plrshhgckif vjg dlcjgn ks, wjt jjg ihu lglrnkl nllat, lg wjt blt nl`llc`l`hlc ks. Jcs `kl rlcjtkl vhhr llg tljock` zlca gklt blc`lr ks, hgtstjjt jodknuètlkt, twkialc lg ohnlckifllg lglrnklclf9

]hal9 –Il fjg pjs nlègspkrllr` zkig vhhr llg strjtlnkl vhhr `rkl ijjr, jcs il vhhr ilzlca hhf `l

flus bldt nlojjft `jt il `l fholg`l `rkl ijjr bklr hhf zkt. Lg `ïl fluzl bld kf vhhr olzlcajdshcuut ghn gklt nlojjft.‟



2<


Dhvlg`klg ks blt ghh`zjflckif jt il kgzklt bhl ikizlca dki fugt rjnlg jjg l rljcksjtkl vjg jt hlc,ho pjsskl tl fugglg vlrtjclg gjjr blt vlrvucclg vjg llg mhgmrllt `hlc. ^jt ks okig thlnlvhln`l

wjjr`l bklr8 All`djmf vjg tljonlghtlg blcpt il `kl wjjr`l tl lrvjrlg.

Pht scht dckift ukt `l hdslrvjtkls, `jt gklt kl`lr tljock` lvlgvllc pjsskl býëat tl vhlclg. DkgglgNHU zkig lgflcl tljocl`lg `kl zkmb oll cjtlg zuknlg `hhr blt nrhtl, dkigj dlsolttlckifl lgtbhu-skjsol vjg jg`lrlg, `jjrkg llg prkoj prhalsskhglcl kgvucckgn vkg`lg lg bug dki`rjnl clvlrlg.

Lg wl`lrho ks `jt nllg prhdcllo, zhcjgn `l pjsskl vjg `l jg`lrlg vhc`hlg`l nrhht ks ho hhfblg hp oll tl glolg. Gj blt frkoplg vjg blt tljo kg 4550 ohlt `lrnlckifl mhoplgsjtkl lmb-tlr ukt llg fclkglrl nrhlp fholg, lg ohlt lr ollr (nldrlf jjg) pjsskl nlmhoplgsllr` whr`lg.

jggllr lr, `hhr `l dl`rlknkgn ukt `l duktlgwlrlc` (`l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl), dki `l tljocl-`lg tlnlckiflrtki` dlbhlatl dlstjjt jjg plrshhgckifl prhclrkgn lg summls, whr`t llg prhdcllozkmbtdjjr.

Ujucj9 –Lëg vjg ihuw mhgmcuskls vjg llg tki` nlcl`lg wjs ‒Il ohlt vhhr llg stuf ëëg `hlc bld - dlg ho llg tljo tl whr`lg‛. Gu `lgf kf ‒Ij, kf bld wlc nlcllr` vjg `l vlrjg`lrkgnlg `l cjjtstl

ojjg`lg kg hgzl mcud, `jt ëëg `hlc gklt nlghln ks. @jt ëëg dlcjgn hhf bllc dlcjgnrkif ks.‛ Lgkf olrf `jt gu clttlrckif… ^l blddlg vhc`hlg`l slsskls, ojjr gklt lxtrllo vllc. Gu fhot lrllg slsskl, `kl ks kg llg wllf `kl vhhr Arjgs êflckn hgbjg`kn ks. Ojjr blt tlclahhgtil ks jcs llrstlgjjr Arjgs `hhrvlrdhg`lg. Arjgs wkc plr së `l slsskl zlca `hlg. Blt ks llg slsskl wjjr bki hp `lvhhrdlrlk`kgns`jn gklt fjg, `jg zkt bki ghn kg Jolrkfj. Lg hp `l uktwlrf`jnlg fjg bki hhfgklt. @us blt fckgft lknlgckif bllc chnksmb `jt kf `l slsskl zhu `hlg. … Arjgs zlnt ‒Ij ojjr bhhrllgs, kf bld ojjr ëëg slsskl hp ‛t oholgt, kf bld nlwhhg tl wlkgkn wlrf hp o‛g gjjo stjjg.‛ Lglknlgckif nlc`t `jt vhhr oki glt zý! Lg kf sgjp `jt `kt vhhr Arjgs llg nrhtlr prhdcllo ks `jg vhhroki… Ojjr blt vhlct llg dlltil rjjr. … Bki zlnt ‒Gll, kf bld `l slsskls gh`kn.‛ @us blt ks ‒vjg

oïi‛, lg gklt ollr ‒vjg ôgs‛.‟ Bhlwlc Ujucj bklr vlrhg`lrstlct `jt blt (nlzjolgckif) `hlc ghn stll`s nl`llc` whr`t, zklt zki hhf`jt `l plrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg uktllg chplg, skngjcllrt zki `jt dki Arjgs zkig plrshhgckifl dlcjgn bltnlzjolgckifl `hlc hvlrsmbj`uwt.

@l pjsskl vhhrdki…

Dhvlgstjjg`l jglf`htls nlvlg blt dllc` `jt `l nl`llc`l pjsskl jjg blt lkg`l vjg `l hdslrvjtkl-plrkh`l `llcs vlr`jopt ks, vlrsgkpplr` lg hvlrvclunlc` `hhr plrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg. @jt ks lmbtlrsclmbts tlg lcl blt nlvjc. Nl`urlg`l l nlblcl hdslrvjtklplrkh`l ks lr vllc lgtbhuskjsol vhhr blt

wlrflg jjg lvlgts tl zklg, lg jjgzklgckif okg`lr vhhr blt tljoclvlg `jjrtusslg.

Hhf tki`lgs `l llr`lrl, ollr dlvchnlg ijrlg fholg lr sktujtkls vhhr `kl tht gj`lgflg stloolg.Ollr`lrl ojclg whr`t `hhr shooknl tljocl`lg `l dlplrftblk` vjg blt ‒NHU-nlchha ‛ dlghlo`.Lr ks dkivhhrdllc` ‒llg dlstl ojgklr‛ ho `kgnlg jjg tl pjfflg, shos zlcas ojjr ëëg ojgklr. @lNHU-oltbh`l ks vjjf dlpjclg` vhhr hgs bjg`lclg. Lr zkig vrjnlg `kl lknlgckif gklt nlstlc` bhrlgtl whr`lg, olrft Lccks jcs zki gjjr `l kgbuur vjg arllcjgml gltwlrflrs vrjjnt. ‒Yh `hlg wki `jt jctki`‛

whr`t nlzln` jcs lr gjjr rl`lglg vhhr llg splmklfl fluzl kg `l hpzlt vjg llg lvlgt nlvrjjn` whr`t. Lr ks llg `hokgjgtl ojgklr vhlcdjjr, llg splmklf nlwlgst nl`rjn. @jvl ghlot zkig lknlglgtbhuskjsol zlca ‒llg shhrt zlg`kgns`rjgn‛. ]mbukit stlct `jjrhvlr9



21

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Plnlckiflrtki` wlrft iukst blt k`ljjc gj vlrchhp vjg tki` dlcloolrlg`9 blt whr`t blt lgknl iukstl, lrfhot llg ohrjckstksmb sjusil hvlrbllg. Jc sglc njjt blt lr `jg ho klts tl dlsmblrolg, kg stjg` tlbhu`lg… @l gjtuurckifl dlzklckgn ks vlr`wlglg hg`lr blt blkckn vuur vjg `l oksskhgjrks.‟ :55

@jt ‒blkckn vuur‛ whr`t ghn wlc jjgnlzklg vhhr pjsskl, tlrwkic llg vlrstrjffkgn zkmbtdjjr whr`t.@hhr zukvlr kg `l cllr tl dckivlg, scukt llg tljo zkmb ja vhhr kgvchl`lg vjg duktlg. Qlrsmbkcclg`luktkgnlg vjg tljocl`lg nlvlg jjg `jt lr `hnoj‛s hgtstjjg, `kl dlcloolrlg` wlrflg hp `l hgt-

vjgflckifblk`, kgspkrjtkl lg vlrgkluwkgn `hhr `l tljocl`lg. @hnoj‛s `kl nlvhl` whr`lg `hhr dl-cjgnlg vjg shooknlg, dlpjjc`l `rkiavlrlg `kl glt klts stlrflr zkig `jg `kl vjg jg`lrl tljocl`lg.Lr hgtstjjt zh llg `ygjoksmb nlbllc wjjrkg shos `l gjtuurckifl, purl dlzklckgn zkmbtdjjr ks, lg`jg wllr `hnoj‛s zkmb `hlg vhlclg.

Ujsskl lg `hlc

Ujsskl lg `hlc zkig twll dlnrkpplg `kl nlojfflckif `hhrllg chplg. Hg`lr ‒pjsskl‛ vlrstj kf bklr

lglrnkl, blt pj`, `jt wjt il `hlt vhhrtnjjg hp il rlks. Llg ‒`hlc‛ ks llg vjstnlstlc` lkg`pugt, llgrlsuctjjt, blt pugt wjjrgjjr olg rlkst. Ujsskl lg `hlc vlrbhu`lg zkmb `jjroll lknlgckif jcs `lrlmbtlr lg `l ckgflr blrslgblcat. Ujsskl ks `jjrdki ollr vlrnlckifdjjr olt lohtkl, blt `hlc ollrolt rjtkh.

Kg vllc nlvjcclg clk`t pjsskl tht llg `hlc `jt hpnlvjt whr`t, wjjr`hhr jjg `l pjsskl nlbhhr nl-nlvlg whr`t. Jg`lrsho clk`t blt skoplcwln stlcclg vjg llg `hlc, dkivhhrdllc` blt vhcnlg lgjarhg`lg vjg llg hpclk`kgn ha blt dlojmbtknlg vjg llg gkluwl rhc, `jjrlgtlnlg dkigj ghhkt thtpjsskl, bhl dlrl`lgllr` hhf vhhr blt `hlc nlfhzlg whr`t. @l kgktkæcl lohtkl hgtdrllft. ^lc fug-glg bklr slmug`jkr stlrfl `rkiavlrlg hgtstjjg `kl il `hlg vhcbhu`lg. Il fugt llg `hlc gjstrlvlghp vjstdlrj`lgblk`, vlrdltlgblk` zlcas, ha prlstjtklnlrkmbtblk`, zhg`lr il lr lohtkhgllc stlrf oll

vlrdhg`lg tl vhlclg. Klts lrnlckifs ks zkmbtdjjr dkgglg Ojx, `jt bjjr `hlc dlghlot kg ckig olt wjt`l jcnlollg `krlmtlur blt tljo jcs tjjf jjgnllat, tlrwkic `l kg`kvkùlg strlvlg gjjr jg`lrl `hlclg,zki kl`lr jg`lrl dlcjgnlg blddlg. @l tljoojgjnlr prhdllrt lmbtlr vjstdlrj`lg jjg blt nlstlc`ltljo`hlc tl wlrflg, tlrwkic `l ollstl tljocl`lg wlkgkn tht gklt dki`rjnlg.

Jcs hgjabjgflckif kg`kvkù dlpjjc il llg `hlc `jt pjst dki ihuw fclur lglrnkl. Bhlwlc `jt hhf llgcjgnùrkn zhlfprhmls fjg zkig, ckift `jt rl`lckif rlmbtthl, rlmbtjjg. Il bhlat koolrs olt gklojg`tl hg`lrbjg`lclg hvlr blt tl fklzlg `hlc8 Kg llg nrhlp whr`t lmbtlr jctïi` hg`lrbjg`lc` hvlr blt`hlc `jt dki `l vlrzjolc`l pjsskls pjst. @l uktfhost vjg `kl hg`lrbjg`lckgn ks jabjgflckif vjg `lojtl wjjrkg klojg` `hhr zkmbzlca lg `hhr `l jg`lrlg nlbhhr` whr`t, lg ks vhhr blt lgl tljock`dlvrl`knlg`lr `jg vhhr llg jg`lr. ]hos hhf wlrft llg bllc stlrfl pjsskl vjg ëëg vjg `l tljo-cl`lg okg ha ollr dlsolttlckif vhhr `l jg`lrlg. Qjg dlcjgn ks `jg `jt tljocl`lg ” hg`jgfs `l

vlrsmbkcclg ” thmb ojfflckif hp blt nlzjolgckifl hlc jjg fugglg bjflg lg bug lknlg jmmlgtlg hagkmbls dkgglg blt lgl nlollgsmbjpplckif `hlc vkg`lg.

Nllg vjg `l `rkl hg`lrzhmbtl tljos ks zkmb vjg dlnkg vjg bug sjolgwlrflg ja jjg dlwust nlwllst vjg blt nlzjolgckifl hlc. NHU, `jt vkia ijjr kg hgnlvllr `lzlca`l sjolgstlcckgn dki lcfjjr ks,olrft gj ijrlg sjolgwlrflg `jt zl dlbhlatl bllat jjg blt dlghlolg vjg llg `lrnlckif nlollg-smbjpplckif `hlc. Gjtuurckif ks lr jctki` jc hg`lrbjg`lc` hvlr dltlflgksslg, `jt nldlurt plrojglgt.@hhr ok``lc vjg blt mhgstrulrlg lg `lclg vjg vlrbjclg whr`lg vlr`lftl ghrolg lg rkmbtkgnlgdlpjjc`. Gu lmbtlr wkc blt tljo l kjchhn lrhvlr jjgnjjg, jc ghlot olg jt jg ghn gklt zh. Oltllg tblojok``jn hvlr bknb plrahrojgml tljos, kg blt twll`l hg`lrzhlfsijjr, dlnkgt `l zhlf-

:55 ]mbukit, :;;;, pn >



2>


thmbt vjg NHU-cl`lg gjjr `l lknlg `rkiavlrlg lg k`lgtktlkt jcs tljock`. Blt ks llg llrstl stjp, `kl vhhr shooknl tljocl`lg ghn wjt wjgflc vhlct, vhhr jg`lrlg hpwkg`lg` ha hhf mhgarhgtlrlg`.@kt hplg zlcahg`lrzhlf clk`t vhhr NHU tht blt kgzkmbt jt blt tljo lknlgckif blclojjc gklt zh bknb

plrahrokgn ks jcs zl zlca wlc rhlpt. Lg hhf `jt `l tljocl`lg nllg k`ll blddlg vjg lcfjjrs `rkiavlrlgha vjg llg nlzjolgckif `hlc. @kt jccls whr`t jcs dlbhhrckif mhgarhgtlrlg` lrvjrlg, blt tjst bltzlcadllc` vjg `l NHU-cl`lg jjg. Plnlckiflrtki` dckift lr wâc llg dlbhlatl tl dlstjjg ho bklrjjg tldhuwlg lg `lrnlckifl zjflg olt lcfjjr tl `lclg. Lgflcl ojjg`lg cjtlr ohg`t `kt ukt kg llg nlahr-oucllr`l oksskl. @lzl oksskl rkmbt zkmb nlbllc hp l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l kl jjg l fcjgt nlclvlr`

whr`t dki blt hpchsslg vjg mhopclxl hrnjgksjtklvrjjnstufflg. Hp blt lvlgt clvlg ùs. @lzl oksskldckiat jdstrjmt. Yki whr`t wlc vlrtjjc` gjjr llg nchdjcl vkskl, ojjr gklt gjjr mhgmrltl lg bjjcdjrl`hlclg, cjjt stjjg gjjr jmtkls vhhr blt fholg`l ijjr.

Hhf Ojx wlrft llrst llg bjcaijjr zhg`lr blt `hlc tl blddlg `hhrnlsprhflg. Qjg `l hprkmbtkgnja jjg bllat `kt tljo wlc llg tjjf ollnlfrlnlg9 `l dl`rkiasdrl`l wkgst hptkojckslrlg. @kl tjjf

whr`t lmbtlr gklt jcs nlollgsmbjpplckif ha ‒lknlg‛ dlclla`. @hhr llg kgtlrvlgtkl vjg `l hg`lr-

zhlflr fhot llg nlsprlf hvlr blt dlclla`l tljo`hlc hp njgn. Kg llg whrfsbhp`jn whr`lg kl`lrskg`kvkùlcl rkiavlrlg, vhhrflurlg lg dlcjgnlg dlsprhflg lg whr`t llg nlzjolgckif `hlc dlpjjc`9`l dl`rkiasdrl`l wkgst`hlcstlcckgn rljckslrlg. Kg `l hp`rjmbt, `kl blt tljo zkmbzlca stlct, cknt lmb-tlr llg dlcjgnlgtlnlgstlcckgn hpnlschtlg `kl zki gklt vlr`lr hg`lrzhlflg. Blt hptkojckslrlg vjg`l dl`rkiasdrl`l rlsuctjtlg zjc gjolckif haalrs vjg shooknl tljocl`lg vrjnlg, `hhr`jt lr kg `lojrfltkgnjmtkvktlktlg vhhr `l prhùmtphrtlalukccl vjg bug lknlg ja`lckgn nlsgl`lg ohlt whr`lgtlg dlbhlvl vjg ojrfltkgn vhhr ollr wkgstnlvlg`l prhùmtlg vjg jg`lrl tljocl`lg. Blt vlgkigzkt ‒o kg blt alkt `jt `lzl tljocl`lg kl`lr kg`kvkùllc vhhrgjolckif dlchhg` whr`lg vhhr `l plr-ahrojgml vjg bug lknlg ja`lckgnsphrtlalukccl, lg kg nlrkgnl ojtl vhhr blt dl`rkiasdrl`l rlsuctjjt.

Qjg blg whr`t gu vlrwjmbt `jt zl wlrflckif njjg sjolgwlrflg ” `jt ks gkluw nl`rjn dkgglg bughrnjgksjtkl ” tlrwkic `l ojgklr wjjrhp zl gjgmkllc lg shmkjjc nlwjjr`llr` whr`lg, jjgzlt tht

lnhmlgtrksmb, mhopltktkla nl`rjn. Blt vjct gklt tl vlrwjmbtlg `jt `lzl ojgjnlrs smbhu`lr jjgsmbhu`lr hptrlfflg wjggllr zl kg`kvkùllc, hp mhgmurrlrlg`l rlsuctjtlg dlchhg` whr`lg. Qhhr`lzl prlstjtklnlrkmbtl prhalsskhgjcs ks lr zh`hlg`l gjuwlckifs rl`lg blt dlghlo`l tljo`hlc hhf

wlrflckif tl rljckslrlg. @jt blt tljo thmb vhhr blt hhr blgzlca nlstlc`l `hlc fklst, bhu`t vlrdjgòlt `l kgvchl` vjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur, `kl blt koolrs llg hgnlvllr nlckifcuk`lg`l, mhcclmtklvltjjf hpnlcln` bllat.

Ouctk tht scht, bllat kg vlrsmbkcclg`l blk`jnlg hg`lr`lclg vjg llg vkskl hp `l thlfhost dlghlo`,`kl `hhr `l `krlmtklslmrltjrks zkig sjolgnlvhln` lg uktnlwlrft tht ‒`l vkskl‛. Dki llrstl flggksoj-fkgn olt `kt tljo dckift lmbtlr `jt cjgn gklt jccl tljocl`lg `lzl vkskl hhf lrvjrlg jcs clk`rjj` vhhrbug bjg`lclg. Kg tlnlg`llc zlcas! @l `kvkskls zkig lgflcl ijrlg nlcl`lg kg blt clvlg nlrhlplg olt

jcs `hlc ollr juthghokl kg `l hrnjgksjtkl tl drlgnlg, lg `jt ks olrfdjjr kg bug `kvksklnlrkmbtlthlfhostahmus.

Lgflcl uktsprjflg vjg tljocl`lg9

–Hgs tljoprhmls ks llg smbkookn splc9 blt dlcjgn vjg `l lknlg `kvkskl ks prkojkr lg wl thglg phck - tklfl mhrrlmtblk` vhhr blt nlbllc.‟

–Lr zkig gu ùk`lckifl vhhrdllc`lg `jt ëëg `kvksklojgjnlr blt hrnjgksjtkldlcjgn arustrllrt tlg nugstl vjg `l lknlg `kvkskl.‟

– l wlrflg jcs OP tl kg`kvkùjckstksmb lg glolg hgvhc`hlg`l vhhrthuw.‟



22

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

]hooknl Ouctk-cl`lg ojflg zkmb tlg nlvhcnl vjg `lzl sktujtkl zhrnlg hvlr blt ohnlckif uktllg-spjttlg vjg blt dl`rkia. @lzl tljocl`lg zhrnlg lrvhhr `jt `hhr llg lxtlrgl kgtlrvlgtkl llg prh-mls hp njgn nldrjmbt whr`t, wjjrkg `l tljocl`lg bug dllc`lg `lclg, gj`lr flggksojflg lg tht

llg ollr nl`llc` dllc` vhhr `l thlfhost fholg.Dki lzl rkl tljos zklg wl jt lr llrst lgknl tki` sjolgnlwlrft whr`t zhg`lr jt blt hlc nlæxpck-mktllr` ks. Kg blt jcnlollg fjg blt guttkn (ha zlcas strjtlnksmb) zkig wjggllr `hlclg kg `l dlnkgajsljodknu ohnlg zkig, llg vjnl mhgthur blddlg. Lr ks `jg rukotl vhhr `kvlrsktlkt kg `hlcstlcckgnlglg plrsplmtklvlg vhhr vlrflggkgn :5:. ^jggllr `kt lmbtlr tl cjgn vhhrt`uurt, trl`lg `l vlrsmbkcclgkg blt hplrjtkhglcl bjg`lclg gjjr duktlg, wjt tht vlrwjrrkgn clk`t.

Pwll tljos, NHU lg Ouctk, lrvjrlg `l ghh`zjjf ho tht ëëg `hlc tl fholg. Blt kgzkmbt `jt nl-ollgsmbjpplckifblk` thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l bllat vhhr blt tljo, ks llg nhl`l ohtkvjtkl ho tht llgnlsprlf tl fholg hvlr llg hlc `jt hhf wlrflckif dltlflgks vhhr l tljocl`lg bllat. Dkgglg Ojxhgtdrllft `lzl lrvjrkgn. @l strki` ho nlc` nllat bklr iukst `l dltlflgks vjg smbjjrstl. @jt wjt llg

jg`lr dlojmbtknt ks gklt ollr vhhr ihu dlsmbkfdjjr. Bhl dltlr `l jg`lr prlstllrt, `ls tl nrhtlr ks`l fjgs jt iki okg`lr ok``lclg thlnlwlzlg frkint. Kg pcjjts vjg gjjr lcfjjr tl hplglg, scuktlg lzltljocl`lg zkmb alktlckif vhhr lcfjjr ja. @l tljodkillgfhostlg whr`lg llg rktullc jt gklt vllc oltblt `jj`wlrflckif bjg`lclg tl ojflg bllat.

@hlc lg `hlcnlrkmbtblk`

Gu ks blt `hlc dlpjjc`. ^jt `hlg `l tljos lroll8@jt blt mhgmrltkslrlg vjg llg jcnlollg `hlc gjjr `l `jnlckifsl prjftkif dlcjgnrkif ks, ckift blc`lr.Gklt jccllg ks `l vlrtjckgn kg mhgmrltl stjpplg llg ghh`zjflckifl tusslgstjp hp wln gjjr rljcksjtkllg summls, tljocl`lg blddlg `l mhgmrltl jmtkvktlktlg lg fclkgl summlsslg hhf gh`kn jcs `jnlckifsldrjg`stha9

]hal9 –Lg `jjrho kgspkrllrt blt ol V…_ ho lmbt olt lcfjjr tl vkg`lg `jt lr llg shhrt flrgtusslg hgs jcclg cknt, wjjrvjg kf zln ‒@jjr bêclg wki hgzl frjmbt vjg`jjg.‛ Gklt ukt il sjcjrks hawjt `jg hhf, ojjr ukt bltnllg il `jnlckifs `hlt, wjt il mrlælrt.‛ @jg `lgf kf ‒Ij‛.‟

Dlckj9 –@jt zhu dltlflglg `jt il `kl cjgnlrl tlrokig`hlclg olt lcfjjr fjg blddlg, ojjr `jt il`jnlckifsl drjg`stha thmb ohlt fholg ukt `kgnlg kl `kmbtlrdki cknnlg.‟

]hal9 –Urlmkls.‟

Gj blt ahrouclrlg vjg l oksskl lg nchdjcl vkskl stlct NHU phrtlalukccls kg. @kt ks prkojkr dl`hlc`ho `l ojgjnlolgttjjf hvlr `l tljocl`lg tl vlr`lclg Llg dkilaalmt bklrvjg ks `jt `l nchdjcl vksklbklrkg oltllg nlmhgmrltksllr` fjg whr`lg. Hgnltwkialc` blddlg phrtlalukcclbhu`lrs `l vkskl kgblt jmbtlrbhha` wjggllr zki bug wlrfpcjg vhhr blt fholg`l ijjr smbrkivlg, ojjr lxpckmkltl jjg-`jmbt vhhr `l rljcksjtkl lrvjg ks gklt kg jccl phrtlalukccls jjg `l hr`l. ^jt bklr ollspllct ks `jt `l

vkskl gklt vlrtjjc` ks gjjr mhgmrltl `hlclg vhhr blt tljo vhhr blt fholg`l ijjr.

Blt ks hpolrflckif `jt lr llg bjca ijjr gj blt ahrouclrlg vjg `lzl oksskl lg vkskl bllc vlrsmbkc-clg`l dlclvkgnlg dkgglg NHU dckiflg tl dlstjjg vjg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc. Dki llg fhrtl smjghg`lr `l kg`kvk`ulcl tljocl`lg whr`lg twll jg`lrl, wlckswjjr stlrf nlrlcjtllr`l `hlclg, jcs dl-cjgnrkifstl nlghlo`:54. Hhf bklr spllct wjjrsmbkigckif `jt `l vkskl wlc dlghlo` ks, ojjr `jt lr

:5: Purmhttl & Ujsqulrh, 455:, pn. 0<= ” 0<0

:54 Ykl bhha`stuf =, Pbkmf `lsmrkptkhg



2;


nllg uktdhuw ha hg`lrbhu` hp nlpclln` whr`t. Gj `l vksklwhrfsbhp ks `kt gklt ollr olt lcfjjrdlsprhflg. Qlrsmbkcclg kg plrmlptkl zkig dckivlg dlstjjg, zkig kg kl`lrs bhha` `ýýrhgtwkfflc` lgnllg vjg `l tljocl`lg bllat nlolrft `jt lr vlrsmbkcclg hptrl`lg. @kt dltlflgt kg kl`lr nlvjc `jt

`l frjmbtlg gklt `klplr `jg ‒vhhr blt hhn‛ nldug`lc` zkig lg `jt lr hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl ghnstll`s hg`lrbjg`lc` whr`t hvlr `hlc lg jmtkls.

Jcs wl gjjr Ojx fkiflg, zklg wl klts `lrnlckifs. Fhrt gj`jt `l vkskl ks nlahroucllr` ohltlg `lojrfltkgn du`nlttlg vlr`llc` whr`lg. @jt ks llg ohlkzjjo lg cjgnùrkn prhmls9 `l vlrbhclg,`hmb zkmbtdjrl mhopltktkl ho blt nlc` drjg`t gu chs. Olg ks gklt nlwlg` tl rllmtlrlg hp bltlknlg bjg`lclg, lg `jt nldlurt gu (hg`jgfs jjgsphrkgn) wl`lrho gklt. @jt `l tljocl`lg vhccl-`kn vjgukt bug lknlgdlcjgn dckivlg rl`lglrlg lg blt tljo`hlc glnlrlg, whr`t `hhr blgzlca gklthpnlolrft.

Dki Ouctk ks `l sktujtkl bllc jg`lrs. @jjr trll`t fhrt gj `l whrfsbhps hvlr blt nlollgsmbjp-plckifl `hlc llg gkluwl jcnlollg `krlmtlur jjg, wjjroll blt tljo llg gkluwl vhhrzkttlr bllat.

@lzl gkluwl ojg vhlrt flggksojfkgnsnlsprlfflg olt kl`lr tljock`. @jjrkg prhlat bki `l prkccllg fwltsdjrl hvlrllgfhost hvlr blt `hlc lg `l vlr`llc`blk` `kl tlnlckiflrtki` kg `l hg`lrstrhhoghn wlc spllct. Qlrvhcnlgs phgllrt bki zkig lknlg `hlc jcs tljo`hlc. Olt tljowhrf bllat bki gklt

vllc hp, zlflr gklt jcs jt zh njjt jcs bki dki Ouctk wjjrgllot. Lg bki fjg `jt dlpjclg, bki ks koolrs`l `krlmtlur8

\kt dhvlgstjjg`l dckift blt dlcjgn vjg blt vlrtjclg vjg blt cjgnl tlrokig `hlc gjjr `l `jnlckifslprjftkif, zhjcs `jt vhhr kl`lrl gkluwl strjtlnkl ha vkskl nlc`t. @kt ks prjftksmb nlzklg gh`kn ho blt`hlc rljcksllrdjjr tl ojflg9 blt hp`lclg lrvjg kg hvlrzklgdjrl, prjftksmbl stjpplg. Qhhr tljocl-`lg zkig lr `jjrlgdhvlg twll jg`lrl dlcjgnlg. Jcclrllrst fugglg zki bug drhg vjg lglrnkl dckivlg

vhlclg wjggllr `l vlrdkg`kgn tusslg blt `hlc lg wjt zl `jnlckifs `hlg blc`lr dckiat. @jjrgjjstdrlgnt mhgmrltkslrlg hhf hg`lrbjg`lclg olt zkmb oll, wjjr`hhr zki dhrnlg jt zl janlstlo` dcki-

vlg hp ëëg jcs nl`llc` nlplrmkpkllr` `hlc. Hg`lrbhu` pclnlg ùs, hp ‒blt nlzjolgckifl‛.

@l kgvchl` vjg pjsskl lg `hlc hp summls

Blt lrvjrlg vjg pjsskl hlt olgslg shos hhr nrlgzlg bllg njjg, blt hgohnlckifl rljckslrlg. Yh wlrft `jt hhf dki NHU. Lg fclkg prhlail `jjrvjg9

@jvl9 –Kl`lrllg V…_ zkt hprlmbt tht twjjca ha ëëg uur ‛s gjmbts bklr tl wlrflg ho`jt zl blt nlvhlc blddlg `jt blt ghn gât klts dltlr fjg vhhr `kl fcjgt. Ha `jt blt whrf prhùmt ghn gât klts

ohhklr fjg whr`lg. Hhf jc zhu `kl fcjgt hhf jc tlvrl`lg zkig olt llg zwjrt-wkt vlrskl kg phw- lrphkgt. @us `jt ks… `jt ks `jg llg blkckn vuur.‟

@jt wjt @jvl ‒dltlr‛ ckift vhhr `l fcjgt vhlct okssmbklg hhf wlc dltlr vhhr blozlca jcs prhals-skhgjc. Qjgukt wlcfl dlbhlatl, drhg ha dlcjgn `jg hhf, hhf kg `kt mktjjt trll`t blt vjfojgsmbjpgjjr vhrlg, blt strlvlg gjjr plralmtkl. Kg blt jcnlollg blcpt llg lrnlckifl nl`rlvlgblk` llg tljoho tlnlgscjnlg tl hvlrwkgglg, ho `hhr tl njjg tht blt `hlc dlrlkft ks. Dlcjgnrkif ks `jg wlc `jtblt `hlc jcs okg ha ollr bltzlca`l lrvjrlg whr`t, zh jt `l lglrnkl nlstrhhockig` dlgut whr`t.Llg`rjmbt kg `l jjgwlg`kgn vjg lglrnkl blcpt blt `hlc tl dlrlkflg, `l vkskl tl rljckslrlg, nrhtlrlprlstjtkls gllr tl zlttlg.



;5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Kg blt nlvjc vjg NHU, wjjrdki dkgglg llg bjcaijjr l dlclvkgn vjg ‒blt dlcjgnrkifstl‛ jc jjgzklgckif`kvlrnllr`l, fug il il javrjnlg ha `l dlghlo`l vkskl wlc hvlrllgfhot olt wjt hg`lrbuk`s jcsdlcjgnrkif dlclla` whr`t. Ks blt prhmls vjg vksklvhrokgn bklr wlc `klpnjjg` nlghln uktnlvhlr`8

Lg ks `kt vlrvhcnlgs vlr nlghln nlmhgmrltksllr` gjjr `l `jnlckifsl prjftkif8Dkgglg NHU blddlg jccl tljocl`lg `l kgtlgtkl ‒klts ohhks‛ gllr tl zlttlg. Jcs tljo blddlg zkilmbtlr wlkgkn vlrdkg`kgn nlmrlælr` ho `kt kg sjolgbjgn tl `hlg6 zl blddlg wlkgkn zkmbt hp wjtzki zlca kg`kvkùllc gh`kn blddlg, wjt blt tljo gh`kn bllat ha wjt `l mhgtlxt gh`kn bllat.Dki Ojx dckift `l llg`rjmbt vlr tl zhlflg. Jcs hdslrvjthr bld kf nlzklg `jt olg vhhrjc ckpplg-`klgst dlwkist jjg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc.Dki Ouctk ks llg shhrtnlckif laalmt zkmbtdjjr9 Ol`lwlrflrs zklg nllg jj`frjmbt dki l krlmtkl, wlk-gkn j`lqujjt bjg`lclg kg llg tki` wjjrkg l splmklfl slmthr wjjr Ouctk@klgst kg hplrllrt blatkn kgdlrhlrkgn ks. Qllc nltjclgtllr`l ol`lwlrflrs fklzlg vhhr llg jg`lrl wlrfnlvlr, `l ol`lwlrflrs`kl `l hrnjgksjtkl trhuw dckivlg, zklg `kt jccls olt cl`l hnlg jjg. @l spkrkt kg blt nlblcl dl`rkia kscjjn.

Blt lrvjrlg vjg pjsskl vhhr `l hp`rjmbt ckift nllg jdshcutl vhhrwjjr`l vhhr llg tljo olt llgukt`jnlg`l hp`rjmbt. Pblhrltksmb fjg llg tljo zkmb llg `hlc stlcclg lg `jt ‒hp fjrjftlr‛ vhcdrlg-nlg. Nlzklg lmbtlr l hgvlroki`djrl smburkgn tusslg tljocl`lg kl zkmb vhhr`hlt kg llg tljo jtcjgnlrl tki` sjolg vhhr ukt`jnkgnlg lg dlprhlvkgnlg nlstlc` whr`t, blcpt blt jcs tlgokgstl llg`llc vjg `l tljocl`lg pjsskl lrvjjrt hp llg zh`jgknl ojgklr `jt jg`lrl tljocl`lg zkmb bklr`hhrfugglg cjtlg lgtbhuskjsolrlg:5=.

Dlsmbhuwkgn

Ujsskl ” dlcjgn ” `hlc

Kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg blt vlrsmbkigslc ‒pjsskl‛ kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos fhot gjjr vhrlg `jt lr kgshooknl tljos llg sjolgbjgn nlzklg lg nlvhlc` whr`t tusslg pjsskl lg `hlc. Blt ‒dlcjgn‛ `jt

vhhrtfhot ukt `l pjsskl whr`t prlngjgt zh`rj llg lknlg `hlc vlr`l`kn` ohlt whr`lg kg `l kgtlr-jmtkl olt jg`lrlg, `kl olt `lzlca`l drhgglg ohnlckif klts jg`lrs wkcclg dlwlrfstlccknlg.

–Pbl lxkstlgml ha `kvlrskty johgn buojgs clj`s th mcustlrkgn ha kg`kvkùjcs ha ckfl okg` jg` purphsl th pursul tblkr sbjrl` kgtlrlsts. lrl jcc nrhups tbl sjol kg lvlry rlnjr`, `kaalrlgtkjtkhgjrhug` kgtlrlsts jg` vjculs whuc` ght dl phsskdcl, jg` kt whuc` dl oumb ohrl kamuct th kvk`l up

tbhsl tjsfs rlqukrl` ahr tbl survkvjc ha j systlo js j wbhcl. ^bkcl tblsl kaalrlgmls jrl kophrtjgt,tbly bjvl oljgkgn hgcy dlmjusl ha tbl skokcjrktkls tbjt jcsh lxkst jg` prhvk`l j djsks ahr mhcclmtkvllg`ljvhur.‟ :50

@kvlrsktlkt dkgglg blt tljo bllat ollrwjjr`l jcs mhgtrjst olt `l hvlrllgfhostlg, vlrsmbkcclgzkig lr `jgfzki hvlrllgfhostlg. Dkgglg `l tljos dlstjjt llg vlc` vjg nl`llc`l dlcjgnlg hoblt `hlc tl rljckslrlg. @jg `rkgnt `l vrjjn zkmb hp bhl kg`kvkùlcl lg tljo`hlclg, kg`kvkùlcl lgtljodlcjgnlg zkmb vlrbhu`lg. Lg wjt zklg wl vjg `jjrukt kg `l rlcjtkl tusslg blt tljodlcjgn lgblt dlcjgn vjg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl nldlurlg8 Bhl dlègvchl`lg `l pjsskl lg blt `hlc `lkgtlrjmtkl olt `l honlvkgn8

:5= ]mbukit, :;;;, pn :1

:50 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :;4



;:


Kg`kvkùlcl lg tljo`hlclg

Kg `l hpfckoolg`l rllfs kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg ” tljo`hlclg ” hrnjgksjtkl`hlclg zhu il vlrwjmbtlg`jt kl`lrl dltrhfflgl zkmb kg llrstl kgstjgtkl, ha kg kl`lr nlvjc hp lgkn oholgt, dlwust vlrdkg`t

olt zkig ha bjjr lknlg `hlclg. @jt dckift kg `l tljos lmbtlr gklt jctki` blt nlvjc. Bhlwlc olgslg vlrhg`lrstlc` whr`lg kgtlgtkhgllc bjg`lclg`l wlzlgs tl zkig:5<, zkig vlrsmbkcclg`l tljocl`lg zkmbgklt dlwust vjg bug lknlg `hlclg, lg strlvlg zki `lzl `hlclg zh`hlg`l hhf gklt jmtkla gj. Ykistrholg olt blt tljo oll. Kg vllc nlvjcclg scukt zh‛g tljock` jjg hp blt tljo`hlc lg vlrblat `jttht zkig kg`kvkùlcl `hlc. Ks ‒lrdki bhrlg‛ bklr okssmbklg bug (hgdlwustl) `hlc8 Jg`lrl tljocl`lgcjtlg bllc ùk`lckif olrflg `jt zki lknlg `hlclg blddlg, lg olt gjol `l `lclg `jjrvjg `kl jjg-scuktlg hp ha rjflg jjg blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc fholg gjjr vhrlg. Kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg `kltlnlgnlstlc` nlrkmbt zkig, dckivlg ollstjc zh cjgn ohnlckif duktlg dllc`.]blrka :51 ùk`t tlg jjgzklg vjg sjolgwlrfkgn tusslg nrhlplg hp blt dlcjgn vjg drl`lrl `hlcstlc-ckgnlg `jg llg nrhlp jccllg fjg rljckslrlg. Bltzlca`l nlc`t okigs kgzklgs vhhr sjolgwlrfkgn tus-slg tljocl`lg. jggllr il wëët jt il jg`lrlg gh`kn bldt, jt iki jccllg blt `hhr ihu nlwlgstl hlc

gklt fugt gllrzlttlg, whr`t sjolgwlrflg ojfflckiflr.Hg`jgfs blt llr`lr dljrnuolgtllr`l dlcjgn vhhr blt tljosummls lg blt wlrfpclzklr vjg llg nl-ollgsmbjpplckif tljo`hlc jt sthlct kg nl`llc`l pjsskls, ks blt blddlg vjg llg nlollgsmbjpplckiftljo`hlc llg zlc`zjjo vlrsmbkigslc kg `l dlstu`llr`l tljos. Dkgglg NHU ckift lr, gj lgknl ijrlg,sprjfl tl zkig vjg llg lxpckmklt nlojjft lg nl`llc` `hlc, ojjr `l vrjjn ks jc nlstlc` bhl `klp `jt`hlc rlkftl. Blt nl`llc`l `hlc dckift gklt llgùk`kn nlahroucllr`, blt whr`t ollrvhrokn hpnl-

vjt. @lshg`jgfs dckiflg `l vlrsmbkcclg`l plrmlptkls lrvjg kg `l prjftkif thmb tl fugglg `klglgjcs nlzjolgckif rkmbtsghlr lg ohtkvjtkl. @l dlclvkgn llg nl`llc` `hlc tl blddlg ks okssmbklg jc

vhc`hlg`l lg ckift dlcjgnrkiflr `jg `l vrjjn ha `l plrmlptkls vjg blt `hlc hhf wlrflckif hvlrllg-fholg. Dkgglg `l jg`lrl hg`lrzhlfstljos ks `l dkg`kgn tusslg ja`lckgns`hlc lg kg`kvkùllc `hlcstlrflr `jg `l dkg`kgn olt blt tljo`hlc. Kg `l dltrlaalg`l sktujtkls spllct blt tljo, bjjr `hlclg `rkiavlrlg llg hg`lrnlsmbkftl rhc tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `l bkærjrmbksmbl ckig hrnjgksjtkl ” ja`lckgn

” kg`kvkù.

^jt llg nl`llc` `hlc `hlt…

Kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg blt NHU-tljo ks tl zklg wjt llg lghrol mrljtklfrjmbt lg bjr`blk` tlgjjgzklg vjg zwjrl hostjg`knbl`lg llg nlollgsmbjpplckif dlclla` `hlc fjg nlvlg. @l tljocl`lglrvjrlg stlug jjg lcfjjr, hhf dki zwjrl hostjg`knbl`lg jcs llg gjmbt ‒`hhrtrlfflg‛, lg stjjg jjr-`hhr ollr ‒bug ojggltil‛ kg kg`kvkùlcl mhgarhgtjtkls olt `l duktlgwlrlc`. Frjmbtlgdug`lckgnlg blt dlguttlg vjg `kvlrsktlkt whr`lg ohnlckif. Bkrsmbbhrg zlnt `jjrhvlr

–Ulhpcl mhol jckvl wblg tbly allc sjvl.‟:5>

Llg dlpjjc`l vhro vjg vlkcknblk` tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `l duktlgwlrlc`, `l hrnjgksjtkl, `jt ks wjttljocl`lg kg blt tljo vkg`lg. @jt ojjft `jt zl zkmb stlrflr vhlclg, zkmb lxpckmkltlr gjjr `kl duk-tlgwlrlc` ùrvlg uktlg. @l jjgllgscuktkgn vjg tljocl`lg dltlflgt tlnlckiflrtki` lmbtlr hhf llgzlflrl jascuktkgn gjjr jccls wjt zkmb duktlg blt tljo dlvkg`t, zhjcs wl hhf ghn zucclg zklg dki jg`l-rl tbloj‛s jcs ‒dkg`kgn‛ lg ‒kg- lg uktscuktkgn‛ (`l bhha`stufflg < rlsplmtklvlckif 2). NHU strjjct ukt‒^ki blddlg llg hlc, jt njjg wki rljckslrlg‛. Klts stlvknlr nlstlc`9 ‒@jt wjt hgs tlnlgbhu`t, ohlt

:5< Nk``lgs, kg Ougtlrs lt jc, :;2<, pn 4< - 41

:51 ]blrka, 455:, pn 12

:5> Bkrsmbbhrg,:;22, pn 4=



;4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

hpzki‛. Blt tljo whr`t `jjroll okg`lr vlr`rjjnzjjo, okg`lr nlrkmbt hp nlollgsmbjpplckifblk`lg sjolgwlrflg olt jg`lrl `lclg vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl, `kl plr `lgktkl llg (wjt) jg`lr `hlc bld-dlg. Llg nlcuk` `jt dki NHU tl bhrlg ks, ks ‒ l ohltlg puur dckivlg kg hgs hlc, wl ohltlg zhrnlg

`jt gklojg` hgs `jjrkg vlrwjtlrt. Jg`lrs zucclg wl bùg dlcjgnlg gjstrlvlg kg pcjjts vjg `kl vjghgszlca ‛. ]oktb & Dlrn dlsmbrkivlg blt vlrsmbkigslc `jt bklr zkmbtdjjr ks9

–Js tbks typl ha tbkgfkgn nrhws, nrhups dlnkg th `lprkvl tbloslcvls ha tbl mjpjmkty th ug`lrstjg`htblrs jg` tbus `kokgksb tblkr mjpjmkty th ug lrstjg` slca , ahr tbl oljgkgns ha slca jg` htblr`lrkvl arho tbl sjol shurml. Pbks mymcl jcsh dckg`s ljmb nrhup th bhw kts jmtkhgs mhgtrkdutl thtbl rlcjtkhgsbkp js j wbhcl jg` `kokgksbls tbl nrhup‛s jdkckty th ug`lrstjg`, jg` mjst kg jg ja-

rojtkvl cknbt, tbl j`jptjtkhgs kt oust ojfl th ckvl oljgkgnauccy kg j whrc` phpucjtl` dy htblr nrhups.‟ :52

@l ahmus vjg llg nl`llc` `hlc zhu hhf llg sglcclrl dlscuktvhrokgn tht nlvhcn fugglg bld-dlg. Dkgglg blt NHU-tljo ks lmbtlr nllg sprjfl vjg llg sglccl lg `hlctrlaalg`l dlscuktvhrokgn.

lcckmbt `hhr`jt `l vkskl gklt `hhrvlrtjjc` ks gjjr mhgmrltl pcjgglg (dkivhhrdllc` phrtlalukccls)dkgglg blt tljo8 Llg tljock` sunnlrllrt hhf nldrlf jjg clk`lrsmbjp jcs ohnlckifl hhrzjjf.

Kg `l jg`lrl hg`lrzhmbtl tljos ks zkmbtdjjr `jt blt hgtdrlflg vjg llg nl`llc` `hlc arjnolgtj-tkl tht nlvhcn bllat. @krlmt nlfhpplc` jjg vlrsmbkcclg`l kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg stlflg vlrsmbkcclg`ldlcjgnlg `l fhp hp, vjjf `hhr phcktklfl smbkigdlwlnkgnlg dl`lft. Lr whr`t ollr phcktklf splcdl`rlvlg. jg`lcnjgnlghvlrcln lg nlclnlgblk`smhjcktkls zkig bklr syoptholg vjg.

@l hg`lrzhlfstljos nl`rjnlg zkmb llr`lr jcs llg sjolgstlc vjg llgckgnlg, olt kl`lr bug lknlgjnlg`j. Frjmbtlgdug`lckgn vkg`t dki nlclnlgblk` pcjjts, wjggllr `jjr kg`kvkùllc vhhr`llc olldlbjjc` fjg whr`lg. Hg`lrzhlf gjjr mhjcktklvhrokgn nllat jjg `jt twll ohtklvlg dki hg`lrbjg-`lckgn bklrhvlr llg rhc splclg9 blt dlvhr`lrlg vjg lknlgdlcjgn lg blt dlrlkflg vjg llg llrckifl

vlr`lckgn vjg ok``lclg:5;. Bklrdki ckift `l plrmlptkl vjg llg ‒llrckifl‛ vlr`lckgn lmbtlr nlfclur` tl whr`lg `hhr blt lknlgdlcjgn ::5. Jgjchhn bklroll ks blt wjjrsmbkigckif `jt hhf `l plrmlptkl vjgblt tljodlcjgn nlfclur` whr`t hhr blt lknlgdlcjgn vjg llg tljock`. Blt kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgn dckiftstlrflr tl zkig `jg blt tljodlcjgn, glt jcs uktlkg`lckif hhf dki blt NHU-tljo. ]lgnl lt jc.::: stlcclgbklrhvlr `jt wl ” bjg`lclg` vjgukt hgzl dlzhrn`blk` hvlr hgs wlcvjrlg ” hgzl dlcjgnlg tht bltuktlrstl zucclg vlr`l`knlg, `jt wl `jjrthl dlstjjg`l nl`rjnspjtrhglg stll`s hpgkluw uktsplclg,lg zh stll`s dlvlstkn` whr`lg kg wjt wl `hlg, bhl wl gjjr zjflg fkiflg.

Nl`llc` `hlc, nl`llc` dlcjgn8

Dkgglg jccl hg`lrzhlfstljos ks tl zklg, `jt lr llg mhodkgjtkl spllct vjg kg`kvkùlcl lg nlzjolgckifl `hlclg

lg ùs vjg dlcjgnlg. Kl`lr kg`kvkù bllat gjjst blt tljodlcjgn hhf lknlg dlcjgnlg, jctki`. Lg kl`lr tljock`bllat dkgglg blt tljodlcjgn splmklfl dlcjgnlg. Llg vhhrdllc`9 NHU bllat dlcjgn dki ohhkl hp`rjmbtlgvhhr wlrfmhgalrlgtkls. @l ajmkcktjthrs blddlg kl`lr llg dlcjgn ho dki `l spjgglg`stl lg ollst prlstknkluzlslsskls llg bhha`rhc kg `l wjmbt tl sclplg. @kl spjggkgn whr`t zkmbtdjjr zh`rj lr smbjjrstl jjg hp`rjmbtlghgtstjjt. @jg zkl il kgllgs ùk`lckif `jt ojmbtphsktkls llg sudtklcl ojjr dlcjgnrkifl rhc splclg.

Llg twll`l vhhrdllc`9 @l NHU-cl`lg `kl glt hg`lr blt gkvlju vjg `l ajmkcktjthrs augmtkhglrlg wkcclg `hhrnrhlklg gjjr `l cluflrl lg ollr prlstknkluzl rhc vjg ajmkcktjthr. Yl prjtlg lg pclktlg

:52 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :;0

:5; vjg Dllst, 455:

::5 vjg @kif & vjg Fgkpplgdlrn, 455>, pn 0;1

::: ]lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn ;



;=


glt zh cjgn tht`jt kg `l stjagn vjg slsskls hvlrnlnjjg whr`t vjg ùh- gjjr shch-ajmkcktlrlg lg zki`l rhc `krlmt gjjst `l ajmkcktjthr kg ohnlg vucclg. @jt ks gklt jctki` kg blt dlcjgn vjg `l fcjgt ha

vjg `l (llrstl) ajmkcktjthr, ojjr wlc vjg nrhht dlcjgn vhhr `l ihgnl njr`l ho hgtwkfflcrukotl tl

dlojmbtknlg. Hp bhnlr jdstrjmtklgkvlju ks bklr ùs wl`lnlckif sprjfl vjg llg nl`llc` `hlc ” llg vhhr `l fcjgt nlscjjn` lvlgt ”, ojjr tlnlckiflrtki` zklg wl hp mhgmrltlr gkvlju hhf tlnlgstrki`knlkg`kvkùlcl dlcjgnlg.

Fhrtho9 hg`lrbjg`lclg hvlr (ojmbts-)phsktkls ks jjg `l hr`l vjg `l `jn, jc blrflgglg `l tljo-cl`lg `kt zlca kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l kg blt nlbllc gklt. @lrnlckifl prhmlsslg hgttrlfflg zkmbdckifdjjr jjg blt hhn vjg `lnlgl `kl zlca kg blt hhn vjg `l sthro vjg kgtlrjmtkls zkt. Ha ks bltphcktklf okssmbklg hhf bjg`knlr blt gklt tl blrflgglg8 Jmbtlrja blrflgt Lccks `kt hg`lrbjg`lclghvlr (ojmbts-)phsktkls jcs ëëg vjg `l hhrzjflg vjg tki`rhvlg`l lg kglamkægtl tljovlrnj`lrkgnlgdki NHU.

Blt nrhtl vlrbjjc lg blt fclkgl@l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl bllat blt tljo olt llg `hlc dkillg nldrjmbt6 zki vlrvuct kg `kl zkg llgajmkcktlrlg`l rhc. Hhf dki tljos jcs NHU spllct `l hrnjgksjtkl llg `krlmt ajmkcktlrlg`l rhc, jccllgjc `hhr jccl tljocl`lg kg `klgst tl blddlg lg blt tljo `l ok``lclg tlr dlsmbkffkgn tl stlcclg honlwlc`knl lvlgts vhhr fcjgtlg tl hrnjgkslrlg. Hhf dki Ojx lg Ouctk dlstjjt lr llg `krlmtl augmtk-hglcl rlcjtkl tusslg blt tljo lg `l hrnjgksjtkl9 blt zkig ckigojgjnlrs `kl sjolg (llg `llc vjg) bltprkojkrl prhmls jjgsturlg.Dki Ouctk cknt blt tljo`hlc ” `l hg`lrglokgn dlsturlg ” okg ha ollr kg blt vlrclgn`l vjg kl`lrskg`kvkùlcl `hlc9 `l lknlg `kvkskl ha ja`lckgn rugglg, wjjroll gklt nlzln` ks `jt `kt ghhkt tht tl-nlgstrki`knl dlcjgnlg zjc clk`lg.Dki Ojx cknt `l sktujtkl lmbtlr mhopclxlr. Bklr ks koolrs sprjfl vjg llg hrnjgksjtkl`hlc, llg

tljo`hlc lg kl`lrs kg`kvkùlcl ja`lckgns`hlc. Bhlwlc zhwlc blt tljo`hlc jcs `l kg`kvkùlcl ja`l-ckgns`hlclg dl`hlc` zkig dki tl `rjnlg jjg blt hrnjgksjtkl`hlc, hgtstjjt arkmtkl tusslg dlk`l `hlclg,`hhr`jt blt dlbjclg vjg blt kg`kvkùlcl ja`lckgns`hlc olt llg stlvknl dhgus whr`t dlchhg`, lgblt tljo`hlc gklt. Blt hptkojckslrlg vjg blt lknlg ja`lckgnsrlsuctjjt ks `jjroll dlcjgnrkiflr `jgblt nlzjolgckif hptkojckslrlg vjg blt dl`rkiasrlsuctjjt. Llg `lrnlckifl ojtrkxvlrbhu`kgn tusslg`hlclg clk`t vhhr `l hrnjgksjtkl ùs tht llg hgnlwks frjmbtlgsplc kg blt tljo. Kg `kt nlvjc ks `ltlnlgstrki`knblk` `hhr `l `krlmtlur nlzklg lg zh nlcjtlg. Bki vkg`t mhopltlgtklstrki` llg guttknok``lc ho olgslg smblrp tl bhu`lg. Bki bllat `hlcdlwust nllg ohlktl nl`jjg ho tht llg blc-`lrl dlcjgnlgjadjflgkgn tl fholg.

Dki NHU cknt `kt ghn jg`lrs. Yhjcs kg `l `klptldlsmbrkivkgn dlsmbrlvlg, ks `kt llg nlsplmkjcksllr`tljo, `jt hplrllrt olt nrhtl jastjg` tht blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt9 kg llg uktbhlf vjg `l hrnjgksjtkllg kg llg uktbhlf vjg blt nldhuw. Blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt fhot bhhnst zlc`lg dki blt tljo hp`l wlrfvchlr, ijjr`hlclg whr`lg zhg`lr hvlrcln hpnlcln` lg zkig zukvlr gjgmkllc vjg jjr`. Ylblddlg (vhhr `l tljocl`lg) nllg lgflcl vlrdkg`kgn olt `l oksskl `kl hp `l mhrphrjtl wldsktl tlclzlg ks. Yhjcs tlg Bjvl lt jc::4 zkmb javrjnlg9 Fhot blt ‒nrhtl vlrbjjc‛ ” `jt wjt vjg bhnlrbjg`kg `l hrnjgksjtkl lg `l duktlgwlrlc` nlætjcllr` whr`t ” wlc hvlrllg olt blt ‒fclkgl vlrbjjc‛ ” `l`jnlckifsl prjftkif vjg kgtlrjmtkl8 Fchpplg `kl vlrbjclg ha vjct `l hrnjgksjtkl `hhr `l ojg` jcs ilgjjr blt bjg`lclg fkift8 Kgtlnrktlkt, hprlmbtblk` lg kgtlrlssl kg l jg`lr zkig bklrkg sclutlcajmthrlg.tlg Bjvl9

::4 tlg Bjvl lt jc, 4555, pn 12



;0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Blt nrhtl vlrbjjc ks sglc nlojjft9 blt ks vhhr llg hrnjgksjtkl nlojfflckif zkmb ukt tl sprlflgV…_ hvlr dkg`kgn jcs ojgjnlolgtprkhrktlkt. Ojjr blt fclkgl vlrbjjc… @jt dltlflgt jjg`jmbtvhhr `l zjflckifl lg lohtkhglcl jsplmtlg, vhhr dlcjgn vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl âg `l kg`kvk`ulcl ol`l-

wlrflr. Blt ks wltlg wjt `l hrnjgksjtkl ks lg gh`kn bllat.‟ Blt NHU-tljo vkg`t zlca `jt blt wlrft jjg dltlflgksvhccl rlsuctjtlg vhhr fcjgtlg lg bllat `jjr-oll blt nlvhlc ‒blt nrhtl vlrbjjc‛ vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl `jj`wlrflckif tl rljckslrlg. Lg zlflr, `kl`klgstlg ohnlg vjgwlnl bug bhnl thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vhhr `l fcjgt hhf nhl` dltjjc` whr`lg.Ojjr wlc kg `kl vhcnhr`l. Blt hpnlcln`l `hlc bllat zh`hlg`l nllg dltlflgks vhhr blt tljo, blt

vhlct jcs llg clnl bucs. Blt tljo wlg`t zkmb bklrvjg ja.

Kg systloksmb wlrf ks jcnlollg dlflg` `jt blt llg nlzjolgckif `hlc ks wjt ol`lwlrflrs dkg`t,lg `jt `l `jj`frjmbt ukt blt systllo wlnvchlkt wjggllr `kt `hlc ukt dllc` rjjft, ha jcs ‒trhldlc‛dlclla` whr`t::=. @l vlrdkg`kgn `kl lrvjrlg whr`t tusslg blt lknlg `hlc lg `jt vjg `l hrnjgksjtklha tljo dlpjjct blt vuur `jt vjgukt llg kg`kvk`u vhhr `kt hrnjgksjtklha tljo`hlc dlsmbkfdjjr ks.

Nlzklg blt dhvlgstjjg`l ks blt gklt vlrwhg`lrckif `jt NHU vhhr `hlclg fklst `kl jjgscuktlg hpbjjr lknlg nl`llc`l pjsskl.

Pwll clvlgs dkgglg NHU8

Bhl zkt blt gu olt `l twll clvlgs `kl zh zkmbtdjjr zkig dkgglg `l jmtkvktlktlg vjg NHU8 @l twllclvlgs cjtlg vlrsmbkcclg zklg kg shhrt ‒tjjf‛, lglrnkl lg dlzklckgn. Bhlwlc gklojg` vjg `l tljocl-`lg `kt ghlot, hdslrvllr kf `jt tljocl`lg bllc vlrsmbkcclg`l `lclg vjg zkmbzlca kgzlttlg kg dlk`ltljoclvlgs, `jt vlrsmbkcclg`l fwjcktlktlg vjg kl`lr tht dchlk fholg jabjgflckif vjg `l mhgtlxt.Llg jjgtjc NHU-cl`lg nlvlg kg bug vlrbjclg jjg olt gjol kg blt clvlg tusslg lvlgts tlnlgnl-stlc`l frjmbtlg lg jodknuètlkt tl lrvjrlg. Lr zkig, vhcnlgs Dlrn & ]oktb::0, vlrsmbkcclg`l ojgklrlg

wjjrhp llg tljo bklroll ho fjg njjg. Lëg ojgklr ks `jt l tljocl`lg prhdlrlg llg mhoprhokstl vkg`lg, llg ok``lg wjjrdki `l tlnlgstlcckgnlg vlr`wlglg ckiflg tl zkig. Llg `lrnlckif mho-prhoks trjmbt `l kgtlgsktlkt vjg `l tlnlgnlstlc`l frjmbtlg tl dlplrflg, ojjr vlrhhrzjjft olt `ldlplrfkgnlg hhf koohdkcktlkt, llg xjtkl hp llg sojc pj`. Blt mhoprhoks `wkgnt `jjroll `l

vktjcktlkt ukt blt tljo, ojjft blt Ihvkjjgs cjuwwjro. Nl`rjn jt jjg lzl hosmbrkivkgn vhc`hlt, kstl zklg kg blt clvlg ‒tusslg `l lvlgts ‛. @l NHU-cl`lg dlguttlg bug lglrnkl kg bug jg`lrl, vrkilrlhonlvkgn, tki`lgs `l lvlgts .

]jolgvjttkgn

Ujsskl dckift vhhrjc vhhr NHU llg dlcjgnrkif lclolgt9 jt wjt il `rkiat, lg wjjrvjg il klts tlrun wkct

vkg`lg kg blt tljo`hlc. Pljocl`lg blddlg dlcjgn dki `l dlclvkgn vjg llg nl`llc` `hlc9 sjolgllg nrhlp zkig, blt sjolgwlrflg dltlflgks nlvlg jjg il wlrf, vlkcknblk`, kojnh. Blt lrvjrlg vjgllg nl`llc` `hlc nllat nlollgsmbjpplckifblk`. Ha `l plrmlptkls vjg blt `hlc hhf wlrflckif hvlr-llgfholg whr`t gklt gjnlnjjg. Olt `l kccuskl::< ks olg tlvrl`lg. Hg`jgfs blt dlcjgn lrvjg vhhrblt tljorlsuctjjt ks llg nl`llc` `hlc zlc`zjjo.

::= Ujrrl lg @l`lg, 455>, hgnlguoolr`

::0 Dlrn & ]oktb, :;;<, pn :4<

::< Kccuskls zkig `hhr dltrhfflglg nlmhgstrullr`l vlrbjclg `kl gklt nlthltst whr`lg lg `kl sktujtkls, vhhrvjcclg lg

hostjg`knbl`lg vhhr blg bjgtllrdjjr ojflg.



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Llg nl`llc` `hlc ks ” zlflr kg `l tki` ” jjg vlrsmbukvkgn hg`lrblvkn. Blt ks zh`hlg`l hg`lrwlrp vjg hg`lrbjg`lckgn lg ojmbtsphsktkls splclg llg rhc. Hhf `l honlvkgn vjg blt tljo zjc zkmb gkltjctki` hgdltukn` cjtlg kg `kt ojmbtsplc. @lgf dkivhhrdllc` jjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur dhvlg Ojx,

`kl blt tljo zkmb fjpht cklt vlmbtlg.Bhlwlc olgslg vlrhg`lrstlc` whr`lg kgtlgtkhgllc bjg`lclg`l wlzlgs tl zkig, zkig vlrsmbkcclg`ltljocl`lg zkmb gklt dlwust vjg bug lknlg `hlclg lg strlvlg zl `lzl `hlclg zh`hlg`l hhf gkltjmtkla gj. Yki strholg olt blt tljo oll.

Pljocl`lg wlg`lg bug kgvchl` (ojmbt) jjg ho blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc kg bug dlcjgn jjgtl pjsslg, ollr ‒lknlg‛ tl ojflg. @lzl dlwlnkgn stjjt kg mhgtrjst olt `l vlrhg`lrstlc`l nlollg-smbjpplckifblk`. Blt hg`lrbjg`lclg vrjjnt vllc lglrnkl lg jjg`jmbt6 `kt njjt tlg fhstl vjg `lscjnvjjr`knblk` vjg blt tljo.

Blt blo` ks gj`lr `jg `l rhf9 Blt plrshhgckifl `hlc ks uktlkg`lckif jctki` stlrflr `jg blt `hlc vjgllg tljo, wjt il koolrs `llct olt ‒rlcjtklvl‛ vrllo`lg, lg wjt jctki` llg hg`lrbjg`lckgnsrlsuc-

tjjt ks. @l hg`lrzhlfstljos cjtlg zklg `jt tljocl`lg kg bug bjg`lclg tlg `klpstl nl`rlvlg whr-`lg `hhr kg`kvkùllc dlcjgn, jmtkla ha pjsskla. @kl fluzl cjtlg zl lmbtlr cjgn gklt jctki` hplgckifdckiflg.

@l fluzl ho kgtlgskla sjolg tl wlrflg olt jg`lrlg bllat nrhtl nlvhcnlg vhhr `l bjg`lckgns-rukotl vjg blt kg`kvkù. Llg nl`llc` `hlc bllat vlrwjmbtkgnlg vjg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn tht nl-

vhcn. Hvlr `kl vlrwjmbtkgnlg hgtstjjg kg hg`lrbjg lckgn tljoghrolg. Jabjgflckif vjg l `hok-gjgtl mhjcktkl lg ihuw rlcjtkl `jjroll zkig `kl ghrolg ollr ha okg`lr fglcclg`. @lzl ghrolgdlplrflg gklt jccllg blt kg`kvkù, ojjr hhf `l ohnlckifl vjrkjtkl kg blt hptrl`lg vjg blt tljogjjr duktlg thl. @jjroll vlrcklst blt tljo jjg ohnlckifbl`lg. Plnlckiflrtki` hgtstjjt lr `hhr `lhgtwkfflckgn vjg nl`rjnsghrolg hhf strhhockigkgn, llg mhgskstlgt lg `jjr`hhr ‒dltrhuwdjjr‛

tljonl`rjn.Bklr whr`t llg dhvlg- lg llg hg`lrstrhho kg `l kgtlrjmtkl dkgglg blt tljo zkmbtdjjr9 kg `l dh-

vlgstrhho smbkfflg tljocl`lg zkmb kg wjt `l nrhlp dlscukt ha hpclnt, kg `l hg`lrstrhho strlvlgzki (ollstjc gklt dlwust) kg`kvkùlcl bjg`lckgnsrukotl lg `l rljcksjtkl vjg bug lknlgdlcjgn gj.

Qhhr shooknl tljocl`lg ks `l dhvlgstrhho blc`lr lg lxpckmklt. Yki blddlg ùk`lckifl `hlclg vhhr hnlg lg wkcclg vjg `jjrukt `l dhvlgstrhho kg blt tljo dlègvchl`lg. Jg`lrlg cjtlg zkmbollr ollvhlrlg hp `l strhho `kl zkmb jjg blg vhhr`hlt.

Olt llg nl`llc`l pjsskl hgtstjjt jc sglc nl`rjn `jt blt k`ljjc wkc dlsmblrolg lg `jjroll jasmblr-olg` wlrft gjjr `l honlvkgn. Llg nl`llc` `hlc dkg`t tljocl`lg lg scukt jg`lrlg ukt6 kgvchl`lgukt `l honlvkgn whr`lg janlwllr`.

Arkmtkl tusslg tljo`hlc lg `hlclg kg `l honlvkgn whr`t `hhr tljocl`lg lrvjrlg jcs vjg hg`lrnl-smbkft dlcjgn. Jcs llg tljo zkmb gklt kg `l hpnlcln`l `hlclg fjg vkg`lg zjc zl zkmb lr vjg jawlg-`lg ho bjjr lknlg pjsskl ukt tl clvlg. Hhf `jt whr`t gklt lxpckmklt nlojjft kg `l dhvlgstrhhogjjr lcfjjr ha gjjr `l hrnjgksjtkl.

@l NHU-cl`lg fhlstlrlg `hhr ok``lc vjg bug pjsskl blt hg`lrsmblk` olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnj-gksjtkl. Yl vlrnrhtlg `jjroll `l fchha tusslg blgzlca lg `l mhgtlxt. @l auslrlg`l hrnjgksjtkl

vlrjg`lrt kg blt vhronlvkgnsprhmls, lg NHU-cl`lg hgttrlfflg zkmb `jjr ghn lvlg jjg. Yh frki-nlg zl llg nlèshcllr`l phsktkl dkgglg llg jcs vkijg`knl lrvjrlg honlvkgn. NHU whr`t llg ojr-nkgjcl mcud `kl blt kg `kl nrhtl dhzl duktlgwlrlc` nhl` ukt fjg bhu`lg `hhr (`l plrmlptkl vjg)



;1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

llg nlzjolgckif dlcjgn lg tlvrl`lgblk` hvlr `l lknlg plrahrojgml. @kt nlvhlc vjg mhblskl nllat vlkcknblk` lg mhoahrt. Blt dlvlstknt `l cl`lg kg blt lknlg nlckif. Llg sjolgsplc vjg l twll ollstdjsjcl lohtkls9 ckla`l lg jgnst.



;>

@llc KK B <

Dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkamjtkl9 `l gjvlcstrlgn

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf

Kg `l `rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos zkig `kvlrsl prhmlsslg vjg k`lgtkmjtkl lg vhrolg vjg dkg`kgn zkmbt-djjr. Bhl whr`t `kt kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos dlclla`8 Kgtlrlssjgt ks tl hg`lrzhlflg bhl `l shmkjclk`lgtktlkt lg plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg hp lcfjjr kgwlrflg lg wlcfl dltlflgksslg jjg lzl k`lgtktlk-tlg whr`lg thlnlflg`. ^lcfl hpvjcclg`l flgolrflg blddlg `lzl k`lgtkmjtklprhmlsslg jcs il lrjcs duktlgstjjg`lr gjjr fkift8

Bhl NHU zkmbzlca dlcllat

‒]hmkjcl k`lgtktlkt‒ ha ‒dlsla vjg nrhlpsckòjjtsmbjp‛ whr`t kg `l cktlrjtuur hosmbrlvlg jcs9

–Jg kg`kvkùjc‛s fghwcl`nl tbjt bl hr sbl dlchgns th j mlrtjkg shmkjc mjtlnhry, sbjrl shol lohtkhgjckgvhcvlolgt kg tbks mhoohg lgktkhg wktb tblsl htblrs, jg` jmbklvl shol lnrll ha shmkjc mhgslgsusjdhut tbl lvjcujtkhg ha tblkr nrhup jg` tblkr olodlrsbkp kg kt.‟ ::1

Hatlwlc9 il rljcksllrt il `jt il jcs tljock` `llc ukt ojjft vjg llg nrhlp lg il nllat `jjr vhhr ilzlcadltlflgks jjg.

Plrunfkiflg` hp NHU ks `kt tljo okssmbklg wlc blt dlstl tl ‒tlflglg‛ jcs

^l zkig llg bjr`wlrflg`l mcud, olt llg nlollgsmbjpplckif hlc ho il vhhr kg tl zlttlg. Kl`lrllg ks455% chyjjc jjg blt tljodlcjgn, wl blddlg wlkgkn rukotl gh`kn vhhr hgszlca.

^ki zkig klts splmkjjcs, wl `hlg lmbt ajgtåstksmbl `kgnlg vhhr fcjgthrnjgksjtkls! Hgzl mhcclnj‛sdlnrkiplg gklt lmbt wjt wki hlg. Pij, jt ks nlwhhg zh. l zkig llg dlltil wlrfvlrscjja`, ojjr jtks gklt lrn jcs il klts bllc dkizhg`lrs `hlt6 `jt vhlct lknlgckif dlst wlc sthlr! ^l zkig ‒llg vrklg`lgmcud‛. Lr ks nllg nrhlp mhcclnj‛s dkgglg `kt dl`rkia `kl blt zh nhl` olt lcfjjr bllat.

^l zkig lmbtl `hlglrs, wl zkig nlrkmbt hp `l fhrtl tlrokig6 `lgflg ks shos gh`kn, ojjr `jg fhotlr gkfs ukt il bjg`lg. Lg =-`jjnsl lvlgts zkig ‒blt lmbtl‛9 gjmbtlg `ýýrdluflg lg blt hgohnlckifl

gllrzlttlg! @jjrdki9 kl`lr lvlgt ks blt dlstl `jt wl hhkt `l`lg!

@lzl hosmbrkivkgn vjg `l tljok`lgtktlkt ks wjt fhrt `hhr `l dhmbt, fjrkfjturjjc lg lgknszkgs ‒by-plr‛. Plnlckiflrtki` nllat blt kg lsslgtkl wllr wjt lrvjrlg lg olt lcfjjr gllrnlzlt whr`t9 lr sprllft`l vlrdkg`kgn ukt kl nlvhlc` whr`t, l hprlmbtl lg kgtlgsl pjsskl vhhr blt wlrf, lg hhf l wjgngêêr lg våg l mhcclmtkvktlkt. Bklroll ks l rlcjtkl tusslg (tljo)k`lgtktlkt lg dkg`kgn vhhr NHU nl-smbltst. Kl`lr kg`kvkùllc tljock` zjc `lzl nlzjolgckifl ‒shmkjcl k`lgtktlkt‛ glt klts jg`lrs lrvjrlg,stll`s vjgukt zkig ha bjjr lknlg rlalrlgtklfj`lr nlfclur`. Gjjst blt dhvlgnlsmbltstl luahrksmbl

::1 Pjialc, :;21, pn :<



;2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

dllc` zkig frktksmbl gujgmls, hg`lrstrholg kg `l tljok`lgtktlkt, bhhrdjjr. Qlrsmbkcclg`l tljocl-`lg dlghlolg `kt kg `l kgtlrvklws, dkivhhrdllc`9

blt lrvjrlg vjg ojmbhnl`rjn, `l `hokgjgtkl vjg lgflcl tljocl`lg6

llg `llc vjg `kt tljo bhhrt dki okig vrklg`lgmcud, llg jg`lr `llc gklt6blt lrvjrlg vjg nldrlf jjg plrshhgckifl `klpnjgn, wjjr`hhr blt iukst gïlt jcs il vrklg`lgmcud vhlct6blt lrvjrlg vjg nldrlf jjg rllmtkl, prhalsskhglcl `klpnjgn, wjjr`hhr lr gjuwlckifs nlcllr`

whr`t6blt lrvjrlg vjg nldrlf jjg zhrnzjjoblk` vhhr lcfjjr.

Qlrdkg`kgn olt `l drl`lrl mhgtlxt

Llg kg`kvkù ojjft jctki` llc ukt vjg ollr`lrl shmkjcl mhgtlxtlg. Gjjst tljock` dlg il hhf ol`l- wlrflr vjg l hrnjgksjtkl, ohl`lr, hmbtlr, vrklg`kg, ck` vjg llg sphrtmcud, lt mltlrj. @l dlclvkgn vjg `l ckòjjtsmbjpplg vjg `lzl shmkjcl mhgtlxtlg dlègvchl`lg lcfjjr. Yh fug il dki NHU bllc

ùk`lckif olrflg (vhhrjc bhrlg) `jt tljocl`lg vlrsmbkcclg`l vlrdkg`kgnlg lrvjrlg olt `l hrnj-gksjtkl wjjr blt tljo hg`lr`llc vjg ks. @kl vlrsmbkcclg`l dlclvkgnlg dlègvchl`lg blt kg`kvkùlcltljockòjjtsmbjp, lg `jjroll hhf `l `kvlrsktlkt kg ‒wkl wl zkig‛ jcs tljo. ]hooknl tljocl`lgblddlg dkivhhrdllc` hhf hhn vhhr blt dlcjgn vjg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl, jg`lrlg vkg`lg`jt `jjr lknlgckif nllg rlflgkgn oll bhlat tl whr`lg nlbhu`lg. @kvlrsktlkt thhgt zkmb hp vlcl

vcjfflg.

Dki jccl NHU-cl`lg ks llg nrhht vlrsmbkc zkmbtdjjr tusslg `l dkg`kgn olt ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl T&^lg `kl olt blt tljo9 wl lrvjrlg zhg`lr uktzhg`lrkgn nrhtl jastjg` tht `l hrnjgksjtkl. @rkl tljo-cl`lg vlrvucclg `lshg`jgfs rhcclg kg `kl hrnjgksjtkl. @l tljoojgjnlr vlrvuct zkig ahrolcl rhcjcs vlrtlnlgwhhr`knlr vjg blt tljo gjjr blt bhnlrl ojgjnlolgt. @hhr `l sjolgchhp vjg tl-

nlgzkg lg hghgtfhhodjjrblk` vjg `lzl rhc ks `kt llg rhc tlnlg wkc lg `jgf. Pwll jg`lrl tljo-cl`lg vlrvucclg vrkiwkccknl rhcclg9 kg `l HT rlsplmtklvlckif kg llg gltwlrf lg llg wlrfnrhlp hp`krlmtklgkvlju.@l jcnlolgl lrvjrkgn vjg `l rlcjtkl olt `l hrnjgksjtkl `hhr tljocl`lg ks lr ëëg vjg jastjg` lgzkmb jazlttlg9 ‒Yl dlnrkiplg thmb gklt wjt wl hlg‛. @jt sthlct hp bllc mhgmrltl lrvjrkgnlg. Lgflcl

vhhrdllc`lg9 Jcs lr vhhr lvlgts tht cjjt `hhrnlwlrft ohlt whr`lg, vjjf tht 4 uur ‛s gjmbts, `jgohltlg blolc lg jjr`l dlwhnlg whr`lg ho tht `kl tki` kg blt nldhuw tl fugglg dckivlg lg blt

wlrf ja tl ojflg. Jcs lr llg nrhlp vjg 1< plrshglg `llcgllot jjg llg lvlgt, `jg ohnlg zl bugjuth gklt kg `l pjrfllrnjrjnl hg`lr blt nldhuw pjrflrlg, hhf jc ks `jjr vhc`hlg`l rukotl, ‒ho-`jt `l nrhlp tl nrhht zhu zkig‛. Blt tljo plrmkpkllrt bklr`hhr llg stlvkn hgdlnrkp vjgukt `l lknlghrnjgksjtkl tlg jjgzklg vjg bjjr wlrfwkizl lg kgzlt. Blt ohlt stll`s wllr pclktlg ho ‒nlwhhg‛

bjjr wlrf tl fugglg `hlg. Lg hhf kg `l `krlmtl dlchgkgn ks `jtzlca`l hgdlnrkp vhlcdjjr9 `l cjgnl wlrf`jnlg whr`lg vhhr `l iugkhr tljocl`lg olt llg dlplrftl tlnlohltfhokgn vlrnhl`, dki `lslgkhrlg whr`t vlrwjmbt `jt llg wlrfwllf vjg :45 uur dki llg lvlgt hg`lr `l ghrojcl wlrftki`lg

vjct. Nlghlo`l vhhrdllc`lg syodhckslrlg `l nlvhlc`l jastjg` tusslg tljo lg ohl`lrhrnjgksj-tkl. Llg gkluw tljock` vlrwhhr`t `lzl jastjg` tusslg tljo lg hrnjgksjtkl jcs `l vlrdkgtlgks `kl lrgklt thl ckift tl `hlg9

Blcclg9 –^jt kf gklt bj` fugglg dlvrhl`lg, wjt kf bld ohltlg lrvjrlg, ks V…_ `jt NHUllg nrhlp olgslg ks, nrhtlg`llcs kg `kt nlvjc, `kl zkmb blclojjc gklt `ruf ojflg vhhr wjt vhhrhrnjgksjtkl zl wlrflg, wjjr zl hg`lr`llc vjg zkig, býë zl `jjr hg`lr`llc vjg wkcclg zkig, wjt `jt

dltlflgt. V…_

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;;

DKG@KGN LG K@LGPKAKMJPKL9 @L GJQLC]PTLGN

Yl blddlg zkmb janlsmblro`. Blt ks gklt llg dlwust prhmls `lgf kf vjg lcfl `jn dlzkn zkig ho ilja tl smblrolg, blt ks zh nlnrhlk` lg kl`lrllg ks `jjr tlvrl`lg oll hp `l ëëg ha jg`lrl ojgklr. @jt`kl vlrdkgtlgks lr gklt thl `hlt, `jt ks llg blcl dkizhg`lrl.‟

Llg jg`lrl kccustrjtkl vjg jastjg` whr`t nlnlvlg `hhr `l tljoojgjnlr, jafhostkn ukt Glsth. Bki vhlct zkmb nlsmbhaallr` `hhr `l dlbjg`lckgn `kl bki skg`s `l hvlrgjol vjg Tkx&^jlc lg Glsthlrvjjrt9

Arjgs9 –Lg jcs il (kg`lrtki` dki Glsth) `hhr `l njgnlg cklp,… Iki wjs ëëg vjg `l pjrtglrs vjg

`l ojjtsmbjp `kl `hhr `l njgnlg cklp. Bklr… Qhcnlgs oki flgt Bjgs (`l jcnlollg `krlmtlurvjg T&^) ol gklt llgs ollr. Kf bld ëëg fllr olt blo nlsprhflg lg `jt ks thlg wl (jcs Glsth)vlrfhmbt wlr`lg. Lg skg`s`klg bld kf blo ghhkt ollr nlzklg. Kf bld vhhr ‛t llrst ^kcarl` ^kttlr

nlzklg. Kf wkst gklt llgs `jt `kl dlsthg`. Hhf llg `krlmtklck`, dckifdjjr.‟ V…_ –Lg dki T&^,jcs il gklt kg `jt nrhlpil ojgjnlrs zkt, wllt il nllg zjf ollr. Qjgja blt oholgt `jt kf bklr dlg

nlfholg… Ihb, kf wkst blclojjc gkfs ollr. Il wllt gklt bhl blt njjt, bhl `l dlzlttkgn ks, wjt `l

`ksmusskls zkig, bhl `l rlsuctjtlg zkig… Jccls ks nlwhhg wln! Lg il frkint wlc tl bhrlg bhl ha il ildhgus uktnlrlkft frkint. Pbjt‛s kt. Ollr bhla il gklt tl wltlg.‟

Dki Glsth ks `lzl ojgjnlr jctki` klojg` nlwllst `kl ‒nlzklg‛ wlr`, gu ks bki wln ukt `kl dlvhhr-rlmbtl frkgn. Bki whr`t gklt ollr nlzklg, lg zklt zlca gklt ollr. Bki fjg zkmb gklt olt `l gkluwlsktujtkl k`lgtkmlrlg. Kg `l ijrlg `krlmt gj `kt kgtlrvklw hdslrvllr kf `jjrgjjst `jt bki zlca hhf

wlkgkn mhgtjmt olt `l hrnjgksjtkl zhlft. Kg `lzl plrkh`l oki`t bki vlrnj`lrkgnlg ‒t cklast, tlrwkicbki `jjr vllc gkluwl mhcclnj‛s fjg clrlg flgglg, zlca wllr lgtrll fjg ojflg, lg gkluws fjg bhrlg,

wjt jcclojjc tht llg stlrflrl dltrhfflgblk` clk`t. Qhhr blo ks `l wlrflckifblk` lmbtlr `jt `l hr-njgksjtkl blo gklt ollr zklt stjjg. Bki bllat zkmb tlrunnltrhfflg, lg nllat kg uktsprjflg ùk`lckifjjg `jt lr llg lohtkhglcl drluf ks olt `l drl`lrl mhgtlxt ::>.

@krlmt vhhrjanjjg` jjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l ks Tkx&^jlc nlausllr` olt Glsth. @lzl hvlrgjollrvjrlg ol`lwlrflrs hp z‛g dlst jcs ‒dlpjjc` gklt hptkojjc‛. Lr ks llg ajgtjstksmb nhl`l zhrn vhhr`l kgtlnrjtkl vjg systlolg (wl frkinlg dkivhhrdllc` nlfclur`l cljlts tbuks hvlr l kgtlnrjtkl vjg ltlclahhgsystlolg), ojjr `l kgtlnrjtkl vjg olgslg ohlt zkmbzlca smbkfflg::2. Flgolrflg` vhhrllg hrnjgksjtkl `kl z‛g whrtlcs kg `l tlmbgklf bllat!Blt NHU-tljo fhot vjg hhrsprhgn ukt `l Glsth-nlcl`lrlg. Nlùrlg`l `l nlblcl hdslrvjtklpl-rkh`l zkig `l hu`-Glsth-ol`lwlrflrs dkgglg NHU kg `l ollr`lrblk` nlwllst. @l rhuw hvlr blt

vlrckls vjg bug hu`l shmkjcl k`lgtktlkt hp hrnjgksjtklgkvlju bllat vhhr dlk`l dchl`nrhlplg nrhtlkgvchl` hp kl`lrs lrvjrkgn vjg l gkluwl nlzjolgckifl shmkjcl k`lgtktlkt vjg blt tljo. Hg`lrstjjgàrjnolgt vjg llg tljock` jafhostkn ukt hu`-Tkx&^jlc nllat klts jjg vjg wjt lr, vjgukt bjjr dckf-

vlc`, tusslg `l tljocl`lg spllct9

Lccks9 –Lg wjt ol hhf hpvklc, … V…_ `jt lr vllc olgslg `l auskl nlwhhg gklt cluf blddlg nlvhg`lg. Qhcnlgs oki bj``lg wki dltlr Tkx&^jlc fugglg dckivlg lg Glsth bj` dltlr Glsthfugglg dckivlg. Ê cj, blt ks nldlur`, lg wl fugglg lr gkfs ollr oll `hlg, lg wl fugglg lr jccllg ojjr blt dlstl vjg ojflg lg lcfjjr rlsplmtlrlg lg nhl` oll`hlg. V…_ Dkgglg NHU olrftlkf wlc bllc vllc ‒lg `kl T&^-lrs jctki`… lg `kl fut-cuk…‛. ‒H, wjt llg lkflc ks `jt, zlflr llgT&^-lr, bâ8‛ Kf bld blt lr wâc cluf nlbj`!! Gu wl sjolg zkig ks blt sclmbtlr, kf vkg` blt lcfl

::> Qhhr l nhl`l hr l9 kt nllat llg oholgthpgjol vjg llg ol`lwlrflr kl ijrlg cjtlr zkig rjjk kg l hrnjgksjtkl

wllr blclojjc nlvhg`lg bllat.

::2 ]kldlckgf 4554, pn :2



:55

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

fllr, kf zln `jt stll`s, ‒Yhjcs blt gu ks, `jt ks hhf gklt zhjcs wki blt bj``lg….Blt ks gklt `jt`kt hgzl muctuur ks `kl iki gu bldt hvlrnlgholg. ^l blddlg sjolg llg gkluwl muctuur, lg il fjg`jt gklt hp ëëg nrhlp jasmbukvlg.‛ Ojjr kf vhlc ol `us jcs T&^-lr, kf vhlc ol `l blcl tki`

jjgnlsprhflg …‟ Dlckj9 –Ij, wjgt wjt zl zlnnlg, `jt zlnnlg zl lknlgckif hhf hvlr ihu.‟

Lccks9 –Ij!! V…_ Lg hp llg nlnlvlg oholgt bj` kf…., V…_ thlg zjt Ojrtkig tl ohpplrlg, `kl

fjg âmbt ohpplrlg… Phlg bj` kf zhklts vjg ‒Ghu ohlt il il ohg` bhu`lg lg gklt ohpplrlg…

jjr djsllr il il kg Nh`sgjjo hp8 Il zkt vlkckn kg `l wlrfrukotl vjg NHU lg il fhot `l `lurgklt ukt, nj blt llrst llgs zlca hgt`lfflg vhhr`jt il `lrnlckifl `kgnlg zlnt!‛.‟

Lccks vlrtlct bklr hvlr `l ojgklr wjjrhp `l NHU-cl`lg jafhostkn vjg hu`-Glsth zkmb uktlg hvlrT& , lg bhl `jt vhhr bjjr vhlct. @jt zki blt zh hhf gklt wkc, `jt `lzl gkluwl sallr hhf vhhr bjjrgkluw ks. @jt blt jcs ‒bllc ojfflckif‛ vhlct jcs il vjgukt il smbukcpcjjts (blt vlkcknl tljo) janllat

hp jg`lrlg zhg`lr blt nlsprlf olt blg jjg tl njjg. @jt zl zkmb jjgnlsprhflg vhlct `hhr `kljnrlsskvktlkt.

Dlckj, Lccks lg Blcclg zkig kg `kl vhcnhr`l `l llrstl T&^-lrs `kl thltrl`lg tht blt vjg hhrsprhgnukt Glsth jafhostknl NHU. Bhlwlc lr tusslg `lzl `rkl tljolgtrlls twll ijrlg vlrstrkiflg, frkinlgzki jccl`rkl tl ojflg olt `lzlca`l jnrlsskl.Bklr ks sprjfl vjg llg stlrf vlrsmbkcclg`l dkg`kgn olt `l honlvkgn tusslg olgslg olt vlrsmbkc-clg`l hrnjgksjtklhhrsprhgn. Qlrsmbkcclg kl laalmt blddlg hp l dlclvkgn vjg nldlurtlgksslg `hhrtljocl`lg lg l hg`lrckgnl kgtlrjmtkl dkgglg blt tljo. l zklg jasmblk`kgn vjg NHU tlg hpzkmbtl

vjg T&^ lg arjnolgtjtkl dkgglg NHU hp djsks vjg jafhost.

Dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctk blddlg tljocl`lg lvlgllgs vlrsmbkcclg`l jmbtlrnrhg`lg, `kl vlrsmbkcclg

kg vlrdkg`kgn tht nlvhcn blddlg. Hhf `lzl dlk`l hrnjgksjtkls zkig hgtstjjg ukt sjolgvhlnkgn vjg dl`rkivlg. Qhhr `l hrnjgksjtkl rhg` Ojx ks `jt vrki rlmlgt, twll ijjr vhhrjanjjg` jjg blt hg-`lrzhlf. @l vlrsmbkcclg zkig vhhr `l tljocl`lg zlca hg`lrckgn ghn nhl` blrflgdjjr kg ‒typksmbnl`rjn‛. Ouctk@klgst, `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl vjg Ouctk, ks jc wjt cjgnlr nlcl`lg ukt llg rllfs ausklshgtstjjg. @l ollstl tljocl`lg zkig vjg gê `kl tki`. @l vlrsmbkcclg`l drhgmucturlg splclg kg `lzltljos `jjr`hhr llg fclkglrl rhc kg `l tljokgtlrjmtkl. Llg lgflc tljock` nllat jjg llg nlvhlc tlblddlg jcs ‒Kf wjs lr llr`lr, kf wllt wjjrhvlr blt bklr njjt6 iucckl gklt‛. Olg stlct

–Lr ks gu wlkgkn nlzjolgckifblk`, dlbjcvl `jt `l (hvlrblk`) wlrft jcs mhcclmtklvl dl`rlknkgn.‟

– jt dkg`t hgs gu lknlgckif8 Nlsmbkl`lgks vjg Ouctk@klgst, hgs zkig kg blt bklr lg gu.‟

Jccl `rkl `l hrnjgksjtkls cjtlg zh arjnolgtjtkl zklg, zki blt hp vlrsmbkcclg`l drlufckiglg. Ojjr jjg-nlzklg `l tljocl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk stlrflr whrtlclg kg `l stjjg`l hrnjgksjtkl `jg kg bug lknlgtljos, ks lr nllg sprjfl vjg llg tljodrll` nlvhlc`l jasmblk`kgn zhjcs dki NHU.

Bhl duktlgstjjg`lrs gjjr blt tljo fkiflg

Kgtlrlssjgt ks gjtuurckif hhf bhl `l mhgtlxt, `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl, `lzl tljos zklt. @jt ksgklt lxpckmklt kg blt vlc`wlrf ollnlgholg, ojjr lr vjct wlc klts hvlr hp tl olrflg. Hg`lrstjjg`

vhcnlg lgflcl arjnolgtlg ukt llg kgtlrvklw olt llg ‒vlrs‛ NHU-ck`, klojg` `kl hp blt oholgt vjg blt kgtlrvklw jg`lrbjcvl ojjg` tljock` ks. Yki ks llg frktksmbl mhcclnj vjg duktlg blt tljo.Yl bllat zkmb nhl` nlhrkægtllr` vhhr`jt zl dlscukt tljock` tl whr`lg. @lshg`jgfs lrvjjrt zl `l

wlrflckifblk` bllc jg`lrs, gu zl zlca oll`rjjkt9



:5:


Blcclg9 –]hwklsh ks ëëg vjg okig mhgmcuskls `jt il blt oll ohlt ojflg, wkc il dlnrkiplg wjtNHU vhhr llg alghollg ks lg `jt il blt oll ohlt ojflg, wkc il dlsmbrkivlg wjt vhhr llg mcudolgslg `kt ks.‟

Kg bjjr llrstl ojjg`lg dkgglg blt tljo vlrdjjst zl zkmb hvlr wjt zl zklt lg lrvjjrt9

Blcclg9 –Hhf kg `l hprkmbtkgnstki` wjs blt fghfflg vhhr blt tljo gjtuurckif, wjgt NHU wjsllg gkluw alghollg `jt hp phtlg nlzlt ohlst whr`lg. @jt `hlt klts olt olgslg, `jt ojjft il strk-

i`custkn. Lg jt ojjft hhf vjjf jt il llg tljo dlgt, bâ, wjgt il bldt llg nlollgsmbjpplckif hlc

ho vhhr tl fghfflg. Il bldt llg hvlrtuknkgn, lg il ohlt jg`lrlg jjrkg ollglolg, kg kl`lr nlvjc zh

vlr `jt zl nlc` lg ok``lclg tlr dlsmbkffkgn stlcclg. Lg `jg nj il `jt olt lcfjjr hhf vjstbhu`lg,jc ks blt tlnlg dltlr wltlg kg. V…_ @jg `lgf kf ‒ij, il bldt olt lcfjjr klts vlrsmbrkfflckif ohhksvjg `l nrhg` nltrhfflg, ojjr il bldt ghhkt ollr nlflflg bhl blt ghu dki`rjjnt tht klts jg`lrs,lg ha jg`lrlg, vjg duktlgja, wlc vkg`lg `jt iucckl llg dlstjjgsrlmbt blddlg‛. V…_ Kf `lgf `jtzl jjggjols blddlg nl`jjg hvlr `kl wlrlc` hp blt oholgt vjg `l auskl, lg `jt zl `kl jjggjolsghhkt zkig njjg thltslg. Lg `jt blt dckifdjjr hhf gklt gh`kn ks nlwllst bhhr, wjgt dckifdjjr bllat`lzl hrnjgksjtkl `kt hhf nlwhhg cjtlg vhhrtdlstjjg, ùs zl zkig hhf gklt uktnl`jjn` ho lr klts olltl `hlg. V…_ Dckifdjjr ks blt zh nlèshcllr` nlwllst `jt `kt zh nlbjg`bjja` fhg dckivlg, `kl jjggjols. Fkif, blt nkgn oks, thlg lr kgllgs llg rlhrnjgksjtkl hp stjplc sthg` lg blt spjgglg` wlr`wjt lr olt NHU zhu nldlurlg. Phlg dcllf kgllgs jt wl lr llg dlcjgn dki bj``lg ho wlc kg l lglbhlf lg gklt kg `l jg`lrl tlrlmbt tl fholg. Pýëg kgllgs!‟

jt Blcclg dlsmbrkiat ks llg nrhlp olgslg, `kl blclojjc hvlrtukn` zkig vjg wjt zl `hlg, kl `jjrdkigklt ollr ho zkmb bllg fkiflg ha lr ghn jjgscuktkgn ks olt `l honlvkgn. @kl zkmb hgjabjgflckif

vhlclg vjg `kl honlvkgn, ho lr vlrvhcnlgs jmbtlr tl fholg `jt zl `jjr wlc `lnlckif stlrf `hhrdlpjjc` whr`lg. Dki blt tbloj ‒Ujsskl lg hlc‛ whr`t dlsmbrlvlg jt dkg`kgn tht llg dlplrft dckf-

vlc` fjg clk`lg, wjjrdki blt hhr`llc vjg `l honlvkgn gklt dlcjgnrkif ollr ckift. @jt ks bklr jjg `lhr`l.

@l plrmlptkl `hhr `l honlvkgn ks dki `l jg`lrl twll tljos ghnjc jawkiflg` vjg wjt dhvlg vhhrNHU nlsmbltst whr`t. Ouctk ks llg `krlmtkltljo. Blt bllat `jjr`hhr vhhr `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgk-sjtkl llg jurlhhc vjg ojmbt. Lr spllct kg `l hrnjgksjtkl ghn cjgnl tki` klts oll jcs ‒Yl zucclg blt`jjrdhvlg wlc wltlg‛. Kg kl`lr nlvjc ks lr nrhtl jastjg` tusslg Ouctk jcs dlstuursckmbjjo lg l rlst

vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl.

Ojx lmbtlr dlstjjt ukt ok``lgojgjnlrs, lg whr`t us zhwlc dlflflg hhr l lrdhvlg stjjg`l k-rlmtkl jcs hhr l wlrfvchlr. Qhhr lzl cjjtstl nrhlp ks blt hgùk`lckif wjt Ojx prlmkls hlt, wjjrzl vhhr stjjg. @jt ks gklt vrllo`, wjgt `l hprkmbtkgn vjg `kt tljo lg bjjr `hlcstlcckgn zkig ghhkt

ùk`lckif gjjr `l hrnjgksjtkl nlmhoougkmllr`. @l `krlmtkl `jjrlgtlnlg ks dltrhfflg nlwllst dki`l kgstlcckgn vjg blt tljo `hhr `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur. @hhr`jt `l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifbl`lg vjg lgsjolgwlrfkgn tusslg Ojx lg l krlmtkl gklt uktnlwlrft zkig, dlstjjt lr llg mhopltlgtklstrki`. Bltdlstjjg vjg Ojx, lg hhf `l vrkibl`lg `kl `kt tljo zkmb ohnlckif zjc plrokttlrlg, zkig dl`rlknlg`

vhhr `l nlvlstkn`l hr`l vjg blt OP. Yh hgtstjjt llg ojmbtsplc.

Ulrshgjc k`lgtktkls

Gjjst ollr`lrl shmkjcl k`lgtktlktlg bllat kl`lr olgs hhf ollr`lrl plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg. Llgplrshhgckifl k`lgtktlkt whr`t kg `l cktlrjtuur hosmbrlvlg jcs



:54

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Jg kg`kvkùjc‛s fghwcl`nl tbjt bl hr sbl ks `kaalrlgt arho htblr plhpcl (nrhup olodlrs) thnltblrwktb shol lohtkhgjc jg` vjcul skngkmjgml th bko hr blr ha tbks slgsl ha kg`kvkùjckty.‟ ::;

Olt jg`lrl whhr`lg9 blt dlsla `jt il jg`lrs dlgt jg il tljonlghtlg, lg l dltlflgks kl iki `jjr-jjg nllat.

–]jolgwlrfkgn vlrhg`lrstlct llg stlrf dlsla vjg `l lknlg k`lgtktlkt, zh`jt `l mhgarhgtjtkl olt `ljg`lr jjgnlnjjg fjg whr`lg zhg`lr zkmb dl`rlkn` tl vhlclg.‟ :45

Kf dlg jg`lrs

Kl`lr tljock` lrvjjrt `jt bki ha zki gklt blclojjc zh ks jcs ‒`l jg`lrlg‛. ‒@l jg`lrlg‛ ks kg `kl gh-tkl llg jdstrjmtkl, `kl vlrwkist gjjr llg ‒prhthtypksmb tljock`‛. ‒Jg`lrs zkig‛ bllat blt vhhr`llc

vjg lknlgblk`, vjg llg blrflgdjrl lknlg k`lgtktlkt lg kg`kvkùlcl frjmbt `kl kgnldrjmbt whr`t. Plnlckiflrtki` fjg blt dl`rlknlg` zkig, wjggllr il tl zllr jg`lrs dlgt hp prhthtypksmbl lknlg-smbjpplg. Dlbjcvl `jt iki splmklfl flgolrflg bldt, olrf il hhf `jt iki gât jg`lrs vlrdhg`lg

dlgt olt blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc `jg jg`lrl tljocl`lg.

Ujucj9 –Kf bld wlc llgs clttlrckif nlzln`, kf bld okig bjrt kgok``lcs ollr vlrpjg` jjg bltwlrflg olt blt NHU-mhgmlpt `jg jjg blt wlrflg dkgglg T&^.@l NHU-ojgklr vjg wlrflg vkg` kf llg dlcjgnrkifl9 zh wkc kf nrjjn dckivlg wlrflg. Ylcas zhlxtrllo jt jcs NHU ohrnlg gklt ollr dkgglg T&^ dlstjjt, jt kf `lgf jt kf ghn stll`s dkgglg `kt mhgmlpt zjc wlrflg. Bhl `jt `jg hhf bllt, ha `hlt, ha wlrft. … @jt ks wjt ojfflckiflrjcs il `jt olt wjt ollr olgslg uktstrjjct, ùs `jt ks ojfflckiflr jcs il olt llg nrhtlrl mcud dlgt,`jg stkoucllr il lcfjjr thmb. Lg ]hl lg Ojrtkig, `l blcl lxtrlol typls `jjrkg, bllc cjstkn ja lg

thl, ojjr `jjr`hhr hhf wlc dkg`lg`. … Blt zkt kg blt typl olgslg, ojjr hhf kg `l jjgtjcclgolgslg. Olt ollr olgslg ks `jt ojfflckiflr, …‟

Ujucj bllat ùs llg stlrfl dkg`kgn olt `l ojgklr vjg wlrflg, blt mhgmlpt. Yl vhlct blt dlcjgn`kt olt ollr tljocl`lg ukt tl strjclg, ho`jt `kt hvlrtuknlg`lr ks vhhr `l duktlgwlrlc`. Ho klts`lrnlckifs olt llg (nrhtlrl) nrhlp tl `hlg ks bjg`kn. Il stkoucllrt lcfjjr zh hhf. @jt ks vhhr bjjr`l vhcnhr`l, `kl zl bklr jjgnllat9 llrst blt mhgmlpt lg `jg `l tljonlghtlg. Llrst blt augmtkhglcllg `jg `l olgslg. :4:

Qhhr okizlca zklt `kl vlrdkg`kgn olt blt tljo lr jcs vhcnt ukt9

Dlckj9 –Kg wlcfl hpzkmbtlg vhlc kf ol tbuks8 Ghu, blt ks thmb wlc llg nrhlp olgslg wjjr il dïibhhrt. Il bldt sjolg klts, llg tjjf, llg `hlc lg llg k`lgtktlkt. Kf zkl tjjf lg `hlc jcs vlrsmbkcclg`,

dlsla kf gu. @l tjjf ks vhhr oki blt clvlrlg vjg vlrrlft nhlkl slsskls jjg fcjgtlg. Blt `hlc ks

NHU kg `l wlrlc` zlttlg, nljmmlptllr` frkinlg, `lzl vhro vjg wlrflg vlrsprlk` frkinlg. V…_@kl olgslg blddlg hhf dlst vllc vjg oki nljmmlptllr`, vjg okig ‒jg`lrs zkig‛. Lg, gjjr jmbtlrjadckift, kf bld zl hhf llg jg`lrl dckf nlnlvlg hp blt wlrf `jt wki `hlg. @jt ks klts ohhks.‟

– jjr kf ol gklt zh dki tbuks vhlc8 Dki l jastjg`lckifblk`, hgplrshhgckifblk` vjg Arjgs lg Ujucj.Arjgs vrjjnt ghhkt lrnlgs gjjr, pkftl hhf nllg skngjclg hp vjg wjt lr spllct. Lg Ujucj, jcs `kldlcjgnstlcckgn vhhr il prkvë ukt `jg dlg kf jctki` hprlmbt vlrdjjs`. @jt zlnt hhf klts.‟

::; Bjscjo, 455:, pn =24

:45 Urkgs, 455>, pn 1;

:4: Ujucj stjrt fhrt gj l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l sjolg olt @jvl bjjr lknlg dl`rkia, wjjrkg zl kg`lr`jj` olt bltzlca`l mhgmlpt

wlrft, lg olgslg gjjr dlbhlatl kgbuurt. \kt bltzlca`l gltwlrf wjjroll NHU sjolgwlrftl.



:5=


Dlcjgnrkifl jsplmtlg `kl kg okig dkg`kgn gjjr vhrlg fholg, zkig ‒`l olgslg‛, ‒`l tjjf‛, ‒blt `hlc‛,‒`l k`lgtktlkt `kl il sjolg bldt‛, lg ‒`l wksslcwlrfkgnlg, thlvhlnkgnlg hp lcfjjr‛. Kg `l dlclla`ljastjg` whr`t vhhrjc l shmkjcl jastjg` tht lgflcl tljocl`lg vlrwhhr`, blt gklt vlrdhg`lg vhlclg.

@kl dkg`kgn vjrkllrt dckifdjjr vjg blt lgl tljock` tht blt jg`lrl. Okig dlclvkgn vjg blt nlzjolg-ckifl ahmust stlrflr hp blt shmkjcl, Ujucj‛s dlclvkgn ollr hp blt vjfojtknl jsplmt. Pwll dlgj`lrkg-nlg `kl prkoj sjolg njjg, lg tlnlckiflrtki` `hhr tljocl`lg hhf lrvjrlg whr`lg jcs ‒jg`lrs‛.

^jt bld ãf gh`kn8

^kl il dlgt, lg wjt il gh`kn bldt ho tl fugglg zkig wkl il dlgt, dlègvchl`t stlrf wjt il kg il honlvkgn hpzhlft ha wjjr`llrt, wjjr il il tbuks vhlct lg wjt il fhlstlrt ha vlroki`t. jt il wlc ha gklthpzhlft bllat llg `krlmtl rlcjtkl olt `l phsktkl `kl il kg llg tljo kggllot, `l rlcjtkl `kl il mrlælrtolt il tljonlghtlg. Bklrhg`lr llg pjjr vhhrdllc`lg9

Ijmmh9 –@us `jjr dlnhg kf olt shmkjcl vjjr`knbl`lg kg jjgrjfkgn tl fholg, lg `jjr hhf lmbt

`l vlr`klpkgn nl`jjg kg ‒ jt ks `l dltlflgks vjg shmkjcl vjjr`knbl`lg vhhr `l honjgn vjg olgslghg`lr lcfjjr8‛ Kf frlln `jjr jccl rukotl vhhr, lg `jt vhg` kf nlwlc`kn. Kg `kl zkg, kf oômbt gjjrllg trjkgkgn kg Ujrkis, `kl nkgn hvlr mhjmblg. V…_ Lg thlg vlrvhcnlgs ohmbtlg wl, olt `jt wjtwl ukt Ujrkis bjjc`lg, klts ojflg vhhr bklr kg Gl`lrcjg`. V…_ ‒Hbbb, kf ojn wllr `l hgt`lffkgnsrlks jjg‛. @jt wjs lrn cluf. Lg l rukotl lg `l vrkiblk` jjrkg wjs lrn cluf. V…_ ‒H Ijmmh,

wl blddlg wjt, lg wl wltlg gklt bhl, wl blddlg bklr llg tbloj lg bklr ks llg `hlcnrhlp‛. V…_ Yhvjg ‒Kf ojn wllr wjt gkluws `hlg‛. Llg clfflr fcukail, clfflr kg dkitlg. V…_ Lg `jt vhg` kf

nlwâc`kn.‟

Ijmmh vlrtlct bklr hvlr llg vhrknl wlrfhonlvkgn wjjr bki llg vhhrbhl`lrhc thldl`llc` frkint, `klùk`lckif strhhft olt ‒wjjr`lrkgn‛ lg ‒rukotl frkinlg‛, zjflg `kl bki gh`kn bllat. Hhf ‒jjg`jmbt

vhhr wkl kf dlg‛ ks llg dlcjgnrkifl ajmthr vhhr zkig wlcdlvkg`lg kg llg wlrfhonlvkgn9

Ijmmh , gu hvlr NHU 9 – jjr kf ol tbuks vhlc ks `l looo… blt mhgtjmt olt llg jjgtjc ukt `l nrhlp hvlr ‒ jt bhu`t il dlzkn8‛. Olt `l olgslg wjjr kf `jt nlsprlf fjg jjgnjjg lg ùs lmbtmhgtjmt fjg ojflg, `jjr vhlc kf ol lrn tbuks, looo…‟

Blcclg nllat lvlgllgs jjg dlbhlatl jjg rukotl tl blddlg, ojjr hp llg bllc jg`lrl ojgklr9

Blcclg9 –@jt ks spjgglg`, vkg` kf, ho`jt kf lglrzki`s frktksmb wkc zkig gjjr blt mhgmlpt, V…_,lg kf jg`lrzki`s hhf ohlt jmmlptlrlg `jt blt (mhgmlpt) wlc fchpt ùs. (Bjbjbj) Kf dlg ghhkt zhvjg `l jmmlptlrlg`l, kf wkc blt jctki` lrvjrlg gjtuurckif. @jt vkg` kf wlc ohhk, `jt bj` gklojg`

oki fugglg vlrtlcclg hp vhhrbjg`. Lg blt vlrtlct oki hhf klts hvlr bhl kf cllr, dckifdjjr, `jt zjcokssmbklg vjg plrshhg tht plrshhg vlrsmbkcclg, ojjr vhhr oki nlc`t `jt kf ùs dckifdjjr cllr `hhrblt vjst tl fugglg pjfflg lg `hhr blt zlca tl `hlg. V…_ Lg `jg, jcs kf klts oýët, `jg njjt bltoks bâ8 @jg whr kf djc j`kn lg wllrdjrstkn. @jg `lgf kf ‒Fho hp, `jjr dlg kf tl hu` vhhr‛.jc j`kn lg wllrdjrstkn. @jg `lgf kf ‒Fho hp, `jjr dlg kf tl hu` vhhr‛.@jg `lgf kf ‒Fho hp, `jjr dlg kf tl hu` vhhr‛.@jt ojn kf tlnlgwhhr`kn `lgflg. (Bkbkbk)‟

Yki wlknlrt ‒zh ojjr‛ lrvjrkgn vjg jg`lrlg hvlr tl glolg, ha ‒zh ojjr‛ hp`rjmbtlg ukt tl vhlrlg.Kg `l kgwlrfplrkh`l whr`t zl hp bllc wjt pugtlg nl`whgnlg tl wlrflg zhjcs blt tljo blt nl-

wlg` ks kg llg okg ha ollr nlstjg`jjr`ksllr`l wlrfwkizl. @jt fgjct `jg sglc.

Arjgs bllat llg bllc jg`lrl lrvjrkgn olt `l kgtlrjmtkl olt zkig `krlmtl honlvkgn lg wjt bki `jjrkg

zhlft9



:50

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Arjgs9 –Kf zkt gklt kg kgahrolcl gltwlrflg. @us jcs mhoougkmjtkl rhg` zkgnt… Il bldt vjg `klolgslg `kl zkig jctki` hvlrjc vjg hp `l bhhntl, wjgt kl`lrllg prjjt olt zl. @jjr zkt kf ùs gklttusslg. Blt kgtlrlssllrt ol hhf gklt.‟

Dlckj9 –@us il zlnt ‒Blt alkt `jt kf `kl kgahrojtkl, `kl zh z‛g wln zhlft, `jt `kl gklt dki okifhot vkg` kf hhf gklt lrn‛.‟

Arjgs9 –Jmb ijj… Gll, gll. Gëë.‟

Arjgs zlnt `l kgahrolcl mhgtjmtlg hhf gklt hp tl zhlflg. Pljonlghtlg olrflg `jt, wjgt Arjgs vrjjnt zlc`lg gjjr plrshhgckifl `ltjkcs ha hgtwkfflckgnlg @jt ks nllg dlwust olmbjgksol, bkismbrkft lr zlcas wlc llgs vjg jcs bki blt cjtlr zlca olrft. Blt kgtlrlssllrt blo nlwhhg gklt, okst `l`rkiavllr jjrthl. @kt dlègvchl`t vjgzlcasprlflg` zkig augmtkhglrlg jcs tljoojgjnlr, zhjcs bki zlcakccustrllrt kg hg`lrstjjg` arjnolgt hvlr zkig mhgtjmt olt `l slmrltjrlssl vjg NHU9

Arjgs9 –Ijj… Kf `hl wlkgkn ho Nlr`j `hhr `l dhmbt bllg tl frkinlg, jcs ‛t wjrl. Lg `jt bllatvhhr llg `llc tl ojflg olt `jt kf ‛t hhf gklt zh `krlmt wllt wjt vhhr Nlr`j `l vhcnlg`l stjpplgzkig. Kf bld `jt jctki` nlbj` olt slmrltjrlssls, ohlt kf il llrckif zlnnlg. Hhf olt blt jjgglolg.Kf bld jctki` hhf prhdclolg nlbj` ho llg slmrltjrlssl tl dlnlclk`lg. Blt ks zý jg`lrs `jg wjt il

vjf ks… Blt ks nlojfflckiflr ho llg mhgsuctjgt tl dlnlclk`lg `jg llg slmrltjrlssl.‟

Dhvlgstjjg l vhhrdllc`lg nlvlg llg k`ll bhl kl`lrs ugklfl vhhrflur lg dlbhlatl krlmtl kgvchl`blddlg hp bug bjg`lclg lg hp `l tljokgtlrjmtkls blddlg.

^ksslcwlrfkgn tusslg shmkjcl lg plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg

Yhjcs ukt `l vlrbjclg kg `l vhhrnjjg`l pjrjnrjja dckift, zkig plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg gjuwlckifs

chs tl zklg vjg bug laalmtlg hp `l shmkjcl k`lgtktlktlg wjjrthl `l bhu`lrs zkmb rlflglg. Hhf kg `lcktlrjtuur dckift `jt `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus vjg k`lgtktlktlg kg vlcl smbjflrkgnlg `hhr lcfjjr bllgchplg, lg `jt kl`lrl k`lgtktlkt tht stjg` fhot kg `l wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg `l kgtlrgl lg `l lxtlrgl

wlrlc`:44, :4=.

]hl zlt `kt hp `l bjjr flgolrflg`l ojgklr uktllg9

]hal9 –Kg`kvkù lg tljo9 `jt vkg` kf llg lghrol pjrj`hx dki hgs! Il bldt blt tljo zý vrlslckif

gh`kn ho `kt (wlrf) tl fugglg rljckslrlg… V…_ Jjg `l jg`lrl fjgt fjg blt hhf lghro fglcclg, wjgt il wkct jcs kg`kvkù ýýf wjt gllrzlttlg. Lg shos bld il `jjr nllg rukotl vhhr, bld il

nllg… V…_ Bllc vjjf ks jg gklt ùk lckif wjt ihuw splmklfl dki`rjnl jjg blt tljo ks nlwllst.Plrwkic il `jjr wlc lknlgckif hhf gjjr hp zhlf dlgt, vhhr llg stuf zlflrblk` ‒wjt `hl kf `jg kgzh‛g tljo8‛, ‒wjt ks `jg okig splmklfl dki`rjnl wjjr`hhr `kt tljo zh ajgtjstksmb chhpt8‛. V…_

Blt ks llg stuf k`lgtktlkt vjg ilzlca, llg stuf vjjr`knbl`lg vjg ilzlca `jt il thhgt. ^jjr bjjc kfghu prlmkls `kl pjsskl ukt8 Lg blt fjg gklt zh z kig `jt wl bklr kg llg shhrt mhoougl clvlg `jt wljccls vhhr olfjjr `hlg. @jt ks nlwhhg gklt zh. V…_ Bhlvllc nlla il vjg ilzlca hp vhhr blt tljo8

Lg tht bhlvlr njjt `jt… Cjjt il il lknlg kg`kvkùllc dlcjgn jmbtlrchplg hp blt tljodlcjgn, hajg`lrsho8 V…_ Lg wjggllr njjt blt fglcclg8 ^jggllr il olgslg kg il tljo bldt, `kl blt kg`k- vkùllc dlcjgn vllc bhnlr clnnlg. @jg njjt blt vhhr oki fglcclg. ^jgt `jg `lgf il ‒Gll, wl nlvlgolt z‛g jcclg llg jjgtjc `kgnlg hp vhhr blt tljo… ‒Blt ohlt gklt zh zkig `jt …loo.. dlpjjc`l

:44 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;5

:4= Qjgskgj, 455>, pn 22



:5<


plrshglg‛, lg `kl zkl il wlc vjflr kg hgzl tljos zkttlg, ‒dlpjjc`l plrshglg ollr hpnlvlg‛, `jt zïl il, ‒`jg jg`lrl plrshglg‛. l zucclg jdshcuut vlrsmbkcclg kg hgzl dlbhlatl jjg `jt lknlg kg`kvkùlclstuf, jdshcuut. Blt ojjft bllc lrn ukt bhl zlflr iki kg il lknlg rhc zkt, lg wjjr iki il pjsskl hhf

vjg`jjg bjjct. Llg nhl` vhhrdllc` ks dkivhhrdllc` vhhr oki bllc vjjf hhf blt whrf prhùmt. Kfvkg` blt nëëg prhdcllo ho `jjr tht `klp kg `l gjmbt jjg tl wlrflg. @jt ks lknlgckif tljodlcjgn,`jt ks NHU-dlcjgn jt il jt hlt, ojjr kf bjjc lr zý vllc spkrkt ukt ho jt olt llg tljo tl hlg,

lg kf vkg` blt zý njja ho `jg tl zklg wjt lr uktlkg`lckif ukt fhot, `jt blt nllg prhdcllo ollr ks.

@jg dlg il zý zlflr vjg il rhc, lg jt blt nhl` fhot, lg jt il jjr olt z‛g jcclg klts vjg ojjft,

lg `jt `jjr klts cknt jjg blt lkg`l wjjrvjg il `lgft ‒Ilzus, `jt wl `jt wllr, kg blt lgflcl jjgtjc

urlg `jt wl nlbj` blddlg, blddlg fugglg mrlærlg. Lg `jg ojjft blt gklt zh vllc ollr ukt. @jgkg lglg ojjf il llg sbkat gjjr ‒Gll, kf vkg` blt prkoj ho gu blclojjc gjjr `jt (tljo)dlcjgn tl

njjg, ho`jt kf wllt wjt kf bklrkg thlvhln, wjt kf `hl… lg il strllat gjjr llg shhrt `hlc.‟

]hl nllat bklr, sprlflg` kg `l hgplrshhgckifl `lr`l plrshhg, kg llg ghtlg`hp vlrsmbkcclg`l js -

plmtlg wllr `kl dki bjjrzlca llg rhc splclg kg `l wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg tljok`lgtktlkt lg plrshhg-ckifl k`lgtktlkt, prlmkls zhjcs `kl hhf `hhr Dlggl:40 lg `hhr Drlwlr:4< dlsmbrlvlg whr`lg. Kg `lahrouclrkgn vjg zkig twll`l pjrj`hx stlct Dlggl jt tljocl`lg vlr`llc` rjflg hvlr l vrjjn ha `lnrhlp lr ks vhhr blt kg`kvkù, ha jg`lrsho. Dlggl stlct `jt `lzl dkphcjkrl sktujtkl jccllg hpnlchstfjg whr`lg wjggllr dlk`l lcfjjr jmmlptlrlg. @l nrhlp wkgt jjg shck`jrktlkt wjggllr kg`kvkùjck-tlkt nlclnktkollr` ks, lg kg`kvkùjcktlkt whr`t nlvlstkn` wjggllr `l nrhlp hp `l llrstl pcjjts fhot.NHU whrstlct ùk`lckif ghn olt `lzl pjrj`hx. Drlwlr stlct kg bjjr ‒hptkojcl `kstkgmtkvktlktstblh-rkl‛ jt kg`kvkùlg kg shmkjcl nrhlplg strlvlg gjjr llg hptkojjc lvlgwkmbt tusslg ‒lrnlgs dki bhrlg‛lg jg`lrzki`s ‒ugklf lg hg`lrsmblk`lg` zkig‛. Qhcnlgs Drlwlr wlrft `kt olt gjol kg fclkgl nrhl-plg, wjjr `l lknlgblk` vjg `l kg`kvkùlcl prlstjtkl hpnlolrft fjg whr`lg.

]hl dlghlot bjjr lknlg dlbhlatl jjg zkmbtdjjrblk` vjg bjjr dki`rjnl, jazhg`lrckif vjg `l nl -

zjolgckifl prlstjtkl. Jcs jmbtlrnrhg` bklrvhhr dlghlot zl dlbhlatl jjg dlvlstknkgn9 ‒^jt `hl kfkg `kt tljo8‛. Blt fckgft jcs ‒wjjroll vlr`klg kf okig pcjjts8‛, ‒wjt ks okig dki`rjnl8‛. ^l zjnlg dkiblt tbloj ‒pjsskl‛ (bhha`stuf 0) jc wlcfl ohtkvjtkl blt nlvhcn ks vjg blt blrflgglg vjg il lknlgthlnlvhln`l wjjr`l jjg blt tljorlsuctjjt.

–Pljowlrf ks kg zlflrl zkg pjrj`hxjjc wlrf. Pljocl`lg whr`lg bllg lg wllr nlsckgnlr` tusslgblt vlrcjgnlg ho jccllg tl smhrlg lg ho jcs tljo tl smhrlg.‟ :41, :4>

Hhf nllat ]hl jjg `jt lr llg lvlgwkmbt ohlt zkig, `jt blt ‒njjt fglcclg‛ jcs il il tl vllc hphaalrt vhhr blt tljo. Jcs blt dki bjjr njjt fglcclg bllat zki vjjf `l nl`jmbtl `jt jg`lrlg okg`lr hpha-alrlg `jg zkizlca. @jjr fckgft ‒Blt ohlt gklt zh zkig `jt dlpjjc`l plrshglg (zkizlca) ollr hpnl-

vlg `jg jg`lrl plrshglg‛. @jt ks vhhr ]hl llg dlcjgnrkifl ajmthr kg `l kgtlrjmtkl9 `l spklnlckgnjjg blt nl`rjn vjg `l jg`lrlg. Kl`lrllg dlpjjct zkmb hvlrknlgs olt dlbucp vjg spklnlckgn jjgjg`lrlg.

Pht scht mhgmcu`llrt zl `jt tljocl`lg dlbhlatl fugglg blddlg jjg llg jg`lrl djcjgs tusslg blttljo`llc lg blt plrshhgckifl `llc. Yki fhpplct `jjrjjg ” ghn stll`s prjtlg` kg `l `lr`l plrshhg

” `jt blt llg nlvhcn ks vjg il zlflrblk` lg stlvknblk` kg il lknlg rhc6 bjjr lknlg zlflrblk` lg stlvknblk` ks bklr kg blt nl`kgn.

:40 Dlggl, :;12

:4< Drlwlr, :;;:

:41 Drhlmf, vjg `lg & @ldussmbl, 455>

:4> vjg Dlrnlg, 455>, pn ;



:51

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Kl`lr tljock` nllat kg `l wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg tljolg plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlkt llg lknlg djcjgs tlzklg9 dki bhlvllc ‒sjolg‛ lg bhlvllc ‒lknlg stuf‛ lrvjjr il hptkojjc ‒wlczkig‛8 Lg wjt ks `l fclurkgn

vjg dlk`l `lclg8 Kl`lr cllat kg alktl tusslg bhhp lg vrlls. @l bhhp `jt blt tljo sjolg klts zjc

dlrlkflg lg `jt il il plrshhgckif fugt hgtwkfflclg, tlnlghvlr `l vrlls `hhr blt tljo hpnlschft tl whr`lg:42. @jjrkg zkig ” vjgukt kl`lrs lknlg kgvjcsbhlf lg slt plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg ” vlrsmbkc-clg lg gujgmls tl zklg. Lg `jjrgjjst plr plrshhg hhf sktujtkhglcl umtujtkls. Kg `l kgtlrvklws

whr`t sclmbts zlc`lg rlmbtstrllfs jjgnlnlvlg bhl kl`lr zkmb kg lzl djcjgs vhlct. lc nlvlg tljo-cl`lg jjg bhl zki jg`lrl tljocl`lg bklrkg lrvjrlg, vhhrjc jcs `l djcjgs jawkift vjg wjt zki zlca jcsghrojjc lrvjrlg. Hpolrflckif ks `jt `lzl djcjgs tusslg tljok`lgtktlkt lg plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktgklt dlpjjc` whr`t hhr l rhc `kl l plrshhg kg blt tljowlrf bllat. Qhhrjc vjg ajmkcktjthrs whr`tnlvrjjn` `jt zki zkmb gjjr `l fcjgt jcs stlrfl plrshhgckifblk` prlslgtlrlg. Bug plrshhgckifblk`ks llg dlcjgnrkif kgstruolgt kg bug wlrf tki`lgs lvlgts . Phmb blddlg gklt jccl ajmkcktjthrs rlcjtklastlrfl plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg.

Lknlg rukotl

Bhl kl`lr kg `kl djcjgs vjg tljo lg kg`kvk`u `l iukstl rukotl vhhr zkmbzlca vkg`t ha mrlælrt, fjgstlrf vlrsmbkcclg. Dkgglg `kt tljo zklg wl `rkl strjtlnklæg, `kl hhf nlmhodkgllr` vhhrfholg9

`l dlbhlatl jjg lknlg rukotl hg`lrsmbkfflg jjg blt tljodlcjgndlbhlatlg dlsprlflg, hg`lrbjg`lclg hvlr wjt il gh`kn bldt`l dlgh`kn`l rukotl llgzki`kn glolg

Bhlwlc zki zlca stlrf ghrozlttlg` ks, ks ]hl (zkl vhhrnjjg` mktjjt) tlnlckiflrtki` llg vhhrdllc` vjg ‒hg`lrsmbkfflg jjg blt tljodlcjgn‛. Jctbjgs, jjg `jt wjt zïi lrvjjrt jcs blt tljodlcjgn. Llgnlvhcn vjg `kt nl`rjn ks `jt zki vjjf kg `l fghhp zkt olt bjjr whrf-ckal djcjgml . Gjgj zlnt hvlr bltrlnlclg vjg il lknlg dlbhlatl wjt dltrlat whrf-ckal djcjgml 9

Gjgj9 –Lg bklr (dki NHU) bllat blt (vhhr oki) ghhkt sclmbt nlvhlc` V…_. Ojrtkig bllat blt wlc nlhrnjgksllr` gu, `kl bllat blt gu wlc hp hr`l, lg ]hl dlnkgt lr lmbt bllc lrn vllc dlbhlatl jjg tl

frkinlg, `kl drllft dkgglgfhrt wlc `hhr.‟

Dlckj9 –Lg ]hl zklt cjgnzjolrbjg` `jt kl lrllg blt vhhr zkmbzlca jjg blt rlnlclg ks…‟

Gjgj9 –Ijj… lg `jt zki ojjr kg blrbjckgn vjct `jt blt bjjr gklt cuft.‟

]hl nllat jctki` vhhrrjgn jjg wlrf wjjrvjg zki vkg`t `jt blt `kl `jn ghn nl`jjg ohlt whr`lg,lg djjct lr gj vlrchhp vjg tki` zh vjg `jt tljonlghtlg jg`lrl nrlgzlg stlcclg, `jt zl `jg dhhs hpzkmbzlca lg hp `l jg`lr whr`t. Bhlwlc zl `kt pjtrhhg kgtusslg zklt, fjg zl blt (ghn) gklt `hhrdrl-

flg. Yki ks hvlrknlgs gklt blt lgknl tljock` `jt ohlktl bllat bjjr plrshhgckifl djcjgs tl dlwjflg.Hhf `l tljoojgjnlr fjg gjuwlckifs tht jg`lrl zjflg fholg `jg wlrf. Lg ]hl zklt iukst blojcs llg rhcoh`lc. Plnlckiflrtki` vhlct zl `jt blt wrkgnt.

Ijmmh ks llg vhhrdllc` vjg `l cjjtstl strjtlnkl9 ‒kf gllo wjt kf gh`kn bld‛. Ghn ojjr glt kg blttljo stlct bki hp vhhrbjg` `uk`lckif zkig nrlgzlg, lg zkig prkhrktlkt cknt ‒tbuks‛. @jjr splclg okg haollr dlnrkiplckifl jmbtlrnrhg`lg dki, jg`lrzki`s vhlct blt vhhr `l tljocl`lg zý llgzki`kn nlprh-mcjollr`, `jt blt tlnlgstjjt, jastjg` smblpt.

:42 Dlrn & ]oktb, :;;<, pn :::

:.4.=.



:5>


Ujucj9 – Ijmmh wkc bllc nrjjn oll`hlg, ojjr wkc glrnlgs kgktkjtkla kg glolg. @jt bllat bki hhf

clttlrckif uktnlsprhflg, bki wkc zkmb glrnlgs âmbt jjg mhookttlg. @jt bllat jcclrclk prkvë rl`lglg`kl il ohlt rlsplmtlrlg, ojjr `kl wlc cjstkn zkig. V…_ Ijmmh bllat gu zls wlflg vjfjgtkl. Bhlzh

zls wlflg vjfjgtkl8 @jt fjg blclojjc gklt! Ojjr bki fklst jt vjgukt z kig plrshhgckifl dlbhlatl. Olt zkig nlzkgssktujtkl, lg z‛g vlrbukzkgn lg wjt bïi jcclojjc wkc, zlnt bki ‒@jt `hl kf‛.‟

Gjgj9 –Ijmmh strjjct ukt `jt lr flgglckif lcfl fllr klts jg`lrs jg thmb wllr dlcjgnrkiflr ks. Lg

wki zkig `jt hp `jt oholgt gklt. Ha gklt `ïl fcus hp `jt oholgt. @us jcs il `jg fkift gjjrvrkiblk`… Kf `lgf `jt bki ‒o bëëc stlrf gllot, lg `jt `jt gklt blcpt ho hg`lr`llc tl whr`lg vjgblt tljo.‟

Bhl `l wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg ‒lknlg‛ lg ‒sjolg‛ vhhr llg kg`kvkù hhf uktpjft, `l nlollgsmbjp-plckifblk` ks jccllg bhu`djjr jcs kl`lr `jjrdkgglg hp zkig lknlg ojgklr vhc`hlg`l jjg z‛g trlfflgfhot. Lg nlzjolgckifblk` dckiat jccllg stlvkn jcs kl`lr `jjr vhc`hlg`l kg kgvlstllrt. jt jjrdki llgnhl` lvlgwkmbt ckift, fjg kgllgs drhhs dckiflg lg vlrsthhr` rjflg `hhr wkizknlg`l hostjg`knbl-

`lg. @lzl `ygjoklf ks nhl` zkmbtdjjr jcs `l `krlmtkl kg `l gjzholr vjg 4550 blt vhhrglolg uktho blt tljo kg tl frkoplg ho`jt blt gklt vhc`hlg`l jjg `l hrnjgksjtkl`hlcstlcckgn (wkgst ojflg)dki`rjjnt. Llg NHU-ck` hvlr `l hhrzjflg `jjrvjg9

Ojrtkig9 –Kf `lgf `jt wki jcs NHU… Ij, vkg`lg wki hgszlca zh nhl` lg blt mhgmlpt zh dlcjg - nrkif lg zh wjjr`lvhc, `jt blt alkt jt il ghu wlc ha gklt nâc` ojjft gklt zh dlcjgnrkif ks. V…_ Ij,

cuxl. Lcktl. Cukblk`. Il stlct il lknlg `hlclg dývlg kl vjg l hrnjgksjtkl. Lg dhvlg zlcas, lknlgckif,wjt il olt lcfjjr zhu ohltlg `hlg. @jt `lgf kf wlc. Kf `lgf `jt `jt wlc llg bllc dlcjgnrkifl

ajmthr ks nlwllst.‟

Dlckj9 –Ojjr blt ks bllc nrjppkn wjt il zlnt9 blt alkt jcs il zh vllc ëëgckgnlg dlgt `jt iki il lknlg

`hlc bhnlr zlt `jg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc, `jg lxpch`llrt `l dhlc gjtuurckif. Blt ks bjrtstkfflhdvkhus, lg tlnlckiflrtki` ks `jt `l fllrzki`l vjg wjt kf zln ‒jcs il lmbt llg lophwlrl` tljo wkctzkig ohlt il jcclojjc klts vjg ilzlca vkg`lg kg `jt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc‛. Ojjr hp blt oholgt`jt `kt ‒klts vjg ilzlca‛ tl vllc z‛g lknlg clvlg njjt clk`lg, `jg fcjpt blt ukt lcfjjr.‟

Kg `lzl zlcafrktksmbl hdslrvjtkl ghlot Ojrtkig bklr llg mcustlr vjg lknlgsmbjpplg vjg blt NHU-tljonl`rjn9 lknlg fluzl vjg `hlclg lg jmtkvktlktlg, vlrwlg` nl`rjn ” `jt ks koolrs `l nlollg-smbjpplckifl ghlolr kg ‒cuxl‛, ‒lcktl‛ lg ‒cukblk`‛ ” lg zlcas `jt wl hgzl kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg dhvlg`kl vjg blt tljo stlcclg. @l zllr `ygjoksmbl wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg ‒nlghln rukotl vhhr ilzlca ‛, jcskg`kvkù dkgglg blt tljo, lg ‒nlghln rukotl vhhr ‛sjolg‛, `l mhcclmtkvktlkt, fjg jccllg llg lvlg-

wkmbtkn nlbllc nlvlg wjggllr `lzl twll frjmbtlgvlc`lg vhc`hlg`l rjjfvcjfflg blddlg lg lcfjjr

hvlr lg wllr vhl`lg.Yhjcs wl llr`lr dki blt tbloj ‒pjsskl lg `hlc‛ zjnlg, ks `l dkg`kgn olt blt tljo bklr slmug`jkr tlghpzkmbtl vjg `l dkg`kgn olt blt zlca. Kg tki`lg vjg hgzlflrblk`, zhjcs kg `kl gjzholr vjg 4550,

wjggllr `l `krlmtkl `l rlhrnjgksjtkl jjgfhg`knt, njjt kl`lr dki zkmbzlca tl rj`l wjt vhhr blo habjjr gu jjg hptkls hplg stjjg, lg gklt dki lcfjjr.

@jvl9 –Kg l plrkh`l vhhr`jt l fhnlc hhr l flrf wjs (hvlr blt wkizknlg vjg blt tljo), wllt kf`jt lr bllc vllc olgslg bllc bjr` blddlg zkttlg gj`lgflg wjt vhhr blg zlca blt dlstl smlgjrkh zhuzkig. Lg jjr ks lmbt gklt hplg olt kl`lrllg hvlr nlsprhflg. Olgslg blddlg, bhhnukt, dkcjtlrjjctils

nlbj`.‟



:52

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Gjgj9 –Kf bj` thlg blclojjc nllg tljonlvhlc. Kf bj` lmbt blt nlvhlc `jt wl llgckgnlg wjrlg lgjcclojjc gklt bllc hplg lg llrckif. Lg kf `jmbt ‒ jt zkt lr hg`lr blt tjpkit8 Lr drhlkt klts…‛.‟

Kl`lr tljock` tlct zkig fghplg, ojjft zkig nl`jmbtlg hp hvlr bhl blt vhhr blo ha bjjr vjg bklrja vlr`lr ohlt. Llg lgflcl fclkgl ‒mhjcktkl‛ hvlrclnt vlrbhclg, zhg`lr `l jg`lrlg bklrhvlr tl kgahr-olrlg. Pljocl`lg zkig olrfdjjr `ruf olt `l jjgstjjg`l vlrjg`lrkgnlg dlzkn. Yl dlsprlflg bugnl`jmbtlg hg`lrckgn gjuwlckifs. Blt ks ‒kl`lr vhhr zkmb‛. Hg`lr `l `rlknkgn vjg `l jjgnlfhg`kn`lbjcvlrkgn vjg blt tljo lg hpgjol vjg blt rlstjgt lrvjg kg jg`lrl hrnjgksjtklhg`lr`lclg vlrspckg-tlrt `l sjjobhrknblk` kg blt tljo kg zllr fhrtl tki`. Qjg hg`lrckgnl stlug lg hp lcfjjr tlrunvjcclgks nllg sprjfl ollr. Ujs ojjg`lg cjtlr whr`t llg tljohvlrcln bklrjjg nlwki` lg fhot kl`lr gjjr

vhrlg olt zkig ha bjjr dllc`lg. @l dlpjclg`l frjmbt vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn `kl bklr pchtslckgn dckifttl nlc`lg, ks hpolrflckif. (Ykl hhf bhha`stuf 2, Kg- lg uktscuktkgn.)

Dlckj9 –^jt kf `l janlchplg tki` nlzklg bld… ^jt ol vhhrjc ks hpnlvjcclg ks `jt kl`lrllg hpzkmbzlca tlrunnlwhr plg wlr`. @jt kl`lr z‛g lknlg hostjg`knbl`lg jawhhn lg fjgslg tlc`l. Bllc

kg`kvkùllc kgllgs. lc dlnrkiplckif, kf vhlc`l blt zlca hhf zh. @jg njjt blt thmb ho llg ojtmbtusslg iýuw `hlclg lg `l fjgslg. Lg hhf dlfkif il hpgkluw wjt `l fjgslg vjg blt nlollgsmbjp-

plckifl zkig. V…_ Kf olrftl `jt Arjgs, Ujucj lg @jvl nllg jg`lr pj` vhhr zkmbzlca zklg `jg`hhrnjjg dki NHU. Lg kf olrftl zlca `jt kf jc zý vlr jasmblk` bj` nlgholg, okssmbklg wlc jc

llr`lr, jt ukt blt tljo stjpplg vhhr oki llg vrki chnksmbl ohnlckifblk` wjs. Jcs il zlca zlnt ‒Cjtlgwl jawlnlg wjt okig rhc duktlg `kt tljo zhu fugglg zkig‛, ks blt vlrrjsslg` `jt kl`lrllg `klvlrflggkgn dkgglg ëëg okguut jcs llg dlscukt, jcs llg alkt jjggllot. Arjgs vhlnt ol zlcas ghn thl‒Il fjg gklt ollr tlrun bhhr!‛.‟

Hp blt oholgt `jt llg tljock` zlnt ‒ks blt llg hpchsskgn jcs kf llg jg`lr pj` gllo8‛ zkig `lkg`kvkùlcl dlcjgnlg vjg `l jg`lrlg zý nrhht, lg `l tljodkg`kgn zh nlrkgn, `jt `kt tljock` hnlg-

dckfflckif ukt `l frkgn nlùw` whr`t. Qhlct ihuw stjp vhhr `l jg`lrlg jcs bùg rl``kgn :4;8 ]hlhvlrfhot bltzlca`l, wjggllr zki tki`lgs `lzl zlca`l mrksks hpplrt llg wlrlc`rlks vjg zls ojjg`lgtl njjg ojflg. Lmbtlr, hhf zhg`lr mrksks fhot `l lknlg k`lgtktlkt hp `l llrstl pcjjts9

Dlckj9 –Il zlk V…_ ‒…. `jt ks `l rl`lg `jt kf dckia bjgnlg dki NHU‛. jt nllat il blt nlvhlc tl

‒dckivlg bjgnlg dki NHU‛8 V…_ Blt fckgft gjolckif jcs ‒Yh cjgn lr gkfs dltlrs ks… Kf dckiaghn lvlg.‛‟

]hal9 –Ij, prlmkls, zh zhu blt fugglg fckgflg. Qhhr llg `llc ks `jt okssmbklg hhf wlc zh, jcs

kf bllc llrckif dlg. ^jgt kf olrftl zhglt hhf, thlg wl blt hvlr `l strjtlnklvrjjn bj``lg, `jt kf`jmbt ‒Ij, il fjg pjs nlègspkrllr` zkig vhhr llg strjtlnkl hvlr `rkl ijjr, jcs il vhhr ilzlca hhf `l

flus bldt nlojjft `jt il `l fholg`l `rkl ijjr bklr hhf zkt. Lg `ïl fluzl bld kf vhhr olzlcajdshcuut ghn gklt nlojjft.‟

]hl ohlt llrst vhhr zkmbzlca `l plrshhgckifl fluzl ojflg wjjrvhhr zl bjjr lglrnkl wkc kgzlttlg vhhr`jt zl zkmb vlrdhg`lg fjg vhlclg olt (llg strjtlnkl vhhr) blt tljo.

:4; Plrwkic Ujucj, @jvl lg Arjgs ‛dckivlg‛ thlg ghn zjnlg jcs bug lgknl hptkl, blddlg zki dkgglg llg ijjr, rlsp. gj jg`lrbjca

ijjr ukt lknlg dlwlnkgn jcsghn blt tljo vlrcjtlg. Kg blt gkluwl tljo vkg`lg zki gklt ollr wjt zl wkcclg.



:5;


Pwll pjsskls mhodkglrlg

jt nldlurt lr jcs tljocl`lg twll pjsskls wkcclg mhodkglrlg8 @kt fhot kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`lllg pjjr fllr vhhr. Blcclg dkivhhrdllc` bllat l kgtlgtkl ho dki l hvlrstjp gjjr NHU vlrdhg`lg

tl dckivlg jjg bjjr hu`l mhcclnj‛s lg ugkt, lg zh jjg blt ojtlrklnldkl` ‒strjtlnkl‛ dkgglg T&^ dkitl fugglg dckivlg rjnlg. Kfzlca dlg kg 4554 olt okig hg`lrzhlf nlstjrt, wjjr`hhr kf ëëg tht twll`jnlg plr wllf jjg zjflg duktlg blt `krlmtl tljodlcjgn wlrf.

Blcclg9 –Kf wkc ol hhf llg vhhrstlcckgn ojflg bhl blt ks ho vhc vhhr NHU tl njjg lg llg vhcwjjr`kn ajmkcktjthr tl zkig, llg vhcwjjr`kn tljock` tl zkig, lg thmb ghn `kl drun olt o‛g hu`l ugkttl dlbhu`lg, olt dkivhhrdllc blt ojtlrklnldkl` strjtlnkl dlzkn tl zkig. Ha `jt kg`lr`jj` wlrfdjjrks lg wjt `jt `jg dltlflgt.‟

Dlckj9 –@jt ks wlc bllc dlcjgnrkif ho `jt kg`lr`jj` hvlrlkg` tl bhu`lg, wjgt `jjroll whr` ilgklt ãg NHU nlzhnlg, bhu` il vllc ollr hhf il lknlg pj` gjjr `l thlfhost.‟

Blcclg9 –Ojjr ks blt bjjcdjjr8‟

Dlckj9 –@jt ks `l vrjjn lg `jt ohlt zkmb dlwkizlg. Jjg `l jg`lrl fjgt, kf dlg hhf tlnlg `lvlr`ruffkgn kg dlzkn olt klts jg`lrs. Ks `jt bjjcdjjr8‟

Blcclg9 –Il `hlt blt.‟

Dlckj9 – jt vkg`lg zl lrvjg8 Kf zhu blt gklt jctki` wltlg, zl uktlg zkmb okg`lr glnjtkla `jg kfshos wlc vlrohl` `jt zl zkig. Kf `lgf vjjf ‒`jjr ohlt kf rlflgkgn oll bhu`lg‛.‟

Blcclg vrjjnt zkmb ja ha il tlnlckiflrtki` ‒vhc‛ tljock` fugt zkig, lg il lr hhf llg twll`l vlrdkg`kgn,llg jg`lrl k`lgtktlkt gjjst fugt blddlg. Olt jmtkvktlktlg `kl bjjr hhf jjg blt bjrt njjg. Fug il il

lmbt jjg twll zjflg tlnlckif dkg`lg8 Yl vrjjnt zkmb ja ha blt bjjcdjjr ks. Ha lkst `l lgl vlrdkg`kgnil zh zllr hp `jt lr nllg mhooktolgt vhhr klts jg`lrs fjg zkig8 Dltlflgt llg twll`l dkg`kgn `jtil il jjg nllg vjg dlk`l lmbt nllat8Yki vlrwkist gjjr oki jcs ‒iki `hlt blt‛, lg okig jgtwhhr` ks rlthrksmb9 ‒Ks wjt kf `hl bjjcdjjr8‛. Hpblt oholgt vjg `kt kgtlrvklw vhlc kf jc wlc `jt okig twll`l bhha`jmtkvktlkt spjggkgn kg blt tljonllat. Kf cjjt `l djcjgs wlckswjjr vjjf gjjr blt tljodlcjgn `hhrscjjg, ojjr mhoplgsllr `jt ukt-lkg`lckif cjtlr wllr, hp llg oholgt `jt `kt fjg lg tlvhrlg olt blt tljo kgnlpcjg` ks. Phmb bllat`kl lxkdkcktlkt hhf llg smbj`uwzki`l. Gjgj vlrwhhr`t `kt jcs vhcnt9

Gjgj9 –Lr ks hhf llg plrkh`l nlwllst, `jt il tki` nkgn mhoplgslrlg lg lxtrj tki` gjo, ghn llgsllg fllr zh‛g lxtrj ojjg` gjo, thlg ghn llgs llg fllr llg pjjr wlflg… Kf `lgf `jt blt…

…. …‟ Dlckj9 –.. stjplct, bâ8‟

Gjgj9 –Ij, `jt `lgf kf. ^jjr`hhr blt cluf wjs jcs il lr wjs, ojjr chnksmb wjs jcs il lr gklt wjs.Plrwkic blt ghrojjc olt mhcclnj‛s jg`lrsho ks.‟

Gjgj nllat kg alktl zhg`lr ‒hhr`llc‛ jjg `jt `l fluzl vhhr llg twll`l sphhr (`kt hg`lrzhlf) okihgdltrhuwdjjr bllat nlojjft jcs mhcclnj, jcs tljoojjtil. Plrunfkiflg` `lgf kf `jt kf dkgglgNHU tlnlg l strhho kg o‛g lknlg kgn hl. @jt lr llg nrlgs ks jjg l plrkh`l jt kt nlthclrllr`

whr`t. Kg `jt nlvhlc tlct oll, jt kf llg ghnjc jawkiflg` nl`rjnspjtrhhg vlrthhg9 stlrflr rllmtkla



::5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

lg dlsmbhuwlg`, olt dckivlg`l jjg`jmbt vhhr zjflg duktlg `l `krlmtl tljohonlvkgn. Kf hgtwkf-flc ol zh nlclk`lckif jjg wln vjg `l nlollgsmbjpplckifl ghlolr, blt prhthtypksmbl kg blt tljo.

Hhf Arjgs, `l ojgjnlr, bllat kg 4554 blt pcjg hpnlvjt vhhr llg twll`l `hlc, lvlgllgs llg prh-

ohtklhg`lrzhlf. Bki dlghlot `kt `jg jcs ghh`zjflckif ho zkig lcjg tlg jjgzklg vjg blt wlrf tldlbhu`lg. Bki fjg lmbtlr vhhr zkmbzlca gklt l fluzl ojflg zkmb vhc`hlg`l vrki tl ojflg, dltjjc`ha hgdltjjc`, gjjst jc blt wlrf `jt bki vhhr T&^ wkc `hlg. Ghn kg `l stjrt vjg blt prhilmt cjjtbki blt pcjg wllr vjrlg.

Arjgs9 –Kf bld hp llg nlnlvlg oholgt zlcas `l stlcckgn vlrfhg`kn` ‒Jcs kf tklg ijjr ghn slssklsohlt `rjjklg `jg dlg kf gklt nlcuffkn‛. @us lr ohlt klts ollr zkig `jg jccllg ojjr `jt.‟

Dlckj9 –@us `jjr bld iki lknlgckif bllc `uk`lckif nlstlc` ‒Ihgnlgs, kf bld okig lknlg stuf hhf

gh`kn. Kf bld klts ollr gh`kn `jg jccllg ojjr slsskls `rjjklg.‛ V…_ Lëg vjg `l `kgnlg wjjr ilvhrkn ijjr thl dlschtlg bldt ks il prhohtklhg`lrzhlf..‟

Arjgs9 –Ij.‟

Dlckj9 –Kf vrjjn ol wlc llgs ja, jcs kf zh `kl whrstlckgn zkl, ‒Nj kf lr wlc rukotl vhhr mrlærlgha…‛ looo… ij, ‒Bhl ohlt `kt vlr`lr8‛`jg vrjjn kf ol ja ‒ jt `hlt blt olt ihu8‛. ^jgt ilbldt `kl fluzl ho `jt prhohtklhg`lrzhlf tl wkcclg gklt vhhr gklts nlojjft.‟

Arjgs9 –Kf ohlt il zlnnlg `jt kf ol javrjjn ha `kt blt iukstl oholgt ks ho `jt ódlrbjupt tl`hlg. ^jgt looo… wl ojflg `kf vlrckls jcs hrnjgksjtkl, lg ghu fho kf jcs mcustlr ojgjnlrzlnnlg ‒Kf wkc lknlgckif llg `llc vjg o‛g tki` (vrki) frkinlg ho tl njjg prhohvlrlg.‛ Qhcnlgs okiks `kt nlwhhg gklt blt iukstl oholgt ho `kt tl njjg `hlg.‟

Dlckj9 –Pjmtksmb nlzklg gklt..‟ Arjgs9 –Ij, lg duskglsswksl hhf gklt. @us ijj… kf looo…‟ (cjgnl stkctl) –Kf ohlt il zlnnlg`jt kf blt dkigj llg dlltil vjg o‛g tjalc bld nlvlln` hp `kt oholgt…‟

Arjgs vhlct `jt bki blt vhhr zkig kgspkrjtkl gh`kn bllat, `kt hg`lrzhlf, ojjr zlt blt gklt `hhr. Plrzki`l9 wjt dltlflgt lzl fluzl vjg Arjgs kg blt kgtlrjmtkhglcl frjmbtlgvlc` dkgglg blt tljo8 Kfgllo wlc tki` ho okig hg`lrzhlf vhhrt tl zlttlg, vhhr llg fclkg llc hp fhstlg vjg l hrnjgksjtkl.Fjg `jt wlc, ojn `jt wlc8 Lg Arjgs, okig djjs, vkg`t `jt blt vhhr blo gklt fjg. ^l blddlg bltbklr ghhkt hvlr nlbj`, ojjr `l vrjjn bllat wlc nlspllc`. Blt zlnt klts hvlr okig (lg zkig) djcjgs kgfluzl vhhr blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl lg vhhr lknlg dlcjgn.

Blt laalmt vjg `lzl k`lgtktlktlg

Yhwlc dkgglg blt tljo jcs gjjr `l honlvkgn bllat blt sjolgsplc vjg jc `lzl k`lgtktlktlg laalmt. Qllc `jjrhvlr vjct jc kg `l jjgnlbjjc`l arjnolgtlg tl clzlg.Dkgglg blt tljo lrvjrlg `l NHU-cl`lg `l vhhr`lclg vjg `l nlzjolgckifl k`lgtktlkt, zhjcs `ldlsmbuttkgn `hhr sjolg ëëg arhgt tl vhrolg. ^l lrvjrlg vlrrkifkgn, vlrnrhtkgn vjg hgzl oh-nlckifbl`lg. ^l zklg `jt wl lcfjjrs tlfhrtfhokgnlg fugglg mhoplgslrlg. Ojjr hhf vhlclg wldlplrfkgnlg, whrstlclg wl ho l vlrsmbkcclg`l plrshhgckifl djcjgslg hp lcfjjr jjg tl scuktlg. Lëg`kclooj whr`t kg llg nlzjolgckifl whrfsbhp mhgmrllt dlghlo` jcs ‒vrkiblk` vlrsus vlrjgtwhhr-`lckifblk`‛. @kt tbloj stjjt vhhr `l flrg vjg hgzl whrstlckgn9 wjt clnnlg wl lcfjjr jjg ghrolg

hp, lg kg bhlvlrrl zkig wl hhf kg stjjt lcfjjr `jjrkg vrki tl cjtlg8 Qhhr blt llrst dlghlolg wl



:::


wjt kl`lr lrvjjrt jcs ‒hpnlcln`‛. l fholg `jjrdki tht llg dltlr dlnrkp vjg lcfjjrs dlbhlatlg, wjtlghro hpcumbt lg lzl zjflg gj`klg dltlr dlsprllfdjjr ojjft. Plg nlvhcnl vjg jc lzl ygjoklftrll`t ‒smburkgn‛ hp. @lshg`jgfs lrvjrlg wl ollrwjjr`l9

Arjgs9 –Hg`jgfs jccl `ksmusskl `kl wl okssmbklg blddlg, ojjr wl zkig wlc llg tljo `jt oltlcfjjr jjg klts dhuwt. Lg jt hgtdrllft kg l nlblcl hrnjgksjtkl. Jccls wjt kf zkl, jjr hgtdrllftblt, kg lcf mcustlr. @jjrho blddlg wl blt wlc nhl` olt lcfjjr, vkg` kf.‟

@jt `lzl dllc`lg plrshhgsnldhg`lg lg dltrlfflckif zkig, lg jabjgflckif vjg klojg`s rlalrlgtkl-fj`lr lg vlrwjmbtkgnlg, dckift ukt blt dllc` `jt llg gkluw tljock` fhrt gj dhvlgnlghlo`l whrf-sbhp vjg blt tljo bllat. Yl ks `jg glt jg`lrbjcvl ojjg` kg blt tljo9

Ujucj9 –NHU vhlct vhhr oki blcloêêc gklt jcs llg tljo. @jt zkt ‒o kg blt alkt jt Arjgs jdshcuutshcktjkr dlzkn ks. @jt ks nllg wjjr`lhhr`llc, ojjr blt ks bllc shcktjkr. ]hl lg Ojrtkig `kl bhu`lg

`l dhlc llg dlltil clvlg`kn, lg `kl zkig bllc clj`kgn kg `l `ksmusskl, `kl zkig blclojjc gklt hplg hogjjr jg`lrlg tl cukstlrlg. \ktlkg`lckif nldlurt blt wlc, jcs il klts vjjf nlghln zlnt cukstlrlg zldckifdjjr wlc, ojjr kg llg lmbt tljo zhu il wkcclg wltlg wjt `l jg`lr vkg`t. Gu ks blt zh `jt `ljg`lr il ahrmllrt ho uktlkg`lckif…. Jcs kf vjg dlpjjc`l `kgnlg lmbt wkc `jt klojg` blt bhhrt,`jg zjc kf zhrnlg `jt-kl blt bhhrt. Gklt ho`jt zki lr hplg kg stjjg. Blt alkt `jt Lccks `kl bklr llg

ijjr rhg`chhpt, ghn stll`s zlnt ‒ij ojjr kf dlg gjtuurckif gkluw kg blt tljo, kf dlg gjtuurckif lduktlgstjjg`lr‛…. @jt vlrdêêst ol lmbt.‟

Fhrtho9 `l sjolgbjgn lg jastlookgn dkgglg blt tljo zkig gklt k`ljjc ha hptkojjc. Gjjst `ldlclla`l kgtlnrjtkl ” ‒wki zkig sjolg NHU‛ ” ks kg `l gjjr vhrlg nldrjmbtl vlrsmbkcclg hhf `l arjn-olgtjtkl `uk`lckif tl bhrlg. NHU-cl`lg lrvjrlg bug tljo lmbtlr jcs llg vlrj`lokgn, llg wjro

dj`, tlg hpzkmbtl vjg wjt zki ho zkmb bllg zklg kg l rlst vjg l hrnjgksjtkl. @jt ojjft jt zl zkmblr tbuks vhlclg, tlnlckif olt jccl frktksmbl fjgttlflgkgnlg `kl zl lrdki blddlg.

Kg l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg NHU lg bjjr honlvkgn vjcclg jg`lrl zjflg hp9 blt nldrlf jjg gjvlcstrlgn,blt wl`lrzki`s nldrlf jjg vlrdkg`kgn tusslg tljo lg horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl, blt nldrlf jjg kg-tlrlssl lg hp lcfjjr jastloolg.

Dlsmbhuwkgn

Dkg`kgnsohtklvlg lg dlilnlgkgn

Kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg blt tbloj ‒dkg`kgn‛ vjct tusslg `l rlnlcs `hhr tl clzlg bhl vlrsmbkcclg` blt

dlnrkp dkg`kgn lrvjrlg whr`t, lg wlcfl hostjg`knbl`lg tht dkg`kgn clk`lg. @jt vjrkllrt lgknszkgskg `l tki`, lg vlrsmbkct shos tusslg ol`lwlrflrs lg bhnlr ojgjnlolgt, dki NHU dkivhhrdllc`, lgtusslg `l mucturlg vjg `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkls vjg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. Plg Bjvl lt jc:=5 hg`lr-smblk`lg vlrsmbkcclg`l k`ljjctypksmbl dkg`kgnsstrjtlnklæg, `kl jcclojjc kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos lgha kg `l dlilnlgkgn `hhr bug mhgtlxt zkmbtdjjr zkig.

Kg dhvlgstjjg` smbloj zkig gjjst `l vlrsmbkcclg`l dkg`kgnsstrjtlnklæg kg `l tljos hhf `l dkidl-bhrlg`l dlilnlgkgn `hhr bug ojgjnlolgt wllrnlnlvlg. @kt lgknszkgs fjrkfjturjjc ho `l flrg

vjg `l wjjrnlgholg jttktu ls, `l vjrkjtkl bklrkg lg l vlrsmbkcclg blc`lr tl smbltslg.

:=5 tlg Bjvl lt jc, 4555, pn << - 11



::4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

jt vjct bklrkg hp8 Jcclrllrst ks kg ëëg hhnhpscjn tl zklg jt `l `rkl tljos stlrf vlrsmbkcclg kg bugdkg`kgnsohtklvlg. Mhgahro tlg Bjvl lt jc. dlstjjt bklrkg dkgglg lg tusslg `l tljos vllcvhrokn-blk`. @jjrgjjst bllat blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt dki twll vjg `l `rkl tljos llg bllc jg`lrl bhu`kgn`jg pjst dki `l dlbhlatlg vjg blt tljo. Jccllg dki Ojx ks `l djsks mhgnrulgt9 blt njjt ho ‒nlc`

vlr`klglg‛. Dki Ouctk pjsslg `l jttktu`ls vjg tljocl`lg lg dlstuur dki lcfjjr kg `kl zkg `jt `l `h-okgjgtl lg pjtrkjrmbjcl bhu`kgn vjg blt dlstuur `l jgnst lg blt vlrzlt vjg `l tljocl`lg vhl`t.

Dki NHU ks mhopcllt hgdlnrkp ja tl clk`lg ukt `l ohtklvlg wjjroll blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt `l

tljo dkg`kgnsohtklvlg dki tljocl`lg9 dlilnlgkgn `hhr bhnlr ojgjnlolgt,

nldjsllr` hp uktsprjflg bhnlr

ojgjnlolgt9

NHU prlstllr`lrs `hlg ukt`jnlg`l fcusslg6–`kt wjs blt dlstl lvlgt hhkt!‟ zlnnlg zl kg

zlcadlvlstknkgn dki kl`lrl nrhtl whrfsbhp6 `l

hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt ks gklt-dlnrkiplg` pudcklf

nrhlklrs wkcclg smbkttlrlg hp blt dlstl ph`kuo6

wl wkcclg hgtwkfflclg6

–bklr hgtohltlg wl lcfjjr‟

lohtkhgllc nldhg`lg

nlchvknlg bjgnlg jjg bug wjjrblk`6 bklr vhhrjc

zkmbtdjjr jcs trhuw jjg `l lknlg oltbh`hchnkl9

‒wki drlgnlg klts `jt `l wlrlc` vlrdltlrt‟

nrhlps`klrlg kg bug bhc

–blt ks vlkckn bklr, cjjt hgs hg`lr(nr)hg(`)s

dckivlg‟

allstnjgnlrs9 –`kt wlrf ks llg allst! cjtlg wl

sjolg pclzklr ojflg!‟

:.

4.

=.

0.

<.

buurckgnlg fhhp il olt shc`ki9–il whr`t nhl` dltjjc` `us il `hlt wjt

kf zln‟, lg

–wlrf ks gu llgojjc llg olgtjc prkshg‟

Ojx mjcmucllr`lrs lg bug ojrft6

–kf nj vhhr `l dlstl pclf9 blt bhhnstl dh` lg `l

sglcstl mjrrkârl!‟

lxtrkgsklf nlohtkvllr`

kf dlg djjs kg lknlg thfh, bld olt `l jg`lrlg

gklts tl ojflg, `us zki gklt olt oki6 cjjt oki o‛g

njgn njjg

allstnjgnlrs

–duktlg vjct blt nlc` ukt `l cumbt, ho `l wkgst

nllg zhrn!6 lg wl ohltlg wlc fugglg cjmblg!‟

:.

4.

=.

mjcmucllr`lrs lg bug ojrft

–wl dkl`lg il mjrrkârlfjgslg kg llg

smbkttlrlg`l ojrft, olt nhl`l dlchgkgn

lg llg vlttl plrshhgckifl dhgus‟ lg

–BZ lkst `hudcl `knkt nrhlk, `jt stjjt!‟

Ouctk jgnstknlg wjmbtlg ja wjt blg hvlrfhot

kf dlg djjs kg lknlg thfh, bld olt `l jg`lrlg

gklts tl ojflg, lg zki gklt olt oki6 cjjt oki o‛g

njgn njjg

vjfckl`lg wkcclg ” kg bug lknlg wlrfpcjjts ” `l-

nlckif wlrf gllrzlttlg

:.

4.

=.

–fkg`lrlg, kf wllt wjt nhl` vhhr iucckl

ks6 iucckl fugglg blt (ghn) gklt (zh nhl`),

kf zjc zlnnlg bhl il blt ohlt `hlg6 lg

clt wlc9 ãf dlg bklr `l djjs!‟

Pjdlc :9 Qlrsmbkcclg`l dkg`kgnsstrjtlnklæg kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. Qrki, hp djsks vjg tlg Bjvl lt jc (4555).



::=


ol`lwlrflr dlgj`lrt lg l dlbhlatl vjg kl cjjtstl. @uk`lckif zkmbtdjjr ks jt l hlclg vjg tljolg mhgtlxt vlrsmbkcclg. jt dkg`t blt tljo bklr jjg l hrnjgksjtkl8 jgt l tljocl`lg blddlg wlcllgs hvlrwhnlg ‒zkmb ukt tl cjtlg fhplg‛, ojjr zl dckivlg… ^jjrsmbkigckif fklzlg zl vhhr dkg`kgn

olt `l hrnjgksjtkl ho`jt `lzl ajmkcktllrt kg bug hg`lrckgnl hgtohltkgn. Yki dkl`t blg koolrs llghonlvkgn lg strumtuur wjjrkg zl ” zhg`lr `l ahrolcl hg`lrckgnl vlrpckmbtkgnlg jcs mhgtrjmtlg`kl dki llg lknlg nlzjolgckifl hg`lrglokgn zhu`lg bhrlg ” tl `hlg wjt zki blt cklastl `hlg9 prls-tlrlg, smbkttlrlg, nlchvlg kg bug wlrf lg chc blddlg dkgglg l rlcjtkla vlkcknl honlvkgn `kl blttljo blg dkl`t.

Dkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn9 hgjasmblk`lckif

Qlrdkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn vhrolg twll zki`lg vjg ëëg pjrj`hx. Blt ks jcs olt ckmbt lg smbjùw9blt ëëg dlstjjt `jgfzki blt jg`lrl. Yh bllat hhf blt dlnrkp ‒jasmblk`kgn‛ nllg dltlflgks zhg`lr`jt lr ‒dkg`kgn‛ olt klts jg`lrs hptrll`t.

–^bkcl (tblsl) `kaalrlgmls jrl kophrtjgt, tbly bjvl oljgkgn hgcy dlmjusl ha tbl skokcjrktkls tbjtjcsh lxkst jg` prhvk`l j djsks ahr mhcclmtkvl lg`ljvhur.‟ :=:

Qlrsmbkcclg blddlg dltlflgks `jgfzki hvlrllgfhostlg lg honlfllr`. Hvlrllgfhostlg nlvlg bltmhcclmtkla bjjr dlstjjgsrlmbt, lg tlnlckiflrtki` vhrolg `l hvlrllgfhostlg dkgglg blt tljo blthg`lrsmblk` ” lg `jjroll `l jasmblk`kgn ” tlg hpzkmbtl vjg ‒blt jg`lrl‛, `l hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt.Dki NHU zkig `l prhmlsslg vjg vlrdkg`lg lg jasmblk`lg ùk`lckif tl zklg, zhjcs ukt `l vhhrdllc`lgkg `l vhcnlg`l pjrjnrjalg dckift. NHU-cl`lg dlgj`rufflg dkivhhrdllc` blt hg`lrsmblk` tusslgbug wlrfwkizl lg `kl vjg –trj`ktkhglcl mhgsuctkgn‟. Lxpckmklt dlghlolg lg uktvlrnrhtlg vjg blt

vlrsmbkc vlrstlrft blt hg`lrsmblk` olt `l honlvkgn lg `jjroll `l dkg`kgn dkgglg blt tljo. Qlrsmbkcclg lg hvlrllgfhostlg dltrlaalg bklr blt mhopcltl vlc` vjg rlalrlgtklfj`lrs, `rkiavlrlg,

dlbhlatlg, dlcjgnlg, nl`rjnsrlplrthkrl, dlclvkgn lg dltlflgksnlvkgn.Hhf dki `l hvlrknl hg`lrzhlfstljos zkig vhhrdllc`lg vjg blt dlgj`rufflg vjg hvlrllgfhostlgha vlrsmbkcclg tl vkg`lg, zki blt kg okg`lrl ojtl. @jt bhlat gklt tl vlrdjzlg, jjgnlzklg wl jc nl-zklg blddlg `jt `l dkg`kgn kg `lzl tljos nlrkgnlr ks. @l `jjroll nljsshmkllr`l prhmlsslg trl`lg`jjr`hhr hhf okg`lr kgtlgs hp.

@l pjrj`hx rhg` dkg`kgn spllct dkgglg blt tljoclvlg hp vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus. Jcclrllrst tusslg`l kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg, tusslg kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg lg blt tljo jcs nlbllc, tusslg blt tljo lg`l horkgnlg`l mhgtlxt, tusslg kg`kvkùlcl wlrfglolrs lg `l hrnjgksjtkl, ojjr hhf tusslg tljosha nrhlplg hg`lrckgn. Hp jc `lzl gkvljus ukt l pjrj`hx zkmb olt llg lknlg `ygjoklf.

K`lgtktlkt lg dkg`kgn dki kg`kvkùlg hg`lrckgn Kg`kvkùlg hg`lrckgn bhu`lg lrvjg ho olt lcfjjr tl prjtlg hvlr sktujtkls lg hvlr jg`lrlg `jjr-kg. @lrnlckif ‒rh``lclg‛ nllat dkg`kgn tusslg `l rh``lcjjrs lg smblpt jastjg` tht ‒`l jg`lrlg‛.Bklr`hhr hgtstjjg plrojglgt wksslclg`l lg fclkgl mhjcktkls dkgglg tljos. Lvlg sglc jcs zl hgt-stjjg, fugglg zl wllr trjgsahrolrlg kg jasmblk`kgn. Kl`lr kg`kvkù wllat zh llg `ygjoksmb wld

vjg dkg`kgn lg smblk`kgn, vjg hvlrllgfhostlg lg vlrsmbkcclg olt `l olgslg ho blo bllg.

@lrnlckifl `ygjoklf spllct gôn `kmbtlr dki buks9 blt wjjrglolg vjg vlrsmbkcclg olt jg`lrl kg-`kvkùlg `hlt llg olgs zkig lknlgblk` lg k`lgtktlkt dlslaalg. Blt ‒zlca ‛ frkint vhro kg kgtlrjmtkl

:=: ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :;



::0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

olt jg`lrlg:=4. Lg kg wksslcwlrfkgn olt `l stll`s wkizknlg`l honlvkgn ks hhf `kl k`lgtktlkt llgplrojglgt wkizknlg`l plrmlptkl.

K`lgtktlkt lg dkg`kgn kg `l rlcjtkl tusslg kg`kvkù lg mhcclmtkla

–Pbl tlgskhg dltwllg tbl kg`kvkùjc jg` tbl nrhup hr mhcclmtkvl jppljrs js j mhgstjgt tblol kgmucturjc jg` shmkjc jgjcysks arho kts vlry dlnkggkgns. Pbks tlgskhg dltwllg kg`kvkùjc jg` mhcclmtkvlkgtlrlsts ckls dlbkg` ojgy ha tbl `ldjtls jdhut mucturl, phwlr jg` oljgkgn-ojfkgn.‟ :==

@jvk` Dlrn :=0 nllat llg ohhkl smblts vjg blt spjggkgnsvlc` tusslg kg`kvkù lg mhcclmtkla jcs bki kgblt vhhrwhhr` vjg ‒Ujrj`hxls ha Nrhup Ckal‛ vlrtlct hvlr l ‒nrhlps‛`ygjoklf dki zkig sjolgwlr-fkgn olt Flgwyg ]oktb tki`lgs blt smbrkivlg vjg `kt dhlf :=<9

–Pbl mrljtkvkty ha j mhccjdhrjtkvl rlcjtkhgsbkp `lplg`l` hg tbl strhgn, jsslrtkvl, jg` ugkqul mhgtrk- dutkhgs ha tbl kg`kvkùjcs kgvhcvl`. [lt tblsl sjol kg`kvkùjcs gll`l` th dl jdcl jg` wkcckgn th sud- hr`kgjtl tbloslcvls th tbl rlcjtkhgsbkp. Kt wjs jcsh mcljr th ol tbjt wbkcl mhccjdhrjtkhg rlqukrl` twh

plhpcl th whrf thnltblr, wblg tbl mhccjdhrjtkvl rlcjtkhgsbkp dlmjol thh strhgn jg kgulgml hg ljmb

kg`kvkùjc, hgl hr dhtb ahug` j wjy th pucc hut, th ahstlr j mhccjpsl kg tbl rlcjtkhgsbkp. ^bltblrtlophrjry hr plrojglgt, tbks mhccjpsl jcchwl` tbl mhccjdhrjthrs th rliuvlgjtl tbl kg`kvkùjckty uphgwbkmb tbl mhccjdhrjtkhg wjs dukct.‟

Dlrn smbltst llg plrojglgt blrhr`lglg vjg `l rlcjtkl, stll`s wllr `l stjtus quh hplgdrlflg` wjggllr `lzl hgnlojfflckif whr`t lg `jg `l jg`lrl fjgt vjg `l pjrj`hx vlrstlrflg`. Llg plr-ojglgtl nhcadlwlnkgn vjg jjgtrlfflg lg jasthtlg, vjg kgtlgsklvlr kg lg olt l nrhlp zkig, lg jg

wllr tlruntrlfflg lg `l lknlgblk` zhlflg` lg vlrstlrflg`. ^jggllr `lzl nlckiftki`knl dlwlnkgn vjg ollr`lrl tljocl`lg nlvksujcksllr` whr`t, ks ùk`lckif `jt lr vhhr llg tljo nllg stjtus quhdlstjjt. @kt zklt lrukt jcs fjjtslg`l nhcvlg kg llg nhcascjndj`!

Fhstlg lg djtlg

Kg`kvkùlg `kl hvlrwlnlg zkmb dki llg tljo tl vhlnlg, vrjnlg zkmb ja wjt zl ohltlg hpnlvlg holrdki tl ohnlg bhrlg, lg wjt blt tljockòjjtsmbjp blg dkl`t. Fhrtho9 bhl `l djcjgs vjg fhstlglg djtlg hp tlrokig uktpjft. –Bhlvllc kgvchl` wkc kf zlca hp `l nrhlp blddlg, lg kg bhlvlrrl dlgkf dlrlk` ol tl cjtlg dlègvchl`lg8‟ @jt hvlrfhot Blcclg, lg hhf kf bld blt ol janlvrjjn`. Qlr

výýr blt alktlckifl tljockòjjtsmbjp dlnkgt blt ùjcksol hvlr wlc ha gklt lrdki wkcclg bhrlg jc.

Glt zh vrjjnt hhf `l nrhlp zkmb bjr`hp ja ha blt gkluwl tljock` strjfs wlrflckif dki`rjjnt jjg `l

rljcksjtkl vjg `l tljo`hlclg, nlzklg `l sjolgstlcckgn `kl blt tljo jc bllat. Lg kg stkctl hvlrwllntkl`lr tljock` wjt ‒`kl gkluwl‛ jjg dl`rlknkgn vjg `l lknlg phsktkl dkgglg drlgnt. ^jt `kt dltlflgt whr`t uktnldrlk` dlsprhflg dki blt tbloj ‒kg- lg uktscuktkgn‛, bhha`stuf 2.

:=4 Thhs Qhgf, plrshhgckifl mhoougkmjtkl, :2 jprkc 45526 ^kcshg, 4554, pn :2; lg 454

:== Clwks, 4554, pn :;

:=0 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn xvk

:=< @kt dhlf nllat uktnldrlk`l dckf hp blt ajsmkglrlg`l cjg`smbjp vjg nrhlpsprhmlsslg. ^l chplg llg lkgìl oll

hp.



::<


–Pblsl twkg `kcloojs mjg clj` olodlrs th chhf jrhug` ahr ‒nhh`‛ nrhups, dy wbkmb tbly oljgtbjt kg`kvkùjckty wkcc dl okgkojccy mhoprhoksl`, jg` nrhups th chhf jrhug` ahr ‒nhh`‛ olodlrs

” tbjt ks, plhpcl wkcckgn th put tbl nrhup jblj` ha tbloslcvls.‟ :=1

@lzl cjjtstl vlrwjmbtkgn ” tljodlcjgn výýr lknlgdlcjgn ” ks dkgglg NHU ùk`lckif vhlcdjjr,nlzklg dkivhhrdllc` `l lkslg jjgnjjg`l kl`lrs wlrfurlg lg blt frktksmb dlsmbhuwlg vjg `l chy-jcktlkt vjg tljocl`lg. Pljos ” `l `hokgjgtl tljocl`lg `jjrkg ” stlcclg ùs lkslg jjg ihu jcstljock`. Plnlckiflrtki` blddlg wl nlzklg `jt kg`kvkùlg bug lknlgdlcjgn bhnlr stlcclg `jg bltnrhlpsdlcjgn.

Blt ks kg `jt vlrdjg` dhlklg` `jt ]oktb & Dlrn kg bug dlsmbrkivkgn vjg `l pjrj`hx vjg k`lgtktlkt`l wl`lrflrknblk` kg blt mrlærlg vjg tljo lg kg`kvkù dlgj`rufflg.

–J pjrj`hxkmjc jpprhjmb th k`lgtkty mhgmlptujckzls tbl prhmlssls tbrhunb wbkmb dhtb kg`kvkùjcjg` nrhup k`lgtkty jrl ahrol` js dlkgn hgl jg` tbl sjol. Kg tbks arjol, kg`kvkùjcs jrl sllg js dhtb

mrljtkgn jg` mrljtl` dy tbl nrhups th wbkmb tbly dlchgn. V…_ Pbl pjrj`hx ha k`lgtkty mhgmlkvlsha tbl kg`kvkùjc js `lrkvkgn oljgkgn arho olodlrsbkp kg tbl nrhup, wbkcl jt tbl sjol tkol, tbl nrhup `lrkvls oljgkgn arho kts kg`kvkùjc olodlrs. Blgml, jgy mhgmlptkhg tbjt slpjrjtls nrhupjg` kg`kvkùjc k`lgtkty ks jg hvlrskopckmjtkhg. Pbl strunncl sh hatlg hdslrvl` dltwllg tbl kg`k - vkùjc jg` tbl nrhup ks prl`hokgjgtcy j strunncl hmmurrkgn skouctjglhuscy wktbkg tbl kg`kvkùjcjg` wktbkg tbl nrhup.‟ :=>

Kl`lrl strki` olt `l nrhlp ks vhcnlgs ]oktb & Dlrn ùs tlnlckiflrtki` llg strki` olt blt zlca . Dltlflgks vjg `l nrhlp nllat dltlflgks jjg blt zlca, lg honlfllr`. Blt tljo nllat `l cl`lg `l nlclnlgblk`lcfjjr tl nldrukflg ho kg bug dlbhlatlg tl vhhrzklg lg bug kgglrckifl dlclvkgn tl mhgstrulrlg lgtl stjdkckslrlg. Bkrsmbbhrg njjt uktnldrlk` kg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l ‒shmkjc `lalgsls‛ `kl olgslg bklr-

vhhr hhf kg bug wlrfhonlvkgn nldrukflg, ho sktujtkls lg rlcjtkls `kl jcs tl dl`rlknlg` whr`lglrvjrlg thmb tl fugglg bjgtlrlg. Blt mrlærlg vjg kccuskls spllct `jjr llg rhc kg. Bki stlct9

–Pbrhunb spckttkgn, prhilmtkhg jg` kgtrhilmtkhg plhpcl mrljtl sbjrl` kccuskhgs.‟ :=2

Olgslg, tljocl`lg hhf, mrlærlg nl`llc`l dllc`lg. Blt ks vlkckn lg `jjr`hhr nlruststlcclg` honl`llc`l dllc`lg tl blddlg. Nl`llc`l dllc`lg fugglg dltrlffkgn blddlg hp jcclrbjg`l hg`lr-

wlrplg9 `l nlollgsmbjpplckifl mhgtlxt, vlrcl`lg lg thlfhost, lg hhf jmtulcl hgtwkfflckgnlg.Kg vllc nlvjcclg ks blt lmbtlr llg kccuskl `jt llg vlrwjmbtkgn, zhjcs `l plrmlptkl vjg llg `hlc ha`l rlcjtkl olt llg jg`lr, wlrflckif nl`llc` ks. Kl`lrs dllc`lg zkig rkif jjg hguktnlsprhflg, kopck-mklt `ltjkc. Yki whr`lg nlvhro` vjgukt bllc splmklfl kg`kvkùlcl rlalrlgtklfj`lrs, dl`hlc` hosplmklfl jgnstlg tl fugglg bjgtlrlg lg splmklfl dlcjgnlg tl `klglg. Bklr`hhr ks blt alktlckif

hgohnlckif `jt ‒nl`llc`l dllc`lg‛ wlrflckif nl`llc` zkig. @l ‒sbjrl` kccuskhgs‛ vjg Bkrsmbbhrg zkigokigs kgzklgs ùs llr`lr ‒kccuskhgs ha sbjrl oljgkgn‛ . @lshg`jgfs vlrhg`lrstlcclg tljocl`lg `jt lrsyooltrkl hptrll`t9 jcs kf `l rlcjtkl zh lrvjjr, zjc `jt vhhr ihu hhf zh zkig. Lnhmlgtrksmbl prhilm-tkl:=;, jcsha `l dlclvkgn ugkvlrsllc ks:05.

:=1 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;:

:=> ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;=

:=2 Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn 0

:=; Lnhmlgtrksmbl prhilmtkl vhcnlgs Fhhcl, 455>, pn ::19 `l glknkgn ho jjg tl glolg `jt jg`lrlg `l wlrlc` hp

prlmkls `lzlca`l ojgklr wjjrglolg jcs `l jmthr zlca

:05 Dkgglg NHU ks llg vhhrdllc` `jt Arjgs vlrhg`lrstlct jt `l rlcjtkl tusslg blozlca lg Dlckj syooltrksmb ks. Ykl

pjrjnrjja ‒lcfjjr zklg‛, bhha`stuf 1, dcz :=2



::1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Pht llg tljo dlbhrlg dkl`t vllc9 dltlflgks, vlkcknblk` lg bhuvjst dkgglg `l mhgtlxt. Lg thmb vhlctblt vhhr shooknl tljocl`lg hhf wlc llgs jcsha blt tljo il klts jagllot. ]hl vlrwhhr`t `jt zkimhgmurrlgtkl lrvjjrt tusslg bjjr dlbhlatl jjg zkmbtdjjrblk` vjg bjjr lknlg prlstjtkl lg blt hp-

njjg kg blt nlbllc dki tljosummls. Blt tljo gllot bjjr blt plrshhgckif smbkttlrlg ja.–Dlmhokgn kgvhcvl` kg jg` wktb j nrhup rlqukrls shol ojihr mhooktolgts dhtb th hglslca jg` thtbl nrhup. Olodlrsbkp oljgs kgvhcvkgn hglslca kg tbl sljrmb ahr wjys th olsb kg`kvkùjc gll`s jg`wksbls wktb wbjt tbl nrhup bjs th haalr jg` `ltlrokgkgn wbjt hgl wkcc nkvl kg tbl cknbt ha wbjt tbl

nrhup gll`s jg` wjgts. Pblsl kg`kvkùjc jg` nrhup prhmlssls jrl outujc jg` mh-hmmur.‟ :0:

Dki gjuwflurknlr dlsmbhuwkgn, hhr l clgs vjg wjt kl`lr ck` vjg blt tljo gh`kn bllat, vjct hp jttljocl`lg kg`lr`jj` hhf dlbhlatlg blddlg `kl jccllg `hhr `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg vlrvuc` fugglg

whr`lg. Hvlr wjt vhhr dlbhlatlg njjt ‛t `jg zhjc8 Lëg tljock` nllat jjg `jt zki gh`kn bllat `jtjg`lrlg bêêr gh`kn blddlg, `jt zki fjg ‒blcplg‛. Llg jg`lr wkc `l ohnlckifblk` zkmb tl smblrplgjjg jg`lrlg. Ha llg tljock` vhlct dlbhlatl ho vlkcknblk`, nldhrnlgblk` ha hg`lr`jf tl vkg`lg

kg llg hrnjgksjtkl wjjrvjg il vlrvrllo` dlgt. Jg`lrlg vlrcjgnlg lrflggkgn, dkivhhrdllc` ‒wltlg`jt il ‛t nhl` `hlt‛, ‒`jt il wjjr`lvhc dlgt‛.Kl`lr tljock` `hlt olt zkig ha bjjr dlbhlatl llg dlrhlp hp `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg. Ollstjc nldlurt`kt kopckmklt, olt zjmbtl stlo, ojjr wjggllr tljocl`lg olt llg nlckifl dlbhlatl lcfjjrs ‒vhcuol‛

vlrstlrflg fjg `kt kgllgs tht llg lxpckmklt lg `wkgnlg` jppâc clk`lg. @kt ks dkivhhrdllc` blt nlvjc olt `l lks tht bjr` wlrflg lg urlg ojflg. @l vrjnlg`l, `wkgnlg`l tljocl`lg whr`lg `hhrshooknl jg`lrlg lrvjrlg jcs nrlgzlchhs kg bug lkslg. ]oktb & Dlrn sprlflg kg `kt vlrdjg` hvlr‒chskgn fly dhug`jrkls‛ :04. Ol`l `hhr`jt kl`lr `l hg`lrcknnlg`l jrdlk`sohrjjc (b)lrflgt, whrstlct blttljo bklr cjgnl tki` oll, tht`jt blt alghollg tl hvlrbllrslg` whr`t kg `l kgtlrjmtkl. \ktlkg`lckif

whr`t blt hplgnlcln`, hvlrknlgs zhg`lr `jt `l tljocl`lg blt wlrfzjol kgtlrjmtklolmbjgksol`hhrzklg. Blt dlsprlflg vjg dlbhlatlg lg plrmlptkls vjg blt prhmls `jt pcjjtsvkg`t, dkl`t lmb-

tlr jc vhc`hlg`l rukotl vhhr kg`kvkùllc nl`rjn âg vlrvucckgn vjg dlbhlatlg. Blt tljo vkg`t llggkluwl ohùs lg fjg vlr`lr.Yh njjt blt gklt jctki`. Blt tljock` `jt ‒wkc blcplg‛ olrft `jt nllg vjg `l jg`lrlg `hhr bjjr nl-bhcplg wkc whr`lg. Lr ks nllg jjgscuktkgn tusslg bjjr dlbhlatl lg `kl vjg `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg.Yl clurt olt bjjr `klgstlg, `rkgnt zkmb hp, vhlct zkmb lr hgnlcuffkn oll. Kl`lr dkgglg NHU vhlctkgtuètkla bhl blt zkt lg thmb dckiat `lzl sktujtkl cjgn hgdlsprhflg. Pht zl uktlkg`lckif kgzklt `jt lrkg blt tljo nllg pclf vhhr bjjr (dlbhlatl) ks. Pljocl`lg fugglg lcfjjr zh cjgnl tki` nlvjgnlgbhu`lg kg dlpjjc`l nl`rjnsrlplrthkrls, tht`jt `l fclo `hhr rllmtkl lg ùk`kgn vlrdrhflg whr`tlg lr rukotl hgtstjjt vhhr gkluw bjg`lclg.

Dkg`kgn vlrsus hgjabjgflckifblk`

Dkg`kgn kopckmllrt jabjgflckifblk`. Phmb ks jabjgflckifblk` llg whhr` `jt kg `l tljos lxpckmkltljcclrnkl hprhlpt. Hgs hpnrhlklg jcs olgs dlstjjt vhhr llg nrhht `llc ukt strlvlg gjjr hgjabjgfl-ckifblk`, llgs tl ollr kg `lzl tki` vjg kg`kvkùjckslrkgn. Hgjabjgflckifblk` ckift jcs syghgklo olt‒frjmbtkn‛ tl whr`lg lrvjrlg, lg ks `jjroll gjstrlvlgswjjr`kn. Kg `l hgtwkfflckgn vjg hgs clvlg

vlrdrlflg wl rlnlcojtkn jabjgflckifbl`lg ho `l rukotl tl blddlg gkluwl jabjgflckifbl`lg jjgtl njjg. Dkiv. vjg hu`lrckif buks gjjr llg lknlg sjolgclvkgnsvhro. Ha vjg llg tljo ha ja`lckgngjjr llg jg`lrl nrhlp mhcclnj‛s. ]oktb & Dlrn zkig ùk`lckif hvlr blt dlcjgn vjg blt fugglg thl-cjtlg vjg jabjgflckifblk`9

:0: ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;<

:04 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;2



::>


–Kt ks mcljr tbjt j nrhup mjg augmtkhg hgcy ka olodlrs jrl jdcl th `lplg` hg ljmb htblr. Kt ks uctkojtlcy tbl outujc `lplg`lgmy tbjt ojfls tbl nrhup j nrhup. Ph `lgy tbks `lplg`lgmy hr th tryth ojfl kt kgth sholtbkgn htblr tbjg wbjt kt ks rltjr`s tbl nrhup‛s mjpjmkty th mhol thnltblr js j

wbhcl.‟:0=

Hg`jgfs blt alkt jt jabjgflckif zkig vjg lcfjjr vhhr llg tljo us llg mhg`ktkh skgl quj ghg ks, whr`t`kt kg nllg vjg l hg`lrzhlftljos hg`lrflg`. Dki NHU wltlg l cl`lg jt zl lcfjjr kg slsskls gh-`kn blddlg, ojjr kg blt `jnlckifsl wlrf tusslg lvlgts whr`t `kt lxpckmklt gklt zh lrvjrlg. ^jggllrkf `l tljocl`lg bklr rlmbtstrllfs gjjr vrjjn gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg llrstl hdslrvjtkls dckift blt k`lljabjgflckif tl zkig vhhr blg dlvrllo`lg`. Qhhr lgflclg ckift blt llg kgalrklurl stjtus, jg`lrlgzkig lr hgwlggkn hvlr9 bklr blddlg zl ghn ghhkt hvlr gjnl`jmbt. Blt nllat jjg `jt olg zkmb gkltdlwust ks vjg `l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg kl`lr tljock`, lg vjg `l ghh`zjjf tjflg tl vlr`lclg lghp lcfjjr tl dhuwlg. Lr ks dkgglg blt jnlckifs clvlg vjg NHU nllg olmbjgksol vjg ‒vlrtrhuwlghp lcfjjr‛ zkmbtdjjr lg hhf kg `l jg`lrl tljos spllct `kt lxpckmklt gklt. Llg Ouctk-tljock` ks bklrhplg hvlr9

–^l stjjg lcfjjr gu shos hhf gjjr blt clvlg. ^l vlrtrhuwlg lcfjjr gklt, bhu`lg zjflg hg`lr`l plt. Ylcas lrgstknl hplrjtkhglcl prhdclolg.‟

Jabjgflckif zkig whr`t nlvhlc` jcs fwltsdjjrblk`, lg jt thlnlvlg, jjr ks hhf NHU gklt vlkckn nl-ghln vhhr. Prhts lg jrrhnjgtkl whr`lg `hhr Bkrsmbbhrg nlghlo` jcs vlr`l`knkgnsolmbjgksolgtlnlg nlvhlclgs vjg fwltsdjjrblk` lg jabjgflckifblk`:00. Kg`kvkùlg smblrolg zkmb zh dlwust ja,

wjt `l frjmbtlgdug`lckgn vjg blt tljo hg`lrokigt. @kt dlègvchl`t jccl augmtkls vjg blt tljo lgnl`rjnkgnlg vjg tljocl`lg `jjrdkgglg.

–Pbl tkols wblg j olodlr sllos ohst trhudcl` dy allckgns ha `lplg`lgmy jrl wblg tbhsl wbh

jrl dlkgn `lplg`l` hg jrl jsfl` th dl sholtbkgn tbjt tbly jrl ght hr wblg tbly jrl plrmlkvl` jsugtrustwhrtby. Kg dhtb mjsls tbl lskrl ha tbl kg`kvkùjc olodlr th dl kg`lplg`lgt ks vlry strhgn.‟:0<

Gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg `kt mktjjt vjct olt gjol llg sjolgbjgn hp tusslg jabjgflckif fugglg zkiglg blt vlrtrhuwlg kg `jtnlgl wjjr olg jabjgflckif vjg ks. @jt dltrlat vhhr tljocl`lg zhwlc bugtljonlghtlg, lg kg dkizhg`lrl ojtl `l tljoojgjnlr. ^hr`t blg nlvrjjn` klts tl zkig `jt zki gkltzkig, ha whr`lg tljonlghtlg ha -ojgjnlr (kopckmklt) nlplrmkpkllr` jcs gklt tl vlrtrhuwlg8 Kg jccltljos ks llg hgtdrlflg`, jjrzlclg` ha dlplrft vlrtrhuwlg zkmbtdjjr. Blt gklt wlrflckif vlrtrhu-

wlg vjg lcfjjr stlrft `l dlbhlatl jjg hgjabjgflckifblk`, blt `hlt tljocl`lg wln dlwlnlg vjg blttljo lg vlrokg`lrt `l dkg`kgn.

Dhtslg`l k`lgtktlktlg

Gjjst `lzl ‒stkccl‛ prhmlsslg, `l hg`lrnrhg`sl vllgdrjgìls, zkig hhf nrhtl, uktscjjg`l drjg`lgzkmbtdjjr. Llg typksmb vhhrdllc` vjg `lrnlckifl kgtlrjmtkl whr`t `hhr ]oktb & Dlrn nlnlvlg9

–Kt ks ght ugusujc ahr jg kg`kvkùjc wbh `hls ght ckfl tbl ghros kg j nrhup th `lvlchp j blrhkmstjgml thwjr` mbjgnkgn tbl nrhup kgth sholtbkgn tbjt bl hr sbl whuc` wksb th dl pjrt ha. V…_ Bks

:0= ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :05

:00 Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn <

:0< ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :05



::2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

hr blr oksskhg kg tbl nrhup dlmhols arjol` kg hpphsktkhgjc tlros. ^blg tbl nrhup su``lgcy `kspcjys phwlrauc rlskstjgml, lqujc th tbl blrh(kgl)‛s hwg laahrt, tblrl sllos gh jctlrgjtkvl th ‒uppkgntbl jgtl‛ jg` nbtkgn lvlg ohrl vknhrhuscy. Pbl mymcl rlpljts ktslca ugtkc tbl kg`kvk`ujc mhgqulrs hr

allcs mhgqulrl` dy tbl nrhup, hr, ohrl jmmurjtlcy, dy tbl ‒slca ‛ tbjt wjs put kgth tbl nrhup.‟:01

Dkgglg NHU zkig Ijmmh lg Blcclg vhhrdllc`lg vjg tljocl`lg `kl ollr rukotl lg wjjr`lrkgn gh-`kn blddlg `jg zl frkinlg:0>. Ho thmb kg `kl dlbhlatl tl vhhrzklg mrlærlg zl hgdlwust ” tlrwkiczl ghn ojjr glt tht blt tljo thlnltrl`lg zkig ” sktujtkls `kl hp `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg jcs mhgkmt-zhlflg` lg dlsmbuc`knlg` hvlrfholg. Urlmkls zhjcs ]oktb & Dlrn dlsmbrkivlg hgtstjjt lr llglsmjclrlg`l kgtlrjmtkl, `kl kg `lzl nlvjcclg hhf ‒fcjpt‛9 blt tljo sghlrt blg `l ohg`. Hhf kg `ljg`lrl tljos zkig `lrnlckifl sktujtkls zkmbtdjjr, zki blt wjt okg`lr vjjf, ho`jt `l kgtlrjmtkl `jjrokg`lr hp `l spkts nl`rlvlg whr`t. Kg lgflcl jg`lrl nlvjcclg cuft blt `l hpphglgt wlc ho zkignlckif tl frkinlg. Blt njjt `jg ho llg tljock` olt llg ojmbtknlr phsktkl, ha ho llg mhjcktkl vjgtljocl`lg, `kl sjolg ollr kgvchl` fugglg ukthlalglg.

Nrhlplg hg`lrckgn

Hg`jgfs `l fcuwlgs vjg kgtlrjmtkls `kl dkgglg `l tljos zkmbtdjjr zkig, zkig `l tljocl`lg `hhrhvlrllgfhostlg nldhg`lg tht llg tljo. @lzl hvlrllgfhostlg bhu`lg plr `lgktkl tlvlgs vlr -smbkcclg kg tlg hpzkmbtl vjg jg`lrl tljos, vlrsmbkcclg `kl kg `l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg `l nrhlplg uktnl-spllc` whr`lg.

Qhhr NHU ks blt hg`lrsmblk` gjjr ‒trj`ktkhglcl mhgsuctkgn‛ jc nlghlo`. Lr ks lmbtlr ghn llg jg-`lrl mhgmurrlrlg`l nrhlp kg `l `krlmtl honlvkgn wjjrdki `kt `uk`lckif spllct. @lzl nrhlp fhotNHU wlrflckif tl gj hhr`jt zl l oltbh`hchnkl vjg NHU kg llg cknbt vlrskl fhpkllrt lg `jjr vlr-

vhcnlgs nhl`l sklr lg vllc hozlt oll ojjft6 klts wjt NHU hp `jt oholgt zlca nhl` zhu fugglgnldrukflg. @lzl jg`lrl nrhlp ‒oksclk`t‛ fcjgtlg `hhr blg rlsuctjtlg tl dlchvlg `kl olt `l cknbt

vlrskl (vhcnlgs NHU) gklt dlrlkft fugglg whr`lg. @jt stllft dki NHU! @hhr`jt dlk`l nrhlplghp `lzlca`l k`lhchnkl nlsthlc` zkig bllat blt wlrf vjg dlk`l tljos vllc hvlrllgfhostlg. Phmb whr`lg iukst `l vlrsmbkcclg hvlr lg wllr uktvlrnrhht ho jjg tl thglg ‒`jt wki dltlr zkig‛. @l tl-nlgstlcckgnlg `kl nljsshmkllr` zkig olt `l hvlrllgfhostknl djsks tusslg `l nrhlplg whr`lg `hhrNHU-cl`lg zh`jgkn dlwlrft `jt NHU tlnlghvlr `l jg`lrl nrhlp fhot tl stjjg. ^jt jjg rlshur-mls dlsmbkfdjjr ks (fcjgtlg, hp`rjmbtlg, rukotlg, ok``lclg) whr`t lrvjrlg jcs hgvhc`hlg`l, wjgt

wjt l ëëg wkgt njjt jctki` tlg fhstl vjg wjt vhhr l jg`lr dlsmbkfdjjr ks. Olg rl`lgllrt zh vjgukt vlrsmbkc lg vjgukt smbjjrstl, kg pcjjts vjg lcfjjr hp tl zhlflg lg `l vlrsmbkcclg tl hvlrdrunnlg.

Lg ghn `kmbtlr dki NHU ks llg jg`lrl nrhlp tl hgtwjrlg wjjr vlrsmbkcclg dlgj`ruft whr`lg, `l arllcjgmlrs `kl blcplg dki lvlgts . @l NHU-cl`lg rlpplg kg `l kgtlrvklws gklt ha gjuwlckifs hvlr `lzlnrhlp olgslg, zhg`lr wkl `l lvlgts gklt pcjjts zhu`lg fugglg vkg`lg. Yl zkig ” nlzklg l jjr` vjg

`l lvlgts ” kg blt lvlgt clvlg bllc `kmbtdki lg hgoksdjjr, ojjr splclg nllg rhc kg `l vlrbjclg vjgtljocl`lg, `kl hpolrflckif nlghln vhhrjc vlrtlcclg hvlr blt clvlg tusslg lvlgts `hhr. Lg bhlwlc`l arllcjgmlrs jctki` nrjjn jjg jmtkvktlktlg vjg NHU oll`hlg, vhlclg zki hhf `jt zl jg`lrs zkig, lgsclmbts llg splmklf `llc vjg blt splmtruo ollojflg. Lëg arllcjgmlr zlnt llgs

–^ki prkizlg hgs nlcuffkn, wki `hlg blt clufl `llc vjg blt NHU-wlrf9 `l slsskls.‟

:01 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;4

:0> Ykl pjrjnrjja ‒^jt bld ãf gh`kn8‛, llr`lr kg `kt bhha`stuf



::;


Blt dlgj`rufflg vjg `l lknlg prhalsskhglcl suplrklurl k`lgtktlkt ks llg vllc nldrukft lg dlsprh-flg olmbjgksol `jt nrhlplg `l ohnlckifblk` dkl`t blt vlrsmbkc tl vlrstlrflg lg `l lknlg phsktkltl vlrdltlrlg. Ojrtkg Ujrflr zlnt bklrhvlr hg`lr jg`lrl9

–\skgn j prhalsskhgjc k`lgtkty oljgs prhtlmtkgn hr sphgshrkgn tbl mlgtrjckty ha j pjrtkmucjr nrhupth jg hrnjgkzjtkhg. Kt blgml jcsh oljgs tbjt hgl pjrtkmucjr nrhup dlst ug`lrstjg`s tbl rljc gll`sha tbl hrnjgkzjtkhg kg j pjrtkmucjr jrlj V…_ jg` tbjt htblr nrhups V…_ `h ght. V…_ Ph usl jghmmupjtkhgjc hr prhalsskhgjc k`lgtkty ks th mhoolgt hg tbl kgjdkcktkls ha htblrs iust js kt mlcldrjtlstbl lxplrtksl ha slca.‟ :02

@l dlclvkgn vjg `l lknlg suplrklurl k`lgtktlkt ks mrumkjjc vhhr blt dllc` vjg blt zlca kg rlcjtkltht `l honlvkgn, ha `kt gu blt kg kvk`ulcl zlca ha blt tljo-zlca dltrlat. Hhf Bhnlgstkig lg vjgOk``lcfhhp:0; nlvlg jjg, `jt jcs `l `lgktkl vjg l lknlg nrhlp gklt phsktkla lg blc`lr ks, `kt bltprhjmtkla bjg`lclg `hhr kl nrhlp dlcloolrt. @l nrhlp okst llg phsktkla ahmus- lg rlalrlgtkl-pugt. @kt clk`t tht llg strumturlcl jmbtlrstjg` hp `l ojmbtsdjcjgs olt (jg`lrl nrhlplg kg) `l

mhgtlxt. Dki NHU nlc`t `kt dkivhhrdllc` kg rlcjtkl tht blt jg`lrl tljo `jt olt llg vlrnlckifdjjrmhgmlpt wlrft. Ojx lg Ouctk fholg, dki nldrlf jjg ahmus, gklt tht bjg`lclg.

Dkg`kgn olt blt zlca, tljo âg hrnjgksjtkl8

Hp wlcf hrnjgksjtklgkvlju ojgkalstllrt zkmb gu `l prkojkrl dkg`kgn dki tljocl`lg kg `l hg`lr-zhlfstljos8 ]kldlrs lt jc. stlcclg

–… l olgslckifl dlbhlatl jjg jsshmkjtkl lg sjolgwlrfkgn gllot blt hp tlnlg l lvlgllgs olgslckifl dlbhlatl ho zkig (vjjf `hhr blozlca hgdlnrlplg) lknlgdlcjgn tl klglg.‟ :<5

@l stlrfstl lg prkojkrl dkg`kgn dckift kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos thmb olt blt zlca :<:. Kg`krlmt ks `jtja tl clzlg jjg `l frjmbt vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn lg blt dkigj kgstkgmtklvl tlruntrlfflg hp blt zlca dkinlvjjr. @krlmtlr dckift `jt ukt `l dlvkg`kgnlg kg bhha`stuf 0, wjjr nlmhgmcu`llr` whr`t `jt bltplrshhgckif `hlc uktlkg`lckif jctki` stlrflr ks `jg llg nl`llc` lg hg`lrbjg`lc` `hlc.]lggltt:<4 nllat llg vhhrdllc` `jt `lzl stlcckgn hg`lrstlugt9 Llg ol`lwlrflr whrstlct olt spjg-gkgn tusslg wjt lr kg blt wlrf vjg blo nlækst whr`t lg wjt bki vjg zkmbzlca vlrwjmbt jcs vj lr. Bltnjjt ho spjggkgn tusslg lglrzki`s dkg`kgn olt lg mhooktolgt jjg blt clvlg kg `l duktlgwlrlc`lg jg`lrzki`s `l vlrdkg`kgn olt blt zlca, `l dkgglgwlrlc`. @lzl ojg lrvjjrt `jt zkig kgtlnrktlktjjgnltjst whr`t hhr`jt l fjrjftlrlknlgsmbjpplg kl bki jcs vj`lr vhhr zkig fkg`lrlg wkc ‒vhhrcl-

vlg‛ kg zkig wlrf vjg nlglrclk wjjr`l whr`lg nljmbt. Blt alkt wjjr `lzl ol`lwlrflr cjst vjg bllatks `jt bki zkmb mhgnrulgt wkc vlrdkg`lg jjg ollr`lrl mhgtlxtlg, tlrwkic `lzl mhgtlxtlg vlrsmbkc-clg`l lkslg jjg zkig ghrolg lg wjjr`lg stlcclg. @l ojg fhot bklr`hhr kg llg nlwltlgsmhgkmt.

Hhf tljocl`lg blddlg ollr`lrl k`lgtktlktlg, kl hp lcfjjr kgwlrflg9 zki wkcclg zkmb jjg ollr`lrlmhgtlxtlg lg hp ollr`lrl gkvljus tlnlckif dkg`lg. @kt whr`t spjgglg` wjggllr blt ollr`lrl

wlrfmhgtlxtlg dltrlat, zhjcs dkivhhrdllc` dki Blcclg, `kl tht NHU thl wkc trl`lg lg `jjrdki bjjrdjg` olt bjjr nrhlp dkgglg l ‒trj`ktkhglcl mhgsuctkgn‛ gklt wkc hpnlvlg. Ykizlca `lgft jt zl lzl

:02 Ujrflr, 4555, pn 450

:0; Bhnlgstkig & vjg Ok``lcfhhp, 4552, pn =5;

:<5 ]kldlrs lt jc, 4554, pn =1

:<: Kg bhha`stuf ; whr`t bklr uktnldrlk`lr hp kg nlnjjg.

:<4 ]lggltt, :;;2, pn 4:



:45

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

k`lgtktlktlg fjg mhodkglrlg. Ojjr wjt dltlflgt dkg`kgn jjg llg jg`lrl mhgtlxt ” kg `kt nlvjc llgmhgmurrlrlg`l mhgtlxt ” vhhr `l dkg`kgn jjg blt ‒lknlg‛ tljo8@l NHU-cl`lg vjttlg `uddlcl dkg`kgn hp jcs ‒gklt chyjjc‛. Hhf okig lknlg dkg`kgn jjg `kt hg`lr-

zhlf, wjjr`hhr kf olrfdjjr ollr `jg jg`lrlg trhuw dlg jjg olzlca lg okg`lr ohghnjjo gjjrblt tljo thl whr`, ks llg vhhrdllc` jt clttlrckif dlghlo` whr`t olt ‒il dlgt gklt zh chyjjc jcs zhufugglg‛. jjr kf zlca `lgf `lzl k`lgtktlktlg tl fugglg mhodkglrlg, lrvjrlg okig tljonlghtlg `kt

” gj kgktkæcl kgstlookgn vhhr `l jjgvjgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf ” gklt jcs zh`jgkn. Hhf `kt ks tl zklgjcs llg dlbhlatl vjg blt tljo bjjr dlglt tl ojxkojckslrlg, zlcas jcs jt tlg fhstl vjg l cl`lg njjt.

^kl ks bklr kg jt nlvjc ‒blt tljo‛8 @jt zkig thmb l tljocl`lg zlca 8 Ha, kg `kt nlvjc, llg hokgjgtlmhjcktkl `jjrdkgglg, `kl llg dl`rlknkgn vjg blt mhcclmtkla dlsplurt.

Qjgzlcasprlflg` zkig blt hpgkluw `l k`lgtktlktlg kl `lrnlckifl hokgjgtl mhjcktkls `hlg hgtstjjg.]hooknl `jjrvjg zkig stjtksmb, jg`lrl zkig ollr nlclnlgblk`smhjcktkls. Yhwlc dkgglg NHU jcsdkgglg Ojx ks lr dkivhhrdllc` llg fclkg nrhlpil tljocl`lg `jt klts rllmtklvlr kgnlstlc` ks lg hpl-rllrt dkgglg llg ollr`lrblk` vjg ‒`hlglrs‛. Dki Ouctk zklg wl vlrsmbkcclg`l `kvksklojgjnlrs olt

llg lknlg wkgstdlcjgn, lg `l stja`klgstlg olt jg`lrl dlcjgnlg. @lzl mhjcktkls hg`lrsmblk`lg zkmb`hhr vlrsmbkcclg kg dlcjgnlg, lg llg hg`lrckgn ojmbtssplc `jjrhobllg. @jjrgjjst vlrvucclg zki

vjjf kl`lr llg `llc vjg l rhc vjg blt tljo, vucclg zki lcfjjr `jjrkg jjg. Lmbtl prhdclolg hgtstjjg wjggllr blt tljo kg llg nlvlmbt olt `l duktlgwlrlc` tlrlmbt fhot.

–Nrhups kg mhgkmt usujccy mjcc ahr ‒jcc bjg`s‛ th blcp kg tbl lxtlrgjc djttcls. Pbl pjrt tbjt ks

stjykgn `kstjgt hg dlbjca ha tbl nrhup js j wbhcl th ajmkcktjtl rllmtkhg hg wbjt ks nhkgn hg mjg dl

skclgml` dy dlkgn thc` tbjt kt hdvkhuscy hls ght mjrl lghunb jdhut tbl nrhup th lvlg ihkg tbl nbt ahrtbl nrhup‛s kgtlrlsts. V…_ Pblsl twh pjrts ha tbl nrhup, ljmb ha wbkmb gll s tbl htblr th ojkgtjkgtbl k`lgtkty ha tbl nrhup js j wbhcl, hatlg tjfl hpphsktl sk`ls kg tbl ldjtl hvlr wbltblr jg` bhw th`ljc wktb tbl lxtlrgjc mhgkmt. Kg `hkgn sh, tbly drkgn th tbl surajml jg kgtlrgjc strunncl tbjt oust

dl ojgjnl` dlahrl tbl lxtlrgjc hgl mjg dl mhgsk`lrl`.‟ :<=

@lrnlckifl kgtlrgl strki` ks ” hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl ” kg jccl hg`lrzhlfstljos wjjr tl glolg. @lalktlckifl (tlnlg)stlcckgn whr`t `hhr gklojg` hpnlolrft. @l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg dlk`l fjg-tlg whr`lg gklt hg`lrzhmbt ha hg`lrflg` @jjr`hhr dckiat olg lcfjjr dlstrki`lg, hvlrtuknlg hahvlrruclg. Kg pcjjts `jjrvjg zhu olg hhf `l pjrj`hx fugglg hvlrstkinlg lg ollrwjjr`l zhlflg kgllg vlrdkg`kgn lg llg ëg-ëg-hpchsskgn.

Hhf dkgglg Ojx zkig lr vlrsmbkcclg`l k`lgtktlktlg tl hg`lrsmblk`lg, `kl clk`lg tht sudnrhlplgdkgglg blt tljo. @l ollst hpvjcclg`l drlufckig ks `kl tusslg `l tljocl`lg `kl tlnlg kl`lrl vlrnj-`lrkgn prhtlstlrlg jcs ‒tl cjgn lg tl vllc‛ lg zki `kl olglg jt lr olt l buk`knl nlrkgnl kgspjggkgngjuwlckifs vhhrtnjgn nldhlft fjg whr`lg.

Qhhr Ojx cknt `l rlcjtkl olt blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt bllc jg`lrs `jg dki NHU. Ojx hplrllrt `k-rlmt hg`lr `l `krlmtkl, `l ollstl Ojx-cl`lg zkig `krlmt rlphrts vjg `krlmtklcl`lg. @hhr `l fhrtl cki-glg ks lr arlqulgt mhgtjmt. Phmb ks bklr klts dkizhg`lrs jjg `l bjg`9 zhwlc `l `krlmtklcl`lg jcs `ltljocl`lg wltlg `jt `l tjjfstlcckgnlg vjg dlk`l nrlokj gklt hp lcfjjr jjgscuktlg lg tlnlckiflrtki`hvlrcjpplg` zkig. Kg`klg Ojx bjjr wlrf nhl` `hlt jmtllrt zl hp blt spllcvlc` vjg `l `krlmtkl lghonlfllr`. Jcclg wltlg kt lg nllg vjg blg j`rlssllrt kt pugt. Yhjcs llr`lr nlstlc`9 l jcnlollg`krlmtlur cjjt blt lrdki, ho`jt bki mhopltlgtklstrki` llg guttkn olmbjgksol vkg`t ho hg`lrckgnlsmblrptl tl mrlærlg. ^jt dltlflgt `kt jccls vhhr `l tljocl`lg8 ^hr`t Ojx `hhr `l `krlmtkl slrk-lus nlgholg8 Gllot blt tljo zkmbzlca slrklus8 Kl`lrllg kg `kt splc bllat dlcjgn dki jodknuètlkt.

:<= ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :;5



:4:


@krlmtklcl`lg dlghlolg blt kssul gklt ho`jt zki jccllg ojjr phsktkl fugglg vlrcklzlg, Ojx-cl`lgdlghlolg blt gklt ho`jt `jg bug ojg`jjt ” lg `jjroll bug stjtus ” vlrfclkg` zhu fugglg

whr`lg. Dhvlg`klg ks kl`lrllg kg `l hrnjgksjtkl nlwlg` jjg hlcstlcckgnlg `kl gklt nhl` hp lcfjjr

jjgscuktlg. @l jodknuètlkt nllat, zhjcs vjflr, bjg`lckgnsrukotl. Blt ks ùs hpgkluw llg fwlstkl vjg (fhrtl-tlrokig-)lknlgdlcjgn, vjg dhvlgstrhho lg hg`lrstrhho.

Bhnlgstkig lg vjg Ok``lcfhhp:<0 stlcclg `jt vhhrjc kg tki`lg vjg mrksks, mhgkmt lg dl`rlknkgn`l nrhlpsvhrokgn whr`t vlrstlrft. @jt dckift kg nllg vjg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos blt nlvjc tl zkig.Dkgglg NHU vlrfrukolct `l sjjobhrknblk` hg`lr `ruf vjg pcjgglg vjg `l `krlmtkl. ]hwklshhgtstjjg vrki nlojfflckif arjnolgtjtkls, hhf jc gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg `l thltrl`kgn vjg llg gkluwtljock` ha vlrsmbkc vjg kgzkmbt hvlr wlrfghrolg. Dkgglg Ojx vhlrt arjnolgtjtkl stll`s `l dh-

vlgthhg, lg hhf hg`lr `ruf vjg kgnrkiplg`l hgtwkfflckgnlg kg `l ojrft ha ohnlckif ajclg vjgblt tljo nrhlkt `l dkg`kgn ha kgtlnrjtkl gklt. Kgtlnlg`llc, `l vlrsmbkcclg kg stjg`pugt vlrbjr`lgzkmb. Dkgglg Ouctk whr`t wlc nlmhgstjtllr` ‒wjt hgs dkg`t ks `l mhcclmtklvl dl`rlknkgn‛, ojjr hhfbklr clk`t l lxtlrgl ruf vjg hvlrblk` lg dlstuur gklt tht blt zkmb wlrflckif jjgllgscuktlg vjg blt

tljo, wlc tht blt vhrolg vjg fclkgl mhjcktkls kg `l hg`lrstrhho.

Lg bhl stjjt blt olt `l dkg`kgn olt blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt, `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl8 @uk`lckif ks `jt`l NHU-cl`lg zkmb kg`kvkùllc lg jcs tljo gklt ‒nlzklg‛ vhlclg. @l djg` tusslg blt tljo lg bltbhnlr ojgjnlolgt ks chs lg jastjg`lckif6 zl dlstjjg vhhrjc ukt blt ojjg`lckifsl sjcjrks lg blt ijjr-ckifsl dlhhr`lckgnsnlsprlf. @kt vlrtjjct zkmb vhhr NHU gjjr llg nlvhlc vjg vrkiblk`9 `l phsktklvl

vjrkjgt vjg ‒iucckl blddlg olt hgs gklts tl ojflg‛. @kl nlplrmkpkllr`l vrkiblk` whr`t hhf ghn dlvlstkn` wjggllr `l wkgst llg pjjr ijjr gklt nlbjjc` whr`t. Blt ojgjnlolgt ks zh olt zkmbzlca lgrlhrnjgksjtkls dlzkn, `jt NHU bklrhvlr gklts vjg blg vlrgllot. Blt tljo njjt z‛g lknlg njgn lg

vhlct zkmb `jjrkg stlrf, rlflgt hvlrohl`kn duktlg `l frjmbt vjg `l bllrslg`l ojmbtsmuctuur. Hpblt oholgt jt lr tlnlg blt lkg`l vjg l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l hhr bhnlrbjg` wâc prlmklzlr gjjr l

mkialrs nlflflg whr`t, whr`t `kl hvlrohl` uktnlcln` jcs drutjcktlkt vjg `l wlrfvchlr. @jg whr`tlr stlrf uktnlbjjc`6 blt tljo whr`t vlrfclkg`, nlrlhrnjgksllr` lg lr whr`t llg jg`lrl ojgjnlrdhvlg nlpcjjtst. Kg llrstl kgstjgtkl ckift blt ùs jcsha blt tljo lr djjt dki bllat `jt lr gklt hp bjjrnlclt whr`t, `jt hpnlcln`l `hlclg gklt nlbjg`bjja` whr`lg. Ojjr `jt ks sclmbts tki`lckif lg smbkig.Hgjawlg`djjr fhot bhhnohl` bklr vhhr `l vjc.

Ouctk vhrot zâca blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt, `l `krlmtkl. Dhvlg `kt tljo zkt jccllg blt dlstuur. jtzkig hokgjgtl k`lgtktlktlg kl bklr splclg, wkl bllat ojmbt8 Yhwlc kg blt dlstuur jcs dkgglg Ouctkks sprjfl vjg lgflcl uktnlsprhflg nurlg. @l ojmbt ks lmbtlr hgnlckif vlr`llc`9 blt dlstuur fjgdlscuktlg vjg Ouctk kl blg gklt wlcnlvjcckn zkig dchfflrlg, jjgnlzklg blt dlstuur blt cjjtstl whhr`kg `l dlscuktvhrokgn bllat. @jt `hlt blt dlstuur hhf `jj`wlrflckif rlnlcojtkn ha `rlknt `jjroll,

wjjrgj blt tljo bjjr ‒dlscuktlg‛ dkistlct. Hgtrl``lrkgn, lshrkægtjtkl lg hpstjg` dkgglg Ouctk zkig

blt nlvhcn, wjjrgj blt dlstuur jjgnllat ‒`jt zl lr gkfs vjg djfflg‛. @l mkrflc ks rhg`, blt dlstuur vhlct zkmb nlrhlplg hpgkluw kg tl nrkiplg. Blt dlstuur lg Ouctk bhu`lg lcfjjr zh nlvjgnlg kgblrbjclg` nl`rjn, wjjr`hhr dlk`l jjg frjmbt kgdhltlg.

Kg `kt vlrdjg` ks blt hg`lrsmblk` `jt Nrjghvlttlr:<< ojjft tusslg ‒strhgn tkls‛ lg ‒wljf tkls‛ kgtlrls-sjgt. Hg`lr strhgn tkls vlrstjjt Nrjghvlttlr stlrfl, drl`l, hp `l `krlmtl honlvkgn nlhrkægtllr`ldjg`lg. @lzl zkig ‛t dlcjgnrkifst vhhr `l shmkjcl stlug `kl klojg` lrvjjrt. ^ljf tkls hosmbrkiat bkijcs djg`lg olt jg`lrlg, dkivhhrdllc` vlr`lr wln kg `l hrnjgksjtkl. @lzl zkig dlcjgnrkif ho kgahr-ojtkl tl vlrfrkinlg `kl kg `l lknlg `krlmtl honlvkgn gklt vhhrbjg`lg ks. Plrwkic strhgn tk ls gh`kn

:<0 Bhnlgstkig & vjg Ok``lcfhhp, 4552, pn <>

:<< Nrjghvlttlr, :;>4



:44

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

zkig ho tht `l nrhlp nlrlflg` tl whr`lg, vhrolg wljf tkls llg ohnlckifl ojmbtsdrhg. Yki vlr-okg`lrlg l jabjgflckifblk` vjg tljocl`lg vjg dkivhhrdllc` bug tljoojgjnlr `hhr`jt dlpjjc`lkgahrojtkl zlca rlmbtstrllfs vjg l drhg vlrfrlnlg fjg whr`lg. ^ljf tkls dkl`lg l lknlgjjr lrvjg

hhf `l ohnlckifblk` kgahrojtkl tl vlrfrkinlg `kl kg `l rlst vjg `l nrhlp gklt dlflg` ks, `kl blgzh ojmbt nllat kg `l lknlg `krlmtl honlvkgn. Lgflcl NHU-cl`lg, zhjcs Lccks lg Dlckj, ojflg bklrnldrukf vjg `hhr lc`lrs kg `l hrnjgksjtkl kg wlrfnrhlplg jmtkla tl zkig, jg`lrlg dlplrflg bug jm-tklrj`kus tht blt tljo zlca. Ojx-cl`lg wlrflg plrojglgt vkj bug wljf tkls , ol`l hhr bug stlrflrlkg`kvkùlcl kgdl``kgn kg l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl. Blt ks kg l tljovlrnj`lrkgnlg tl olrflg jtzki `l kgahrojtkl `kl zki bklrukt vlrfrkinlg kgzlttlg kg blt hg`lrckgnl ojmbtsplc. ^ljf tkls dkl`lgllg tljo `jjrgjjst ohnlckifblk` tht dlègvchl`kgn vjg `l mhgtlxt. @lzl cjjtstl ojmbtsdrhg whr`tdkgglg NHU gklt hg`lrflg`, nlwjjr`llr` ha dlgut. @l tljoojgjnlr vjg Ojx ks bklr lmbtlr

vhchp oll `hlg`l.

^l`lrflrknblk` hg`jgfs jsyooltrkl

Ks lr kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos sprjfl vjg djcjgs, vjg lgknl wl`lrflrknblk` kg `l dkg`kgnsrlcjtklstusslg kg`kvkù lg tljo ha tljo lg hrnjgksjtkl, hhf jc ks `kl `ygjoksmb8Cjtlg wl llrst llgs fkiflg gjjr `l rlcjtkls tusslg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn. Ks dkg`kgn bklr llg twll-zki`kn dlcjgn8 Qjjf dlstjjt lr llg lvlgwkmbt tusslg wjt llg tljock` llg tljo dkl`t lg wjt blttlr clgknkgn vjg zkig dlbhlatl vrjjnt, bhl jsyooltrksmb lg vlrsmbkcclg` vjg jjr` `kl dlk`l zki`lghhf fugglg zkig. @l plrmlptkl vjg lvlgwkmbt dki dlk`l pjrtkilg ks hhf ghh`zjflckif ho jcs tljock`llg nlzhg`l lg ùurzjol rlcjtkl olt blt tljo tl fugglg hg`lrbhu`lg. Lvlgwkmbt vjg nlvlg lgglolg. Urlmkls wjjr zkmbtdjjr ks `jt `kt lvlgwkmbt vlrsthhr` ks, whr`t `l rlcjtkl dkgglg lgknl tki`

vlrdrhflg.

Qjgzlcasprlflg` zkig `l vlrtkmjcl rlcjtkls gklt syooltrksmb, blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt bllat ollr

ojmbt. Hhf bklr ks dkg`kgn lmbtlr llg twllzki`kn dlcjgn9

–Ohtkvjtkl vhhr wlrf dlstjjt kg shhrtlg lg ojtlg. Ho lrjmbtlr tl fholg wjt ol`lwlrflrs lmbtohtkvllrt, zucclg wlrfnlvlrs zkmb kg blg ohltlg vlr`klplg, vjgukt `l wltlgsmbjp `jt ohtkvjtkl lgdkg`kgn gklt hguktputtlckif zkig. ^lrfnlvlrs ohltlg zkmb javrjnlg wjt vhhr hrnjgksjtkl zl wkcclgzkig, lg wkl zl `jg wkcclg dkg`lg.‟ :<1

@jt dlcjgn lrvjrlg wlrfnlvlrs zlca vjjf gklt. Yki zklg dkg`kgn vjjf jcs ‒ihuw zjjf‛, kg `l trjgt vjg‒jcs blt il gklt dlvjct, nj il ojjr wln‛:<>. ^l zjnlg `jt vhhr dkg`kgn vlrtrhuwlg gh`kn ks lg llgzlflrl ojtl vjg vlkcknblk`. @jt zkig zjflg `kl il ohlt dhuwlg, `kl tki` vrjnlg. ]lggltt vrjjnt zkmbkg blt vhhrwhhr` vjg zkig mhgarhgtlrlg`l dhlf ‒tbl Mhrrhskhg ha Mbjrjmtlr‛ ja :<29

–Bhw `h wl `lmk`l wbjt ks ha cjstkgn vjcul kg hurslcvls kg j shmklty wbkmb ks kopjtklgt, wbkmb ahmusls hg tbl kool`kjtl oholgt8 Bhw mjg chgn-tlro nhjcs dl pursul` kg jg lmhghoy `lvhtl`th tbl sbhrt tlro8 Bhw mjg outujc chyjctkls jg` mhooktolgts dl sustjkgl` kg kgstktutkhgs wbkmbjrl mhgstjgtcy drljfkgn jpjrt hr mhgtkgujccy rl`lskngl`8 Pblsl jrl tbl qulstkhgs jdhut mbjrjmtlr

phsl` dy tbl glw, lxkdcl mjpktjckso. V…_ ]hmkjc dhg`s tjfl tkol th `lvlchp, schwcy rhhtkgn kgth

tbl mrjmfs jg` mrlvkmls ha kgstktutkhgs. V…_ –Gh chgn tlro‟ ks j prkgmkpcl wbkmb mhrrh`ls trust,chyjcty, jg` outujc mhooktolgt.‟

:<1 tlg Bjvl lt jc, 4555, pn =<

:<> \ktsprjjf BT-`krlmtlur T&^, vhhrijjr 455:6 zkl hhf ]kldlckgf, 4554, pn :;

:<2 ]lggltt, :;;2, pn :5 lg 40



:4=


Blt zkmb wlrflckif wkcclg vlrdkg`lg vjg bhnlr ojgjnlolgt olt `l rljcktlkt vjg ‒`l wlrfvchlr‛dlnkgt jc dki blt ohlktl `hlg ho ‒blt nrhtl vlrbjjc‛ fchpplg` tl frkinlg olt ‒blt fclkgl vlrbjjc‛:<;,`jjroll dltrhuwdjjr tl zkig kg blt bjg`lclg. Blt nrhtl vlrbjjc stjjt `jjrdki vhhr `l chshl,

wjjr`lg lg BT-dlclk` `jt l hrnjgksjtkl zlnt jjg tl bjgnlg6 blt fclkgl vlrbjjc nllat l jccl`jjnsl vhhrdllc`lg bhl `kt kg `l prjftkif whr`t kgnlvuc`. Qlrsmbkc tusslg dlk`l vlrbjclg vlrhhrzjjft vlrwhg`lrkgn ha dlvrllo`kgn dki ol`lwlrflrs. Kgtlnrktlkt, trjgspjrjgtkl lg rlsplmt zkig bklr kg bltsplc, lgflcl dlcjgnrkifl vhhrwjjr`lg vhhr vlrtrhuwlg lg dkg`kgn.:15

Olt gjol dki T&^ vjct `l nrhtl `ksmrlpjgtkl hp tusslg wjt olg kg `l UTO-mbjrtlr smbrkiat lg wjt blt nlthhg`l dlcjgn lg nl`rjn vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl gjjr ol`lwlrflrs ks. Kg rj`khsphtils hvlrT&^ whr`t llg hrnjgksjtkl nlsmbltst `kl llg T&^-ol`lwlrflr gklt jcs `l zkigl zhu blrflg-glg. Hhf dki Ohstlrt DQ, `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl vjg Ojx, splclg shhrtnlckifl kccuskls. Hhf `kt ksllg hrnjgksjtkl `kl stlrf hp `l fhrtl tlrokig lg uktscuktlg` hp ‒nlc`‛ nlrkmbt ks, bhl olgscklvlg`lg shmkjjc `l oksskl hhf cuk`t. Dki Ouctk spllct `ktzlca`l9 blt nl`rjn vjg blt dlstuur tlg hpzkmbtl

vjg blt tljo ckift gklt hp `l kgtlgtkl `kl sprllft ukt `l mhrphrjtl vjculs . Dki nllg vjg `l `hhr oki

hg`lrzhmbtl tljos ks lr sprjfl vjg mhgnrulgtkl tusslg `l wjjr`lg lg ghrolg `kl ahrollc hphrnjgksjtklgkvlju uktnl`rjnlg whr`lg lg `l `jnlckifsl prjftkif hp `l wlrfvchlr. Blt stjg`pugt`jt kg `l ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur jc jmbtlrbjjc` ks, ojjr `hhr `lzl hrnjgksjtkls jggh 4551 `l ajmthghn uktnl`rjnlg whr`t, ks

–]hat buojg rlshurml ojgjnlolgt ks sholtbkgn yhu mjg jaahr` ka yhur hrnjgkzjtkhg ks ojfkgnohgly.‟ :1:

Jcs lr nlc` ks, ks lr rlsplmt, ks lr rukotl vhhr `jt wjt vhhr `l ol`lwlrflr dlcjgnrkif ks. Lg jcs `lojrft lvlg tlnlg zkt, jcs lr nllg nlc` ks, jg gklt. @l ol`lwlrflr kl olrft jt rlsplmt jabjgflckifks vjg `l wkgst, wllt wjt `kt rlsplmt wjjr` ks.

Kl`lr vjg `lzl `rkl ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkls fjopt nl`urlg`l `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l olt tlnlgvjcclg`l wkgst. @l `ruf hp bhnlr ojgjnlolgt ho `l `lshg`jgfs stkinlg`l wkgst`hlcstlcckgn tl dlbjclggllot thl lg whr`t rlmbtstrllfs vlrtjjc` gjjr `ruf hp lg mhgtrhcl vjg blt prh`umtkljppjrjjt, `lol`lwlrflrs. Dkgglg Ohstlrt DQ ks `lzl sktujtkl llg gkluw alghollg, ojjr kg `l mhgtlxt vjgNHU spllct blt jc ijrlg. Mhcclnj‛s bhhr il jc ijrlg mygksmb tlnlg lcfjjr zlnnlg ‒Jcs il fjjrsil hpks, whr` il vlrvjgnlg `hhr llg jg`lr‛:14. Blt ks zh`hlg`l gklt vlrwhg`lrckif `jt `l NHU-cl`lgzkmb vlrblunlg kg l rlcjtklvl vlkcknblk` dkgglg blt tljo. @jt blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt blg gklt zkltstjjg, whr`t hp `l fhhp thl nlgholg. NHU-cl`lg blddlg prjmbtkn wlrf lg dckivlg (tki`lckif) hhfduktlg smbht vjg `l lkslg tht wkgsthptkojcksjtkl. Ho olt ]hl tl sprlflg9

‒Yh cjgn lr gkfs dltlrs ks… Kf dckia ghn lvlg.‛

@l kgvchl` vjg dkg`kgn hp blt summls vjg blt tljo

Hg`jgfs jccl dkilaalmtlg vhlclg `l tljocl`lg `jt `l hg`lrckgnl dkg`kgn dkgglg blt tljo `l sj-olgwlrfkgn lg `l prlstjtkl `kl blt tljo jjg fcjgtlg fjg clvlrlg vlrbhhnt. Pljocl`lg wltlg dki-

vhhrdllc` `jt l `kvlrsktlkt jjg k`lgtktlktlg blt jjgtjc plrsplmtklvlg vlrnrhht `jt blt tljo phtlg-tkllc tht bjjr dlsmbkffkgn bllat, `jt `kt `l mrljtkvktlkt lg vllrfrjmbt vjg blt tljo tlg nhl`l fhot.

:<; tlg Bjvl lt jc, 4555, pn 12

:15 Ykl hhf bhha`stuf ;, pjrjnrjja ‒@l fllrzki`l‛ lg vlr`lr

:1: Ujrflr, 4555, pn :1

:14 hg`lr jg`lrl JO, zholr :;;;



:40

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Gklt blclojjc ùk`lckif ks ha `jt nlvhlc vjg hg`lrckgnl dkg`kgn `l vlrdkg`kgn olt lcfjjr dltrlat,jcs plrshglg, olt blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc ha olt `l nlollgsmbjpplckifl jmtkvktlkt. Ha ks bltllg olgnvhro `jjrvjg, vhhr kl`lr glt kg llg jg`lrl vlrbhu`kgn8

Bhl stlrflr `l dkg`kgn, bhl nrhtlr blt rkskmh `jt lr kg wksslcwlrfkgn bklroll nrhtl lohtkhglcljastjg` tht `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl hgtstjjt, `kl blt tljo dlcloolrt ho zkmb tlnlckiflrtkiòl`l `jjrhp ja tl stloolg lg zh hhf `l dlstl prlstjtkl vhhr `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl tl clvlrlg. Bltks zh`hlg`l jabjgflckif vjg blt plrsplmtkla vjg wjjrukt ‒summls‛ dlhhr`llc` whr`t bhl blt laalmt

vjg dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkmjtkl uktpjft. @kt bjgnt stlrf sjolg olt wjt dki blt tbloj ‒pjsskl lg `hlc‛ks nlzln` hvlr blt lvlgwkmbt lg `l vlrdkg`kgn tusslg kg`kvkùlcl lg nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlclg.

Qhhr llg nhl`l prlstjtkl hp cjgnl tlrokig zkig zhwlc dkg`kgn dkgglg blt tljo jcs dkg`kgn olt `llknlg hrnjgksjtkl ghh`zjflckif. Yhg`lr blt llrstl gkvlju zjc lr nllg sprjfl zkig vjg llg hptkojclprlstjtkl lg dlstjjgsrlmbt gjjr `l fcjgt. Yhg`lr blt twll`l gkvlju ks lr nllg hptkojcl (mhoolr-mkæcl) prlstjtkl, lg ùs hhf nllg dlstjjgsrlmbt, dkgglg `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl.

]jolgvjttkgn

Dkg`kgn olt blt wlrf lg jccls wjt jt vhhr l k`lgtktlkt olt zkmb oll drlgnt, dkg`kgn olt l olg-slg wjjroll il wlrft. Thuw ho wjt gklt ollr ks, lrdki wkcclg bhrlg. Lrvjrlg jt l ‒wlrflckifblk`‛zh jg`lrs ks `jg wjt olg vhhrnlspklnlc` frkint kg `l vhhrstlcckgnlg `kl jg`lrlg dkgglg blt tljosplclg. Blt zkig jcclojjc jccl`jjnsl, vlrblunlg`l ha vlrwjrrlg`l lrvjrkgnlg. Olgslckifl lrvjrkg-nlg, `kl hhf blt tljoclvlg kgtlgskla fclurlg.

Qlrsmbkcclg`l pjrj`hxlg zkig prhokglgt zkmbtdjjr kg blt tljoclvlg, zhjcs `l pjrj`hx tusslg kg`k- vkù lg mhcclmtkla, lg kl tusslg dkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn. Blt spjggkgnsvlc` tusslg mhcclmtkla lg kg-`kvkùllc ks smblrp zkmbtdjjr. jjr blt mhcclmtkla tl vllc rukotl kggllot, fhot blt kg`kvkù tlfhrt,

lg jg`lrsho. ]trki` tlflgt zkmb bklr ja.Dkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn, nlfhzlg vjgukt llg kg`kvkù, zkig lvlgllgs kgblrlgt jjg lcfjjr, zl vhrolgsjolg llg okc`lrl `ygjoklf. Kl`lrl rlcjtkl, hhf `kl olt blt zlca, whr`t vjgukt `lzl `ygjoklfmhgtkgu hpgkluw nl`lgkllr`. Llg plrojglgtl nhcadlwlnkgn kg `l hg`lrstrhho tusslg ‒ollr

vlrdhg`lg‛ lg ‒ollr jpjrt‛.

Dkg`kgn olt blt tljo ks slmug`jkr tlg hpzkmbtl vjg dkg`kgn olt blt zlca. @l stlrfstl dkg`kgntrll`t hp olt `jt wjt jcs blt `kmbtst dki lrvjrlg whr`t9 blt zlca lg blt lknlgdlcjgn (zkl hhf bhha`-stuf <). @jt ks hp zkmb gklt vlrwhg`lrckif, jc hg`lrflgt nllg vjg `l tljocl`lg `kt kg blt `jnlckifsclvlg, kg `l dhvlgstrhho.

Hplgckifl dkg`kgn jjg llg jg`lr, gklt tljonldhg`lg `hlc, ha `jt gu llg lxtlrgl nrhlp dltrlat ha

llg plrshhgckifl fluzl ks, ojjft llg tljock` hgdltrhuwdjjr. @kt tljock` nllat blt tljo`hlc gkltjctki` prkhrktlkt lg vlr`llct zkig chyjcktlkt (zkmbtdjjr) hvlr ollr`lrl dlcjgnlg.

Jabjgflckif vjg lcfjjr fugglg zkig ks vhhr llg tljo llg mhg`ktkh skgl quj ghg. Phmb whr`t jabjgfl-ckifblk` kg `l tljos gklt lrflg`. Pljocl`lg cjtlg `l jg`lr gklt zý vlr thl `jt zl jabjgflckif vjgblg wkcclg (ha ùrvlg8) zkig. Bklr ks llg wksslcwlrfkgn zkmbtdjjr olt jodknuètlkt lg vlrtrhuwlg.Llg kg`kvkù `jt zhwlc zkig lknlg `hlcstlcckgnlg jcs `kl vjg blt tljo wkc gjstrlvlg, fhot `jjrdkijc sglc tlrlmbt kg llg wld vjg tlnlgstrki`knl lkslg. Lkslg `kl bki jjg zkmbzlca stlct, lg lkslg `kl vhc-nlg ukt zkig tljockòjjtsmbjp. @kt clk`t tht jodknu nl`rjn, wjt blo kg `l hnlg vjg tljonlghtlgokg`lr dltrhuwdjjr ojjft. Olgslg zkig gklt nrjjn jabjgflckif zkig vjg llg plrshhg `kl zki gklt

vlrtrhuwlg. Dlcjgnrkifl vlrsmbkcclg tusslg kg`kvkùlcl lg nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlclg clk`lg zh-

`hlg`l sglc tht blt lrvjrlg vjg jodknuètlkt dki tljonlghtlg, wjjr`hhr blt hg`lrckgn vlrtrhuwlg



:4<


lrh`llrt lg tljocl`lg gklt ollr dlrlk` zkig tht jabjgflckifblk` ilnlgs lcfjjr. Djsksmhg`ktkls vhhrsjolgwlrfkgn zkig `jg gklt vlrvuc`.

Dki Ojx lg Ouctk zkig rhg` blt tbloj dkg`kgn jg`lrl pjtrhglg tl zklg jg dki NHU. jjr dki NHU

`l lknlg fluzl vjg blt tljock` vhhr blt tljo lg vjg blt tljo vhhr blt tljock` dlpjclg` ks vhhrtljockòjjtsmbjp, ks tljockòjjtsmbjp dki `lzl ‒nlahrmllr`l‛ tljos hpnlcln`. Il jmmlptllrt llgaugmtkl lg dlgt `jjroll tljock`. Kg zh‛g mhgstrumtkl ks blt hgwjjrsmbkigckif `jt blt nlollgsmbjp-plckifl dlcjgn kg blt tljo sphgtjjg jcs nlollgsmbjpplckif dlclla` whr`t lg `lzlca`l jjg`jmbtfrkint jcs blt kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgn. @l fluzl vhhr blt tljo lg blt tljo`hlc ks koolrs slmug`jkr. Llg`krlmtklvl dlgj`lrkgn vjgukt blt mhcclmtkla hp `l gjclvkgn vjg blt nlzjolgckif dlcjgn zjc kg zh‛gnlvjc gklt wlrflckif tht rlsuctjjt clk`lg. @l cl`lg vjg lzl tljos blddlg vjgzlcasprlflg` jcclojjcllg jg`lr, gklt tljonldhg`lg `hlc. ^jggllr il zlca nllg dlcjgn bldt kg `l (`lohmrjtksmb) nlfh-zlg `hlcstlcckgn bld il wlkgkn jgkoh bklr lglrnkl kg tl stlflg. @lshg`jgfs whr`t blt tljo`hlc kg`l dhvlgstrhho dlcki`t jcs dlcjgnrkif lg gjstrlvlgswjjr`kn. Kg `l hg`lrstrhho ‒wllt‛ kl`lr bhl`l prkhrktlkt bklrdki wlrflckif cknt lg bjg`lct `jjrgjjr.

Llg nlzjolgckifl k`lgtktlkt nllat dlsmbuttkgn kg llg jcs vkijg`kn lrvjrlg mhgtlxt. Dkgglg NHU whr`t mhblskl jmtkla nlmuctkvllr` jcs jasmblrokgn gjjr `l vhhr NHU vkijg`knl T& -honlvkgn.



:41

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



:4>

@llc KK B 1

Mhoougkmjtkl9 `l djsks vhhr ‒sjolg‛

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf

Mhoougkmjtkl ks llg drll` dlnrkp. Jjg blt whhr` mhoougkmjtkl zlca whr`lg jc bllc vlrsmbkc-clg`l dltlflgksslg nlnlvlg, zlcas wjggllr il uktscuktlg` mhoougkmjtkl zhg`lr tusslgfhost vjgtlmbgklf dlsmbhuwt. ]hooknl jutlurs:1= zklg blt jcs llg okg ha ollr olmbjgksmbl jmtkvktlkt tus-slg llg zlg`lr lg hgtvjgnlr, `kl twll- ojjr hhf llgzki`kn fjg zkig. Jg`lrlg dlgj`lrlg mhoou-gkmjtkl vjgukt `kjchhn, jcs vhhrwjjr`l vhhr dlzklc` wlrflg:10. Kg dlk`l strhokgnlg njjt blt lmbtlr

zhwlc hvlr blt hvlrdrlgnlg jcs hvlr blt dlnrkiplg vjg dltlflgks. Qjg Chhg & Drhmfbus stlcclg9

–Mhoougkmjtkl dltlflgt9 kg nlsprlf zkig hvlr wjt il dlwllnt. Kg nlsprlf olt ilzlca lg olt

lcfjjr .‟ :1<

Yki dlgj`rufflg bklroll blt rllmtklvl lclolgt9 dlnrkip il wjt `l kgbhu` vjg `l (il) dhh`smbjpks8 Plnlckiflrtki` vrjjnt dltlflgksvhc ‒kg nlsprlf zkig olt lcfjjr hvlr wjt il dlwllnt‛ hhf `jt il `ljg`lr wkct ha fugt zklg jcs wkl bki ks. Jvlry vuct `jjr hp jjg olt

–Prul mhoougkmjtkhg ks tbl rlsphgsl yhu nlt.‟ :11

Hatlwlc9 Il mhoougkmjtkl ks pjs mhopcllt jcs il blt laalmt hp `l jg`lr bldt wjjrnlgholg. Hhf

bklr blt lclolgt vjg ‒`l jg`lr zklg, kgmcuskla zkig rljmtkl‛.

jt ks blt dlcjgn vjg mhoougkmjtkl vhhr llg tljo8 Pljocl`lg dug`lclg bug frjmbt ho llg nl-zjolgckif `hlc tl dlrlkflg. Yki dlpjclg bug `hlc, smbjttlg fjgslg lg dl`rlknkgnlg kg. Yki dlojmb-tknlg lg vlr`lclg ok``lclg, flgglg tjflg ha rhcclg thl gjjr nlcjgn mjpjmktlktlg lg vhhrflurlg.Yl dlsprlflg bhl laalmtkla `l uktnlzlttl jmtkls zkig lg sturlg lvlgtullc dki. @kt zkig stuf vhhr stufzjflg kl llg blrbjclg`l mymcus vjg nlzjolgckifl dlwustwhr`kgn, jastlookgn, dlscuktvhrokgn lgnlmhñr`kgllr` bjg`lclg vrjnlg. Mhoougkmjtkl ks kg `lzl mymcus llg lsslgtkllc hg`lr`llc, hgoks-djjr vhhr tljos wjggllr zki llg nlzjolgckif `hlc wkcclg dlrlkflg.

Kg lcf tljo hgtwkfflct zkmb gj fhrtlrl ha cjgnlrl tki` llg mhoougkmjtklpjtrhhg jt zlflrl rhutkgl vlrthhgt. Qlrnj`lrkgnlg blddlg llg vjstl strumtuur, mhgkmtlg whr`lg `hhrnjjgs hp llg dl-

pjjc`l wkizl nlbjgtllr` lg kg l wlrfwkizl hgtstjjg dlpjjc`l prhthmhcclg. @kt zkig nlwhhgtlg klllg tljo kg stjjt stlcclg lamkægt tl wlrflg lg `jjrgjjst rukotl tl bhu`lg ho gkluwl kgahrojtkltl vlrwlrflg. Hhf kg `l ojgklr wjjrhp dlpjjc`l nldlurtlgksslg whr`lg dlclla` lg nlwjjr`llr`,lg `us vhhr blt tljo dltlflgks frkinlg, fholg pjtrhglg tht stjg`.

:1= zkl dkiv. Thddkgs, 455<, pn :10

:10 vjg Chhg & Drhmfbus, 4554

:1< vjg Chhg & Drhmfbus, 4554, pn <

:11 Jvlry, 455:, pn :2:



:42

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

lcfl pjtrhglg zkig zkmbtdjjr kg `l mhoougkmjtkl vjg tljocl`lg8 Bhl njjg tljocl`lg dkivhhr-dllc` olt mhgkmtlg ho8 Bhl vkg`t rllmtkl lg nlzjolgckifl dltlflgksnlvkgn pcjjts8 jt dltlflgt`kt vhhr `l phtlgtkl tht clrlg kg `lzl tljos8 Bhl mhoougkmlrlg `l tljos olt bug honlvkgn8

Fhrtho9 Bhl dlègvchl`t `l mhoougkmjtkl vjg tljocl`lg blt augmtkhglrlg vjg blt tljo8

Ujtrhglg

Hplg lg llrckif8

Gjgj9 –Ij, hplg lg llrckifl mhoougkmjtkl. Jcs kf lrhp tlrun fkif ks `jt ëëg vjg `l mlgtrjclrl

tbloj‛s. @jt wl zlnnlg `jt wl hplg lg llrckif zkig, lg jjg rllmtkl hlg. @jt hlg wl hhf, dlbjcvldki l ohlkckifl nlvjcclg. Jcs blt ohlkckif whr`t, clft blt dki l chh`nkltlr ‛t jcclrbjr`st. Lg jt zktrhg` llg jjgtjc kgmk`lgtlg, ha plrshglg. Kf fjg zl jcclojjc ghlolg, `jg vkg` kf `jt wl blclojjcgklt hplg lg llrckif zkig. Lg wjjr `jt `jg jjg cknt8 V…_ @l flrg ks `jt wl hplglr lg llrckiflr

zhu`lg wkcclg zkig, `jg `jt wl `hlg. Ojjr jctki` ghn dltlr `jg jcclrclk jg`lrl tljos, lg mhcclnj‛s`kl lcfjjr ghhkt wjt `jg hhf ojjr tlrunnlvlg! ‟

Gjgj vlrwhhr`t vhhr NHU wjt vllc tljonlghtlg kg gujgmls bklrhp hhf jjgnlvlg9 ‒^l vkg`lg`jt wl hplg lg llrckif ohltlg zkig, wl wltlg `jt blt hgs jcs tljo zhu stlrflg. ^l prhdlrlg `jthhf wlc, ojjr blt ks zh ohlkckif!‛ Glt jcs dki jg`lrl hg`lrwlrplg kg `kt hg`lrzhlf zklg NHU-cl`lg `jt zl ‛t dltlr zhu`lg wkcclg `hlg, lg tlnlckiflrtki` `jt zl ‛t jc vllc dltlr `hlg `jg tljos kg`l `krlmtl honlvkgn.

Ijmmh typllrt wjt bki jcs gkluwfholr jjgvhlct jcs ‒llg bllc vlttl hg`lrstrhho vjg hguktnlsprhflghgnlghlnlgs‛. Il hgnlghlnlgs gklt uktsprlflg, gklt olt lcfjjr dlsprlflg, ks llg nlwhhgtl `kl kg`l llrstl ijrlg dkgglg blt tljo hgtstjjg ks lg zkmb nlvlstkn` bllat. Llg vlrfcjrkgn ks okssmbklg blt

vhcnlg`l9 `hhr`jt blt tljo kg vlrsmbkcclg`l mhodkgjtkls sjolg jjg lvlgts wlrft, bllat kl`lr ollr`jg jg`lrs blt nlvjc zhu zkig `l glknkgn oll tl cukstlrlg olt `l nlsprlfflg vjg jg`lrlg. @l fjgsks koolrs nrhht `jt blt hvlr llg hg`lrwlrp njjt `jt ihuw lvlgts lg augmtkhglrlg ýýf jjgnjjt8 Kg`l llrstl ijrlg wlrflg `l tljocl`lg kg llg fclkgl hplg rukotl `kmbt hpllg. @jt bllat llg ajokck-lsallr tht nlvhcn, zhjcs hhf dckift ukt hg`lrzhlf vjg Ojrtkg9

–Ulhpcl nlt kgvhcvl` kg ljmb htblr‛s plrshgjc ckvls skopcy dlmjusl tbly hvlrbljr ljmb htblr hg tbl pbhgl. Pblrl ks gh prkvjmy, sh j ajokcy jtohspblrl ks ahstlrl`.‟ :1>

Kl`lrllg fjg dki NHU jctki` nlojfflckif olt jccls ollcukstlrlg. @jt ojjft blt cjstkn klojg` jjgtl sprlflg hp llg dlpjjc` vhhrvjc. Il `lgft `jg ‒lr ks gu lvlg nllg nlclnlgblk`, `jt fhot ghn

wlc‛. Lg gj llg pjjr wlflg ks blt vhhrvjc `jt il ukt wkct prjtlg gklt rlclvjgt ollr ho tl dlsprl-flg. @l `ltjkcs zkig vlrvjjn`, `l lsslgtkl vjg blt mhgkmt ghn gklt. Gjdkiblk` ks `l djsks vjg vlclmhgkmtlg, zh stlct Ojssly :12.

Gj`jt blt tljo lgflcl ijrlg cjtlr vllc rukolr nlbuksvlst ks, dckiat `kt pjtrhhg ho zjflg gklt ukt tlsprlflg nlbjg`bjja`. Gklojg` dlslat zkmb `l smbj`l bklrvjg. Lr whr`t wlc nlsprhflg hvlr wjtzkmb vhhr`hlt, ojjr `jg olt jg`lrlg `jg `l `krlmt dltrhfflgl. @jvl vlrohl`t dkivhhrdllc` `jtzkig fhost jcs tljock` dl`rlknlg` ks vhhr `l `hhrnrhlkohnlckifbl`lg vjg Lccks, blt ihgnstl tljo-ck`. Ojjr bki vrjjnt blt bjjr gklt zlca, bki prjjt lrhvlr olt jg`lrl tljocl`lg. @lrnlckifl ‒mhoougk-

:1> Ojrtkg, 4554, pn :4=

:12 Ojssly, 4550, pn >



:4;

MHOO\GKMJPKL9 @L DJ]K] QHHT ‒]JOLG‛

mjtkl kg `l wjg`lcnjgnlg‛ fhot vllc vhhr, hhf kg `l jg`lrl hg`lrzhlfstljos. Bklr`hhr hgtstjjg vlrsmbkcclg`l dllc`lg hvlr ëëg nldlurtlgks lg rhuclrlg bjca dlnrlplg vlrbjclg `kl wllr hp buglknlg ojgklr ‒lvhculrlg‛. Fhrtho9 ‒ruks‛ lg vlttl hg`lrstrhho.

\kt l kgtlrvklws dckift llg stlrfl rlcjtkl tusslg hplgblk` lg clk`lrsmbjp9 blt whr`t dlclla` jcs llgtjjf vjg `l clk`lr ho blt tljo ukt tl `jnlg lg tl ajmkcktlrlg ollr hplg tl mhoougkmlrlg. Qjguktllg pjrj`knoj `jt `l clk`lr ‒clj`kgn‛ ks lg clttlrckif `l thhg zlt, ks `jt wlcckmbt chnksmb. Qjjf ks `lclk`lr kg`lr`jj` llg ollr lrvjrlg prhalsskhgjc `kl llg vhhrdllc` stlct lg ajmkcktlrlg` hptrll`t hotht ollr hplgblk` tl fholg. Iukst `l tljoojgjnlr vjg NHU lmbtlr bllat ohlktl olt blt bjgtl-rlg vjg hplgblk`. Jcs bki dkivhhrdllc` vkg`t `jt llg tljock` gklt augmtkhgllrt, wjmbt bki olt `ktflgdjjr tl ojflg tht bki bllc zlflr ks vjg zkig hhr`llc lg bki llg ‒mjsl‛ `lgft tl blddlg. @jg bllat`kt hhr`llc zkmb vjstnlzlt lg ks lr vjjf nllg wln tlrun ollr.

Arjgs9 –Ojjr thlg (`kt tljock` llg bjcaijjr jjg dhhr` wjs) bj` kf jc bllc `uk`lckif blt nlvhlcvjg ‒@kt whr`t llg ohlkckifl‛. Jccllg, wjggllr bld il llg lxktnlsprlf olt klojg`8 @jg ohlt il

vkg` kf thmb wlc vhc`hlg`l wjjrglokgn blddlg ho tl zlnnlg ‒@kt njjt ‛t gklt whr`lg‛. Ghu ij,cjgnzjjo jjg hgtstjjt `l wjjrglokgn.‟

@l wjjrglokgn wjjr Arjgs hvlr sprllft, ks lmbtlr jc cjgnlr nlcl`lg hgtstjjg. Blt dckift vhhr `lzlojgjnlr gklt ohnlckif tki`lgs blt prhmls vjg vlrwki`lrkgn llg vlrflgglg` nlsprlf olt l dltrhf-flgl jjg tl njjg lg tl hg`lrzhlflg wjjrho lr llg plrmlptkl vjg oksojtmb ks. \ktlkg`lckif frkint`kt tljock` dki blt tljo-]kgtlrfcjjsallst kg llg nl`kmbt tht zkig vlrrjsskgn tl bhrlg ‒`jt-kl gklt `lllrtki`s dlhhn`l rhc jcs ajmkcktjthr zjc dlfcl`lg‛. ]hooknl jg`lrl tljocl`lg zkig lvlgllgs vlrrjstlg prjtlg lr hg`lrckgn hvlr, ojjr hplg kg blt tljo whr`t `kt mhgnë gklt dlsprhflg.Hhf wjggllr `lzl ojgjnlr kg llg jg`lr nlvjc zlca dlslat llg jplrtl dcug`lr gjjr llg iugkhrtljock` tl blddlg nlojjft, cjjt bki gj olt bjjr kg nlsprlf tl njjg. Bki lrflgt wlc tlnlg llg jg`lr

tljock` ‒@jt wjs stho vjg ol‛, ojjr sprllft blt vhhrvjc gklt ukt olt `l dltrhfflgl. Ujs wjg-gllr `kl iugkhr gj ojjg`lg zlca `l ohl` vlrzjolc` bllat ho bâo lrhp jjg tl sprlflg whr`tblt vhhrvjc hpnlchst. Bhlwlc Qhgf lt jc.:1; dlsmbrkivlg `jt llg phsktklvl nrhg`bhu`kgn hgtstjjt

wjggllr olgslg `hhr llg wlrfrlcjtkl dlcjgn dki lcfjjr blddlg, nlvlg zki hhf kg ëëg j`lo jjg jtglnjtklvl kgahrojtkl ha glnjtklvl lrvjrkgnlg nrhtl kopjmt blddlg9 `l phsktklvl jttktu`l vlr`wkigt‒jcs sglluw vhhr `l zhg‛.

Pyplrlg` kg dhvlgstjjg l vhhrvjcclg ks `jt blt gklt cuft hplg tl mhoougkmlrlg. Lr whr`t nl-prjjt ‒hvlr‛ lg gklt ‒olt‛. lrflckifl nlvhlclgs whr`lg tlrunnlbhu`lg lg vlrdchlo`. l ‒wlg`lg

vhhr‛. Dkgglg `lzl slttkgn ks blt smbrkfflg jcs lr llg gkluw tljock` dkgglgfhot, `jt bjjr bjrt hpbjjr thgn bllat cknnlg. Blcclg zlnt jccls wjt kg bjjr hp fhot.

Blcclg9 –Lg `jg ” zh flg il oki hhf ” kf nhhk lr ghnjc llgs wjt ukt, ha blt ghu prkvë ha zjflckif ks, lg `jg `lgf kf cjtlr ‒H nh`, `jt bj` kf dltlr wllr gklt fugglg zlnnlg‛. @us blt bhu`toki hhf kg, blt ojjft `jt kf oki okg`lr gjtuurckif nl`rjjn.‟

Blcclg‛s hplgblk` drlgnt vlrsthrkgn vjg blt hnlgsmbkigckif rkoplcchzl hpplrvcjf. Yl clnt zjflgdchht `kl jg`lrs kg `l hg`lrnrhg` nlbhu`lg whr`lg.:>5

NHU ks bklrkg nllg uktzhg`lrkgn, hplgblk` ks hhf kg l jg`lrl tljos vlr tl zhlflg. Dki Ojx whr`tdkivhhrdllc` gklt nlsprhflg hvlr `l jawkiflg`l, ollr kg`kvk`ujckstksmbl dlcjgnlg vjg shooknl

:1; Qhgf, @kifstlrbuks & @kifstrj, 455>, pn 44> - 44;

:>5 Ykl hhf bhha`stuf 2, Kg- lg uktscuktkgn.



:=5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

tljocl`lg. Dkgglg Ouctk ks gklojg` `krlmt gjjr `l dltrhfflgl hplg hvlr blt gklt augmtkhglrlg vjg llg tljock`, hvlr l hgbhu`djrl uddlcrhc vjg llg jg`lr tljock`, ha hvlr l wlgs tht shcktjkrnjjg lg blt hpvjcclg`l shcksol vjg llg `kvksklojgjnlr ukt blt tljo. Hhf `l dhtblk` vjg ëëg vjg

`l `krlmtklcl`lg (tlvlgs tljock`) ha `l vksklchhsblk` vjg llg jg`lr whr`t gklt hplgckif lg olt `ldltrhfflgl zlca dlsprhflg. jt zlnt `kt8 ^jt wllrbhu`t `lzl tljocl`lg ho hplg tl zkig lg zkmbukt tl sprlflg8 @lzl vrjnlg zkig `ls tl prjgnlg`lr wjggllr il dlslat `lzl zwkinlg`l tljocl`lg kgbug dlcjgnlg nlsmbjj` whr`lg `hhr blt nl`rjn vjg `l jg`lr.

Jnrlsskla!

Gkluwl thltrl`lrs tht NHU lrvjrlg llg stlrfl jnrlsskvktlkt kg l mhoougkmjtkl. Ujucj vlrtlct hvlrbjjr llrstl lrvjrkgnlg olt tljovlrnj`lrkgnlg9

Ujucj9 –Ij, jnrlsskla. Bllc stlrf kg bug nldjrlg, kg bhl zl kg `kgnlg zjtlg. Kf blrkgglr ol `jtNlr`j klts hpdrjmbt, `kl ohlst `kgnlg kgfchpplg kg llg gkluw systllo lg bj` zhklts vjg ‒`jjr nj

kf gklt jjg dlnkgglg wjgt `jt cuft thmb gklt lg `jt bld kf jc zh vjjf nlprhdllr`‛, `jt Ojrtkigdkigj zý nkgn zkttlg lg zlk ‒hgzkg, `jt ohlt il gjtuurckif wlc `hlg‛. Phlg `jmbt kf ‒ihb, wjt ks lr

ghu blclojjc jjg `l bjg`8‛ V…_ Lg tlrwkic blt blclojjc nllg hg`lrwlrplg wjrlg ho dhhs hvlrtl whr`lg, `jg thmb bllc alc rljnlrlg, lg zý `jt blt hp oki dkigj hvlrfwjo `jt bki lr lmbt dhhs

ho wlr`. Lg olt z‛g jrolg vjg `kl aysklfl dlwlnkgnlg ojflg… lg fhrt ja, vhg` kf. ]hl lg

Ojrtkig, `kl `jjr rl`lckif dlpjclg` kg zkig, lg Arjgs `kl `jjr gklt hp kgnrkipt. Jcs kf Arjgs wjszhu kf hp zh‛g oholgt lvlg tkol hut `hlg lg vrjnlg ‒wjt ks lr jjg `l bjg`8‛. Kf `jmbt thlg ‒`ktks dckifdjjr ghrojjc‛.‟

@hhr`jt `l tljoojgjnlr gklt hp `lrnlckif nl`rjn rljnllrt, mhgmcu`llrt Ujucj jcs gkluw tljock``jt `kt dkgglg blt tljo dckifdjjr ghrojjc nl`rjn ks. @jvl vlrwhhr`t `lzlca`l jnrlsskl, `kl bki dki

zkig lgtrll kg blt tljo hpolrft, jcs ‒llg `krlmtblk`, `kl ohlkckif tl hgtwkiflg ks‛. Bki ohlt `jjr jcsgkluwfholr lrn jjg wlgglg.Ojrtkig lg ]hl zkig `lnlglg `kl `hhr `l jg`lrlg jcs `hokgjgtl, stlrfl zlg`lrs lrvjrlg whr`lg.Yki zkig zkmb jt wlc dlwust lg blddlg jjr kl`lr bug lknlg dllc` dki. Ojrtkig nllat jjg jt bki jctïi`

vlrbkt `ksmusskllrt, `jt ks zkig stkic9

Ojrtkig9 –Kf bld olt okig vrklg`lg V…_ uktlrojtl vlrbkttl `ksmusskls. Okig ohl`lr lg kf blddlg jctki` `ksmusskls. Llg vrklg`kggltil bllat llg fllr nlzln` ‒Kf sgjp gklt wjjrho il jctki` ruzklolt il ohl`lr bldt, wjgt blt ks zh‛g jjr`kn olgs. Kf zln ‒Tuzkl olt o‛g ohl`lr8 Kf bld ghhktruzkl olt o‛g ohl`lr!‛ Lg thlg nja zki jcclrclk vhhrdllc`lg wjjrvjg kf `jmbt ‒Ij ojjr `jt ks thmb

nllg ruzkl8‛. V…_ Jcs kf zh‛g `ksmusskl vhlr olt klojg` `kl jt gklt nlwlg` ks, ks blt okssmbklg wlc

ruzkl. V…_ Blt honjjg olt okig `hokgjgtkl ks bltzlca`l. Olgslg `kl oki gu `hokgjgt vkg`lg,ghu prkoj. Ojjr llg pjjr ijjr nlcl`lg wjs `jt hgnlfjgjcksllr` `hokgjgt, wllt il wlc8 Lg `jgbj` kf blt dckifdjjr gklt `hhr... Jctbjgs, il bldt blt jctki` wlc `hhr, ojjr il vkg`t blt dckifdjjrgklt dlcjgnrkif.‟

Ojrtkig wllt `us vjg zkmbzlca `jt bki zh hvlrfhot, ojjr wjt llg jg`lr `jjrvjg `lgft ha bhl `jtkg `l sjolgwlrfkgn uktpjft, ojjft blo gklt lmbt ukt. Blt ks `llc vjg zkig kojnh, vjg zkig `hok-gjgtl bhu`kgn. Olt trhts ghlot bki zkmbzlca wlc llgs ‒`l bjjg kg blt fkpplgbhf‛. ^lcf laalmt `jthp llg jg`lr bllat wjjroll bki sjolgwlrft8 Blt ojjft blo gklt ukt.Dki ]hl bllat ‒vllc prjtlg‛ llg bllc jg`lrl hhrzjjf. Yki nllat jjg



:=:


–Blt ks jctki` zh `ruf kg o‛g bhha` tlrwkic kf olt olgslg prjjt, kf fjg `jg blclojjc gklt gjjrzl cukstlrlg.‟

]hl nllat jjg blt k`ll tl blddlg `jt zl jctki` olt `l dlstl hpchsskgn ohlt fholg. Kg bjjr bhha`zhlft zl vjjf gjjr hpchsskgnlg vhhr vrjnlg kg `kt nlsprlf ha vhhr vrjnlg ukt llg llr`lr nlsprlf`kl kg bjjr nl`jmbtlg zkig nldclvlg. @jt ojjft blt `ruf kg bjjr bhha`. Lg jcs `kl dlstl hpchsskgnzkmb jjg`klgt, ohlt kl nlbhhr` whr`lg. Qllc rukotl vhhr l k`llæg ha dlclvlgksslg vjg l jg`lrks lr zh gklt jctki`.

@l rljmtkl vjg jg`lrl NHU-cl`lg hp kt ‒vlrdjjc nlwlc`‛ ks llg wjt rustknl, jawjmbtlg`l bhu`kgn.Yl cjtlg blt njjg, thclrlrlg blt. Jcs blt lr wlrflckif hp jjg fhot, zlttlg `l ollr slgkhrl tljo-cl`lg bug nlwkmbt kg ho zjflg wllr kg vlrbhu`kgn tl zlttlg. Llg vhro vjg bkærjrmbkl `us. Llgiugkhr tljock` jcs Lccks lcat bklr lmbtlr blt hg`lrspkt. Yl fjg zkmb zlc`lg dhvlg blt vlrdjcl nlwlc`ukt vlrstjjgdjjr ojflg lg bllat ghn gklt blt rlmbt vlrwhrvlg dlpjjc`l zjflg tlr `ksmusskl tl stlc-clg. Nlbllc tlnlg bjjr gjtuur kg `hlt zl lr dkgglg blt tljo `jg hhf vjjf blt zwkinlg thl. Bklr

cknt llg vlrdjg` olt blt tbloj kg- lg uktscuktkgn olt jmmlptjtkl lg jawkizkgn9 wkl ojn wjt zlnnlg8 ^kl ojn wlcf `llc vjg blt ph`kuo kgglolg8Hhf dkgglg Ojx trll`t vlrdjcl jnrlsskl hp, zki blt olt llg bllc jg`lr uktlrckif. Bklr bhhr il llgdkigj hgjanldrhflg strhho vjg nlcjmb lg hpplrvcjffknl nrjpplg, rlnlcojtkn tlg fhstl vjg jg`l-rlg, jc `jg gklt `jjr jjgwlzkn. @l tljocl`lg vlrsmbukclg zkmb `jjrjmbtlr, zl bhlvlg zh gklts vjgzkmbzlca tl cjtlg zklg.

Kg `l blrbjckgn

Llg dkizhg`lr pjtrhhg `jt kg `l mhoougkmjtkl dkgglg tljohvlrcln vjg NHU hpvjct, ks blt jd-strjmtl tjjcnldrukf lg blt zkmb stll`s wllr blrbjclg vjg dlpjjc`l `ksmusskls. Blt ks llg jsplmt

wjjr tljocl`lg zkmb wlc llgs hvlr vlrwhg`lrlg, vhhrjc ho`jt blt blrbjclg vjg `ksmusskls zhhoscjmbtkn vhlct lg vllc tki` fhst. @l dlk`l jsplmtlg blddlg llg rlcjtkl olt lcfjjr, kg `kl zkg `jt`ksmusskls hp llg bhhn jdstrjmtklgkvlju clk`lg tht kgtlrprltjtklrukotl lg vlrsmbkcclg` dlnrkp vjgblt nlgholg dlscukt. Bhl jdstrjmtlr blt dlscukt nlahroucllr` ks, ls tl nrhtlr l fjgs jt kl`lrllgzkmb lrkg fjg vkg`lg. @jt vlrnlojfflckift hnlgsmbkigckif `l dlscuktvhrokgn. @kt pjtrhhg trll`t

vhhrjc hp wjggllr lr gklt lmbt gjjr lcfjjr nlcukstlr` whr`t lg gklt hp dltlflgksslg hhrnlvrjjn` whr`t. Lccks dlghlot blt jcs9

–Blt ckift wlc jcsha kl`lrllg llg ohghchhn bhu`t, olt tusslgphzlg wjjrkg jg`lrlg prjtlg.‟

Jcs olg llg jjgtjc `jnlg cjtlr dlslat lcfjjr gklt dlnrlplg tl blddlg, ohlt blt pugt hpgkluwhp `l jnlg`j. Pht lrnlrgks vjg `lnlglg `kl tlvrl`lg wjrlg olt (bug dlnrkp vjg) blt dlscukt.

Gklojg` lmbtlr wllt `l vkgnlr hp `l zlrl pclf tl clnnlg.

Hhf kg l jg`lrl tljos ks blrbjckgn llg vjst pjtrhhg. kl dkgglg Ojx zkig nlckif gklt frkint, dlnkgtkg l vhcnlg`l vlrnj`lrkgn hpgkluw hvlr bltzlca`l pugt. Dki Ouctk wlrft blt dlègvchl`kgnsolmbj-gksol iukst jg`lrsho. @jjr stlcclg tljocl`lg

–^l zkig lr ollstlr kg ho bllc vllc tl prjtlg lg gklts tl zlnnlg. Yh whr`t `l stjtus quhdlbhu`lg.‟



:=4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

‒Hplg mhoougkmlrlg‛, hhf ‒hplg stjjg‛8

Ksj9 –Hplg mhoougkmjtkl bllat olt nrlgzlg tl ojflg. V…_ Hprlmbtl jjg`jmbt lg ‒nlschtlg zkig‛fjg lknlgckif gklt, wjgt `jg dlg il hhf gklt hplg ho hp tl pkfflg wjt lr spllct. @us blt bllattl ojflg olt il fwltsdjjr hpstlcclg, wjgt il fugt nllg V…_ hprlmbtl jjg`jmbt nlvlg vjgukt llg

nlschtlg bhu`kgn, `us zhg`lr ilzlca tl nlvlg.‟

Llg blc`lr vlrbjjc vjg ëëg vjg l arllcjgmlrs hvlr bjjr dllc`9 hplgblk` vjg nrlgzlg jcs vhhrwjjr`l vhhr blt fugglg nlvlg vjg hprlmbtl jjg`jmbt. Jcs il nrlgzlg hplg zkig nlla il jcs vjgzlca kltsprkis, dlg il fwltsdjjr.

Llg pjjr vhhrdllc`lg bhl `kt dkgglg NHU lrvjrlg whr`t9Blcclg lrvjjrt wlkgkn hprlmbtl jjg`jmbt. Yki drlgnt jcs gkluwl thltrl`lr gkluwl lrvjrkgnlg kg,bllc jg`lrl `jg jg`lrl tljocl`lg flgglg. Blcclg vlrtlct `jjr wlc llgs klts hvlr, ojjr lr whr`t

`hhr `l tljonlghtlg gjuwlckifs hp kgnlnjjg. Yh fhot lr wlkgkn vlrdkg`kgn tusslg `l gkluwlthltrl`lr lg blt tljo, lg ks lr wlkgkn dlguttkgn vjg `l `hhr Blcclg thlnlvhln`l `kvlrsktlkt jjglrvjrkgnlg.

Blcclg9 –(Lr ks) @us wlc klts vjg gkluwsnklrknblk` lg vjg dlbhlatl lg ‒bëë, ‛t fjg hhf jg`lrs‛. Gklt vlrvhcnlgs blt hhf hplg ojflg ho `jjrhp `hhr tl njjg. Ha zlnnlg ‒bëë, `jt bld kf lknlgckifghn ghhkt nl`jjg, zhu kf dlst wkcclg‛. Yhklts, `jt fhot gklt. Lg `kt ks ëëg vhhrdllc`, ojjr zh bldkf lr clnkh. @jt kf llg pkltsil, llg bjjctil `hl gjjr klts wjt okssmbklg olt phcktklf ha lohtkl tlojflg zhu fugglg blddlg lg jg zkl il Arjgs jjr wlc hp rljnlrlg, ojjr lr fhot gklt klts tlrun.V…_ @us ij, wjt zkt lrhg`lr8 Jgnst ho fwltsdjjrblk` tl cjtlg zklg.‟

Ojrtkig nllat jjg `jt blt lvlgwkmbt tusslg hvlrdrlgnlg vjg llg dhh`smbjp lg dlnrkiplg vjg `ljg`lr vhhr blo `hhrscjjt gjjr blt llrstl. Kg `ksmusskls njjt blt lr vhhr blo ho wkl nlckif frkint.

Ojrtkig9 –… Kf ohlt wlc hvlrtukn` whr`lg hhr klojg`. Lg hp blt oholgt jt il nlckif frkint, nlla il klojg` jg`lrs hgnlckif. Kf bld wlc llg lknlgsmbjp `jt kf nlckif wkc blddlg, `lgf kf. Ojjrkf vkg` blt hhf dlcjgnrkif ho olgslg ukt tl clnnlg wjjrho kf klts `hl….‟

Dhvlgstjjg`l nlrkgnl wl`lrflrknblk` kg mhoougkmjtkl dki vlrsmbkcclg`l tljocl`lg stjjt kg mhg-trjst olt `l gj`ruf `kl `kt tljo kg blt prhalsskhglcl wlrf olt fcjgtlg clnt hp blt vhlrlg vjg `kj-chhn9 blt vjg dlk`l fjgtlg hprlmbt wkcclg dlnrkiplg vjg l jg`lr, zh`jt lr gjjr l dlstl hpchsskgn

vjg llg vrjjnstuf thl nlwlrft fjg whr`lg. @l oksskl `kl NHU vhhr fcjgtlg bjgtllrt tlg jjgzklg vjg hplg mhoougkmjtkl ks vhhr blt lknlg tljo dckifdjjr gklt bjjcdjjr. Bllat NHU `hhr`jmbt wjtblt dltlflgt, –`kjchhn‟ 8

Tukotl vhhr all`djmf8

Llg splmklfl vhro vjg mhoougkmjtkl ks all`djmf. @kt ks vhhr vllc tljocl`lg llg cjstkn hg`lrwlrp. Il bldt `l llgblk` vjg blt tljo koolrs gh`kn8 Ohlt il `klzlca`l llgblk` `jg olt frktksmblhpolrfkgnlg kg nlvjjr drlgnlg8 Dkgglg `l `rkl tljos whr`t bllc wlkgkn all`djmf uktnlwksslc`,nllg vjg `rklæg zkig zl lroll vlrtrhuw` bhl il all`djmf mhgstrumtkla fugt bjgtlrlg lg wlcf

vhhr`llc `jt hpclvlrt. Dkgglg Ouctk whr`t `kt kg llg kgtlrvklw hplgckif lrflg`9



:==


– l sprlflg lcfjjr gklt jjg. Blt ks gklt zh jt lr llg lmbtl ghg-kgtlrvlgtkl muctuur ks, ojjr shosckift ‛t `jjr wlc hp.‟

Dkgglg NHU ckift ‒t wlc jcsha `lnlgl `kl jcs llrstl all`djmf nllat, hp `jt oholgt `l lgknl ks`kl ‒mhoolgtjjr bllat hp jg`lrlg‛ lg vrllst lr zlca hp janlrlflg` tl whr`lg. Hpvjcclg` ks kg `kt

vlrdjg` `jt NHU wlc nlwlg` ks lvlgts prhalsskhgllc tl lvjculrlg, ojjr gklt `l hg`lrckgnl kgtlr-jmtkl. Dkgglg NHU `hlg lgflcl tljocl`lg `l hgt`lffkgn `jt `l nlrkgnl all`djmf `kl nlnlvlg

whr`t sjolgbjgnt olt blt lvlgllgs nlrkgnl jjgtjc mhopckolgtlg. Kg ckig olt ]kx:>: lrvjrlg zki`jt mhopckolgtlg llg phsktkla sjc`h fugglg mrlærlg `jt vlrtrhuwlg lg rukotl nllat ho hp llgjg`lr oholgt hp llg hplg ojgklr hpdhuwlg`l frktklf olt lcfjjr jjg tl njjg. Blt cuft kg `l`jjrhpvhcnlg`l ijrlg lmbtlr gklt `kt vhhrjc ghn rjtkhglcl kgzkmbt ho tl zlttlg kg laalmtkla nl`rjn.

jt wllrbhu`t blg8

@l nlwhhgtl ho llg hplg nlsprlf vjgwlnl wlrf`ruf ukt tl stlcclg blcpt bklr gjtuurckif gklt. Jcsil gjcjjt fclkgl kgmk`lgtlg olt lcfjjr tl dlsprlflg, whr`t blt nlclk`lckif jjg hgohnlckif `l nrhlk-

lg`l fcuwlg vjg nrhtl lg fclkgl ktlos ghn jjg `l hr`l tl stlcclg. Ylcas wjggllr tljocl`lg zlcaho all`djmf vrjnlg, ks `jjroll blt cllrprhmls gklt janl`lft. Lëg vjg `l tljocl`lg olrft `jtbki cjst bllat vjg `l glknkgn stll`s jjg jasprjflg tl wkcclg ‒hgtsgjpplg‛. Bki vrjjnt `jjr all`djmfhp9 ‒Nlla blt ol jjg jcs il blt wllr zklt nldlurlg‛. @l all`djmf `kl bki llg vhcnlg`l fllr frkint,lrvjjrt bki lmbtlr jcsha bki dltrjpt whr`t. @jt ks zh dl`rlknlg` `jt bki zkmb jjg `l all`djmf hgt-trlft lg hpgkluw ‒hgtsgjpt‛.Hhf kg `l dlk`l jg`lrl hg`lrzhmbtl tljos hgtdrllft `l vlkcknblk` ho lcfjjr hp hgnlghlnlgstl dlvrjnlg, cjjt stjjg `jt olg lcfjjr mhgstrumtkla all`djmf wllt tl nlvlg. @jt ks ijoolr, wjgtzhrnvuc`kn all`djmf nlvlg lg hgtvjgnlg bhhrt dki `l zhrn `kl il kg tljovlrdjg` vhhr lcfjjr lg

vhhr ‛t tljo jcs nlbllc zhu ohltlg blddlg, stlct Ksj. All`djmf nlvlg bhhrt dki blt rlsplmtlrlg lglrflgglg vjg lcfjjr. Ksj vlrwhhr`t blt jcs vhcnt9

Ksj9 –Kf `lgf `jt kl`lrllg lrflggkgn gh`kn bllat, lg `jt bhlat gklt jctki` wjjr`lrkgn tl zkig. Lrflggkgn ks hhf ódlrbjupt all`djmf. Ódlrbjupt hpnlolrft whr`lg, ks lrflggkgn. Blt ks llgdlvlstknkgn vjg il dlstjjg. Blt ks llg shhrt `lskgtlrlssl jcs il lcfjjr gkfs zlnt.‟

Jg`lrsho nllat hhf Qhgf :>4 jjg `jt lcfjjr nllg ha gklt-dltrhfflg all`djmf nlvlg llg ghg-vlr-djcl uktkgn ks vjg `ksfwjckmjtkl9 `jt il lr gklt thl `hlt.

Tlsplmt

Olt `l whhr`lg vjg Ksj fholg wl hp `l rlcjtkl tusslg hplg mhoougkmjtkl lg rlsplmt. Tlsplmt vhhr lcfjjrs hgtwkfflcpj` vrjjnt dkivhhrdllc` `jt il lcfjjr all`djmf nllat. Tlsplmt vhhr lcfjjrs

jnlg`j vrjjnt `jt il hvlrclnt dki blt pcjgglg vjg jasprjflg. Blt nldrlf jjg rlsplmt vhhr lcfjjrsjnlg`j ks dkgglg NHU sclmbts dki ëëg tljock` zkmbtdjjr6 blt hgtdrlflg vjg tlrunfhpplckgnlg ksllg jcnlolglr vlrsmbkigslc.Kg `l dlk`l jg`lrl tljos blddlg `l tljocl`lg kg `l `jnlckifsl prjftkif okg`lr olt lcfjjr tlojflg, wjjr`hhr rlsplmt jcs llg okg`lr prlngjgt ktlo lrvjrlg whr`t. Hhf bklr fcjjnt olg lmb-tlr hvlr nldrlf jjg dlcjgnstlcckgn vhhr lcfjjr, zhwlc zjflckif jcs prkvë. Olrfdjjr ks `jt lr nllgall`djmf hp lcfjjr nlnlvlg whr`t, tlrwkic lr hp `l njgn wlc hvlr lcfjjr nlsprhflg whr`t. Oltjg`lrlg.

:>: ]kx, 4550, pn 22

:>4 Thhs Qhgf, ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, :2 jprkc 4552



:=0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Blt hg`lrckgnl prhmls

jggllr llg tljo zkmb dlwust whr`t vjg jsplmtlg vjg `l hg`lrckgnl kgtlrjmtkl lg `jjrkg wkc cl-rlg, fhot vjgzlca `l dlbhlatl ho tlrun tl fkiflg hp dlpjjc`l vhhrvjcclg. @l `rkl hg`lrzhmbtl

tljos fholg jccl gj vlrchhp vjg tki` tht blt kgzkmbt `jt blt bjg`kn ks ho blt hg`lrckgnl prhmls vjg tki` tht tki` tl dlsprlflg. Ojx cjst bklrthl jjg blt lkg`l vjg kl`lrl vlrnj`lrkgn vkia okgutlglvjcujtkl kg, wjjrkg kl`lr tljock` zkig hdslrvjtkls tki`lgs kl vlrnj`lrkgn uctrj fhrt olt l jg`lrlgfjg `lclg. @l tki` ho hp lcfjjr tl rljnlrlg lg tl dhuwlg whr`t gklt nlgholg. @jjroll whr`t

vjg ollt ja jjg `l ohnlckifl wkgst nlokgkojcksllr`, ojjr gjtuurckif hhf `l bklrjjg nlfhpplc`ldl`rlknkgn `kl lr vhhr llg kg`kvk`u vjg llg `lrnlckifl lvjcujtkl uktnjjt. Ouctk dlscukt tht plrkh`klftlrunflrlg`l lvjcujtkls. Qjg blrbjckgn ks blt kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l lmbtlr gklt nlfholg.

Gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg llg smblroutslckgn tusslg tljocl`lg cjst NHU llg vjst pugt kg hp `l jnlg-`j vjg blt wlflckifsl hvlrcln9 ‒blt prhmlspugtil‛. Pki`lgs `l wlflckifsl vlrnj`lrkgn bllat kl`lr`l nlclnlgblk` ho vhhrvjcclg tusslg tljocl`lg tl dlghlolg wjjr bki ha zki ohlktl oll bj`.

Qlrsmbkcclg`l `krlmt dltrhfflglg nlvlg bklrdki bug kgvjcsbhlf lg dlwllnrl`lglg dki blt vhhrvjc.

Gj`rufflckif bhlat blt rlsuctjjt vjg `kt nlsprlf gklt ëëg hpchsskgn tl zkig, ha llg hhr`llc hvlr wjtnhl` ha ahut ks. @l dltrhfflglg bhlvlg blt gj jhhp gklt llgs tl zkig. @l frjmbt smbukct lrkg, `jt,`hhr blt flgglg vjg lcfjjrs zklgswkizl lg dlcjgnlg, hvlr lg wllr dlnrkp hgtstjjt lg kt jjgzlt llg

vhcnlg`l fllr jg`lrs tl bjg`lclg, llr`lr olt lcfjjr tl prjtlg. Blt ‒prhmlspugtil‛ stjjt hpzlttlckifgklt jcs cjjtstl hp `l jnlg`j, jjgnlzklg `jg `l fjgs nrhht ks `jt `l tki` tl frjp ks ho dltrhfflglgbug zklgswkizl lg lrvjrkgn thl tl cjtlg ckmbtlg.@kt jnlg`jpugt hgtstjjt stjpil vhhr stjpil tki`lgs `l vjfjgtkl vjg `l tljoojgjnlr `hhr llgthlvjccknl mhodkgjtkl vjg vlrbjclg hvlr tljomhjmbkgn lg llg hgprlttkn vhhrvjc. Pki`lgs zkig ja-

wlzknblk` lxplrkolgtllrt blt tljo lroll. Blt dckift kg llg cjtlgtl dlbhlatl tl vhhrzklg. Gj tl-runfhost vjg `l ojgjnlr dckiat blt pugt hp `l jnlg`j, gu lmbtlr vjjf jcs cjjtstl pugt. Lg hp `lëëg ha jg`lrl ojgklr vlrwhr`t blt nlclk`lckif tht klts cjmblrkns, wjjrdki gklojg` ollr klts gjjr

vhrlg drlgnt.

Ijmmh9 –@l stkctl gj `l vrjjn ‒Ykig lr ghn prhmls`kgnlg8‛... @kl stkctl wjs glt zhvllc zlnnlg` jcs`jt lr wâc klts nlghlo` wlr`. @l spjggkgn wjs tl bhhn.‟

Gj vlrchhp vjg tki` vhlct blt dckifdjjr jcs tl hgvlkckn ho klts olt `kt jnlg`jpugt tl `hlg.Blt whr`t nlsmbrjpt, wjgt gklojg` drlgnt koolrs ghn klts kg8 ‒@jg ks blt gklt gh`kn‛, whr`tnlmhgstjtllr`.

js lr `us iùïst `hhr `l jawlzknblk` vjg l ojgjnlr rukotl ho sjolg jjg `lzl vhro vjg kgtlr-jmtkl tl dhuwlg8 ^js `l kgtlrjmtkl kg `kl plrkh`l jg`lrs8

Mhgackmtlg

jjr nlbjft whr`t vjcclg spjjg`lrs, wjjr nlwlrft whr`t hgtstjjg mhgkmtlg. Mhgkmtlg vlrvucclgllg guttknl augmtkl dkgglg tljowlrf. Jcs lr mhgkmtlg zkig, fholg dckifdjjr vlrsmbkcclg`l zklgs -

wkizlg olt lcfjjr kg jjgrjfkgn, wjt llg fjgs nllat hp blt ojflg vjg llg dlwustl fluzl, hp vlr-rkifkgn lg vlrstlrfkgn. Blt ks `l fugst `l mhgkmtlg jcs ‒prhalsskhglcl smburkgn‛ tl bjgtlrlg lg vkj`kjchhn l wlrlc`lg jmbtlr l vlrsmbkcclg tl vlrflgglg. @lrnlckifl smburkgn ks llg dlcjgnrkifl drhg

vjg kgspkrjtkl vhhr kgghvjtklvl tljos:>=. Qlrsmbkcclg`l jutlurs skngjclrlg lmbtlr jt spjggkgn rhg`llg mhgkmt vjjf jcs prhdcllo lrvjrlg whr`t lg kg blt nlbllc gklt jcs jjgijnlr vjg mrljtkvktlkt.

:>= Clhgjr` & ]wjp :;;;, pn :; - 44



:=<


–Dkgglg blt llgblk`s`lgflg whr`t spjggkgn jcs prhdcllo nlzklg. @jjrukt vchlkt blt strlvlg vhhrtho `l spjggkgnsvlc`lg hp tl blaalg `hhr `l gj`ruf tl clnnlg hp ëëg vjg dlk`l phclg. Kg `l gkluwldlgj`lrkgn (vjg pjrj`hxlg) vhrot `kl spjggkgn iukst `l vktjcktlkt vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl.‟ :>0

Dkgglg NHU ks hhf hp `kt vcjf `kaalrlgtkjtkl zkmbtdjjr. jggllr nlwlrft whr`t jjg (blt hgtwlrp vjg) lvlgts whr`t lr ‒prhalsskhgllc nlsmbuur`‛, whr`t `l spjggkgn tusslg vlrsmbkcclg`l kgzkmbtlgmrljtkla dlgut. Plnlckiflrtki` ks lr kg `kl slttkgn llg ùk`lckifl bkærjrmbkl lg tjjfvlr`lckgn, wjjr-`hhr hhf nlrlnlc` ks wkl frktklf hp wkl ojn blddlg.Duktlg blt wlrf jjg lvlgts zkig `hlclg okg`lr `kmbtdki lg hhf okg`lr mhgmrllt. Llg jawkiflg` k`llha frktklf whr`t llr`lr jcs ‒mhgkmtjmbtkn‛ nlvhlc`, lg mhgkmtlg whr`lg jcs dl`rlknlg` lrvjrlg.

jjrho lknlgckif8 Kg kl`lr nlvjc bllat `kt tht nlvhcn `jt blt mhgkmt ollstjc jcs tl dl`rlknlg` lrvjrlg whr`t lg nlglnllr` whr`t.

Bhl stlrflr blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc `hhr llg tljo lrvjrlg whr`t, tlzjolg olt dlsla vjglg wjjr`lrkgn vhhr kl`lrs jazhg`lrckifl dki`rjnl jjg `l rljcksjtkl lrvjg, `ls tl ollr fjg `kl wjjr-

`lrkgn plrshhgckifl krrktjtkl mhoplgslrlg.

Ojrtkig9 –Phlg kf kg blt dlnkg olt Gjgj nkgn sjolgwlrflg, dhtstlg lr jcclrclk `kgnlg. Okig`hokgjgtkl bllat blt laalmt hp Gjgj `jt zl zkmb tlruntrlft lg kg bukclg uktdjrst. Lg blt nhlkl vjg

Gjgj ks `jt zl `jt gklt gjjst zkmb gllr clnt. @kl zkt lroll lg pjft blt hhf hp.‟

Ojrtkig lg Gjgj fholg hgnlvllr tlnlckiflrtki` kg blt tljo lg dckiflg kg llrstl kgstjgtkl gklt nhl`sjolg `hhr ëëg `lur tl fugglg. Ojrtkig fhot vjgukt `l lknlg ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl lg bllat jc wjtmrl`kts hpnldhuw`, Gjgj fhot vjg duktlg `l hrnjgksjtkl lg ks jcs plrshhg vllc fwltsdjjr`lr.Dhvlg`klg nl`kit zki dki bjrohgkl kg bjjr honlvkgn, bki dki llg smblrpl mhgarhgtjtkl. Yïi bllat zh-`hlg`l cjst vjg `kl dhtskgnlg olt Ojrtkig, tlrwkic blt blo iukst vhl`t (zkl hhf hg`lr ‒Jnrlsskla!‛).Hg`jgfs bjjr dlbhlatl jjg bjrohgkl bllat Gjgj `l ohl` `l mhgkmtsktujtkls olt Ojrtkig jjg tlpjfflg lg lr stll`s wllr olt blo hvlr kg nlsprlf tl njjg. Gj `lzl dlnkgplrkh`l bhu`t Gjgj `l

wjjfbhgàugmtkl kg blt tljo wjggllr lr mhgkmtlg scukolrlg. Gklt kl`lrllg bllat zhvllc ohl`!

Arjgs9 –Jcs lr krrktjtkl ks dki mhcclnj‛s, lg kf kg ruzkljmbtknl thlstjg`lg tlrlmbt fho, jjr fjg kfgklt tlnlg. ^jt wki (Arjgs lg Dlckj) nlbj` blddlg dkivhhrdllc`. @jjr ckn kf llg wllflg` wjfflrvjg.‟

Bklrdki ojjft blt ukt ha il hglgknblk` zklt jcs llg vlrsmbkc `jt il fugt vlrflgglg lg hpchsslg, klts`jt phtlgtkllc vlrrkiflg` wlrft, ha `jt `kt vhlct jcs llg jjgvjc hp ilzlca. ]tll`s wllr dckift `jt jc-cllg jc blt `lclg vjg dllc`lg blcpt ho wl`lrzki`s tht ollr dlnrkp tl fholg lg zh llg jagjol

vjg `l krrktjtkl tl dlwlrfstlccknlg. jggllr llg vlrsmbkc lmbtlr nlzklg whr`t jcs llg plrshhgckifl

jjgvjc ks blt hgohnlckif vlrvhcnlgs hplg vjg nl`jmbtlg tl wksslclg hvlr hhrzjflg bklrvjg lgsjolg gjjr hpchsskgnlg tl zhlflg. Hhf bklr ks blt hpolrflckif `jt NHU `lrnlckifl kgtlrjmtkltlmb-gklflg prhalsskhgllc kg bjjr dlnlclk`kgn vjg nrhlplg wllt tl nldrukflg, ojjr zl duktlg lvlgts gklthp zkmbzlca thlpjst. @jt lr zlcas llg dckg`l vclf vhhr ckift tl dlstjjg. ]hooknl wrkivkgnlg ùrlg`jg hhf vhhrt zhcjgn jcs `l dltrhfflg tljocl`lg jjg dhhr` zkig. Yhjcs `l wrkivkgn tusslg NHUlg Nlr`j, `l tljoslmrltjrlssl. Jcs blt nlbjrrlwjr bklrhvlr wllr llgs bhhn hpchhpt whr`t lr llgnlsprlf nlpcjg`. Ollr`lrl tljocl`lg lg l slmrltjrlssl hgtohltlg lcfjjr hp glutrjcl nrhg`. Bltnlsprlf whr`t nhl` vhhrdlrlk`, zh`jt blt tljo lr zlflr vjg ks jt gu lmbt jccls hp l iukstl ojgklr

:>0 ]kldlrs lt jc, 4554, pjn =5



:=1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

jjg dh` fhot. @krlmt gj l hgtohltkgn ks kl`lrllg zý hpnlcumbt jt kt hhf wllr vhhrdki ks, jt lrnllg hpvhcnkgn jjg jasprjflg whr`t nlnlvlg lg blt dlrlkftl laalmt sglc vlrjuwt.

Kg `l stlrf mhoolrmkæcl dl`rkiasmuctuur vjg Ohstlrt DQ, `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl vjg Ojx, ks olg

wlc nlwlg` llg rhddlrtil tl vlmbtlg. Hhf dki Ojx whr`lg mhgkmtlg lshg`jgfs gklt hp `l spktsnl`rlvlg lg gklt lmbt uktnlprjjt. Blt ks `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg jc cjgnlr ùk`lckif `jt ëëg tljock`nllg hplg fjjrt spllct hvlr `l gjgmkæcl rlsuctjtlg vjg zkig prhùmtnrhlp, ojjr lr whr`t gklt hp`hhrnlvrjjn`. Bki fjg lr llg tki`cjgn oll wlnfholg. @l jcnlollg `krlmtlur vjg Ohstlrt DQdlghlo`l `kt olmbjgksol jc kg `l kgtjflnlsprlf vjg blt hg`lrzhlfstljo:><.

Dkgglg Ouctk bllrst zhvllc spjggkgn tusslg blt dlstuur lg `l hvlrknl tljocl`lg, `jt `l tljokg-tlrjmtkl kgnlbhu`lg ks lg `l jtohsallr gklt vlkckn nlghln ho mhgkmtlg tl cjtlg dckiflg. @jt lr

wlc `lnlckif mhgkmtlg zkig, dckift gj jhhp vjg vlrnj`lrkgnlg hp `l njgn lg kg fjgthrlg jmbtlrnlchtlg `lurlg. Kg `lzl wjg`lcnjgnlg lg ‒jmbtlrfjolrtils‛ whr`t llg jg`lr `llc vjg `l vhhr-stlcckgn hpnlvhlr` `jg hp blt thgllc vjg `l vlrnj`lrkgn. Hhf kg `l kgtlrvklws fhot gjjr vhrlg

`jt olg hgnlcuffkn olt `l sktujtkl ks, ojjr nllg ohnlckifblk` zklt bklr lgknl jmtkl hp tl glolg.Hpolrflckif vhhr llg `krlmtkltljo.

Tlaclmtkl

–Ghrojjc nlsprhflg blddlg hgzl nl`jmbtlg hgs, kg pcjjts vjg `jt wki zl blddlg.‟ :>1

Tllmtkl ks llg ghh`zjflckifl vhhrwjjr`l vhhr clrlg. jggllr il jcs tljo, zhjcs dhvlg kg vlrsmbkc-clg`l fclurlg dlsmbrlvlg ks, zhvllc ohlktl bldt olt hplg mhoougkmjtkl, ks blt lmbtlr llg kccuskltl `lgflg `jt rllmtkl llg wlzlgckifl pcjjts fjg blddlg kg `l tljo`ygjoklf. Phmb hgtstjjt lr kgjccl rkl l tljos lgkn lgtbhuskjsol wjggllr lr llg rllmtkljmtkvktlkt nlstkoucllr` whr`t. @kt fjg

sjolgbjgnlg olt `l wlgs tht hplglr mhoougkmjtkl.Dkgglg NHU ks blt okg ha ollr nlwhhgtl ho blt prhalsskhglcl wlrf tki`lgs lvlgts tl lvjculrlg.Gj lgflcl ijrlg whr`t hhf nlstjrt olt ollr plrshhgckifl rllmtkl kg `l vhro vjg kgtlrvkskl. ‛tFhst vjstbhu`lg`blk` ho `kt hp njgn tl drlgnlg, ojjr llgojjc hpnlstjrt zkig tljocl`lg lg-tbhuskjst. Lg olg dckift zkmb, kg vlrtrhuw`l honlvkgn, hhf lgknszkgs dchht tl ùrvlg nlvlg.

Plnlckiflrtki` zkig lr ghn vhc`hlg`l tlnlgfrjmbtlg ho lr gklt tl vlr oll tl njjg. Blt jrnuolgt jt`lzl dkillgfhostlg gklt ajmturjdlc zkig whr`t vjjf nldrukft ho ‛t ghn ojjr lvlg ukt tl stlcclg. Lgolt kgzkmbtlg ukt rllmtkl, ha jg`lrl ohnlckifl drhgglg vjg kgzkmbt (zhjcs `kt hg`lrzhlf) whr`tgklt vllc nl`jjg. @jt mhgstjtlrlg `l tljocl`lg fllr hp fllr. Hp llg wjt hgplrshhgckiflr gkvljucknt `l uktwksslckgn ojfflckiflr, dkivhhrdllc` wjggllr il zjflckifl fluzls `hhrsprllft.

Arjgs9 –Kf vkg` blt hhf cluf ho zh gu lg `jg llg stjp tlrun tl zlttlg lg tl dlfkiflg ‒ jt ks lrjcclojjc nldlur`8‛. V…_ Kf vkg`, `jt vhg` kf zlcas ëëg vjg `l gj`lclg, `jt wki `kt bëëc vllc kg blttljo `hlg. V…_ Hhf jcs il blt vlrnlckift olt jg`lrl nrhlplg bklr (dkgglg T&^), `jg `hlg wki`jt dhvlgojtkn vllc. Blt clvlrt hp `jt il jcs tljo dlnrkipt wjjrvhhr il stjjt. Lg `jt lr (jmbtlrja)

nllg `ksmusskl wjs, wjgt kl`lrllg wjs dki `l `ksmusskl jjgwlzkn nlwllst. Jccllg, blt fhst wlc bllcvllc tki`, jctbjgs, zh ckift blt.‟

Kg `l hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt vjg NHU ks rllmtkl ùs wlkgkn nldrukflckif. NHU bllat bklrkg nllg vhhrdllc` jjg bjjr honlvkgn. ^jggllr tljocl`lg sjolgwlrflg ks blt bjg`kn wjggllr zki zkmb

:>< @kt hg`lrzhlf bhha`stuf = pn 0<

:>1 @jvk` Dhbo, ayskmus lg akchshha



:=>


rljckslrlg wjt zl vlrwjmbtlg9 vjg zkmbzlca lg vjg lcfjjr. @jt zl sjolg zjflg `hhrsprlflg lg thtëëg thlfhostdllc` fholg, lg hhf sjolg jmbtlrukt fkiflg, sjolg ëëg nlsmbkl`lgks tl vlrwhhr`lg.@jt ks llg `llc vjg blt sol`lg lg hg`lrbhu`lg vjg `l hg`lrckgnl dkg`kgn. Plg twll`l, wjggllr

il prhdclolg wkct hpchsslg zuc il ohltlg wltlg wjjr ‛t wrkgnt. @jt vrjjnt llg vhro vjg rllmtkl,`kl wl ollstjc jgjcysl ghlolg. Jgjcysl lg rllmtkl dlstrkiflg vlrsmbkcclg`l nldkl`lg, gjolckif lollr hdilmtklvl rlsplmtklvlckif `l ollr sudilmtklvl wlrlc`, ojjr zkig kg wlzlg gklt vlrsmbkcclg`.Llg `lr`l rl`lg tht rllmtkl nllat Ujucj jjg, `kl jjg `l prhalsskhglcl clnktkoktlkt vjg `kt tljorjjft9

Ujucj9 –Jcs il gklt slrklus gjjr il lknlg tljo fkift… Jcs il gklt `jjrkg olt il zlca dlzkn zhuzkig, wjjrjjg hgtcllg il `jg blt rlmbt ho zh gjjr llg fcjgt tl fkiflg8‟

Lg `jjrhp `hhr`lgflg`9 Jcs il mhgnrulgt lg kgtlnlr rlsuctjtlg kg `l wlrlc` wkct zlttlg, zuc ilohltlg wltlg wjt il lknlg kgtlgtkl ks.

–Il fugt gklt vjg dkgglg gjjr duktlg wlrflg, jcs il gklt wllt wjt lr vjgdkgglg zkt.‟:>>

Hgtwkfflckgn kg rlaclmtkl

NHU nldrukft gj vlrchhp vjg tki` vlrsmbkcclg`l vhrolg vjg rllmtkl. Yh whr`t kg blt prhalsskh-glcl vlc`, gjjst rlnlcojtknl rllmtkl hp lvlgts lg kgmk`lgtllc hp kl`lrs prhalsskhglcl prlstlrlg, bltk`ll nlhpplr` ho sjolg llg dhlf tl smbrkivlg jcs ojgklr ho blt vjfojtkn bjg`lclg tl lxpckmktl-rlg. Jc vjjf blddlg wl koolrs nlolrft `jt wl wlc jjgvhlclg wjjrho wl dlpjjc`l `kgnlg `hlg,ojjr `jt wl `kt `lshg`jgfs sclmbt jjg mhcclnj‛s lg jjg fcjgtlg fugglg uktclnnlg. @kt dhlf whr`tkg blt `jjrhp vhcnlg`l ijjr kg`lr`jj` kg tljovlrdjg` nlsmbrlvlg:>2, lg bllat blt dlhhn`l laalmt

vjg prhalsskhglcl dlwustwhr`kgn. Blt sjolg smbrkivlg vjg blt dhlf drlgnt llg gkluwl vhro vjg

sjolgwlrflg dkgglg blt tljo olt zkmb oll. ]lgkhrlg pjfflg `l zwjjr`lrl bhha`stufflg hp lgmhjmblg `l iugkhrlg dki blt smbrkivlg vjg bug bhha`stufflg.

Tllmtkl hp blt lknlg augmtkhglrlg lg bjg`lclg ks nllg nlollgnhl`. Lgflcl tljocl`lg zkig `jjr-oll vlrtrhuw` lg rllmtlrlg rlnlcojtkn, vhhr `l ollstl ks blt ùk`lckif hgwlggkn. @kt ks llg jc -nlollg dlflg`l jjrzlckgn9 Jcs il rllmtllrt fug il koolrs klts tlnlgfholg wjt gklt hvlrllgfhotolt il zhrnvuc`kn hpnldhuw`l dllc`, wjt il kojnh dl`rlknt lg il rust vlrsthhrt. NHU fhlstlrtbjjr zlcadllc` jcs smbkc` gjjr `l jcs gklt-vlkckn lrvjrlg ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl, lg ks `jjrkg ùs fwlts-djjr. Ho`jt `lshg`jgfs ùk`lckif ks `jt `l tljocl`lg jcs plrshglg `l dhuwstlglg vjg blt tljo

vhrolg, lg zki blt tljo wkcclg hgtwkfflclg, whr`t llg nlzjolgckif trjilmt hpnlstjrt ho vjguktblt vlrflgglg vjg zkmbzlca jjg blt tljo tl dhuwlg. Kl`lr tljock` `hhrchhpt llg zlcahg`lrzhlf,

wjjrgj bklr nlzjolgckif twll twll`jjnsl whrfsbhps jjg dlstll` whr`lg. ]hooknl tljocl`lgfwlttlrlg bklr llrst ghn hgwlggkn hobllg, ojjr kl`lr `hlt blt wlc! Blt prhmls dkl`t `l ohnl-ckifblk` tht llg hplg nlsprlf hvlr dlcjgnrkifl hg`lrwlrplg, zhjcs blt spjggkgnsvlc` tusslg vrki-blk` lg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`. @jjrgjjst clrlg `l tljocl`lg lcfjjr vllc dltlr flgglg. Yl ‒zklg‛lcfjjr `hhr `lzl vjjf `klpnjjg`l nlsprlfflg dltlr, flgglg ollr vjg lcfjjrs ‒vlrbjjc‛, blddlgllg stlvknlr djsks.Blcjjs whr`t lr gj `lzl splmklfl whrfsbhps gklt hpgkluw vhro lg kgbhu` jjg `l rllmtkl lgplrshhgckifl kgtlrjmtkl nlnlvlg. Blt hgtwkfflctrjilmt `jt NHU `l janlchplg ojjg`lg bllat `hhr-nlojjft ks lrn kgtlgskla nlwllst, ‒gu lvlg wllr nlwhhg jjg blt wlrf‛ ks `l wlgs. Pljocl`lg olr-

:>> Mhvly, 4551, pn 25

:>2 vjg `lg Dlrn lt jc, 4550



:=2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

flg gj llg pjjr ojjg`lg jt zl wllr ukt lcfjjr nrhlklg. Ylflr jcs l krlmtkl blt tljo fhrt `jjrhp`wkgnt zkmb tl rlhrnjgkslrlg. @jg ks kl`lr tlrunnlwhrplg hp zkig lknlg jawlnkgn vjg fjgslg. @kljawlnkgnlg whr`lg gklt oltllg nl`llc`. Llg tlflg bhl drhhs `l djg` lg blt hg`lrckgn vlrtrhu-

wlg thmb ghn ks. Yhjcs ]kx kg bjjr prhlasmbrkat hvlr vlrtrhuwlg jjgnllat9–Prust jppljrs th gll` rlnucjr, ka ght mhgstjgt, gurturkgn jg` tlg`kgn.‟ :>;

@lrnlckifl arlqulgtl zhrn whr`t kg `kt tljo wlc llgs dlghlo`. ]hos fckgft `l `ksmusskl jcsha lr wlrflckif nhl` vhhr lcfjjr nlzhrn` whr`t. @l prjftkif dckift jg`lrs, zhjcs dkivhhrdllc` kfzlca hg-`lrvkg` wjggllr kf `hhr zklftl cjgnlrl tki` nl`llctlckif uktvjc. Hhf `jg dckift `l dlplrftl mhoou-gkmjtkl lr hhrzjjf vjg `jt wl nllg vjg jcclg nhl` wltlg wjt wl lroll jjg ohltlg. Okig tljonl-ghtlg wltlg gklt nhl` ha lg wjt zl jjg ol ohnlg vrjnlg. Ylca vrjjn kf ol ja wjjrho gklojg`gjjr okig zklf zkig vrjjnt lg wkc kf lknlgckif hhf nllg jjg`jmbt vrjnlg vhhr o‛g nlfwjfflc. Llgpjtstlcckgn9 Kl`lr bhu`t zkmb tlrun lg vrjjnt zkmb ja wjt lr jjg `l bjg` ks.

@l NHU-cl`lg stjjg vlrsmbkcclg` tlnlghvlr jsplmtlg vjg zhrn, gjdkiblk` lg vlrtrhuw` olt lcfjjrzkig. ]hooknl tljocl`lg lrvjrlg lg dlghlolg blt tljo jcs llg vrklg`lgmcud, lg njjg dkivhhr-dllc` hhf ja lg thl olt lcfjjr stjpplg. Jg`lrl tljocl`lg stlcclg ‒iucckl bhlvlg lmbt o‛g vrklg`lggklt tl zkig, `kt ks o‛g wlrfhonlvkgn‛. Ijrlg cjtlr, kg tlrundckf, vlrwhhr`lg lgflcl NHU-cl`lg`jt typls `kl ‒zhrnlg vhhr‛ dkgglg `kt tljo hgtdrhflg blddlg. ^lcfl kgvchl` blt hgtdrlflg vjgzhrnzjjoblk` lg vlrtrhuwlg hp `l tljokgtlrjmtkl bllat, rljckslrlg `l tljocl`lg zkmb gklt. ]kxdlgj`ruft blt dlcjgn vjg `l zhrn kg dhvlgstjjg` mktjjt olt `l whhr`lg ‒ka ght mhgstjgt‛. Blt ks `l

vrjjn ha `lrnlckifl plrojglgtl zhrn gklt llg kccuskl ks. Blt tljo bllat tlgschttl sjolg hhf klts kg`l wlrlc` tl zlttlg, llg tjjf tl rljckslrlg. Blt ‒zhrnlg vhhr‛ lg ‒zhrnlg `jt‛ zkig dlk`l gh`kn kg bltsmjcj vjg tljojmtkvktlktlg, ojflg blt sjolg llg nlbllc.Blt gklt (fugglg) hhrzlttlg vjg rllmtkl jcs ok``lc kg l hgtwkfflckgn vjg NHU ks wjjrsmbkigckif

`l rl`lg `jt `l tljocl`lg zkmb wâc dlwust zkig nlwhr`lg vjg blt tlfhrtsmbkltlg hp llg jjgtjcpugtlg, zhjcs ja tl clzlg ks jjg `l mktjtlg ukt `lzl trjgsmrkptlg, ojjr nllg fjgs (ollr) nlzklg bld-dlg `lzl zjflg lmbt jjg tl pjfflg, bklrhp tl hgtwkfflclg.

Dki Ojx lg Ouctk whr`t lvlgllgs llg phnkgn tht rllmtkl nl`jjg. Hhf bklr dckiat `kt dlplrft thtllg lgflcl jmtkvktlkt gj jhhp vjg llg tljovlrnj`lrkgn ha -whrfsbhp. @l djsjcl vlkcknblk` `kl

vhhr vlr`lr ‒hplglg‛ gh`kn ks whr`t gklt lrvjrlg.

‒Lcfjjr zklg‛

jt ks blt gut vjg ‒lcfjjr zklg‛8 Ha lknlgckif, wjjrho zhu il lcfjjr wãcclg zklg8 ^jgt ha il ilzlcalg lcfjjr lmbt zklt ks ojjr `l vrjjn, jjgnlzklg blt gklt tl vlroki`lg ks `jt kl`lr `hhr zkig ctlrs

nlfclur` wjjrgllot.Lr zkig vlrsmbkcclg`l rl`lglg wjjrho tljocl`lg `kt zhu`lg fugglg wkcclg. Qhgf :25 nllat jjg `jtolgslg kg bug cjgn`urknl rlcjtkls nlzklg wkcclg whr`lg zhjcs zl (`lgflg tl) zkig. Ha `kt gu phsk-tkla ha glnjtkla ks, olgslg blddlg dlbhlatl blrflg` tl whr`lg zhjcs zl zkmbzlca flgglg. @jjrdkiks hprlmbtl dlcjgnstlcckgn llg vhhrwjjr`l vhhr `klpnjgn kg blt wlrflckifl nlsprlf `jt il tki`lgsrllmtkl olt lcfjjr wkct vhlrlg. Blt ks llg vhhrwjjr`l ho lcfjjrs splmklfl frjmbt tl zklg lg tlfugglg dlguttlg, ojjr hhf ho jasmblk` vjg lcfjjr tl urvlg glolg jcs l ojtmb olt llg tljock`gklt nhl` dckift.

:>; ]kx, 4550, pn 0

:25 Thhs Qhgf, ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, :2 jprkc 4552



:=;


Llg twll`l rl`lg ks `jt wjggllr il ilzlca ‒nlzklg‛ wllt, il kg il dlstjjg lrflg` whr`t. @jt ks llgdhuwstllg vjg hg`lrckgn vlrtrhuwlg. Lg tht scht9 lr whr`t rlflgkgn olt ihuw dlcjgnlg nlbhu-`lg, wjt il lrvjjrt jcs llg vhro vjg rlsplmt. @lrnlckifl hprlmbtl dlcjgnstlcckgn whr`t kg nllg vjg

`l hg`lrzhmbtl tljos lrvjrlg. Lëg vjg tljocl`lg vlrhg`lrstlct hhf `jt olgslg ‛t lrn cjstkn vkg-`lg ho tl bjgtlrlg wjt zl vjg `kl jg`lr zklg.Llg `lr`l rl`lg ks, `jt tljocl`lg wltlg `jt zl olt lcfjjr sjolg ohltlg wlrflg. @kt wltlg dl-

vhr`lrt vhcnlgs Qhgf lt jc.:2: llg phsktklvl nrhg`bhu`kgn tlnlghvlr lcfjjr.

Lmbtlr, ëëg dlpjjc`l sktujtkl fjg `hhr tljocl`lg bllc vlrsmbkcclg` lrvjrlg whr`lg. Kl`lr blddlgzki bug lknlg rlalrlgtklfj`lr lg dlclvkgn vjg `l mhgtlxt. Llg trlaalg` vhhrdllc` bklrvjg whr`tnlnlvlg `hhr Arjgs wjggllr bki oki ” gj lgknl jjrzlckgn ” vlrtlct bhl bki jjgfkift tlnlg `l rlcjtkl`kl wki jcs tljocl`lg olt lcfjjr blddlg9

Arjgs tlnlg Dlckj9 –Kf vkg` `jt wïi llg nhl` vhhrdllc` zkig `jt il dllc` fjg vlrjg`lrlg.Qýýr (`l whrfsbhps olt) Ojrnrllt wjs blt prhdcllo jt kf olt ihu bj`… ‒^jt ks il kgtrkgsklfl

wjjr`l `kl il thlvhlnt jjg blt tljo8‛. Lg kf fwjo gklt olt ihu tht llg nlsprlf wjjrdki wl vjglcfjjr, ha kf kg kl`lr nlvjc vjg ihu, tht vhccl`kn dlnrkp fwjolg. Gj `l kgtlrvlgtkl vjg Ojrnrlltks `jt lr nlfholg, lg `jt ks hhf gklt ollr wlnnlnjjg.‟

Arjgs nllat jjg gj jjgvjgflckifl jjrzlckgn hvlr okig thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l gu tht ‒vhccl`kn dlnrkp vjg oki‛ tl zkig nlfholg. Blt fckgft zlcas jcsha Arjgs vlrohl`t `jt bki lg kf llg vhccl`kn dlnrkp vjg lcfjjr blddlg. Kf dlnrkip blo lmbtlr vjjf gklt, lg kf vhlc ol gklt dlnrlplg lg gklt wlrflckifnlwjjr`llr` `hhr blo. Ykig llr`lrl, cjgn`urknl arhgs gjjr oki hvlr okig thlnlvhln`l wjjr`lbllat ol nlrjjft, `kl bld kf ghn hg`lr o‛g vlc. Kf dlg vhhrzkmbtkn olt blo (nlwhr`lg ha nldcl-

vlg8) lg fkls kg nlsprlf olt blo okig whhr`lg jctki` hozkmbtkn. Yh vlrsmbkct hgzl dlclvkgn vjg`lzlca`l rlcjtkl.

Kg mhoougkmjtkl ‒hp lklrlg chplg‛ clvlrt zlc`lg llg nhl` hg`lrckgn dlnrkp hp. @hhr blt ” tlgnlvhcnl vjg spjggkgn ” hvlrojtkn hozkmbtkn ahrouclrlg hgtstjjg iukst llr`lr oksvlrstjg`lg.

–Gllo ghu mhoougkmjtkl. Kg llg rlcjtkl olt vllc vlrtrhuwlg fugt u blt vlrfllr l zlnnlg lg dlnrkiplg olgslg thmb ghn wjt u dl`hlct. Kg llg rlcjtkl olt wlkgkn vlrtrhuwlg fugt u bllc wlchvlrwhnlglg prlmkls zkig lg thmb ghn vlrfllr` dlnrlplg whr`lg.‟ :24

Ha olgslg llg jg`lr wkcclg zklg bjgnt hhf olt jg`lrl ajmthrlg sjolg. Lrvjrlg tljocl`lg bltjcs bug dlcjgn ho `l jg`lr tl zklg8 Fhgst lt jc.:2= hg`lrdhuwlg `jt `kt gklt jctki` zh ks.

Arjgs9 –Ojjr kf ohlt il zlnnlg… Kf zkt gklt kg kgahrolcl gltwlrflg. Il bldt vjg `kl olgslg

`kl zkig jctki` hvlrjc vjg hp `l bhhntl wjgt kl`lrllg prjjt olt zl, `jjr zkt kf `us gklt tusslg. Bltkgtlrlssllrt ol hhf gklt. @us lr zkig okssmbklg `kgnlg `kl kf gklt zkl, wjt `jt dltrlat. @jjr fjgkf ol klts dki vhhrstlcclg.‟

Fhgst lt jc. cjtlg zklg `jt olgslg olt ojmbt ” `hhr`jt zl okg`lr jabjgflckif zkig ” okg`lr bugdlst `hlg zkmb llg dllc` tl vhrolg vjg bug hg`lrnlsmbkftlg. Bug dllc`lg zkig vjflr stlrlhtypllg glnjtkla `jg honlfllr`. Jcs zl zkmb vlrnksslg kg klojg` bllat `kt kg blt jcnlollg hhf okg-`lr mhgslqulgtkls vhhr blgzlca. Yl olrflg blt vjjf gklt llgs. @jjrgjjst whr`t `l ojtl wjjrkg

:2: Qhgf, @kifstlrbuks & @kifstrj, 455>, pn 44>

:24 Mhvly, 4551, pn :1

:2= Fhgst, Qhgf & vjg `lr Qckst, :;;<



:05

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

klojg` zkig dlst `hlt ho zkmb llg nhl` dllc` vjg jg`lrlg tl vhrolg dlègvchl` `hhr `l ojtl wjjrkg zki zkmb dlfwjjo vhlclg ho llg jg`lr kg tl smbjttlg. Yhwlc bkærjrmbkl (ojmbt) jcs mhopl-tlgtkl zkig vhcnlgs Fhgst lt jc. `us ohnlckifl ajmthrlg kg `lzl `ygjoklf.

Lg tht scht vrjjnt ‒nlzklg whr`lg‛ hhf `jt iki il wkct cjtlg zklg. Albr :20 nllat jjg `jt wl`lrzki`slzlcahgtbucckgn llg ghh`zjflckifl ajmthr ks kg blt hpdhuwlg lg hg`lrbhu`lg vjg llg hg`lrckgnldjg`. Klts wjt gklt jccl tljocl`lg nlojfflckif `hlg. Kfzlca dkivhhrdllc` bld `jjr kg `l hg`lr-zhlfsijrlg, kg okig rhc jcs tljock`, ohlktl oll. Hpgkluw hplgblk` lg fwltsdjjrblk` `us. Yjflg`kl il jccllg nllat wjggllr il llg sallr vjg vlrtrhuwlg lg vlkcknblk` lrvjjrt.

Qlrtrhuwlg

Gjjr blt tbloj ‒vlrtrhuwlg‛ whr`t `klpnjjg` hg`lrzhlf nl`jjg:2<. Lëg vjg `l jsplmtlg `kl`jjrdki jjg`jmbt frkint ks `jt blt blddlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg ghh`zjflckif ks dki wlrflg kg jodknul hahgzlflrl mhgtlxtlg lg kg mhgtlxtlg olt llg bhnl mhopclxktlkt. Pljos olt llg hp`rjmbt jcs `l

hg`lrzhlfstljos wlrflg dkigj jctki` kg llg jodknul lg mhopclxl mhgtlxt.

–Prust, hg tbl hgl bjg`, mjg prhvk`l j slgsl ha slmurkty tbjt wkcc blcp survkvjc kg tblsl mhgtlxts,jg` hg tbl htblr bjg`, trust mjg blcp wktb tbl rksf-tjfkgn glmlssjry ahr survkvjc kg mhopclx lg- vkrhgolgts.‟ :21

@jjrgjjst bllat blt blddlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg vllc vhhr`lcknl glvlglaalmtlg vhhr tljos, kl blt blgojfflckiflr ojflg lamkægt lg kgghvjtkla tl wlrflg. Phmb fhot blt hg`lrwlrp vlrtrhuwlg wlk-gkn gjjr dhvlg kg l kgtlrvklws, hhf gklt dki nlrkmbt vrjnlg. Dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctk ks kt dlnrkiplckif,ho`jt l tljocl`lg bklr stlrflr hp bug lknlgdlcjgn lg hlc nlrkmbt zkig jg hp blt nlollgsmbjp-plckifl. Dki NHU-cl`lg ks `l ahmus hp blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc vllc stlrflr lg `l `krlmtl honlvkgnmhopclxlr. @jjroll zkig l tljocl`lg stlrflr hp lcfjjr jjgnlwlzlg lg gllot blt dlcjgn vjg vlr-

trhuwlg thl. Blt ks bklrdki hp zkig pcjjts hg`lrsmblk` tl ojflg tusslg prhalsskhgllc vlrtrhuwlglg kgtlrplrshhgckif vlrtrhuwlg. Urhalsskhgllc vlrtrhuwlg `l tljocl`lg lcfjjr jdshcuut. Pki`lgsllg lvlgt wltlg l cl`lg vjg blt ajmkcktlrlg`l tljo, NHU-cl`lg lg arllcjgmlrs , wjt zl jjg lcfjjr bld-dlg. @jjr fhot blt jjg hp vlrtrhuwlg vjg mjpjmktlktlg lg rlsuctjtlg. Ojjr plrshhgckif8 Qhhrjc`jjr wjjr ihuw plrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg okssmbklg wlc llgs tlnlg `kl vjg `l jg`lrlg kg `rukslg

whr`t `kt cjstknlr. Llg vhhrdllc` bklrvjg9 rhg` blt spjggkgnsvlc` vrkiblk` vlrsus vlrjgtwhhr`l-ckifblk` ks blt ojjr `l vrjjn ha tljocl`lg lcfjjr vlrtrhuwlg.

Dlckj9 –Jcs kf wlc llgs hp llg ok``jn gjjr `l fjpplr nj, `jg zlt kf klts jg`lrs kg o‛g jnlg`jbhhr! Kf lgf, ‒Nlr`j zklt jt stjjg, lg kl zklt gklt bhl kf ýýf vjjf ‛s jvhg`s cjjt tbuks ghn zkt

tl duaalclg lg o‛g ojkc zkt tl `hlg.‟

Lccks9 –Ojjr `jt ks thmb rjjr, `jt il `jt lr gklt kg zlt8 Ojjr kf sgjp blt wlc, ij. @jt bld kfhhf wlc, wjgt `jg dlg kf ho bjca vklr wln, ojjr `jg bld kf wlc `kl HT tht tklg uur ‛s jvhg`s`kl `jg ghn llgs uktchhpt. @jg `lgft kl`lrllg ‒H, Lccks ks vrhln wln‛.‟

Dlckj9 –Kf rhlp wlc llgs ‒Ihgnlgs kf nj gjjr l Nldhuw D, iucckl zklg ol gklt ollr…‛ Jccllg jc

blt alkt jc `jt kf `lgf ‒cjjt kf blt ojjr lvlg zlnnlg‛ `jt fchpt hhf gklt lmbt.‟

:20 Albr, 4555, kg 9 Qhgf (l`), 455>, pn 4<:

:2< Dkivhhrdllc` Mhstj 4555, ]kx 4550

:21 ]kx, 4550, pn :



:0:


Lccks9 –Qhcnlgs oki bld kf jt ëëg fllr nl`jjg, rhlplg jt kf gjjr `l @jcthg nkgn lg thlg dlg kfgjjr buks nlnjjg!‟ (^l nkcclg vjg `l cjmb.) –@jt njjt lr gklt kg bâ8‟ (Yl wkist hp o‛g rlmhr`lr.)

Lccks lg kf vlrtrhuwlg lr dlk`l gklt lmbt hp jt hgzl tljonlghtlg hgzl kgtlgtkls lg kgzlt hp wjjr-`l smbjttlg, wl blddlg dlk`l `l dlbhlatl ho blt systllo llg dlltil tl aumflg . Plnlckiflrtki` vhl-clg wl hgs vlrpckmbt ho hgs tl vlrhgtsmbuc`knlg, hgzl dlwlnkgnlg tl vlrjgtwhhr`lg. @jjroll

výlnlg wki hgs hhf kg blt systllo vjg ghrolg lg bhu`lg blt oll kg stjg`. Lg hvlr vlrtrhuwlgnlsprhflg9 kf bld olt Lccks nlmblmft ha `kt arjnolgt zh uktlkg`lckif thmb kg `lzl tlfst ojn.

Nlvhcnlg vhhr `l tljos

Lëg lg jg`lr bllat nrhtl nlvhcnlg vhhr kgtlrjmtklprhmlsslg jcs blt nlvlg vjg all`djmf, blt hpchs-slg vjg mhgkmtbjgtlrkgn, rllmtlrlg lg clrlg. Jcs nlvhcn vjg blt hgtdrlflg vjg vhc`hlg`l hplgmhoougkmjtkl whr`lg `lzl prhmlsslg vlrol`lg. Kssuls dckivlg su``lrlg tht`jt lr llg lruptkl

vhcnt. Lr whr`t wlkgkn nlcllr` vjg ahutlg lg hgtwkfflckgnlg. Kg kl`lr nlvjc tl wlkgkn ho jjg `l

bjg` jjrvjg dki tl sturlg. @l nlvhcnlg bklrvjg zkig vhhr jccl rkl l tljos kgnrkiplg`, l hgtwkf-flckgnlg ‒hvlrfholg‛ `l tljos. Ojx lxpch`llrt gj`jt dckift `jt ëëg vjg `l tljocl`lg `l jg`lrlgdlwust oksclk` bllat. NHU dlstll`t vllc tki` jjg blt jastloolg vjg `hlclg, wlrfwkizl lt mltlrj6blt tljo lxplrkolgtllrt olt gkluwl sjolgwlrfkgnsoh`lcclg, ojjr rllmtllrt gklt hp l laalmtlglrvjg, lg cllrt `us gklt. Blt tljo zklt hhf hgvhc`hlg`l wlcfl hgtwkfflckgn njjg`l ks kg bjjr ho-nlvkgn lg blt laalmt `jjrvjg hp bjjr vhhrtdlstjjg. Ouctk njjt dlbhl`zjjo `hhr, tht`jt `l gkluwjjgnltrl`lg `krlmtlur `l tlunlcs pjft lg `l cjflgs ukt`llct.

Mhoougkmjtkl olt ‒duktlg‛

Llg tljo ks, glt jcs kl`lrl hrnjgksjtkl, ‒llg hrnjgksol `jt jccllg fjg dlstjjg lg hvlrclvlg `hhr

vhhrt`urlg`l kgtlrjmtkl olt zkig honlvkgn‛:2>

. Jc kgtlrjmtlrlg` mhoougkmlrlg tljos olt `kl ho-nlvkgn. @l ojgklrlg wjjrhp tljos `kt `hlg vlrsmbkcclg jjgzklgckif. @l cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctkzkig vhhrjc nlrkmbt hp bug lknlg ja`lckgn ha `kvkskl lg mhoougkmlrlg `jjr ukt bhha`l vjg bugrhc kgtlgskla oll. @jjrgjjst `hlg `l vhhrzkttlrs vjg dlk`l tljos ‒ol`l`lckgnlg‛ kg `l vhro vjgghtuclg ha ahrolcl mhgvhmjtkls gjjr (`lclg vjg) `l rlst vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl. Hhf whr`t lr vllc kg`l wjg`lcnjgnlg nlgltwlrft lg dlègvchl`. Dkgglg Ouctk whr`t hvlr cjgnlr chplg`l vlrjg`lrkgns-prhmlsslg wlc llgs nlolohrllr` ‒`jt wl gu thmb wlc llgs klts jjg ol`lwlrflrs ohltlg cjtlgbhrlg‛.

Qhhr NHU cknt `kt jg`lrs. Blt tljo dlvkg`t zkmb zhwlc quj wlrfchmjtkl jcs kg blt hrnjghnrjo kgllg uktbhlf vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl lg mhoougkmllrt vhhrjc kg `l bkærjrmbksmbl ckig, vkj `l ojgjnlr.@kl vkg`t lmbtlr nllg vrlun`l kg blt vlrnj`lrlg olt mhcclnj‛s lg oki`t `kt zh vllc ohnlckif. @jt

dltlflgt `jt lr vkj `jt fjgjjc wlkgkn ‒nlcuk`‛ hvlr `l prlstjtkls vjg blt tljo gjjr duktlg fhot,jg`lrsho rkgnt lr hhf wlkgkn hvlr hgtwkfflckgnlg lc`lrs kg l hrnjgksjtkl tht blt tljo hhr. lcblddlg shooknl tljocl`lg llg plrshhgckif gltwlrf wjjroll zl `kt kgahrojtklnldrlf lgknszkgsfugglg mhoplgslrlg:22. @jjrgjjst bllat NHU llg phrtlalukccl odt. ojrfltkgn lg mhoougkmjtklkgnlstlc`. Qjgukt `lzl phrtlalukccl whr`t nlwlrft jjg llg cljlt hvlr NHU lg lr whr`lg kg cjtlrlijrlg ja lg thl kgahrojtkl`jnlg vhhr mhcclnj‛s nlhrnjgksllr`. Ojjr dlwustl lg strumturlcl dl-kgvchl`kgn vjg blt kojnh vjg blt tljo kg `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl lg flggks dki `l `krlmtkl vjg `l

:2> vhg Dlrtjcjgaay, kg Urkgs 455:, pn 0

:22 @kt zkig rlcjtkls `kl `hhr Nrjghvlttlr ‒wljf tkls‛ nlghlo` whr`lg9 djg`lg olt jg`lrlg duktlg `l `krlmtl honl-

vkgn `kl dlcjgnrkif zkig ho kgahrojtkl tl vlrfrkinlg `kl kg `l lknlg `krlmtl honlvkgn gklt vhhrbjg`lg ks.



:04

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg blt dkizhg`lrl wlrf `jt NHU `hlt, vkg`t gklt pcjjts. Plrwkic dlk`l zjflgNHU zhu`lg blcplg `l lrflggkgn tl frkinlg `kl blt nrjjn zhu blddlg lg `l `rjstksmbl kgnrllp kgblt tljo cjtlr wlcckmbt bj` fugglg vhhrfholg.

Fhrtho9 NHU ks vhhrjc olt zkmbzlca lg olt prjmbtkn wlrf vhhr fcjgtlg dlzkn lg vlrhgjmbtzjjot`jjrdki bjjr mhoougkmjtkl olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lg blt dlbjrtknlg vjg bjjr dlcjgnlg`jjr. Olt auglstl nlvhcnlg, zhjcs wl zklg.

Kccuskl8

Ks ‒hplg zkig‛ `jg llg kccuskl8 ^hr`t blt nlvhlc` jcs tl vllc, tl cjstkn8 ^lcckmbt. Ks blt tl jlk`lg`tlg hpzkmbtl vjg blt `jnlckifsl wlrf8 Gll, blt ks llg lsslgtkllc `llc vjg blt `jnlckifsl wlrf. Kg `lkgtlrvklws ks tl bhrlg `jt tljocl`lg `kt tlr`lnl dlslaalg lg `jt zl hhf nrjjn ollr hplgblk` wkc-clg. ‒Blt nldlurt jccllg gklt‛, mhgstjtlrlg zl zlca.Yhjcs dki `lzl tljos tl zklg ks drlgnt nlschtlg mhoougkmjtkl hp tlrokig rkskmh‛s, mhgkmtlg lgkglamklgmy olt zkmb oll. @kl thlfhostknl `rlknkgn whr`t lmbtlr hvlrsmbjùw` `hhr `l jmutl

hgvlkcknblk` `kl lrvjrlg whr`t dki hplg mhoougkmjtkl. ‒Hplg zkig‛ ks ùs nlojfflckiflr nlzln` lgnlwlgst `jg nlrljcksllr`. ‒Hplg zkig‛ dckift nllg gjtuurckif nl`rjn tl zkig, kg kl`lr nlvjc gklt kg `lmhgtlxtlg vjg `lzl hg`lrzhlfstljos.

Dlsmbhuwkgn

Dltlflgksslg vjg ‒mhoougkmjtkl‛

\kt `l vhhrdllc`lg kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg `kt tbloj dckift `jt tljocl`lg vjg `l vlrsmbkcclg`ltljos mhoougkmjtkl vjg dlcjgn jmbtlg. Yki lrvjrlg hhf `jt `l hg`lrckgnl mhoougkmjtkl hp pug-tlg dltlr fjg, jc whr`t lr wlc ‒bllc vllc nlprjjt‛. ‒Hplg mhoougkmjtkl‛ ks klts `jt vhhrjc dkgglg

NHU gjnlstrlla` whr`t, lg hhf `l tlro ‒`kjchhn‛ ks `jjr dlcjgnrkif. @kt lmbtlr zhg`lr `jt `ltljocl`lg zkmb wlrflckif rlflgsmbjp nlvlg wjt `kjchhn vjg il vrjjnt jjg fwltsdjjrblk`, dlcjgn-stlcckgn, blt hpsmbhrtlg vjg il lknlg hhr`llc, lt mltlrj. ]oktb & Dlrn zlnnlg hvlr `kjchhn

–Pbl prlslgml ha dhtb sk`ls jcchws us th lxjokgl ohrl auccy, th ug`lrstjg tbl mhopclxkty ha jsktujtkhg wktbhut rlùmkgn kt th j skopcl rucl hr j`jnl. Pbl auccglss ha hur ug`lrstjg`kgn ” jgug`lrstjg`kgn tbjt mjrrkls wktb kt tbl htblr sk`l ” lgjdcls us th lopjtbkzl wktb, ojfl j rlcjtkhgsbkp wktb, jg` ckstlg th tbl htblr sk`l wktbkg us jg` wktbkg hur shmkjc nrhups.‟ :2;

Blt njjt lrho dlk`l fjgtlg vjg llg stjg`pugt ha mhgkmt ph`kuo tl nlvlg, zhwlc kg nlsprlf oltllg jg`lr jcs kg nlsprlf olt ilzlca. @jjroll vlrnlclflg bllat blt nldrukf vjg blt whhr` ‒`kjchhn‛dkgglg NHU vhhrjc dltlflgks tki`lgs lvlgts. Kg blt clvlg tusslg lvlgts wltlg `l NHU-cl`lg kg

bug bjrt wlc `jt zl `jjr ghn gklt zkig.:;5

Tllmtkl, `l dlwustwhr`kgn vjg blt hg`lrckgnl prhmls whr`t kg blt jcnlollg lrvjrlg jcs klts `jtgklt lmbt gh`kn ks, gklt `krlmt jjg blt rlsuctjjt dki`rjjnt, wjjroll kopckmklt jjgnlnlvlg whr`t bhl

vlr `l tlro ‒mhoougkmjtkl‛ rlkft. Jjg all`djmf zlnt olg wlc dlbhlatl tl blddlg, `lshg`jgfsfhot `jt (gj llg llrstl dkillgfhost `kl ‒dlst ollvklc‛) gklt lmbt vjg `l nrhg`.Yhjcs ]oktb & Dlrn :;: `kt vhhr jg`lrl nrhlplg dlsmbrkivlg, whr`lg lrvjrkgn lg hdslrvjtkl, jmtkllg rllmtkl, dkgglg NHU dlsmbhuw` jcs nlsmblk`lg lg tlnlgnlstlc`l jmtkvktlktlg, jcs ‒jmtkla ‛ vlr-

:2; ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn xkv-xv

:;5 Ykl bklrvhhr dkivhhrdllc` blt llrstl kgtlrvklwarjnolgt kg `kt bhha`stuf.

:;: ]oktb & Dlrn, pn ;;



:0=


sus ‒pjsskla ‛. Lr whr`t llg hg`lrsmblk` nlojjft gjjr ‒`h-lrs‛ lg ‒rllmtlrs‛ , tlrwkic `lzl jmtkvktlktlgsjolg ëëg nlbllc vhrolg, lg lcfjjr gh`kn blddlg9 `l rllmtkl vhl`t `l jmtkl, lg jmtkl ks `l djsks

vhhr rllmtkl. @l vlrsglcckgn `kl kg bhha`stuf 4, ‒@ygjoklf kg l mhgtlxt‛, nlghlo` whr`t spllct

bklr llg rhc. Olgslg zkig kg blt jcnlollg hgnlùc`kn, bjjstkn. Yl wkcclg clrlg, ojjr `jg kgstjgt. Lr wlkgkn vhhr `hlg, lr gjuwlckifs tki` jjg dlstl`lg. Bug `hokgjgtl uktstrjckgn `jjrdki ks9 ‒rllmtklclvlrt nllg `krlmt rlsuctjjt hp‛. @lrnlckifl `hl-nlrkmbtblk` ks zhwlc dki NHU jcs dki Ojx tl zklg.

]hl lrvjjrt ghn jg`lrl dltlflgksslg vjg mhoougkmjtkl, gjolckif `l nlclnlgblk` tl thglg `jt zki`l jgtwhhr`lg bllat hp `l vrjnlg `kl olgslg ho bjjr bllg blddlg, lg hhf bjgtllrt zki mhoou-gkmjtkl jmtkla ho zkmb tl hgtwhrstlclg jjg l jghgkoktlkt vjg l tljoprlstjtkl. Qhhr Ojrtkig dltl-flgt mhoougkmjtkl hhf `l ohnlckifblk` tht llg dlpjjc` shhrt blatknl, kgtlgsl kgtlrjmtkl. Ojrtkigbllat `jt dkivhhrdllc` olt zkig ohl`lr9 nlsprlfflg `kl vhhr jg`lrlg jjgvhlclg jcs ‛ruzkl‛. Ujucjlrvjjrt `ktzlca`l jcs gkluw tljock` jjg `l ojgklr wjjrhp ]hl lg Ojrtkig zkmb dkgglg NHUojgkalstlrlg. Jcsha lr plrojglgt llg frjmbtoltkgn pcjjtsvkg`t lg llg zkmb blrbjclg`l vlrdjclhg`lrbjg`lckgn hvlr bkærjrmbksmbl phsktkls. ]hl lg Ojrtkig nlvlg ùk`lckif jjg zkmb tl wkcclg

hgtwhrstlclg jjg bug rhc jcs JT, blt hg`lrnlsmbkft zkig jjg `l ajmkcktjthrs. Yl wkcclg nlbhhr` whr`lg, lrflg` whr`lg. @l hg`lr `l ‒oksflggkgn‛ cknnlg`l lohtkl ukt zkmb kg llg blatknblk` `kl`hhr jg`lrl tljocl`lg jcs vlrdjcl jnrlsskl lrvjrlg whr`t.

Kg lsslgtkl zkig bklr twll dltlflgksslg vjg mhoougkmjtkl zkmbtdjjr9Mhoougkmjtkl jcs `kjchhn, wjjrdki vlrflgt, vlrrkift lg vlrdhg`lg whr`t, wjjrdki nl`llc`ldltlflgksslg hgtstjjg. Blt nldrukf bklrdki vjg tlnlgnlstlc`l frjmbtlg ho blt dlnrkp tl vlr-`klplg vrjjnt llg hg`lrckgnl rlcjtkl `kl stlrf nlghln ks ho `l spjggkgn jjg tl fugglg:;4.K`ljcktlr ks llg `lrnlckifl `kjchhn vrki vjg ojmbt, ojjr `jt zjc zlc`lg blclojjc blt nlvjc zkigjjgnlzklg lr jctki` dlcjgnlgtlnlgstlcckgnlg splclg.Mhoougkmjtkl jcs dlègvchl`kgns- (clls9 ojmbts)ok``lc, wjjrdki `l ëëg klts tht stjg` prhdllrt

tl drlgnlg tlg fhstl vjg (blt dlcjgn vjg) `l jg`lr. Jcvlsshg hg`lrstrllpt `kt olt llg mktjjt vjg Arhst:;=. Arhst stlct `jt mhoougkmjtkl llg ok``lc ks wjjroll ojmbt fjg whr`lg uktnl-hlalg` lg hgtwkfflc`. Blt ks koolrs gklt vhc`hlg`l ho ollr flggks tl blddlg, il ohlt `ljg`lr hhf cjtlg wltlg `jt iki `kl flggks bldt. Dhvlg`klg njjt ‛t lr zlc`lg ho wkl nlckif bllat,ojjr wkl nlckif frkint:;0. ^l zklg dlk`l vlrsmbkigslclg kg `l arjnolgtlg `hhr NHU-cl`lg nl-ghlo` whr`lg.

Mhoougkmjtkl ks kg `lzl zkg ghhkt glutrjjc9 strumturlg lg rlnlcs kg llg splmklfl hrnjgksjtkldlvhhr`lclg shooknlg dhvlg jg`lrlg. Jjg jmthrlg thlnlflg`l prkvkclnls splclg bklrkg oll,

wjjr`hhr wl dkivhhrdllc` kg blt jcnlollg jg`lr nl`rjn dki llg clk`lr jmmlptlrlg `jg wl dki llg vhcnlr vlrwjmbtlg:;<.

Blt vlrsmbkc tusslg dlk`l dltlflgksslg vjg mhoougkmjtkl ks nrjùllc lg cknt kg `l ojtl wjjrkg ” dlwust ha hgdlwust ” ojmbt nldrukft whr`t. Kg bhha`stuf ;, Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud, whr`t bklr gj`lr hp kg nlnjjg. Qhhr Ojx lg Ouctk ks blt llrstnlghlo`l ajmlt vjg mhoougkmjtkl, `l (ojmbtsvrkil) `kjchhn, llgnlbllc hgdlflg` dlnrkp. Kg `lzl tljos ks mhoougkmjtkl nlckif jjg `ldjt lg frjmbtoltkgn.

:;4 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn xkv-xvpn xkv-xv

:;= Arhst, :;2>, pn <5>, kg Jcvlsshg, :;;1, pn 12

:;0 ^jtzcjwkmf lt jc., :;;;, pn 1>

:;< ^jtzcjwkmf lt jc., :;;;, pn 0<

:.

4.



:00

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Llg `lr`l dltlflgks vjg mhoougkmjtkl whr`t nlnlvlg `hhr Lrvkgn Nhaaojg. Qhcnlgs Nhaaojg vlrtlcclg wl gklt jccllg vlrbjclg, wl fcl`lg zl jjg tht mhopcltl vhhrstlcckgnlg. @kl vhhrstlcckgnlgnlchvlg wl zlca hhf, ôa wl nlchvlg `jt hgs pudcklf hgs nlchhat. Blt zkig vllcjc phsktklvl dllc`lg

`kl wl gh`kn blddlg ho hgs stjjg`l tl bhu`lg kg l kgtlrjmtkl olt jg`lrl kg`kvkùlg ha jg`lrlnrhlplg:;1.Blt ks llg bllc jg`lr dllc` `jg `jt wjt `hhr `l tljos zlca gjjr vhrlg whr`t nldrjmbt. Kg zkigmhgmcuskls vjg ‒Pbl Urlslgtjtkhg ha ]lca kg Lvlry`jy Ckal ‛ smbltst Nhaaojg:;> `l shmkjcl mhgtlxt lgkgtlrjmtkls vjg llg tljo9

–^ktbkg tbl wjccs ha j shmkjc lstjdcksbolgt wl g` j tljo ha plrahrolrs wbh mhhplrjtl th prlslgt

th jg ju`klgml j nkvlg `lgktkhg ha tbl sktujtkhg. Pbks wkcc kgmcu`l tbl mhgmlptkhg ha hwg tljoV…_. l hatlg g` j `kvkskhg kgth djmf rlnkhg, wblrl tbl plrahrojgml ha j rhutkgl ks prlpjrl`,

jg` tbl arhgt rlnkhg, wblrl tbl plrahrojgml ks prlslgtl`. Jmmlss th tblsl rlnkhgs ks mhgtrhccl` kghr`lr th prlvlgt tbl ju`klgml arho sllkgn djmfstjnl jg` th prlvlgt hutsk`lrs arho mhokgn kgth j

plrahrojgml tbjt ks ght j``rlssl` th tblo.‟

Fhrtho, zl `hlg llg vhhrstlcckgn, wjjrdki kl`lr zkig rhc spllct, lg dlbllrslg `jjrdki gjuwnlzlt wjt blt pudcklf ojn zklg. Kg Nhaaojg‛s smblts fholg zjflg gjjr vhrlg zhjcs

blt gklt hplg mhoougkmlrlg,blt mrlærlg vjg kccuskls `hhr blt prlslgtlrlg vjg dlpjjc`l hg`lrckgn hvlrllgnlfholg `lgk-tkls vjg `l sktujtkl, `l splclrs, lg `l hg`lrckgnl kgtlrjmtklrlnlcs,hg`lrckgnl jasprjflg hvlr rlnlcs tlglkg`l `l kccuskl kg stjg` tl bhu`lg,lkslg jjg `l cl`lg ho `kt `lmhr kg stjg` tl bhu`lg.

Jcs `rkiavllr vhhr llg `lrnlckifl vhhrstlcckgn ghlot Nhaaojg `jt `l jjg l duktlgwlrlc` nlmho-ougkmllr`l lg nlspllc`l wlrflckifblk` kg stjg` nlbhu`lg ohlt whr`lg. Blt dllc` `jt Nhaaojg

vjg mhoougkmjtkl kg tljos smbltst, stjjt vlr ja vjg wjt l tljocl`lg zlca wjjrglolg. Phmb ks bltllg prkfflclg` dllc`. ^l fholg bklr kg bhha`stuf ; hp tlrun.

^lcfl frjmbtlg ojflg mhoougkmjtkl (hg)ohnlckif8

Hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl splclg kg vllc vjg `l nlghlo`l vhhrdllc`lg twll `hokgjgtl ajmthrlg `klmhoougkmjtkl dlcloolrlg9 blt lrvjrlg vjg jodknuètlkt lg vjg hgvlkcknblk`. @kl lrvjrkgn fjg bltnlvhcn zkig vjg llg hgùk`lckifl `hlcstlcckgn vjg blt tljo, vjg rhcvlrvjnkgn ha hgzlflrblk` hvlr`l phsktkl `kl il kg blt tljo kggllot lg ha il il nljmmlptllr` lg nlwjjr`llr` vhlct jcs tljock`ha iukst nlojrnkgjcksllr`. Hhf blt alkt `jt `kvlrsktlkt kg blt augmtkhglcl wlrf jmtkla nlprhpjnllr`

whr`t, ojjr kg shmkjjc hpzkmbt janlstrjat whr`t zh`rj `kt zkmb ojgkalstllrt kg `l `jnlckifsl kgtlr-jmtkl lg mhoougkmjtkl, bllat llg nlvhlc vjg twllscjmbtknblk` tht nlvhcn. Blt zkig lgflcl vhhrdllc-`lg vjg ajmthrlg `kl dki`rjnlg jjg `l dlclvkgn vjg hgvlkcknblk` lg jodknuètlkt.Blt alkt `jt `l tljoojgjnlr vjg NHU wjmbt olt kg nlsprlf njjg olt llg (kg zkig hnlg) gklt-augmtkhglrlg`l ol`lwlrflr tht`jt bki llg stlrfl mjsl bllat, ùk`t hp zkig hgzlflrblk` lg mrlælrthgzlflrblk` dki jg`lrlg. Jg`lrl vhhrdllc`lg zkig blt tuouct `jt hgtstjjt jcs llg gkluw tljock`thltrll`t lg nlbllc tlnlg `l ohrls vjg blt tljo kg jccls zlnt wjt bjjr hpvjct6 `l jgnst ho lcfjjrall`djmf tl nlvlg ha `kl tl hgtvjgnlg6 blt gklt gjjr vhrlg ùrvlg drlgnlg vjg ‒llg prhmlspugtil‛jcs `jjr gklt gj`rufflckif lg zhrnvuc`kn llg vlkcknl slttkgn vhhr nlmrlælr` ks6 blt gklt fugglg bjg-tlrlg vjg olgkgnsvlrsmbkcclg, `jt lrvjrlg jcs ‒ruzkljmbtknl thlstjg`lg‛. Qlrsmbkcclg vjg olgkgn

:;1 Ykl hhf bhha`stuf <, ‛Nrhlplg hg`lrckgn‛

:;> Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn 4=:

••

••



:0<


whr`lg jjrdki lrvjrlg jcs jjgvjcclg hp `l lknlg plrshhg, jjroll kg `l fklo jcs dl`rlknlg` vhhrblt lknlg vhhrtdlstjjg. @lrnlckifl hg`lrbuk`sl jgnstlg zkig llg lrgstknl dlcloolrkgn ho ththplg mhoougkmjtkl tl fholg lg `l rjtkhgllc hg`lrflg`l vhhr`lclg jjrvjg tl fugglg dlguttlg.

jggllr il stll`s dlzkn dlgt olt vlrollg`l rkskmh‛s lg dl`rlknkgnlg, dlg il gklt kg stjjt ho gjjr`l jg`lr tl cukstlrlg. ]hl nllat jjg `jt blt tl `ruf ks kg bjjr bhha` ho gjjr jg`lrlg tl fugglgcukstlrlg. Lccks mhgstjtllrt ohghchnlg kg pcjjts vjg wl`lrflrknblk`.

l zklg zh llg zlcadlsmblrolg`l, nlschtlg bhu`kgn dki NHU-cl`lg, vjg wjjrukt wlkgkn jjg`jmbt vhhr `l jg`lr ohnlckif ks. @l dlbhlatl ho zlca nlbhhr` tl whr lg lg `l `kjchhn tl wkgglg vhlrt`l dhvlgthhg, wjjroll l kjchhn blt hg`lrspkt lcat tlg hpzkmbtl vjg l dlbhlatl jjg llg stlrfllknlg phsktkl. Mhgarhgtjtkls ” ojjr hhf jg`lrl plrshhgckifl hgtohltkgnlg ”whr`lg nlol`lg. Lrhgtstjjt hgtwkifnl`rjn lg lr whr`t nllg tki` nlojjft vhhr wlrflckifl kgtlrjmtkl. Jc `lrnlckifl (rl-

)jmtkls `ksfwjckmlrlg `l hg`lrckgnl mhoougkmjtkl. Ykl bklr blt pjclt vjg mhoougkmjtklvhrolg`jt zkmb vhhr blt hhn vjg l hdslrvjthr hgtvhuwt. Klts wjt Ijmmh kg zkig vrhlnl jnlg kg blt tljojjg`uk``l jcs ‒llg vlttl hg`lrstrhho‛:;2.

Llg kgtlrlssjgtl vrjjn ks wjt `l hg`lrcknnlg`l hgvlkcknblk` dkgglg NHU vlrhhrzjjft. Bhl fhotblt `jt lr zh wlkgkn kgtlrplrshhgckif vlrtrhuwlg ks tusslg olgslg `kl lcfjjr kg blt prhalsskhglclhptrl`lg iukst zh dckg` vlrtrhuwlg8

Lëg rl`lg vhhr blt hgtdrlflg vjg sudstjgtkllc vlrtrhuwlg kg blt tljo ks blt vhcnlg`l9

–Kgtlrplrshgjc trust, wblg mhgsk`lrl` kg jg hrnjgkzjtkhgjc mhgtlxt, ks jcsh ckgfl` th tbl trust jthrnjgkzjtkhgjc clvlc. V…_ Prust rlqukrls `lplg`lgmy, vucglrjdkckty jg` hptkokso jdhut j phsktkvl hutmhol …V…_ Prust dukc`kgn wktbkg whrf rlcjtkhgs ks j rlmkprhmjc prhmlss9 kt tjfls twh thtjgnh.‟ :;;

Gj `l hvlrgjol lrvjrlg `l NHU-cl`lg `l hrnjgksjtkl jcs ‒gklt kg blg nlègtlrlssllr`‛ lg jcs ‒bjg-`lclg` vjgukt jg`lrl dlcjgnlg `jg `kl vjg ol`lwlrflrs‛. Yl zklg nl`urlg`l lgflcl ijrlg vllcmhcclnj‛s kg ohlkckifbl`lg. Bhlwlc `kt vhhr `l duktlgwlrlc` janlsmblro` whr`t, whr`lg kg `lzlplrkh`l vllc wlrfglolrs hgtscjnlg ha `hhr ok``lc vjg ojrnkgjcksjtkl nl`whgnlg zlca hgtscjn tlglolg. @l NHU-cl`lg wltlg `jt zl kg zlflrl zkg jabjgflckif zkig vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl, zlflr kg `lllrstl ijrlg gj `l hvlrgjol wjggllr `l jrdlk`sojrft sclmbt ks. Yl vhlclg zkmb fwltsdjjr, ojjrprhdlrlg `jt zh vllc ohnlckif tl glnlrlg lg bklr hvlrbllg tl clvlg, wjgt vllc hptkoksol hvlr`l uktfhost blddlg zl gklt. Tlmkprhmktlkt whr`t hp hrnjgksjtklgkvlju kg blt nlbllc gklt lrvjrlg.Nlnrhg`l rl`lglg ho tl vlrhg`lrstlcclg `jt blt vlrtrhuwlg tusslg NHU lg T&^ cjjn ks. Kgbhha`stuf ; whr`t `klpnjjg`lr gjjr vlrtrhuwlg kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos nlflflg.

^ksslcwlrfkgn tusslg mhoougkmjtkl lg kgtlrjmtkl

–@ksmchsurl jg` all`djmf jrl tbl glmlssjry mhg`ktkhgs ahr tbl lvlchpolgt ha kgtlrplrshgjc rlcjtkhgsbkps.‟ 455

]oktb & Dlrn vlrhg`lrstlcclg lmbtlr `jt olgslg, wjggllr zl nljmmlptllr` wkcclg whr`lg, `l glk-nkgn blddlg llg fluzl tl ojflg wjt zl hvlr zkmbzlca jjg jg`lrlg hgtbucclg, lg wjt zl vlrdhrnlg

:;2 Llg gujgmlrlg`l hpolrfkgn ks dki dhvlgstjjg`l wllrnjvl vjg hdslrvjtkls hp zkig pcjjts9 ^jggllr tljocl`lg

jc `lrnlckifl lrvjrkgnlg, kgzkmbtlg lg nl`jmbtlg gklt thlcjtlg, zhjcs kfzlca kg `l hg`lrzhlfsijrlg hhf gjuwlckifs

`hl, fug il jcs tljo kg il prhalsskhglcl wlrf vhhr fcjgtlg thmb zllr dlvrl`knlg`l rlsuctjtlg gllrzlttlg.

:;; ]kx, 4550, pn =-0

455 Cuat, :;>5, kg ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ::4



:01

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

wlgslg tl bhu`lg. Bug vhhrhg`lrstlcckgn hvlr wjt `l jg`lr gklt vjg blg zjc jmmlptlrlg, bhu`t vlrdjg` olt `l jsplmtlg `kl zl vjg zkmbzlca gklt jmmlptlrlg45:.

Jcs ‒hgtbucclg‛ cjstkn ks, bhl njjt llg `lrnlckif tljo `jg ho olt blt hplgstlcclg vhhr all`djmf8

All`djmf frkinlg vjg jg`lrlg whr`t kg `l cktlrjtuur454 nlzklg jcs llg ghh`zjflckif kgnrl`kægt hoilzlca `hhr `l hnlg vjg `kl jg`lr kg llg splmklfl shmkjcl mhgtlxt tl fugglg zklg. Hhf vhhr blttljo jcs nlbllc ks all`djmf ghh`zjflckif ho tl hgtwkfflclg. Kg llg nrhlp `kl ohlktl bllat olthplg stjjg lg dchhtnlvlg lg tlnlckiflrtki` vjg olgkgn ks jt all`djmf wlc ‒ohlt‛, hgtstjjt jg llgkgtlrlssjgt olmbjgksol9

–Kt ks vlry mhoohg ahr nrhups th nkvl glnjtkvl all`djmf th olodlrs wbh nkvl tbl nrhup glnjtkvl all`djmf tbjt kt gll`s th dhtb survkvl jg` nrhw. Kg tbl prhmlss, tbl nrhup ojsfs tbl pjrts ha ktslcatbjt `h ght wjgt th mbjgnl. Tjtblr tbjg jmfghwcl`nl hplgcy tbl rlskstjgml th mbjgnl, tbl nrhupmhgtkguls th rlojkg tbl sjol wbkcl jarokgn kts kgtlrlst kg mbjgnkgn.‟ 45=

@kt ks prlmkls wjt dkgglg NHU tl bhrlg ks9 ‒Ij wl wkcclg nrjjn, ojjr blt fhot gu zh sclmbt ukt.‛Lr whr`t zlcas ghn wlc llgs `hhr llg lgflc tljock` dl`jmbt `jt blt zh ijoolr ks `jt `lrnlckifljasprjflg zh vjjf janlzln` whr`lg. Ojjr gklojg` bllat hp jt oholgt llg mchu vjg blt olmbj-gksol lrjmbtlr, hhf kf gklt.Dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctk whr`t lvlgokg vllc all`djmf nlnlvlg. Llg jrnuolgt dkgglg Ojx wjjr-oll olg `kt clnktkollrt ks ‒kf dlg z‛g djjs thmb gklt8‛. Qhhr Ojx ks lr ëëg oholgt `jt `l dhcstlrsourw zkig lg hprlmbtl rllmtkl pcjjtsvkg`t9 `kt ks hp blt oholgt `jt blt tljo hgt`lft bhl ëëgtljock` zkig gjgmkæcl rjpphrtjnls bllat nlojgkpucllr`, `l mhcclnj‛s ajdlcs bllat vhhrnlbhu`lg.@l lohtkls zkig `jg nlrjjft. Bj` blt tljo thlg llg `hhrstjrt nlojjft, `jg zhu blt llg lghrolnrhlkstjp blddlg fugglg zlttlg.

Mhgkmtlg whr`lg lrvjrlg jcs ‒ghn cjstknlr‛ `jg all`djmf, bhlwlc Ojx bklrkg ” `jgfzki `l jcnl-olgl hrnjgksjtklmuctuur ” dki tki`lg llg uktzhg`lrkgn ks hp NHU lg Ouctk. Dkgglg Ouctk bhu`lg`l tljocl`lg zkmb nl`lks`. Olg njjt blt mhgkmt gklt jjg. Dki Ojx lg Ouctk zkig `l tljocl`lglmbtlr okg`lr jabjgflckif vjg blt tljo jcs zh`jgkn. Yki zkig koolrs ukt bhha`l vjg bug augmtkltljock`8 @jt ojjft blg kg bug rhc jcs tljock` okg`lr fwltsdjjr, zl blddlg okg`lr dlcjgn dkitljock`ojjtsmbjp jg NHU-cl`lg. Yhcjgn zl gklt ukt bug augmtkl hgtblvlg whr`lg, zucclg zl gkltukt blt tljo nlzlt whr`lg.Dki NHU cknt kt jg`lrs. Lr ks nllg vjgzlcasprlflg` dlstjjgsrlmbt vhhr blt tljo. NHU clnktkollrtbjjr lknlg dlstjjgsrlmbt `hhr zkmbzlca olt llg jurlhhc vjg prhalsskhgjcktlkt lg lxmcuskvktlkt tlhonlvlg, hhf jc whr`t `kl `hhr `l honlvkgn gklt ugjgklo jcs zh`jgkn lrvjrlg. ^jggllr llgtljock` `kt wlrflckif tht zkmb `hhr zhu cjtlg `rkgnlg zhu `jt llg zllr dl`rlknlg`l sktujtkl zkig.

Olt lcfjjr kg mhgkmt rjflg, tlrwkic lr `hhr blt hgtdrlflg vjg `hhrclla`l plrshhgckifl rlcjtklsnllg djsks ks ho llg mhgkmt mhgstrumtkla jjg tl njjg, ks llg rksfjgtl lxlrmktkl dkgglg llg `lrnl-ckifl rlcjtkl olt `l wki`lrl mhgtlxt. Mhgkmtlg whr`lg gu cklvlr ukt `l wln nlnjjg ha hgtflg`,

wjt drhlklrknblk` vlrhhrzjjft. Hhf `kvlrsktlkt kg `l zkg vjg jawkiflg`l olgkgnlg whr`lg sglc jcsmhgkmt nlvhlc`, wjt vlrfcjjrt `jt lr kg `kt hpzkmbt wlkgkn thclrjgtkl ks.

45: Blt njjt bklrdki gklt ho sktujtkhglcl rhckgvucckgn, `hmb ho lknlgsmbjpplg `kl vhhr `l duktlgwlrlc` vlrdhrnlg

ohltlg dckivlg.

454 hg`lr jg`lrl ]oktb & Dlrn, pn ::4

45= ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ::;



:0>


Llg flgtlrkgn kg dhvlgnlsmbltstl sktujtkl hgtstjjt hvlrknlgs kg blt vklr`l lg cjjtstl hg`lrzhlfs-ijjr, wjggllr blt tljo zh vlr ks `jt blt jjg zlcahg`lrzhlf njjt `hlg. Hg`lr dlnlclk`kgn vjg llglxtlrgl mhjmb whr`lg cjgnchplg`l, stkc scukolrlg`l ojjr prlngjgtl vlrsmbkcclg kg zklgswkizlg

jjgnjjg`l `l wlrfbhu`kgn uktnlwksslc`. Llg tlflg bhl `l tljocl`lg sjolg kgtusslg nlnrhlk`zkig. Gu whr`lg stjg`pugtlg vlrflg`.

–Hgcy js olodlrs rksf slca `ksmchsurl, `hls kt dlmhol sjal th slca `ksmchsl kg tbl nrhup.‟ 450

Llg stjp vlr`lr zhu`lg zki fugglg hg`lrzhlflg wjt bklrhg`lr cknt, wjt kg blt mhgkmt tlnlghvlr wjt stjjt. Yhvlr fhot blt lmbtlr gklt.

Mhoougkmjtkl lg tljoplrahrojgml

\kt dhvlgstjjg`l dlsmbrkivkgnlg dckift jt mhoougkmjtkl vhhr blt summls vjg llg tljo vjg dlcjgnks. Hplg mhoougkmjtkl ks ghh`zjflckif ho sjolg rkmbtkgn tl dlpjclg, fjgslg kg tl smbjttlg, ok`-

`lclg thl tl wkizlg, ho `l prhalsskhglcl fhlrs tl zlttlg lg tl dlwjflg, ho zkmb jjg tl pjsslg lgtl hgtwkfflclg.

–Lcfl vhro vjg clrlg kgtlnrllrt lgflg lg hlg. Lcfl vhro vjg clrlg njjt hvlr bhl wl kg `l wlrlc`hp lcfjjr kgwlrflg lg l mjpjmktlktlg kl zkmb ukt kl kgtlrjmtkls hgtwkfflclg. Blt hg`lrsmblk` zktblo kg `l ojtl lg `l `klpnjgn vjg blt dlwustzkig lg `l drhg vjg blt `hlg `jt `jjrjjg tlg nrhg`- scjn cknt. Jcs `kt dlwustzkig gklt vlr`lr rlkft `jg `l hpplrvcjffknl nldlurtlgksslg lg `l buk`knlhostjg`knbl`lg, `jg zjc `l jmtkl ghhkt ollr zkig `jg llg rljmtkl.‟ 45<

@l hg`lrzhlfstljos zkig vhhrjc nlrkmbt hp ‒`hlg‛, `lgflg hvlr blt prhmls ha lknlg bjg`lclgbllat gklt wlrflckif llg pcjjts. Tllmtkl, clrlg lg vlr`lr hgtwkfflclg zkig nllg nlollgnhl`, bld -dlg nllg prkhrktlkt.

Mhoougkmjtkl `klgt gklt jccllg blt clrlg. Llg tljo bllat mhoougkmjtkl hhf gh`kn ho olt tl-nlgscjn ho tl fugglg njjg, dkivhhrdllc` wjggllr `l hozlt jmbtlr dckiat, zkmb wrkivkgnlg tusslgtljocl`lg ha hgvlrwjmbtl hgtwkfflckgnlg kg `l mhgtlxt vhhr`hlg. @jg zkig nljvjgmllr`l mho-ougkmjtklvhrolg jcs all`djmf, rllmtkl lg mhgkmtbjgtlrkgn gh`kn ho djrrkârls ukt `l wln tlrukolg lg blt prkojkrl prhmls vcht tl trlfflg. Hp blt plrshhgckifl vcjf nllat mhoougkmjtkl `lohnlckifblk` ho il phsktkla wjjr`lrlg` tl uktlg, lcfjjr tl vlrstlrflg `hhr lcfjjr ‒tl zklg‛ lg rls-plmt tl thglg, ho lcfjjr tl blcplg hgtwkfflclg `hhr ok``lc vjg mhgstrumtklvl all`djmf.

–Ka hgl ks kg j nrhup wblrl olodlrs wkcc ght `ksmchsl lktblr tblkr kgglr rlsphgsls hr tblkr rljmtkhgsth wbjt htblrs `h, tbkgf jg` allc, tblg plrshgjc jg` mhcclmtkvl cljrgkgn wkcc dl slvlrlcy rltjr`l`.‟451

Bhl whr`lg `l sjolgwlrfkgn dkgglg `l tljos, blt clk`lrsmbjp, `l rlsuctjjtnlrkmbtblk`, `l hgt- vjgflckifblk` vhhr gkluwl kgvchl`lg (k`llæg, vlrgkluwkgn) lg tljocl`lg (kg- lg uktscuktkgn) dlèg- vchl` `hhr `l ojgklr wjjrhp lr dkgglg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos nlmhoougkmllr` whr`t8 Blt jgtwhhr` hp `lzl vrjjn ks vhhr llg nrhht `llc ja tl clk`lg ukt `l vhhrnjjg`l pjrjnrjalg. ^jggllrllg tljo `l vlrsmbkcclg thl`lft ha hgtflgt ho`jt zki zl gklt fjg bjgtlrlg, whr`t blt tljo tlnlcki-flrtki` llg `llc vjg bjjr frjmbt hgtgholg. Koolrs, `kvlrsktlkt drlgnt llg tljo vllrfrjmbt, `lgf-

450 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ::<

45< ]lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn :5

451 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ::4-::=



:02

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

frjmbt lg mrljtkvktlkt. ^hr`lg `l vlrsmbkcclg vlrdchlo` `jg ks blt vclls ghmb vks, llg cjuw okcklu wjjr `l frjmbt vjg bllt lg fhu` zkig nlæckokgllr`, kg llg sallr vjg wl`lrflrkn phc`lrlg. hr`lg`l vlrsmbkcclg uktnldjgglg ukt jgnst vhhr `l mhgarhgtjtkl, `jg rjjft blt tljo kg llg thlstjg` vjg

frjop.Yhjcs dki NHU, Ojx âg Ouctk tl zklg ks, dckiat blt dki zh‛g tljo dki blt uktlg vjg wlgslg lg vhhr-glolgs tht hplg mhoougkmjtkl, tlrwkic `l kgtlrjmtkl `kl vhhr `l rljcksjtkl vjg `lzl wlgslg gh-`kn ks vlrol`lg lg dlcloolr` whr`t 45>. @kvlrsktlkt whr`t gklt dlgut, lr whr`t gklt nlcllr`, gklthgtwkfflc`.

@l dckg`l vclf dltrlat gklt jccllg blt wjt lg blt bhl ” wjt tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn lg kg kgtlrjmtklolt jg`lrlg `hlg lg bhl zki `jt `hlg ” ojjr vhhrjc blt wkl9 wkl olg ks, lg `l kgglrckifl drhg vjg

wjjrukt olg `hlt wjt olg `hlt452. Pljocl`lg zklg lcfjjr gklt, zklg zkmbzlca gklt. Blt wlzlgckifldlwustzkig ks dki `l ollstl vjg blg nllg drhg vjg bjg`lclg. Blt `jnlckifs clvlg whr`t jcs llgnlnlvlg jjgnlgholg, wjt llg rkskmh hpclvlrt kg llg vlrjg`lrlg`l wlrlc`.

Kg- lg lxtlrgl `ygjoklf zkig gklt zlc`lg llg jaspklnlckgn vjg lcfjjr, stlcclg ]oktb & Dlrn9

–@ygjokms kg rlcjtkhgs johgn nrhups jrl hatlg j pjrjcclc pcjykgn hut tbl mhgkmts tbjt lxksts

wktbkg nrhups, jg`, kg turg, oumb ha wbjt trjgspkrls wktbkg ljmb nrhup ks j pjrjcclc lgjmtolgtha tblsl kgtlrgjc mhgkmts.‟ 45;

jggllr tljocl`lg vlrwjr` rjflg `hhr`jt `l spjggkgnlg olt `l honlvkgn zkmb vlrtjclg gjjr `lrlcjtkl tusslg tljocl`lg lg blt tljo jcs nlbllc lg jg`lrsho (cjtlgtl) mhgkmtlg dkgglg blt tljolaalmtklvl sjolgwlrfkgn olt jg`lrl nrhlplg vlrbkg`lrlg, lrvjrlg zl blt jcs rksfjgt ho bug vlr-

wjrrkgn bklrhvlr tl uktlg. Jcs nlvhcn bklrvjg whr`lg zl vhhrzkmbtkn, wjt zl vlrvhcnlgs nldrukflgjcs rlmbtvjjr`knkgn ho zkmb hp hg`lr`lclg tl `kstjgtkærlg, wln tl ncki`lg gjjr ‒gklt-vlrdhg`lg‛.

Llrst gklt-vlrdhg`lg olt blt kssul, ojjr jc sglc gklt ollr vlrdhg`lg olt blt tljo. Blt tljock`kg fwlstkl sgjpt gklt wjjrho dlpjjc`l sktujtkls zkmb zh hgtwkfflclg, ojjr stlct `kt gklt ollr jjg`l hr`l. ‒Yl sgjpplg lr nllg dklt vjg‛, llg prhilmtkl vjg blt lknlg nlvhlc vjg gklt-sgjpplg hpjg`lrl tljocl`lg. Glt zhjcs blt tljo hvlr `l duktlgwlrlc` zlnt ‒Yl sgjpplg lr nllg dklt vjg‛.Blt olmbjgksol ks `l lknlg phsktkl tl rlmbtvjjr`knlg `hhr `l jg`lr tl `lvjculrlg. Llg fwlstkl

vjg zlcadlbhu`.@kt olmbjgksol ks kg jccl `rkl `l hg`lrzhlfstljos wjjrgllodjjr, kg vlrsmbkcclg`l vhrolg. @l`ura lg dlrlk`blk` ho frktksmbl vrjnlg tl stlcclg lg `l all`djmf tl nlvlg `kl blt tljo gh`kn bllat

vhhr bjjr zlcaflggks lg vlrohnlg tht dkisturlg whr`lg `hhr `kt `kslgnjnlolgt vlr`lr vlrokg-`lr`. @jjr whr`t nllg lglrnkl ollr kg nlsthflg. Qhhrdllc`lg `jjrvjg fholg dki uktstlf gjjr

vhrlg kg bhha`stuf >, Clk`lrsmbjp. Qjjf whr`t kg lrnlckifl ‒stkccl‛ sktujtkls `hhr jg`lrl tljocl`lg

nl`jmbt `jt zwkinlg hhf kgstloolg dltlflgt, wjt mhoahrtjdlc ks vhhr `lnlgl `kl hgnlbkg`lr` wlnncki`t. Blt ks tlvlgs nlojfflckif vhhr `l rlst vjg blt tljo, `jt nllg wllrstjg` ollr hg`lrvkg`t. Plrwkic blt hhf llg llrstl tlflg vjg jpjtbkl fjg zkig, nlvhcn` `hhr vlrtrlf, zh`rj `l hgt-dkg`kgn `hhrzlt ha `l nlclnlgblk` zkmb vhhr`hlt.

Blt bhlat nllg dlthhn `jt llg `lrnlckifl `kstjgtkl lg vlrokg`lr`l jmtklvl bhu`kgn llg sclmbtlzjjf zkig vhhr `l tljoplrahrojgml. Pljocl`lg vlrcklzlg bug vktjcktlkt, mrljtkvktlkt lg dki`rjnl.

45> Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn 1=

452 ]lgnl lt jc., 4551, pn :1

45; ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn 45=



:0;


NHU-cl`lg vkg`lg kg lvlgts lmbtlr llg splmklfl wlrfhonlvkgn wjjrkg zl `lzl jsplmtlg wlc fwkitfugglg.

]jolgvjttkgn

Qhhr llg tljo `jt sjolg llg prlstjtkl gllr wkc zlttlg ks ‒hplg fugglg zkig‛ l flrg vjg j`lqujtlmhoougkmjtkl kg `l zkg vjg uktwksslckgn, jastlookgn, ‒sjolg‛. ‒Hplg fugglg zkig‛ ks dkivhhrdllc`gh`kn wjggllr il sjolg wkct fugglg rllmtlrlg, lcfjjr all`djmf wkct fugglg nlvlg, olt lcfjjr

vlrsmbkcclg vjg kgzkmbt wkct fugglg vlrflgglg. Jcclojjc zjflg `kl lsslgtkllc zkig ho sjolg janl-stlo` hp il `hlc ja tl fugglg njjg, llg ckig gjjr `l thlfhost ukt tl fugglg zlttlg.

Pljocl`lg blddlg `l kccuskl `jt zl hplg gjjr lcfjjr zkig. ‒Hplg zkig‛ ks lmbtlr nlojfflckiflr nl-zln` lg nlwlgst `jg `jt `kt nlrljcksllr` whr`t. Blt ks vhhr nllg vjg `l tljos gjtuurckif nl`rjn,kg kl`lr nlvjc gklt kg bug buk`knl mhgtlxtlg. Jgnst dckift tljocl`lg tl wllrbhu`lg9 jgnst ho `lllgblk` vjg blt tljo ha blt lknlg tljockòjjtsmbjp kg nlvjjr tl drlgnlg wjggllr zl zkmb hplg-ckif zhu`lg uktsprlflg. Llg ùk`lckifl ojgkalstjtkl vjg dhvlgstrhho lg hg`lrstrhho.

Hplgblk` lg fwltsdjjrblk` zkig zjflg `kl il jccllg nllat wjggllr il vhc`hlg`l vlkcknblk` lrvjjrtlg ùrat vlrtrhuwlg.Mhoougkmjtkl whr`t jctki` dlègvchl` `hhr ojmbt.Gklt hplg olt lcfjjr mhoougkmlrlg nrkipt kg hp jccl jsplmtlg vjg blt tljoclvlg. Blt clk`t jcclr-llrst tht llg lrgstknl dlplrfkgn vjg blt cllrvlrohnlg vjg llg tljo, lg `jjroll vjg blt jjgpjs-skgnsvlrohnlg lg `l hvlrclvkgnsfjgslg. Blt clk`t `jjrgjjst tht ùddlcl dh`los, jodknuètlkt lghgvlkcknblk`, wjt hp tlrokig vhhr blt tljo mhgkmtlg, rkskmh‛s lg kglamklgmy olt zkmb oll drlgnt.Blt tljo vlrcjot kg bjjr phnkgn gklts tl `hlg `jt tht mhgkmt zhu fugglg clk`lg. Qlrsmbkcclg `kljjgclk`kgn fugglg zkig tht mhgkmt whr`lg hgtflg` ha uktnlsgl`lg. @l tljo`kvlrsktlkt vlrsmbrjjct

lg `l tljocl`lg vlrfrjoplg. Ollr lg ollr whr`lg zjflg vlrdjgglg gjjr `l hg`lrstrhho. @ldl`rlknkgn vjg `l vktjcktlkt vjg blt tljo whr`t lmbtlr gklt dlslat6 `lzl whr`t hvlrsmbjùw` `hhr`l jmutl hgvlkcknblk` `kl lrvjrlg whr`t dki hplg mhoougkmjtkl.

Lxpckmkltlr `jg dki `l llr`lr dlsprhflg tbloj‛s fholg dki blt tbloj mhoougkmjtkl `l dhvlg-lg `l hg`lrstrhho gjjr vhrlg. Mhoougkmjtkl ks blt ok``lc dki uktstlf wjjroll `lzl strholg

vhro frkinlg9 kg `l vhhrstlcckgn hp blt bhha`ph`kuo, `l sudvhhrstlcckgnlg kg `l mhucksslg, `l wjg`lcnjgnlg lg `l fcll`fjolrs, lg kg wjt dlwust ha hgdlwust vhhr kl`lr jg`lr kg `l smbj uwnlbhu`lg whr`t. Pljocl`lg splclg oll kg vlrsmbkcclg`l vhhrstlcckgnlg. ^jggllr `l jodknuètlktlg hgvlkcknblk` thlglolg, vrjnlg zki zkmb ja kg wlcfl co zki tlrlmbtnlfholg zkig.

Jabjgflckif vjg blt ph`kuo wjjr `l thlsmbhuwlr thlnjgn tht bllat, zkig zjflg zkmbtdjjr.

Qhhr `lnlgl `kl jccllg thlnjgn bllat tht `l vhhrstlcckgn hp blt bhha`ph`kuo ks jc blt jg`lrlhg`lrstrhho.



:<5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



:<:

@llc KK B >

Clk`lg ha nlclk` whr`lg8

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf

Gjgj9 –… vhcnlgs oki pjst blt wlc dki hgs ho llg dlltil pcjt lg hplg clk`lrsmbjp tl blddlg. Hpblt oholgt hhf `jt wl olrflg `jt lr thmb `kgnlg whr`lg dlfhfsthha`, ha hp bhnlr bjg` `kgnlgwhr`lg dl`jmbt, `jg bld il thmb llg dlltil `l phpplg jjg blt `jgslg.‟ V…_ –Kl`lrllg bj` hp z‛glknlg stuf wlc clk`kgn, jccllg wjjr blt ohlkckif ks vrjjn il Arjgs. V…_ Lg blt alkt `jt wl ‛t zh

vlr`llc` blddlg, `jt wjs V…_ nlwhhg nhl`.‟ Ujrtkmkpjtkl, hhf kg blt `jnlckifs bjg`lclg

Blt clk`lrsmbjp dkgglg NHU fjg kg llg nrhht `llc vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l nlflgolrft whr`lg`hhr `l tlro ‒nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp‛, ‒nl`lclnllr` clk`lrsmbjp‛ ha ‒ollrvhu`kn clk`lrsmbjp‛. Kg `ktnl`llc`l clk`lrsmbjp zkig ollr`lrl tljocl`lg clk`lr, kl`lr hp llg splmklf tlrrlkg. Jazhg`lrckiflphrtlalukccls zkig dlghlo` lg tljocl`lg blddlg nlfhzlg vhhr `l phrtlalukccls wjjr zki thlnl-

vhln`l wjjr`l fugglg blddlg kg flggks ha ohtkvjtkl. Qhhrdllc`lg vjg phrtlalukccls zkig9 sjcls,ojrfltkgn, plhpcl ojgjnlolgt, vjfhgtwkfflckgn, flggksojgjnlolgt, lg `l jjgsturkgn vjg arllcjgmlrs `kl vhhr lvlgts kgnlzlt whr`lg. ]lgkhrlg lg iugkhrlg fugglg bklrdki `uh‛s vhrolg, zh`jthhf `l iugkhrlg bug dki`rjnl hp llg fwjcktjtkla vlrjgtwhhr`l wkizl fugglg clvlrlg. Gjjst `l

phrtlalukcclbhu`lrs ks lr dkgglg NHU llg ojgjnlr `kl blt nlzkmbt gjjr duktlg vhrot. @lzl oj-gjnlr bllat `l phrtlalukccls hg`lr zkmb `kl tl ojflg blddlg olt zkig ollr ahrolcl rhc9 plhpclojgjnlolgt, gjgmkæg lg sjcls. Llg phrtlalukcclbhu`lr stlot zkig pcjg ja olt blt tljo, lg lvlg-tullc whr`t tusslg`hhr janlstlo` olt `l tljoojgjnlr.

Blt tljo lrvjjrt `kt clk`lrsmbjpsoh`lc jcs ‒dki hgs pjsslg`‛ lg ‛cluf‛, ‒wl zkig lrjjg thl‛. ^l wlrflg koolrs olt llg stlrf pjrtkmkpjtkla nlfclur` nl`jmbtlnhl` kg hgzl lvlgts 8 Lknlgckif ks `ktclk`lrsmbjpsoh`lc llg vlrtjckgn jjrvjg gjjr l jnlckifsl prjftkif. Yh whr`t l frjmbt dlgut vjg`l `kvlrsktlkt vjg `l vlrsmbkcclg`l tljocl`lg. Pljocl`lg blddlg zh dhvlg`klg `l ohnlckifblk`ho splclg`lrwkis bug lknlg clk`lrsmbjpsstkic tl hgt`lfflg. Llg nrhht vhhr`llc ks `jt `l ojgjnlrzh zlca hhf lvlgts fjg dckivlg clk`lg. Fhrtho9 llg oh`lc olt vllc vhhr`lclg vhhr llg tljo jcsNHU. @jjrgjjst bllat blt oh`lc klts jgjrmbkstksmb, tlnlg `l nldrukflckifl strumturlg kg. Hhf `jtpjst NHU prkoj.

Kg `l jg`lrl hg`lrzhmbtl tljos ks llg bllc jg`lr clk`lrsmbjpsoh`lc tl zklg. @jjr bllat ëëg plr-shhg `l clk`lrsrhc. Bki (hhf kg `lzl nlvjcclg llg ojg) dlpjjct `l jnlg`j, `llct `l jmtkls thl jjgtljocl`lg, lt mltlrj. Bïi dlpjjct kgbhu`, prhmls lg tloph. Kg `lzl dlk`l tljos pjfflg `l tljocl-`lg nllg jmtklvl rhc hp. Yl cjtlg zkmb clk`lg `hhr `l vhhrzkttlr. Yl vhcnlg. Kg dlk`l nlvjcclg cjtlgshooknl tljocl`lg bug prhtlst `jjrgjjst hhf `uk`lckif olrflg.



:<4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Hgtstjjg vjg nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp

Blt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp ks bjcvlrwlnl `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l sphgtjjg hgtstjjg dkgglg NHU.@l ojgjnlr kl NHU kg :;;; hprkmbttl, Jg`rlj, ks llg dlvchnlg vrhuw olt llg stlrf mbjrksoj lg

llg `krlmtklvl clk`lrsmbjpsstkic. Yki wllt bllc nhl` wjt zl wkc dlrlkflg lg wllt `kt hp llg prlttknlojgklr dki blt ihgnl tljo nljmmlptllr` tl frkinlg. Yki zkt zlca zh ruko kg bjjr vlc `jt zl hhf llg wjrol dlcjgnstlcckgn vhhr l jg`lrlg fjg blddlg. Jjg blt dlnkg vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l (4554)ks zki ” ghn lvlg ” `l ojgjnlr vjg blt tljo.

Jcs zki fhrt `jjrhp NHU vlrcjjt, vhcnt bjjr rlmbtlrbjg` bjjr hp9 ]hgij. @lzl vrhuw ks ukt nlbllcjg`lr bhut nlsgl`lg. Yki ks ollr nlspktst hp blt hplrjtkhglcl wlrf, wjjrkg zl zllr nlwjjr`llr`

whr`t, lg rkmbt zkmb gklt hp blt hgtwkfflclg lg rljckslrlg vjg llg vkskl. @jjrdki stlot zki bjjr `hl-clg nlbllc ja hp wjt zki jcs `l mhcclmtklvl wlgs vjg blt tljo vlrhg`lrstlct. Bhlwlc blt kgbhu`l-ckifl wlrf vjg blt tljo stlrf hp pjrtkmkpjtkl lg sjolgwlrfkgn nlrkmbt ks, nldkl`t `l clk`lrsmbjps-stkic vjg ]hgij hp `jt oholgt `jt zl blt jcclojjc kg bjjr llgtil ohlt fugglg. @jt `kt gklt cuftojjft bjjr hgzlflr lg zhlflg`, wkiflg` vhhr `l clk`lrsmbjpstjflg `kl vlrvuc` ohltlg whr`lg.

Kg `l `kaausl hrnjgksjtkl vjg glt gj `l auskl tusslg Tkxt&^jlc lg Glsth vrjjnt `jt ghnjc wjt vjgllg ihgnl lg hglrvjrlg tljoclk`lr. Blt tljo ks gklt kg stjjt bjjr tl hvlrtuknlg ho dki`rjnlg vjgtljonlghtlg tl jmmlptlrlg.

Hpolrflckif nlghln bllat iukst `lzl whrstlckgn wjjrsmbkigckif blt pj` nlæaalg` vhhr nl`llc` clk-`lrsmbjp. Kl`lr tljock` wkc nrjjn z‛g dki`rjnl clvlrlg lg vhlct `jt olg plrshhgckif wjjr`l vhhr]hgij bj` fugglg thlvhlnlg. ]hgij nllat bjjr rhc gj llg fclkg ijjr hp lg fhg`knt bjjr vlrtrlf uktT&^ jjg.Dki l jjrhp vhcnlg`l ojgjnlolgtwksslckgn nllat bjjr hpvhcnlr Arjgs, thlg jc lgflcl ijrlg tljo-ck`, jjg ‒gklt jccls zlca tl wkcclg `hlg‛. Plnlckiflrtki` dlslaalg shooknl tljocl`lg `jt `lzl ojgllg bksthrkl vjg `krlmtkla clk`lrsmbjp bllat, zki vhlclg lr gklts vhhr llg `lrnlckifl stkic hpgkluw kg

blt wlrf tl kgtrh`umlrlg. @lzl twll dlwlnkgnlg vlrdkg`lg zkmb kg blt k`ll ho `lclg vjg `l rhc vjg tljoojgjnlr tl `lclnlrlg.

Dlckj9 –Phlg Arjgs blt tljo ojgjnlolgt vjg ]hgij hvlrgjo dlslatl kf jt kf gklt llg krlmtklvl,`kmtlrlg`l djjs wkc`l. Lg tlnlckiflrtki` nja Arjgs jjg lr gklt hp tl zkttlg wjmbtlg jc `jt ojgjnl- olgtnl`hl zlca tl `hlg. @jjrukt ks blt oh`lc vjg nl`llc`l tjflg nlfholg.‟

Arjgs9 –Yhjcs kf jc zlk, kf wjs prhnrjoojojgjnlr jjrvhhr (výýr NHU), zh jmtllr`l kf vllcjc,

lg `jt wjs nlwhhg `krlmtkla, vhhr llg nrhht `llc, lg jccllg ojjr drjkgsthrolg, fcjgfdhr`lg oltllg bllc fclkg mcudil vjg olgslg kl kf zjn jcs vhc`hlg`l kgtlccknlgt lg lrvjrlg ho jt oll tl hlg.

Lg lknlgckif, tlgokgstl, zh `lgf kf, bhhr il il kg llg tljo jcs blt hgzl lknlgckif hg`lrstluglg` hptl stlcclg. Lg gklt `krlmtkla. Kf vkg` wlc `jt `l clk`lr llg stuf `rkvl ohlt uktstrjclg, lg ohlt wltlgtl kgspkrlrlg hp hg`lr`lclg. Ho olgslg, ijj… olgslg tl kgspkrlrlg.

V…_ Blt vlr`lclg vjg blt prjftkifojgjnlolgt kg phrtlalukccls lg V…_ zlnnlg ‒kl`lrllg pjft wjthp‛, jt nllat zý vllc mhooktolgt dki olgslg ho `kgnlg tl hlg… Il frkint mhooktolgt vjgukt blttljo, lg `jt ks klts jg`lrs `jg ‒kf `hl blt wlc jcclojjc‛.‟



:<=

CLK@LG HA NLCLK@ ^HT@LG8

Hp `l llrstl vkskl`jnlg vjg blt tljo, jjg blt lkg` vjg blt twll`l hg`lrzhlfsijjr, whr`lg `lphrtlalukccls dlghlo` lg vlr`llc` hvlr l tljocl`lg. @kt vlr`lclg nldlurt hp lzlca`l ojgklr jcs

wki `llcglolrs jjg lvlgts vjjf cjtlg fklzlg vhhr `l hg`lrwlrplg wjjr bug bjrt gjjr uktnjjt9 vhtl

wktb yhur allt . Fkls `jt wjjr il bjrt gjjr uktnjjt ha wjjr il `lgft `jt iïi lmbt llg wlzlgckifl dki`rjnlbldt. Yh scukt `l kgbhu` vjg il wlrf jjg dki blt drjg`pugt vjg il lglrnkl.

Clk`lr lg vhcnlrs

Kg dkigj jccl pudckmjtkls hvlr clk`lrsmbjp whr`t nlsprhflg hvlr ‒`l clk`lr‛4:5. @jt lr ëëg clk`lr ks,ks llg `hokgjgt pjrj`knoj. @lzl clk`lr frkint kg `l cktlrjtuur nrhtl vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr bltnrhlpsrlsuctjjt jjgnloltlg.

Bhlwlc vjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn `l ohnlckifl kgdrlgn vjg `l tljocl`lg lrflgglg, stlcclg zki

–Clj`lrsbkp ks j prhmlss ha shmkjc kgulgml kg wbkmb tbl clj`lr lgcksts tbl tjclgts jg` laahrts ha

htblr nrhup olodlrs, k.l., ahcchwlrs, kg hr`lr th jmmhopcksb tbl nrhup‛s mbhslg tjsf.‟

–Hgml j plrshg bjs njkgl` tbl clnktkojmy ha clj`lrsbkp stjtus, sbl hr bl oust lvlchp rlcjtkhgsbkpswktb ahcchwlrs tbjt ohtkvjtl jg` lgjdcl tblo th jttjkg mhcclmtkvl nhjcs. Pbl clj`lr oust ohdkckzljg` `krlmt tbl laahrts ha tbl nrhup V…_.‟ 4::

Hatlwlc9 `l clk`lr ohlt blt rlsuctjjt tht stjg` zklg tl drlgnlg. @jt zklg `l cl`lg vjg NHUlmbt jg`lrs. Lr ks wlckswjjr ëëg jjgsprllfpugt vjgukt `l hrnjgksjtkl, `l ojgjnlr. Bki bllat uktbhha`l vjg zkig rhc `l uktlkg`lckifl, dlscksslg`l stlo. Bki rjpphrtllrt gjjr bhnlr ojgjnlolgtdkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl, bki whr`t jjgnlsprhflg hp zjflg jcs gjgmkæcl plrahrojgml vjg blt tljo.Uhrtlalukccls `kl `jjr `krlmt oll tl ojflg blddlg whr`lg `jg hhf `hhr blo dlbjrtkn`. @l `k-rlmtkl bllat `kt ëëgbhha`kn jjgsprllfpugt nlækst, jjgnlzklg blt jg`lrs vhhr blg hgwlrfdjjr zhu

zkig. Plnlckiflrtki` cknt `l dlscuktvhrokgn hvlr `l kgrkmbtkgn vjg blt tljo, blt `jnlckifsl wlrf lglvlgts , dki `l tljocl`lg, wjjr `l ojgjnlr zlca hhf ëëg vjg ks. Il zhu `us fugglg sprlflg vjg llgollwlrflg` vhhrojg (clk`lr) lg ollojgjnlg`l wlrfcuk (tljocl`lg). @l tljocl`lg vucclg jcclggjjr `rjjnfrjmbt llg `llc vjg `l clk`lrsmbjpsrhc kg. @kt ks `jg clk`lrsmbjp hp llg splmklf hg`lr-

wlrp, lg `jjrkg `l kgktkjtkl, kgspkrjtkl, pcjgvhrokgn, mhñr`kgjtkl vjg `l rljcksjtkl, fwjcktlktsdlwj-fkgn. @kt olmbjgksol nlc`t zhwlc vhhr blt wlrf kg `l `jnlckifsl prjftkif dkgglg blt NHU-tljo,jcs dki lvlgts dkgglg `l lvlgt mrlw .

Llg jjgtjc `krlmtl nlvhcnlg vjg `lzl wlrfvlr`lckgn ks`jt jccl tljocl`lg sjolg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` `rjnlg vhhr blt nlzjolgckifl prhmls lgrlsuctjjt6

`jt `l ojgjnlr hvlrzkmbt bhu`t lg mhñr`kgllrt6 `kt ks llg rjnig splc vjg chscjtlg, prkfflclglg dkisturlg6`jt il lcfjjr zjflg thlvlrtrhuwt, lg iki hp ihuw dlurt vlrtrhuw` whr`t blt nhl`l tl `hlg`jt il fwjcktlktsdlwjfkgn `hlt hp lcfjjrs kgvucckgn vjg `l phrtlalukccls ho blt nlzjolgckiflgkvlju vjg prlstjtkl tl njrjg`lrlg6 `kt vrjjnt all`djmf6`jt il sjolg zhrnt `jt jccl rhcclg kgnlvuc` zkig6 `kt dltrlat gklt jccllg `l augmtkhglcl ha tlmb-gksmbl rhcclg, ojjr hhf `l shmkjcl lg prhmlsrhcclg6`jt hplg mhoougkmjtkl gh`kn ks ho hp lcfjjr jjgnlschtlg tl dckivlg, ho dlscuktlg vhhr tl dl-rlk`lg, bklrhvlr ja tl stloolg, `lzl tl glolg lg lcfjjr tl kgahrolrlg hvlr `l uktvhlrkgn.

4:5 Dkivhhrdllc` Dchmf, :;;=6 Flts `l Qrkls, :;;=6 Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn, 455=6 Dlggks & Dkl`lrojg, :;;>

4:: Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn, 455=, pn 1

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:<0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Lkslg jjg `l ojgjnlr

jggllr tljocl`lg hp llg `lrnlckif ojgklr bug rhcclg vlrvucclg, vrjjnt `jt vjg `l ojgjnlr llgsplmklfl bhu`kgn. Bki ks lglrzki`s tljock` jcs `l jg`lrlg, bki nllat hplgkgn vjg zjflg hvlr zkig

phrtlalukccls lg stlct `kl pcjgglg gj rjj`pclnkgn vjg blt tljo ohnlckif dki. Jg`lrzki`s ks bki clt-tlrckif prkous kgtlr pjrls9 llrstl hg`lr zkig nlckiflg.@lzl mhodkgjtkl vjg wlrfgkvljus vrjjnt vllc vjg llg prhalsskhgjc, lg vhhrjc `l tljocl`lg vrj-nlg `klgjjgnjjg`l vllc, zh dckift ukt `l kgtlrvklws. Jcclrllrst ghlolg `l tljocl`lg ajgtjstksmblplrshhgckifl lknlgsmbjpplg `kl zki kg llg clk`lr wlgslg tl vkg`lg, zhjcs

dltlr `jg jg`lrlg blc`lr mhoougkmlrlg, blg hhf cjtlg wltlg wjt il olt bug sunnlstkls`hlt6olt wllrstjg` ho fugglg njjg6mhgarhgtjtkls jjg fugglg lg ùrvlg njjg, hpdhuwlg`l frktklf fugglg nlvlg lg hgtvjgnlg6nhl`l kgtlrplrshhgckifl sturkgn nlvlg6‒vjg olgslg bhu`lg‛, nlègtlrlssllr` zkig kg wjt blg dlwllnt ha wllrbhu`t6

ollr ruko`lgflg` zkig `jg jg`lrlg hvlr jawkiflg`l sojjf / olgkgn, `jjroll `kvlrsktlktfugglg bjgtlrlg6llg bhnl ojtl vjg zlcasturkgn blddlg6

vlrtrhuwlg uktstrjclg`6kgtlnrktlkt, rlcjtkla hgnlvhlckn zkig vhhr l mhrruptkl tlg nlvhcnl vjg ojmbt lg llr6kg vlrdkg`kgn olt, ojjr lohtkhgllc rlcjtkla hgjabjgflckif vjg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lgfcjgtlg stjjg.

@jjrgjjst vlrwjmbtlg tljocl`lg `l nldrukflckifl, ollr augmtkhglcl lkslg `kl hhf kg `l cktlrj-tuur4:4 jjg clk`lrs nlstlc` whr`lg. Dkivhhrdllc` blt vlrohnlg ho

llg thlfhostvkskl tl ahrouclrlg6fluzls tl ojflg, fghplg `hhr tl bjfflg jcs `jt gh`kn ks6

gltwlrflg hp tl zlttlg, mhgtjmtlg tl hg`lrbhu`lg6 vhcnlrs dlvhln`bl`lg tl nlvlg, blg tl mhjmblg kg bug fcuka.tl zhrnlg `jt tljocl`lg zjflg kg llg rljckstksmb plrsplmtkla dckivlg zklg

@jjrlgdhvlg vlrwjmbtlg `l tljocl`lg `jt `l clk`lr zkmb hpstlct jcs bug ‒nlckifl‛, llg nlwhhgfwltsdjjr lg alkcdjjr tljock`, lg jt bki vjgukt l wkisblk` vjg llg prhmlsdlnlclk`lr bjg`lct. @lzlnlè`ljcksllr`l ‒prkous‛ ojn vhhr tljocl`lg ùs gklt okg`lr zkig `jg llg suplrolgs, ojjr

–J plrshg‛s mjpjmkty th clj` ks sbjpl` dy j ahrml lc` ha htblr plhpcl‛s jmtkhgs jg` rljmtkhgs.‟ 4:=

Gklt vhhr gklts vhlnt Flts l Qrkls jjg zkig llr`lrl dlsmbrkivkgn thl jt ‒vhcnlrs dlpjjc`l fwjcktlk-tlg kg bug clk`lrs wlgslg tl zklg lg llg `jjroll sjolgbjgnlg`l dltlflgks thlsmbrkivlg jjg wjt

`l clk`lr `hlt ha gklt `hlt‛. @jt ks kg`lr`jj` ùk`lckif tl zklg dkgglg `l tljos9 `l vhcnlrs prhilm-tlrlg bug lknlg dlbhlatlg jcs ‒lkslg‛ hp `l clk`lr. Yl blddlg lr dlcjgn dki `jt `l clk`lr dlpjjc`lflgolrflg vlrthhgt. Blt blddlg vjg plrshhgckif dlcjgn ojjft bug hhr`llc okg`lr vrki, fclurt ktkg. jt l vhcnlrs vjg bug clk`lr vrjnlg zlnt kg `lzl zkg hhf klts hvlr bug plrshhgckif clk`lrsmbjplg wjt zki quj clk`lrsmbjp gklt kg zkmbzlca ojjr dki llg jg`lr zhlflg4:0.

4:4 Dkiv. Flts `l Qrkls, :;;=, pn 41

4:= Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn ;5

4:0 Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn ;5

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–Hur sljrmb ahr strhgn clj`lrsbkp kg htblrs lxprlssls j `lskrl ahr htblrs th jssuol tbl hwglrsbkpjg` rlsphgskdkckty ahr hur nrhup, hur hrnjgkzjtkhg, hur shmklty. Pbl laalmt ks th chmjckzl phwlr, pur-

phsl, jg` prkvkclnl kg tbl hgl wl mjcc clj`lr.‟ 4:<

@l clk`lr dkl`t `l vhcnlr llg ohnlckifblk` zkmb hp `l rljcktlkt ja tl stloolg, zhjcs llg hu`lr `jtjjg zkig fkg` dkl`t. @l wkizl wjjrhp clk`lrs `kt spklnlcprhmls bjgtlrlg ks llg ojjt vhhr bug lknlg

vhcwjsslgblk`, jcùs Flts `l Qrkls.

Lkslg jjg `l vhcnlrs

Hhf vjg `l ‒nlwhgl‛ tljocl`lg vrjjnt `kt pjrtkmkpjtklvl oh`lc hvlrknlgs llg nrhtlrl kgdrlgn `jgollstjc vjg llg tljock` whr`t vlrhg`lrstlc`. Blt vrjjnt vhhrjc llg nrhht vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`s-dlsla. @jt bhhr il kg blt tljo hhf tlrun. ^l rljckslrlg hgs `jt `l tjjf ho vlrdltlrkgnlg jjg tlfjjrtlg dki hgs jcclojjc bllat nlclnlg9

Dlckj9 –… wki bj``lg kg alktl… ij, wjt kf ghlo, nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp, olt Arjgs jcs dhlndllc`vhhr `l hrnjgksjtkl lg klts ollr clk`lr `jg wki, ojjr kg alktl bj``lg wki olt `kl phrtlalukccls V…_ùs hhf nl`llc`l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`. Lg kf dlg olt il llgs `jt il rlnlcrlmbt `l vrjjn fugt stlcclg, ij, jjg kl`lr ‒Nhb ihb, wjjrho bld iki blt `jg gklt hpnlpjft8‛.‟

Ujucj9 –Ij, kf vkg` `jt tlrlmbt. Kf ohlt zlnnlg, `jt kf vhhr shooknl hg`lrwlrplg dlwust `lfluzl bld nlojjft ho blt gklt tl `hlg, lg lr zkig hg`lrwlrplg wjjr kf blt zlca bld cjtlg chplglg okg`lr dlwust `l fluzl nlgholg bld. @us ijj…‟

Hhf vrjjnt blt llg stlrf frktksmb vlrohnlg, dlrlk` zkig tl rllmtlrlg hp vrjnlg jcs ‒`hlg wki blt,`hl ãf blt zh nhl`8‛. @jjr ja lg thl `l tki` vhhr glolg. @jg hhf vhhr ilzlca thl fugglg nlvlg`jt il hp hg`lr`lclg bucp ohlt vrjnlg. Lg åcs il `jg vlrdltlrpugtlg lrvjjrt, `kl ùrvlg uktsprl-flg, `jjr hplg hvlr mhoougkmlrlg. [vhggl Durnlr vjt `lrnlckifl lknlgsmbjpplg lg jttktu`l sj-olg hg`lr `l tlro ‒plrshhgckif clk`lrsmbjp‛, `jt zki jcs vhcnt hosmbrkiat9

–Ulrshhgckif clk`lrsmbjp kg tki`lg vjg jgnst lg hgzlflrblk` dltlflgt blt ahrouclrlg vjg il lknlg aug`jolgtlcl dki`rjnl. @jt vlrlkst ohl`, ha dltlr nlzln` aljrclssglss, llg Lgnlcsl tlro wjjr blt Gl`lrcjg`sl whhr` ‒vrkiohl`knblk`‛ `kmbt dki fhot. Aljrclssglss dltlflgt gklt `jt il nllg jgnstollr vhlct. Blt dltlflgt blt vlrohnlg ho il lknlg jgnst tl lrflgglg, tl vhlclg lg tl nldrukflg jcssprkgnpcjgf ho tl nrhlklg6 ho jmtkvktlktlg tl hg`lrglolg `kl lrthl `hlg, `kl vjg dltlflgks zkig.‟4:1

Clk`lrsmbjp vhcnlgs Durnlr vrjjnt ùs lrflggkgn vjg ‒wjt ks‛, zhwlc kg il honlvkgn jcs dki ilzlca.

Pht scht vrjjnt pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp vjg tljocl`lg `jt zki lcfjjr rukotl nlvlg. Ghrojjc rlnlct`l clk`lr `kt lg hhf fugglg tljocl`lg zlca hpclttlg `jt kl`lr tht zkig rlmbt fhot. ]hos dckift pjsgj blt vlrtrlf vjg dlpjjc`l cl`lg `jt llg jg`lr ck` `jjrgj kgllgs ollr rukotl kg fjg glolg9

Ujucj9 –Arjgs zkt `jg vjghmbtlg` kg blt tljohvlrcln tl ohpplrlg `jt-kl wlkgkn slsskls bllat, pjskg wllf := `kl rltjkclr, lg bki zlnt ‒@us `jg `hl kf lknlgckif hhf bllc wlkgkn‛, wjjrhp Gjgj lmbtclttlrckif zlnt ‒Nhb Arjgs, wjt llg hgzkg. Jcs il gklt vhhr llg slsskl dlzkn dlgt fjg il thmb wlcclj`s gjdlcclg8 Fjg il thmb wlc dlzkn zkig8‛ V…_ Jcs Ojrtkig lg ]hl `jjr ghn nlzltlg zhu`lg

4:< Dchmf, :;;=, pn :=

4:1 Durnlr, 4552, pn 4:



:<1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

blddlg, `lgf kf gklt `jt Gjgj `jt nlzln` bj`. V…_ @us Gjgj bllat kgllgs `l fjgs zkmb lghrotl hgtwkfflclg.‟

Fhrtho9 `kt oh`lc vrjjnt llg bllc vhcwjsslg nl`rjn vjg tljocl`lg. Yhcjgn blt blgzlca jjg vhcwjsslgblk` hgtdrllft, zucclg zki suplrnl`rjn lg llg hu`lrrhc vjg `l ojgjnlr vrjnlg. Blt oh`lc vjg nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp stlct bhnl lkslg jjg `l rkipblk` vjg llg tljo lg bjjr cl`lg. Qhhr NHU-cl`lg hgtstjjt llg pjrj`hxjcl sktujtkl jcs nlvhcn vjg blt alkt jt kt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp gklt blc`lrks uktnlwlrft. Lr whr`t nlckifwjjr`knblk` (syooltrkl) vlrwjmbt dkgglg blt fj`lr vjg llg hvlrk-nlgs hg`lrnlsmbkftl (mhopclolgtjkrl) rlcjtkl tusslg tljock` lg tljoojgjnlr. Bjg`lckgnsrukotlâg jodknuètlkt zkig blt nlvhcn.

Dki Ojx zklg wl llg bllc jg`lrl kgtlrjmtkl rhg`ho clk`lrsmbjp. @kt tljo dlstjjt ukt llg nrhlp ihg-nl olgslg kl quj bkærjrmbklfl phsktkl kg l hrnjgksjtkl gjnlghln nlckifwjjr`kn zkig. Blt zkig ok`-`lgojgjnlrs kg l dhhst vjg bug mjrrkârl. Yki nldrukflg kl nlckifwjjr`knblk` lmbtlr gklt ho kl`lrsfrjmbt lg mrljtkvktlkt tl dlguttlg. @l vhhrzkttlr, `kl `hhr zkig tljonlghtlg whr`t dlsmbhuw`

jcs ‛tbl nhc`lg dhy‛ , wkc `kt wlc lg prhdllrt `l tljocl`lg tl dltrlfflg, tl jmtkvlrlg. Plnlckiflrtki` ks`lzl ojgjnlr zý jmtkla, `jt bki jg`lrlg `jjroll dkigj `l fjgs hgtgllot hhf kgktkjtkla tl glolg.Ykig tljocl`lg cluglg jmbtlrhvlr. ^jt ks bklr `l fkp lg wjt blt lk8 @l tljocl`lg mhgstjtlrlg

vjjf `jt llg dlpjjc`l fcuka ‒typksmb klts vhhr `l vhhrzkttlr ks‛. Gu ks `kl vhhrzkttlr kg`lr`jj` llgnltjclgtllr`l splclr kg blt kgtlrgl phcktklfl splc. Phmb nlvlg zki hp `kl ojgklr bug lknlg kgvchl`hp vhhrbjg` wln. Yl thglg nllg jgkoh vhhr llg jmtklvlrl rhc. Lg `l vhhrzkttlr ks zlca hhf dlèg-

vchl` `hhr `l bkærjrmbklfl wkizl wjjrhp kg `lzl hrnjgksjtkl clk`kgn whr`t nlnlvlg9 lr ks lr ojjrëëg `l djjs.

Ouctk ks llg `krlmtkltljo lg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur ks kg `kt tljo `jg hhf vjgzlcasprlflg` `lnlgl`kl alktlckif jccls dlpjjct9 vjg vlrnj`lrjnlg`j, -tki`stkp lg -chmjtkl, tht `l fluzlg wlcfl strjtlnkl lrnlvhcn` whr`t, wjggllr lr blk`jnlg zkig lg `l hg`lrwlrplg jjrvjg, lg zh ollr. jggllr bki llg

vhhrstlc `hlt hvlr gkluwl kgrkmbtkgn vjg blt fjgthhr, lg ëëg vjg `l Ouctk-cl`lg bllat `l ohl``jjr frktksmbl vrjnlg hvlr tl stlcclg, nllat `lzl tljoojgjnlr jjg blt vhhrstlc kg `jt nlvjc tlruntl trlfflg lg bklr kg fclkg mhoktë (blt dlstuur) olt `l gjgmkllc `krlmtlur hvlr tl dlscuktlg. Bltnlvhcn zhjcs ëëg vjg `l tljocl`lg blt smbltst ks

–… vllc jasmbuka- lg mm-ojkc-nl`rjn, nllg kg`kvkùlcl vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, mhopltktklnl`rjn tusslg`kvkskls lg vllc hg`lrbuk`sl arustrjtkls.‟

Nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp kg `l prjftkif

Pht zhvlr nl`jmbtlg hvlr clk`lrsmbjp kg `l tljos, tlnlg `l jmbtlrnrhg` vjg wjt jg`lrl jutlursbklrhvlr stlcclg. Bhl wlrft blt gu kg `l prjftkif8

Qhhrhp stjjt `jt NHU nllg jg`lrl wlrfwkizl `jg lzl zhu wkcclg vhcnlg. Yh wlrflg ks cluf, oh-tkvlrlg`. Blt sprllft olgslg hp bug plrshhgckifl pjsskl jjg lg mrlælrt dltrhfflgblk` vjg kl`lrdki l ghh`zjflckifl jccl`jjnsl tjflg rhg` blt tljo. @l tljocl`lg vhlclg zkmb nlrlsplmtllr` hhr`l nlckifwjjr`knblk` `kl blt oh`lc kgbhu`t, lg nlvlg zkmbzlca `jjr`hhr ollr. @jjrgjjst fholgkg `l kg`kvkùlcl kgtlrvklws ” vhhrjc jjg blt lkg`l vjg `l vklr ijjr ùrlg`l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l

” vllc hpolrfkgnlg hvlr clk`lrsmbjp gjjr dhvlg `kl `l cl`lg jg`lrs (bj``lg) wkcclg zklg. @lnlollgsmbjpplckifl ghlolr kg `lzl mhoolgtjrlg ks `jt `l tljocl`lg vkg`lg `jt zl, jcs tljo lgkg`kvkùlcl cl`lg, hgvhc`hlg`l plrahrojgml thglg, hgvhc`hlg`l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` glolg.



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Llg pjjr vhhrdllc`lg9

Gjgj9 –Jjg `l lgl fjgt `lgf il, il wlrft nlwhhg, lg il fjg hhf llg fllr `rkl fllr sckfflg lg`lgflg ‒Blt zjc wlc‛. Ojjr dki llg pjjr nlvjcclg, zhjcs `l Ijmmh, zhjcs `l Nlr`j, zkig blt ollr

strumturlcl kgnlg, kl wl us hhf gklt dlsprlflg. Okssmbklg zkt blt vhhr llg llc kg jt wl `lgflg`jt shooknl `kgnlg `hhr Arjgs nl`jjg ohltlg whr`lg, tlrwkic `kl ‛t gklt `hlt. Fjg hhf. Ha `jtwki blt gklt wltlg, `jt bki blt vjgukt zkig augmtkl zhu ohltlg `hlg, lg blt gklt `hlt.‟

Ujucj9 –Kf vkg` `jt llg ohlkckifl. Kf `lgf hp zkmb `jt blt (nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp) kg `kt tljo llgbllc `uk`lckifl stkouclrlg`l wlrfkgn bj`, zëflr gjjr `l wjt ihgnlrl tljocl`lg. Ojrtkig vhg` bltgjtuurckif nlwâc`kn `jt bki lrnlgs vhhr vlrjgtwhhr`lckif wjs. ]hl hhf, `kl nrýlk`l `hhr`jt zl

lrnlgs vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr wjs. Kf lgf jccllg vlrvhcnlgs jt il olgslg gklt ohlt cjtlg dugnlclg.]hl fôg dlpjjc`l kgnlg nlwhhg gklt. @jg ks blt bllc cluf ho lr vlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr nlbhu`lg

tl whr`lg, ojjr `jg ohlt wlc klojg` il blcplg. @jg ohlt il wlc…ij… `jjr llg bjg`vjt kgdkl`lg.‟

Ojrtkig9 –Kf bld lr ghn ghhkt klts hvlr nlclzlg, ojjr kf lgf jt llg zlcasturlg` tljo ghn stll`sllg mhjmb gh`kn bllat. Lg `jt ks llg mhjmb `kl ohtkvllrt, lg `kl nlruststlct lg `kl vlr`rklt wlnbjjct,llg smbhu`lr fjg dkl`lg, kl olgslg wllr hpplpt, kl olgslg wllr bjr` cjjt chplg V…_. Lg jt ksllg rhc kg blt tljo, fchpt, `jt bhlat gklt klojg` tl zkig `kl lrdhvlg stjjt, ojjr `kl tljorhc whr`tgu gklt lmbt hpnlpjft `lgf kf. Gll, `jt fchpt. Lg kf `lgf `jt wki lmbt jcclojjc gjjr Arjgsfkiflg jcs wl klojg` `kl rhc zhu`lg wkcclg thl`kmbtlg, tlrwkic `jt lknlgckif gklt fjg, wjgt blt ks

iukst klts wjt zkmb ohlt uktlg.‟

Arjgs9 –Jcs il fkift ‒^jjr fug il kg vlrdltlrlg8‛ `jg ks kt (dlscuktvhrokgn) wlc llg pugt wjjr il fugt vlrdltlrlg vhcnlgs oki. jgt vhcnlgs oki bhlat ollrvhu`kn clk`lrsmbjp gklt tl dltlflglg jt

il gklt tht dlscuktlg fugt fholg. Lg wki `l`lg lr shos wlc bllc cjgn hvlr, ho lbbb… Lg ollrvhu`kn clk`lrsmbjp bhlat gklt jctki` mhopcltl lohmrjtkl tl dltlflglg, ojjr jt il vjgukt ollr`lrl

plrsplmtklvlg gjjr `kgnlg fkift. Lg jcs il blt jcs nrhlp gklt fjg `hlg, `jg `lgf kf `jt `l clk`lrblt ohlt `hlg. Lg `jg ks blt llg nlnlvlg, `jg ohlt `kt blt whr`lg. Lg `jt dclla dki hgs wlc llgsbjgnlg, vhcnlgs oki.‟

Blt ks vllczlnnlg` `jt vlrdltlrpugtlg kg blt clk`lrsmbjp vjg NHU dckiflg ukt `l kgtlrvklws`kl jjg blt lkg`l vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l whr`lg. Yl zkig gklt nl`urlg`l blt wlrf ha kg blttljohvlrcln gjjr dhvlg nlfholg. Ujs gj`lrbjg`, wjggllr lr kg llg ëëg-hp-ëëg nlsprlf gjjr nl-

vrjjn` whr`t, vkg`t `l rllmtkl pcjjts. Jc whr`t `jt whhr` gklt nldrukft, `l nlzjolgckifl ghlolrhg`lr `lzl mhgstjtlrkgnlg ks9 blt bllat bklr jjg prhmlsdlnlclk`kgn hgtdrhflg. @jjr zkig lknlgckif

jccl jg`lrl nlskngjcllr`l tlfhrtfhokgnlg vjg ja tl clk`lg. @kt nldrlf jjg prhmlsdlnlclk`kgn fhottht ukt`ruffkgn kg

llg sclmbtl dlwjfkgn hp `l vhhrtnjgn vjg uktnlzlttl jmtkls lg `jjrdki llg nlrkgnl prhjmtklvlsturkgn,dlplrftl, hpplrvcjffknl rllmtkl hp `l plrahrojgml, blt gjcjtlg vjg dkisturkgn hp `l vlr`l-ckgn lg kgvucckgn vjg phrtlalukccls,nllg rllmtkl hp `l rhcvlr`lckgn,fwjcktjtkla hgvhc`hlg`l pcjg- lg dlscuktvhrokgn.

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:<2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Qhhr kl`lr vjg `lzl pugtlg nlc`t `jt `l ojgjnlr blt hp zhu fugglg pjfflg. Ojjr hhf kl`lrkg`kvkùllc tljock` fjg `lrnlckifl hg`lrwlrplg jjgfjjrtlg. Kg llg jjgtjc nlvjcclg nlvlg tljo-cl`lg jjg `kt nl`jjg tl blddlg, ojjr lr gklt vhcbjr`lg` nlghln kg tl zkig nlwllst ho wlrflckif

vlrjg`lrkgn kg njgn tl zlttlg. Qhhrjc kg blt vklr`l lg cjjtstl hg`lrzhlfsijjr nlvlg tljocl`lg jjglr dlwust vhhr tl fklzlg ho zjflg tl cjtlg vhhr wjt ‛t ks, lr nllg lglrnkl kg tl stlflg. Yhjcs kghg`lrstjjg` vhhrdllc`9

Ujucj9 –Kf vhg` jt (llg splmklfl phrtlalukccl) llg pukgbhhp. @us kf bld ‒t lr llg jjgtjc flrlg

olt Arjgs hvlr nlbj`, V…_ ‒Arjgs, kf vkg` `jt iki `jjr hhf llg rhc kg ohlt glolg. Gjjr `lolgslg thl, ojjr hhf jcs bucp jjg l phrtlalukcclbhu`lr. Il fugt blt gklt zhojjr wlncjtlg.‛ Arjgs

bllat `jt gklt hpnlpjft, kf bld ‛t vlrvhcnlgs hhf gklt hpnlpjft. Kf bj` ol gjtuurckif fugglgjavrjnlg ‒Bj` kf `jt ohltlg hppjfflg8‛. Ij, ahrollc gklt, wjgt blt wjs o‛g rhc gklt. Kf bj` lr

hhf bëclojjc nllg zkg kg, ohlt kf llrckif zlnnlg, lg kf bld dki `lzl phrtlalukccl kg kl`lr nlvjc `ldlwustl fluzl nlojjft ho `jt gklt tl `hlg. Lr zkig hg`lrwlrplg wjjr kf ‒t bld cjtlg nldlurlg,

wjjr kf okg`lr dlwust llg fluzl bld nlojjft. Bklr bld kf dlwust nl`jmbt ‒Kf nj blt gklt hppjfflg, kf nlla Arjgs tht jjg `l krrktjtklnrlgs thl `l skngjclg `jt bïi ‛t ohlt `hlg, lg vlrvhcnlgs,jcs ‛t gklt nldlurt, blcjjs.‛‟

Hpolrflckif ks `jt `lrnlckifl kgzkmbtlg dckifdjjr thmb `kmbt jjg `l hpplrvcjftl cknnlg kg llg tljo wjjr wlkgkn rllmtkl lg uktwksslckgn vjg stjg`pugtlg pcjjtsvkg`t lg vllc zjflg hg`lr tjalc dckivlg. jggllr il `kt jcclojjc dlsmbhuwt, fug il il javrjnlg ha blt bjgtlrlg vjg llg `lrnlckif oh`lcgklt tl vllc nlvrjjn` ks vhhr llg tljo. Llg hgdlnhgglg hg`lrglokgn8 Qhhr NHU vhlct blt cjgnltki` gklt zh. @l tljocl`lg dlclvlg vllc pclzklr jjg blt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp, zl prhlvlg zh hgtwkf-flckgn. Yl vhlclg zkmb lr`hhr lrflg`. Lg, vhhr `kt tljo gklt hgdlcjgnrkif9 blt oh`lc nllat kl`lr

vllc vrkiblk`.

Dlckj9 –@jt ollrvhu`kn clk`lrsmbjp, `lgf il `jt `jt lmbt hp `l cjgnl ùur hhf fjg kg llg tljojcs blt hgzl8‟

Arjgs9 –Kf `lgf kg llg tljo jcs blt hgzl `jt blt ohlt. Kf `lgf, lg `jt ollg kf lmbt, kg alktlhg`lrstluglg wl kg slsskls l nrhlps`kjchhn, lg nlckifwjjr`knblk`, lg kl`lr z‛g lknlg vlrjgtwhhr`lck-

ifblk`, lt mltlrj. Lg `jjr bhhr il llg vhhrdllc`tljo kg tl z kig. Lg kf `lgf `jt `jt gklt jg`lrsfjg.‟

Blt ks llg kgtlrlssjgtl vrjjn bhl `kt clk`lrsmbjpsoh`lc zkmb vlr`lr bj` hgtwkfflc` jcs blt tljogj blt vklr`l hg`lrzhlfsijjr kg `lzlca`l vhro wjs dckivlg dlstjjg.

\kt`hvlg vjg blt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp

Kg blt cjjtstl hg`lrzhlfsijjr gllot l trjgspjrjgtkl lg l ‒nl`llc`blk`‛ vjg llg jjgtjc phrtlalukc-cls dkgglg NHU ùs ja, lg blt ks olrfdjjr `jt zl okg`lr clvlg. Bklr zkig vlrsmbkcclg`l rl`lglg

vhhr. Llg dlcjgnrkifl rl`lg ks `jt `l phrtlalukccls gklt zkig blrkift ha vlrarkst lg `jt `jjroll `l vlr`lckgn hvlr tljocl`lg gklt ks dkinlstlc`. @jjr wjs hp `jt oholgt wlc jjgclk`kgn thl, wjgt ëëgtljock` ks zklf lg gklt jccl tljocl`lg `kl blt cjjtst zkig thlnltrl`lg vlrvucclg jc vhcwjjr`knl rhcclgdkgglg `l phrtlalukccls. @jjrlgdhvlg ks lr hgnlolrft llg vlrsmbukvkgn hpnltrl`lg9



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Gjgj9 –Lg okssmbklg hhf wlc blt alkt, V…_ `jt `l `kgnlg `kl wlc jcs phrtlalukccl tl zklg zkig,zhjcs gltwlrf, ojrfltkgn, hhf wlc flggksojgjnlolgt… @kl wjrlg okssmbklg ghn wlc `uk`lckif,ho`jt zl gklt dki Arjgs wjrlg. Plgokgstl, kf vhlc`l wlc `l rjgn ho llg shhrt pcjggltil tl ojflg

lg `kgnlg olt iucckl tl `lclg. Ojjr `l `kgnlg `kl dki Arjgs cjnlg, blt cllf wlc ha `jt gklt ollrlmbt phrtlalukccls wjrlg. @jt wjs nlwhhg Arjgs z‛g `kgn, ollr prjmtkml ojgjnlolgtjmbtkn. @us`jt bj` gklt ollr `l jjr` vjg llg phrtlalukccl, wjjr il llg pcjggltil vhhr bj`. … ^l blddlg blt

phrtlalukccls nlghlo` ojjr wl zkig blt gklt ollr zh njjg `hlg.‟

@hhr`jt blt kg blt 4l ijjr `jt NHU olt phrtlalukccls wlrft gklt ollr trjgspjrjgt ks wjt lr bklr-dkgglg nldlurt, whr`lg zl hgdlègvchl`djjr. Yl whr`lg hg`lrbjvkn jjg `l `hokgjgtl stlo vjg`l phrtlalukcclbhu`lr. @kt nlc`t vhhrjc vhhr `l phrtlalukccls vjg `l ojgjnlr. Dkigj hgolrfdjjr

whr`t `kt tljock` nlclk`lckif thmb ‒djjs‛.

Ojrtkig9 –Kg blt dlnkg blddlg wl l phrtlalukcclnl`jmbtl dl`jmbt, lg tuurckif bllat bki (Arjgs) llg pjjr phrtlalukccls nlfrlnlg, lg jjrkg zjtlg l tjflg gjjr l duktlgwlrlc` thl lknlgckif, zh fjg ilblt zklg. Ojjr blt wlr` stll`s ollr `jt bki nlwhhg `l djjs wlr` vjg `l mcud. @jt bllat zkmb `klfjgt hp hgtwkfflc`.‟

Dlckj9 –Bj``lg wl `jjr zlca klts jjg fugglg `hlg, ho blt ollr dïi hgs tl bhu`lg8‟

Ojrtkig9 –Kf `lgf `jt wl lr klts jjg bj``lg fugglg `hlg, ojjr `jt wl blt hhf wlc prlttknvhg`lg. V…_ Looo… Lg kf.. Okssmbklg vhg` kf blt hhf wlc prlttkn bhhr, shos ãs blt hhf wlc

prlttkn jcs dlscksskgnlg nlgholg whr`lg. Ojjr blt bjjct wlc llg stuf vjg il dltrhfflgblk` wln.‟

Dlckj9 –Lg vjg il vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, bâ8‟

Ojrtkig9 –Ij.‟

Dlsmbhuwkgn

Dltlflgksslg vjg clk`lrsmbjp

l zklg `jt `l hg`lrzhlfstljos ghnjc vlrsmbkcclg kg bug dlclvkgn vjg ‒clk`lrsmbjp‛. Yhjcs llr`lrkg `kt bhha`stuf dlsmbrlvlg lrvjrlg `l tljocl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk bug clk`lr jcs ‒`l djjs‛. @jtmhgmlgtrllrt zkmb hhf kg ëëg plrshhg9 `l tljoojgjnlr, rlsplmtklvlckif `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur.

Dkgglg NHU cknt `kt bllc jg`lrs. Bklr wkcclg tljocl`lg oll`hlg. Yl nlvlg bug lknlg clk`lr-smbjp lg zlnnlgsmbjp gklt ukt bjg`lg. @l bhha`strhho vjg l cktlrjtuur hvlr clk`lrsmbjp njjt ukt

vjg blt pjrj`knoj `jt Ojx lg Ouctk jjgbjgnlg9 ‒`l clk`lr‛ ks ëëg plrshhg, ëëg aysklfl llgblk`. Qlrsmbkcclg`l vhrolg vjg zhnlgjjo` ëëgclk`lrsmbjp whr`lg hg`lrsmblk`lg, zhjcs `l tbl clj`lrmjtlnhrkzjtkhg tblhry, trjgsjmtkhgjc clj`lrsbkp lg trjgsahrojtkhgjc clj`lrsbkp 4:>. Yl vlrsmbkcclg kg `l wkizl

wjjrhp `l clk`lr lg `l vhcnlrs bug kgtlrjmtkl vhro nlvlg, gklt kg blt alkt `jt sclmbts ëëg l clk`kgnbllat.

Hhf hp tljos olt llg ‒cjstknl‛ hp`rjmbt, wjjr dlguttkgn vjg kl`lrs kg`kvk`ulcl frjmbt gh`kn ks, whr`t `kt pjrj knoj vjg ëëgclk`lrsmbjp nlprhilmtllr`9

4:> Ojrtkg & Lpktrhpjfk, 455:6 Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn, 455=6 ]bkvlrs-Dcjmfwlcc, 4550



:15

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Lvlry Nrljt Nrhup bjs j strhgn clj`lr. Pbks ks hgl ha tbl pjrj`hxls ha mrljtkvl mhccjdhrjtkhg.Nrljt Nrhups jrl oj`l up ha plhpcl wktb rjrl nkats whrfkgn thnltblr js lqujcs. [lt kg vkrtujccylvlry hgl tblrl ks hgl plrshg wbh jmts js ojlstrh, hrnjgkzkgn tbl nlgkus ha tbl htblrs. Bl hr sbl ks

j prjnojtkm `rljolr, j plrshg wktb jg hrknkgjc dut jttjkgjdcl vkskhg. Krhgkmjccy, tbl clj`lr ks jdclth rljckzl bks hr blr rljo hgcy ka htblrs jrl arll th `h lxmlptkhgjc whrf.‟ 4:2

Kg bug ‒shmkjc k`lgtkty tblhry ha clj`lrsbkp‛ zklg Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn 4:; `jt cl`lg vjgtljos olt ollr lg olt okg`lr hg`lrckgnl dkg`kgn vlrsmbkcclg` hhr`lclg hvlr `l tjjfvlrvucckgn

vjg `l clk`lr. Kg chs nljnnrlnllr`l tljos, wjjr tljocl`lg nllg stlrfl k`lgtktlkt hgtclglg jjg bugckòjjtsmbjp, dlhhr`lclg tljocl`lg bug clk`lr hp jcnlollg nlc`lg` nljmbtl clk`lrsmbjpsflg-olrflg. Kg tljos olt llg stlrfl mhblskl lg k`lgtktlkt ks `l nrhup prhthtypkmjckty ” `l ojtl wjjrkg `lclk`lr vhc`hlt jjg `l flgolrflg`l fjrjftlrtrlfflg vjg blt tljo ” dlcjgnrkif kg `l dlhhr`lckgn

vjg clk`lrsmbjpsfwjcktlktlg. @kt ks kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos ùk`lckif blrflgdjjr9 dkgglg Ojx lgOuctk whr`lg ollr jcnlolgl, augmtkhglcl lkslg jjg `l tljoclk`lr nlstlc`, zhjcs llg nhl` vhhrzkt-tlr zkig, `l jnlg`j rhg`sturlg, dlok``lclg. Dkgglg NHU whr`t gjjr vlrbhu`kgn ollr nlclt hp`l NHU-lknlg fjrjftlrtrlfflg vjg clk`lrsmbjp, zhjcs pjrtkmkpjtkl, `l kgdrlgn vjgukt vlrsmbkcclg`lkgvjcsbhlflg, `l hg`lrckgnl `klgstdjjrblk` lg lxkdkcktlkt. Blt dkizhg`lrl `jjrdki ks, `jt `kt lglr-zki`s ojjtstjvlg zkig lg `jt jg`lrzki`s vllcvuc`kn hpnlolrft whr`t `jt bug tljoclk`lr bklrkg gkltblt ollst uktnlsprhflg vhhrdllc` ks.

Clk`lrsmbjp jcs nrhlpsprhmls

–Clj`lrsbkp ks qukgtlsslgtkjccy j nrhup prhmlss. Kt k`lgtkls j rlcjtkhgsbkp kg wbkmb shol plhpcl

jrl jdcl th kgulgml htblrs th lodrjml, js tblkr hwg, jttktu`ls jg` nhjcs, jg` th lxlrt laahrt hgdlbjca ha, jg` kg pursukt ha, tbhsl vjculs, jttktu`ls jg` nhjcs. V…_ Pbl vjculs, jttktu`ls, nhjcs

jg` dlbjvkhrs tbjt clj`lrs kgspkrl htblrs th j`hpt jg` th ahcchw, jrl hgls tbjt slrvl tbl nrhup js jmhcclmtkvl, jg` tbjt `lgl olodlrsbkp ha tbl nrhup. Pbus, clj`lrs jrl jdcl th trjgsahro kg`kvkùjc

jmtkhg kgth nrhup jmtkhg. Clj`lrsbkp ks jg lsslgtkjc aljturl ha shmkjc nrhups6 kt ks vlry `kamuct th

tbkgf jdhut nrhups wktbhut tbkgfkgn jdhut wbh clj`s jg` ojgjnls tblo, jg` jdhut bhw wlcc tblyjrl clj` hr ojgjnl`.‟ 445

Dhvlgstjjg l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg clk`lrsmbjp pjst bllc nhl` kg wjt dkgglg NHU zkmbtdjjr ks jcs nl-`llc` clk`lrsmbjp9 gklt ëëg clk`lr, ojjr shol plhpcl , lg zki dlègvchl`lg jg`lrlg. Yki zkig kg stjjt ho

vhro tl nlvlg jjg llg `llc vjg l tljojmtkvktlktlg vjgukt bug lknlg flggks, hvlrtuknkgnlg lg rkiavlrlg. Blt ks thlpjsdjjr hp kl`lr tljock` jcs clk`lr hp zkig ha bjjr lknlg `llcnldkl` lg hp kl`lrtljock` jcs dlègvchl`lr vjg tljonlghtlg. Nlzklg l cjjtstl zkg kg kt mktjjt njjg Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn

& Bhnn lr bklr lmbtlr vjgukt `jt blt thmb ghn stll`s ëëg plrshhg ks wbh clj`s jg` ojgjnls .@l tljocl`lg thglg ùk`lckif dlcjgn tl blddlg dki `kt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp. @l `krlmt zkmbtdjrl

vhhr`lclg zkig jc llr`lr nlghlo`9blt mrlælrt dltrhfflgblk` vjg tljocl`lg dki jccl`jjnsl tjflg, vlrstlrft `jjr`hhr dkg`kgn,`l tljocl`lg vhlclg zkmb nlrlsplmtllr` `hhr `l nlckifwjjr`knblk` `kl ukt blt oh`lc sprllft`l `kvlrsktlkt vjg `l tljocl`lg whr`t tlg guttl nlojjft,tljocl`lg blddlg splclg`lrwkis `l ohnlckifblk` bug clk`lrsmbjp tl hgtwkfflclg,

4:2 Ijy Mrhss hp www.kgtlrglttkol.mho/ijydchn/jrmbkvls/mjtXdhhfs.btoc hvlr Dlggks & Dkl`lrojg, :;;>

4:; Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn, 455=, pn 4=-40

445 Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn, 455=, pn :;-45

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:1:


`l tljoojgjnlr fjg zkig tki` jjg kgbhu`lckif wlrf dckivlg dlstl`lg.

Blt nrhhtstl dlcjgn ks okssmbklg wlc `jt kl`lr tljock` `l nlclnlgblk` frkint ho tl smbkttlrlg hpblt stuf wjjr z‛g `rkvl zkt, `l ckla`l vhhr z‛g vjf. Il lknlg phrtlalukccl, kgvchl` hp wjt blt tljo

hp `jt vcjf hgtwkfflct, `jt ks llg nlwlc`knl fjgs ho il lknlgblk` kg blt mhcclmtkla tl drlgnlg.@jjroll vlrstlrft pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp `l dkg`kgn jjg blt tljo`hlc, `l hg`lrckgnl kgtlrjmtklhvlr `l rljcksjtkl vjg blt tljo`hlc lg zh`hlg`l `l mhgnrulgtkl lg ahmus dkgglg blt tljo.

@l ollr slgkhrl tljocl`lg wkgglg hp twll ojgklrlg jjg kgvchl` `hhr `l thlpjsskgn vjg bltoh`lc. Jcclrllrst blddlg zki kg blt jcnlollg `l rlcjtkla zwjjr`lrl phrtlalukccls vjg wjjrukt zki

vhhrstlcclg `hlg, jg`lrzki`s ks `hhr bjgtlrlg vjg `kt oh`lc `l nlwhhgtl nlvlstkn` ho zjflg oltlcfjjr tl dlsprlflg. ^jggllr `kt janlzlt whr`t tlnlg blt ëëgclk`lr-jctlrgjtkla, wjjrdki `l clk`lrokg ha ollr juthghho fjg dlscksslg, `jg dltlflgt blt llg lghro vlrsmbkc jjg kgvchl` ” `usojmbt ” vjg `lzl ollr slgkhrl tljocl`lg. Pht scht nllat blt `l tljoojgjnlr dkgglg NHU `lnlclnlgblk` ho kgbhu`lckif wlrf tl dckivlg `hlg. @jt ks klts wjt bki nrjjn wkc, lg wjt jg`lrs lrn

cjstkn olt zkig clk`lrsmbjpstjflg tl mhodkglrlg zhu zkig. Fhrtho9 kl`lrllg bllat dlcjgn dki bltbjgtlrlg vjg `kt oh`lc. Bhlwlc, kl`lrllg8 @l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl vkg`t blt cjstkn. @jjr bllatolg vhhrjc dlcjgn dki ëëg jjgsprllfpugt, `jg ks ‛t jctki` blc`lr ‒wkl il ohlt blddlg‛. Ho `jjrjjgtlnlohlt tl fholg whr`lg `l tjflg `kl tl ojflg blddlg olt plrshgllc lg lkg`vlrjgtwhhr`l-ckifblk` vhhr blt rlsuctjjt dki `l tljoojgjnlr dlcln`. Lg prlmkls `jjr dlnkgt blt oh`lc ojgf tlnjjg9 `lzl tjflg pjsslg gklt dki `l pjsskl vjg `l tljoojgjnlr, bki wlrft gklt vjgukt z‛g bjrt jjg`lzl phrtlalukccls.

Blt ks guttkn bklr lvlg llg uktstjpil tl ojflg gjjr cktlrjtuur hvlr zlcaojgjnlg`l tljos, jjgnlzklgblt clk`lrsmbjp dkgglg NHU bklr wlc jjg `hlt `lgflg. \rmb @rusfjt & ^bllclr44: blddlg `hhrok``lc vjg mjsl stu`kls uktnldrlk` hg`lrzhlf nl`jjg gjjr zlcaojgjnlg`l tljos, wjjr `l rhc vjg `lojgjnlr kg dlpjjc`l hpzkmbtlg vlrnlckifdjjr ks olt `l sktujtkl dkgglg NHU. Yki stlcclg `jt `l rhc

vjg `l clk`lr vjg llg `lrnlckif tljo uktlrst jodknu dckift lg hp blt llrstl nlzkmbt tlnlgstrki`kn. @lnrhhtstl ahut kl bki fjg ojflg ks gjolckif tl kmbt hp zkig tljo tl zkttlg lg l tljocl`lg jjrolltl bkg`lrlg kg blt uktvhlrlg vjg bug wlrf. Plnlckiflrtki` whr`t bki `hhr `l hrnjgksjtkl vlrjgt-

whhr`lckif nlbhu`lg vhhr `l rlsuctjtlg vjg blt tljo, nhl` ha sclmbt. Kg l `hhr blg dlstu`llr`lmjsl stu`kls zkttlg tljoclk`lrs tusslg twll vurlg9 tljos vkg`lg blg tl dl`kcclrkn, l hrnjgksjtkl vkg`tblg tl cjfs. @jtzlca`l `kclooj tusslg dlohlklg lg vrkicjtlg ks dki NHU zkmbtdjjr.

Jcs `l twll dlcjgnrkifl augmtkls vjg `l clk`lr ghlolg \rmb @rusfjt & ^bllclr lglrzki`s `l rhc vjg mhjmb lg jg lrzki`s `kl vjg kgtlrol`kjkr gjjr l honlvkgn, zhwlc jcs pclktdlzhrnlr vhhr tljo-dlscksskgnlg jcs vlrwlrvlr vjg ok``lclg vhhr blt tljo. @l clk`lr augnllrt zh`hlg`l lglrzki`s jcsspklnlc hp tljocl`lg lg jg`lrzki`s jcs jmtklvl smbjflc tusslg blt tljo lg bjjr honlvkgn.

Kg l prjftkif vjg NHU cknt l sktujtkl lmbtlr jg`lrs jg kg l nlghlo`l mjsl stu`kls. @l tljoclk-`lr dlvkg`t zkmb lmbt kg blt tljo jcs ollwlrflg` lg nlckifwjjr`kn tljock`, bki vlrvuct `l rhc vjgspklnlc hp tljocl`lg kg blt nlbllc gklt lg zkig lxtlrgl rhc dlplrft bki dlwust zh vllc ohnlckif.

Jcs nlcukstlr` whr`t gjjr wjt tljocl`lg zlnnlg kg `l kgtlrvklws, `jg vkg`lg zki `jt blt tljo ëëgnrhtl ahut bllat nlojjft dki blt bjgtlrlg vjg bug clk`lrsmbjpsoh`lc. @l rh`l `rjj` `hhr bughpolrfkgnlg ks `jt lr llg augmtkl hgtdrhflg bllat. Lr ks gjolckif `hhr blt tljo gklt gjnl`jmbt

wkl `l rhc vjg ‒nlwltlg‛ hp zkmb gllot, wkl blt gklt-augmtkhglcl jsplmt kg blt vkzklr bhu`t, wkl blt‒rlgglg‛ lg ‒`hlg‛ ja lg thl stkc zlt ho tl hvlrwlnlg lg tl vhlclg. @kt ks `l `hhr \rmb @rusfjt &

^bllclr nlghlo`l rhc vjg mhjmb, `kl `l jmtkl lvlg dlvrklst lg tht dlzkggkgn `wkgnt.

44: \rmb @rusfjt & ^bllclr, 4550, pn < - ;

•



:14

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Hhf `l twll`l augmtkl `kl \rmb @rusfjt & ^bllclr vjg dlcjgn jmbtlg, blt jmtkla lg `hlcdlwustojgjnlg vjg `l rlcjtkl tusslg `l kgtlrgl lg `l lxtlrgl honlvkgn, whr`t dkgglg NHU gklt kg-nlvuc`. ]clmbts lgflcl tljocl`lg skngjclrlg `kt. Yhg`lr `l mjsls vjg \rmb @rusfjt & ^bllclr

tl flgglg, fholg `l NHU-cl`lg ijrlg cjtlr kg tlrundckf tht `l mhgmcuskl `jt `l `jjr dlsmbrlvlgclk`lr nhl` jjg bug dlbhlatl tlnlohlt nlfholg zhu zkig.

Bklr fholg `l oh`lcclg vjg pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp lg ëëgclk`lrsmbjp jcsghn dki lcfjjr9 `laugmtkls vjg mhjmb zhu lvlgtullc ghn uktnlvhlr` fugglg whr`lg hhr llg jg`lr tljock`, ojjr lrhc vjg jmtklvl rlcjtkldlbllr`lr gklt. @kt ks, ol`l nlzklg `l lxphsurl gjjr `l honlvkgn, lmbt llgrhc vjg `l ahrolcl tljoojgjnlr. ^jggllr `lzl augmtkls vlrvuc` whr`lg `hhr llg jg`lr `jg `ldlghlo`l tljoojgjnlr, lg `lzl jg`lr `jjr`hhr nrhtl kgvchl` kg blt tljo vlrwlrat, zjc `l tljo-ojgjnlr zkmb zllr wjjrsmbkigckif dkgglg jazklgdjrl tki` javrjnlg wkl lr hp zkig sthlc zkt. Dhvlg`klgzjc `l hrnjgksjtkl dhvlg blt tljo zkmb javrjnlg ha `l `hhr blg dlghlo`l tljoclk`lr wlc hp zkigtjjf dlrlflg` ks wjggllr `l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg blg lg blt tljo `hhr llg jg`lr tljock` kgnlvuc`

whr`t. Hhf llg tljo `jt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp vhcnt, bllat us llg tljoclk`lr gh`kn. @kt ks llg spl-

mklfl lg mhopclxl rhc, `kl vllc rllmtkl, lopjtbkl lg mhgtjmtulcl vjjr`knbl`lg vrjjnt.

Llg jg`lrl vhhrwjjr`l vhhr blt summlsvhc bjgtlrlg vjg nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp ks `jt `l tjjf ùk-`lckif ks, ha ùk`lckif nlojjft whr`t. Jccllg `jg vhlclg olgslg zkmb nlstlrft bug rhc hhf kg tl

vucclg.

–Ph tjfl hur rhcl, wl oust ha mhursl ug`lrstjg` hur tjsf. ^blg tjsfs jrl ght mcljr, wl cjmfmhgtlxt ahr tjfkgn hur rhcls.‟ 444

Hhf \rmb @rusfjt & bllclr nlvlg jjg jt zlcaojgjnlg`l tljos jccllg fugglg wlrflg wjggllrbug augmtkls lg `hlcstlcckgnlg ùk`lckif zkig. @uk`lckifl tjflg zkig llg vhhrwjjr`l vhhr clk`kgnnlvlg jjg zkmbzlca. Dkgglg NHU zkig `l rhcclg tki`lgs lvlgts lg `l vhhrdlrlk`kgn `jjrvjg ùk`l-

ckif. @l rhcclg rhg`ho `l phrtlalukccls lg blt hplrjtkhgllc ojgjnlolgt dckgflg lmbtlr gklt ukt kgblc`lrblk`, lg iukst bklr cjjt `l plrahrojgml tl wlgslg hvlr.Kg prkgmkpl bllat kl`lr tljock` ho `l ùk`lckifblk` fugglg vrjnlg `kl bki gh`kn bj`. Blt hgt-drlflg `jjrvjg nllat lmbtlr hhf vrkiblk`, lr zkig tlnlckiflrtki` nllg janlpjjc`l vlrwjmbtkgnlg. Kgbhlvlrrl ks klojg` kg stjjt tht zlcasturkgn jcs bki ha zki djgn ks ho tl rllmtlrlg, `l wlrflckifl jjr`

vjg `l tjjf lg rlcjtkls hg`lr hnlg tl zklg lg jjr mhgslqulgtkls ukt tl trlfflg8 Qhcnlgs `l `lgk-tkl vjg Durnlr44= ks clk`lrsmbjp `jg gklt ohnlckif.

Dlcjgn dki ëëgclk`lrsmbjp

Yhjcs nlzln`9 wjt zkmbtdjjr ks jjg clk`lrsmbjp kg `l jg`lrl hg`lrzhlfstljos pjst ollr dki blt

dllc` vjg ëëgclk`lrsmbjp. ^lcf dlcjgn blddlg `l tljocl`lg `jjrdki8Dkgglg Ojx ks blt ùk`lckif `jt `l tljocl`lg bug tljo`hlc wlc jcs guttkn, ojjr thmb vhhrgj-olckif jcs ‒cjstkn‛ lg ‒dl`jmbt `hhr llg jg`lr‛ dlsmbhuwlg. Yl whr`lg `hhr `l kgstlcckgn vjg `lojrfltkgnrlslrvl ohnlckif dl`rlkn` kg bug du`nlttlg, výlclg zkmb kg kl`lr nlvjc dl`rlkn`, lg zlzkttlg gklt tl wjmbtlg hp lxtrj wlrf. J-prkhrk vkg`lg zl blt `jg hhf prkoj jcs lr ëëg ks `kl zkmb`ruf ojjft hvlr llg jnlg`j, `kl vhhrzkt, lt mltlrj, `jg `hlg zki wlcwkcclg` oll. @jt wkc zlnnlg9zl zkig hp `l vlrnj`lrkgnlg jjgwlzkn. @jjrdki ks `l vhhrzkttlr tbl nhc`lg dhy , quj plrshhgckif summlsllg vhhrdllc` vhhr blg jcclojjc. Blt whr`t blo ùs wlc nlnug`, lg blt fhot zl nhl` ukt. Hajg`lrsho8

444 Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn <<

44= Durnlr, 4552, pn 4=



:1=


@jt ‒jmbtlrhvlrcluglg‛ vlrjg`lrt kgllgs wjggllr `lzl vhhrzkttlr llg fllr tl gj`rufflckif tusslg`l vlrnj`lrkgnlg `hhr olt `krlmtklcl`lg kg hvlrcln njjt. @lzl `krlmtklcl`lg zkig `l ckigojgjnlrs

vjg jg`lrl Ojx-cl`lg. @êêr njjt `l tljoojgjnlr llg nrlgs hvlr lg whr`t bki tht l hr`l nlrhl-

plg. Bki dlchhat dltlrsmbjp lg `hlt blt cjtlr thmb wëër, wjggllr bki `jt hpphrtuug jmbt. Dckifdjjrks lr hhf dkgglg Ojx stkczwkinlg` llg ojmbtslvlgwkmbt hvlrllgnlfholg `jt kg djcjgs ks olt `lplrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg. ]mblg`kgn bklrvjg whr`t `krlmt nlskngjcllr` lg nlmhrrknllr`. Qhhr blthvlrknl bllat kl`lr Ojx-ck` lr kg`kvkùllc dlcjgn dki `jt `l kgnlstlc`l ojrfltkgnrlslrvl gklt kgbug gj`llc vlr`llc` whr`t. @kt clk`t tht ‒wlndckivlg dki ùk`lckifblk`‛ kg `l ojjg`lckifsl dkillg-fhostlg. @l tljoclk`lr hg`lrstlugt `kt nl`rjn, gjjr zkig zlnnlg ho mhgkmtlg tl vhhrfholg.\ktstlcclg vjg pkigckifl dlscuktlg ks `jjr blt ùk`lckifstl vhhrdllc` vjg. @l mhgkmtlg zkig hg`lr`l hpplrvcjftl jc jjgwlzkn, `hhr dlscuktlg ukt tl stlcclg dckivlg `l mhgkmtlg kg `l hg`lrstrhho.Gklt dlscuktlg kg `ëzl vlrnj`lrkgn dltlflgt wllr llg ojjg` uktstlc. Qlrnj`lrkgnlg zkig shos uk-tlrst hpplrvcjffkn, kl`lrl fllr wllr whr`t ‒dlschtlg‛ blt kssul gj`lr tl dlfkiflg. Hpvjcclg` ks `jt`l tljoojgjnlr gj`rufflckif gklt zkig ojmbt nldrukft ho dlscuktlg tl ahrmlrlg ha zlcas ojjr tl

dlsphl`knlg. Kg blt kgtlrvklw olt l mhgtrhcclr nllat lzl jjg jt bki ojjg`lg vhhr l kgllgsthr-tkgn vjg blt tljo jjgnlstuur` bllat hp llg hplg lg blc`lr nlsprlf hvlr `l gjgmkæcl stjg` vjgzjflg, ojjr `jt `l tljoojgjnlr `kt dlsckst gklt wkc`l, djgn vhhr `l (lohtkhglcl) mhgslqulgtklsbklrvjg. @l tljoojgjnlr vjg Ojx dlvhr`lrt zh hgdl`hlc` l hgtwkfflckgn vjg llg hovjgnrkiflhg`lrstrhho.

Lg Ouctk8 Hhf bklr whr`t blt ëëgclk`lrsmbjp nlbjgtllr`. ^jt ks kl`lrs dlcjgn bklr8@l jcnlollg `krlmtlur ks llg mbjrksojtksmbl phcktkmus olt `rkvl lg vkskl. Bki bllat Ouctk kg`lrtki`jcs tljo kgnlstlc` olt `l nl`jmbtl `l dlscuktvhrokgn cjnlr kg `l hrnjgksjtkl tl clnnlg, dki `l `k-

vkskls. Ykig wlrflckifl dlcjgn dckift lmbtlr tl zkig `jt `l OP-cl`lg zkig k`llæg uktvhlrlg. ^jggllrgh`kn strjat ha prkist bki z‛g OP-cl`lg ho blg ‒kg `l iukstl stjg` tl zlttlg‛. ]ol`lg lg vlr`lclg kszkig stkic. Bki ukt zkmb hvlr zkig OP-cl`lg kg whhr`lg jcs ‒hgvhcwjsslg fkg`lrlg kl ‛t wllr gklt cuft

tht `l iukstl dlscuktlg tl fholg‛. Clt wlc9 `l dlscuktlg `kl bïi kg nl`jmbtl bj`! jt ks blt dlcjgn vjg `l OP-cl`lg ho kg `lzl kgtlrjmtkl dki tl `rjnlg, `kt tl hg`lrnjjg8 Lr ksllg ùk`lckifl bkærjrmbkl dkgglg Ouctk. @l jcnlblcl ojmbt cknt dki `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur. ]jolgolt `l gjgmkllc `krlmtlur vhrot bki blt dlstuur, `jt dlscuktlg vjg Ouctk fjg nhl`flurlg ha tl-nlgbhu`lg. @l OP-cl`lg blddlg ùs kl`lr llg kg`kvkùllc dlcjgn dki llg nhl`l rlcjtkl olt `ljcnlollg krlmtlur, blo tl wkgglg vhhr bug pcjgglg, zlflr jcs lr vjgukt smbjjrstl whr`t nl`jmbt.Kg `l prjftkif glolg Ouctk-cl`lg zh`hlg`l ghhkt dlscuktlg `kl tlnlg `l wlgs vjg `l jcnlollg`krlmtlur kgnjjg. Ykig kopckmklt `rlknlg olt plrshhgckifl sjgmtkls lg dlscuktlg vjgukt `l bhnlrldlstuurscjjn ks laalmtkla. Jcs tljo vhlclg `l tljocl`lg zkmb ukt lcfjjr nlspllc`, ojmbtlchhs, bhl-

wlc lgflcl vjg blg zkmb duktlg `l vlrnj`lrkgnlg blatkn rhlrlg. @l OP-vlrnj`lrkgnlg, llg `jn`llcplr wllf, flgsmbltslg `l cl`lg zlca jcs ‒llg slrkl dkcjtlrjjctils‛. Yki lrvjrlg wlkgkn sjolgbjgn kg

`l hg`lrwlrplg, nllg `kvksklhvlrstkinlg`l jmtkvktlkt. ^jggllr ëëg vjg blg tki`lgs zh‛g vlrnj`l-rkgn kg `l bhlf nlzlt whr`t, fkiflg `l jg`lrlg thl. Yl sprlflg jmbtlrja hp `l njgn ‒vjg jmb lg

wll‛. @lsnlvrjjn` zlnnlg zl zlca gklt tl wltlg wjjrho zl nllg lgflcl glknkgn blddlg lcfjjr tlhg`lrstluglg ha bug wjjrglokgnlg vjg `l kgtlrjmtkl tki`lgs `l vlrnj`lrkgnlg ukt tl sprlflg. @ljcnlollg `krlmtlur zhu llg `lrnlckifl kgtlrvlgtkl lmbtlr gklt wjjr`lrlg. @l rl`lg `jt `lrnlckiflhg`lrckgnl stlug uktdckiat ks blc`lr9 `l jg`lr stluglg zhu bug lknlg rlcjtkl olt `l `krlmtlur fug-glg smbj`lg. Blt strlssgkvlju jt zl dki lg rhg` l OP-vlrnj`lrkgnlg lrvjrlg zlnt lmbtlr nlghln9`lzl olgslg wlrflg gklt vjgukt bug frjmbt. ^jt bhu`t blg `jg ghn `jjr, vrjjn il il ja, kg zh‛ghgmhoahrtjdlcl sktujtkl8 Cjnlr kg `l hrnjgksjtkl bllat olg bklr llg skoplc dllc` hvlr9 `l nhu`lgfhhk vjg llg vhrstlckifl dlchgkgn bhu`t blg nlvjgnlg.



:10

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Kgtlrlssjgt kg `kt vlrdjg` ks `l hpolrfkgn vjg ]oktb & Dlrn hvlr `l ojmbt vjg ‒vhcnlrs‛9

–Ka tbhsl wbh clj` jrl ght ahcchwl`, tblrl ks gh clj`lrsbkp. Clj`lrs `lplg` hg tblkr ahcchwlrs thojfl tblkr clj`lrsbkp laalmtkvl. V…_ Ahcchwlrs, kg tblkr `lplg`lgmy, jrl ght kg jgy mhg`ktkhg thjrtkmucjtl wbjt tbly wkcc ahcchw. Pbly ojy kg`kmjtl wbjt tbly wkcc ght ahcchw. Kt ks hgcy js clj`lrsbkptjfls tbl kgktkjtkvl, V…_ tbjt tbl ahcchwlrs mhol th shrt hut wbjt tbly wkcc ahcchw, tblrldy ojfkgnclj`lrsbkp phsskdcl. Pbks oljgs tbjt phtlgtkjc clj`lrsbkp oust bjvl tbl mhurjnl th mrljtl wbkmb ojydl knghrl` hr `lstrhyl`, ahr ‒clj`lrsbkp‛ ks ug`lrtjflg kg j mhgtlxt ha ght fghwkgn.‟ 440

Jcs `l clk`lr thhgt bhl bki ha zki wkc clk`lg, fugglg l vhcnlrs fklzlg ha zki vhcnlg, `l clk`lr `jjr-oll dlfrjmbtknlg`. Dkgglg NHU fholg `l tljoojgjnlr lg -cl`lg tht hvlrllgstlookgn hvlrllg oh`lc wjjrkg kl`lr clk`t lg `jt kl`lr wkc vhcnlg. Dki Ojx vhcnlg `l tljocl`lg hnlgsmbkigckiflg arustrlrlg zki `jjroll blt clk`lrsmbjp vjg `l ojgjnlr. Dkgglg Ouctk vhcnlg `l cl`lg, ojjr ks`l vlr`lckgn vjg ojmbt ” lg `jjroll frjmbt ” zh`jgkn `jt tljoojgjnlr lg -cl`lg lcfjjr vhccl`knkglaalmtkla ojflg.

Arjppjgt ks `l gj`ruf `kl kg `l cktlrjtuur nlcln` whr`t hp blt oh`lc vjg ëëgclk`lrsmbjp, tlrwkictlnlckiflrtki` tlcflgs wllr nlstrlla` whr`t gjjr llg nldug`lc`l frjmbtskgspjggkgn lg sjolgbjg-nlg` rlsuctjjt9

–^bjt ks kgtlrlstkgn th ghtl ks tbl lodl``l` mhgtrj`kmtkhg dltwllg tbl kg`kvk`ujc ojgjnlr-blrhjg` tbl mucturjckst lopbjsks hg sbjrl` vjculs. Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc lxmlcclgml ks rblthrkmjccy sunnlstl`th dl j ojttlr ha dhtb skgnucjr vkskhg jg` mhcclmtkvl oksskhg.‟ 44<

Qlrtlnlgwhhr`knt `lzl tlnlgstlcckgn llg kgblrlgtl tlnlgsprjjf ha ks blt hp tl vjttlg jcs twll zki-`lg vjg llg tl hvlrstkinlg pjrj`hx8

Clk`lrsmbjp kg tljo lg honlvkgn

Blt clk`lrsmbjpsoh`lc dkgglg NHU whr`t `hhr `l rlst vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl gklt blrflg` lg gkltdlnrlplg. Dkgglg T&^ ks olg llg juthrktjkrl stkic vjg clk`kgnnlvlg nlwlg`. Blt ojgjnlolgtdhvlg NHU vkg`t jt `l NHU-ojgjnlr ‒bjca zjmbt‛ clk`kgn nllat. @kt hgdlnrkp stkoucllrt `l vlr-

wki`lrkgn tusslg blt tljo lg `l horkgnlg`l honlvkgn.Bhlwlc blt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp dkgglg NHU gklt hptkojjc nlèopclolgtllr` ks, dkl`t blt ollrphtlgtkl ho `l kg blt tljo jjgwlzknl tjclgtlg tl dlguttlg, ho tljocl`lg `l rukotl tl nlvlg zkmbjmtkla lg mhgstrumtkla kg tl zlttlg.

@l Ojx-cl`lg zkig kgtlnrjjc hg`lr`llc vjg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl. Yl zkig oëër ckigojgjnlr`jg tljock`. @hhr bug lknlg (ckig)ojgjnlrs whr`lg zl vrki `krlmtkla jjgnlstuur`. Yl blddlgstrjffl du`nlttlg lg llg dhgussystllo rlnlct bug dlchgkgn hp djsks vjg `l ja`lckgnsmkialrs. @jjrfrkinlg zl `l fjgs gklt ho tl ‒wkiflg‛ vhhr `l bhnl hozlt`hlcstlcckgnlg. @l ollr `lohmrjtksmbl

vlrbhu`kgnlg kg blt tljo nllat blg `kl ohnlckifblk` wlc.Dki Ouctk@klgst nllat Ouctk zlca blt vhhrdllc` jjg `l hrnjgksjtkl wjjr blt ho clk`lrsmbjp njjt.

Okssmbklg ks blt gklt zh nlf `jt blt dllc` vjg ‒`l clk`lr‛ kg ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur ghn stll`s `jt vjg llg stlrfl lg sthlrl ojg ks, wkis lg llgzjjo jjg l thp. @l jg`lrl clk`lr, `l ollr alokgklglojg ha vrhuw `kl rukotl dkl`t jjg lxplrkolgt lg `kjchhn, zhjcs `l NHU-ojgjnlr prhdllrt gllr

440 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :;;

44< Ujrflr, 4555, pn :2



:1<


tl zlttlg, sprllft vhhrchpkn wjjrsmbkigckif ghn okg`lr tht `l vlrdllc`kgn vjg zhwlc `l ojgjnl-olgt-thp:5 jcs vjg `l vhcnlr441. @lzl plrshhg stjjt plr `lgktkl ollr kg `l smbjùw vjg blttljo, blt dllc` vjg llg `lrnlckif clk`lr zjc `jjr`hhr okg`lr kg`ruf ojflg.

]jolgvjttkgn

Clk`lg lg vhcnlg vhrolg sjolg ëëg `ygjoklf. Yhg`lr vhcnlrs nllg clk`lr lg jg`lrsho. @l kg-tlrjmtkl tusslg dlk`l jsplmtlg vjg `l rlcjtkl vhrot dlk`l rhcclg.

Nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp wlrft vlrstlrflg` hp `l dkg`kgn vjg tljocl`lg olt lcfjjr lg olt bug nl-zjolgckif `hlc.

Qlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` glolg vhhr llg `llc vjg blt clk`lrsmbjp stlct bhnl lkslg lg clvlrt vllc hp9Blt nllat `l ohnlckifblk` ho blt splmklfl vuur vjg llg tljock` tht uktkgn tl drlgnlgkg blt mhcclmtkla `hhr vhhr blt tljo ‒guttknl‛ prhùmtlg. Blt dltlflgt `jt il jcs tljo-

ck` `hhr il hg`lrwlrpfluzl lg mhooktolgt zkmbtdjjr ojjft wjjr il vhhr njjt stjjg, wjjrkg il il vlrdkg`t olt blt tljo. ]jolg nlvlg `l phrtlalukcclbhu`lrs vhro lg kg-bhu` jjg `l uktvhlrkgn vjg blt tljo`hlc. @kt dlvhr`lrt `l kgtlnrjtkl lg mhgnrulgtkl.

Jg`lrsho gllot llg tljock` jccllg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr llg `llc wjggllr bki ha zkidkg`kgn bllat olt blt `hlc, ùs dlcjgn bllat dki `l rljcksjtkl. Bklr zkig mhgglmtkls tl clnnlgolt `l tbloj‛s ‒dkg`kgn‛ lg ‒pjsskl & `hlc‛9 `hhr `l ckla`l vhhr blt lknlgl nlclnktkollr` ukttl fugglg clvlg vlrstlrft `l dkg`kgn olt blt mhcclmtkla.Nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp vrjjnt vjg kl`lr tljock` llg lxpckmkltl dki`rjnl. @jt ojjft tljocl`lgzkmbtdjjr lg `jjroll fwltsdjjr`lr.Nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp vrjjnt plr `lgktkl (kg blt whhr` ‒`lclg‛) ho jastlookgn, dkivhhrdllc`hvlr `l tjjf.

]jolg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` glolg vhhr blt nlbllc wlrft jccllg jcs il dlrlk` lg kg stjjt dlgtho lcfjjr jjg tl sprlflg hp l vlrvucckgn vjg blt llc jt kt tljock` hp zkmb nlgholg bllat.Ykl bklr twll rlcjtkls gjjr tbloj ‒mhoougkmjtkl‛.

Lëgclk`lrsmbjp flgt okg`lr, ha jg`lrl bkg`lrgksslg. @l jjgsturkgn vjgukt l horkgnlg`l hrnjgk-sjtkl ks dkivhhrdllc` llgùk`knlr. Qhhr llg tljock` ks blt okg`lr vjgzlcasprlflg` rukotl tl glolg

vhhr zkig dki`rjnl jjg blt tljo. @hhr `l `hokgjgtkl vjg blt clk`lrsmbjp fjg llg tljock` zkmbokg`lr uktnlgh`kn` vhlclg ho llg jmtklvl rhc tl glolg. Olg fjg zkmb hhf nlojfflckiflr smbukcbhu`lg kg llg `lrnlckif tljo lg blt tljonldlurlg jjg zkmb vhhrdki tl cjtlg njjg.

Blt wlcscjnlg vjg llg tljo ks jabjgflckif vjg kl`lrs dki`rjnl kg `l tljoprlstjtkl lg kg `l prhmls-sturkgn vjg blt tljo. Dkgglg NHU nlvlg `l tljocl`lg jmbtlrja jjg `jt zki hgvhc`hlg`l vlrjgt-

whhr`lckifblk` blddlg nlgholg ho blt oh`lc vjg nl`llc` ha pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp tl `hlgscjnlg. Yki bhu`lg bug ohg` tlrwkic zl zklg `jt lr kg `l prhmlssturkgn zjflg okschplg. @kt cjtlgzki zwkinlg` hvlr jjg `l tljoojgjnlr.

Clk`lrsmbjp blddlg vlrlkst `jt il ihuw sktujtkl hg`lr hnlg zklt9 il jgnst, il dki`rjnl lg `l dltlfl-gksslg `kl il thlflgt. Clk`lrsmbjp vlrlkst rllmtkl.

Thcjodknuètlkt ojjft `jt tljocl`lg gklt zklg wlcfl ohnlckifbl`lg tht dki`rjnl lr vhhr blg zkig,`jt zki bug pclf gklt glolg, bug frjmbt gklt thglg lg `jt vhhr blg gklt blc`lr ks wjjr bug vlrjgt-

whhr`lckifblk` cknt.

441 tlg Bjvl lt.jc., 4555, pn 4>

•

•

•

•



:11

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

lcfl vhro vjg clk`lrsmbjp hhf nlfhzlg whr`t, lr ks jctki` llg clk`lr gh`kn. Klojg` `kl hg`lr-strholg wjjrgllot lg kg zkig wllrnjvl vjg `l hdslrvjtkls `jjrvjg `hhr `l tljocl`lg nljm-mlptllr` whr`t6 `kl blt tljo cjjt rllmtlrlg lg `kt dkgglg `l tljomhgtlxt dlsprllfdjjr ojjft.

Klojg` `kl `l vlrdkg`kgn tusslg `l dkgglgwlrlc` vjg blt tljo lg `l duktlgwlrlc` vjg `l horkg-nlg`l hrnjgksjtkl dlvhr`lrt6 `kl wllt wjggllr tl sturlg lg wjggllr tlrun tl trl`lg, `l tljocl`lgjjg `l djc tl cjtlg.



:1>

@llc KK B 2

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn9 ojn kf lrdki8

Qlc`hg`lrzhlf

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks blt hg`lrwlrp `jt blt stlrfst cllat dkgglg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. @kt prhmls whr`t vlrrlwln blt ollst jjgnlbjjc` kg `l kgtlrvklws. Yhjcs blt bklr gjjr vhrlg fhot njjt ‒kg-lg uktscuktkgn‛ gklt jccllg hvlr blt prhmls vjg thltrl`lg ha jasthtlg vjg gkluwl tljocl`lg. Hhfnlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg fugglg zkmbzlca gj vlrchhp vjg tki` uktscuktlg ha `hhr `l nrhlp whr`lguktnlschtlg.

jt gklt lxpckmklt dlghlo` whr`t kg `l kgtlrvklws, ojjr kg`krlmt wlc dlsmbrlvlg whr`t, ks bltsudtklclrl uktscuktkgnsprhmls vjg ksfwjckmjtkl vjg llg tljock`, jt hp lg uur clk`t tht ojrnkgj-cksjtkl lg lvlgtullc tht uktscuktkgn ukt blt tljo.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks llg tbloj `jt ugkvlrsllc kg shmkjcl vlrdjg`lg vhhrfhot44>. ^jjr olgslgsjolgclvlg, hgtwkfflclg zki hg`lrckgnl jabjgflckifbl`lg, vhrolg zki nrhlplg. Jjgnlzklg llglknlgsmbjp vjg llg nrhlp gu llgojjc ks `jt il lrthl fugt dlbhrlg, lrthl thlnlcjtlg fugt whr`lg,ha iukst gklt, ks kg- lg uktscuktkgn `jjroll llg alkt zh`rj olgslg sjolgclvlg. Ujrjcclc jjg `l `kvlr-sktlkt kg sjolgclvkgnsvhrolg flgt kg- lg uktscuktkgn vllc vlrsmbkigkgnsvhrolg hp jcclrclk shmkjclgkvljus. Kg fclkgsmbjcknl vlrdjg`lg jcs ajokckl (`lgf jjg uktsthtkgn vjg vrhuwlg `kl dlsmbuc`kn`

whr`lg `l ajokckl-llr nlsmbhg`lg tl blddlg, ha jjg blt shmkjcl splc vjg fkg`lrlg) lg wlrfnrhl-

plg, kg ol`khrsmbjcknl vlrdjg`lg jcs vlrlgknkgnlg lg hrnjgksjtkl (dkivhhrdllc` wlknlrlg vjg bltckòjjtsmbjp jjg klojg`), kg nrhhtsmbjcknl vlrdjg`lg jcs `l ojjtsmbjppki jcs nlbllc (`kvlrsl jc`jg gklt vlrig`l vhrolg vjg uktscuktkgn vjg vrhuwlg, bhoh‛s, jcchmbthglg), lg hp wlrlc`smbjjc(`lphrtjtkl vjg durnlrs vjg jg`lrl rjsslg kl jcs ‒gklt jcs hgs‛ dlsmbhuw` wlr`lg tki`lgs l cjjtstlajsl vjg `l wlrlc`wki`l scjvlrgki).

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn whr`t kg vlrsmbkcclg`l vjfnldkl`lg olt vlrsmbkcclg`l tlrolg jjgnlùk`, dkivhhr-dllc` olt `l dlnrkpplgpjrlg jsskokcjtkl / `ksmrkokgjtkl, kgtlnrjtkl / kshcjtkl, thlcjtkgn / hgtzln-nkgn. Lckjs dlsmbrkiat kg ‒Pbl Lstjdcksbl` jg` tbl Hutsk`lrs‛442 twll Drktsl jrdlk`lrswkiflg wjjr bkiprhmlsslg vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn dlstu`llr`l. Bhlwlc zkig hg`lrzhlf kg `lzl twll jrdlk`lrswkiflghvlr `l shmkjcl wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg nrhlplg ajokckls njjt, dckift hhf bklr wllr blt ugkvlrslcl fj-rjftlr vjg `lrnlckifl prhmlsslg9 vllc vjg wjt bki dlsmbrkiat ks `krlmt blrflgdjjr dkgglg tljos.

Djuolkstlr & Cljry 44; `l`lg uktnldrlk` hg`lrzhlf gjjr blt dlcjgn vjg ‒lrdki bhrlg‛. Bug byph-tblsl `jt ‒lrdki bhrlg‛ llg aug`jolgtlcl olgslckifl `rkiavllr ks, vkg`lg zki dlvlstkn`. Hhf zklg zki`jt olgslg llg `ksprhphrtkhgllc `llc vjg bug mhngktklvl jmtkvktlkt dlstl`lg jjg jmtulcl ha phtlg-tkæcl rlcjtkls lg kgtlrjmtklpjrtglrs. Qlrsthrkgn vjg nlvhlclgs vjg vlrdkg`kgn vlrhhrzjflg zklftl lggklt-wlczkig. Blt ks gklt zh vlrwhg`lrckif ùs `jt `kt hhf vhhr `l cl`lg vjg `l hg`lrzhlftljosllg mlgtrjjc tbloj ks.

44> Ykl hg`lr jg`lrl ^kcckjos & ]hoolr, :;;>, pn >506 ]hoolr lt jc., 455:, pn 44<

442 Lckjs, :;;0

44; Djuolkstlr & Cljry, :;;<, pn <45



:12

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dkgglg blt tbloj ‒kg- lg uktscuktkgn‛ fholg `l llr`lrl kg `kt hg`lrzhlf dlsprhflg tbloj‛s fllrhp fllr tlrun. Yh dlpjclg `l dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkmjtkl `kl il lrvjjrt kg bhnl ojtl ôa il dlrlk` dlgtil tl vhlnlg kg `l nldrukflg lg nlwhhgtlg vjg llg tljo, wjjrdki il llg `llc vjg il lknlg k`lgtktlkt

hp `l jmbtlrnrhg` pcjjtst. Lvlgllgs dlpjclg ihuw pjsskl lg `hlc ha lr llg vlrdkg`kgn ks olt bltnlollgsmbjpplckifl hlc vjg blt tljo, us ha il syglrnkl lrvjjrt lg il wlrflckif lg cjgn`urkn lglr-nkl kg blt nlollgsmbjpplckif hlc wkct stlflg. Mhoougkmlrlg ks llg ghh`zjflckifl jmtkvktlkt dki blt

vlrflgglg vjg lcfjjrs stjg`pugtlg, dl`hlckgnlg, flggks, jodktkls, blt hgt`lfflg vjg ohnlckifbl-`lg ho drunnlg tl scjjg tusslg ihu lg l jg`lrl tljocl`lg, ha dkivhhrdllc` dki blt jawlrlg vjgjg`lrlg wjggllr blt nrhlpprhmls il tl `kmbt hp `l buk` dlnkgt tl zkttlg. Clk`lrsmbjp tlgschttl kshhf dki kg- lg uktscuktkgn llg mrumkjcl ajmthr. Fjg kl`lr zhvllc clk`kgn jjg zkmbzlca nlvlg `jt bki hazki l prkojkrl jgnst vhhr ‛t gkluwl ha vrllo`l hvlrwkgt lg hp hg`lrzhlf uktnjjt gjjr kl ‒jg`lrl‛plrshhg8 Lg ajmkcktllrt `l ahrolcl clk`lr `kt prhmls vjg hg`lrzhlflg lg hgt`lfflg, blt jjg lcfjjr

wlgglg lg lcfjjrs frjmbt dlguttlg8

Qjgzlcasprlflg` blddlg nldlurtlgksslg jg`lrl dltlflgksslg vhhr vlrsmbkcclg`l splclrs kg kt splc

vjg jjgtrlfflg lg jasthtlg. Jcclrllrst bllat kl`lr z‛g lknlg plrshhgckifblk` lg bksthrkl, wjt clk`ttht llg lknlg rlalrlgtklfj`lr, vjg wjjrukt nldlurtlgksslg nlfclur` lg nl`uk` whr`lg. @jjrgjjstojjft ‒t kg ëëg lg bltzlca`l prhmls vjg thltrl`kgn vllc ukt ha il `l gkluwl thltrl`lr dlgt `kl zkmb`l jmmlptjtkl vjg blt tljo ohlt vlrwlrvlg, ha `jt il ëëg vjg `l nlvlstkn`lg dlgt `kl llg gkluwck` blt tljo dkgglg zklt fholg. ^lcfl pclf zjc ‒`kl gkluwl‛ kg njjg glolg lg wjt dltlflgt `jt

vhhr ihuw phsktkl8 @l vlrsmbkcclg`l kgvjcsbhlflg whr`lg bklr dlckmbt. Hvlrknlgs dckivlg lrnlckifl vrjnlg vllcjc kopckmklt, rljcksllrt llg tljock` zkmb gjuwlckifs wjt hg`lrbuk`s jcclojjc ollspllct.

Dki blt fkiflg gjjr kg- lg uktscuktkgnsprhmlsslg fholg vllc vrjnlg gjjr dhvlg. Kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg `kt tbloj kg rlcjtkl tht `l hg`lrzhlfstljos bld kf ol nlrkmbt hp `l vhcnlg`l bhha`vrjnlg9

Bhl vlrchhpt blt zhlfprhmls gjjr gkluwl cl`lg8

lcfl strjtlnklæg whr`lg nldrukft `hhr thltrl`lg`l tljocl`lg8 lcfl mrktlrkj vhhr kg- lg uktscuktkgn whr`lg `hhr nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg nlghlo`8 jt zkig jmbtlrcknnlg`l olmbjgksolg8Bhl dlègvchl`lg `l prhmlsslg rhg` kg- lg uktscuktkgn blt summls vjg blt tljo8

Hp zhlf gjjr gkluwl cl`lg

lcfl rl`lglg bllat llg tljo ho hp zhlf tl njjg gjjr gkluwl cl`lg8 Pljocl`lg fugglg lrvjrlg`jt blt tljo tl fclkg ks, `jt llg dlpjjc`l rhc vjgukt `l buk`knl tljodlzlttkgn gklt kgnlvuc` fjg

whr`lg ha `jt olg vkg`t `jt blt tljo splmklfl lxplrtksl okst. Hhf ]oktb & Dlrn stlcclg

–J nrhup hatlg gll`s plhpcl wbh jrl ka alrlgt th aucc kts prkojry tjsf. Pbks oljgs tbjt kaalrlgmls

oust dl drhunbt kgth tbl nrhup jg` tblg kgtlnrjtl` kg j wjy tbjt prhvk`ls ugkty wbkcl prlslrvkgn`kaalrlgml. V…_ Pbl gll` th ugkay kg cknbt ha tbl `kaalrlgmls ojfls kt jcohst kglvktjdcl tbjt mhgkmt

wkcc hmmur.‟ 4=5

Klojg` dkgglgbjclg `kl ‒jg`lrl‛, jjgvucclg`l fwjcktlktlg dlzkt, dltlflgt `jt zh‛g plrshhg nlègtl-nrllr` ohlt whr`lg, tlrwkic thmb zkig splmklfl fwjcktlktlg dlbhu`lg lg dlsmbkfdjjr dckivlg. Kg`kt bhha`stuf zucclg wl zklg bhl NHU bklroll honjjt. NHU ks blt lgknl vjg `l `rkl tljos `jtzlca dlscukt wkl gkluw ck` whr`t. @kt bhha`stuf rkmbt zkmb zh`hlg`l nrhtlg`llcs hp `kt tljo.

4=5 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn 1<

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:1;

KG- LG \KP]C\KPKGN9 OJN KF LTDKI8

Kg tljos kl vjgukt llg vlrtlnlgwhhr`knkgn vjg augmtkhglcl rhcclg sjolgnlstlc` whr`lg, zhjcs dkiOjx lg Ouctk, ks lr wlkgkn fluzl9 blt jjgtjc phsktkls kg blt tljo whr`t dlpjjc` hhr blt jjgtjc oj-gjnlrs hp llg dlpjjc` gkvlju. Dki vlrvjgnkgn whr`t llg gkluwl augmtkhgjrks juthojtksmb tljock`.

Qjg slclmtkl tusslg ollr`lrl fjg`k`jtlg hhr `l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg ks nllg sprjfl, lvlgokg kslr sprjfl vjg llg fluzl ha `kt jspkrjgt ck` ahrollc thlnlcjtlg whr`t ha gklt, ha vjg ojtmbkgn vjg`kt gkluwl tljock` hp llg tljorhc. Ha kl`lr gkluw tljock` hhf nljmmlptllr` whr`t ks jjrolllmbtlr ghn nllg uktnlojjftl zjjf.

Dki NHU cknt kt jg`lrs. Blt tljo ks sjolgnlstlc` ukt llg jjgtjc rhcclg lg kvlrsktlkt jjg lxplrtksls,`kl sjolg olt arllcjgmlrs `l lvlgts vhhr fcjgtlg ‒`rjjklg‛. @l hovjgn lg sjolgstlcckgn vjg blt tljo

whr`t, zh nhl` ohnlckif jcs `jt hvlr llg cjgnlrl tlrokig njjt, janlstlo` hp `l bhlvllcblk` lg`l jjr` vjg `l fcjgtvrjnlg. Jjgnlzklg blt tljo kg bjjr wlrf `l rjtkhgjcl bjgtllrt `jt `kvlrsktlktclk`t tht llg drl`lrl dckf hp vrjjnstufflg kl l fcjgt olt dlbucp vjg l oltbh`klf vjg NHU wkchpchsslg, ks `kvlrsktlkt dkgglg blt ajmkcktlrlg`l tljo llg vlrlkstl.

Qjgja blt dlnkg vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l lrvjjrt NHU zhwlc llg dlsmblk`lg nrhlk vjg jmtkvktlk-

tlg jcs lgkn vlrchhp hg`lr `l tljocl`lg. Dkigj plrojglgt whr`t nlùrlg`l `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l`jg hhf nlzhmbt gjjr jjgvucckgn vhhr blt tljo, jjgvucckgn zhwlc kg jjgtjc tljocl`lg jcs kg lxplr-tksl. Qjg gkluwl tljocl`lg whr`t vlrwjmbt `jt zki dki blt nl`jmbtlnhl` vjg blt tljo pjsslg lgthmb hhf vhc`hlg`l ‒lknlgs‛ olldrlgnlg ho wlrflckif llg jjgvucckgn tl zkig. Bklr zhlft blt tljoùs zhwlc ‒ugkty‛ jcs ‒`kaalrlgml‛ , ho olt ]oktb & Dlrn tl sprlflg4=:. @jjrdki stlct ohl`lrhrnjgksjtklT&^ nlùrlg`l llg jjgtjc ijrlg `jt fjg`k`jtlg jccllg kgtlrg nlwhrvlg ohnlg whr`lg. Qhhr `lollr iugkhrl rhcclg zkig kgtlrg vhc`hlg`l fjg`k`jtlg tl vkg`lg, tlrwkic `kt vhhr `l slgkhrl rhc vjgajmkcktjthr lrn cjstkn dckift tl zkig. ]clmbts llg lgflckgn hg`lr l kgtlrgl fjg`k`jtlg ks slgkhr nlghlnho olt thpojgjnlolgt tl wlrflg lg `l ollstl `jjrvjg bjgtlrlg llg pjtlrgjckstksmbl lxplrt-bhu`kgn gjjr `l fcjgt. @jt pjst kg blt nlbllc gklt dki `l ollr nlckifwjjr`knl, ajmkcktlrlg`l ojgklr

vjg wlrflg `kl NHU bjgtllrt. Blt jjgtjc fjg`k`jtlg wjjrukt NHU fjg fklzlg ks uktlkg`lckif `jg

hhf zllr dlplrft.

Blt jsslssolgtprhmls vlrchhpt stll`s vhcnlgs llg pjjr skoplcl stjpplg. jggllr llg nlsmbkftl fjg-`k`jjt ckift tl zkig nlvhg`lg, vhlrt `l tljoojgjnlr llg hrkægtlrlg` nlsprlf, wjjrgj twll nlvls-tkn`l tljocl`lg olt `l fjg`k`jjt vjg nl`jmbtlg wksslclg, lg llg tljodlrjj` vhcnt. ^jggllrphsktkla hvlr ohnlckifl thltrl`kgn nlhhr`llc` whr`t, wlrft `l fjg`k`jjt oll tki`lgs llg lvlgt ,zh`jt jjg dlk`l zki`lg llg nlvhlc dki wlrfwkizl, bhu`kgn lg ‒t‛ hgtstjjt. @l kgtlrgl jòkgkstrj-tklvl ‒vlrbukzkgn‛ ks vlrvhcnlgs sglc nlrlnlc` lg `l sjolgwlrfkgn fjg dlnkgglg! ]hos whr`t gj`l try-hut dlschtlg vjg sjolgwlrfkgn ja tl zklg9 kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l nlc`t `kt vhhr ëëg dlhhnàjmkcktjthr lg ëëg iugkhr.

]trjtlnklæg vjg gkluwl tljocl`lg

Kg `l vklr ijjr `jt NHU nlhdslrvllr` whr`t, trl`lg kg thtjjc vklr gkluwl ajmkcktjthrs jcs tljock`thl, lg `jjrgjjst ghn twll plrshglg `kl ollr iugkhrl rhcclg njjg vlrvucclg. Ho klts hvlr hvlr-llgfhostlg lg vlrsmbkcclg tl fugglg zlnnlg, ks nlfhzlg llg jjgtjc tljolgtrlls tl dlsmbrkivlg`kl nhl` vlrnlckifdjjr zkig, gjolckif `l vklr thltrl`lg`l ajmkcktjthrs. Blt ks gjolckif `lgfdjjr `jtthltrl`lg kg vlrsmbkcclg`l tljorhcclg hhf llg jg`lr prhmls tht nlvhcn bllat. @hhr hgs tl rkmb-tlg hp ëëg rhc ks `l fjgs hp `lrnlckifl vlrsmbkcclg nlokgkojcksllr`. @l hdslrvjtkls vjg `lzl vklrtljolgtrlls cjtlg zklg bhl `l kgtrhùmtkl vjg `l gkluwl tljocl`lg vlrchhpt, hp wlcfl ojgklr

4=: ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn 1<



:>5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

gkluwfholrs wlcfho nlbltlg whr`lg wlcfl (hgdlwustl) strjtlnkl zki vhcnlg lg bhl dlk`l fjgtlghp lcfjjr rljnlrlg.

Hg`lrstjjg` l plrshhgckifl vlrbjclg vjg l thltrl`lrs hvlr lzl llrstl plrkh`l kg blt tljo, stlrf

nlvhl` `hhr wjt `lzl gkluwlckgnlg lg `l nlvlstkn`lg bklr jmbtlrja kg kgtlrvklws hvlr vlrtlcclg.

Blt llrstl vlrbjjc njjt hvlr okig lknlg lgtrll kg blt tljo, `l llrstl kg `l rllfs vjg vklr.

:. Dlckj, tljock` vjgja : ijgujrk 455:

Kg 4555 ks NHU hp zhlf gjjr llg lxtrj ajmkcktjthr, `kl jc cjgnlrl tki` kg `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl (thlgghn Glsth) gklt nlvhg`lg whr`t. @l hvlrgjol vjg Glsth `hhr Tkx&^jlc stjjt vhhr l `lur, usokssmbklg jt kt uktfhost dkl`t. Kg`lr`jj`, dkgglg Tkx&^jlc whr`t Dlckj nlvhg`lg, llg lrvjrlgmhgsuctjgt lg ajmkcktjthr. Yki bllat llg uktnldrlk` gltwlrf dkgglg `l Tkx& jlc-hrnjgksjtkl, `hhr-`jt zki lr hp `jt oholgt ollr `jg :< ijjr wlrft lg kgtlrg `kvlrsl flrlg vjg `kvkskl ks nlwksslc`.Dlckj whr`t dlsmbhuw` jcs ‒vjg thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l‛ lg kg bjjr prhla lvlgt dckift zki llg pjsslg`l

lg pclzklrknl wlrfbhu`kgn tl blddlg.

Dlckj trll`t thl hp blt oholgt `jt `l hvlrgjol vjg Glsth `hhr Tkx& jlc nlæaalmtullr` whr`t. Pht `jg thl dlstjjt blt nlblcl NHU-tljo ukt Glsth-ol`lwlrflrs, Dlckj ks `l llrstl ‒T& -lr‛.@l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg blddlg nrhtl wllrstjg` tlnlg `l hvlrgjol, zki uktlg hgvlrbhclg jnrls-skl tlnlg `l `hlcnrhlp ‒T&^-lrs‛ kg blt jcnlollg. Tlnlcojtkn zkig jcclrclk vlr`jmbtojfkgnlg lghgnlnrhg`l fwjckmjtkls tlnlg ‒T&^-lrs‛ tl bhrlg. Bhlwlc `kt bhhnstwjjrsmbkigckif gklt hplgckiftlnlg Dlckj dl`hlc` ks, vhlct zki zkmb vkj ‒bjjr dchl`nrhlp‛ thmb hhf vlrvlclg` dlilnlg`. Yl bllatkoolrs jctki` olt pclzklr lg trhts vhhr Tkx&^jlc nlwlrft8 @jt hg`jgfs `lzl jafllr thmb dkg-glg blt vhhrojcknl Tkx&^jlc gjjr gkluwl tljocl`lg nlzhmbt whr`t, cknt kg blt alkt `jt lr dkgglgGlsth jc cjgnl tki` nllg nlsmbkftl fjg`k`jtlg nlvhg`lg zkig.

@lzl jgtkpjtbkl tusslg ‒dchl`nrhlplg‛ vhrot llg ajmthr wjjr`hhr Dlckj kopckmklt dlscukt vhhr-zkmbtkn tl zkig kg bjjr uktkgnlg. Yki vhlct zkmb `l llrstl tki` jdshcuut llg duktlgstjjg`lr. ]hwklsh ksbjjr nrhg`bhu`kgn lr llg vjg ‒llrst fkiflg‛, lg zh zlflr ks zl hhf gklt vjg zkmbzlca. Dlckj wllt `jtlr, hhf olt bjjr ijrlg ojgjnlolgtlrvjrkgn, ghn vllc tl clrlg ks kg blt vjf vjg ajmkcktjthr. @jjrdkizklt zl NHU jcs llg bllc dkizhg`lrl honlvkgn. jt dltrlat `l wlrfwkizl olt nrhlplg stlct zl zkmbhplg ho zh vllc ohnlckif tl clrlg lg vhhrjc vllc tl vrjnlg. Cjtlr dckiflg `lzl jsplmtlg kg bjjrhpstlcckgn mrumkjjc tl zkig.

jt blt tljoojgjnlolgt lg `l jcnlolgl bhu`kgn vjg NHU-cl`lg gjjr `l hvlrgjolpjrtglrdltrlat, zkig lr stll`s ollr hpvjttkgnlg kg blt tljo `kl hp bjjr gj vlrchhp vjg tki` jcs fhrtzkmb-tkn lg `hnojtksmb hvlrfholg. –Ijoolr `jt `l iugkhrl tljocl`lg `jjr zh oll dlsolt whr`lg!‟

`lgft zki wlc llgs. Yhltils jjg, jcs `l ojjg`lg vlrstrkiflg, dlnkgt zl hvlr `lrnlckifl zjflg bklr lg`jjr llg hpolrfkgn tl ojflg. Lvlgtils ojjr, ho zkmb `jg wllr tlrun tl trlfflg. ]plc`lgprkfils.Kgtusslg wkgt zl olt nhl` wlrf lg tlvrl`lg fcjgtlg blt rlsplmt vhhr bjjr vjfojtknl fwjcktlktlglg dki`rjnl. Yl drlgnt llg gkluwl, ollr trjgsahrojtklnlrkmbtl dckf hp fcjgtvrjjnstufflg kg, wjttht llg uktdrlk`kgn vjg `l `klgstvlrclgkgn vjg NHU clk`t.

Phmb bllat Dlckj gj llg ijjr ghn stll`s blt nlvhlc llg duktlgdllgtil tl zkig, jt llr`lr nlthclrllr``jg nljmmlptllr` whr`t. Jcs zki `jjr gj blt llrstl ijjr kg blt tljo klts hvlr cjjt dckiflg, zlnt llgmhcclnj ‒Iki `lgft `jt il gklt nljmmlptllr` whr`t, ojjr `jt ks jccjgn gklt ollr zh!‛. Qhhr Dlckj llg

vllczlnnlg` jgtwhhr .@jt `kt nlvhlc zkmb lmbtlr dckiat ojgkalstlrlg, whr`t dkivhhrdllc` vlrhhrzjjft `hhr wjt zki lrvjjrtjcs llg jcnlbllc glnlrlg vjg bjjr llr`lrl prhalsskhglcl lrvjrkgn `hhr `l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg.



:>:


Gklojg` vrjjnt lrgjjr, gklojg` thhgt kgtlrlssl jcs zl bklrvjg klts wkc kgdrlgnlg. Jcs lr dkivhhr-dllc` dl`jmbt whr`t bhl blt vhhrojcknl Tkx&^jlc olt sjclsjmtkls vlrhvlr` fjg whr`lg, wjjr `liukstl mhgtjmtplrshglg zkttlg lg wkl `kl jc flgt, `jg dkl`t zl jjg bklr llg rhc kg tl splclg. Yki

wlrftl vhhr `l hvlrgjol tlgschttl :< ijjr dkgglg Tkx&^jlc, kg bllc vlrsmbkcclg`l nlcl`kgnlg lgflgt vllc olgslg vlrsprlk` hvlr `l blcl hrnjgksjtkl. Lr whr`t lvlg gjjr bjjr nlflflg, ojjr gklthp nlrljnllr`. ‒Jcsha kf vjg `l ojjg fho!‛, `lgft zl wlc llgs. Yl vhlct `jt lr fwjcktlktlg whr`lgnlglnllr`.

Kg junustus vjg `jt llrstl ijjr spllct lr llg fwlstkl hvlr chyjcktlkt9 llg tljonlghht bllat jjg `ltljoojgjnlr (lg gklt jjg Dlckj zlca) jjgnlvlg ‒`jt Dlckj gklt zh bjr` wlrft jcs zhu fugglg‛. Bltdckift `jt blt alkt `jt Dlckj hhf chyjjc ks jjg zkmbzlca (dkivhhrdllc` `hhr bjjr wlrftki` vjgwlnl llgrlmlgtl wbkpcjsb tl dlwjflg) whr`t hpnlvjt jcs ‒`jg dlg il ùs gklt chyjjc jjg blt tljo‛. Ks `kt llgôa-ôa-fwlstkl8 ‛t Ks jcsha lr nlrl`lgllr` whr`t vjgukt smbjjrstl jjg chyjcktlkt. Llg hplg nlsprlfbklrhvlr olt `l thlgojcknl tljoojgjnlr Jg`rlj chst `kt kssul hp. Plgokgstl, kg `kl splmklflëëg-hp-ëëg rlcjtkl. Ojjr llg cls vhhr llg thltrl`lr9 dckifdjjr whr`lg `lrnlckifl zjflg kg `kt tljo

gklt hplgckif `hhr `l `krlmt dltrhfflglg dlsprhflg, lr whr`t bklr nlfckft.

Jjg blt lkg` vjg bjjr llrstl ijjr kg blt tljo vjt Dlckj blt pcjg hp ho llg prhohtklhg`lrzhlf tlnjjg `hlg gjjr summls- lg ajjcajmthrlg vjg tljos. Yki drlgnt `kt kg kg blt tljohvlrcln, ho`jt zlzkmb hp `jt oholgt rljcksllrt `jt zl bklroll bjjr tljockòjjtsmbjp hg`lr `ruf zlt. @hhr zh‛gtwll`l ahmus zjc zl gklt hp kl`lr nlwlgst oholgt vhccl`kn dlsmbkfdjjr zkig vhhr tljonlghtlg,tlrwkic ‒vhccl`knl dlsmbkfdjjrblk`‛ wlc llg bllrslg`l ghro ks. @jt rkskmh jmmlptllrt zki, kg blt dl-cjgn vjg bjjr lknlg prhalsskhglcl hgtwkfflckgn lg vjg bjjr dlbhlatl gjjst blt tljockòjjtsmbjphhf bjjr lknlg k`lgtktlkt tl dckivlg vhrolg. Blt tljo njjt jffhhr` lg Dlckj zhlft vjgja `jg llgok``lgwln `hhr lxkdlc tl zkig wjjr `kt ohnlckif ks. Blt hg`lrzhlf clvlrt kg `l `jjrhp vhcnlg`lijrlg dhvlg`klg thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l jjg blt kgbhu`lckifl wlrf vjg Dlckj kg blt tljo, lg jjg `l

tljohgtwkfflckgn. @l vlrwki`lrkgn whr`t lmbtlr nlclk`lckif stlrflr, lg ks uktlkg`lckif lkg` 4550 llgalkt. Hp blt oholgt jt NHU hhr l krlmtkl nl`whgnlg whr`t tl bjcvlrlg, ks blt vhhr Dlckj llgchnksmbl stjp ho `l lgflcl pcjjtslg vhhr ajmkcktjthrs kg blt gkluwl tljo jjg jg`lrlg tl cjtlg, llgnldjjr `jt `hhr `l rlst vjg blt tljo njjrgl whr`t nljmmlptllr`. Nlùrlg`l `l vklr ijjr tljock`-ojjtsmbjp ks `l vrjjn ‒bhhr kf lrdki ha gklt8‛ vhhr Dlckj dckivlg splclg.

4. Blcclg, tljock` vjgja : ghvlodlr 4554

Blcclg jjrzlct cjgn jcvhrlgs hvlr tl fholg gjjr NHU. Jjg bjjr ks jc vjjf nlvrjjn` ho `kl stjp tlhvlrwlnlg, NHU zkt `rkgnlg` vlrclnlg ho llg nhl`l ajmkcktjthr lg Blcclg ks llg zllr nlwjjr`llr-`l mhcclnj9 frktksmb, kgspkrlrlg`, hrknkgllc, sphgtjjg, vrhckif lg hplg. Fhrtho, llg duktlgnlwhhgprlttkn olgs ho oll sjolg tl wlrflg. Kf bld vlrsmbkcclg`l flrlg hplg olt bjjr `l vhhr- lg gj-`lclg vjg blt tljockòjjtsmbjp dlsprhflg9 bhl kf blt zlca lrvjjr ho ck` vjg `kt tljo tl zkig.

Lkg` 4554 dlscukt Blcclg lr wlrf vjg tl ojflg. Llrst wjt nlsprlfflg olt jg`lrl tljocl`lg, lg`jg fhot zl! Qjg llg lmbt kgwlrfprhmls ks nllg sprjfl, ojjr zl bllat llg flggksojfkgnsnlsprlfolt kl`lr tljock`. @jjrgjjst wlrft zl nlwhhg olt `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg oll ho blt mhgmlpt `jtNHU bjgtllrt zh sglc ohnlckif tl clrlg flgglg. Jc sglc trll`t lr dki `l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg wjtdlvrllo`kgn hp. Blcclg cjjt cuk` vjg zkmb bhrlg, ks blt cjgn gklt hvlrjc oll llgs. Pljocl`lg lrvj-rlg `kt jcsha zki bêêr lrvjrkgn tlnlghvlr `kl vjg NHU zlt. Yl njjt hnlgdckfflckif `l `ksmusskl jjgjcs zl lrnlgs llg jg`lrl olgkgn hvlr bllat.

Jg`lrsho lrvjjrt Blcclg ” glt jcs Dlckj dkigj twll ijjr llr`lr ” llg lghro nldrlf jjg dlcjgnstlc-ckgn vhhr wkl zki ks lg wjt zki olldrlgnt jjg lrvjrkgn, gltwlrf, flggks, k`llæg. Plrwkic zki jjr thmb



:>4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

iukst ho nlvrjjn` ks8 Blt dlvrllo`t bjjr, `kl tlnlgstlcckgn. Hg`jgfs blt alkt `jt zl llg lrvjrlgmhgsuctjgt ks bllat zl blt nlvhlc jt zl hvlrjc vlrjgtwhhr`kgn vhhr ohlt jlnnlg lg jt ks zl gkltnlwlg`9

Blcclg9 –… `l jcclrdlcjgnrkifstl (sthrlg`l ajmthr) ks `jt kf jccls wkc vlrtlcclg wjt kf `hl, wlcflfluzls kf ojjf lg wjjrho kf `hl wjt kf `hl, ojjr kf wkc gklt ‒vlrjgtwhhr`kgn jlnnlg‛. Kg

pcjjts `jt wl kg `kjchhn zkig ‒Bhl fjg Blcclg blt dlstl hg`lr`llc vjg NHU whr`lg lg blt dlst ajmkcktjthr whr`lg8‛ dlg kf V…_ vlrjgtwhhr`kgn ja jjg blt clnnlg. Blt ks jccllg ojjr vlrjgtwhhr`kgn jlnnlg wjt kf nl`jjg bld, lg `jjr pjs kf vhhr.‟

Qlrjgtwhhr`kgn jlnnlg `hl il vhcnlgs Blcclg vjgukt llg hg`lrnlsmbkftl phsktkl, lg gklt wjggllril nlckifwjjr`knl phsktkls kggllot, zhjcs zki vlrhg`lrstlct tl `hlg.

Lgflcl wlflg cjtlr vlrtlct zl9

Blcclg9 –Kf bld ol llg pjjr `kgnlg janlvrjjn`. (lvlg stkctl) Jcs kf ‒o bllc lxtrllo gllrzlt`jg ks dckifdjjr `l nlollgsmbjpplckifl dlclvkgn ‒Iki ohlt vhhrjc gklt `lgflg `jt il zh ojjr jjg

dhhr` dlgt.‛ Yhklts. ‒^jgt wjt wki bklr `hlg lg wjt wki bklr blddlg ks klts dkizhg`lrs lg blt kswjjr`lvhc…‛ @us kf bld blt k`ll `jt okig rlmbtstrllfsl nl`rjn okssmbklg wlc vlrtjjc` whr`t jcs`jt kf nllg rlsplmt bld vhhr wjt kl nrhlp jc hhrnlojjft bllat. V…_ @jt fhot hhr wjt kf tlrun- frkin… ho`jt kf jjr okssmbklg gklt nlghln lrflggkgn vhhr nlla, kg okig rlmbtstrllfsl nl`rjn. Lg`jt ãf wlc vjg llg nlollgsmbjpplckif vlrtrlfpugt ukt nj… Kf dlg bllc gjèla uktnlnjjg vjg llg

nlollgsmbjpplckif vlrtrlfpugt vjg ‒wki zkig mhgsuctjgts lg wl wlrflg vhhr T&^ lg jt `hlg wlho`jt wl `jjr chc kg blddlg lg ho`jt wl `jt ohhk wlrf vkg`lg lg `jt dltlflgt `jt wl llg shhrt

nlckifnlstlo` vlrtrlfpugt blddlg, hhf jc blddlg wl hgs jg`lrs hgtwkfflc` dkgglg `kt dl`rkia ‛. Lg kf `lgf `jt kf kg llg nrhlp olgslg tlrlmbt nlfholg dlg `kl `jt nlckifnlstlo`l vlrtrlfpugt

blclojjc gklt blddlg. @us kg `kl zkg `jt kf ol ohlt dlwkizlg ij. Lg `jg, jcs kf klts oýët, `jg njjt blt oks bâ8 @jg whr` kf djc`j`kn ij, lg wllrdjrstkn.‟

Blcclg bllat wllrstjg` tlnlg ‒ohltlg dlwkizlg‛, dlwkizlg vjg zjflg `kl llg jg`lr hpclnt, lg `lhgnlckifl phsktkl. Llg tljonlghht bllat, ijrlg cjtlr tlrunfkiflg`, blt k`ll `jt Blcclg zkmb jc`hhriukst bllc lrn jjg blt dlwkizlg wjs. @jt zl dki bjjr lgtrll klts bllat nl`jmbt jcs ‒Kf ohlt vjgja `jnëëg blc`lr ojflg wkl kf dlg lg wjt kf olldrlgn, jg`lrs wjcslg zl hvlr ol bllg.‛

@l stjg`pugtlg vlrbjr`lg zkmb sglc. ]hooknl nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg zklg lr nllg dllg kg ho stkn-ojtkslrlg`l fwjckmjtkls hvlr Blcclg tl uktlg. Lccks lrvjjrt zlcas llg wjt hpbktslg`l sallr tlnlgBlcclg. Blcclg hgtwkfflct olt ]hl llg dkigj mhgmurrlrlg`l kgtlrjmtkl wkl vjg dlk`l jjg blt j`rls

vjg `l jg`lr `l ollstl ‒nhl` dl`hlc`l‛ mhjmblg`l hpolrfkgnlg fjg ojflg. @lzl twll tljocl-

`lg mcjsblg dkgglg llg tlrokig vjg twll ojjg`lg `jnlckifs. Blcclg dlnkgt zkmb vlrvhcnlgs tlrun tltrlfflg. Ho `l mhgarhgtjtkls tl hgtchplg wlrft zl lc`lrs kg blt nldhuw wjggllr `jt ojjr fjg.]hooknl tljocl`lg, zhjcs Lccks, Ojrtkig lg Gjgj bhu`lg zkmb jazki`kn ha thglg zkmb ‒hgvlrsmbkc-ckn‛. Hhf Arjgs dckiat thlsmbhuwlr, jcs tljoojgjnlr kgtlrvlgkllrt bki gklt kg `lzl lglrnklvrltlg`lkgtlrjmtkl kg blt tljo. Jg`lrlg fklzlg pjrtki vhhr ha tlnlg Blcclg6 gklojg` fklst pjrtki tlnlg]hl. Gj lgflcl ojjg`lg dlscukt Arjgs `jt blt mhgkmt tusslg Blcclg lg ]hl llg tljomhgkmtks lg `jt blt tljo jcs nlbllc bklr`hhr dl`rlkn` whr`t. Kg alktl blrsmbjjct bki blt mhgkmt lg gllot

vlrvhcnlgs jmtkl. Ujs vjgukt `lzl gkluwl fkif hp `l wlrflckifblk` zklt bki bjg`lckgnshptkls vhhrzkmbzlca.

Lgflcl wlflg vhhr`jt zl, vhhr kl`lrllg hgvlrwjmbt, `hhr `l tljoojgjnlr ukt blt tljo nldhg-

ihur` whr`t, vlrtlct Blcclg ol bhl jg`lrs zl jccls kgnlsmbjt bj`9



:>=


Blcclg9 –Iki bldt gjjr oki ghhkt hg`lr sthlclg ha djgflg nlsthflg bhl ha wjt. Lg thmb, dckifdjjr, V…_ ohlt il blt zlca lrvjrlg. Dckifdjjr wjs okig hvlrtuknkgn hhf zh ‒ihb, wl blddlg thmb`jt nlckifl vlrtrlfpugt, kl nlckifl ghrolg lg wjjr`lg…8‛ Ghu nlfclts, jt ks us gklt zh. Blt ks

llg jg`lrl wlrlc`, lg `jt ohlt il `us lrvjrlg. Hhf jc bld il ol `jt nlzln`. @jjr fjg il klojg``us gklt vhhr dlbhl`lg. Lg il bldt hhf `kgnlg hvlr ilzlca vlrtlc`, bhl iki blt vhg` ho jjg dhhr` tlfholg. Il bldt ol kgtlgskla nlwjjrsmbuw` ‒`lgf lrho, blt vjct gklt oll‛.‟

Blcclg lg kf bhu`lg tht bjjr vlrtrlf ukt blt tljo llg kgtlgskla lg hpdhuwlg` mhgtjmt. Ulr scht vjg rlflgkgn wjs kf blt `kl bjjr hvlr nlbjjc` bllat dki blt tljo tl fholg, kf vhlc ol `jjr`hhrol`lvlrjgtwhhr`lckif vhhr wjt lr nldlur` ks.

=. Ujucj, tljock` vjgja : aldrujrk 455=

Ujucj fhot ahrollc dki NHU hp `l `jn `jt Blcclg ukt blt tljo nlzlt whr`t. Qhhr `kl tki` bllatzki, glt jcs llr`lrl thltrl`lrs, llg prhla lvlgt ollnl`rjjk`. ‒Llg dlltil llg olrfwjjr`knl lgtrll‛,

zh dlghlot Ujucj `kt. Blt fhot hp bjjr hvlr jcsha gklojg` lr lrn oll zkt `jt Blcclg vlrtrlft,jc ks `jt gklt nlbllc wjjr. Blt ks vhhr Ujucj kg kl`lr nlvjc llg lxtrj skngjjc ho vhhrzkmbtkn tl zkig,

vlrtlct zl zls wlflg cjtlr9

Ujucj9 –Kf dlg bklr dkgglg nlfholg olt `l nl`jmbtl ‒llg bllc stlrf tljo, kf ohlt vhhrzkmbtknzkig kg wjt kf wlc lg gklt tlr `ksmusskl stlc‛. Kf jmtllr `jjr okssmbklg hhf wlc klts jg`lrs kg `jgkf ghrojjc zhu `hlg. Ghrojjc zhu kf klts dhttlr `jjrkg zkig lg gu dlg kf `jjr wjt vhhrzkmb- tknlr kg. Okssmbklg tl8… Kf bj` ol shwklsh jc vhhrnlgholg ho `jjr llg dlltil vhhrzkmbtkn kg tlzkig, lg `l sktujtkl olt Blcclg bllat ol lrn dlvlstkn`. Blt bllat oki lrn `hlg dlslaalg `jt …. ij,fckgft okssmbklg rjjr ho `jt tl zlnnlg, ojjr zhjcs blt olt Blcclg ks nldlur`, `jt zjc oki gklthvlrfholg. Gklt ho`jt kf dltlr ha zh dlg `jg Blcclg, ojjr kf zkt zh gklt kg lcfjjr. Blcclg

clnt lmbt jc bjjr lohtkls hp tjalc lg wkc `jjrkg lrflg` whr`lg. Kf dlg llg okg`lr bhhn-lohtkhgllc plrshhg. jt kf hhf zlk, kf bhla gklt plr së `jt blt llg bllc blmbt tljo ks. Kf vkg` blt cluf jcs kfol `jjr clfflr kg vhlc, ojjr jcs blt gklt zh ks `jg augmtkhgllr kf hhf prkoj. Blt ks gklt zh `jtkf gklt augmtkhgllr ho`jt oïig lohtkls gklt `hhr `l blcl nrhlp zh dlclla` whr`lg. Blt zlnt oki wlcklts hvlr bhl nlschtlg blt tljo ks.‟

Ujucj bllat llg dkigj tlnlghvlrnlstlc` dllc` vjg tljowlrf jcs wjt zki dki Blcclg vlrhg`lrstlct9zhg`lr nl`llc`l lohtkls fjg ‛t hhf nhl` olt ol njjg. Kg kl`lr nlvjc ks bjjr vlrtrlfpugt ‒juth-ghho augmtkhglrlg‛. Ujucj‛s kgwlrflg vlrchhpt shlplc. Gjgj ks Ujucj‛s du``y kg lzl plrkh`l. Gjgjukt zkmb lgtbhuskjst gjjr blt tljo hvlr Ujucj‛s bhu`kgn9 ‒Yl vrjjnt lghro vllc, ks lmbt hp zhlfgjjr bhl wki blt bklr hlg!‛ @jjrdki bllat Ujucj blt k`ll jt zl bjjr flggks cêtlr wlc fjg kgdrlgnlg6

‒@jt fhot wlc‛.

Ujucj9 –… Kf dlg lknlgckif juthojtksmb hp `l strhho vjg blt tljo ollnlgholg. V…_ Kf bldgklt blt nlvhlc nlbj` jt kf oki ohlst kgvlmbtlg kg llg tljo. Kf bld ol wlc nlrljcksllr` jt blt llgbllc stlvkn tljo wjs… … Blmbt.‟

0. Ijmmh, tljock` vjgja : jprkc 4550

Hpgkluw bllat NHU cjgn nlzhmbt gjjr llg lxtrj ajmkcktjthr. Qkj llg mhcclnj fhot blt tljo hp bltsphhr vjg Ijmmh, `kl llg pjjr ojjg`lg llr`lr dki T&^ ukt `klgst nlnjjg ks, ojjr nrjjn tlrun wkcfholg. Ijmmh rjjkt llg lvlgt oll, lr whr`lg wjt nlsprlfflg olt blo nlvhlr`, lg bki fhot ukt `ldus jcs llg nlsmbkftl fjg`k`jjt. Qjg dlnkg ja jjg ks bki wlc jg`lrs `jg `l jg`lrlg. Yh dlchhat bki

vjjf jjg klts oll tl hlg lg hlt ‛t `jg gklt, hhf kg z‛g prhla lvlgt . Bki ks lmbtlr bllc hplg hvlr zkig



:>0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

plrshhgckifl zjflg. @jt smblpt vlrtrhuwlg9 bki nëëat zkmb. Lg Ijmmh bllat kgtlrg nhl`l rlalrlgtkls. Jjgnlzklg Ijmmh gu ahrollc ‒vjg duktlg‛ T&^ fhot, fjg `l NHU-ojgjnlr blo llg nl`lnlgplrshhgckifblk`stlst cjtlg hg`lrnjjg, ojjr jt vkg`t lzl gklt gh`kn. Jcs bki hhr llg mhcclnj jjg-

dlvhclg whr`t zjc ‛t wlc kg hr`l zkig.Blt tljo bllat nlcllr` vjg llr`lrl tljolgtrlls, lr whr`t gu jctki` llg vjstl du``y vhhr llg gkluwtljock` jjgnlstlc`. Yh hhf bklr, Gjgj whr`t Ijmmh‛s du``y. Gjgj ks kgtusslg lrvjrlg kg `kl rhc,cllrt lr kl`lrl fllr zlca hhf wllr vjg lg bllat lr chc kg.

]hooknl tljocl`lg zkig vjg dlnkg ja jjg dcki olt Ijmmh lrdki kg blt tljo. Olt blo hgtstjjg kgllgsbllc jg`lrl, ollr kgbhu`lckifl nlsprlfflg hvlr nrhlpswlrf lg nrhlps`ygjokmj. Bki nldrukft wlc

vllc ijrnhg, ojjr `l nl`jmbtlwksslckgnlg zkig kgtlrlssjgt. Jg`lrlg lrnlrlg zkmb jjg wjt zki zklg jcs`l ‒nlojjftblk`‛ vjg Ijmmh9 zkig nldrukf vjg ohlkckifl whhr`lg, `kl bki vjjf gklt ukt fjg clnnlg lg`l kgtusslg jcs dkigj lxbkdktkhgkstksmb lrvjrlg hplgblk` hvlr zkig prkvë-clvlg. jt `jjrjjg hpvjctks `jt bki jjg kl`lrllg lxjmt bltzlca`l, zllr nlvhlcknl vlrbjjc vlrtlct6 vrllo`, zh nlvhlckn lg thmb

glt jcsha `jt tht blt stjg`jjr` rlplrthkrl dlbhhrt. Ijmmh cjjt zkmb kgtusslg gklt hgdltukn`9

Ijmmh9 –Kf fho kg `kl nrhlp lg kf zln gj `l llrstl vlrnj`lrkgn `jt kf blt nlvhlc bld `jt blt nllgtljo ks. Ho`jt lr llg zjflckifblk` whr`t gllrnlzlt wjjrvjg kf `lgf ‒Ngugnf!‟

Ha bki gu nlckif bllat ha gklt, kg llg nrhlp `kl rlsplmt dlthhg` wkc frkinlg lg wjjr Ijmmh `llc vjgukt wkc njjg ojflg, whr`t dhvlgstjjg`l hpolrfkgn jcs ‒gklt tjmtvhc‛ hpnlvjt. @jjrdki ks blt llg

vlrrjsslg` nlzkmbtspugt `jt Ijmmh NHU ‒zjflckif‛ ghlot.

Qjg blt dlnkg ja jjg lrvjrlg shooknl tljocl`lg jt Ijmmh jmbtlrhvlr clugt. Jcsha bki `lgft ‒fhoblt oki ojjr drlgnlg‛. Bki rlkft gklt ukt, cjjt gklt olrflg lmbt vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` tl wkcclg pjf-flg. Ijmmh ks jjr dki gjvrjjn vlrvhcnlgs hhf uk`lckif kg9 ‒kf dlg jjg blt kgwlrflg, kf bhla glrnlgs

vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr‛.Kg blt llrstl kgtlrvklw, lgflcl wlflg gj zkig dkgglgfhost, vlrtlct bki oki vrkilckif –`jt Ijmmh jc-cllg `hlt wjjr Ijmmh zkg kg bllat‟. Kf vrjjn blo bhl bki `jt olt `l tljo`hlclg njjt mhodkglrlg8@jjrhp cjmbt bki jccllg wjt.

Gj hgnlvllr llg ojjg` whr`t blt ‒wkiflg‛ jcs pjtrhhg lxpckmklt9 Ijmmh olc`t zkmb jjg vhhr jcclrclklvlgts , nrhht lg fclkg, ho kg oll tl `rjjklg jcs cllrlrvjrkgn. Fllr hp fllr lmbtlr ks lr fhrt tlvh-rlg llg rl`lg wjjrho bki lr lmbt gklt dki fjg zkig. Yh ks olg `jt dki NHU gklt nlwlg`9 il bldtmhooktolgt tht blt lkg`l! @jjrdki stlct Ijmmh zkig tljonlghtlg stll`s vhhr vhc`hgnlg alktlg, bkipcllnt nllg hvlrcln bhl `lrnlckifl fwlstkls hp tl chsslg. @jt smblpt hgdlnrkp lg jastjg` tusslgblo lg `lnlglg `kl blo wkcclg kgwlrflg. ^kc bki ghu ha gklt8 jjrho fklst bki stll`s vhhr kltsjg`lrs, cjjt bki vjjf prkvë jasprjflg vhhrnjjg dhvlg kgwlrflg8 @jt Ijmmh zkmb gklt jjg jasprjflg

bhu`t, nllat jg`lrlg blt nlvhlc ‒`jt il gklt hp Ijmmh fugt dhuwlg‛. Blt prhalsskhgllc vlrtrhuwlg whr`t `ug.

Plnlckiflrtki` pjft Ijmmh tki`lgs blt wlflckifs tljohvlrcln wlc vllc fjrwlktils hp. Jcs blo `jjrdkibucp jjgnldh`lg whr`t vjgukt `l plrmlptkl vjg lrvjrkgnlg `lclg lg lcfjjr clrlg flgglg, rljnllrtbki vlrhgtwjjr`kn`9 ‒`åt fjg kf jccllg wlc!‛. Hhf `jjr whr`t blt jjgdh` tht vlrdkg`lg janlscj-nlg. Jmbtlrja dlsla kf `jt Ijmmh blt nlvhlc fjg blddlg nlbj` `jt wl blo hhf `kl ‒tjjfils‛ gkltthlvlrtrhuw`lg.

Gjgj nllat jjg lr kg bjjr rhc jcs du``y wlkgkn nrkp hp tl blddlg. Hhf zki frkint wlkgkn bhhntl vjg Ijmmh. Jc `kl jdstrjmtl prjjt njjt bjjr dhvlg `l plt, zlnt zl. Yl cjjt ‒o prjtlg, bjjft ja. –Dckifdjjrbllat Ijmmh ol gklt gh`kn‟, mhgstjtllrt zl gj `rkl ojjg`lg.



:><


Jmbtlrja nllat Ijmmh jjg `jt bki zkmb vjg blt dlnkg ja jjg hgvlkckn vhlct. Bki wkc wlc klts kgdrlgnlg,ojjr lrvjjrt `jt tlnlckiflrtki` jcs tl nlvjjrckif. Bki vhlct jjg `jt `l ollstl vrhuwlckifl tljocl`lgblo wlc vlr`rjnlg, ojjr `l ojgglckifl gklt. Bki bllat glt blt llrstl dchf vjg llg trjkgkgn nrhlps-

`ygjokmj jmbtlr `l run, `jjr fjg bki wlc wjt ukt mktlrlg. Hhf drlgnt `lzl gkluwl flggks blo thtblt ‒ùk`lg‛ vjg wjt bki ho zkmb bllg hpolrft. Olt `jt jccls bhhpt bki zkmbzlca hp llg nlckifwjjr-`kn gkvlju tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `l nrhlp gllr tl zlttlg. Bki dlnrkipt lmbtlr zlca ghn ojjr llg fclkg`llc vjg jc `kl whhr`lg. Ykig tlfstlg fckgflg vhhr `l tljocl`lg jcs wjjgwkizl frlthchnkl, lg hp

vrjnlg vjgukt NHU ho ukt tl clnnlg wjt bki dl`hlct, bllat bki gjuwlckifs jgtwhhr`lg. Ha bki `kljgtwhhr`lg gklt bllat ha gklt wkc nlvlg ks hp `jt oholgt gklt ùk`lckif. @jt nllat kg `l hnlg

vjg `l tljocl`lg llg wjt vlr`jmbtl sallr, jcsha bki `l jg`lrlg gklt lmbt `llcnlghht wãc ojflg,jccllg wkc kophglrlg. Bllc vllc cjtlr dlvlstknt Ijmmh ol wjt bki zlca hhf pjs jmbtlrja zklt `jt `ktnldlur`l lg `jt bki blt tljo nllg `llcnlghht fôg ojflg, hp `jt oholgt.

Ijmmh ks djgn vhhr blt vlrckls vjg zkig lknlg k`lgtktlkt kg `l nrhlp, vlrtlct bki twll ijjr cjtlr.Hgttrlfflg jjg `kl nrhlp ks zkig vlr`l`knkgnsolmbjgksol. Ho thmb z‛g mjpjmktlktlg tl thglg lg

rlsplmt tl wkgglg bjjct bki kg blt tljohvlrcln shckstksmbl ‒fjrwlktils‛ gjjr zkmb thl, wjjrvjg bki lrllg jjgtjc hhf wllr bllc nlojfflckif cjjt vjcclg. Pht krrktjtkl vjg wkl bklr`hhr nlèrrktllr` wkc zkig.Blt bllat `l `ygjoklf vjg jjgtrlfflg lg jasthtlg, vjg wkcclg lg gklt ùrvlg. @l shckstksmbl fjr-

wlktils zkig vhhr `l jg`lrlg gklt lrn zkmbtdjjr, lg jc blclojjc gklt jcs olg gklt nlglkn` ks `lzl tl wkcclg zklg. Tlsplmt wkgt Ijmmh lr zh`hlg`l gklt oll. ]hcksol whr`t `hhr `kt tljo kg blt nlbllcgklt nlbhghrllr`. Ojrtkig dlghlot `l phnkgn vjg Ijmmh blt pclkt olt shcktjkrl jmtkls tl wkcclg wkg-glg olt llg trlaalg`l oltjahhr9

Ojrtkig9 –Kf wllt gklt vllc vjg vhltdjcclg, ojjr jcs il kg llg vhltdjctljo tlrlmbt fhot jcs gkluwlckgn, lg il fjg hgtzlttlg` nhl` rkddlclg, jt il jjr gklts oll hpsmbklt, wjgt jjr ojjf il nllglgflc `hlcpugt oll. ^jgt jcs il `jt tljo gklt jmbtlr il bldt, `jg chhp il il kg il llgtil blclojjc

sua. @jt il `kl djc vjg blt jmbtlrstl vlc` blclojjc gjjr vhrlg wkct drlgnlg lg hhf ghn wkct smhrlg,`jt njjt il glvlr ghhkt cufflg, wjgt il bldt `jg lca tlnlgstjg`lrs. Lg jcs il olt il tljo dlgt…`rkddlc, rkddlc, rkddlc, il spllct l djc ja, il njjt lrnlgs vrki stjjg lg kl djc fhot wllr ihuw fjgthp, `jt blrbjjct zkmb llg pjjr fllr, lg `kl djc cknt kg blt `hlc. @jg bld il lca tlnlgstjg`lrs, ojjrhhf lca ol`lstjg`lrs. Lg kf `lgf `jt il blt ilzlca lrn zwjjr ojjft jcs il llrst njjt cjtlg zklgbhl nhl` il fjg `rkddlclg, kg il llgtil, vhhr`jt il kgvlstllrt kg blt tljo. Jcs il il gklt mhgahrollrtjjg blt systllo, `jt fjg gklt! @jg stj il kg il llgtil tl splclg, lg vlrckls il `l wl`strki`.‟

Ijmmh `hlt kg `l chhp vjg `l ojjg`lg `jjrgj ghn llg lgflcl (wjgbhpknl) phnkgn ho olt blttljo kg mhgtjmt tl fholg. Yh ukt bki hp `l jcclrcjjtstl rl`jmtkhglcl dkillgfhost aug`jolgtlcl frk-tklf hp `l hpzlt vjg blt dhlf `jt NHU-cl`lg sjolg smbrkivlg lg wjjrvjg blt ojgusmrkpt llg

wllf cjtlr gjjr l `rufflr ohlt. Nllg lgflc tljock` wkc hp jt oholgt l strumtuur vjg blt dhlfghn honhhklg. @l aug`jolgtlcl frktklf vjg Ijmmh whr`t `jg hhf gklt jcs hpdhuwlg` lrvjrlg.Llg cjjtstl phnkgn tht mhgtjmt `hlt Ijmmh kg slptlodlr, wjggllr bki blt cjjtstl dchf vjg zkig trjk-gkgn nrhlps`ygjokmj bllat nlvhcn`. Nlvhl` hhr rllmtkl kg jt dchf nllat bki blt tljo hplgblk`

vjg zjflg hvlr zkig olmbjgksol ho tl ‒wkiflg‛, lg vrjjnt `jjr all`djmf hp jcs jt wllr vhhrfhot.Yh`rj `kl all`djmf dki blt llrstvhcnlg`l ‒wkiflg‛ fhot ks `jt vhhr Ijmmh lmbtlr tl dl`rlknlg` hooll ho tl njjg. Bki wkift wl`lrho, gu hp oltjgkvlju. Gu bjjft hpgkluw llg tljock`, `jt ghnlgknszkgs mhgtjmt olt blo bj` `lgktkla ja.

Ijmmh vlrwkit blt tljo llg ‒nlschtlg skch‛ tl zkig, ‒wjjrkg llg scht vrki wjs‛. ‒@jjr ohmbt kf `jg kg,ojjr jccllg jcs kf ol blclojjc jjg `jt scht jjgpjstl. @jjr pjs kf vhhr.‛ Lg hhf9 ‒Iucckl wkc`lg ol



:>1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

gklt lmbt‛. ‒Kf fwjo lrdki ho blt tljo tl vlrstlrflg, ojjr blt vhlc`l gklt jcsha blt tljo vlrstlrft wkc`l whr`lg.‛

Kgtlrvlgtkl `hhr `l tljoojgjnlr dckiat kg `lzl blcl plrkh`l ukt. @lzl wllt gklt bhl tl bjg`lclg.

Bki wjs `hhr `l vhhrsprjjf vjg `l nlrlsplmtllr`l mhcclnj kg llrstl kgstjgtkl llg stlrf vhhrvlmb-tlr vjg Ijmmh, gu zhlft bki gjjr gkluwl zlflrblk`9 llg aug`jolgt hg`lr `l ‒mjsl‛ tlnlg Ijmmh. @lojgjnlr wjmbt tht Ijmmh vkia ojjg`lg dki blt tljo ks vhhr jt bki llg llrstl nlsprlf olt blo bllathvlr z‛g augmtkhglrlg. Ojjr jg ks blt hhr`llc hvlr Ijmmh jc nlvlc`, ks blt jccllg ghn gklt jjg Ijmmh

vlrtlc`. Olt gjol Arjgs lg Ujucj nlvlg jjg jt Ijmmh blg ‒dl`rhnlg‛ bllat `hhr zkmbzlca tâ mjpj-dlc tl prlslgtlrlg kg zkig shcckmktjtkl. Yki fugglg rjtkhgllc wlc, ojjr lohtkhgllc gklt ha gjuwlckifsdlvjttlg `jt blt llg twllzki`kn prhmls ks nlwllst. @jt Ijmmh ks nlvcumbt kg ‒dcj dcj‛ lg jastjg`, lg`jt zki gklt blddlg fugglg hgtvjgnlg wjt Ijmmh kg phtlgtkl olldrjmbt.

Gj glnlg ojjg`lg ks `kt jvhgtuur vhhr Ijmmh tlg lkg`l9 bki swktmbt gjjr llg jg`lrl ugkt dkgglg`l hrnjgksjtkl, njjt wlrflg hg`lr `l mhcclnj `kl blo kg`lrtki` dki NHU jjgdlvjc.

Blt nrhtl vlrsmbkc lg blt laalmt `jjrvjg

Qklr vlrbjclg hvlr vklr tljolgtrlls. ^lcfl vlrsmbkcclg kg `l bhu`kgn vjg `l gkluwfholrs zkigzkmbtdjjr kg `lzl kgtrhùmtklprhmlsslg lg wlcf laalmt blddlg `kl8

jt hpvjct ks `jt kl`lrl lgtrll wllr jg`lrs ks, ugklf ks. @l kg`kvkùlcl splclrs drlgnlg vlrsmbkc-clg`l plrmlptkls lg dltlflgksslg kg, kl`lrl gkluwfholr hplrllrt wllr kg llg jg`lr ojmbt- lgfrjmbtlgvlc`. @uk`lckif ks, `jt llg `lrnlckif prhmls zh mhopclx ks, zh vllc dlègvchl`kgnsajmthrlgflgt, `jt blt summls ha ajclg vjg llg tljolgtrll gklt hp vhhrbjg` tl sturlg ks.

Qlrsmbkcclg

Llg mhcclnj ùk`t blt skoplc9 llg gkluwlckgn ohlt dki zkig lgtrll kg llg dlstjjg` tljo llrst zkiglknlg `hhs olt lrvjrkgnlg `kmbt `hlg lg hpdlrnlg, lg llg gkluwl, clnl `hhs hplglg. Qlrzjolc`jjr kgzkmbtlg kg, vlrflg lg dlgut wjt NHU tl dkl`lg bllat. Gj vlrchhp vjg tki` fug il `jg ghnllgs kg il hu`l `hhs fkiflg ha `jjr hhf ghn klts kgtlrlssjgts kg zkt. @jg fjg bklr lg `jjr klts ukt`kl ‒hu`l `hhs‛ nlègtlnrllr` whr`lg kg `l gkluwl ojgklr vjg wlrflg. Yh ks kgtlnrjtkl hhf vhhr`l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg llg jmmlptjdlc lg nl`hsllr` prhmls, wjjrdki bug hgzlflrblk` hvlr wkl`l gkluwfholr ks lg wjt `kl jjg vlrjg`lrkgn drlgnt bjgtllrdjjr dckiat.

‒@l gkluwl `hhs‛ ks llg ohhkl oltjahhr. Blt dltlflgt wlc `jt `l gkluwfholr zkmb blclojjcjjgpjst jjg wjt zki, `l nlvlstkn`lg, fugglg vlr`rjnlg. Bklr whr`t blt dlcjgnrkifstl vlrsmbkc kg la-almt vjg strjtlnkl vjg `l gkluwlckgnlg zkmbtdjjr. Dlckj lg Ujucj blddlg hgdlwust `lzl oltjahhrnlvhcn`, blddlg zkmb tlrunnlbhu`lg, blddlg zkmb jjgnlschtlg, llrst gklt jc tl vllc vjg zkmbzlcatlg thhg nlsprlk`. Qhhr Dlckj uurt jt prhmls hgnlvllr llg ijjr (`l hvlrgjol spllct jjrkg oll),

vhhr Ujucj gllot `kt prhmls kg bjjr dlclvkgn hgnlvllr llg bjcaijjr. Blcclg lg Ijmmh fugglg llg`lrnlckifl dlsmblk`lgblk` gklt vlrlgknlg olt wjt zl `jjrgjjst jcs kg`kvkù jjg wjjr`lrkgn gh`knbj``lg. Dlsmblk`lg lg dlbhl`zjjo ojghluvrlrlg, ilzlca kg llrstl kgstjgtkl gklt vhhrhpstlcclgdrlgnt llg gkluwlckgn dckifdjjr vlr`lr. Ojjr wjt fhst blg `jt8

Hvlrllgfhostlg

Jccl vklr `l gkluwl tljocl`lg hg`lrvkg`lg `jt zki nlvrjjn` whr`lg blt tljo tl vlrstlrflg, ojjr`jt zki tlnlckiflrtki` gklt wjjrjmbtkn wlcfho nlbltlg whr`lg lg `jt bug jutblgtklfl dki`rjnl gklt`krlmt wlcfho ks. Jccl vklr olrflg zki `jt zl llrst rlsplmt jjg `l nlvlstkn`lg blddlg tl dlthglg,



:>>


vhhr`jt blgzlca vlr`lrl thlgj`lrkgn tlg `llc zjc vjcclg. Fhrtho9 zl blddlg bug hg`lrnlsmbkftlphsktkl llrst tl jmmlptlrlg lg ‒blt dlstjjg`l‛ rlsplmt tl dltuknlg.

Kl`lr vjg `l vklr gkluwfholrs bllat vjg blt dlnkg ja jjg dlbhlatl zkig thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l jjg

blt tljo tl clvlrlg, lg `jjrvhhr lrflg` tl whr`lg. Yh ‒vlr`klg‛ il il pclf. ^kcckjo Ijols smbrllallgs9

–Nllg `ukvlcslr strja zhu fugglg whr`lg uktnlvhg`lg `jg `l sktujtkl ” wjggllr klts `lrnlckifs alktlckif ohnlckif zhu zkig ” wjjrkg olg chsnlcjtlg wlr kg llg ojjtsmbjppki lg jdshcuut gklt `hhr`l cl`lg `jjrvjg zhu whr`lg hpnlolrft.‟ 4=4

jggllr lr gklt vllc rukotl vhhr `l vlrvucckgn vjg `lzl dlbhlatl ‒nlzklg lg lrflg` tl whr`lg‛nlnlvlg whr`t, pjsslg Dlckj lg Ujucj zkmb nlojfflckif jjg. Yki zklg blt jcs bug lknlgdlcjgn hpcjgnlrl tlrokig ho bug jmtulcl lknlg dlbhlatlg hp tl smbhrtlg tht llg cjtlr tki`stkp. Blcclg lg

Ijmmh blddlg bklr ollr ohlktl oll.

Tljmtkl vjg `l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg

Lr ks llg smjcj jjg rljmtkls vjg ‒nlvlstkn`lg‛ hp `l lgtrll vjg `l gkluwl tljocl`lg zkmbtdjjr.Ollstjc vkg`lg `lzl rljmtkls hgdlwust pcjjts. Llg jjgtjc vjg `lrnlckifl rljmtkls whr`t bklrhg`lrdlsmbrlvlg.

Jastjg` bhu`lg

Jcclrllrst vjct hp `jt `l nlvlstkn`lg hvlr blt jcnlollg jastjg` bhu`lg, jctbjgs, kg `l lrvjrkgn vjg `l gkluwfholr. Ylca blddlg `l nlvlstkn`lg `jt k`ll blclojjc gklt. Yïi rlkflg koolrs jcclrclkbucp lg bjg`knbl`lg jjg ho blt `l gkluwlckgn ojfflckif tl ojflg zh sglc ohnlckif dkgglg `l

dlstjjg`l fj`lrs lg olt `l dlstjjg`l tlopcjtls tl augmtkhglrlg8@jjr zkt ‒o prlmkls `l fgllp9 `l gkluwfholr lrvjjrt vhhrjc augmtkhglcl lg flggksnlrkmbtl dlcjgn-stlcckgn, wjjrdki `l kgahrojtklstrhho vhhrjc vjg `l nlvlstkn`lg gjjr `l gkluwfholr njjt. Qllcmhgtjmt ks nlrkmbt hp ‒jccls wjt il ghn gklt wllt hvlr bhl wki wlrflg‛. Kg alktl whr`t hgdlwustjmmlgt nlcln` hp blt vlrsmbkc kg fug`l. @l phsktkls bklrkg whr`lg hgnlolrft ojjr zhrnvuc`knthldl`llc`9 `l nlvlstkn`lg kg llg ‒dhvlgphsktkl‛, `l gkluwfholr ‒hg`lr‛, kgahrojtkl whr`t vjgdhvlg gjjr dlgl`lg nl pusb t. Jccl gkluwfholrs dlghlolg blt nldrlf jjg lopjtbksmbl dlcjgn-stlcckgn9 gkluwsnklrknblk` vjg `l nlvlstkn`lg gjjr wkl zki jcs gkluwfholr zkig, wjt zl jjg lrvjrkgnblddlg, bhl zl zkmb vhlclg. Jcs Blcclg vrjnlg stlct gjjr plrshhgckifl zjflg vjg `l jg`lrlg, frkintzl ” kg bjjr dlclvkgn ” gklt `krlmt rljmtkl. Ykizlca vlrohl`t `jt bjjr dlcjgnstlcckgn hpnlvjt whr`tjcs hgnldrukflckifl gkluwsnklrknblk`. Pl vrki, gklt pjsslg`.

Lrflggkgn hgtbhu`lg

Nlvlstkn`lg bhu`lg vjst jjg `l dlflg`l ojgklr vjg wlrflg. Yl smblgflg ghn lvlg nllg jjg-`jmbt jjg `l ‒jg`lrl‛ lrvjrkgn vjg `l gkluwfholr. Jcs `jjr nhl`l k`llæg tusslg zkttlg, zhu bltfugglg zkig `jt `l nlvlstkn`lg zkmb nlghh`zjjft vhlclg tl vlrjg`lrlg.

Lccks9 –Fkif, llg gkluw klojg` fjg olt llg k`ll fholg jt gklt stjg`jjr` ks, lg jcs il jt bhhrtlg `klnlgl ks bjcvlrwlnl lg il zlnt ‒Ij ojjr zh wlrflg wki gklt, `kt ks `jt‛ lg il clnt blt ukt, `jg

4=4 ^kcckjo Ijols, kg9 Cjkgn, :;1:



:>2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

nldlurt blt vjjf `jt lnlgl olt jt k`ll lgft ‒H ij, ks chnksmb. Ghu nhl`..‛ Ojjr lknlgckif ks `jtk`ll `hh`nlscjnlg, tlrwkic il zlca gklt llgs dlslat `jt jt olt il k`ll nldlurt.‟

Lccks zklt `kt nldlurlg lg lrvjjrt zlca hhf `jt k`llæg whr`lg `hh`nlscjnlg, tlrwkic zki iukst nrjjngkluwl k`llæg wkc bhrlg.Lr ks ghn llg rl`lg ho gklt kg tl njjg hp `l lrvjrkgn vjg `l gkluwl mhcclnj. Jcs `l jg`lr `lnlclnlgblk` frkint klts wjjr`lvhcs dki tl `rjnlg, frkint bki `jjroll kopckmklt lrflggkgn lg `jt njjtohnlckif tlg fhstl vjg `l lknlg phsktkl.Blt hgtbhu`lg vjg lrflggkgn ks hvlrknlgs gklt klts wjt zkmb dlplrft tht `l ‒hgtnrhlgkgnplrkh`l‛.Llg dlflg` pjtrhhg dkgglg blt tljo ks `l `ksfwjckmjtkl vjg wjt kg duskglss ijrnhg llg ‒hpphrtugkty‛ bllt. Llg tljock` zlnt ‒kf bld llg nhl` nlsprlf nlbj` olt `kl-lg-`kl, `jjr cknnlg ohnlckif-bl`lg vhhr hgs‛. Llg jg`lr zlnt jjrhp olt vllc gj`ruf ‒@ïl fcjgt8 @jjr bld kf jc zý vllc lglrnklkgnlsthpt, `jt whr`t ghhkt wjt. Ojjr jcs iïi lr wjt kg zklt… Nj il njgn bhhr!‛. Hhf gkluwfholrsfrkinlg bklroll tl ojflg, iukst jcs zki prhdlrlg dki tl `rjnlg vjgukt bug lknlg gltwlrf.

Lrflggkgn hplkslg

Llg jg`lr hpvjcclg` pjtrhhg rhg` lrflggkgn9 @l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lrflgt NHU gklt vjgbjrtl kg bjjr dkizhg`lrl prlstjtkl, tlrwkic blt tljo `kl lrflggkgn wlc bllc nrjjn wkc frkinlg. Dki `lfhost vjg llg gkluw tljock` `wkgnlg `l nlvlstkn`lg llrst blt rlsplmt lg `l lrflggkgn vjg `lgkluwfholr ja, cjvlg zkmb `jjr jcs blt wjrl jjg. @l gkluwfholr frkint zh`hlg`l hgdlwust ” kg`l hg`lrstrhho ” llg tjjf thldl`llc` kg jaalmtklvl zhrn vhhr blt tljo.

@l (ojmbts-)vlrbhu`kgn bjg`bjvlg

Blt splc rhg` lrflggkgn bllat jccls tl ojflg olt blt bjg`bjvlg vjg l dlstjjg`l ojmbtsvlrbhu-

`kgn. Dlckj lrvjjrt `jt kg bjjr llrstl ijjr kg blt tljo.

Dlckj9 –@jjrdki bld kf nlvhlc` `jt kf gklt tht `l bkærjrmbkl dkgglg blt tljo thlnlcjtlg wlr`, gklttht `l cjjn `kl sjcls-mhgtjmtlg olt `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl hg`lrbklc` Jcs zl ol lrkg dltrhfflgbj``lg, bj``lg zl ol kopckmklt lrflg`.‟

Hhf blt alkt `jt gkluwfholrs tlnlckiflrtki` ‒gkluwdrlgnlrs‛ zkig, tjst dlstjjg`l vlrbhu`kgnlgjjg9

Lccks9 –Blcclg ks thmb llg T&^-lr, lg pjstl zkmb okssmbklg wjt okg`lr jjg, zlk blt wjt bjr`lrjcs zl klts `jmbt lg `jt wjs dlst wlc lgn, wjgt zl tjst dlst wlc il phsktkl jjg. Lg okssmbklg zlntzl blt gklt hp llg jjr`knl ojgklr V…_, ojjr zl zlk blt wlc jcs zl klts stho vhg`. Blt ks (vhhr blt

tljo) wlc vlkckn ho Blcclg wllr wln tl blddlg.‟

Tjtkhgllc wltlg `l tljocl`lg `jt `kvlrsktlkt dki`rjjnt jjg blt prhdcllohpchsslg` lg mrljtkla vlrohnlg vjg `l nrhlp. @l nlvhcnlg vjg `kvlrsktlkt zkig lmbtlr mhopclx lg hgnlwks, lg `jjr-oll hg`hhrzkmbtkn lg dljgnstknlg` ho tl bjgtlrlg. ^jt vhhr `l ëëg llg dl`rlknkgn vhrot, fjg

vhhr llg jg`lr lmbtlr tlnlckiflrtki` llg fjgs zkig. Qhhr oki, `kl zkmb jcs T& -lr ghn jctki` llg wlkgkn nlwjjr`llr`l okg`lrblk` vhlc`l kg blt tljo, wjs `l fhost vjg Blcclg ollr `jg wlcfho. Qjg`jjr okssmbklg `jt kf zh vjjf olt bjjr nlprjjt bld ha zl hvlr wkc`l fholg8 Kf bhhptl bjrt-nrhg`kn `jt olt bjjr fhost `l dlstjjg`l slttkgn zhu njjg smbukvlg, zh`jt lr rukotl fhg fholgho tl vlrgkluwlg9



:>;


Dlckj9 –Kf vhg` Blcclg llg ohhkl jjgvucckgn vjg blt tljo. Olt bjjr fhost zhu`lg dlpjjc`lzjflg `hhrdrhflg fugglg whr`lg. ^lcckmbt `jt blt tljo `jt hhf vhlc`l, lg `jt `kt `l hhrzjjfvjg blt uktspunlg (vjg Blcclg) wjs8‟

Llrst ghn lvlg ‒hg`lr hgs‛

Lgflcl tljocl`lg blddlg `l dlbhlatl ho `l plrkflclg olt gkluwfholrs llrst hg`lrckgn, kg `ldlschtlgblk` vjg blt tljo tl lvjculrlg lg `jg `l nlzjolgckifl dlvkg`kgn pjs jjg `l gkluwfh-olr kg fwlstkl oll tl `lclg. @jt hp zkmbzlca ks jc llg vhro vjg uktscuktkgn9 blt gkluwl tljock` kszlca llg bhha`rhcsplclr, ojjr whr`t cklvlr gklt dltrhfflg kg `l vlrflggkgn lg hpchsskgn vjg bltprhdcllo.

Jcs wl hvlr blt smjcj jjg rljmtkls dki nlvlstkn`lg bllg fkiflg, zkig blt stuf vhhr stuf phnkgnlg hozjflg tl bhu`lg zhjcs kl zkig. \ktkgnlg vjg jgnst ho vlrjg`lrkgn thl tl cjtlg, vlrjg`lrkgn kl plr`lgktkl vhhr ihuzlca jcs nlvlstkn`l dltlflgt `jt ihuw mhgtlxt ýýf vlrjg`lrt.

Mrktlrkj vhhr kg- lg uktscuktkgn

jt ks zkmbtdjjr jcs mrktlrkj vhhr thlcjtkgn, vhhr kgscuktkgn8 ^jt `l wlrflckif sturlg`l mrktlrkj zkig, vjct ghn tl dlzklg. @l nlègtlrvklw`l tljocl`lg ghlolg `l bklrgj vhcnlg`l mrktlrkj, wjjrvjg zlzkmb gj `l dlsmbrlvlg vklr tljolgtrlls dlwust zkig. Dhvlg`klg blddlg zl `kl ajsl jcs thltrl`lrjcclojjc zlca ollnlojjft, zki blt kg bllc vlrsmbkcclg`l ijrlg lg tljosktujtkls.

Mjpjmktlktlg

@hhr vlrsmbkcclg`l tljocl`lg whr`t blt blddlg vjg vhc`hlg`l mjpjmktlktlg vjg `l gkluwfholrjcs dlcjgnrkifstl mrktlrkuo nlghlo`. @l gkluwlckgn ohlt `llc zkig vjg blt ‒wkggkgn tljo‛ . ^jt `jtprlmkls vhhr mjpjmktlktlg zkig, whr`t gklt dlghlo`. Ks `l dlhhr`lckgn ha klojg` `llc ks vjg blt

‒wkggkgn tljo‛ gklt llr`lr llg fwlstkl vjg plrmlptkl, nlvhl` `hhr okg`lr rjtkhglcl kgvchl`lg8

jggllr lr (dki llg `llc vjg blt tljo) twkialcs rkizlg hvlr `l mjpjmktlktlg, hvlr `l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg `l gkluwfholr ks `jt llg slrklus hdstjflc vhhr hpgjol kg `l nrhlp, vhhr kgscuktkgn.Yhjcs dki Ijmmh9

Gjgj9 –@l olgslg kl Ijmmh zjnlg zkttlg bj``lg llg shhrt arhgt fugglg vhrolg lg blo `jjroll

dlbhu`lg9 ‒^ki bhu`lg Ijmmh!, ^ki bhu`lg Ijmmh!‛. @jg bj` `kt gklt bhlvlg nldlurlg… V…_ Kf

dlg llg jcclojgsvrklg`, us kf vkg` Ijmmh dlst, ojjr kf bld ýýf ghn gkfs vjg blo nlzklg. @us hoghu tl zlnnlg ‒@kt `hlt ol zý vllc pkig lg kf stj dki Arjgs jjg zkig durlju vjg ‒^ki wkcclg Ijmmh

bhu`lg!‛. @jt `hl kf hhf gklt. @us flgglckif ks blt gklt hvlrtuknlg` nlghln dki `l olgslg `kl gklt

glnjtkla hvlr blo zkig ho blt vhhr olfjjr tl frkinlg `jt wl blo wâc hpglolg.‟

Hhf dki nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg ks mhopltlgtkl llg vhhrwjjr`l vhhr (dckivlg`l) kgscuktkgn.Yhjcs dki Dlckj9

Blcclg9 –Lg jg dlg il nlcuffkn hhf ghn llg bllc nhl`l ajmkcktjthr, us zl blddlg hhf ghn rlsplmtvhhr il wlrf, `jt ks gjtuurckif hhf wjt lr nldlurt. ‒Ij, wl vkg`lg Dlckj okssmbklg wlc llg dlltil

jg`lrs `jg jg`lrs lg zl `hlt blt gklt blclojjc zhjcs wki blt zhu`lg `hlg, ojjr ij, zl ks wlc nhl`kg bjjr vjf.‛ @jjr fugglg zl gklt ollr hobllg. @us il dlgt kg kl zkg, bld il il nlvlstkn`, lg usojjft `jt hhf `jt il wjt ollr ojn zlnnlg. @jt ks hgnlvllr `l vhcnhr`l.‟



:25

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Lg zhjcs dki Ojrtkig, wjjroll vjg tki` tht tki` ruzkl hgtstjjt vjgwlnl zkig hokgjgt nl`rjn, jt bki vhhrjc thhgt gjjr arllcjgmlrs `kl tlg dlbhlvl vjg lvlgts kgnlbuur` whr`lg. Ojrtkig `rjjnt `jjrgjjstlmbtlr vllc dki9 bki ks vjg llg ùk`lckif jg`lrl skngjtuur `jg `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg, bllat thlnlvhln-

`l wjjr`l kg zkig hrnjgksjtkltjclgt lg blt duktlg `l fj`lrs `lgflg. @hhr `kl okx vjg dki`rjnlg whr`t bki nljmmlptllr`. Blt njjt olt `l kgscuktkgn vjg Ojrtkig oks jcs zkig plrahrojgml gj llgjjgtjc ijrlg bjplrt, lg blt lvlgwkmbt fjgtlct4==.

Ulrshhgckifblk`

Qhhr Arjgs ks blt ùk`lckif `jt Blcclg ks uktnlschtlg hp nrhg` vjg bjjr plrshhgckifblk`. Jjg bjjrmhopltlgtkl jcs ajmkcktjthr twkialct bki gklt, ojjr `jt jccllg ks kg bjjr nlvjc gklt nlghln. Hvlr plr-shhgckifblk` ghlot bki jt il l jg`lr ohlt vlrtrhuwlg, jt il l jg`lr nrjjn ojn, gklt nlèrrktllròhlt rjflg, lg `jt il ghrolg lgknszkgs hvlrllg ohltlg fholg. Lg tht scht ohlt `kl jg`lr il gklt`wjrs zkttlg `hhr`jt bki ha zki blt tljoprlstlrlg glnjtkla dlègvchl`t.@hhr l lrvjrkgn olt Ijmmh nlègspkrllr`, stlct @jvl jt llg shckstksmbl hpstlcckgn lg mhoplgsjtkl-

ha kophgllrnl`rjn kgscuktkgn dlcloolrlg. Qhhr blo zkig okg`lrl mjpjmktlktlg tl vlrnhlckiflg, jcsblt olt ‒`l plrshhg‛ ojjr nhl` zkt.

Mjpjmktlkt whr`t `hhr `l ollstl tljocl`lg ùs dlghlo` jcs ‒blt dlcjgnrkifstl mrktlrkuo vhhrkgscuktkgn‛, ojjr `l ‒plrshhgckifl fckf‛ spllct tlr`lnl oll. @kt whr`t dlvlstkn` `hhr jg`lr hg`lr-zhlf. 4=0

Ujucj vlrhg`lrstlct `jt blt dlrlkft blddlg vjg vhc`hlg`l plrshhgckifl lg prhalsskhglcl rust lgrkipkgn dlcjgnrkifl ajmthrlg zkig vhhr kgtrl`lg`l ajmkcktjthrs. Blcclg lg Ijmmh cjtlg dlk`lg ghn vllchgrust zklg6 zki blmbtlg stlrf jjg lxtlrgl wjjr`lrkgn lg lrflggkgn. @jt vhrot, kg mhodkgjtkl olt`l plrmlptkl vjg smbjjrstl lg jabjgflckifblk` vjg l nlvlstkn`lg vjg lzl zlca`l drhgglg ” gjol-ckif vjg vjg wjjr`lrkgn lg lrflggkgn ” llg hgnlcuffknl mhgtlxt vhhr llg tljolgtrll.

Jjgpjsslg

Ojrtkig9 –Kf `lgf `jt jcs `l plrshhg `l ojgklr vjg wlrflg vjg `l nrhlp wjjr bki dki jjg wkcscuktlg gklt jmmlptllrt, `kt hhf llg gj`llc ks. @us zhjcs Ijmmh thmb wlc oltllg kg blt dlnkg jjgnja

`jt shooknl `kgnlg… ghu ij, gklt fchptlg ha zh, `jt il `jg `lgft ‒Ij, wjt wkc il ghu8 Il wkct dki

`kl nrhlp bhrlg, lg oltllg rhlp il `jt jcclrclk `kgnlg gklt fchpplg, `jt blt gklt nhl` ks.‟

Lccks9 –Kf `lgf `jt zhwlc Blcclg jcs Ijmmh jccldlk zh bug plrshhgckifblk` bld - dlg… Lg loo… `jt NHU ohlktl bllat ho `jt zh ojjr pchtslckgn tôt zkmb tl cjtlg.

Jg`lrlg pjsslg zkmb ollr jjg NHU jjg jg `jt NHU zkmb jjg blg jjgpjst.‟

Bhl ‒jjgpjsslg`‛ il dlgt dlpjjct ol`l il fjgslg hp kgscuktkgn, stlct Lccks bklr. Blt dllc` vjg ‒`lgkluwl hhs‛. Hhf Ojrtkig & l Qrkls4=< nlvlg jjg jt nrhlplg prhdlrlg ho bug cl`lg tht nlckiflhpvjttkgnlg tl drlgnlg6 wkl zkmb gklt mhgahrollrt whr`t hgsyopjtbklflr nlvhg`lg, nlglnllr`,okg`lr nlvrjjn` vhhr splmklfl rhcclg ha fcusslg, lg dki vhcbjr`kgn uktlkg`lckif dlstrjat olt sh-mkjcl uktscuktkgn.

4== Ykl mktjjt vjg Ojrtkig kg bhha`stuf 0, dcz 25

4=0 ]kx, 4550, pn 256 OmJcckstlr, :;2<

4=< Ojrtkig & `l Qrkls, 455>, pn 01:



:2:


Ojrtkig9 –^jt kf glt jc zlk vjg `jt-kl (Ijmmh) glt hp `l frktklfl oholgtlg lr gklt dki ks. @jt bki`jg glt ëëg ha jg`lrl rjrl jasprjjf bllat, ha `jt-kl glt lvlg blt gjjr dl` drlgnlg vjg z‛g fkg- `lrlg tl dlcjgnrkif vkg`t. Plrwkic wl blt åcclojjc dlcjgnrkif vkg`lg, rlsplmt vhhr jccls lg kl`lrllg.

Ojjr ij, blt ks gklt tjmtksmb.‟ Qkg`lg `l tljocl`lg blt wlrflckif ‒åcclojjc dlcjgnrkif, rlsplmt vhhr jccls lg kl`lrllg‛8 Ha ojjft`kt `llc ukt vjg `l nlzjolgckif kccuskls vjg blt tljo8

Il ckmbt hg`lr `l fhrlgojjt

Llg vjrkjtkl hp blt ‒jjgpjsslg‛ vjg `l gkluwfholr ks blt ‒tlrunbhu`lg‛ vjg zkmbzlca, hp nllg lg-flcl ojgklr jjgsthht nlvlg. Blcclg zlk bklr llr`lr jc klts hvlr kg rlcjtkl tht blt ohltlg kgbhu`lg

vjg bjjr ‒jp-ukt‛-glknkgn. Kg vlclrclk dlwhhr`kgnlg ojflg nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg ùk`lckif jt bltgklt nlwjjr`llr` whr`t wjggllr llg gkluwfholr zkig ha bjjr flggks, lrvjrkgn ha lknlgblk` tlzllr tlg thhg sprlk`t.

@jvl9 –Qhcnlgs oki ks l llrstl djsksvlrlkstl ho nljmmlptllr` tl whr`lg kg blt tljo, ho vlrtrhuw`tl whr`lg `hhr blt tljo. ‒Jasprjjf ks jasprjjf‛ zln ojjr. @hlg wjt il ohlt `hlg. ‒Il wlrfpclfsmbhhg jmbtlrcjtlg‛, zln ojjr. ‒@l dhr`lg uktvlnlg‛. Kf ghlo ojjr wjt bâ8 Yý djsjjc fjg blt

zkig. Yh djsjjc fjg blt zkig. @jg bhla il vlr`lr… `l blcl `jn fjg il hp il bjg`lg zkttlg, `jgbllat kl`lrllg jjg blt lkg`l vjg blt ijjr okssmbklg blt k`ll vjg ‒ jt bllat Uklt ghu nl`jjg8‛, ojjr`jg `hl il gkfs ahut. @jg whr` il wlc nljmmlptllr` kg blt tljo. Jcs il jc gkfs ahut `hlt.‟

‒@hlg wjt il ohlt `hlg‛. @hhr wkl dlpjjc`8 ‒Gkfs ahut `hlg‛, `jt fckgft jcclojjc ghnjc janlfj-`lr`. lkgkn rukotl vhhr vlrgkluwkgn, vjrkjtkl ha splclg fckgft lrkg `hhr.

@jvl9 –Qhcnlgs oki ohlt il gklt glt… ks blt llg sclmbtl strjtlnkl ho `l `hokgjgtl muctuur tlr`ksmusskl tl stlcclg oltllg, ha `l `hokgjgtl hpvjttkgn. @jt ks gklt vhhr gkfs `l `hokgjgtl hpvjttkgn. Ha `kl ghu nhl` ha sclmbt ks, bki ks hokgjgt.‟

Gjgj9 –Il ohlt llg dlltil… zln ojjr, chs vjg `l kgbhu`, quj ghrolg lg wjjr`lg, hgt`lfflg

bhl kgnlg njjg. Qhcnlgs oki blddlg wl olt Ujucj zhklts nlbj`. @jt kl, jcs zl hgs bhhr`l prjtlghgs jccllg ojjr bhhr`l zlnnlg ‒Ij ojjr dki ôgs…‛. ‒Ij, zh `hl il `jt kg `l nlwhgl mhgsuctjgmy,

ojjr bklr njjt ‛t zý!‛. Lg `jt zki wlc llgs tlrunnlnlvlg bllat ‒Kf fkif blt llrst wlc llgs llg tkiìl

jjg, lg jg j`hptllr kf jt, lg jg zkl kf wlc bhl kf o‛g jg`lrl djnjnl lrkg fwkit fjg‛. Lg okssmbklg ks blt dki Ijmmh jg`lrsho nlnjjg. Bllat bki bllc sglc zïig `kgnlg wkcclg vlgtkclrlg. Gklt jt-kl

`jt vjg hgs kg twkialc trhf, ojjr `jt-kl `jjr glt llg jg`lrl dlgj`lrkgn kg nlfhzlg bllat.‟

Dki`rjnlg jjg blt rlsuctjjt

Ojrtkig9 –Cjjt llrst ojjr llgs zklg wkl il dlgt!‛. Bâ, ùs `jt cjtlg zklg wkl il dlgt, ks hhf llgdlcjgnrkifl. Lg kl ohnlckifblk` ohlt il frkinlg. Jcs il kl ohnlckifblk` gklt frkint ks blt ijoolr,lkg`l vlrbjjc. Jcs il `kl ohnlckifblk` frkint ohlt il `jt hhf ghn llgs llg fllr cjtlg zïlg. Il ohlt

cjtlg zklg `jt il dki `kl nrhlp bhhrt, `jt il llg dlpjjc`l… olt `l `kftl vjg il buk` fug il cjtlgzklg, llg dlpjjc`l dlrlk`blk` ho kg `kl nrhlp tl stjpplg, tl kgvlstlrlg, tki` tl kgvlstlrlg, ohlktl tl`hlg ho dki kl nrhlp tl njjg bhrlg… Kf lgf jt `jt ëëg vjg kl ajmthrlg ks nlwllst kl dki Ijmmh

hhf ollnlspllc` bllat.



:24

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dlckj9 –Pwll kgnlg kl jjr vhhr oki vjg dckivlg bjgnlg zkig ‒il pcjjts vlr`klglg‛ lg ‒kgvlstlrlg,lmbt cjtlg zklg `jt il dki `kl nrhlp wkct bhrlg‛.

Ojrtkig9 –Ij.‟

Llg hpolrflckifl tlnlgstlcckgn fhot bklr gjjr vhrlg9 il ckmbt hg`lr l fhrlgojjt ohltlg bhu`lg,gklt tl sglc zjflg tlr `ksmusskl stlcclg lg tlnlckiflrtki` ohltlg cjtlg zklg wkl il dlgt lg `jt il wkctdki`rjnlg. Yhjcs Ojrtkig blt bklr stlct ks `jt dki`rjnlg `jg vhhrjc nlrkmbt hp lglrnkl kgvlstlrlglg dki`rjnlg jjg ‒blt dlstjjg`l‛, dkgglg `l nlvlstkn`l fj`lrs hvlrllgfhostkn `l vlrwjmbtkgnlg.Hhf jg`lrl tljocl`lg nlvlg jjg `jt zl `kt dlcjgnrkif vkg`lg9

Ujucj9 –@jvl bllat uk`lckif wlc z‛g nrlgzlg jjgnlnlvlg, wjt vhhr llg dhlc olgslg dkgglg NHUlmbt lvlg smbrkfflg wjs, zlflr vhhr `l ]hl‛s lg Ojrtkig‛s vjg `lzl wlrlc`. Ojjr (bki) bllat wlc

`uk`lckif cjtlg zklg `jt bki lglrnkl bj` ho dki tl `rjnlg jjg blt rlsuctjjt. Lg `jjroll wlr` bki nlojfflckif hojro`. Lg lknlgckif juthojtksmb hp `l strhho vjg blt tljo ollnlgholg.‟

Ujucj9 –Il fjg gklt wâc l vrumbtlg pcufflg, ojjr lr gkfs kg kgvlstlrlg. Jcs il lr okg`lr tki` kg

kgvlstllrt bld il lr hhf okg`lr chc vjg, frkin il lr hhf okg`lr vhhr tlrun. Ijmmh bllat `lgf kf ghhkt

`l stjp nlgholg, dlbjcvl kg shcckmktjtklnlsprlfflg, ho jjr lmbt kg tl kgvlstlrlg. Lg bllat `jjrollhhf ghhkt lmbt `l jjgscuktkgn nlvhg`lg.‟

Ksj9 –Chyjcktlkt, vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`, kgtlnrktlkt, zkig bllc dlcjgnrkifl whhr`lg. Jccllg, l ojgklr wjjrhp jjr kgvucckgn jjg nlnlvlg whr`t ks dlst lstrumtkla. Hp blt oholgt jt il jg`lrl kgnlgwkc ohlt il lrukt.‟

Llg splmklfl ghro spllct kg blt ‒dki`rjnlg‛ llg hpolrflckifl rhc6 kl`lr tljock`, gkluw ha gklt,ohlt jmtkla wlrf gjjr zkmb thl trlfflg9

]hal9 –Kf bld gklt blt nlvhlc jt wki bllc lrn nlwlg` zkig kg blt tljo jjg klojg` kl llg jawjmbtlg`l bhu`kgn bllat. ‒Ij, kf dlg dlsmbkfdjjr!‛ Gll… wki zkig bllc lrn nlwlg` `jt kl`lrllg kg blt

tljo `kgnlg gjjr zkmb thl trlft.‟

@jt gjjr ilzlca thltrlfflg fckgft phsktkla, jcs llg jmtklvl lg mhgstrumtklvl bhu`kgn. Plnlckiflrtki`bllat kt nl`rjn llg dkilaalmt9 kl olt zkig ohg` vhhrjjg zkt, bllat ‛t llrst z‛g uko hp l ohhkstlfcusslg. ^kl dlsmblk`lg jawjmbt, chhpt blt rkskmh gklt-jmtkla nlvhg`lg tl whr`lg.Ylca bld kf jcs tljock` vjjf lrvjrlg `jt `kl ghro vjg prh-jmtkvktlkt zh vlr njjt `jt il blt nlvhlcbldt `jt il ohlt zhrnlg lr jcs llrstl dki tl zkig, ho llg clufl fcus tl dlojmbtknlg. Plnlckiflrtki`spllct jjr jg llg vhro vjg mhgmurrlgtkl lg bkærjrmbkl hhrbllg, wjgt dlg iki kg l hnlg vjg blttljo wlc nlphsktkhgllr` ho glt `ïl clufl fcus tl ohnlg `hlg8 Hhf fhot bklr rllmtklvl dlsmblk-`lgblk` ho l bhlf, wjgt vkg` il ilzlca wlc l ollst nlsmbkftl plrshhg vhhr l rhc8 Qhhr`jt il ilohg` hplg `hlt ojjf il bklrhvlr zlca llg jawlnkgn ho il dhlfil gklt tl duktlg tl njjg. Qhhr llggkluwfholr ks `kt llg cjstknl kgsmbjttkgn. @lrnlckifl zlcavlrzlflr`blk` ks gklt jctki` llg chnksmblmhodkgjtkl olt `l `hhr blt tljo nlækstl gl`lrknblk`.



:2=


Tlsplmt

Blcclg9 – jt wki bklr hlg lg wjt wki bklr blddlg ks klts dkizhg`lrs lg blt ks wjjr`lvhc…‛ @uskf bld blt k`ll `jt okig rlmbtstrllfsl nl`rjn okssmbklg wlc vlrtjjc` whr`t jcs `jt kf nllg rlsplmtbld vhhr wjt `kl nrhlp jc `hhrnlojjft bllat. V…_ ho`jt kf `jjr okssmbklg gklt nlghln lrflggkgnvhhr nlla, kg okig rlmbtstrllfsl nl`rjn.‟

Blcclg lrvjjrt `jt zki jcs gkluw ck` blt tljo rlsplmt tl dltuknlg bllat, lg wlc hp llg ojgklr `klblt tljo pjst. Hhf Ojrtkig nllat jjg `jt rlsplmt dki llg tljolgtrll dlcjgnrkif ks, vhhrjc hhf blt

vlr`klglg lrvjg, olt gjol `hhr `l gkluwfholr9

Ojrtkig9 –Kf bld wlc rlsplmt vhhr Ujucj bhhr, `jt wlc. Lg `jt ks vhhr oki jctki` wlc dlcjgnrkif. Jcs kf nllg rlsplmt vhhr klojg` bld, `jg ks blt dlst wlc ohlkckif vhhr `kl plrshhg ho olt oki tlfugglg wlrflg ódlrbjupt. Lg `jt bld kf olt Ujucj wlc. Kf `lgf hhf `jt zl blt nhl` `hlt jcclojjc. V…_ Lg `jt zl stll`s ollr nlvhlc frkint dki blt dlsmblrolg vjg `l djdy NHU, ùs `jt

NHU stll`s dlcjgnrkiflr vhhr bjjr ks nlwhr`lg. @jt zl stll`s dltlr bllat dlnrlplg wjt NHU gulknlgckif ks…‟

@kt fhot hvlr jcs llg bëëc nlclk`lckifl kgscuktkgn vjg Ujucj `hhr Ojrtkig. Ujucj bllat Ojrtkig‛s rls-plmt ohltlg vlr`klglg `hhr ‒blt nhl` tl `hlg‛ lg ‒NHU tl njjg dlnrkiplg‛ zhjcs NHU gu ks lgtl thglg `jt blt hhf bjjr djdy ks. Jcs zki `jt gklt nl`jjg bj`, wjs lr llg cjstknl sjolgwlrfkgns-sktujtkl hgtstjjg.

\kt l kgtlrvklws fhot zh gjjr vhrlg jt ‒kgvlstlrlg‛ vhhrjc l gkluwfholr nlc`t lg `jt kt ollr-`lrl `kolgskls flgt9 kg tki`, kg blt nlvlg vjg prkhrktlkt, kg zlcahphaalrkgn, kgmjsslrkgnsvlrohnlg,jjgpjsskgn, jjg`jmbt, lg rlsplmt dlthglg.

Kgscuktkgn9 Llg nlzjolgckifl lxpl`ktkl8

@l nlègtlrvklw`lg `rjnlg kg blt vhhrnjjg`l jcclrclk nl`rjnsrlnlcs lg sunnlstkls vhhr ‒nhl` nl-`rjn‛ jjg, wjjr llg gkluwfholr zkig vhhr`llc oll zhu fugglg `hlg. @l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`

vhhr blt wlcscjnlg vjg l tljolgtrll whr`t ghnjc llgzki`kn dki `l gkluwfholr nlcln`.

Dlckj9 –Kf vkg` blt wlc dhlklg` ho `l rl`lgjtkl hhf llgs ho tl rjjklg, lg tl zlnnlg ‒^ki zhlflg`kvlrsktlkt, wki zhlflg gkluwl kgzkmbtlg… Lr fhot klojg` olt gkluwl kgzkmbtlg, wjjrho njjgwïi gklt cukstlrlg8‛ @kl jg`lr bllat okssmbklg hhf wlc `kgnlg `kl bki `hhr ijrlgcjgnl lrvjrkgnhpnl`jjg bllat.‟

@jvl9 –Ij, ghu fkif…. Ij, `jt ks zh, `jt ks zh. Kf `lgf zlflr `jt wki hhf rl`lckif `hnojtksmb

zkig, ùs `jt cukstlrlg hhf gklt hgzl llrstl gjtuur ks. Lg `jt kgtlnrlrlg hhf ollr jsskokclrlg ksdki hgs.‟

Hhf Blcclg nllat jjg, wjggllr zki zkmb ja dlnkgt tl vrjnlg ha zki bjjr tljockòjjtsmbjp hg`lr`lzl mhg`ktkls wlc vhhrt wkc zlttlg, `jt tljolgtrll nllg nlzjolgckif prhmls ks. Yl vhlct `jt `l

vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr blt gklt scjnlg vhccl`kn dki bêêr nlcln` zjc whr`lg.

Blcclg9 –]tlc `jt kf `jt zhu `hlg gu bâ, stlc `jt kf zhu zlnnlg, wjgt V…_ kf `lgf ‒djrst, kf

vkg` blt `rkl fllr gkfs ho zh olt olgslg ho tl njjg, lg `jt kf zh hp o‛g tlglg ohlt chplg, `jtks gklt wjjrvhhr kf blt `hl…‛. ]tlc `jt kf zhu zlnnlg ‒Ihgnlgs, kf bld lr ghn llgs hvlr gjnl`jmbtojjrrl.., blt ks gklt nhl`. Dl`jgft, blt wjs llg ohhkl lrvjrkgn, ojjr kf nj, wjgt `jt ks dltlr



:20

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

vhhr oki.‛ @jg zhu `jt hp llg ojgklr uktnlcln` whr`lg, jcs vhcnt9 ‒Yl vhg` blt tl zwjjr, zl wkc`llr gklt zhvllc tki` kg stlflg, zl wkc`l ollr jjgzklg.‛ Kf nj jcclojjc bllc pcjttl `kgnlg ghlolg. Kf

nlchha lmbt jt blt zh uktnlcln` zhu whr lg9 ‒Yl wjs gklt dlrlk` ho lr blclojjc vhhr tl njjg, zl wjs

gklt dlrlk` ho tl stu`lrlg‛. (stkctl) @jt zhu`lg `l jrnuolgtlg zkig wjjroll vlrfcjjr` whr`t `jtBlcclg NHU `l run thlnlfllr` bllat. Yh zhu `jt vhcnlgs oki zkig, zh hpplrvcjffkn jcclojjc.‟

Jccls dki lcfjjr fhot blt dllc` gjjr vhrlg `jt llg tljo dkgglgtrl`lg llg fwlstkl ks vjg llgzki`knrkskmh glolg lg kgvlstlrlg. Phmb vhlclg shooknl tljocl`lg hhf jjg `jt `lrnlckifl llgzki`knblk`

vrllo` ks9

Ujucj9 –Kf bld ol wlc vlrdjjs`, wjgt kf `jmbt ‒Bhl fjg `jt ghu, `jt Ijmmh nllg jjgscuktkgn

vkg`t dki blt tljo8‛ tlrwkic wki vhcnlgs oki jcclojjc zjtlg tl smbrlluwlg ho klojg` `kl zkmb jjgzhu scuktlg. Ojjr okig mhgmcuskl ks `jt blt z kt kg blt nlvlg lg glolg. @l twllzki`knblk`. Lg `jtks lglrnkl, `jt ks wlrfcust, `jt ks llg stufil vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` wkcclg glolg. @jt ks lknlgckif iloëë vlrjgtwhhr`lckif wkcclg vhlclg vhhr blt rlsuctjjt.‟

Ujucj ghlot bklr ‒nlvlg lg glolg‛ jcs twllzki`knblk`. Yl `hlct `jjrdki hp `l wlrfcust lg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` `kl zki dki Ijmmh tl wlkgkn hgtwjjr`l. Bjjr hpolrfkgn hvlr twllzki`knblk` ks `jghhf tl clzlg jcs nlrkmbt hp blt nlvlg lg glolg `hhr Ijmmh. Kg l drl`lrl mhgtlxt vjg kt arjnolgtdkgglg blt kgtlrvklw cknt `l kgspjggkgn lg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhrjc dki `l gkluwfholr. Lgjcs il `kt arjnolgt bllc clttlrckif cllst9 ‒^l blddlg koolrs dlbhlatl jjg klojg` `kl zkmb jjg zhuscuktlg8‛ @jt zki kg `kt splmklfl nlvjc `l twllzki`knblk` vjg nlvlg lg glolg vjg Ijmmh‛s fjgt gkltlrvjrlg bllat, bllat llg lxpckmklt twllzki`knl hhrzjjf9 blt cknt zhwlc kg `l stlrfl jadjflgkgn vjg

wjt `hhr blt tljo nlnlvlg lg nlgholg whr`t, jcs dki Ijmmh‛s lxpckmkltl wlknlrkgn ho vlrjgtwhhr-`lckifblk` tl glolg.

\ktsthtkgn

Pht ghn thl cknt blt jmmlgt vjg `kt bhha`stuf hp jsplmtlg vjg kgscuktkgn9 kgscuktkgnsprhmlsslg lg-mrktlrkj. Llg lgflcl fllr fhot kg blt dlsmbrlvlg prhmls hhf ja- ha uktscuktkgn gjjr vhrlg, zhjcsdki Dlckj `kl zlca `hhr bjjr lknlg hgtwkfflckgn nlclk`lckif jjg vlrwki`lrt vjg blt tljo, ha Ijmmh`kl zkmb gklt hplg ùrat tl stlcclg vhhr blt nrhlpsprhmls. Lr zkig `jjrgjjst hhf llg pjjr bllc ùk-`lckifl oholgtlg vjg uktscuktkgn tl blrflgglg, `kl ollr wln blddlg vjg `hlcdlwustl uktsthtkgn`hhr llg sudstjgtkllc `llc vjg blt tljo.

Blt llrstl vhhrdllc` `jt `jjrvjg vhhr oki zkmbtdjjr ks, ks `l sjolgdjcckgn vjg frjmbtlg tlnlgBlcclg. @l tljoojgjnlr pcllnt l alktlckifl uktsthtkgnsjmtkl hhr Blcclg kg llg vhhrtnjgnsnlsprlftl vlrtlcclg `jt zl gklt cjgnlr tljock` ks. @jt `kt llg `hlcdlwust dlscukt ks, dckift ukt blt alkt `jt bki

tlvhrlg tlnlg ]hl zlnt, `jt blt ‒Blcclg ôa blt tljo‛ ks, lg `jt bki blt tljo gklt njjt hphaalrlg.Blt tljo vlrtlct bki gj jhhp vjg blt nlsprlf `jt Blcclg nlfhzlg bllat gklt cjgnlr tljock` tl wkc-clg zkig. Jg`lrl tljocl`lg zkig vlrdjjs`9 `kt bj``lg zl vjg Blcclg gklt vlrwjmbt. Lg hhf Blcclgks `l vhcnlg`l `jn vlrdjjs` hvlr `lzl wllrnjvl vjg blt nlsprlf.@jnlg cjtlr, wjggllr l ‒mhup‛ vjg l ojgjnlr jjg blt ckmbt fhot, ks l smbj`l dlrhfflg` lg ks lrnllg wln ollr tlrun. @l ollstl NHU-cl`lg vkg`lg blt dlst9 zki lrvjrlg ‒rust kg `l tlgt‛ jcs bug`krlmtl dlcjgn, lg `jt dlcjgn whr`t olt `lzl jmtkl vjg `l tljoojgjnlr nl`klg`. Lgflcl tljocl-`lg zkig hgtbutst hvlr `l hgwjjrjmbtknblk` vjg blt nlbllc.

Blt twll`l ùk`lckifl vhhrdllc` vjg uktsthtkgn vkg`t pcjjts wjggllr blt tljo tlnlg blt lkg`l vjg`l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l `hhr sjgmtkls vjg bhnlr ojgjnlolgt kg bjjr vhhrtdlstjjg dl`rlkn` whr`t.



:2<


Kg llg tljohvlrcln hvlr `l vlrjg`lrkgnlg nlvlg ]hl lg kf jjg `jt wl slrklus hvlrwlnlg honllg `llc ukt tl ojflg vjg blt tljo ‒gkluwl stkic‛. ]hl njjt zls ojjg`lg hp rlks, lg kf hvlrwllnllg jg`lrl wlrfhonlvkgn vjg wjjrukt kf fjg sjolgwlrflg olt NHU kg ohhkl lvlgts vhhr fcjgtlg

wjjr kf zlca cjgnchplg`l vlrjg`lrtrjilmtlg dlnlclk`. Yh`rj ]hl lg kf lmbtlr blddlg jjgnlnlvlg`jt wl `lzl pcjgglg hvlrwlnlg, whr`lg `lzl ghn kg `lzlca`l tljodkillgfhost dlstloplc` jcs vhc`hgnlg alktlg. Arjgs zlnt `jt lr vhhr ]hl lg oki nllg wln tlrun ks. @jt ks `jg nlrlnlc`.Kg `l ojjg`lg `jjrgj whr`t `hhr llg lgflc tljock` jjg mhcclnj°s nlolc` `jt wki hgzl dlscuktlgzlca jc llr`lr nlgholg bj``lg, jcsha `lzl tljonlghtlg zkmbzlca wkcclg vlrzlflrlg jt blt bklrnllg uktsthtkgn dltrlat. ^jjroll kf gklt wkc zlnnlg `jt `lzl hgtwkfflckgn llg vlrfllr`l ks, vlrrl

vjg `jt. Ojjr `l jasthtkgnsrljmtkl bllat ol zllr vlrdjjs`. Yh blmbt dlg il `jg jcs tljo dckifdjjr.Llg vhhrdllc` `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn prlvjcllrt. ^jgt olt `l sglccl vlrwki`lrkgn vjg twll cl`lg ks`l phsktkl vjg `l hvlrknlg vhhrchpkn vlkckn nlstlc`.

]udtklclrl uktscuktkgn

@l mrktlrkj `kl NHU-cl`lg jjgnlvlg vhhr kgscuktkgn vjg gkluwl tljocl`lg, nlc`lg hgvlrfhrt hhf vhhr nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg. Blt uktscuktkgnsprhmls thhgt zkmb gjjr blg jccllg vllc sudtklclr. Kfdlgj`ruf tlg jjgzklg vjg `l nlvlstkn`lg vhhrjc blt uktscuktkgnsjsplmt, ho`jt il hg`lr tljocl`lg

” vjgukt llg gjèla stjg`pugt ” kgscuktkgn jcs llg alkt zhu fugglg hpvjttlg, wjjr`hhr `l uktscuk-tkgnsjmtkls iukst hpolrflckif jastlflg.

\ktscuktkgnsjmtkls blddlg jcclrclk vhrolg, lg zkig ” kg tlnlgstlcckgn tht blt bklrvhhr dlsmbrlvlgprhmls, `jt hp blt gjstrlvlg vjg kgscuktkgn ks nlrkmbt ” kg jccl `rkl `l hg`lrzhlfstljos rlnlcoj-tkn zkmbtdjjr. @lzl uktscuktkgnsjmtkls blddlg blt fjrjftlr vjg `ksfwjckmjtkls lg uktlg zkmb kg `lmhoougkmjtkl, vlrdjjc ha ghg-vlrdjjc. Lgflcl vhhrdllc`lg `jjrvjg zkig jc nlghlo`, zhjcs kg blttrjgsmrkpt vjg `l tljovlrnj`lrkgn (bhha`stuf :, \kt blt clvlg vjg llg tljo) wjjr `l hpolrfkgn

vjg Lccks nlglnllr` whr`t, `jt llg phtlgtkæcl fcjgt bjjr djjs ks nlwllst lg `jt zki ohnlckif hvlrrlclvjgtl kgahrojtkl dlsmbkft6 blt glnlrlg vjg blt gltwlrf vjg Dlckj dki `l hpzlt vjg sjcls jm-tkls6 blt gklt rljnlrlg vjg Ojx-cl`lg hp vrjnlg vjg bug tljoclk`lr, wjjroll zki zkig clk`lrsmbjp`ksfwjckmlrlg.

@ksfwjckmjtkl ks llg ojgklr ho klts tl zlnnlg zhg`lr `jj`wlrflckif klts tl bhlvlg zlnnlg, zhg-`lr blt dl`hlc`l lxpckmklt hg`lr whhr`lg tl drlgnlg. Blt ks okg ha ollr tl dlsmbhuwlg jcs llg(jc `jg gklt dlwustl) ojgklr ho hg`lr kgtlrjmtkl ukt tl fholg, ho klts gklt ukt tl bhlvlg sprlflgha blc`lr tl ojflg. Blt ks hhf llg ojgklr ho `l jg`lr ukt tl tlstlg. Jabjgflckif vjg bhl `l hgt-

vjgnlr rljnllrt stkint ha `jjct `lzl kg `l jmbtkgn vjg `l zlg`lr lg jg`lrl kgnlwki`lg. @hhr`jt`l zlg`lr dkivhhrdllc` llg kopckmkltl, zhrnvuc`kn `uddlczkggkn nlbhu`lg dhh`smbjp stuurt, fjgbki ha zki uktprhdlrlg bhl `l jg`lr rljnllrt lg fjg bki zkmb lr hg`lrukt wkgflclg wjggllr bki lrhpjjgnlsprhflg whr`t, ‒jcsha blt zh lmbt gklt dl`hlc` wjs‛4=1. Plnlckiflrtki` sgjpplg kgnlwki`lg`l dltlflgks vjg `l dhh`smbjp vjjf wlc. @l `ksfwjckmjtkl `hlt vllc kg `l hg`lrckgnl kgtlrjmtkltusslg zlg`lr lg hgtvjgnlr, lg ohnlckif hhf kg `l zlcawjjr`lrkgn lg `l shmkjcl phsktkl vjg `lhgtvjgnlr. @l rljmtkls hp `ksfwjckmjtkls blddlg `jg hhf dkigj jctki` `l vhro vjg llg lxpckmklt

vlrwllr. jt `hhr `l `uddlczkggknblk` vjg `l hhrsprhgflckifl hpolrfkgn vlrvhcnlgs gjtuurckifnldjnjtlccksllr` fjg whr`lg. Llg vhhrdllc` vjg zh‛g `ksfwjckmjtkl ks blt pcjgglg vjg jasprjflgolt fcjgtlg vhhr `l vhhrdlrlk`kgn vjg lvlgts, zhg`lr rlflgkgn tl bhu`lg olt `l jnlg`j‛s vjgjg`lrl dki `jt lvlgt dltrhfflg tljocl`lg, zhjcs ëëg tljock` wlc `hlt. Qhhrjc zkig ol`l- ajmkcktjthrs

whr`lg `jg vhhr blt dchf nlpcjjtst lg ohltlg gklt zlc`lg bug jnlg`j honhhklg. jggllr zki

4=1 Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn :2>



:21

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

zkmb `jjr hvlr uktlg lg jjgnlvlg hgjjgnlgjjo nltrhaalg tl zkig, nllat `l jmthr jjg ‒`jjr gklt dkistkc tl blddlg stkcnlstjjg, zh njjt `jt gu llgojjc‛. Blt vhlct vhhr `l dltrhfflglg jcs `ksrlsplmt,jcs lxpckmkltl `ksfwjckmjtkl, jcs ojmbtsnldrukf lg jjgtjstkgn vjg `l rlcjtkl. Llg ol`l- ajmkcktjthr

bklrhvlr9 –Blt vhlct jcs ‒cjtlg zklg wkl `l djjs ks‛.‟ jtzcjwkmf ghlot jcs vhhrdllc`lg vjg `ksfwjckmjtkl9 zkmbzlca tlnlgsprlflg, jdsur`ktlktlg, vlr-jg`lrkgnlg vjg tbloj, zkgchzl uktwlk`kgnlg, hgvhcthhk`l zkgglg, oksvlrstjg`lg, ùkstlrl sprllf-trjgt ha llg jjgstlcclrkn sprjjfil, blt clttlrckif hpvjttlg vjg hvlr`rjmbtlckifl ukt`ruffkgnlg, ltm. Kgjccl `rkl `l tljos zkig `lrnlckifl jmtkls rlnlcojtkn tl zklg. Hhf vjnl vlr`jmbtojfkgnlg vjcclg bklr-hg`lr ha blt jjg llg tljock` hgtbhu`lg vjg mhoolgtjjr `jt hp `l njgn wlc uktnlwksslc` whr`t.Yh ks `l mhoougkmjtkl tki`lgs NHU-vlrnj`lrkgnlg wjrrkn lg wksslct olg vjjf vjg hg`lrwlrp lgjdstrjmtklgkvlju. @jt olrflg `l NHU-cl`lg zlca hhf hp. Arjgs vjct hp `hhr`jt bki shos ‒kgllgs‛lvlg llg uurtil wln ohlt vhhr llg sjcls olltkgn tlrwkic NHU-cl`lg olt lcfjjr nlpcjg` blddlg kltsmhoougkmjtklas `hlg hvlr llg okg`lr alktlckif tbloj. Hhf `l nlojjftl sprllfthhg vjg Ijmmh,jctbjgs, zh `hhr llg jjgtjc NHU-cl`lg lrvjrlg, vjct kg `kt ckmbt kgllgs hp z‛g pclf. Lvlgjcs blt

glnlrlg ha fclkglrlg vjg tljocl`lg.Dkgglg Ojx vjct `l buohr hp jcs ojgklr ho gklt wlrflckif tl bhlvlg mhoougkmlrlg. Buohrbllat dkgglg Ojx vlrsmbkcclg`l nl`jjgtlg, zhjcs thlsplckgnlg, vllczlnnlg`l dkidltlflgksslg (dki-

vhhrdllc` vhhr `l mhgtrhcclr), wlcnlokftl nllstknbl`lg, ckmbt `ksmrkokglrlg`l lg stknojtkslrlg`lnrjpils. Nhaaojg olrft bklrhvlr hp

–Kgtlrlstkgncy lghunb, kt ks tblsl mhvlrt ahrmls ha slca-lclvjtkhg jg` htblr-`lrhnjtkhg tbjt hatlg kgtrh- ùml j `rljry mhopucskvl rknk`kty th shmkjc lgmhugtlrs V…_.‟ 4=>

Llg nlahrmllr`l sallr ks vhlcdjjr hg`lr `l ncj``l dhvlgcjjn vjg `l nrjpils. Olt gjol `l twll vrhuwlg, `l vhrknl vhhrzkttlr lg `l mhgtrhcclr (jcclg okg`lr prhthtypksmbl tljocl`lg) whr`lg

vjjf hp `l fhrrlc nlgholg. Jg`lrzki`s fjg hhf blt jjgbhu`lg` dlzkn zkig olt ojkc, pm lg nsotki`lgs l tljodkillgfhostlg hpnlvjt whr`lg jcs ‒gklt jjr zkig‛, gklt nlrkmbt hp `l mhoougkmjtkl wjjr `l dkillgfhost prkojkr vhhr dl`hlc` ks.

–Blt vjct gklt tl vlrdjzlg `jt `kt shhrt mhoougkmjtkl typksmb tl bucp whr`t nlrhlplg `hhr kl`lrllg`kl vlrzlkc` nlrjjft ks kg llg sktujtkl wjjrkg bki zkmb vlrpckmbt vhlct tl mhoougkmlrlg, ojjr tlnlckiflrtki` `l plrshhgckifl kgzlt vlrdhg`lg jjg jccl mhoougkmjtkl wlgst tl vlroki`lg.‟ 4=2

jtzcjwkmf ùk t `kt jcs hgwkc ha hgvlrohnlg ho tl mhoougkmlrlg6 `l dltrhfflgl fjg plrshhg-ckifl rl`lglg blddlg ho djgn tl zkig vhhr mhoougkmjtkl ha `kt wkcclg vlroki`lg.

]udnrhlplg

Llg twll`l sudtklclr prhmls vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks `jt vjg `l vhrokgn vjg sudnrhlplg. Kgbhha`stuf <, Dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkmjtkl, ks bklr jc klts hvlr nlzln`. ]udnrhlplg zkig hp tl vjttlg jcsollr ha okg`lr arjnklcl lg tki`lckifl mhjcktkls, nlrkmbt hp blt rljckslrlg vjg nl`llc`l dlcjgnlg.

Dkgglg NHU nrhlplrlg `l ‒JT‛s‛ zkmb dkivhhrdllc`9 `l tljocl`lg olt llg rhc `krlmt hg`lr bltgkvlju vjg ajmkcktjthr. Yki hvlrclnnlg hvlr NHU-splmklfl lg jg`lrl wlrfnlrlcjtllr`l zjflg.

jggllr ëëg vjg blg ajmkcktjthr whr`t, olc`t Ojrtkig `jt zki gklt ollr kg blt nrhlpil wlcfho ks.Olt llg fwkgfscjn wlckswjjr, ojjr `l dhh`smbjp ks nlnlvlg. Llg hu`lr sudnrhlpil `jjrdkgglg

4=> Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn :22

4=2 ^jtzcjwkmf lt jc, :;1>, pn 14-1=



:2>


vhrolg `l `rkl tljocl`lg vjg ‛t llrstl uur9 ]hl, Ojrtkig lg Gjgj. @hhr l jjr` vjg `l dkg`kgn,gjolckif bug hhrsprhgn, ks `kt llg blmbt nrhlpil dkgglg `l nrhlp JT‛s.Hpolrflckif nlghln scuktlg `l ajmkcktjthrs zkmb gklt jjg tht llg sudnrhlp, tlrwkic zl thmb llg ùk-

`lckif tl hg`lrsmblk`lg nrhlp dkgglg blt tljo vhrolg, `kl prhalsskhgllc vllc ukt tl wksslclg zhufugglg blddlg. Yki dlclvlg zkmbzlca lmbtlr gklt jcs zh`jgkn vlrdhg lg.

Dkgglg Ojx zkl il shos mhjcktkls vjg stjaojgjnlrs tlnlghvlr sjcls lg ojrfltkgn, ha llg nrhlpilprhmlsnlrkmbtl tljocl`lg, `kl blt dlcjgn vjg dltlrl jastlookgn dlgj`rufflg. @l stlrfstl mhj-cktkls whr`lg lmbtlr nlvhro` `hhr lgflcl vjg `l sjcls lg ojrfltkgnùh‛s rhg` ëëg prhùmt. Ykiblddlg llg lxpckmklt nlzjolgckif dlcjgn tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `l jg`lrl ùh‛s dkgglg blt tljo9 bltdlojmbtknlg vjg gjgmkæcl ok``lclg vhhr `l ojrfltkgn vjg bug prhùmt.

Dlsmbhuwkgn

Qlrsmbkigkgnsvhrolg

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn thhgt zkmb kg l hg`lrzhlfstljos kg vlrsmbkcclg`l vhrolg lg kgtlgsktlktlg. NHUks blt lgknl hg`lrzhlfstljo wjjr sprjfl ks vjg ‒thlcjtkgnsojmbt‛ dki `l tljocl`lg, wjjr`hhr jc-cllg kg `kt tljo lxpckmkltl, ahrolcl kg- lg uktscuktkgn vhhrfhot. Ahrollc kg `kl zkg `jt blt clk`t thtthltrl`kgn ha vlrtrlf vjg tljocl`lg. Kg `l jg`lrl tljos ks `l sjolgstlcckgn koolrs augmtkhgllc

” lg `jjroll ahrollc ” dlpjjc`8

Kg jccl tljos fholg gjjst `lzl lxpckmkltl vhro vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn hhf sudtklclrl vhrolg vhhr. Pljocl`lg whr`lg shos nlèshcllr`, nlglnllr`, nlfclkgllr`, vhhr nlf nlzlt. ]mjplnhjtkgn 4=; ks kg `lcktlrjtuur llg dlflg` olmbjgksol `jt tljos lg nrhlplg nldrukflg ho bug ‒sclmbtl‛ nlvhlclgs tlprhilmtlrlg lg ja tl rljnlrlg hp ëëg jg`lr tljock`. Lccks ks dki NHU kg vllc hpzkmbtlg ijrlgcjgnblt zwjrtl smbjjp, tlrwkic Ijmmh jjgnllat tl vhlclg `kl rhc tl blddlg. Blt zwjrtl smbjjp vlrvuct

llg vlrvlclg`l ojjr dlcjgnrkifl augmtkl9 zh whr`lg `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg kg `l nlclnlgblk` nl-stlc` zkmb ‒nhl`‛ tl vhlclg. Yki blddlg lr `jg hhf dlcjgn dki `jt blt zwjrtl smbjjp ‒sclmbt‛ dckiat.

Plzjolg blddlg `l hvlrknl tljocl`lg vjjf hhf `l ojmbt ho kl sktujtkl zh tl bhu`lg. Llg ok`-`lc `jjrthl `jt kg blt bjg`lclg vjg NHU-cl`lg zkmbtdjjr ks, ks `jt zl bug frktklf gklt hplg oltLccks `lclg lg zh gklt hpdhuwlg` olt bjjr tl wlrflg, bjjr gklt wlrflckif `l nlclnlgblk` nlvlg `lsktujtkl tl dlègvchl`lg.

Jg`lrzki`s zkig gjjst dhvlgnlghlo`l vjrkjgtlg vjg uktscuktkgn hhf sudtklclrl vhrolg vjg kgscuk-tkgn tl zklg, zhjcs fclkgl, ollstjc tki`lckifl mhjcktkls vjg cl`lg `kl zkmb llg`lr vhlclg lg/ha sjolgllg dlcjgn blddlg. Kgscuktkgn bllat `jg hhf jccls olt blt ahrolrlg vjg sudnrhlplg tl ojflg, jcsokc`lrl vhro vjg ‒wkl ojn lrdki‛. Blt bllat `jg llg augmtkl jcs jascuktkgn vjg `l nrhtl nrhlp hajascuktkgn vjg jg`lrl sudnrhlplg.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn vhrolg llg twll-llgblk`, ëëg slt vjg dlwlnkgnlg `kl sjolg clk`lg tht nrhlpsvhrokgn lg jasmblk`kgn. K`lgtkmjtkl lg `kaalrlgtkjtkl zkig hg`lrcknnlg`l prhmlsslg. Kgscuktkgnclk`t bklrdki tht pjrtkmkpjtkl, kgtlnrjtkl ha zlcas jsskokcjtkl, uktscuktkgn clk`t tht ojrnkgjcksjtkl haslpjrjtkl.

4=; ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn >5



:22

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dlcjgnlg lg frjmbtlg

@hhr`jt jccllg NHU bjjr sjolgstlcckgn zlca fklst, ks `kt hhf blt lgknl hg`lrzhlfstljo wjjr kg-scuktkgn `hlcdlwust gjnlstrlla` whr`t. Blt jmbtlrcknnlg`l tljodlcjgn ks blt dhrnlg vjg mhgtkgu-

ktlkt lg nrhlk `hhr jjgwjs olt gkluwl tljocl`lg. Nrhlk zhwlc kg hovjgn, vjjr`knbl`lg lg flg-gksnldkl`lg, jcsol`l nrhlk kg `kvlrsktlkt. Dki `l jg`lrl hg`lrzhlfstljos ks nrhlk gklt jjg `l hr`l,jjgnlzklg blt tljo llg vjst jjgtjc ‒zltlcs‛ flgt. @jjrdki ks `l mhgtkguètlkt vhhr `lzl tljos okg haollr nlwjjrdhrn` `hhr bug ollr strumturlcl rhc kg `l hrnjgksjtkl. ^jt ks blt laalmt vjg blt alkt`jt kgscuktkgn kg lzl cjjtstl tljos nllg jjg`jmbt frkint8 Llg gkluw tljock` ohlt zkmb ojjr rl``lglg zlca uktvkg`lg wjt `l ohrls lg `rkiavlrlg zkig. Jjg dkg`kgn whr`t gklt hpzlttlckif nlwlrft, `lthlnlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg `l gkluwfholr whr`t bhhnukt tlrchhps hpnlolrft ha nlwjjr`llr`.

Qhhr NHU, wlrflg` kg llg vkijg`knl honlvkgn, bllat mhgtkguètlkt ghn llg jg`lr nlzkmbt. Lcflgkluwl thltrl`lr ks jafhostkn ukt `l vkijg`knl duktlgwlrlc` lg blt ks dlcjgnrkif nhl` hp tl clttlg`jt `lzl plrshhg zkmb gjjr blt tljo vhlnt, z‛g hu`l `lgfdllc`lg lg nlwhhgtlg jasmbu`t. Hoolt ]hgij tl sprlflg9 –Jg`lrs vlrwjtlrt hgs hlc, hgs wlrf.‟ @jg whr`lg lr njtlg kg blt zhrnvuc-

`kn hpnldhuw`l vlstkgnwlrf nlsmbhtlg ha fholg duktlgstjjg`lrs hvlr `l hoblkgkgn bllg.

Dlcjgnlg vjg nlvlstkn`lg

Plnlghvlr `lzl dlcjgnlg vjg blt tljo stjjg vlrsmbkcclg`l kg`kvk`ulcl dlcjgnlg. Pljocl`lg wkcclgdhvlgjc `l stjtus quh lg bug lknlg phsktkl `jjrkg dlsmblrolg. Yki lrvjrlg dki thltrl`kgn `l oh-nlckifblk` vjg mhgmurrlgtkl. Phltrl`kgn vjg llg gkluw tljock` dltlflgt plr `lgktkl vlrjg`lrkgn.

Qlrjg`lrkgn kg sjolgstlcckgn, tjjfvlr`lckgn, kgtlrjmtklpjtrhglg, ojjr wjjrsmbkigckif hhf hp bltnldkl` vjg bkærjrmbkl lg ojmbt. jt drlgnt kt gkluwl tljock` jjg vlrjg`lrkgn8 lcfl pclf zjc bkiha zki hplkslg ha vjg gjturl kgglolg8 Dckift gu okig kgmhopltlgtkl8 Fhrtho9 gjjst blt vlrblunlghvlr `l phtlgtkæcl vlrrkifkgn lrvjrlg zki ” ollstjc nrhtlg`llcs gklt dlwust ” hhf jgnst vhhr lghgrust hvlr l vlrjg`lrkgn kl kgblrlgt ks jjg l fhost vjg l gkluwlckgn. Kg l hg`lrzhlfstljosks zkmbtdjjr `jt `l cl`lg jclrt zkig wjggllr llg gkluw tljock` thltrll`t. @l dlwlnkgnlg vjg llggkluw tljock` whr`lg gjuwclttlg` nlvhcn`, lg hhf ks olg jclrt hp `l rukotl `kl ‒`l gkluwl‛ kg-gllot lg wlcfl thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l bki ha zki cjjt zklg. Yhwlc dki Ojx jcs dki NHU ks tl zklg `jt`l tljocl`lg zkmb `jjrdki llrst tlrunbhu`lg.

Dlcjgnlg vjg `l gkluwfholr

Blt gkluwl tljock` `jjrlgtlnlg wkc jjgscuktlg lg prhdllrt `jjrthl ja tl stloolg hp `l vlrwjmbtkgnlg vjg `l nlvlstkn`lg. ^jt ks zkmbtdjjr, wjt ks vhlcdjjr8 Jccl jgtlggls stjjg dki blo habjjr hp smblrp, wjgt cjgn gklt jccl vlrwjmbtkgnlg whr`lg uktnlsprhflg. Hg`lrzhlf thhgt jjg `jt‒lrdki bhrlg‛ llg djsjcl dlbhlatl ks405, lg `jt uktscuktkgn hg`lr jccl hostjg`knbl`lg jcs aysklf pkig-

ckif lg dl`rlknlg` lrvjrlg whr`t40:. Jccl rl`lg `us ho vhhrzkmbtkn tl zkig! Plnlckiflrtki` wkc `lzlgkluwfholr hhf cjtlg zklg wkl bki ks lg wjt zkig thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l ks. Llg `lckmjjt prhmls! @lsummlsvhccl thltrl`lrs dckiflg jjrdki ojfflckiflr ojmbt tl nugglg jjg l nlvlstkn`lg, zki strholgollr oll, tlrwkic `l gklt-summlsvhccl thltrl`lrs bklrtlnlg kg prhtlst fholg lg njjg vlmbtlg. @kttlnlgstrkddlclg wlft lrnlrgks dki l nlvlstkn`lg hp, lg chft jjroll ollr ojmbtsvlrthhg ukt. Llgglnjtklvl spkrjjc ks hp njgn nldrjmbt!

405 Djuolkstlr & Cljry, :;;<, pn <45

40: Dllst & ^kcckjos, 4551, pn ;:2



:2;


Llg twll`l `ygjoklf `kl bklr ohnlckif spllct, ks wjt Dlrn & ]oktb404 vlrwhhr`lg jcs `l pjrj`hx vjg nrlgzlg9 pjs jcs lr nrlgzlg nltrhfflg zkig, fjg llg rlcjtkl hgtstjjg6 zhg`lr nrlgzlg trll`t au-skl hp. Ohnlckif `jt vhhr `l twll gklt summlsvhccl thltrl`lrs `l nrlgzlg gklt ùk`lckif nlghln zkig,

wjjr`hhr zki vrlzlg vhhr auskl. Olt gjol dki Ijmmh ks `lzl vrlls kg zkig uktsprjflg tl bhrlg.Yhjcs llr`lr nlstlc`, gjjst `lzl lxpckmkltl vhro vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn fholg kg jccl tljos ollrsudtklcl gujgmls vhhr. lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg bklrdki, vhhrhp nlstlc` jt blt hlc vjg blt tljo bltrljckslrlg vjg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc ks8

Mrljtklvl sturkgn

Ho bug mhopclxl `hlc tl rljckslrlg ks blt vhhr jccl hg`lrzhlfstljos dlcjgnrkif `l jjgwlzknl `k- vlrsktlkt zh nhl` ohnlckif tl dlguttlg. Clhgjr` & ]wjp40= lg vlcl jg`lrlg ghlolg kg `kt vlrdjg`blt mhgmlpt vjg mrljtkvl jdrjskhg 9 mrljtklvl smburkgn tusslg tljocl`lg `kl bug vlrsmbkcclg vlrwlc-fholg lg `lzl mhgstrumtkla kgzlttlg. Kgzkmbtlg fugglg `jjrdki vhhrtfholg ukt mhgtrjstlg `hhr

vlrsmbkcclg kg cllatki`, ojjtsmbjpplckif lg prhalsskhgllc rlalrlgtklfj`lr, ojjr hhf dkivhhrdllcùkt vlrsmbkcclg kg ojgklr vjg `lgflg, wjjr`lg lg ghrolg, hpclk`kgn, nlscjmbt lg ltgksmbl jmbtlr-nrhg`. Blt ks zh`hlg`l llg tljodlcjgn `jt `lzl smburkgn mhgstrumtkla dlgut whr`t.Ha tljocl`lg zlca `lzl vlrsmbkcclg `jj`wlrflckif ùrvlg tl vlrflgglg lg kg tl drlgnlg ha `jt zkizkmb jjgpjsslg jjg `l jmtulcl bhha`strhho, bjgnt ja vjg bug plrmlptkl ha bug jawkiflg`l stjg`-pugt ha kgdrlgn nlhhrchha` ks, `hhr `l jg`lrlg nlwjjr`llr` lg gklt uktnlschtlg zjc whr`lg. lzjnlg koolrs jc `jt ‒jjgpjsslg‛ ëëg vjg `l dlpjclg`l ajmthrlg vhhr kgscuktkgn ks8 Ylcawjjr`lrkgn,zlcavlrzlflr`blk` lg rlcjtklvl ojmbtsphsktkl dkgglg blt jmtulcl vlc` vjg hp `jt oholgt sjolg-

wlrflg`l tljocl`lg spllct bklrdki llg rhc. Dkgglg NHU ks `jt uk`lckif zkmbtdjjr dki l vhhrdlrlk-`kgn vjg llg lvlgt hhr llg fclkg llc vjg blt tljo9 lzlca`l plrshhg fjg kg l lgl mhodkgjtkl llgmrljtklvl dki`rjnl blddlg, tlrwkic zki kg llg jg`lrl mhodkgjtkl vjg tljocl`lg ha kg `l wlflckifsl

vlrnj`lrkgn vjflr bjjr ohg` bhu`t. Hg`lrckgnl ojmbtskgtlrjmtkls dlpjclg ol`l `l mrljtklvlprhùmtkl vjg blt tljo. Clhgjr` & ]wjp400 wjjrsmbuwlg lr kg `kt vlrdjg` vhhr tl zhrnlg `jt tbljcklg , lnlgl olt blt jawkiflg`l stjg`pugt, kg llg dlpjjc`l ksmusskl gklt wlrflckif duktlgnlschtlg

whr`t. Olt jg`lrl whhr`lg, `jt `l smburkgn zkmb dlplrft tht blt kgbhu`lckifl wlrf lg zkmb gklthgnlolrft hp plrshhgckif gkvlju vhhrtzlt.

Tukotl vhhr vjrkjtkl

Bklroll sjolgbjgnlg` zklg ]oktb & Dlrn 40< jcs tljodlcjgn `jt sktujtkhgllc jccl tjclgtlg jjgdh` fholg. Yki stlcclg `jt kg pcjjts `jjrvjg vjjf ëëg sudnrhlp `l `hokgjgtkl (ojmbt) prhdllrttl vlrfrkinlg, `jjroll juthojtksmb `l uktkgn vjg `l jg`lrl sudnrhlp dlplrflg`. Llg vhhrdllc`bklrvjg ks `l ojmbtstrki` dkgglg NHU tusslg ajmkcktjthrs lg `l tljocl`lg kg rhcclg `krlmt `jjrhg-`lr. ‒Yki lrhg`lr‛ wkcclg hhf ajmkcktlrlg, `l ajmkcktjthrs lmbtlr zklg `jt gklt jcs bug dlcjgn lg scuktlg`l jg`lrl tljocl`lg ukt vjg bug ajmkcktjthrjmtkvktlktlg. @kt gjtuurckif kgnlfcll` olt ” kg bug hnlg

” vjck`l jrnuolgtlg. Gj vllc ‒strki`‛ whr`t llg mhoprhoks dl`jmbt wjjroll dlk`l fugglg clvlg. jggllr tljocl`lg blt olmbjgksol zhu`lg zklg `jt blg vlr`llct kg sudnrhlplg, blt ôa-ôa-`lg-flg, lg blt alkt jt kt blg `hlot tht clvlg kg kl dlplrftl rhc, jg zhu jt bjg`vjttlg nlvlg vhhr`l hpchsskgn.

404 Dlrn & ]oktb, :;;<, pn ::1

40= Clhgjr` & ]wjp, :;;;, pn :; - <5

400 Clhgjr` & ]wjp, :;;;, pn 01

40< ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;<



:;:


jjg `l hhrsprhgflckif janlsprhflg tki`vlr`lckgn vjstbhu`t, hgtstjjt vlrvrllo`kgn lg dhtstbjjr nl`rjn olt `l ghro.

Kg llg `llc vjg NHU, `l JT-kgtlrvksklnrhlp, ks llg ckist olt nhu`lg rlnlcs hpnlstlc` jcs rljm-

tkl hp `l lknlg strjffl rlnlcs tlg jjgzklg vjg `l wlrfjttktu`l. Tlnlcs `kl lxpckmklt `l kgtlgtkl wllrnlvlg ho `l ghro tl vlrshlplclg. Qlrvhcnlgs dckift blt zllr cjstkn ho `kl gkluwl rlnlcshhf kg`lr`jj` tl bjgtlrlg. @l nlvlstkn`l ghrolg zkig bjr`glffkn! @kt whr`t ol`l vlrhhr-zjjft `hhr`jt llg `llc vjg blt tljo bklr hg`lrckgn jasprllft `l ghro tl vlrshlplclg lg `jtgklt dki `l jg`lrl tljocl`lg tlr sprjfl drlgnt.

Yhjcs llr`lr kg `kt bhha`stuf nlstlc`9 hg`lrzhlf 402 wkist ukt `jt wkl zkmb gklt mhgahrollrt hgsyo-pjtbklflr whr`t nlvhg`lg, nlglnllr` lg uktlkg`lckif ohnlckif dlstrjat whr`t olt shmkjcl uktscuk-tkgn. Tlprlssklvl ojjtrlnlclg, wjjr `l dltrhfflgl llg rljmtkl hp fjg ha zjc nlvlg.

Blt ks kg tljos gklt hgnldrukflckif `jt wkl `l bllrslg`l ghrolg ” lg `l ojjtrlnlclg `kl bki `jjr-hp hgtohlt ” gklt dlvjct, `jjrtlnlg tlg strki`l trlft lg prhdllrt `l ghrolg tl vlrjg`lrlg kg klts

wjjr bki ha zki wâc `llc vjg ukt wkc ojflg. Yh dlsmbrkivlg ]oktb & Dlrn9

–Bks hr blr oksskhg kg tbl nrhup dlmhols arjol` kg hpphsktkhgjc tlros. ^blg tbl nrhup su`- `lgcy `kspcjys phwlrauc rlskstjgml, lqujc th tbl blrh(kgl)‛s hwg laahrt, tblrl sllos gh jctlrgjtkvl th‒uppkgn tbl jgtl‛ jg` nbtkgn lvlg ohrl vknhrhuscy. Pbl mymcl rlpljts ktslca ugtkc tbl kg`kvkùjc

mhgqulrs hr allcs mhgqulrl` dy tbl nrhup, hr, ohrl jmmurjtlcy, dy tbl ‒slca‛ tbjt wjs put kgth tbl nrhup.‟ 40;

Yhwlc rhg` Blcclg jcs rhg` Ijmmh ks `kt alghollg zkmbtdjjr. Lg kg dlk`l nlvjcclg njjg zki `hhrolt vlmbtlg lg bjr`lr vlmbtlg tht zl zkmb, `l gh`knl fwltsurlg rkiflr, nlwhgglg ohltlg nlvlg.

Pusslg jg`lrl NHU-cl`lg, jcclg ‒nlvlstkn`lg‛, bld kf kg `l nlblcl hdslrvjtklplrkh`l sclmbts ëëg

fllr zh‛g blatknl frjmbtoltkgn nlzklg. Bklr smbkftl ëëg vjg `l pjrtkilg zkmb lg blrstlc`l `l rustzkmb nlclk`lckif.Blt ks ùk`lckif `jt gklt jccl tljocl`lg lvlgvllc kgvchl` blddlg hp `l dlpjckgn vjg ghrolg.

Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn 4<5 smbrkivlg hvlr `l nrhtlrl rlcjtklvl kgvchl` vjg shooknl tljocl`lg

–]lca jg` htblrs jrl ght plrmlkvl` js ugkqul kg`kvkùjcs, dut rjtblr jrl vklwl` tbrhunb tbl clgs ha nrhup prhthtypkmjckty. V…_ Mhgahrokty prhmlssls kg mhgiugmtkhg wktb mhgslgsujc shmkjc jttrjmtkhgojfl prhthtypkmjc olodlrs ohrl kgulgtkjc.‟

Ks blt kg`lr`jj` zh, `jt prhthtypksmbl tljocl`lg ollr kgvchl` blddlg8 @jt zl `hhr llg bhnlrlmhrrlsphg`lgtkl olt blt prhthtypl bhnlr kg `l bkærjrmbkl zkttlg8 Ha ks blt jg`lrsho, `jt prhth-typksmbl tljocl`lg plr `lgktkl `l tljocl`lg zkig `kl ollr ojmbt blddlg lg zh`hlg`l `l ghro

dlpjclg8 @jt zki `jjr`hhr zhwlc blt prhthtypl vhrolg jcs `kt vlrtlnlgwhhr`knlg8

]trjtlnklæg vjg gkluwfholrs lg hu`nl`klg`lg

Llr`lr kg kt bhha`stuf zkig l strjtlnklæg dlsmbrlvlg kl l vklr tht NHU thltrl`lg`l ajmkcktjthrsbjgtlrlg. Dki bug lgtrll lrvjrlg zki jccl vklr `jt blt tljo blg gklt wjjr`llrt vhhr `l lknlgsmbjp-plg wjjr`hhr zki iukst jcs gkluw ck` nlvrjjn` whr`lg, ha `kt gu `l mhrrlsphg`lrlg`l, `l mhopcl-olgtjkrl ha `l mhgtrjstlrlg`l lknlgsmbjpplg zkig. Bhlwlc `l gkluwfholrs zkmb bklrhvlr kg bhnl

402 Ojrtkig & `l Qrkls, 455>, pn 01:

40; ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;4

4<5 Qjg Fgkpplgdlrn & Bhnn, 455=, pn 40

•



:;4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

ojtl vlrdjzlg ks `kt nllg uktzhg`lrckif tljonl`rjn. ]oktb & Dlrn dlsmbrkivlg llg mjsl wjjrkg klts`lrnlckifs nldlurt9

Llg fclkgl hrnjgksjtkl ‒kg mbjhs‛ zhlft vlrstlrfkgn vjg llg ojgjnlr ho `l jòkgkstrjtklvl zjflgwllr hp `l rjkcs tl frkinlg. Blt ks zh vlr nlfholg `jt lr nllg pcjggkgnlg vjg wlrfzjjobl`lgollr nlojjft fugglg whr`lg lg nllg rlflgkgnlg `l `lur ukt njjg. Yh`rj `l gkluwl ojgjnlrbjjr wlrfzjjobl`lg stjrt hgtohlt zki tht bjjr vlrdjzkgn vllc wllrstjg`, zhwlc plrshhgckif jcs

prhalsskhgllc. ^jggllr zki bklr tlnlgkg njjt lg vhcbhu`t `jt `kt thmb ks wjjr ho nlvrjjn` ks, `jt`kt wlrf gh`kn ks ho `l hrnjgksjtkl wllr hp `l dllg tl blcplg, hgtstjjt lr llg zh`jgknl mhgtrhvlrsl`jt zl dkigj hgtscjnlg whr`t.

@l hrnjgksjtklcl`lg zklg `jt zl `lzl vrhuw gh`kn blddlg, iukst vjgwlnl bjjr jg`lrl lknlgsmbjpplg. Yl burlg bjjr kg, dkl`lg wllrstjg` tlnlg bug zlcamhrrknlrlg`l jmtkl lg njjg dkigj tlg hg`lr. Lr ks llg wlgs tht vlrjg`lrkgn, tht nrhlk, lg `l hpchsskgn whr`t nlzklg kg blt dkgglgdrlgnlg vjgllg gkluw tljock`. @jt tljock` whr`t lmbtlr gklt jccllg `l vlrplrshhgckifkgn vjg `l vlrgkluwkgn,ojjr hhf blt okfpugt vjg jccl lohtkls `kl `lzl vlrjg`lrkgn hprhlpt. @l gkluwl sktujtkl bhu`tkoolrs jctki` ýýf `l vlrgkltknkgn vjg `l hu`l sktujtkl kg8 ^jggllr lr kg blt vlrjg`lrkgnsprhmls

klts oks njjt ks blt llg fclkgl stjp ho `l gkluwfholr bklrvjg `l smbuc` tl nlvlg6 llg vhro vjgsmjplnhjtkgn. 4<:

@kt ks wjt Blcclg dki bjjr lgtrll dki NHU hvlrfhot. NHU bllat `rkgnlg` dlbhlatl jjg `l mjpj-dlcl ajmkcktjthr `kl zki ks, lg hhf jjg ollr vjrkjtkl kg nl`rjn lg ghrolg, jc zjc gklt kl`lr tljock` `ktdlvlstknlg. Iukst hhr jt mhgtrjstlrlg`l nl`rjn vjg Blcclg drlgnt bjjr lgtrll lmbtlr hgvhhrzklglturduclgtkl olt zkmb oll. Hgvhhrzklg ” bhlwlc zlflr tl vhhrzklg ” ho`jt blt tljo `lrnlckifl`ygjoklflg gklt `hhrzklt lg gklt hp `lrnlckifl zjflg jgtkmkpllrt. Blt tljo ks bklr`hhr gklt vhhr-dlrlk` lg fjg kt vlrsmbkc kg nl`rjn gklt bjgtlrlg. Lg jg ks blt Blcclg‛s smbuc` ‒`jt ‛t gklt nlwlrft

bllat‛. Blcclg vhlct `kt vlrwkit jc tki`lgs blt prhmls jjgfholg. jt llg pjrjcclc tusslg vhrkn mktjjt lg `l bjrtsthmbtlckifl wlgs vjg NHU llg gkluwl ajmkcktjthr tlfugglg vlrwlcfholg! ^jggllr `kl lr `jg ks, ks `l (ohnlckifl) vlrgkluwkgn tl nrhht ho oll hotl njjg. ]clmbts kg`klg ‒`l gkluwl‛ zkmb stlrf jjgpjst lg jccllg ojjr skngjclg nllat gklts tl wkcclg

vlrjg`lrlg, ùs alktlckif zhwlc `l dlchatl jcs `l spjggkgn vjg vlrgkluwkgn vlrdrllft, `jg ks blthfë `jt bki ha zki dckiat.

@kt ks `jg hhf `l summlsvhccl strjtlnkl, `kl twll gkluwfholrs bjgtlrlg9 zki bhu`lg zkmbzlca tlrun,stlcclg zkmbzlca prkojkr hp jcs ‒hvlrllgfhostkn olt nlvlstkn`lg‛. Yl cukstlrlg lg vrjnlg, thglgzkmb zllr dlcjgnstlcclg` lg ‒dlwhg`lrlg`‛ hvlr blt mhgmlpt wjjr NHU oll wlrft lg wjmbtlg oltblt kgdrlgnlg vjg lknlg wlrflrvjrkgn tht`jt zki vhlclg jt kt vlkckn fjg. Fhrtho9 zki duknlg lg dl-

thglg NHU lg bjjr cl`lg rlsplmt tht zl hpnlgholg zkig jcs tljock` lg vjgukt `lzl rlcjtkla vlkcknlphsktkl mhoolgtjjr lg frktklf ohnlg nlvlg. @l jg`lrl twll thltrl`lrs mhodkglrlg dlcjgnstlcckgn(vhhrjc Blcclg) olt llg ùk`lckifl kgdrlgn vjg bug fjgt (olt gjol Ijmmh). Yki blddlg dlbhlatljjg lrflggkgn vhhr zkmbzlca. @l ollstl tljocl`lg zkig gklt dlrlk` `kl zhojjr tl nlvlg.

Blt ks jcsha lr nlrl`lgllr` whr`t vjgukt smbjjrstl jjg lrflggkgn lg llg frjptl kg lohtkhglclzlcastjg`knblk` vjg blt tljo. @l pjrj`hx vjg kgtkoktlkt vjg ]oktb & Dlrn 4<4 ks bklr okigs kgzklgs

vllcdltlflglg`9

4<: ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :0<

4<4 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :45



:;=


–Jmmlptjgml ha slca `lplg s hg jmmlptjgml ha htblrs, jg` jmmlptjgml ha htblrs `lplg`s hg jmmlptjgml ha slca.‟

@l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg fugglg `l gkluwfholr jccllg lmbt jmmlptlrlg, wjggllr zki zkmbzlca lgbug hostjg`knbl`lg jmmlptlrlg lg `jjr`hhr gklt jgnstkn bhlvlg zkig hvlr `l laalmtlg vjg `lthltrl`kgn. Qhhr `l thltrl`lr nlc`t honlfllr` bltzlca`l. ^jggllr `lzl zkmbzlca jmmlptllrt lg `lohnlckifl mhgslqulgtkls vjg `l thltrl`kgn tht blt tljo ” llg mhgarhgtjtkl kgmcuks ” `jg bhlat bkiha zki zkmb gklt zh kg tl spjgglg `l nhl`flurkgn vjg `l jg`lrlg tl dlojmbtknlg. Kg blt jcnlollgbhlat lr `jg vllc okg`lr hozkmbtkn nlojghluvrllr` tl whr`lg lg fugglg tljocl`lg bug frjmb-tlg hgdlvjgnlg uktprhdlrlg tlg dlbhlvl vjg blt tljo.

Mhoougkmjtkl dki kg- lg uktscuktkgn

Llg mlgtrjjc mhgmlpt dki mhoougkmjtkl ks tjjc. Pjjc dlstjjt gklt chs vjg bjjr nldrukflrs, ks gkltglutrjjc lg gklt vrkidckivlg`4<=. Pjjc vlrdkg`t, `lgkllrt vlrbhu`kgnlg, dlsmbrkiat lg smbrkiat vhhr.

]jgmtkls hp jawkiflg` tjjcnldrukf vjrkærlg vjg gklt slrklus nlgholg whr`lg ha gklt dlnrlplg whr`lg tht nlglnllr` whr`lg ha zlcas uktscuktkgn.Hhf bklr ks Ijmmh llg vhhrdllc`. Qlrsmbkcclg`l NHU-cl`lg vkg`lg `jt bki kgnlwkfflc` prjjt lgkrrktjgtl whhr`lg nldrukft, wjjr`hhr bki gklt ‒vlrstjjg‛ whr`t hhr l jg`lrlg. ]hooknlg tljocl-`lg prhdlrlg `kt tl hvlrdrunnlg, ojjr Ijmmh muctkvllrt `l jastjg`, `hlt vjg zkig fjgt nllg phnkgntht hvlrdrunnlg. @l jg`lr ohlt gjjr bâo thl fholg. Ijmmh zlt tjjc zllr lxpckmklt kg jcs `ksfwjck-mjtkl lg `jjroll jcs ojmbtsok``lc. Ijmmh sprllft dkivhhrdllc` hvlr ‒`l trjgsktkhglcl rukotl‛, llgdlnrkp ukt `l cllr vjg ^kggkmhtt. Fktcyg Pikg J @ikl4<0 vlrwhhr`t `lzl tlro jcs

‒Llg shhrt gklojg`scjg` hp `hhrrlks vjg blt hu`l, dlflg`l, gjjr blt gkluwl, hgdlflg`l6 llgtusslgrukotl wjjr blt hu`l lg blt gkluwl lcfjjr hgtohltlg, wjjr vlrcl`lg lg thlfhost sjolg

jjgwlzkn zkig kg blt bklr lg gu. Blt ks ghn gklt lmbt, blt ks llg tki`lckifl, vkrtulcl wlrlc` wjjrkg`lgflg, ajgtjslrlg lg `rholg mlgtrjjc stjjg. Llg rukotl wjjrkg mrljtklvl hpchsskgnlg tht stjg`fugglg fholg.‟

Lxpckmklt flggks glolg vjg `lrnlckifl mhgmlptlg `kl kopckmklt jc cjgn `llc uktojflg vjg blt prh-alsskhglcl wlrf vjg blt tljo, zhu zllr vlrrkiflg` vhhr `l NHU-cl`lg fugglg zkig, jjgvucclg`hp wjt zki `hhr lknlg lrvjrkgn dkigj aysklf wëtlg. Lmbtlr, zhwlc `l wllrstjg` vjg `l NHU-cl`lgzlca tlnlg blt rjrl tjjcnldrukf vjg Ijmmh jcs vjg Ijmmh ho llg thlgj`lrkgnsphnkgn tl `hlg, dlclo-olrlg `lzl vlrrkifkgn. Llg `uk`lckif vhhrdllc` `jt jgnstlg jjg wllrszki`lg (lglrzki`s vhhr `kl

vrllo`l Ijmmh lg `l ohnlckifl kopjmt vjg zkig ‒wltlg‛, jg`lrzki`s vhhr `l thlgj`lrkgn) blt clrlgijoolrckif dlcloolrlg.

Hhf kg ollr hvlr`rjmbtlckifl zkg ks mhoougkmjtkl llg sclutlcprhmls ho tht kgscuktkgn tl fholg,glt zhjcs wl llr`lr zjnlg `jt `ksfwjckmjtkl llg mhoougkmjtkla mhgmlpt ks wjjroll uktnlschtlg

whr`t. Hpvjcclg` mhoougkmjtkl-jsplmt ks bklr dhvlg`klg, jt Blcclg ghmb Ijmmh llg mhgmrllt k`llbllat wjjrho zki uktnlschtlg whr`lg. Kg ckig olt `l trj`ktkl vjg gklt hplg mhoougkmjtkl whr`t bltblg gklt vlrtlc`. Yki vrjnlg `jjr zlca hhf gklt gjjr lg blddlg zh`hlg`l nllg mchu ho bug nl`rjn

” zh zl `jt zhu`lg wkcclg lg fugglg ” jjg tl pjsslg jjg wjt blt tljo vjg blg vlrcjgnt.

4<= Ohstlrt, 455>, pn 02

4<0 Pikg J @ikl, 4551, pn :



:;0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Qjgzlcasprlflg` ks blt ghh`zjflckif `jt gkluwfholrs zkmb cjtlg zklg, wjggllr zki nlzklg wkcclg whr`lg. Bhlwlc, vjgzlcasprlflg`8 Tjtkhgllc nlzklg wlc, ojjr lohtkhgllc nlzklg ks `kt ghn gkltllgvhu`kn, wjt hpgkluw tl ojflg bllat olt llg pjrj`hx9

–Ahr olodlrs th cljrg wbh tbly jrl nhkgn th dl kg jg` th tbl nrhup, tbly oust dl wkcckgn th ksmchsl6th slca-`ksmchsl, olodlrs gll` th fghw jdhut tbl nrhup th wbkmb tbly dlchgn.‟ 4<<

Ho zkmbzlca tl cjtlg zklg ks llg zlflrl ojtl vjg vlkcknblk` gh`kn lg ohlt llg tljock` ùs klts wltlg hvlr `l jg`lr, hvlr blt tljo. Kg `l `rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos zklg wl `jt olgslg blt ohlkckif vkg`lg zkmb tl cjtlg zklg. Kfzlca rljcksllr ol gj ijrlg tljockòjjtsmbjp `jt blt gklt bllc lrn vlrwhg`lrckif ks `jt kf ol gklt nlzklg vhlc, jcs kf olzlca gklt lrn cjjt zklg. @jt bllat jccls tl ojflgolt blt lrvjrlg vjg (hg-)vlkcknblk`.

Llg `lrnlckifl tlrunbhu`lg`blk` ho zkmb tl cjtlg zklg ks hhf dlflg` vjgukt blt plrsplmtkla vjgblt tljo9

–J nrhup V…_ ojy dl quktl rltkmlgt th sbhw jgytbkgn htblr tbjg kts nhh` sk`l th tbl glw olodlrsugtkc kt ks mcljr tbjt tbly jrl mhookttl` jg` wkcc ght cljvl. Glw olodlrs, kg turg, ojy dl rltkmlgtth `ksmchsl tbkgns jdhut tbloslcvls ugtkc tbly cljrg ohrl jdhut tbl ‒prhdclos‛ ha tblkr glw nrhupjg` tbl nrhup‛s trul k`lgtkty.‟ 4<1

Phltrl`lrs vlrtlcclg kg`lr`jj` `jt zki kg llrstl kgstjgtkl zllr nlspktst zkig hp zjflg wjjrhvlr gklt whr`t nlmhoougkmllr`, ojjr wjjrvjg zki vlrohl`lg `jt lr wlc lxpckmkltl nrhlpsghrolg hvlrdlstjjg. Ujucj lrvjjrt ‒llg zllr stlrf tljo‛, `jt bjjr lgknszkgs hp bjjr bhl`l `hlt zkig. Ijmmh stlctgj llg wllf ‒`jt blt nllg tljo ks, zhvllc zjflckifblk` ks zkmbtdjjr‛. Qhhr NHU-cl`lg ks zlcafrktklfjctki` jc cjstkn dlsprllfdjjr, tlnlghvlr llg gkluwfholr blclojjc. Blt ks hg`lgfdjjr lg vhhr `lnrhlp hgvhhrstlcdjjr `jt `l gkluwfholr kg `kt stj`kuo jc frktklf hp NHU gjjr vhrlg drlgnt.

Llg nhl`l ojgklr ho lcfjjr tl njjg zklg lg `l jjrzlckgn tl hvlrwkgglg, ks sjolg jmtkvktlktlg hptl pjfflg, sjolg tl njjg lrvjrlg9

–@l nlollgsmbjpplckifl lrvjrkgn fjg hhr gklts jg`lrs vlrvjgnlg whr`lg. V…_ Blt ks dlcjgnrkiftl dlslaalg `jt jmthrlg V…_ `l fjgs ohltlg frkinlg blt olt lcfjjr hp tl glolg. Blt ks dckifdjjrblt `krlmtl mhgtjmt tusslg `l jmthrlg lg blt sjolg wlrflg jjg llg nlollgsmbjpplckifl tjjf `jt thtgkluwl kgzkmbtlg lg gkluwl bhu`kgnlg fjg clk`lg. ]prlflg kg jdstrjmth ha cjgns `lr`lg fjg ghhkt`l `krlmtl lrvjrkgn vlrvjgnlg .‟ 4<>

Pht scht wlrft mhoougkmjtkl ghn hp llg jg`lrl ojgklr `hhr hp kg- lg uktscuktkgn. Blt dckift `jtolgslg okg`lr nlglkn` zkig tht uktscuktkgn hvlr tl njjg wjggllr zki zkmb rljckslrlg `jt `l duktlg-

nlschtlgl bklrvjg smbj`l hg`lrvkg`t4<2. Hhf `jt vrjjnt lmbtlr llrst hplgblk` lg dlrlk`blk` zkmbdchht tl nlvlg vjg `kt tljock`. Bki ha zki zjc zkmb bklrkg ‒ohltlg cjtlg flgglg‛, zjc ohltlg ùrvlgthglg wjjr blt blo fwltst. Lg l uktscuktlr zjc hgtvjgflckif ohltlg zkig, vhhr`jt kt vlrzjmbtlg`llaalmt hp fjg trl`lg.

4<< ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :::

4<1 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :::

4<> Dhuwlg & @lwuca, 455>, pn 4;

4<2 vjg Dllst lt jc., 455=, pn 401



:;<


Kg- lg uktscuktkgn kg `l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg NHU lg `l honlvkgn

–@ygjokms kg rlcjtkhgs johgn nrhups jrl hatlg j pjrjcclc pcjykgn hut tbl mhgkmts tbjt lxkst wktbkg

nrhups, jg`, kg turg, oumb ha wbjt trjgspkrls wktbkg ljmb nrhup ks j pjrjcclc lgjmtolgt ha tblslkgtlrgjc mhgkmts.‟ 4<;

jggllr kg- lg uktscuktkgn zh dlcjgnrkifl prhmlsslg zkig, ks blt nlzklg dhvlgstjjg` mktjjt tl vlrwjmbtlg `jt `lrnlckifl olmbjgksolg hhf kg `l kgtlrjmtkl tusslg blt tljo lg `l duktlgwlrlc` tlzklg zkig.

–^bkcl j nrhup ks ght kg`lplg`lgt ha kts kg`kvkùjc olodlrs, kt `hls bjvl j ckal dlyhg` wbjt jgykg`kvkùjc kg tbl nrhup ks mjpjdcl ha ug`lrstjg`kgn jt jgy oholgt.‟ 415

Lr nldlurt ùs ollr `jg llg tljock` zlca zklt, kg kl`lr nlvjc ollr `jg bki hp blt oholgt zlcafjg zklg. Hp wlcfl vcjfflg lg kg wlcfl vhrolg spllct kg- lg uktscuktkgn kg rlcjtkl tht `l honlvkgn

vjg blt tljo8Glt jcs blt kg`kvkù dlùmbt ks hp vlrjg`lrkgn dkgglg blt tljo, ks blt tljo jcs nlbllc jawlrlg`tlg jjgzklg vjg vlrjg`lrkgn vjg ‒duktlgja ‛. Glt jcs `l NHU-cl`lg gjjr gkluwl thltrl`lrs lggjjr lcfjjr bug mhgmlpt okg ha ollr ‒blkckn vlrfcjrlg‛, wkcclg zki hhf gklt bhrlg vjg sunnlstklstlr vlrdltlrkgn vjgukt `l lknlg hrnjgksjtkl ha vjgukt vjfnlghtlg. ‒Jcs il lr gklt kg kgnlwki` dlgt,sgjp il gklts vjg `l ojnkl vjg hgzl ojgklr vjg wlrflg‛ ks blt hg`lrckgnl ojgtrj. Blt nlvhcn vjg`lzl jasmblk`kgn ks `jt vllc vlrfhplrs fhpsmbuw whr`lg ho olt llg fcjgtvrjjn dki NHU jjg tlfchpplg.

Jc llr`lr (kg bhha`stuf <, Dkg`kgn & k`lgtkmjtkl) fwjo blt vhhrdllc` gjjr vhrlg vjg llg jg-`lrl nrhlp dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl `kl olt blt mhgmlpt vjg NHU nhl`l sklr ojjft. Yki zkig ‒scko-

olr‛, `jjr`hhr mhoolrmkllc summlsvhcclr, ojjr ‒hvlrtrl`lg‛ `jjrdki shooknl nrhg`rlnlcs ukt bltmhgmlpt. Jctbjgs, wjt NHU jcs nrhg`rlnlcs lrvjjrt. @l vlrhgtwjjr`knkgn bklrhvlr dlclt NHUho vjg `lzl drutjcl nrhlp tl clrlg hp mhoolrmkllc nldkl`. Kg alktl scukt zl zkmbzlca `jjrvjgukt. Dhvlgnlghlo`l vlrfhplrs stjjg vlrvhcnlgs dkigj kg `l rki dki `lzl drutjclrl lg ollr lxk-dlcl nrhlp wjjr ” kg `l hnlg vjg `l vlrfhplr ” vlrnlckifdjrl `klgstlg dhvlg`klg nhl`fhplrzkig. @l vlrhgtwjjr`knkgn dki NHU whr`t bklr`hhr nlvhl` lg NHU plrskstllrt kg llg jawkizlg`lbhu`kgn.

@jjrgjjst scukt NHU zkmb hp shooknl vcjfflg ukt vjg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`. Blt tljo ahrou-cllrt `l hhrzjflg vjg prhdclolg ojfflckif duktlg zkmbzlca 41:. Yh ‒ks blt gklt hgs prhdcllo‛ `jtNHU wlkgkn hozlt `rjjkt lg llg tl cjnl wkgstdki`rjnl bllat. @jt whr`t koolrs vlrhhrzjjft `hhr`l bhnl ghrolg `kl blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt stlct8 Lvlgokg ks blt `l vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vjgNHU, jt l krlmtkl nllg nhl` dllc` bllat vjg l spkg haa `kl blt tljo vhhr `l hrnjgksjtkl mrlælrt.NHU-cl`lg wëtlg wlc `jt zl bklr lknlgckif jmtkl hp zhu`lg ohltlg glolg, ojjr vhlclg `jt gkltjcs lmbt ghh`zjflckif. \ktlkg`lckif `hlg zl lr gklts jjg. Olt nlvhcn `jt `l `krlmtkl NHU gklt lmbtflgt, nllg fjgslg vhhr NHU jjg`rjjnt, `l dkizhg`lrl oltbh`l gjuwlckifs kg `l ltjcjnl zlt, lgblt dlcjgnrkifstl9 `jt NHU gklt kg `l bjrtlg vjg `lzl kgvchl`rkifl mhcclnj‛s zkt. Blt fhot hp `lhonlvkgn hvlr jcs llg jrrhnjgt mcudil.

4<; ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn 45=

415 ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn :::

41: Dryjg lt jc, 4551, p :2=



:;1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Jcs il `lgft `jt blt prhdcllo lc`lrs cknt, `jg ks `kl nl`jmbtl il lknlgckifl prhdcllo.‟ 414

Qlrsmblk`lgl pjtrhglg vjg vlrsthhr`l rlcjtkls kl llr`lr hp kg`kvkùllc gkvlju dlsprhflg wlr`lg,fholg hhf vhhr tusslg blt tljo lg bjjr honlvkgn.

Blt laalmt hp plrahrojgml

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks blt tbloj `jt kg `l kgtlrvklws vlrrlwln blt vjjfst lg blt cjgnst `hhr `l tljo-cl`lg jjgnlbjjc` lg dlmhoolgtjrkllr` whr`t. Olt gjol dkgglg NHU bhu`t kg- lg uktscuktkgn`l nlohl`lrlg kgf dlzkn. @jt ks dlnrkiplckif nlzklg `l `hhr blt tljo lxpckmklt nluktl dlbhlatljjg llg gkluwl ajmkcktjthr lg ollr `kvlrsktlkt lg `hhr jccl rlmlgtl dlclvlgksslg olt phtlgtkæclthltrl`lrs.

@l dlcjgnrkifstl rl`lg `jt kg- lg uktscuktkgn NHU zh dlzkn bhu`t, ks cknt lmbtlr kg blt alkt `jt kg-scuktkgn kgstkgmtkla ghn jctki` jcs vjg clvlgsdlcjgn nlvhlc` whr`t lg uktscuktkgn lvlgzh jcs dl`rlk-nlg` whr`t lrvjrlg. Kg llg hvlrzkmbtsjrtkflc hvlr kg- lg uktscuktkgn vjg vjg Dllst lg ^kcckjos41=,shoolg zki `l laalmtlg vjg uktscuktkgn hp llg kg`kvkù hp. Jcs wl uktnlschtlg whr`lg, dl`rlknt `kthgs nlvhlc ‒lrdki tl bhrlg‛, ho`jt blt hgs smblk`t vjg `l nrhlp. Blt dl`rlknt hgs zlcavlrtrhuwlg`hhr`jt uktscuktkgn `hhr blt scjmbthaalr whr`t nlègtlrprltllr` jcs hgjjgtrlfflckif, gklt wjjr`lvhczkig Blt tjst hgs nlvhlc jjg `jt wl lgknl mhgtrhcl blddlg hvlr hgzl shmkjcl kgtlrjmtkl olt jg`l-rlg6 blt dl`rlknt hgs nlvhlc tl dlstjjg lg dlstjjgsrlmbt tl blddlg.

Jclrt zkig hp uktscuktkgn ks vjg hu`sblr vjg zh nrhht dlcjgn, `jt hgs drlkg llg nrhtl nlvhlcknblk`hgtwkfflc` bllat ho `l vrhlnstl skngjclg vjg ohnlckifl uktscuktkgn tl `ltlmtlrlg410. @lrnlckifljclrtblk` ks vlrnlckifdjjr olt `l kgstkgmtklvl rljmtkl hp blt jjgdh` vjg vhl`slc. ]trjtlnklæg jcsrljmtkl hp ohnlckifl uktscuktkgn zkig vlmbtlg, vcumbtlg, vlrstkivlg, ha ” kg vllc nlvjcclg ” zkmb zhjjgpjsslg `jt `l fjgs hp kgscuktkgn jcsghn vlrnrhht whr`t41<. @lzl dkigj aysklfl rljmtkl whr`t

kgnlnlvlg `hhr blt ‒hu`l kgstkgmt‛, `jt duktlg `l nrhlp ha zhg`lr `l nrhlp ohlkckif tl hvlrclvlg ks. Dkgglg NHU zklg wl Blcclg lg Ijmmh vlmbtlg, Ijmmh zklg wl hhf vcumbtlg, lg Ujucj lgDlckj pjsslg zkmb zh`jgkn jjg `jt bug fjgs hp kgscuktkgn vlrnrhht whr`t. Kgtlrlssjgt bklrdki ks `jtBlcclg zkmb nlùrlg`l blt uktscuktkgnsprhmls javrjjnt wjt blt tljo jjg bjjr gklt dlvjct lg (hpbjjr ojgklr) dki dckiat `rjnlg, tht`jt zl wlnnlstuur` whr`t. Ijmmh wkift kg shhrtnlckifl sktujtkls lgbjgtllrt uktvcumbtlg ho gklt tl bhlvlg sjolgwlrflg ha `hhr `l ojg` tl vjcclg. @kt scukt jjg dki`l sunnlstkl vjg ^kcckjos lg ]hoolr `jt ojgglg prltlg`lrlg `jt `l drluf `hhr blgzlca nlfh-zlg ks lg zh jjg koprlsskhg ojgjnlolgt `hlg6 vrhuwlg fkiflg sglcclr gjjr bug lknlg ohnlckifltlfhrtfhokgnlg411.

@l uktscuktlrs, `l jmtklvl pjrtki, zklg `l nlvhcnlg vjg bug bjg`lclg kg `l rljmtkl vjg `l uktnlsch-

tlgl. Bhlwlc zki zlca `j`lr lg nllg scjmbthaalr zkig, ks `l sktujtkl wlc `lnlckif hhf vhhr blg dl`rlk-nlg`, ho`jt gu zkmbtdjjr whr`t tht wjt `lzl nrhlp ” `kl vlkckn nljmbt wlr` ” kg stjjt ks. Bhlwlcuktscuktkgn hp fhrtl tlrokig fjg clk`lg tht sjjobhrknblk` tlnlg blt scjmbthaalr lg llg nlvhlc vjghpcumbtkgn, ‒hpnlruko` stjjt gltils‛, zhjcs hp blt oholgt `jt blt vlrtrlf vjg Blcclg janl`whg-nlg ks, clk`t `l lrvjrkgn vjg uktscuktkgn vjg jg`lrlg hgblrrhlplckif tht dlbhl`zjjoblk` dkgglg `lrlst vjg blt tljo.

414 Mhvly, 4551, pn 04

41= Dllst & ^kcckjos, 4551, pn ;:2

410 Lkslgdlrnlr & Ckldlrojg, 455<, pn :4=

41< Huwlrflrf lt jc., 455<, pn =4: - =4=

411 ^kcckjos & ]hoolr, :;;>, pn >5<



:;>


\ktscuktkgn ks zh‛g djsjcl dl`rlknkgn `jt llg kg`kvkù stlrf aysklf dlcjst, dkivhhrdllc` `hhr`jtdlpjjc`l blrslgnldkl`lg, `kl nlrlcjtllr` zkig jjg aysklfl pkig, nljcjrollr` whr`lg41>. Blt ojjft`jjrdki gklt ukt wjt `l rlcjtkl vjg blt scjmbthaalr tht `l `j`lr ks. Hhf wjggllr blt scjmbthaalr `l

`j`lr vlrjmbt, dckiflg `l laalmtlg vjg uktscuktkgn lvlg nrhht

412

.\ktscuktkgn ks zh`hlg`l ” zhjcs dkiNHU wjjrnlgholg ” llg prhmls `jt vllc lglrnkl ukt blt tljo lg `l tljocl`lg wlnzuknt, blgdlcloolrt bug mrljtkvktlkt jjg tl sprlflg lg blg jlk`t vjg `l tjjf `kl blg tl `hlg stjjt. Yh zkiglr tlg nlvhcnl vjg uktscuktkgn uktlkg`lckif jccllg vlrcklzlrs. @l uktnlschtlgl, `l jmbtlrdckivlg`l kg-`kvkùlg lg blt mhcclmtkla.

jt zkig dkgglg NHU `krlmt zkmbtdjrl nlvhcnlg vjg uktscuktkgn8 Pht twllojjc thl, ùs kg `l blcat vjg `l nlvjcclg, whr`t vllc tki` lg lglrnkl nlègvlstllr`kg blt dkgglgbjclg vjg llg gkluwl ajmkcktjthr zhg`lr `jt `kt tht llg summlsvhccl kgtlnrjtklclk`t. @kt hg`jgfs `l stlrfl dlbhlatl jjg llg gkluw tljock` lg gkluwl thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l.Nlvhcnlg zkig vlrspkcckgn vjg lglrnkl lg llg kgtlrgl ahmus.@hhr `l jabhu`lg`l bhu`kgn vjg `l nlvlstkn`lg, whr`t ghn tht cjgnlrl tki` gj `l tljolg-

trll nllg hptkojjc nldrukf nlojjft vjg gkluwfholrs6 kg alktl whr`lg zki llrst lgknl tki`nlojrnkgjcksllr`. Blt uktbhu`kgns- lg kgmjsslrkgnsvlrohnlg vjg llg gkluwfholr whr`t `j-gkn hp `l prhla nlstlc` lg `jjroll tht llg ajmthr kg blt summls vjg thltrl`kgn. Blt nlvcn kssudhptkojcksjtkl.Blt tljo scjjnt lr ojjr tlg `lcl kg ho `kvlrsktlkt ” mhopclolgtjkrl zhwlc jcs mhgtrjstlrlg`lfrjmbtlg ” kg blt tljo tl kgtlnrlrlg tht llg gkluw bjrohgksmb nlbllc, olt dlbhu` vjg `llknlgblk` vjg `l thltrl`lr.

Jgnst vhhr blt hhr`llc vjg tljonlghtlg `hlt tljocl`lg zkmb kgbhu`lg kg bug lknlgblk`, wjjr`hhr bug dki`rjnl, kgdrlgn lg mrljtkvktlkt `llcs hgdlgut dckivlg.Kg- lg uktscuktkgn bhu`t `l nlohl`lrlg kgf dlzkn lg vlr`llct `l nrhlp nlvlstkn`lg vjg tki`tht tki` kg vhhr- lg tlnlgstjg`lrs. @jt hgttrlft vllc lglrnkl jjg `l prlstjtkl `kl blt tljo wkc

clvlrlg. Hhf kg jg`lr hg`lrzhlf 41; dckift `jt blt uktscuktlg vjg olgslg vllc lglrnkl fhst lg`jt shooknl jg`lrl tjflg `jjrgj gklt ollr hp tl drlgnlg zkig. Blt tljo rjjft janlclk`.@hhr blt vjstbhu lg jjg `l zlca nlstlc`l nrhg`rlnlcs vjg blt mhgmlpt, vkg`t jasmblk`kgngjjr `l hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt pcjjts lg njjg vlrfhhpfjgslg vlrchrlg. Tlcjtkls rjflg dlsmbj-`kn` lvlgjcs blt kojnh vjg NHU jcs sjolgwlrfkgnspjrtglr. Yllr wjjrsmbkigckif whr`lg vkj`ktzlca`l olmbjgksol hhf okg`lr ohnlckifbl`lg nldrukft kg hpchsskgnlg vhhr fcjgtlg. @lfwjcktlkt vjg blt nlclvlr`l wlrf chhpt tlrun.Blt vlrwjjrchzlg vjg `l kgtlrjmtkl olt `l `krlmtkl, dltlflgt `jt `l tljocl`lg nllg kgvchlòllr blddlg hp blt hhr`llc `jt hvlr blt tljo lg bjjr thlfhost whr`t nlvlc`. Blt tljo

whr`t bklr`hhr stlrflr jabjgflckif vjg `l mhgtlxt.

Ykmbtdjjr ks `jt `l `ygjoklf vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn llg stlrfl kgvchl` bllat hp `l plrahrojgml vjg blt tljo.

Gjjst `kt lxpckmkltl prhmls vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn zkig kg jccl tljos sudtklclrl vhrolg vjg kgscuktkgn(vhrokgn vjg sudnrhlplg lg mhjcktkls) lg uktscuktkgn (`ksfwjckmjtkl lg ojrnkgjcksjtkl) zkmbtdjjr.Olt vlrnlckifdjrl nlvhcnlg9 bhhn lglrnkl vlrdrukf, vlrokg`lr`l jjg`jmbt vhhr `l alktlckifl tjjf,dlsmbj`knkgn vjg rlcjtkls lg jjroll vjg blt tlgklt hlg vjg fjgslg6 blt hgdlgut cjtlg vjg kvlr-sktlkt, frjmbt lg mjpjmktlkt.

41> Lkslgdlrnlr lt jc, 455=6 Dllst & ^kcckjos, 4551, pn ;:2

412 Nhgsjcfhrjcl & ^kcckjos, 455>

41; ^kcckjos, 455:

•

•

•

•

•

•

•



:;2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@jt uktscuktkgn llg ojmbtkn wjplg ks, dckift ukt `l wjjrglokgn `jt nrhlplg `kt olmbjgksol jcskg`s l hu`blk` nldrukflg ho jawkiflg`l nrhlpscl`lg tht mhgahrolrlg tl wkgnlg. Yh vlrtlcclgHuwlrflrf lt jc.4>5 `l jglf`htl `jt `l Jtbllgsl `lohmrjtkl zh stjdklc wjs, `hhr`jt lr ijjrckifs kg

`l wkgtlr llg stlookgn hg`lr durnlrs wlr` nlbhu`lg, wjjrdki zki hp `l uktscuktkgn vjg ol`ldur-nlrs fhg`lg stloolg wjjrvjg zki ollg`lg `jt `lzl tl wlcnlstlc` ha tl ojmbtkn wjrlg nlwhr`lg.Durnlrs olt 1555 stloolg ha ollr zhu`lg vlrdjgglg whr`lg vhhr llg plrkh`l vjg tklg ijjr.Kg `l ollstl ijrlg bhla`l `lzl strja lmbtlr gklt tht uktvhlrkgn tl whr`lg nldrjmbt. @l `rlknkgnlroll jccllg wjs jc vhc`hlg`l ho jc tl blddlrkn nl`rjn tl dltlunlclg. Jgjchhn bklroll fugglgtljos `l `rlknkgn olt uktscuktkgn kgzlttlg vhhr dlvhr`lrkgn vjg wlcf nl`rjn `jg hhf. Blt whr`t`jjroll llg ok``lc tht nrhlps`wjgn.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks llg `ygjokmb prhmls. @l lvlgllgs `ygjoksmbl ojmbtsvlr`lckgn `kl lrhg`lrcknt ks jcclsdlpjclg`. jjr tljocl`lg llrst wlcfho nlbltlg whr`lg, dckift kt kg llg jjgtjc nlvjcclgcjtlr bllc jg`lrs tl cknnlg. Blcclg lg Ijmmh whr`lg kg llrstl kgstjgtkl zllr vlrwlcfho` jcs jjgvuc-ckgn hp blt tljo, ojjr whr`lg kg bug lgtrllprhmls blatkn vlrsthtlg. Ojrtkig ks llg prhthtypksmb

tljock` tht lr llg hoscjn kg zkig prlstjtkl hptrll`t lg bklr hpolrfkgnlg hvlr nlojjft whr`lg. Gjllg frktksmbl dlhhr`lckgn dlscukt bki tl vlrtrlfflg. @l ojmbtsdjcjgs ks kg `lzl nlvjcclg ùk`lckifnlwkizkn`.

]jolgvjttkgn

Kg `l dhvlgstrhho hg`lrsmbrkivlg tljocl`lg blt tljodlcjgn jcs bug dlcjgn. Blt tljodlcjgn ksnlrkmbt hp nrhlk, mhgtkguètlkt lg blt clvlrlg vjg llg nlzjolgckifl prlstjtkl. Kg- lg uktscuktkgn zkigfrjmbtknl prhmlsslg `kl `lzl hgtwkfflckgn fugglg `klglg.Kg `l hg`lrstrhho bllrslg `l kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgnlg `kl whr`lg nl`rlvlg `hhr ojmbt lg lohtkls.@l kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgnlg zkig nlrkmbt hp dlbhu` vjg phsktkl, ojmbt, zlflrblk`. Bklroll whr`tmhopltktkl llg ajmthr vjg dlcjgn. @l kccuskl kl l dhvlgthhg jjgvjgflckif hokgllrt ks9 ‒wl bltlgil wlcfho‛. @l hg`lrstrhho cjjt llg whrstlckgn zklg tusslg nlvlstkn`lg lg thltrl`lr.

Dki llg tljolgtrll cknt `l ojmbt dki blt tljo, gklt dki `l thltrl`lr. Blt tljo `wkgnt ja wjt bltgh`kn bllat lg lc`lrs gklt vhc`hlg`l frkint9 rlsplmt, dlwhg`lrkgn, jjgpjsskgn, gl`lrknblk`. Ha`jjroll `l zh gjjrstkn nlzhmbtl vlrrkifkgn (`llcs) vlrchrlg njjt, whr`t gklt blrflg` lg ùs gkltollnlwhnlg.

Jccllg wjggllr llg thltrl`lr zkmb llrst smbkft, rlsplmt thhgt jjg lnlglg `kl lr llr`lr wjrlg, `lnlvlstkn`lg ollrvhrokn thlstlookgn vrjjnt thl tl trl`lg lg hg`lrnlsmbkft fjg zkig, bllat `lzl`l ohnlckifblk` ho nlclk`lckif jjg kgvchl` tl wkgglg. Ujs `jg fjg bki ha zki nlclk`lckif zkig habjjr wjjr`l lg lknlgblk` kgdrlgnlg. @kt prhmls fhot tht uktkgn kg `l oltjahhr vjg `l hu`l lg`l gkluwl `hhs.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks kg l hg`lrzhlfstljos zkmbtdjjr kg jcclrclk gujgmls, dkgglg blt tljo jcs nlbllclg arjnolgtjtkls `jjrvjg. ^kl ojn oll`hlg8 ^kl whr`t uktnlgh`kn`8 ^kl whr`t nlègahrollr`,olt wklgs jnlg`j whr`t rlflgkgn nlbhu`lg8 ^kl whr`t nlstlug`8 ^kl whr`t nlbhhr`8 ^kl ojn

vjg `l ghro jawkiflg8

Lg wkl dlpjclg l jgtwhhr`lg hp jc kl vrjnlg lknlgckif8 Fhrtho9 wkl kg blt tljo bllat kl ojmbt8 Qjgzlcasprlflg` zkig `l jgtwhhr`lg hp `lzl vrjnlg zlc`lg kg `l dhvlgstrhho tl vkg`lg.

4>5 Huwlrflrf lt jc., 455<, pn =4:



:;;


Blt ks gklt vlrwhg`lrckif `jt `kt hg`lrwlrp tljocl`lg blt stlrfst dlzknbhu`t. Kg- lg uktscuktkgn kslqukvjclgt jjg ‒lrdki ohnlg bhrlg‛, ha gklt, lg ks vjg hu`sblr vjg clvlgsdlcjgn. Hgs drlkg rljnllrthgvlrjg`lr` jgnstkn hp uktscuktkgn jcs lxtrllo slrkluzl dl`rlknkgn. \ktscuktkgn ks llg prhmls `jt

vllc lglrnkl ukt blt tljo lg l tljocl`lg wlnzuknt, blg dlcloolrt bug mrljtkvktlkt jjg tl sprlflglg blg jlk`t vjg `l tjjf `kl blg tl `hlg stjjt. @l `ygjoklf vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn bllat llg stlrfglnjtklvl kgvchl` hp `l plrahrojgml vjg blt tljo.

jggllr uktscuktkgn llg jmtullc `hmb hgtflg` tbloj ks, nrhlkt `l hg`lrstrhho tht hgnlzhg`lprhphrtkls. @ksfwjckmjtkls zkig jjg `l hr`l vjg `l `jn, lg hhf `l jmbtlrfjolrtilsnlsprlfflgzkig prhokglgt.



45:

@llc KKK



454

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



45=

Kgclk`kgn hp @llc KKK

Kg `l vhhrnjjg`l bhha`stufflg fhot kg jcclrclk vhrolg `l `ygjoklf dkgglg tljos gjjr vhrlg.Lëg vjg `l ollst hpvjcclg`l jsplmtlg bklrkg ks blt sjolgsplc tusslg blt tljodlcjgn lg blt lk-nlgdlcjgn. Llg bllc lgflcl fllr whr`t `kt lknlgdlcjgn hg`lrflg` lg dlghlo`, zhjcs `hhr `ljcnlollg `krlmtlur dhvlg Ojx. Kg blt `jnlckifs clvlg ckift blt lmbtlr jcsha blt kg`kvk`ulcl dlcjgnnlojfflckif hg`lrnlsmbkft nlojjft fjg whr`lg jjg blt jcnlolgl dlcjgn, wjggllr `jt nlwlgstks. Jcsha `kt `hhr `l honlvkgn janl`whgnlg fjg whr`lg, jjgnlzklg nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlclg

vjjf llg nrhtlr ha bhnlr dlcjgn `klglg. Qjgukt llg rlmbtvjjr`knblk`snlvhlc lkst l mhgtlxt kg dl-pjjc`l sktujtkls jt kt nldlurt. Dkivhhrdllc` vhhrijjr 4552 kg l fhrtsthg`knl turduclgtkl rhg`ho

sphrtmcud Jijx. Llg hgjabjgflckifl mhooksskl rjpphrtllrt `jt blt dltlr vhhr `l mcud ks `jt `l vhhrzkttlr lg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur hpstjpplg. ‒Gklojg` ks nrhtlr `jg `l mcud‛, zlnt smblk`lg` vhhrzkttlr Ihbg Ijjfl vhhr Tj`kh: kg `l `jjrhpvhcnlg`l pudcklfl `ksmusskl. Bki `hlct `jjroll hpOjjrtlg Ahgtlkg, l jcnlollg krlmtlur, kl zkmb vlrzlt tlnlg `l vlrgkluwkgn lg (ghn) nllg pcjjts

wkc ojflg. Kg blt zkmbtdjrl vlc`, `jt wjt dhvlg tjalc nldlurt, ohltlg Ijjfl lg Ahgtlkg uktlkg`lckifdlk`l ojmbt prkisnlvlg tlg nugstl vjg l ojmbt vjg jg`lrlg. @l zkmbtdjrl strumtuur whr`t nlwki-zkn`, blt kg`kvk`ulcl dlcjgn ohlt `jjr wkiflg.4>:

Yh wlrft blt hhf kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos9 `l vhro fjg janl`whgnlg whr`lg, `hlclg lg rlnlcsfugglg hpnlcln` whr`lg. Llg wlrfnlvlr fjg ol`lwlrflrs hp`rjmbt nlvlg bug dlstl k`llæg lglglrnkl kg llg dlpjjc` tljo ha prhilmt kg tl drlgnlg. Dkgglg blt `klgstvlrdjg` whr`t jjg `lrnl-ckifl ‒rl`lckifl‛ vlrzhlflg kg `l rlnlc nlbhhr nlnlvlg. Ks `l fhus `jjroll ja, `l fcus nlfcjjr`8

Kg bhha`stuf ; fkiflg wl hvlr lg `hhr `l tbloj‛s bllg gjjr wjt lr hp llg jg`lr, ollr kgtlnrjjcgkvlju zkmbtdjjr ks. @klplr cknnlg`l tbloj‛s whr`lg zkmbtdjjr, l tbloj‛s kl l hg`lrstrhho dl-pjclg. Bhha`stuf :5 dhuwt bklrhp hhr llg nllat mhgmcuskls. @l dlk`l hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg whr`lgbklr dljgtwhhr`, wjjrgj l mlgtrjcl hg`lrzhlfsvrjjn dljgtwhhr` whr`t. Kg bhha`stuf :: ojflg

wl `l vlrtjckgn vjg `l mhgmcuskls gjjr blt bjg`lclg kg `l `jnlckifs prjftkif vjg tljos. Kg bhha`-stuf :4 nlvlg dltrhfflglg tlgschttl bug plrmlptkl hp `l tblojbhha`stufflg 0 tht lg olt 2.

4>: Jctbjgs, zh ckift blt. Cjtlr whr`t dlflg` `jt Ahgtlkg lr olt z‛g gkluwl augmtkl zlflr gklt hp jmbtlrukt ks nlnjjg.



450

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



45<

@llc KKK B ;

Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud8

^jt nldlurt lr lknlgckif kg `ëzl tljos8

Qhhrhpnlstlc`9 Lr ks vllc tl zklg kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. Yhjcs ukt `l tblojbhha`stufflg dckift,cjjt kl`lr tljo llg lknlg `ygjoklf zklg. @lzl `ygjoklf whr`t stll`s nlvhro` kg blt ugklflsjolgsplc vjg kg`kvkùlcl fjrjftlrs, rlalrlgtklfj`lrs lg hostjg`knbl`lg vjg tljocl`lg, kl`lrsplrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg, `l tjjf wjjr blt tljo vhhr stjjt, `l hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt lg -dlcjgnlg lg`l drl`lrl ojjtsmbjpplckifl mhgtlxt. @l vlrsmbkcclg`l hrnjgksjtklgkvljus ” kg`kvkù, tljo lg hr-

njgksjtkl ” blddlg bklrkg kl`lr bug kgvchl`. Dlbjcvl `jt `l `ygjoklf plr tljo ugklf ks, ks hhfnllg oholgt ha sktujtkl nlckif. Yhjcs gjtuurckifl systlolg zkmbzlca rlprhùmlrlg lg plrojglgtllg fclkg dlltil wkizknlg tlg nlvhcnl vjg kl`lrl nldlurtlgks `kl pcjjtsvkg`t, zh nldlurt `kt hhf kgtljos. Llg tljo `jt glt llg summls dlbjjct ks blt oholgt `jjrgj gklt ollr bltzlca`l tljo. Blttljock` jt lohtkhgllc uktvjct gjjr llg jg`lr tljock`, ha iukst mhopckolgtlg ojjft, dlègvchl`t lsallr kg blt tljo, lg `jjroll ‒`l mblokl‛, `l bksthrkl lg blt nlblunlg ” fhrtho, blt ‒zkig‛ ” vjgblt tljo. @l bklrhp vhcnlg`l nldlurtlgksslg whr`lg lr `hhr dlègvchl`.

jt il zklt vjg jc `kl `ygjoklf, jcs duktlgstjjg lr ha jcs tljock`, bjgnt ja vjg `l ojgklr wjjrhpil fkift. Ks blt ho wlcfl rl`lg `jg hhf il (kopckmkltl) dlcjgn ho `l nlphckistl hpplrvcjftl tl zklg,ha dlg il iukst hp zhlf gjjr `l turduclgtkl kg `l hg`lrstrhho.8 Bhl il hhf fkift, wjt hg`lr `l hp-

plrvcjftl nldlurt, dlègvchl`t blt `krlmt wjjrgllodjrl, `l dhvlgstrhho, lg honlfllr`.Bhlwlc kl`lr tljo llg ugklfl `ygjoklf cjjt zklg, zkig lr hp llg bhnlr gkvlju hhf hvlrllgfho-stlg. Ojrtkg4>4 sprllft vjg ‒tbl ugkqulglss pjrj`hx‛ 9 tlrwkic dltrhfflglg (jsplmtlg vjg) bug sktujtkljcs ugklf lrvjrlg, dckift hp llg bhnlr gkvlju `jt `l djskspjtrhglg lg strumtuurlclolgtlg bklrvjgkg vlrsmbkcclg`l mhgtlxtlg (hrnjgksjtkls) bltzlca`l zkig. Yh stlcclg NHU-cl`lg splmklfl bhnl lk-slg jjg `l fwjcktlkt vjg bug `klgstlg, klts wjjr ‒trj`ktkhglcl‛ mhgsuctjgts gjjr bug nlvhlc gklt jjgfugglg tkpplg. ‒Prj`ktkhglcl‛ mhgsuctjgts stlcclg hp bug dlurt lmbtlr hhf bhnl lkslg, jccllg gjjrjg`lrl ojjtstjvlg.Ujrflr4>= dlgj`lrt `ktzlca`l alghollg vjg `l jg`lrl fjgt wjggllr bki sprllft hvlr ‒mhgtlstl` chmjchrnjgkzjtkhg ha nlglrjcktkls‛ . @l ‒nlglrjcktkls‛ zkig `jjrdki `l nlnlglrjcksllr`l jjggjols hvlr `l mhg-tlxt wjjrdkgglg hrnjgksjtkls jmtkla zkig, lg `kl blt ‒zkig‛ vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl kg zlflrl zkg dlpjclg.

Chfjjc dkgglg (`lclg vjg) l hrnjgksjtkl lg kg hg`lrbjg`lckgn tusslg l dltrhfflglg whr`t kgnlvuc` wlcfl ugklfl kgtlrprltjtkls kg mhgmrlth jjg `l nlglrjcktkls nlnlvlg whr`lg. Llg vhhrdllc` bhlllg nlglrjckty nltrjpt hhrwlrft, ks blt vhhrfholg vjg pjtrkjrmbksol kg l sjolgclvkgn, l kgvchl``jjrvjg hp blt clvlg lg wlrflg kg llg hrnjgksjtkl lg vlrvhcnlgs `l kgvchl` `jjrvjg hp blt clvlglg wlrflg kg llg tljo dkgglg `kl hrnjgksjtkl. NHU ks hg`lr`llc vjg `l trj`ktkhglcl pjtrkjrmbjclhrnjgksjtkl, lg blt alkt `jt blt fjrjftlr vjg NHU rlcjtkla alokgklg ks, dlègvchl`t `l rlcjtkl tusslgNHU lg `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl.

4>4 Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 1=

4>= Ujrflr, 4555, pn :22 lg 4:0 - 4:<



451

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dlk`l dlgj`lrkgnlg, vjg blt ugklfl gjjr l hvlrllgfhostknl ckig lg vjg blt jcnlolgl vlrsmbkigslcha uktnjgnspugt gjjr `l ugklfl, `l chfjcl dltlflgks, vucclg lcfjjr jjg lg wksslclg lcfjjr ja. Ojrtkglg Ujrflr zkig blt lrhvlr llgs9 ‒\gkty jg` `kvkskhg lxkst kg tjg`lo.‛ 4>0 Yh zkig `l hg`lrzhmbtl tbloj‛s

vhhr `l tljocl`lg vjg jccl `rkl `l hg`lrzhlfstljos vjg dlcjgn, âg vlrthglg zki chmjcl vjrkjtklsha vlrsmbkcclg. Hg`lrstjjg` vhcnt llg smjcj jjg vhhrdllc`lg vjg ‒ugkqulglss‛ , zhjcs `lzl zkmbtdjjrzkig kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos

Ho tl dlnkgglg bllat kl`lr tljo llg `hlc, `l ahrolcl rl`lg vjg dlstjjg dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl.]hos zkig gjjst `kt ahrolcl `hlc hhf jg`lrl `hlclg zkmbtdjjr, `kl ukt blt tljo zlca hgtspruktlglg fugglg strki`lg olt blt ahrolcl, `hhr `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkl hpnlcln`l `hlc. ]hos zklg wlollr`lrl `lgktkls vjg `l ahrolcl hp`rjmbt lg ks blt `kaauus wjt blt ‒lmbtl‛ `hlc ks. Gjjst `ktnlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc drlgnlg tljocl`lg bug lknlg pjsskls lg plrshhgckifl `hlclg oll. @kl

whr`lg lxpckmklt dlghlo` ha iukst hgdlwust dlclla`. Kg kl`lr tljo fholg zh tlnlgstlcckgnlg tus-slg vlrsmbkcclg`l `hlclg vhhr lg whr`t `jjrhvlr hg`lrbjg`lc`. Hhf `kt nldlurt shos lxpckmklt,`hmb ollstjc dl`lft.

Blt blo` ks gj`lr `jg `l rhf9 blt plrshhgckifl `hlc ks uktlkg`lckif jctki` stlrflr `jg blt `hlc vjgllg tljo. @jt cjjtstl ks koolrs jctki` llg hg`lrbjg`lckgnsrlsuctjjt lg bllat `jjroll vhhr blt kg-`kvkù klts vjg mhgslgsus kg zkmb. Kg nllg vjg `l `rkl tljos whr`t stkcnlstjjg dki blt lknlgdlcjgn

vjg kl`lr tljock`, tlrwkic `kt wlc dlpjclg` ks vhhr blt frjmbtlgvlc` tusslg `l (dlcjgnlg vjg `l)tljocl`lg.Blt dlclvlg vjg llg nlollgsmbjpplckif `hlc nllat dlsmbuttkgn, ‒sjolg lrnlgs vhhr stjjg‛. @l

vrjjn ha `l dllc`lg vjg `jt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc wlrflckif hvlr bltzlca`l njjg, whr`t gkltjcs dlcjgnrkif lrvjrlg. Jcsha olgslg vlrhg`lrstlcclg blt prhmls thmb wlc kg `l rkmbtkgn vjg buglknlgdlcjgn tl fugglg dlègvchl`lg. Kg `jt nlvjc nllat jodknuètlkt tlg jjgzklg vjg blt tljo`hlcllg kg`kvkùllc tljock` ollr sturkgnsohnlckifbl`lg hp blt lknlgdlcjgn.

Hhf kg `l honlvkgn vjg `l tljos ks `l dlvrl`knkgn vjg lknlgdlcjgn jcho zkmbtdjjr. Kg `l ojjt-smbjpplckifl mhgtlxt whr`t kt vjjf jjgnlùk` olt ‒kg`kvkùjckslrkgn‛, kg mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtklszklg wl ojgjnlrs vhhrrjgn nlvlg jjg bug lknlg dhgus dhvlg blt dl`rkiasdlcjgn. @l jjg`jmbt`kl `l `krlmtkl vjg Tkx&^jlc bllat vhhr `l lknlg phsktkls tki`lgs `l auskl olt Glsth sprllft bklrdhlf`lclg. Qllc drl`lr stkoucllrt hhf blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgnsoh`lc lnhmlgtrksmb `lg-flg lg bjg`lclg `hhr `l gj`ruf hp plrshhgckifl dhgusslg hp kl`lr gkvlju, olt nhl` olltdjrl`hmb skopckstksmbl `hlcstlcckgnlg `kl `l glknkgn tht sjolgwlrfkgn stlrf vlrokg`lrlg4><. Blt kszh`hlg`l gklt vrllo` `jt hhf kg tljos kg `lzl hrnjgksjtkls `kt lknlgdlcjgn zh prhokglgt gjjr

vhrlg fhot.

Hpolrflckif ks `jt kg mhgtrjst bklroll NHU tki`lgs lvlgts , nlbllc vhcnlgs blt mhgmlpt, nlahrmllr`

jjgstuurt hp blt dlclvlg vjg lg wlrflg jjg blt nlollgsmbjpplckif dlcjgn, `jjrdki vhccl`kn vhhr-dkinjjg` jjg blt lknlgdlcjgn vjg `llcglolrs. Phmb bllat blt tljo `l hvlrtuknkgn thl tl wlrflggjjr llg ùurzjjo vlrjgflr` rlsuctjjt. Blt ks lmbtlr nhl` ohnlckif `jt `llcglolrs zkmb kg `l `rkllvlgt jnlg vhlnlg, lg `jt zki, zh`rj zl `l slsskl ukt zkig `lgflg ‒zh, lg gu kf wllr‛. Gll, zh dlwustnjjt `jt gjtuurckif gklt. ^lc ks blt llg hhrzjjf vjg blt alkt `jt hhf fcjgtlg4>1 skngjclrlg ‒`jt rl-suctjtlg sglc vlrdclflg, `jt blt oholgtuo vjg llg `lrnlckif lvlgt ohlkckif vjst tl bhu`lg ks‛. Lr

whr`t gjolckif nllg vlrdkg`kgn nlmrlælr` tusslg hrnjgksjtkldlcjgn lg lknlgdlcjgn.

4>0 Ujrflr, 4555, pn 44=

4>< Fjcaa, 4550j, pn >, ;= ” :426 Fjcaa, 4550d, pn :=

4>1 hg`lr jg`lrl OvB, ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, 4< slptlodlr 4552



45>

GKLOJG@ NTHPLT @JG @L MC\D8

Lëg hg`lrzhlfstljo, NHU, lrvjjrt wlrflckif llg nl`llc` `hlc, dki `l jg`lrl twll tljos ks blttljo`hlc llg augmtkhgllc lg rjtkhgllc mhgstrumt, `jt wlkgkn olt bug kg`kvkùlcl ha nl`llc`l pjs-skl tl ojflg bllat. @l jodknuètlkt vjg `l dltlflgks lg `l dlègvchl`kgn zkig lr kg `lzl tljos gklt

okg`lr ho. Kg blt zkmbtdjrl vlc` bhu`lg zki blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl bhhn.Dki NHU vjct `l smblk`kgn hp tusslg blt `hlg vjg lvlgts vhhr fcjgtlg, lg blt clvlg tusslg `l lvlgts `hhr. Blt llrstl stjjt vhhr nlpjsskhgllr` lg dlvchnlg wlrflg, blt twll`l stllft `jjr smbrkc dki ja.‒@lprlsskl‛ ghlot ëëg vjg `l nlègtlrvklw`lg `l plrkh`lg tusslg lvlgts .

jjr llg nl`llc` `hlc fjg vlrdkg`lg ” ha `kt gu blt tljo`hlc ks ha blt `hlc vjg llg mhjcktkldkgglg blt tljo ” fhot kgblrlgt `jjrjjg hhf jasmblk`kgn vhhr. @jt olmbjgksol ks zh hu` jcssjolgclvlg. Olgslg dkg`lg zkmb lg k`lgtkmlrlg zkmb kg vlrsmbkcclg`l mhgtlxtlg wjjr zl `llc vjguktojflg hp ollr`lrl ojgklrlg lg gkvljus. Yhwlc `l bhha`jsslg vjg vlrdkg`kgn jcs `l smblrptl

vjg jasmblk`kgnlg vlrsmbkcclg lmbtlr tusslg `l tljos. Yh dlclvlg `l NHU-cl`lg `l stlrfstl dkg-`kgn dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl olt blt lknlg tljo, tlrwkic `l cl`lg vjg `l jg`lrl twll tljos `l stlrf-stl dkg`kgn iukst olt bug lknlg ja`lckgn lrvjrlg, ùs duktlg blt tljo. @kt bllat `krlmtl nlvhcnlg

vhhr blt rlcjtklvl dlcjgn vjg `hlclg hp l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus. Llg nl`llc` dlcjgn whr`t jccllgnl`klg` wjggllr `l kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg bklr zlca vhhr`llc dki lrvjrlg, wlcfl vhro `jt vhhr`llc`jg hhf jjggllot.

Dkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn thglg zkmb `ygjoksmb9 wjjr k`lgtktlktlg vjg tljocl`lg zlca jc `ygjoksmbzkig4>>, dlwllnt llg tljock` zkmb plrojglgt vjg llg dlclvkgn vjg ‒ollr vlrdhg`lg‛ (llg stlrflrltljok`lgtktlkt) gjjr ‒ollr jpjrt‛ (llg stlrflrl plrshhgckifl k`lgtktlkt) lg tlrun. @hhr`jt `l plr-shhgckifl k`lgtktlktlg wksslclg, ks hhf blt fjrjftlr vjg `l dkg`kgn olt blt tljo wksslclg`.Hhf bklr splclg `l hgtwkfflckgnlg kg `l drl`lrl mhgtlxt oll9 hrnjgksjtkls whr`lg nl`whgnlgzkmb stll`s sglcclr jjg tl pjsslg jjg vlrjg`lrkgnlg kg l ojrft. @kt clk`t tht rllfslg rlhrnjgksjtklskg fhrtl tki`. Qhhr `l ol`lwlrflr dltlflgt `kt vcumbtknblk` kg `l bkærjrmbksmbl ckig9 vjjf vhcnlg

ollr`lrl djzlg lcfjjr hp kg ëëg ijjr tki`. Llg vlrckls jjg dkg`kgn ks blt nlvhcn, wjt vhhr hrnjgksj-tkls hhf dlpjjc`l vhhr`lclg bllat9 ‒sclmbt gkluws‛ ks ojfflckiflr tl drlgnlg `hhr llg ojgjnlr `klnllg cjgnùrknl ha plrshhgckifl djg` bllat olt `l dltrlaalg`l ol`lwlrflr.

Blt zkig vjg llg tljo, llg tl hg`lrsmblk`lg nrhlp vjg wjt zkmb `jjrduktlg dlvkg`t, drlgnt oltzkmb oll `jt nrhlpsghrolg hgtstjjg9 ‒`kt zkig hgzl rlnlcs, zh zkig wki‛. Tlnlcs zkig ollstjc kopck-mklt, kg l hg`lrstrhho. Yl dltrlaalg blt bjg`lclg lg l kgtlrjmtkl9 dkivhhrdllc` bhl blt wlrf ukt-nlvhlr` whr`t, wlcf nl`rjn jmmlptjdlc nlvhg`lg whr`t, `l stkic vjg mhoougkmjtkl, bhl `l bkærjr-mbksmbl strumtuur ks. ]clmbts llg fclkg `llc vjg `l rlnlcs whr`t lxpckmklt dlghlo`. Hvlr jccl rlnlcs

” kopckmklt ha lxpckmklt ” whr`t plrojglgt hg`lrbjg lc`, ollstjc hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl, vlrpjft.@kt ks tl zklg kg jccl `rkl `l tljos, olt bklrdki vlrsmbkcclg`l `hokgjgtl hg`lrwlrplg. Yh njjt bltdki NHU vjjf hvlr kgzlt lg chyjcktlkt, dki Ojx hvlr `l arlqulgtkl lg kgvucckgn vjg blt tljohvlrcln,

lg dki Ouctk hvlr `l rlcjtkl tht blt dlstuur.

Kg kl`lr vjg l rkl tljos zkig prhthtypksmbl tljocl`lg tl vkg`lg kl ollr jg jg`lrlg bug stlo-plc hp l rlnlcs rufflg. Jabjgflckif vjg il phsktkl kg blt tljo zkig rlnlcs jg hhf ollr ha okg`lrfglcclg`. Tlnlcs nlvlg strumtuur jjg blt `jnlckifs clvlg kg blt tljo, vlrwjmbtkgnlg vjg lcfjjrsnl`rjn whr`lg lr blc`lr`lr `hhr. Qhhr kl`lrllg nlc`t hvlrknlgs `jt tljockòjjtsmbjp il wkgsthpclvlrt âg fhstlg olt zkmb oll drlgnt. Kl`lr tljock` ojjft (dki blrbjckgn, lg hpgkluw ollstjckopckmklt) `l jawlnkgn9 ks blt chglg` ho ghn tl dckivlg8 Hhf bklr thhgt zkmb blt lknlgdlcjgn.

4>> Blt lgl oholgt ks l k lgtktlkt vjg llg tljock` stlrflr nlfclur` `hhr zkig rhc jcs tljock`, llg jg`lrl fllr ks bki

okssmbklg prkojkr vj`lr vjg zkig fkg`lrlg ha vhhrzkttlr vjg `l tlggksvlrlgknkgn.



452

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Kg jccl `rkl `l tljos ks mhoougkmjtkl vjg wlzlgckif dlcjgn vhhr blt k`lgtkmlrlg, phsktkl dlpjclg,dlègvchl`lg, sjolgwlrflg, strumturlrlg, hgtwkfflclg lg jg`lrl, jjg kgtlrjmtkl nlrlcjtllr`l jmtk-

vktlktlg. Blt dlcjgn vjg ‒hplg‛ mhoougkmjtkl whr`t dkgglg NHU hg`lrflg`. \kt vllc prjftksmbl

vhhrdllc`lg dckift `kt vhhr `l dltrhfflglg ukt l `rkl tljos lmbtlr nllg gjtuurckif nl`rjn tl zkig.Yh whr`lg kgmk`lgtlg dkgglg NHU gklt ukt- ha `hhrnlsprhflg, whr`lg dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctktljocl`lg gklt jjgnlsprhflg hp blt gklt gjfholg vjg jasprjflg rlsplmtklvlckif gklt augmtkhglrlg

vjg tljocl`lg. Mhgkmtlg whr`lg kg jccl `rkl `l tljos vlrol`lg6 dkgglg Ojx clk`t `kt zlcas thtblt vlroki`lg vjg dlscuktlg, wjt blt augmtkhglrlg vjg blt tljo alktlckif vlrcjot.@hhr`jt nllg vjg `l tljocl`lg all`djmf ukt bug `krlmtl honlvkgn hgtvjgnt hvlr bug nl`rjn,fugglg bug lknlg hptkokstksmbl ‒kgtlrprltjtkls‛ zkmb stlvkn kg bug hvlrtuknkgnlg glstlclg. Blt gklthplg mhoougkmlrlg clk`t kg jccl `rkl `l tljos tht jodknuètlkt, tht ‒llg vlttl hg`lrstrhho‛ vjgnl`jmbtlg, vlrohl`lgs lg nlvhlclgs. Blt clk`t hp tlrokig jcclrllrst tht kccuskls hvlr nl`llc`l dllc-`lg lg dlcjgnlg lg vlrvhcnlgs tht oksvlrstjg`lg, jgnstlg, (vlrbhclg) mhgkmtlg, rkskmh‛s, kgla-mklgmy lg uktlkg`lckif vlrcjookgn. Plnlckiflrtki` dlsmbj`knlg gklt uktnlprjtl kgmk`lgtlg lg hhr`l-

clg blt hg`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg. Kg `l dhvlgstrhho ks `kt jccls gklt olrfdjjr, whr`t blt hgtflg`.Kg nllg vjg `l tljos whr`t ghlolgswjjr`knl jjg`jmbt dlstll` jjg rllmtkl hp lg dlwustzkig

vjg blt prhmls wjjr blt tljo `hhrbllg njjt ha blt rlsuctjjt vjg bjjr bjg`lclg. @kt dltlflgt `jtlr nllg ha gjuwlckifs lgflc-cus clrlg pcjjtsvkg t, cjjt stjjg ùddlc-cus clrlg4>2. @l ahmus hp `hl-nl`rjn scukt jjg dki `l ojjtsmbjpplckifl trlg` vjg vlrsglcckgn. jggllr jccls nl`jjg ohlt whr`lgkg okg`lr tki`, lamkægtlr, ckift `l hpchsskgn ho okg`lr tki` tl ‒vlrspkcclg‛ jjg rllmtkl lg `lgflg

vhhr `l bjg` tl cknnlg. Qhhr lgflcl tljocl`lg clk`t `kt zlcas tht nrhtl hgrust wjggllr lr okg`lr‒tl `hlg‛ ks.

Hpvjcclg` ks `jt llg ollr`lrblk` vjg tljocl`lg zkmb fhrtl tki` gj dlcjgnrkifl nldlurtlgksslg `lthl`rjmbt gklt prlmkls ollr wllt tl blrkgglrlg, lg hhf `l vhcntki`lckifblk` vjg vhhrvjcclg fwkit

ks. @kt dltlflgt `jt jjg `lzl plrshglg vllc vlrdjg`lg tusslg nldlurtlgksslg hgtnjjg, `jt zl gkltdlwust dlclvlg wjt zl `hlg ha vjg wlcf nrhtlr nlbllc zl `llc uktojflg. @l gj`ruf cknt stll`s,glt jcs kg `l horkgnlg`l mhgtlxt, hp blt `hlg. @jt blt `hlg hp tlrokig okg`lr laalmtkla ks `hhrnllg jmbt tl scjjg hp blt hg`lrcknnlg`l prhmls, whr`t gklt hpnlolrft. Yhg`lr rllmtkl nllg cl-rlg. Blt sjolgsplc tusslg `lgflg lg `hlg jcs vhhrwjjr`l vhhr hgtwkfflckgn ks blg hgdlflg`.@klpnjjg`l rllmtkl hp blt lknlg bjg`lclg ks llg gkluwl lrvjrkgn, `l lgflcl fllr `jt ëëg vjg `lhg`lrzhlfstljos zkmb bklrthl zlt.

Kl`lr vjg `l `rkl tljos bllat llg ahrolcl clk`lr. Gjjst llg clk`lr zkig lr jctki` vhcnlrs ” zhg`lrckmbt koolrs nllg smbjùw. Clk`lg lg vhcnlg vhrolg ëëg `ygjoklf. @l lkslg `kl `hhr vhcnlrsjjg bug clk`lr nlstlc` whr`lg, zkig vllczlnnlg` hvlr `l hgtwkfflckgn vjg bug lknlg kg`kvkùlclclk`lrsmbjp. Qhcnlrs prhdlrlg `l clk`lr tl cjtlg `hlg wjjr zki zlca gklt thl kg stjjg zkig. Kg jccl `rkl

`l tljos zkig `l rhcclg lmbtlr jodknu, hhf `l clk`lrsrhc. Bklr`hhr glolg ghmb `l clk`lr ghmb `ltljocl`lg bug pclf kg. @l cl`lg wltlg gklt nhl` wjjr zl zlca vlrjgtwhhr lckifblk` ohltlg gl-olg lg gklojg` clvlrt zkig phtlgtkæcl dki`rjnl jjg blt tljoprhmls. Kg kl`lr vjg `l tljos zklg wl`jt `l clk`lr `l hgtwkfflckgn vjg blt tljo bkg`lrt, ha `lzl kg kl`lr nlvjc gklt ajmkcktllrt. Kg nllg

vjg l tljos stuurt `l clk`lr ghlolgswjjr`kn hp blt kgtlrjmtklprhmls tusslg l tljocl`lg ha tus-slg blt tljo lg `l honlvkgn, ha hp cllrprhmlsslg.

4>2 Jrnyrks & ]mbñg (:;>2) `lgkærlg lgflc-cus clrlg jcs blt hpsphrlg lg vlrblcplg vjg ahutlg6 ùddlc-cus clrlg dltrlat bltjjgpjsslg vjg `hlcstlcckgnlg, wlrfwkizl, prhmlsslg lg `lrnlckifl gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg rlaclmtkl hp nldlurtlgks-

slg. @kt olt jcs `hlc blt hptrl`lg vjg ahutlg kg `l thlfhost tl vhhrfholg.



45;


Dkgglg NHU whr`t nlæxplrkolgtllr` olt nl`llc` ha pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp9 jccl tljocl`lghp ëëg gj blddlg llg lknlg phrtlalukccl. Bklr`hhr zkig `lzl NHU-cl`lg jmtklvlr dltrhfflg dki `lrljcksjtkl vjg blt tljo`hlc, fugglg zki kl`lr llg stlrflrl kgvchl` blddlg `jg tljocl`lg kg `l jg-

`lrl twll hg`lrzhlfstljos wjjr vhcnlrs ollr ‒jawjmbtlrs‛ zkig. Bhlwlc lr vhhr NHU ùk`lckiflrjtkhglcl rl`lglg zkig ho olt pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp tl lxplrkolgtlrlg, nllat llg uktsprjjf vjgGjgj thmb hhf jjgclk`kgn tht jg`lrl vlrohl`lgs9

Gjgj9 –… vhcnlgs oki pjst blt wlc dki hgs ho llg dlltil pcjt lg hplg clk`lrsmbjp tl blddlg. Hpblt oholgt hhf `jt wl olrflg `jt lr thmb `kgnlg whr`lg dlfhfsthha`, ha hp bhnlr bjg` `kgnlgwhr`lg dl`jmbt, `jg bld il thmb llg dlltil `l phpplg jjg blt `jgslg.‟

@jjr ks hhf klts kg tl vlrstjjg jcs ‒wl vlrtrhuwlg gklt jccls zhojjr, wl wkcclg lrdki dltrhfflg whr-`lg‛. Nldrlf jjg vlrtrhuwlg ” gjjst dlbhlatl jjg juthghokl ” jcs ohnlckifl ohtkvjtkl vhhr bltlxplrkolgt olt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp8

Ujrtkmkpjtkl kg clk`lrsmbjp dkl`t vllc lg vrjjnt vllc vjg zhwlc NHU-cl`lg jcs -ojgjnlr. ]jolg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` glolg vhhr blt nlbllc wlrft jccllg jcs il dlrlk` lg kg stjjt dlgt ho lcfjjrjjg tl sprlflg hp `l uktvhlrkgn6 `jjrgjjst whr`t jmbtlrja hpnlolrft `jt uktnlsprhflg jjg`jmbt

vhhr blt prhmls ghh`zjflckif ks. Dlk`l jsplmtlg fjg `kt tljo hgvhc`hlg`l kgvucclg, wjjr`hhr bltlxplrkolgt `hhr `l lknlg tljocl`lg gklt jcs summlsvhc dlsmbhuw` whr`t. Kg dlk`l hpzkmbtlg ksblt hgtdrlflg vjg vhc`hlg`l hplg mhoougkmjtkl hpgkluw blt strukflcdchf.

jjr vlrdhg`lg whr`t, whr`t tlnlckiflrtki` janlsmblk`lg. Blt prhmls vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks bklrllg nlvhcn vjg. Kg kl`lr vjg `l `rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos zkig prhmlsslg vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn tl zklg,zhjcs blt lrukt wlrflg vjg llg gkluw tljock`, blt vhrolg vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l sudnrhlpils lg bltkshclrlg vjg llg lgflc tljock`. Jccllg dkgglg NHU ks blt ahrollc ohnlckif `jt klojg` blt tljo-ckòjjtsmbjp nlnug` ha hgtgholg whr`t. Jccllg `jjr ks blt prhmls vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn `jg hhf

kg `l lxtrlol vhro vjg hpglolg ha uktsmblk`lg zkmbtdjjr. Hp `l oholgtlg `jt `kt spllct ks bltllg lglrnklvrltlg` prhmls olt llg stlrfl hg`lrstrhho, wjt tlg fhstl njjt vjg `l ahmus hp lknlg-ckifl tljotjjf. Qhhr blt jspkrjgt tljock` ks blt vlrwjrrlg` ho llrst tl hg`lrvkg`lg `jt olg zlntil nrjjn tl zklg fholg, lg zh`rj il lr dlgt, olrf il `jt `l lrvjrkgn `kl il olldrlgnt gjuwlckifslrflg` ha dlgut whr`t. ‒Blt ks gklt wjt blt ckift‛ ks `l cls vhhr `l gkluwfholr. Kg dhvlg- lg hg-`lrstrhho zkig vlrsmbkcclg`l dhh`smbjpplg bhhrdjjr. Blt hg`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg whr`t bklrolljc kg blt dlnkg vjg blt tljockòjjtsmbjp lrgstkn hp `l prhla nlstlc`.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn ks vhhr blt tljo llg zllr frjmbtkn ok``lc wjjroll blt bjjr rlshurmls (hovjgn,flggksnldkl`lg, vjjr`knbl`lg, slgkhrktlkt) fjg hptkojckslrlg. NHU bllat fllr hp fllr `rkgnlg`jjgvucckgn hp mjpjmktlkt lg `kvlrsktlkt gh`kn. @hhr`jt `l nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg lmbtlr gklt kg stjjt

zkig `l `kvlrsktlkt vjg jspkrjgt tljocl`lg thl tl cjtlg lg olt dlbhu` vjg kl`lrs lknlgblk` tl kgtl-nrlrlg, oksslg zl `lzl ohnlckifblk` tht vlrstlrfkgn vjg blt tljophtlgtkllc. @l nlvlstkn`l tljo-cl`lg vlrwlrlg zkmb tlnlg `l `hhr blgzlca nlægtjollr`l vlrjg`lrkgn, `kl dki rljcksjtkl blatknllohtkls lg jawllrrljmtkls dckift hp tl rhlplg. Kgtlnrjtkl vjg llg gkluw tljock` ks jccllg summlsvhc

wjggllr `l thltrl`lr zkmb hg`lrnlsmbkft ojjft, zkmb gklt-dl`rlknlg` hpstlct lg jmbtkgn jjg blttljo lg bjjr ohrls dltuknt. Kl`lr vhlct bjjrig jjg bhl `l ojmbt vlr`llc` ks. Blt dlsla `jt ukt-sthtkgn llg ohnlckifl uktfhost vjg `kt kgscuktkgnsprhmls ks lg `jt `lzl ‒strja ‛ kg `l prjftkif wlrfl-ckif tlg uktvhlr nldrjmbt whr`t, vlrstlrft hhf dki nlvlstkn`l NHU-cl`lg `l (ollstjc hgdlwustl)lxkstlgtkæcl jgnstlg.

]udtklclrl kgscuktkgn thhgt zkmb kg `l vhrokgn vjg mhjcktkls lg sudnrhlplg, uktscuktkgn frkint kgblt `jnlckifs clvlg vhhrjc vhro kg `ksfwjckmjtkls. @l splmklfl mhjcktkls zkig tljolg sktujtkl -



4:5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

jabjgflckif, `jjrgjjst vlrsmbkcclg hhf `l `hokgjgtl vhrolg vjg `ksfwjckmjtkl tusslg `l tljos.Dkgglg Ojx ks ‒buohr‛ dkivhhrdllc` blt uctklol olmbjgksol, prhthtypksmbl tljocl`lg nldrukflgohpplg ho jg`lrlg tl ojrnkgjckslrlg. Dkgglg NHU bllrst llg nlwhhgtl vjg vlrdjcl jnrlsskl dki

lgflcl tljocl`lg. Dki Ouctk vjct hp `jt gklojg` mhgarhgtjtkls vjg tljonlghtlg olt blt dlstuursmbkigt hp tl olrflg. @kt ks llg laalmtklvl ksfwjckmjtkl vjg blt cki`lg` vhhrwlrp vjg l mhgarhg-tjtkls, wjgt jcs il blt prhmls gklt hp smbkigt tl olrflg fjg gklojg` vlrwjmbtlg jt il jjrkg hg`lr-stlugt. Blt glnlrlg vjg l dlilnlgkgn hhr blt dlstuur kl tljonlghtlg tki`lgs l vlrnj`lrkgn lg`jjrduktlg hg`lrnjjg ks kg `kt tljo `l ùk`lckifstl vhro vjg `ksfwjckmjtkl.

Kg nllg vjg l tljos zwjft l clk`lr l uktscuktkgn vjg llg splmklf tljock` ja6 zl ckiflg blt gklt hptl olrflg, glolg lr kg kl`lr nlvjc nllg jmtkl hp. Clk`lrs vlrthglg gklt okg`lr uktscuktkgnsnl`rjn`jg bug tljonlghtlg. @hhr bug phsktkl blddlg vlrnlckifdjrl `j`lg vjg clk`lrs zlcas llg stlrflrlaalmt `hhr`jt bug bjg`lclg llg bhnlrl stjtus bllat lg llr`lr nlclnktkollr` nljmbt whr`t.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn zklg wl hvlrjc kg `l ojjtsmbjppki ho hgs bllg. @jg bllt blt ollstjc `ksmrkok-

gjtkl. @l mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtkls wjjr `l tljos tbuksbhrlg, whr`lg dlvhcft `hhr llg dltrlf-flckif llgvhroknl nrhlp dcjgfl ojgglg vjg nlok``lc` =< ijjr kg glt pjf, shhrtnlckifl `lgfwkizllg olt llg stlrfl dlbhlatl jjg hpwjjrtsl ohdkcktlkt. @ksmrkokgjtkl vjg okg`lrbl`lg dckiat gkltukt kg zh‛g muctuur.

Jcs wl fkiflg gjjr `l hvlrllgfhostlg lg vlrsmbkcclg kg hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxtlg, lg bhl `l tljos`jjroll honjjg, `jg vjct hp `jt zl jccl`rkl hg`lr`llc zkig vjg llg mhoolrmkæcl, `hhr wkgstdlijnnl`rlvlg hrnjgksjtkl. @l gjcl dlhhr`lckgn vjg prlstjtkls vkg`t pcjjts kg rlcjtkl tht jjg`llcbhu-`lrswjjr`l lg gklt hp lgknl vhro vjg `hhr blt tljo thlnlvhln`l fwjcktjtklvl wjjr`l. @l `rkltljos whr`lg jjgnlstuur` vjgukt blt pjrj`knoj vjg vlrsglcckgn, wkgst, fwjgtktjtklvl nrhlk lg‒`hlg‛. Jccllg NHU-cl`lg stlcclg zkmb bklr frktksmb tlnlghvlr hp, `hmb jccllg tlnlghvlr `l jsplm-tlg `kl jjg nlc` lg nrhlkojxkojcksjtkl nlrlcjtllr` zkig, ùs wjjr `l olgtjcl oh`lcclg vjg `l ho-

nlvkgn dhtslg olt `l dlcjgnlg vjg blt tljo. @l pjrj`knoj‛s rhg` vlrsglcckgn lg ‒`hlg‛ olrflghhf zki gklt hp.

Kg nllg vjg `l ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkls dckift dlbhlatl tl dlstjjg ho ‒dki blt tljo tl zkig‛, `jt wkc zln-nlg ho hawlc dki tl `rjnlg `hhr `l hp`rjmbt vjg blt tljo blc`lr`lr tl `lgkærlg, ha sjolg oltblt tljo tl splmkmlrlg, hawlc kg mhgtjmt tl dckivlg hvlr vhhrtnjgn kg `l rljcksjtkl. @lzl bhu`kgnnllat kg llrstl kgstjgtkl rukotl jjg `l tljos ho zjflg zlca kg tl vucclg. Lr ks nllg sprjfl vjgllg mhjmblg`l bhu`kgn vjg blt ojgjnlolgt. @l jodknuètlkt `kl bklr blt nlvhcn vjg ks, nllatbjg`lckgnsrukotl.\ktlkg`lckif, jcs `l jodknuètlkt z‛g wlrf `hlt lg zjflg spjjf dlnkgglg tl chplg, vlrwjmbtkgnlg

vjg `l thp gklt whr`lg wjjrnlojjft, clk`t `kt tht blt zhlflg vjg llg smbuc`knl, tht vlrwkitlg lg

mhgkmtlg, nlvhcn` `hhr kgnrlplg kg `l strumtuur. Ojx whr`t hgtdhg`lg, NHU whr`t nlbjcvllr`lg lc`lrs kg `l hrnjgksjtkl hg`lrnldrjmbt. Hhf `l strumtuur vjg Ouctk whr`t `rjstksmb nlwkizkn`.

l zklg ùs vllc `lzlca`l pjtrhglg, chmjjc bllc vlrsmbkcclg` kgnlvuc` lg jg`lrs dlclla`. Pwll vlrsmbkcclg `kl NHU vjg Ojx lg Ouctk hg`lrsmblk`lg, zkig lmbtlr strumturllc vjg jjr`. Yl thglghgs bhl `l chmjcl hrnjgksjtklstrumtuur `krlmt `hhrwlrft kg `l tljo`ygjoklf. Jcclrllrst dltrlat`kt `l pcjjts lg `l rhc vjg blt tljo kg `l hrnjgksjtkl, lg tlg twll`l `l wkizl wjjrhp tljocl`lgnlwhrvlg whr`lg.

jt dltrlat `l pcjjts lg rhc vjg `l tljos kg `l hrnjgksjtkl vjct hp `jt Ojx lg Ouctk `llc uktojflg vjg llg ojtrkxstrumtuur9 `l cl`lg zkig zhwlc tljock` hp ha `krlmt hg`lr `l `krlmtkl jcsojgjnlr vjg bug ja`lckgn. @kt nllat blg vjgukt `lzl twll hrkægtjtkls vlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg `kl



4::


strki`lg ho bug jjg`jmbt lg trhuw. Kg `l prjftkif dckiflg zki zkmb stlrf olt `l rhc kg bug ja`lckgntl k`lgtkmlrlg lg sclmbts zwjfils olt bug tljorhc. @jt zl kg`kvkùllc vhhrjc hp `l (gjgmkæcl)plrahrojgml vjg bug lknlg ja`lckgn dlhhr`llc` lg dlchhg` whr`lg ” wlcfl stlrf vlrwlvlg ks

olt bug plrshhgckif `hlc ” vlrokg`lrt bug dlrlk`blk` tht sjolgwlrflg dkgglg blt tljo lg thtblt dki`rjnlg jjg blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc, wjggllr `jt gklt ýýf kg blt dlcjgn ckift vjg bugja`lckgns`hlc. Kg `l dkillgfhostlg whr`t blt dlcjgn vjg blt tljo`hlc lmbtlr hgvlrokg`lr` dl-gj`ruft. Hpgkluw zklg wl bklr jodknuètlkt9 `l jodknuètlkt vjg `l ojtrkxstrumtuur vlrtjjct zkmb kgjodknuètlkt kg mhoougkmjtkl hvlr `hlclg lg dlcjgnlg. @hhr`jt bklr gklt hvlr nlsprhflg whr`t, ksblt ohnlckif `jt tljocl`lg zkmb hnlgsmbkigckif jmbtlr blt tljo`hlc smbjrlg, ojjr kg wlrflckifblk`bug lknlg `hlclg gjstrlvlg.Kg tlnlgstlcckgn tht Ojx lg Ouctk wlrflg NHU-cl`lg gklt kg llg ojtrkxstrumtuur lg gklt jcs oj-gjnlr `hmb hp uktvhlrlg` gkvlju. Yki k`lgtkmlrlg zkmb stlrflr `jg cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk oltbug lknlg tljo, zl hgtclglg bklr zlcas (llg `llc vjg) bug stjtus jjg9 zki ‒zkig‛ NHU. @hhr buglgflcvhu`knl rhc lrvjrlg zl gjjr vlrbhu`kgn tht `l cl`lg vjg `l jg`lrl tljos okg`lr plrshhg-

ckifl nlspcltlgblk` kg dlcjgnlg. @l (gjgmkæcl) lkslg `kl `l hrnjgksjtkl jjg blg stlct fugglg zltki`lckif glnlrlg, kg `l rlcjtklvl jazhg`lrkgn vjg NHU mhgmlgtrlrlg zl zkmb hp `l zjflg `kl zkizlca dlcjgnrkif jmbtlg. ]clmbts hp lgflcl oholgtlg plr ijjr ” dkivhhrdllc` dki `l thlflggkgn vjgblt tjgtkâol jjg blt lkg`l vjg blt ijjr `hhr blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt ” dckift `l tlnlgstlcckgn tus-slg hrnjgksjtkl`hlclg lg tljo`hlc. NHU-cl`lg lrvjrlg tlg nlvhcnl vjg `kt strumtuurvlrsmbkc okg-`lr jodkvjclgtkl lg okg`lr jodknuètlkt tlg jjgzklg vjg blt tljo`hlc. Hg`jgfs `l vlrsmbkcclg`lplrshhgckifl dlcjgnlg whr`t blt tljo`hlc dkgglg NHU olt llg stlrflrl kgtlgsktlkt jcs ‒hgs `hlc‛lrvjrlg4>; `jg dki Ojx lg Ouctk blt nlvjc ks.

Llg jg`lr nlvhcn vjg blt vlrsmbkc kg phsktkl lg rhc vjg blt tljo fhot tht ukt`ruffkgn kg `l kgtlg-sktlkt vjg sjolgwlrflg. Pljocl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk dlstl`lg vllc ollr tki` lg lglrnkl dki buglknlg ja`lckgnlg, fholg sclmbts jg lrbjca rlsplmtklvlckif twjjca uur plr ojjg` kg tljovlrdjg`

dkillg. NHU-cl`lg `jjrlgtlnlg wlrflg jccl `jnlg sjolg ” lg tki`lgs lvlgts hhf gjmbtlg. NHU-cl`lg zkttlg lcfjjr zh`hlg`l aysklf lg lohtkhgllc `kmbtlr hp `l buk`, bhrlg lg zklg ‒jccls‛ vjglcfjjr, dlpjclg kg stlrflrl ojtl lcfjjrs jnlg`j, rlnuclrlg lcfjjrs nl`rjn stlrflr, whr`lg ollr ‒aj-okckl‛. @hhr lzl kgtlgsktlkt vjg sjolgzkig lg sjolgwlrflg ks blt tljoclvlg dkgglg NHU kg`rkg-nlg`lr lg vllclkslg`lr `jg dki Ojx lg Ouctk. Jjg blt tljockòjjtsmbjp vjg NHU fug il il gklthgttrlfflg. @kt, nlmhodkgllr` olt llg stlrfl k`lgtkmjtkl, drlgnt ollr lxkstlgtkæcl lohtkls oltzkmb oll jg dki Ojx lg Ouctk. Il wkct gklts cklvlr jg lrdki bhrlg âg blt whr`t il shos tl vllc, jg

vhlc il il jcs kg`kvkù dkigj vlrzwhcnlg. @jg ks blt jcsha il lglrnkl lg k`lgtktlkt vlrsolct olt `kl vjg blt tljo. jggllr kg`kvkùlcl NHU-tljocl`lg zkmb bklrtlnlg dlsmblrolg lg zkmb blkolckif vlrwlrlg tlnlg `lrnlckifl stlrfl jsskokcjtkl, clvlrt `kt hpgkluw jodknuètlkt kg mhoougkmjtkl hp,gu hhf vhhr NHU-cl`lg.

Jccl cl`lg vjg l `rkl tljos hg lrvkg`lg zh`hlg`l jodknuètlkt tlg nlvhcnl vjg strumtuurflgolr-flg vjg `l honlvkgn wjjrkg zki wlrflg.

Hhf jcs wl fkiflg gjjr `l wkizl wjjrhp tljocl`lg nlwhrvlg whr`lg zklg wl stlrfl vlrsmbkcclgtusslg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos. @hhr bjjr nlrkgnl augmtkhglcl lg hplrjtkhglcl sjolgbjgn olt `lrlst vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl ojn NHU zlcastjg`kn dlscuktlg hvlr bjjr hovjgn lg sjolgstlcckgn. NHU-cl`lg dlpjclg sjolg wkl ‒oll ojn `hlg‛. Blt bhnlrl ojgjnlolgt stlct bklrdki sclmbts nchdjclrjg`vhhrwjjr lg. Qhhr Ojx lg Ouctk ks kg l strumtuur vjg blt tljo dlpjjc` jt splmklfl rhcclg,gjolckif `l bhha`lg vjg dlpjjc`l ja`lckgnlg, bklrkg vlrtlnlgwhhr`kn` zkig. \kt bhha`l vjg zkigaugmtkl ks klojg` ck`, gklt hp djsks vjg zkig pjsskl, flggks, dki`rjnl ha plrshhgckifblk`. @kt dltl-

4>; @kt wlc olt `l gujgml `jt blt `hhr `l hrnjgksjtkl hpnlcln`l `hlc okg`lr kg dllc` ks.



4:4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

flgt `jt, bhlwlc prhmlsslg vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn kg kl`lr vjg `l `rkl tljos tl hdslrvlrlg zkig, `lohnlckifl vlrsmbkigkgnsvhro lg kgtlgsktlkt bklrvjg sjolgbjgnt olt `l strumtuur vjg blt tljo lg`l mhgtlxt wjjrdkgglg zki augmtkhgllrt.

Tjtkh, kccuskl lg lohtkl

Jodknuètlkt dckift llg ‒vjst‛ nlnlvlg, olt zllr vlrsmbkcclg`l vlrsmbkigkgnsvhrolg. Jodknuètlkt`ukft hp jcclrclk pcjjtslg lg oholgtlg kg blt tljoclvlg hp. Yhjcs kg ‒blt lmbtl clvlg‛ dckiat hhf dkiblt sjolgwlrflg kg llg tljo vllc kopckmklt, whr`lg vllc zjflg gklt uktnlsprhflg ha `hhr`jmbt.Yh ks vjjf gklt uk`lckif wjt blt tljo`hlc wlrflckif ks, wjt blt hovjt lg kgbhu`t, wlcfl dltlflgks-slg lr hhr l vlrsmbkcclg`l tljocl`lg jjg nlnlvlg whr`lg lg wjt l rlcjtkl olt bug lknlgdlcjgnks. Hhf nl`rjnsrlnlcs zkig vllcjc kopckmklt9 `kl ohlt il jjgvhlclg. Bltzlca`l nlc`t vhhr rhcclg lg

vlrjgtwhhr`lckifbl`lg. Bhl `lzl wlrflckifblk` jjgnlvhlc` whr`t, vlrsmbkct tusslg tljocl`lg. jjr `l ëëg jodknuètlkt lg arjnolgtjtkl lrvjjrt, fjg llg jg`lr ck` vjg bltzlca`l tljo iukst sjolg-

bjgn lg mhgskstlgtkl lrvjrlg425

. Gkltzsmbl ghlot jodknuètlkt ‒rkif‛. jt vlrhhrzjjft jodknuètlkt lg wjt ks blt laalmt lrvjg hp `l `ygjoklf kg tljos8 Ks jodknuètlkt kg`lr`jj` vlrrkiflg`8

Gjuw vlrwjgt jjg jodknuètlkt ks `l kccuskl9 llg `hhr dltrhfflglg nlmhgstrullr` vlrbjjc `jt gkltnlthltst whr`t lg `jt sktujtkls, vhhrvjcclg lg hostjg`knbl`lg vhhr blg bjgtllrdjjr ojjft. ^lzklg kg `l tljos dkivhhrdllc` kccuskls hvlr nlollgsmbjpplckifblk`, hvlr blt gkvlju vjg `l lknlgprlstjtkl, hvlr blt alkt `jt blt tljodlcjgn dhvlg blt lknlgdlcjgn njjt, hvlr `l ohnlckifblk` `lhonlvkgn tl dlègvchl`lg. Hhf hvlr `l hplgblk` gjjr lcfjjr, hvlr `l ohnlckifblk` lg jodktkl thtclrlg, hvlr blt blddlg vjg zhrn vhhr lcfjjr, hvlr blt wlcfho bltlg vjg gkluwfholrs lg hvlr bltlknlg jjg`llc kg hgnlwlgstl ha hgdl`hlc`l hgtwkfflckgnlg dlstjjg lr vlcl ajgtjskl- lg wlgsdllc-`lg. Qlrhg`lrstlcckgnlg hp lzl kolgskls whr`lg gklt nlthltst. Dckifdjjr bllat olg jjg l kccusklnlghln. Ha cjjt olg ukt zlcadlsmblrokgn dlpjjc`l kgzkmbtlg gklt thl, ks `l kccuskl nlruststlcclg`lg vlkckn8 @jjrdki ks blt vhhr llg summlsvhccl vhhrstlcckgn wlc ghh`zjflckif `jt jccl, ha `l olls-tl tljocl`lg, llg dlpjjc`l kccuskl hg`lrstluglg lg `lzl ‒ollsplclg‛. Nhaaojg nllat sprlflg`l

vhhrdllc`lg bhl `kt shhrt sjolgspjgglg hp jcclrclk kgtlrjmtklpugtlg kg `l ojjtsmbjppki tusslgsplclrs pcjjtsvkg`t. Hvlr `kt sjolgsplc kg tljos zlnt bki vlr`lr9

–V…_ j plrahrolr ojy dl tjflg kg dy bks hwg jmt, mhgvkgml` jt tbl oholgt tbjt tbl koprlsskhgha rljckty wbkmb bl ahstlrs ks tbl hgl jg` hgcy rljckty. Kg sumb mjsls tbl plrahrolr mhols th dl bkshwg ju`klgml6 bl mhols th dl plrahrolr jg` hdslrvlr ha tbl sjol sbhw. Urlsuojdcy bl kgtrjmlpts hrkgmhrphrjtls tbl stjg`jr`s bl jttlopts th ojkgtjkg kg tbl prlslgml ha htblrs sh tbjt bks mhgsmklgmlrlqukrls bko th jmt kg j shmkjccy prhplr wjy. Kt wkcc bjvl dllg glmlssjry ahr tbl kg`kvk`ujc kg bks

plrahrokgn mjpjmkty th mhgmljc arho bkoslca kg bks ju`klgml mjpjmkty tbl `ksmrl`ktjdcl ajmts tbjt blbjs bj` th cljrg jdhut tbl plrahrojgml. Kg lvlry`jy tlros, tblrl wkcc dl tbkgns bl fghws, hr bjsfghwg, tbjt bl wkcc ght dl jdcl th tlcc bkoslca.‟ 42:

425 \kt l kgtlrvklws lg cjtlrl nlsprlfflg dckif jt l lrvjrkgn vjg jodknuètlkt hhr tljocl`lg stlrf vlrsmbkct. Lgflcl tljo-

nlghtlg nlvlg oki kg bug all`djmf hp mhgmlptbhha`stufflg (zkl bhha`stuf :4) jjg `jt kf blt ‒vlrfllr`‛ zkl6 `jt

zki dkgglg NHU mhgskstlgtkl lg mhgslgsus blddlg lrvjrlg, llgblk` lg (ollr) blc`lrblk`. Kg tlrolg vjg Ojrtkg

(4554, pn ::< ” :12) lrvjrlg zki kgtlnrjtkl, lg gklt zhzllr arjnolgtjtkl. Jg`lrlg blddlg okig dlsmbrkivkgnlg

vlrwlcfho` jcs ‒lkg`lckif hpnlsmbrlvlg‛. Qhhr blg wjs `l jodknuètlkt lg arjnolgtjtkl dkgglg blt tljo (jmb-

tlrja) zllr blrflgdjjr. Kfzlca dlg `l jodknuètlkt dkgglg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos pjs tlg vhccl njjg zklg dki `klpnjjg`ldlstu`lrkgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlfsojtlrkjjc.

42: Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn 21



4:=


–^bkcl j tljo-plrahrojgml ks kg prhnrlss, jgy olodlr ha tbl tljo bjs tbl phwlr th nkvl tblsbhw jwjy hr th `ksrupt kt dy kgjpprhprkjtl mhgùmt. V…_ Pblrl ks, plrahrml, j dhg` ha rlmkprhmjc`lplg`lgml ckgfkgn tljo-ojtls th jghtblr. V…_ Jmmhopckmls kg tbl ojkgtlgjgml ha j pjrtkmucjr

jppljrjgml ha tbkgns, V…_ tbly tlg` th dl dhug` dy tbl rknbts ha wbjt oknbt dl mjccl` ‒ajokckjrkty‛. Johgn tljo-ojtls tbks prkvkclnl ha ajokckjrkty ” wbkmb ojy mhgstktutl j fkg` ha kgtkojmywktbhut wjrotb ” gll` ght th dl sholtbkgn ha jg hrnjgkm fkg`, `lvlchpkgn wktb tbl pjssjnl hatkol thnltblr, dut rjtblr j ahrojc rlcjtkhgsbkp tbjt ks juthojtkmjccy lxtlg`l` jg` rlmlkvl` js shhgjs tbl kg`kvkùjc tjfls j pcjml kg tbl tljo.‟ 424

@lrnlckif splc ks jabjgflckif vjg blt thgllc wjjrhp nlspllc` whr`t. Yh ks lr kg `l tljovlrnj`lrkg-nlg vjg Ojx llg sudtklc vlrsmbkc tl dlolrflg wjggllr `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur hgvlrwjmbt fhotdkgglgchplg. Blt thgllc vlrjg`lrt hnlgdckfflckif, `l kgbhu` vjg `l vhhrstlcckgn lg `l rhcdlzlt-tkgn whr`t krlmt jjgnlpjst. jjr shck`jrktlkt kg blt tljo gh`kn ks ho sjolg l nlwlgstl, tl splclg

wlrflckifblk` tl dlpjclg, ks blt laalmt vjg ghgmhgahroksol ollstjc uktscuktkgn 42=. @l mhgtrhcl vjg

`l vhhrstlcckgn nllat blt tljo llg nlvhlc vjg vlkcknblk`.

420

Pljocl`lg zkig zkmb kg `l ollstl nlvjcclg gklt ha gjuwlckifs dlwust vjg `l `ygjoklflg lg kccu-skls (‒blt splc‛) wjjr zl hg`lr`llc vjg zkig, ha vjg `l mhgtlxt wjjrdkgglg zki augmtkhglrlg lg bhlbug splc `jjroll vjrkllrt. @kt hgnljmbt ha `kt blt tljogkvlju ha blt hrnjgksjtklgkvlju dltrlat.Llg `lrnlckif dlplrft dlwustzkig ks tlflglg` vhhr `l jcnlblcl mhoougkmjtkl kg `l tljos lg bllatlaalmt hp jccl `kolgskls `jjrvjg, zhjcs jastloolg, rllmtlrlg, vlrflgglg, dlègvchl`lg, strumtu-rlrlg, mhgkmtlg hpchsslg lg dlscuktlg. Llg lgflc tljock` olrft hp `jt hplg mhoougkmjtkl wlcgh`kn ks ojjr gklt tht stjg` fhot, jt mhgkmtlg vlrol`lg whr`lg, jt gklt lrflg` whr`t wjt zkmbjaspllct. Blt dlghlolg vjg wjt zkmb jaspllct ” hhf blt dlghlolg vjg wjt kg `l mhoougkmjtkl tlbhrlg ks ” whr`t `hhr `l ollstl tljocl`lg lmbtlr nlvhlc` jcs blt mrlærlg vjg llg sallr vjg gl-njtkvktlkt lg frktklf. Llg `lrnlckif ‒zwjrt‛ dllc` pjst gklt dki blt kg `l ojgjnlolgtwlrlc` nlc`lg`l

phsktklvl dllc` vjg summlsvhccl tljos, wjjrjjg olg zkmb nrjjn spklnlct. Olt `kt pjrj`knoj zlttlg`l tljocl`lg zkmbzlca fclo, ojflg zl `l hg`lrckgnl rllmtkl hgohnlckif `kl hghgtdllrckif ks vhhrhgtwkfflckgn lg nrhlk. Hplg mhoougkmjtkl vlrsthhrt dhvlg`klg kccuskls `kl nlfhlstlr` whr`lg,lg blt clnt ohnlckif lknlgdlcjgnlg dchht. @lzl cjjtstl rkskmh‛s zkig splmklf vhhr NHU ol`l vjgdlcjgn kg rlcjtkl tht l honlvkgn vjg blt tljo, kl jcs vkijg`kn lrvjrlg whr`t. Hplg mhoougkmjtklfjg `l kgtlrgl mhblskl lg hvlrtuknkgn vjg `l lknlg bknb plrahokgn prlstjtkl kg nlvjjr drlgnlg, lg`jjroll `l dhcstlr vjg blt tljo gjjr `l honlvkgn vlrzwjfflg.

Hplg mhoougkmjtkl ” hp plrshhgckif gkvlju ha hp tljogkvlju ” ks `jjroll tl rksfjgt. Olg ùratzkmb gklt dchht tl nlvlg, lg zlflr gklt jcs llrstl. @lzl plrmlptkls zkig lr `l hhrzjjf vjg `jt lr kg`lzl tljos nllg trj`ktkl dlstjjt vjg all`djmf nlvlg. Bklroll ks `l mkrflc rhg`9 zhg`lr sjolg tl

fkiflg lg tl dlrl`lglrlg wjjr hhrzjflg lg vlrdjg`lg cknnlg, fjg llg tljo zkig hgtwkfflckgn gkltdlwust dlègvchl`lg, whr`t `l plrshhgckifl ohnlckifblk` tht nrhlk dlplrft lg fjg lr gklt nlwlrft whr`lg jjg l vlkcknblk` kg l nrhlp. jt ojjft dchhtnlvlg zh hgvlkckn8 jjr ks olg djgn vhhr8Lg wjt vhl`t `l dlbhlatl ho blt ‒kf‛ zh stlrf tl vlrbucclg, `l vhhrstlcckgn lrvjg tl ojgkpuclrlg8

Hg`jgfs blt nlrkgnl dchhtnlvlg fholg shos thmb blatknl lohtkls jjg `l hpplrvcjftl, zhjcs dkiNHU nlùrlg`l `l cjgnlrl plrkh`ls vjg `l tljolgtrlls vjg Blcclg lg Ijmmh, lg dki Ojx hp bltoholgt `jt dckift `jt tljocl`lg olt `l prlslgtjtkl vjg bug rlsuctjtlg `l zjjf ojjg`lgcjgn hg-

424 Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn 22

42= Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn ;<

420 Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn ;;



4:0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

iukst vhhrnlstlc` blddlg. Hvlr blt jcnlollg thhgt olg zkmb `us dlbllrst, tlrwkic zkmb hg`lr `lhpplrvcjftl, kg `l hg`lrstrhho, wlc `lnlckif vjg jccls jaspllct.

@l tlrolg ‒dhvlgstrhho‛ lg ‒hg`lrstrhho‛ zkig jc `kvlrsl flrlg nlvjcclg.

@l dhvlgstrhho ks vlrnlckifdjjr olt tbl arhgt stjnl ha blt ph`kuo42< lg whr`t nlvhro` `hhr jcbltnllg zkmbtdjjr ks vhhr thlsmbhuwlrs9

uktkgn `hhr jmthrlg vjg lknlg mhgstrumtkl lg dlclvkgn6`l vhhrstlcckgn `kl ‒jmtlurs‛ nlvlg9 dlwustl dlègvchl`kgn vjg blt dllc` `jt dki `l jg`lrhgtstjjt6hgwkcclflurknl uktkgnlg vjg blt ckmbjjo, vhhrjc wjjrgllodjjr vhhr jg`lrlg `jg `l jmthrzlca6strumtuurlclolgtlg kg lg duktlg `l hrnjgksjtkl, `kl sjolg olt blt bjg`lclg vjg jmthrlg dl-pjclg` zkig vhhr blt nlbllc.

Hg`lr `lzl cjjtstl mjtlnhrkl vjct dkivhhrdllc` blt ahrolcl dlclk` vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl, ojjr hhf zh-

klts jcs `l phsktkla nlstlo`l ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur, `kl koolrs stlrfl kgvchl` bllat hp `l kgbhu` vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg. jggllr wl nlspllc`l lohtkl rlflglg tht rjtkh, whr t `l dhvlgstrhho nlbllc`hhr rjtkh nlvhl`. 421

@l hg`lrstrhho `jjrlgtlnlg dlstjjt ukt jccls wjt vhhr `l hghpclttlg`l wjjrglolr gklt (`krlmt)zkmbtdjjr ks9

`l lglrnkl vjg blt vuur, ckla`l lg jgnst, `rkiavlrlg lg drhgglg vjg dlcjgnlgghrolg, wjjr`lg, hvlrtuknkgnlg (blt `llc vjg `l kisdlrn hg`lr wjtlr)`jt wjt dlwust dkgglg- ha jmbtlrnlbhu`lg whr`t, zhjcs lohtkls, nlblkolg, olgkgnlg, dl-cjgnlg, phcktklfl hvlrwlnkgnlg.

Kg `l hg`lrstrhho zklg wl dki gj`lrl dlsmbhuwkgn llg olgnlckgn vjg lglrzki`s lohtkl lg jg`lr-

zki`s rjtkh, `kl ks nlsthc` kg strumturlg jcs ‒dlcjgnlg‛, ‒ghrolg‛ lg ‒wjjr`lg‛.

@l nrlgs tusslg dhvlg- lg hg`lrstrhho ks dlwlnlckif. ^jt kg llg dlpjjc`l vhhrstlcckgn kg `l dhvlgstrhho zkmbtdjjr ojn whr`lg, ks jabjgflckif vjg jmthr lg pudcklf. @lshg`jgfs fjg shos kltsjjg `l dlbllrskgn vjg `l jmthr hgtsgjpplg, wjggllr hgs ckmbjjo hgwkcclflurkn rljnllrt, dkivhhr-dllc` `hhr hgs tl cjtlg dchzlg, sthttlrlg ha ncug`lrlg. Kg `l mhucksslg, wjggllr llg tljo hg`lrlcfjjr ks, zucclg zjflg uktnlwksslc` fugglg whr`lg `kl hp blt ph`kuo kg `l hg`lrstrhho nlbhu-`lg whr`lg. Llg vhhrdllc` bklrvjg zjnlg wl bklrdhvlg dki Ojx, `jt kgllgs `l rkilg scukt lg sthptolt blt hg`lrckgnl nlbjrrlwjr, wjggllr `l `krlmtlur hgjjgnlfhg`kn` `l vlrnj`lrrukotl dkgglg-stjpt. Llg dlcjgnrkifl bhha`rhcsplclr dltrll`t blt thgllc, wjt l vlrbhu`kgn tusslg hg`lrlg dh-

vlgstrhho hnlgdckfflckif kgnrkiplg` wkizknt. @l tljoojgjnlr vhlrt blt whhr`, l jg`lrlg thglg

zkmb vhhr blt hhn vjg `l `krlmtlur ugjgklo olt `l tljoojgjnlr. @lrnlckifl vlrsmbkcclg trl`lghhf hp dkgglg `l tljos9 kg fclkgl mhjcktkls ha ‒phcktklfl‛ fhgnskls dkgglg llg tljo zucclg jg`lrlzjflg uktnlwksslc` whr`lg jg kg blt tljo jcs nlbllc. jt uktnlwksslc` whr`t ks zh jabjgflckif vjg

wkl kg `l kgtlrjmtkl dltrhfflg ks lg wlcfl kg`ruf dki `l thlsmbhuwlr nlwlft ohlt whr`lg.

42< Qlrwllc :;2>6 ]kldlrs lt jc., 4554, pn 40

421 Kg bhha`stuf <, Mhoougkmjtkl, dki l dlsprlfkgn vjg Nhaaojg‛s ‒Pbl Urlslgtjtkhg ha ]lca kg Lvlry`jy Ckal‛ zjnlg

wl jc `jt blt dllc` `jt tljocl`lg zlca vjg bug mhoougkmjtkl blddlg vlr ja stjjt vjg blt dllc` `jt Nhaaojg

smbltst vjg mhoougkmjtkl kg tljos. Pljocl`lg blddlg gklt blt k`ll `jt zki ‒llg vhhrstlcckgn nlvlg‛. Bhl vrllo`

hgs `jt hhf hvlrfhot, wki `hlg `jt jcclojjc arlqulgt, lg zlflr jcs prhalsskhgjcs. Llg prhalsskhgjc wkc dkivhhr-

dllc` jcs tlrzjflfug`kn dki zkig clk`kgnnlvlg`l ha fcjgt hvlrfholg. Bki zjc kg `jt nlvjc llg jg`lrl lknlgsmbjp-

plg, vjjr`knbl`lg, flggks lg nl`rjn hp `l vhhrnrhg` stlcclg `jg wjggllr bki dkivhhrdllc` llg phcktkljnlgt wkc

hvlrtuknlg nllg dhg ukt tl smbrkivlg vhhr llg hvlrtrl`kgn `kl bki zhiukst bllat dlnjjg.

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•••



4:<


Mhoougkmjtkl spllct llg mrumkjcl rhc dki blt bjg`bjvlg vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg lg kccuskls. Nhaaojg42> wkist lrhp `jt blt jmbtlrbhu`lg vjg kgahrojtkl dkgglg llg tljo llg kg`kvkùllc tljock` jjgzklg-ckif fjg smbj`lg, `hhr`jt `lzl `jg dlplrft whr t kg zkig ha bjjr ohnlckifblk` `l lknlg vhhrstlc-

ckgn nlchhawjjr`kn hp tl vhlrlg. @kt trll`t dkivhhrdllc` hp wjggllr ëëg vjg l ajmkcktjthrs jasprj-flg tlr vhhrdlrlk`kgn vjg llg lvlgt olt fcjgtlg ojjft zhg`lr `l jnlg`j vjg zkig ol`l- ajmkcktjthr tl rjj`pclnlg. @lzl cjjtstl whr`t `jjroll kg `l vhhrstlcckgn vjg blt tljo gjjr `l fcjgt jcs ‒vjgllg hg`lrnlsmbkftl hr`l‛ wlnnlzlt lg vhlct `kt jcs smbj`l jjg `l (nlckifwjjr`knl) rhc `kl bki ollgttl splclg lg vhcnlgs `l hplgckifl vlrbhu`kgnlg zhu blddlg. @l prkojkrl jmthr kg `kt vhhrdllc`dlègvchl`t zh summlsvhc `l hg`lrckgnl ojmbtsvlrbhu`kgn kg blt vlr`lrl wlrf olt `lzl fcjgt. Lrhgtstjjt llg ig splc wjjrdki kg`kvkùlcl lg nlollgsmbjpplckifl vhhrstlcckgnlg `hhr lcfjjr chplg.Lg gklt jccl vhhrstlcckgnlg zkig tlnlckiflrtki`, hp ëëg thgllc tl bjg`bjvlg. ^klgs vhhrstlcckgn prl-

vjcllrt kg `lrnlckifl nlvjcclg8 Bhl spllct blt tbloj ojmbt bklrkg8

Pbloj‛s kg `l hg`lrstrhho Plnlckiflrtki` olt blt ‒hgdlwustzkig‛ vjg tljocl`lg zklg wl `jt lr `jgkn hg`lrbjg`lc` whr`t hvlrdltlflgksslg. Dkivhhrdllc` hvlr dltlflgks vjg `hlclg, vjg nl`rjnsrlnlcs lg ghrolg, vjg wlrf-bhu`kgn lg bjg`lckgnsrukotl, vjg tljockòjjtsmbjp. Bhl wlrft kt, bhl fjg llg olgs hg`lrbjg-`lclg zhg`lr dlwust tl zkig8 ^jt `rkiat blt hg`lrbjg`lclg `jg8Hp ollr`lrl oholgtlg whr`t zkmbtdjjr `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn vhhr tljocl`lg stlrflr ks `jg blttljodlcjgn, bhlwlc gklojg` `jt kg `l dhvlgstrhho flgdjjr ojjft, bjr`hp zlnt. Ks llg tljock``jt hplgckif llg twll`l (lknlg) `hlc gjstrllat llg uktzhg`lrkgn ha ks `kt ” dl`lft ” llg jcnlolglr

vhhrfholg` vlrsmbkigslc8 Bhl dlègvchl`lg tljocl`lg tlg dlbhlvl vjg bug lknlgdlcjgn, bhlnjjt `kt sjolg olt blt tljodlcjgn8 Ha ks `jt llg spjggkgnsvlc`8 l zklg dki shooknl tljocl`lg`hokgjgt nl`rjn kg vlrdjcl mhoougkmjtkl, vlrsmbkcclg`l vhrolg vjg blt splc tusslg vhcnlrs lg

bug clk`lr. Ojmbt ks llg kgtlrlssjgtl ajmthr kg `l tljos. ^kl bllat ojmbt8 ^kl gklt8 Bhl whr`tojmbt nldrukft8 ^kl dlpjjct `l kgbhu` lg rhcvlr`lckgn vjg `l vhhrstlcckgn8

‒]trumturlcl‛ jodknuètlkt, `l hgzlflrblk` lg jgnst `kl `jjrukt vhhrtfholg, blt gklt lrflgglg wjtzkmb jaspllct, blt gklt olt `l dltrhfflgl zlca uktwksslclg vjg all`djmf, blt hgtflgglg ha vlrdchl-olg vjg flgolrflg`l vlrsmbkcclg tusslg tljocl`lg, blt splclg vjg llg ojmbtssplc9 blt zkig stuf

vhhr stuf zjflg `kl vhcnlgs ]kx422 kgvchl` blddlg hp blt vlrtrhuwlg kg `l tljos. ]kx bllat llgnrhtl bhlvllcblk` hg`lrzhlf bklrhvlr dki lcfjjr nldrjmbt. Bhlwlc vlrtrhuwlg nllg hg`lrwlrpks wjjr kg `l kgtlrvklws hplgblk` hvlr ks nlnlvlg, ks lr llg jjgtjc oholgtlg kg `l hdslrvjtkls

wjjrhp klts hvlr vlrtrhuwlg dckift. Blt prhalsskhglcl vlrtrhuwlg dkgglg NHU vjct hp kg phsktklvlzkg. Ojjr hhf blt nlrkgnl plrshhgckifl vlrtrhuwlg kg l tljos, wjjr shos zlcas jplrt wjgtrhuwlg

dckift. ^jt ks bklrvjg blt laalmt hp tljofckojjt lg -kgtlrjmtkl, lg hp `l prlstjtkl8 l zklg kg blt vhhrjanjjg`l

`jt blt blo` gj`lr ks `jg `l rhf9 blt plrshhgckifl ks stlrflr `jg blt nlzjolgckifl.`jt jodknuètlkt llg ‒vjst‛ nlnlvlg ks, tlzjolg olt blt vhhrfholg lg fhlstlrlg vjg kccuskls.`jt hplg mhoougkmjtkl gklt tht stjg` fhot. Tllmtkl bllat nllg pcjjts kg blt tljobjg`lclg, sk-tujtkls whr`lg gklt hg`lr hnlg nlzklg. Olg smblrot zkmb ja `hhr llg stlrfl gj`ruf hp ‒`hlg‛ha vlrsmbukct zkmb kg vhhrstlcckgnlg. Qhhrstlcckgnlg ojflg llg hgchsojflckif `llc ukt vjg `lkgtlrjmtkl tusslg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn lg tusslg blt tljo lg `l vlrsmbkcclg`l mhgtlxtlg6

42> Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn ;=

422 ]kx, 4550, pn 2<

•••



4:1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`jt lr llg cjjn dlwustzkig ks vjg `l `ygjoklflg lg kccuskls wjjr `l tljocl`lg hg`lr`llc vjgzkig, ha vjg `l mhgtlxt wjjrdkgglg zki augmtkhglrlg6 lr whr`t gklt dlwust wjjrnlgholg haokssmbklg wlc dlwust gklt-wjjrnlgholg6

`jt hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl lohtkls splclg6 `lzl uktlg zkmb llg lgflcl fllr6`jt lr tlnlckiflrtki` olt blt ‒hgdlwustzkig‛ `jgkn hg`lrbjg`lc` whr`t6 dlègvchl`kgn ha nl-drukf vjg ojmbt ks llg dlpjclg`l frjmbt6`jt lr vlrsmbkcclg`l olmbjgksolg kg `l hg`lrstrhho splclg `kl blt vlrtrhuwlgdlègvchl`lg.

Bklr whr`lg tbloj‛s kg `l hg`lrstrhho zkmbtdjjr, nrhg`pjtrhglg vjg `l kgtlrjmtkl. @lzl pjtrh-glg splclg hp llg `klplr gkvlju, ôg`lr `l lxpckmklt `hhr `l tljocl`lg dlghlo`l tbloj‛s, zhjcs`kl uktnlwlrft zkig kg bhha`stuf 0 tht lg olt 2. Hp `jt `klplrl gkvlju njjt blt ho zjflg jcs bltcjtlg prlvjclrlg vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn, blt fhlstlrlg vjg llg phsktkla zlcadllc` lg kccuskls, blt hp-

vhlrlg vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg, lxkstlgtkæcl jgnst `kl zkmb ukt kg lohtkls, blt ukthlalglg vjg ojmbt ho`lzl jgnstlg tl fugglg bjgtlrlg. Qjg vllc vjg `lzl nrhg`pjtrhglg nllat ]kx jjg `jt zl blt hg-

`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg uktbhcclg. Pljocl`lg zkig zkmb gklt ” ha kg zllr dlplrftl ojtl ” dlwust vjg`lzl kopckmkltl tbloj‛s. Kg `l kgtlrvklws ” `kl pcjjtsvkg`lg kg `l dhvlgstrhho ” wjrlg blt nllggjtuurckifl nlsprlfshg`lrwlrplg. ^jggllr zl `hhr oki jjgnlrhlr` wlr`lg vhcn`l hgtflggkgn,hgnlchha lg jawkizkgn.@kt bhha`stuf njjt klplr kg hp lzl kopckmkltl tbloj‛s. @jt zkig jmbtlrllgvhcnlgs ‒blt zlca ‛ jt kl-`lr olldrlgnt, bhl wl honjjg olt ojmbt, `l vhhrstlcckgn `kl wl splclg lg bhl wl vlrtrhuwlg.

Olgslg zkig scko

Dhvlgstjjg`l hpshookgn nllat, hp djsks vjg wjjrglokgnlg, llg dllc` vjg tljowlrf `jt oks-smbklg gklt hptkokstksmb hvlr fhot. Ks blt dllc` tl frktksmb, tl gjjrnllstkn, rhgùkt glnjtkla8 Ha

zkig wl, vlrdckg` `hhr `l hptkokstksmb-phsktklvl dllc`lg `kl `l njgndjrl ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuurhgs vhhrbhu`t, gklt nlwlg` `lrnlckifl vlrsmbkigslclg hg`lr hnlg tl zklg8 Qlroki`lg wl cklvlr bltnldrukf vjg whhr`lg jcs ojmbt, bkærjrmbkl, jabjgflckifblk` lg uktscuktkgn kg rlcjtkl tht hgs lknlgbjg`lclg lg `l kccuskl vjg tljowlrf8

Bhl fjg blt `jt jodknuètlkt kg stjg` nlbhu`lg whr`t, `jt lr gklt nlrllmtllr` whr`t lg `jt lrlvlgokg hplg nlmhoougkmllr` whr`t8 @kt tlrwkic `lrnlckif bjg`lclg kg blt vhhr`llc vjg blttljo zhu zkig, lg `kt tljodlcjgn hplgckif hg`lrsmbrlvlg whr`t8 @jt olgslg `jjrdki wlc `lnlckifdckif nlvlg tl hg`lrbjg`lclg hvlr wjt zki jcs bug lknlgdlcjgn zklg8 Ks `kt zh krrjtkhgllc lg ùddlcjcs blt ckift8 Ha fhot `kt jcclojjc thmb vhhrt ukt ëëg drhg8 Bjg`lclg `l dltrhfflglg iukst uktlrstscko, jjgnlpjst, ho vjgukt bug plrsplmtkla blt lknlg vhhr`llc dkgglg `l nlplrmkpkllr`l mhgtlxttl hptkojckslrlg8

@upuy dlthhnt `jt olgslg kgtlccknlgt zkig9

–Kg hrnjgkzjtkhgs, js kg mhcclmtkvl ckal kg nlglrjc, jmthrs h wbjt tbly h ght dlmjusl tbly jrl ùop,stupk` hr kcc-kgtlgtkhgl`, dut dlmjusl tbly jrl kgtlccknlgt. V…_ Kgtlccknlgml sbhuc` dl ug`lrsthh`blrl js tbl oh`lst jdkckty ha jmthrs, wktbkg tbl splmkm mhgtlxt kg wbkmb tbly whrf, kg tbl blrl jg`

ghw, th g` j shcutkhg wbkmb ks, jt cljst js ajr js tbly jrl mhgmlrgl`, tbl cljst dj` hr tbl rst jm - mlptjdcl ha jcc phsskdcl shcutkhgs.‟ 42;

42; @upuy, 4550, pn :::

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4:>


@upuy stlct jt olgslg bug bjg`lclg gklt rkmbtlg hp blt dlrlkflg vjg l (tlmbgksmb) dlstl hpchs-skgn ” bki ghlot `kt kg gjvhcnkgn vjg Ojrmb & ]kohg4;5 shcl rjtkhgjckty ” ojjr hp wjt vjgukt bugplrsplmtkla `l llrst jmmlptjdlcl hpchsskgn ks ” dhug`l` rjtkhgjckty 4;:. Qhcnlgs @upuy dlstjjt krrj-

tkhgjcktlkt gklt kg hrnjgksjtkls, dlbjcvl `jg kg splmklfl kg`kvkùlcl pjtbhchnklæg. Kl`lr vhcnt llgrjtkhgjcktlkt kl hpnldhuw` ks vjgukt llg lknlg, kg`kvkùllc plrsplmtkla. Kg l prjftkif vjg l tljoszkig prjmbtknl vhhrdllc`lg bklrvjg vhhrnlvjcclg. Yhjcs `l tljoojgjnlr vjg NHU, `kl zkig hg-

vlrohnlg ho cjstknl plrshhgckifl sktujtkls tl bjgtlrlg hpchst `hhr `l stlcckgn jt bki ohlt fklzlgtusslg Blcclg ha ]hl, wlcfl cjjtstl bki jcs ‒tbl ojkg jsslt‛ vjg blt tljo jjgùk`t. Pht dlok``lclgkg `l mcjsbls tusslg Blcclg lg ]hl zklt bki nllg ohnlckifblk`, ojjr gu bki `l mjsus blrfj`lr` bllattht ‒tljonlvjjr‛ kg blt nlvjc jt ]hl blt hg`lrspkt zhu lcvlg, ks frjmbtkn bjg`lclg hhr blo nl-dh`lg. Lr ks ojjr ëëg mhgmcuskl ohnlckif9 Blcclg ohlt ukt blt tljo, lg wlc `krlmt. Yhg`lr hvlrclnolt blt tljo zlt bki `kt `hhr. Yhjcs `l tljoojgjnlr vjg Ojx, wjggllr bki fllr hp fllr dlscuktlguktstlct, ho`jt blt `jjrukt rlsuctlrlg`l mhgkmt blt tljo zhu fugglg smbj`lg. @jg cklvlr nllgdlscukt, nllg jmtkla bjg`lclg hp `l `rlknkgn vjg duktlg. Dlk`lg rjtkhgjckslrlg bug lknlg, ‛ghh`-

nl`whgnlg‛ nl`rjn jcsha `kt kgnlnlvlg whr`t `hhr blt tljodlcjgn. ‒Krrjtkhgllc‛ jcs prl`kfjjt zlntùs gklts hvlr l jmtkl ha jmthr, wlc hvlr ctlrs kg l dckf vjg l hdslrvjthr. @l vhhrstlcckgn whr`tnlojgkpucllr` lg l jmthr vlrwjmbt jt l tljonlghtlg shck`jkr zkig. Kg dlk`l nlvjcclg zkig lmbtlrgklt åccl tljocl`lg shck`jkr olt `l kgtlrprltjtkl vjg `l tljoojgjnlr. Lgflclg vhlrlg hpphsktkl,ojjr nlvlg zkmb lvlg cjtlr hg`lr `ruf vjg `l jg`lrlg thmb nlwhgglg. Hplgckifl wjgfcjgflg`klglg vhcnlgs Nhaaojg vlrol`lg tl whr`lg wjggllr olg llg dlpjjc`l vhhrstlcckgn vjg zjflggjjr `l duktlgwlrlc` bhhn wkc bhu`lg lg `l kccuskl kgtjmt4;4.

Olt dlbucp vjg `l dlgj`lrkgn vhcnlgs @upuy ks blt ohnlckif kl`lr olgslckif bjg`lclg, kl`lrlbjg`lckgnsstrjtlnkl tl dlnrkiplg. Qhhrwjjr`l ks `jt nlflflg whr`t gjjr `l jmthr lg zkig plrsplm-tkla dkgglg `l drl`lrl mhgtlxt, wjjrkg zkig strjtlnkl kgtlralrllrt olt `kl vjg jg`lrl jmthrlg, lg

wjjrdki zh`hlg`l hhf ojmbtsvlrbhu`kgnlg vjg dltrhfflg jmthrlg ollsplclg4;=. ‒Dhug`l` rjtkhgj-

ckty‛ ks bklr hp tl vjttlg jcs llg bjg`lckgnsstrjtlnkl kl nlvhl` whr`t hhr zhwlc blt dlwustl jcs blthgdlwustl, gklt jcs llg jmtkvktlkt vjg `l rjtkh jccllg. Hhf ‒hgdlwust `lgflg‛ ùs4;0.

jt ks blt ohtkla 4;< vjg tljocl`lg ho tl bjg`lclg zhjcs wl kg `kt hg`lrzhlf zklg `jt zl `hlg8

jggllr wl `l bjg`lckgnsstrjtlnkl vjg `l tljocl`lg wkcclg dlnrkiplg, zucclg wl jcclrllrst lgknl vlrflggkgn ohltlg `hlg vjg jcnlolgl `rkiavlrlg vjg `l olgs, zhg`lr bklr lmbtlr jc tl `klp hpkg tl njjg.

Blt tljock` zlca

Kl`lr gllot zkmbzlca oll wjggllr bki ha zki ck` whr`t vjg llg tljo, mhopcllt olt rlalrlgtklfj-

`lrs, kgtlrprltjtkls, pjrj`knoj‛s, rkiavlrlg, dltlflgksnlvkgn, plrsplmtkla.

Flggks vjg zkmbzlca bllat llg olgs gh`kn ho mhgtkguètlkt tl nlvlg jjg cjgnlr chplg`l jmtkvktlktlg.Hhf vhhr olgslg `kl kg tljovlrdjg` wlrflg ks blt llg lsslgtkæcl flggksdrhg. Yhg`lr zlcaflg-

4;5 Ojrmb & ]kohg, :;<2

4;: @kt ks kg ckig olt blt llr`lrl mktjjt vjg Dhfslo (kg9 @kmfl, 4551, pn :;), `jt wki kopckmkltl jawlnkgnlg ojflg

tusslg `l fhstlg lg `l djtlg vjg llg dlpjjc`l bjg`lckgn.

4;4 Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn ;4

4;= @upuy, 4550, pn ::4 - ::=

4;0 ^kcshg, 4554, pn :> - :;

4;< ‒Ohtkla‛ bklr nldrukft jcs vlrzjolctlro vhhr jccl `rkiavlrlg, rjtkhgjcl lg mjcmucjtkl, jccls tusslg wjt dlwust dl-

ghlo` whr`t lg wjt zkmb vjgukt blt hgdlwustl ojgkalstllrt.



4:2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

gks zhu klojg` kl`lr oholgt hpgkluw ohltlg dl`lgflg wjt bki wkc, zhu llg olgs nllg dlslablddlg wjt z‛g k`ljclg ha `hlclg zkig, ha wjt zkig stkic vjg kgtlrjmtkl olt jg`lrlg ks. Thutkglojtknbjg`lclg zhu gklt ohnlckif zkig. Ykig pjsskl lg `hlclg zhu`lg jjg zh klojg` hgdlflg` zkig. Jjg

wkl bki zkmb dkg`t, olt wkl ha wjt bki zkmb k`lgtkmllrt, wjjr bki zkmb vjg hg`lrsmblk`t, blt zhublo gklt ùk`lckif zkig. JK `lrnlckifl hr`lglg`l lg rkmbtkgnnlvlg`l prkgmkpls zhu`lg wlnvjcclg.Ykig mhoougkmjtkl zhu hgùk`lckif lg hgzlflr whr`lg. Olt wkl bki llg nrhlp vhrot, wkl `jjrdkipjst lg `jjr dki ojn bhrlg zhu bki gklt fugglg dlpjclg. Hhf zhu bki gklt ollr fugglg hg`lr-smblk`lg bhl bki zkmb quj ojmbt vlrbhu`t tht jg`lrlg. @hhr blt wlnvjcclg vjg lrnlckifl rkmbtkgn-nlvlg`l pjtrhglg zhu mhoougkmjtkl vhhr blo strjg`lg kg vlrwjrrkgn.Blt blddlg vjg zlcaflggks ks ùs ghh`zjflckif ho blt clvlg lg blt bjg`lclg tl fugglg sturlg.Blt glnlrlg ha gklt lxpchktlrlg vjg `lzl phtlgtkæcl flggksdrhg `hhr gklt tl rllmtlrlg ” gklt jc-cllg `hhr tljocl`lg, ojjr `hhr `l ojjtsmbjppki kg `l vhccl drll`tl ” clk`t tht kglamkægtkl kg blt

wlrf lg tht gklt-clrlg`, ‒`ho‛ nl`rjn.

@hhr`jt vllc rljmtkls, `kl wl jcs olgslg nlvlg hp sktujtkls, nl`lclnllr` zkig gjjr blt hgdlwustl

zkig wl hgs vjjf gklt dlwust vjg hgzl `rkiavlrlg lg dlwllnrl`lglg4;1, ha bhl `lzl kg hgs bjg`l-clg `hhrwlrflg4;>. ^l blddlg lmbtlr kg blt jcnlollg wlc `l kccuskl `jt wl `lzl `klplrl frjmbtlgkg hgszlca flgglg, `jt wl hgzl dlscuktlg wlchvlrwhnlg glolg4;2, hýf jcs wl gklt nlwlg` zkig tlrllmtlrlg.@l bl`lg`jjnsl olgs flgt ” kg ckig olt `l kccuskl vjg ojjfdjjrblk` ” nrjjn llg nrhtl rhc thljjg hgs dlwustzkig, nrhtlr `jg `hhr psymbhchnlg `hhr hg`lrzhlf hg`lrdhuw` fjg whr`lg. ^l`lgflg `jt wl hgszlca flgglg, tlnlckiflrtki` ks hgs zlcadllc` kg bhnl ojtl nlmhgstrullr`, vlrtl-nlgwhhr`knt `kt wlgsdllc`lg lg zkig `lzl vjjf gklt (nlbllc) mhrrlmt. ^kcshg 4;; mhgstjtllrt `jt `lprhmlsslg `kl hgzl dlscksskgnlg, fluzls lg vhhrflurlg dlpjclg plr `lgktkl hgdlwust zkig, lg `jt

wlrflckifl zlcaflggks jccllg hpnldhuw` fjg whr`lg `hhr il lknlg alktlckifl nl`rjn tl hdslrvlrlglg all`djmf bklrhp jjg jg`lrlg tl vrjnlg. @hhr rllmtklvl jmtkvktlktlg ùs.

Jcs nlvhcn vjg bug zlcadlwustzkig ” hp djsks vjg `l vlrbjclg hvlr zkmbzlca ” blddlg olgslg hhfllg dlpjjc`l wjjr`lrkgn vjg zkmbzlca. Qlrsmbkcclg`l vlrtlflgkgnlg splclg `jjrdki llg rhc. Yh zkigolgslg nlglkn` ho hgrljckstksmb phsktkla hvlr zkmbzlca tl `lgflg=55, lg vkg`lg zl vllcjc `jt bug‒nhl`l‛ lknlgsmbjpplg uktzhg`lrckif zkig=5:. ^l `lgflg `jt wl lknlgckif vlrblvlg zkig dhvlg hgzltljonlghtlg, lg vlrhg`lrstlcclg `jjrdki `jt ôgs dlcjgn hhf dlst wlc kg blt tljodlcjgn ks=54. ^lstlcclg hgszlca ùs hgùddlczkggkn vhhrhp. Hhf llg nrhlpsckòjjtsmbjp wjjr il phsktkla hvlr`lgft `rjjnt dki jjg llg phsktklvl zlcawjjr`lrkgn =5=. @jt vhrot llg nhl`l rl`lg ho frktklf hvlrblt lknlg tljo gklt jc tl smblrp tht il lknlg dlwustzkig `hhr tl cjtlg `rkgnlg lg `kt kg nlzlcsmbjpgklt tl uktlg.

Blt bhlat `jg hhf nllg dlthhn `jt `lrnlckifl olmbjgksolg llg frjmbtknl kgvchl` blddlg hp bhl

wl hgszlca dlclvlg lg hp hgzl kgtlrjmtkl olt jg`lrlg. Dkivhhrdllc` hp hgzl nlglkn`blk` wlr-

4;1 ^kcshg, 4554, pn =5

4;> ]kldlrs lt jc., 4554, pn 4=9 –Blt bjg`lclg (vjg `l splclrs) ks llg rjtkhgjcksjtkl vjg `llcs `hhr blgzlca hgdlnrl-

plg dlwllnrl`lglg.‟

4;2 Fhrtlwln, 4552, pn :

4;; ^kcshg, 4554, pn =5

=55 Pjychr & Drhwg, :;22, pn 45<

=5: Ojrfs, :;20, pn 45>

=54 vjg @kif & vjg Fgkpplgdlrn, 455>, pn 0;1

=5= vjg @kif & vjg Fgkpplgdlrn, 455>, pn 0>1



4:;


flckif gjjr `l k`llæg vjg jg`lrlg tl cukstlrlg, hgzl dlrlk`blk` tht vlrdkg`kgn olt dlcjgnlg vjgjg`lrlg, lg hgzl plrmlptkl vjg lg rljmtkl hp nldlurtlgksslg.

Bklr zklg wl hgdlwustl pjtrhglg gjjr dhvlg fholg, `kl kg kl`lr kg`kvk`u ollsplclg, lg `kl

vlrhhrzjflg `jt olgslg gklt hplg mhoougkmlrlg, `jt zl zlca jmtkla oll`hlg kg blt mrlærlg vjgjodknuètlkt. Tlæcl (zlca)rllmtkl lg blt nlvlg vjg all`djmf whr`lg dkivhhrdllc` llg stuf cjstknlr`hhr `l dhvlgnlsmbltstl vlrtlflgkgnsprhmlsslg. Jccllg `hhr bklr olt lcfjjr hvlr vjg nl`jmbtlgtl wksslclg fugglg kg`kvk`ulcl kccuskls kg llg ollr nlzjolgckif plrsplmtkla nlzlt whr`lg.

jt ks gu `l rl`lg `jt olgslg zh bjr`glffkn, shos dkigj tlnlg dltlr wltlg kg, strlvlg gjjr llgphsktkla zlcadllc`8 Kg `l cktlrjtuur whr`lg vlrsmbkcclg`l vlrfcjrkgnlg nlnlvlg. @lzl blddlg, `k-rlmt ha kg`krlmt, tl ojflg olt lxkstlgtkæcl jgnst. Plg llrstl `l Plrrhr Ojgjnlolgt Pblhrkl, olt‒tlrrhr‛ kg `l dltlflgks vjg jgnst9

Plrrhr ojgjnlolgt tblhry V…_ pcjmls tbl mjpjmkty ahr slca-jwjrlglss jt tbl mrux ha jg ug`lrstjg`kgn ha tbl buojg mhg`ktkhg. Js j rlsuct ha tbl ugkqulcy buojg jdkcktkls th rllmt hg hurslcvls

js hdilmts ha jttlgtkhg, th tbkgf kg tlros ha mjusl jg` laalmt, jg` th prhilmt hurslcvls kg tkol jg`kojnkgl tbkgns tbjt bjvl ylt th hmmur, wl kglvktjdcy dlmhol jwjrl ha ght hgcy tbl tlguhus gjturlha lxkstlgml dut jcsh tbl ajmt tbjt kt wkcc kglvktjdcy lg`. Pbks jwjrlglss ha hur ohrtjckty, wblg

iuxtjphsl` wktb jg kgstkgmt ahr slca-prlslrvjtkhg, mrljtls tbl phtlgtkjc ahr pjrjcyzkgn tlrrhr. =50

@l Plrrhr Ojgjnlolgt Pblhry =5< stlct `jt olgslg llg kgstkgmtklvl `rjgn tht hvlrclvlg blddlg, nl-mhodkgllr` olt llg dlsla vjg lknlg stlralckifblk`. @lzl mhodkgjtkl, zh stlct `l tblhrkl, smblptllg phtlgtkllc vlrcjoolg`l jgnst, gjolckif `l jgnst ho gklt tl hvlrclvlg. Ho `kl phtlgtkæcl

vlrcjookgn tl dltlunlclg dl`klglg wl hgs (hpgkluw) vjg vlrbjclg, k`llæg, rktulclg lg syodhclg,`kl hgs blcplg `l wlrlc` ho hgs bllg tl hr`lglg lg dltlflgks tl nlvlg. Yl sunnlrlrlg hgs `jt`l nlvjrlg `kl hgs dl`rlknlg vhhrsplcdjjr, bjgtllrdjjr lg wlcckmbt zlcas mhgtrhcllrdjjr zkig9 zkl

bklr blt plrsplmtkla vjg `l ojjfdjrl wlrlc`. Ho ‒hgstlralckif‛=51 tl whr`lg ohltlg wl wlc jjgghrolg lg lkslg vhc`hlg `kl hgzl muctuur hgs stlct. Llg phsktkla zlcadllc` nllat hgs blt k`ll `jt

wl ‒nhl`‛ zkig. Dhvlg`klg clvlg wl aysklf `jj`wlrflckif cjgnlr wjggllr wl llg phsktkla zlcadllc`blddlg. Dl`rlknkgn vjg hgs phsktklvl zlcadllc` ojjft hpgkluw jgnstlg kg hgs chs `kl wl iukst

wkc`lg dlbllrslg, jgnstlg vhhrtfholg` ukt `l jgnst ho tl stlrvlg, vlrnltlg tl whr`lg ha gkltstl dltlflglg.

Llg twll`l tblhrkl `kl zkmbt nllat hp `l stlrfl wlgs tht llg phsktkla zlcadllc` ks `l hg`lrdhuwkgn vjg `l shmkholtlrtblhrkl `hhr Djuolkstlr & Cljry =5>. Bklrkg whr`t nlstlc` `jt blt llr`lrnlsmbltstl zlcavlrblaalg`l nl`rjn vjg olgslg sthlct hp `l aug`jolgtlcl dlbhlatl ho ‒lrdki tlbhrlg‛. @lzl dlbhlatl ks tlrun tl vhlrlg tht `l tki` `jt `l olgs kg nrhlplg kg `l wkc`lrgks clla`l

lg blt vhhr zkig hvlrclvlg lg vhhrtpcjgtlg lsslgtkllc wjs `jt bki zkmb jjg fhg lg ohmbt scuktlg dkillg nrhlp. Kg `kl nrhlp nljmmlptllr` tl dckivlg whr`lg wjs vjg clvlgsdlcjgn.

Kg blt fj`lr vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf ks blt vhhrjc vjg dlcjgn `jt olgslg `lrnlckifl dlbhlatlg blddlglg `jt `kl `hhrwlrflg kg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg olgslg. Dlk`l tblhrklæg hg`lrstluglg `l jjggjol`jt wl, jcs tljock` lg jcs olgs, `klpnlwhrtlc`l glknkgnlg blddlg ho hgs jjg tl pjsslg jjg `l

=50 Jrg`t lt jc, :;;2, pn :4:1

=5< Uyszmzygsfk lt jc, :;;;

=51 Hgstlralckif kg `l hvlr`rjmbtlckifl zkg, dkivhhrdllc` `hhr blrkgglr` tl whr`lg `hhr hgs gjnlscjmbt, ha llg dcki-

vlg`l dki`rjnl jmbtlr tl cjtlg.

=5> Djuolkstlr & Cljry, :;;<, pn <45



445

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

kg blt tljo nlc`lg`l ghrolg, tl zhrnlg `jt wl ‒nhl`‛ zkig lg nlwjjr`llr` whr`lg, `jt wl lrdkiohnlg bhrlg lg `hhr `kt jccls fugglg hvlrclvlg.Lg thmb `hlg wl `jt gklt jctki`, nlzklg `l rlsuctjtlg vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf. Blt dckift shos tl dljgn-

stknlg` vhhr llg gkluw tljock` zkmb hvlr tl nlvlg jjg llg nrhlp wjjr olg ghn gklt vlrtrhuwòll ks. Hhf nlvlstkn`l tljocl`lg blddlg dlbhlatl jjg kg`kvkùlcl zkmbtdjjrblk`, jjg llg lknlgk`lgtktlkt, jjg kg`kvkùlcl rukotl vhhr splmklfl fluzls, vhhr llg lknlg twll`l `hlc gjjst blttljo`hlc. ]hos clk`t blt vhcnlg vjg `kl kg`kvkùlcl dlbhlatl tht uktsthtkgn ha ojrnkgjckslrkgn vjgllg tljock`, zhjcs dki NHU. Qjflr zkig `l laalmtlg sudtklclr. Cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk stlcclg bltdlcjgn vjg bug lknlg kvkskl ha prhùmt dhvlg blt tljodlcjgn. @l jaflur vjg l lknlg hrnjgksjtklprlvjcllrt dki NHU-cl`lg dhvlg blt dlcjgn vjg blt tljo ho dltlr tl kgtlnrlrlg kg `kl hrnjgksjtkl.

l cjtlg hgs lknlgdlcjgn kg vllc nlvjcclg vhhrnjjg dhvlg blt tljodlcjgn. Plnlgstrki`kn8

Kg blt vlrrl vlrcl`lg vklclg `l `rkiavlrlg ukt dlk`l tblhrklæg sjolg9 lglrzki`s zh nhl` ohnlckif vhhr ilzlca tl zhrnlg lg vhhr wjt nlplrmkpkllr` whr`t jcs ghh`zjflckif vhhr blt lknlg ‒hvlrclvlg‛ ” fhrtho9 lknlgdlcjgn ” lg jg`lrzki`s `l dlbhlatl ho lrdki tl bhrlg, nljmmlptllr` whr`lg dkg-

glg llg nrhlp wjjr olg dki wkc bhrlg. Jccllg `hhr `llc ukt tl ojflg vjg `l nrhlp fhg llg kg`k- vkù nhl` vhhr zkmbzlca zhrnlg lg hvlrclvlg. Dlk`l `rkiavlrlg trl`lg hp kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos.\kt blt alkt `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn kg `l hg`lrzhlfssktujtkls ollstjc vhhrnjjt dhvlg blt tljodlcjgn

” ùs `jt blt zhrnlg vhhr zkmbzlca vhhrnjjt dhvlg blt zhrnlg vhhr blt tljo ” zhu janlclk` fug-glg whr`lg `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn prlvjcllrt dhvlg `l dlbhlatl ho lrdki tl bhrlg.

@hhr kg`kvkùjckslrkgnstlg`lgslg kg wlstlrsl lmhghoklæg ckift blt ohnlckif nlwhr`lg ho duktlg`l nrhlp tl hvlrclvlg. Dhvlg`klg zkig lr vllc vlrsmbkcclg`l nrhlplg wjjr wl phtlgtkllc ck` vjgfugglg zkig. Jjg l vhhrdllc`lg dkgglg NHU zklg wl jt wl ckòjjtsmbjp gjstrlvlg wjggllr wl

vlrwjmbtlg bklr vhhr`llc vjg tl blddlg. Jcs `lzl nrhlp hgs lmbtlr gklt hpgllot ha `jjr sclmbtsthl dlrlk` ks hp llg ojgklr kl hgs tl zllr dl`rlknt kg hgs zlcadllc` jt wl ‒nhl`‛ zkig, jg wlg`lg

wl hgs ja lg njjg hp zhlf gjjr llg jg`lrl nrhlp ho kg hpnlgholg tl whr`lg. Cl`lg vjg Ojx lgOuctk zkig ‒sclmbts‛ tljock` ukt bhha`l vjg bug augmtkl lc`lrs kg l hrnjgksjtkl, vhhr blg zkig blt lhorkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lg bug lknlg ja`lckgnlg wjjr zki dki wkcclg dckivlg bhrlg. @hhr`jt kt vhhrjccl cl`lg dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctk nlc`t, zkig `l ohrls vjg `lzl tljos okg`lr stlrf `jg dki NHU.

Nlzklg `lzl jcnlollg olgslckifl glknkgnlg ks blt ùs gklt zh nlf `jt wl kg `l tljos zklg `jt bltplrshhgckifl dlcjgn stlrflr ks jg blt nlzjolgckifl6 llg olgs ‒fkift‛=52 llrst gjjr wjt vhhr blozlcagh`kn ks ho tl hvlrclvlg, zkmb tl bjg`bjvlg. Jabjgflckif vjg `l sktujtkl wjjrkg `l plrshhg zkmbdlvkg`t, lg `l sktujtkl kg `klgs mhgtlxt, zjc `jt stll`s clk`lg tht llg jg`lr plrsplmtkla lg llg `jjr-ukt janlclk`l bjg`lckgnsstrjtlnkl. @jjrkg ks, jgjchhn jjg l pkrjok`l vjg Ojschv, llg bkærjrmbkl vjgdlbhlatlg tl vlrwjmbtlg. Gjjst vlkcknblk` lg vhl`slc ks ëëg dlbhlatl kg kl`lr nlvjc ùk`lckif9 llgphsktkla zlcadllc . @jt dltlflgt `jt llg olgs zkmbzlca gklt thlstjjt jc tl hdilmtkla gjjr zkmbzlca

tl fkiflg, lg `jt blt bhhnbhu`lg vjg llg phsktkla kojnh vllc jjg`jmbt vlr`klgt. ‒]cko zkig vhhrilzlca ‛ bllat hp blt gkvlju vjg dlbhlatl jjg vlkcknblk` lg vhl`slc jg`lrl fluzls lg jg`lr bjg`lclgtht nlvhcn jg hp blt gkvlju vjg dlbhlatl jjg zlcahgtpchhkkgn. Hp wlcf gkvlju jg hhf, ‒scko zkig

vhhr ilzlca ‛ dltlflgt jctki` ‒llg splmklf `hlc wkcclg dlrlkflg‛, wjjrthl dlègvchl` ohlt whr`lg.Blt dltlflgt zh`hlg`l `jt lr ojmbt nldrukft whr`t lg `jt lr phcktklf nlbjg`lc` whr`t, `jt olg-slg `jjrdki gklt jctki` hplg zkig hvlr bug `hlclg, dlwllnrl`lglg ha dlbhlatlg.

Ks blt vlrwhg`lrckif `jt tljocl`lg zh bjg`lclg8 Jcs wl ho hgs bllg fkiflg, zklg wl `jt `kt algh-ollg zkmb hvlrjc kg l ojjtsmbjppki vhhr`hlt. Plg dlbhlvl vjg blt hghpnlolrft fugglg gjstrl-

=52 @lrnlckifl ‒dlwustl‛ wlrfwhhr`lg whr`lg bklr kg `l mhgtlxt vjg `rkiavlrlg nldrukft, ùs olt kgdlnrkp vjg blt

‒hgdlwustl‛.



44:


vlg vjg lknlgdlcjgn whr`lg kccuskls vjg blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl hpnlbhu`lg. Ollstjc nldlurt `ktnhl` vlrpjft, `l kccuskl ks gklt jctki` nlojfflckif tl `hhrzklg. Yhjcs dki `l drll` nl`rjnlg tlg`lgsho jccls ‒nrhlg‛ tl hlg, ho okg`lr tl vlrvukclg jcs jt ohnlckif ks. Bklr zklg wl jt durnlrs, hrnj-

gksjtkls lg hvlrbl`lg ‒dlplrfkgnlg‛ tlg nlvhcnl vjg nrhlg bjg`lclg jccllg jmmlptlrlg wjggllr ktjg`lrzki`s `krlmt vhhr`llc vhhr blgzlca hpclvlrt. Blt cjgnltlrokiglaalmt, wjjrvjg il ojjr ohltjawjmbtlg ha blt lr fhot lg jjg wkl blt thlvjct, `jt wllnt gklt zwjjr. @jt nlollgsmbjpplckif dl-cjgn pjs hp cjgnl tlrokig ‒ukt fjg‛ vhhr llg kg`kvk`u, ohtkvllrt hp blt hnlgdckf zlca gklt. Blt vlr-bjjc `jt wl blt okcklu dlcjgnrkif vkg`lg whr`t lr gklt okg`lr cuk` ho vlrfhg`kn`. Olt `lrnlckifl

vhhrdllc`lg jcho jjgwlzkn kg bug honlvkgn ks blt gklt vlrwhg`lrckif jt tljocl`lg hhf lrnlckifnl`rjn cjtlg zklg lg vhchp bug kgvchl` lg ojmbt jjgwlg`lg vhhr wjt blg ‒scko‛ ckift.=5;

Kgvchl` lg ojmbt

jjr zklg wl kg `l tljos `jt dlègvchl` whr`t, `jt ojmbt nldrukft whr`t8 Lgflcl prjftksmbl vhhrdllc`lg.

Ojmbt fhot vllcjc tht uktkgn kg `l wkizl vjg mhoougkmjtkl. ^l zklg blt kg `l tljos tht uktkgnfholg kg jnrlsskl `hhr llg bhhn vhcuol ha llg alccl whhr`flus, kg `ksfwjckmjtkls jcs glnlrlglg zwkinlg, lg kg dlpjjc`l shhrtlg buohr. @jjrgjjst fhot ojmbt tht ukt`ruffkgn kg ghg-vlrdjjcnl`rjn. @kt nl`rjn whr`t ollst hgdlwust nlthhg`. Blt ks jg hhf llg nhl`l vlrfckfflr vjg wjt lrhg`lrbuk`s spllct=:5. Llg vhhrdllc` vjg ghg-vlrdjjc nl`rjn jt ojmbt kg zkmb rjjnt ks jt klojg`zkig run gjjr `l sprlflr fllrt jcs lr tlnlg blo nlsprhflg whr`t6 `jt olgslg llg jg`lrl fjgt hpfkiflg ha wlnchplg wjggllr klojg` blt whhr` tht blg rkmbt6 jt shooknlg nllg rlflgkgn bhu`lgolt tljocl`lg wjjroll zl hp `jt oholgt gjuw oll sjolgwlrflg6 blt uktvhlrlg vjg janlsprh-flg jmtkls gjjr lknlg nhl``ugflg, tlnlg `l kgtlgtkl vjg `l jasprjjf kg.Bhlwlc lrnlckif nl`rjn ollstjc hgdlwust kgnlzlt whr`t, fjg blt hhf dlwust nldrukft whr`lg. Kg

zhwlc vlrdjcl jcs ghg-vlrdjcl mhoougkmjtkl zkig nrj`jtkls olrfdjjr vjg blt dlsla `jt tljocl`lgzlca blddlg vjg bug nl`rjn. Yh wllt Ojrtkig jt bki jcs hokgjgt lrvjrlg whr`t kg mhoougkmjtkl.Blt zlt blo gj`rufflckif gklt jjg tht jjgpjsskgn vjg zkig stkic6 bki nlgklt lr lknlgckif wlc vjg lgmuctkvllrt `kt kojnh. @ksfwjckmjtkls jcs zwkinlg lg glnlrlg whr`lg vjflr hgdlwust thlnlpjst.

Jg`lrs cknt `jt dki blt hg`lrbjg`lclg hvlr nrlgzlg, rkmbtkgn lg dltlflgksslg. Hg`lrbjg`lclg ksllg vllc dlwustlr prhmls, `jjrdki mhgstrulrlg wl dlwust llg stjg`pugt, jc splclg hhf `jjr (vllcjchgdlwustl) kgvchl`lg jcs ghrolg, hhr`lclg lg `rkiavlrlg llg rhc. Blt stlcclg vjg rlnlcs dkgglgllg tljo tlg jjgzklg vjg nl`rjn, wlrfbhu`kgn lg rlsuctjjt nldlurt nrhtlg`llcs dlwust, hp djsks

vjg plrshhgckifl vhhrflurlg lg olgkgnlg ‒wjt nhl` ks‛. @jt njjt nrhtlg`llcs hvlr wjt l plrshhgkg fwlstkl ‒nhl`‛ vkg`t, vjgukt zkig plrshhgckif rlalrlgtklfj`lr, wjjr hhf zkig lknlg `hlc `llc vjguktojjft. Glt zh dki blt hg`lrbjg`lclg hvlr blt tljo`hlc9 `l vrjjn ‒wjt ks nhl` vhhr blt tljo8‛

whr`t nlvhl` `hhr ‒wjt ks (hhf) nhl` vhhr oki8‛. Dki hg`lrbjg`lckgnlg vhrot flggks llg dlcjgn-rkifl ojmbtsdrhg, okts `kl flggks `hhr `l lknlgjjr hhf nlthhg` whr`t.

Llg jg`lrl mjtlnhrkl vjg ojmbtsnldrukf ks blt phcktklf bjg`lclg9 blt sol`lg vjg mhjcktkls, bltmrlærlg vjg `rjjnvcjf, blt fwlflg vjg llg dlpjjc`l stlookgn, kgahrojtkl vlrsprlk`lg `kl laalmt

=5; Hvlrknlgs `klgt bklr jc hpnlolrft tl whr`lg `jt lknlgdlcjgn hhf dkizhg`lr phsktklvl laalmtlg fjg blddlg,

`kl dki fugglg `rjnlg jjg blt tljorlsuctjjt. ^jggllr hplgckif uktnlwksslc` fjg whr`lg hvlr kl`lrs dlcjgn

fjg bklr rlflgkgn oll nlbhu`lg whr`lg. Dlsla vjg `l mhgglmtkl tusslg lknlglg nlollgsmbjpplckif dlcjgn

stkoucllrt dkivhhrdllc` `jt olgslg lknlgjjrsmbjp vhlclg vhhr dlpjjc`l rlsuctjtlg, `jt zl nlojfflckif lglrnkl

fugglg jjgdhrlg vhhr clufl lg okg`lr clufl jmtkvktlktlg6 mrljtkvktlkt ckift vrkilckiflr kg tl zlttlg. Ykl bhha`stuf ::,

Dltlflgks vhhr `l prjftkif.

=:5 Qhgf, ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, :2 jprkc 4552



444

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

bllat. @jt zkig jmtkls wjjrdki ojmbt `hlcdlwust kgnlzlt whr`t, hhf jc whr`t `kt `hhr `l jmthr zlc-`lg zh nlghlo`.

Blt stjg`pugt `jt kg `kt hg`lrzhlf kgnlgholg whr`t tlg jjgzklg vjg blt dlnrkp ojmbt vrjjnt

lgknl thlckmbtkgn. Bjr`y & Mclnn vjttlg pudckmjtkls hvlr `l vlrsmbkcclg`l zklgswkizlg tlg jjgzklg vjg ojmbt kg `l janlchplg `lmlggkj fhrt lg frjmbtkn sjolg9

–Uhwlr bjs typkmjccy dllg sllg js tbl jdkckty th nlt htblrs th `h wbjt yhu wjgt tblo th, ka glmlssjryjnjkgst tblkr wkcc (^ldlr, :;>2), hr th nlt tblo th `h sholtbkgn tbly htblrwksl whuc` ght (@jbc,:;<>). Pbks sllokgncy skopcl lgktkhg, wbkmb prlslgts tbl glnjtkvl rjtblr tbjg tbl phsktkvl jsplmtsha phwlr, bjs dllg mbjcclgnl , jolg`l`, mrktkqul`, lxtlg`l` jg` rlduaal` hvlr tbl yljrs dut, ghgl- tblclss, rlojkgs tbl stjrtkgn phkgt ahr j rlojrfjdcy `kvlrs dh`y ha fghwcl`nl.‟ =::

Kg `kt mktjjt vjcclg llg pjjr zjflg hp. Bhlwlc blt lr gklt clttlrckif stjjt, whr`t ‒phwlr‛ zh nl`l-gkllr` `jt blt llg jmtklvl, dlwustl bjg`lckgn sunnlrllrt. Plg twll`l dlghlolg `l jutlurs `l

`lgktkl jcs ‒glnjtkvl, rjtblr tbjg phsktkvl‛ , tlrwkic blt lgknl zkgs`llc `jt glnjtkla nlstlc` ks, ‒ka glmlssjryjnjkgst tblkr wkcc‛ ks.Kf vlstkn bklr `l jjg`jmbt hp, ho`jt kf kg `kt hg`lrzhlf ‒blt nldrukf vjg ojmbt‛ hpvjt jcs sygh-gklo olt ‒blt jjgwlg`lg vjg kgvchl`‛. Jjgnlzklg ‒ojmbt‛ okigs kgzklgs vllc ollr hovjt `jg jc-cllg `krlmtklvl, `wkgnlg`l ojmbt, vjt kf hg`lr blt dlnrkp ‒ojmbt‛ gj`rufflckif jccl dlègvchl`kgn,zhg`lr blt sudilmtklvl hg`lrsmblk` ha `kt kg blt vhhr`llc `jg wlc gj llc vjg ëëg vjg `l dltrhf-flglg ks, lg zhg`lr blt hhr`llc ha `lzl ojmbt blt prl`kfjjt ‒phsktkla ‛ ha ‒glnjtkla ‛ vlr`klgt. Lgjjgnlzklg llg nrhht `llc vjg dlègvchl`kgn hgdlwust pcjjtsvkg`t ” `hmb `jjroll, gklt ghh`zjfl-ckiflrwkis okg`lr `hlcnlrkmbt ” vjcclg kg okig hpvjttkgn lxpckmklt hhf hgdlwustl bjg`lckgnlg hg-`lr blt nldrukf vjg ojmbt. Kf fkif `us hp okmrhgkvlju gjjr ojmbt. @l stlcckgn vjg Bjr`y & Mclnn`jt dlwustzkig vjg ojmbt ghh`zjflckif ks, `llc kf gklt9

–Uhsslsskgn smjrml rlshurmls ks ght lghunb kg ktslca, bhwlvlr, th mhgalr phwlr. Jmthrs bjvl th dljwjrl ha tblkr mhgtlxtujc plrtkglgml jg` mhgtrhc jg` usl tblo jmmhr`kgncy. V…_ Pbks prhmlss haohdkckzkgn phwlr ks fghwg js phcktkms.‟ =:4

Klojg` `kl `l njvl bllat rjfl ohpplg tl ojflg, zhjcs ëëg vjg `l Ojx-cl`lg, lg `jjroll llgjg`lr ” zhg`lr `hlcdlwustl, vhhrdl`jmbtl dl`hlckgn ” tki`lgs llg vlrnj`lrkgn hp jmbtlrstjg`zlt, hlalgt wlc `lnlckif ojmbt ukt, dlègvchl`t zkig lknlg phsktkl lg `kl vjg `l jg`lr, `hmb gkltghh`zjflckiflrwkizl dlwust lg olt hpzlt. Lvlgzh blt NHU-ck` `jt ollr`lrl ojclg zkig run fllrtgjjr llg ihgnlr, fwltsdjjr tljock` `jt blo jjgsprllft9 `lzl nllat `jjroll llg skngjjc ja lgdlègvchl`t `jjroll `l bkærjrmbkl, `hlctrlaalg` ojjr hgdlwust. Dlwustzkig vjg ojmbtsdrhgglg

ks zh okigs kgzklgs nllg vhhrwjjr`l ho `lzl tl fugglg nldrukflg. lc hg`lrsmbrkia kf `jt llgojmbtsdrhg nldrukft ohlt whr`lg ho laalmtkla tl zkig. @jt nlc`t zlflr dki flggks jcs ojmbtsdrhg.

Jccllg flggks blddlg ks gklt nlghln, `l jg`lr ohlt wltlg `jt `l jmthr `kl flggks dlzkt lg zkmbrljckslrlg wjt `kl flggks wjjr` ks. @jjrdki ojjft blt gklt ukt ha `l jmthr `l flggks dlwust ltjcllrtlg lxpchktllrt, ha zhg`lr vhhrhpnlzlt pcjg thhgt lg `lzl flggks `us kg alktl hp llg gjtuurckifl,mhgnrulgtl ojgklr dlckmbjjot. Qjgzlcasprlflg` fjg klojg` kl zkig ojmbtsdrhgglg dlwust kgzlt`kt wlchvlrwhnlg lg strjtlnksmb `hlg ho zh jmtklvlr jjg `l rljcksjtkl vjg zkig `hlclg tl wlrflg.Dlwustzkig ks hhf bklr llg vhhr`llc.

=:: Bjr`y & Mclnn, :;;;, pn =1;

=:4 Bjr`y & Mclnn, :;;;, pn =>4



44=


Blt jjgwlg`lg vjg ojmbt

Jcs wl ‒ojmbt‛ bklr hhf hpvjttlg jcs dlègvchl`kgn, wlcfl ohnlckifbl`lg tht dlègvchl`kgn vjg zkighonlvkgn lg zkig kgtlrjmtkl `jjroll bllat llg kg`kvkùllc tljock` `jg8 Kl`lr tljock` bllat, jcs wl

fkiflg gjjr lzl tljos, llg nrhtl ohnlckifblk` ho hhr ok``lc vjg zkig alktlckifl bjg`lclg l sktu-jtkl wjjrkg bki hplrllrt tl dlègvchl`lg. @jjrdki dlègvchl`t bki gklt jccllg tljonlghtlg, ojjr hhf`l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl `kl blo olt rlnlcs, vhhrsmbrkatlg lg hp`rjmbtlg prhdllrt tl sturlg.Llg vhhrdllc` bklrvjg vhrot blt kgstlcclg vjg pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp dkgglg NHU. @hhrblt kgstlcclg vjg nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp `llct `l tljoojgjnlr zkig ojmbt dlwust olt jg`lrlg. Hacknt blt jg`lrsho, lg lknlglg lgflcl slgkhrlg kg blt tljo zkmb ojmbt vjg `l tljoojgjnlr thl8

jjrsmbkigckif ks blt bklr llg sjolgnjjg vjg dlk`l, jjgnlzklg lr nllg blatknl dlègvchl`kgn vhhrgh`kn ks ho tht ëëg dlclk` tl fholg. Blt ks llg ohhk vhhrdllc` bhl tljocl`lg bug sktujtkl

vhronlvlg vjgukt wjt zki wlgslckif jmbtlg, lg bhl zki `jjroll (`l rlcjtkl olt) `l honlvkgn dl-kgvchl`lg. Kg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl ks zhklts gjolckif ghn ghhkt vlrthhg`, blt whr`t `jjrgklt dlnrlplg. @l tljocl`lg zhu`lg l dlègvchl`kgn ghn fugglg vlrstlrflg wjggllr zki zkmb vjg

`l `ygjoklf olt blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt dlwust zhu`lg zkig, lg blg `l rl`lglrkgn jmbtlr `lzlpjrtkmkpjtkl uktnlcln` bj``lg. Gu ks `l nl`jmbtl kg blt tljo ‒zl blddlg lr gklts oll tl ojflgbhl wki `jt hg`lrckgn rlnlclg‛. Blt k`ll ks hhrsprhgflckif wlc `jt kl`lrl phrtlalukcclbhu`lr zkig habjjr phrtlalukccl zlca hhf vlrtlnlgwhhr`knt gjjr blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt thl, ojjr `jt zlnt ‒`jjrfugglg wl gklt oll wlrflg, lr ks lr ëëg `kl wl ohltlg fugglg jjgsprlflg vhhr jccls‛. Blt tljodlègvchl`t bklr `l hrnjgksjtkl lg frkint kg rljmtkl `jjrhp olt dlplrfkgnlg, gkluwl rlnlcs lg vhhr-smbrkatlg tl ojflg, `kl blt bjg`lclg rlnuclrlg ha kgplrflg.

Nk``lgs stlct zkmb `l vrjjn ha blt `l bjg`lclg`l plrshhg zlca ks `kl `l njgn `lr `kgnlg dlpjjct,ha `jt blt iukst l shmkjcl strumtuur kg l ojjtsmbjppki ks kl blt bjg`lclg vjg blt kg`kvkù dlpjjct.Nk``lgs hosmbrkiat bklrdki ‒shmkjcl strumtuur‛ jcs –`l rlmurskla nlhrnjgksllr`l rlnlcs lg bucpdrhg-glg `kl kg`kvkùlg nldrukflg kg `l `kvlrsktlkt vjg mhgtlxtlg vjg blt `jnlckifs clvlg‟=:=. Tlmurskla

dltlflgt kg `lzl zkg `jt `l rlnlcs olt blt thlpjsslg lrvjg tlvlgs hpgkluw nl`lgkllr` whr`lg.Kg blt rlmursklvl fjrjftlr cknt l ohnlckifblk` hpnlschtlg jt l rlnlcs lvhculrlg. ]trumtuur whr`tùs nlvhro` `hhr blt nlbllc vjg rlnlcs, blt ‒systllo‛ zklt Nk``lgs jcs blt nlbllc vjg nlrlprhù-mllr`l rlcjtkls. Lrkfslg kccustrllrt blt rlmursklvl fjrjftlr vjg systlolg sudtklc olt `l oltjahhr

vjg llg fhrjjcrka. @jt rlprhùmllrt zkmbzlca

‒… wbkcl scknbtcy oh`kaykgn ktslca tbrhunb lvlry glw lvlgt. Buojg jmtkhg rlcjtls th ljrcklr buojgjmtkhg kg tbl rlprhùmtkhg ha jg` mbjgnl th shmklty. Glw jmts jrl ght olmbjgkmjc rlpltktkhgs haljrcklr jmts, dut jt tbl sjol tkol tbly jrl `lplg`lgt hg ljrcklr jmts.‟ =:0

Dki `l dljgtwhhr`kgn vjg `l vrjjn ‒wjt dlpjjct‛, `l strumtuur vjg `l mhgtlxt ha blt bjg`lclg vjg

blt kg`kvkù, fhot Nk``lgs ukt hp `l blrahrouclrkgn vjg `l rlcjtkl tusslg `lzl twll tht

–… llg ùjcktlkt, wjjrdki blt bjg`lckgnsdlnrkp llg ghtkl vjg strumtuur vlrhg`lrstlct kg pcjjts vjgbklrjjg tlnlghvlrnlstlc` tl zkig, lg wjjrdki blt strumtuurdlnrkp hp zkig dlurt llg ghtkl vjg bltbjg`lclg vlrhg`lrstlct.‟ =:<

=:= Nk``lgs, kg9 Ougtlrs lt jc, :;2<, pn 4=

=:0 Lrkfslg, :;;<, pn ><

=:< Nk``lgs, kg9 Ougtlrs lt jc, :;2<, pn :;



440

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Kg`lr`jj` ks `jt wjt wl zklg kg blt vhhrdllc` rhg` pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp dki NHU. Nk``lgs=:1 stlct `jt `l bjg`lckgnsdlfwjol jmthr, olt llg dlnrlgs`l vrkiblk` lg llg lknlg vlrjgtwhhr`lckif-blk`, `hhr zkig bjg`lclg `kgnlg kg `l wlrlc` ho blo bllg fjg vlrjg`lrlg. @l dlnrlgzkgn vjg

zkig bjg`lckgnsvrkiblk` dlstjjt ukt jc `jg gklt hg`lrflg`l dlplrfkgnlg lg hgvhhrzklgl lg hgdl-`hlc`l mhgslqulgtkls vjg kt kg`kvkùlcl bjg`lclg. Kg kt nlvjc vlrjg`lrlg NHU-cl`lg bug wlrlc``hhr pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp tl kgtrhùmlrlg. Yki dlègvchl`lg `jjroll bug rlcjtkl tht `l horkg-nlg`l hrnjgksjtkl. @l dlplrfkgn bklrhp vhcnt kg `l rljmtkl vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl, `kl blt pjrtkmkpjtklaclk`lrsmbjp `llcs jawkist.

Lrkfslg ckmbt `l k`llæg vjg Nk``lgs jcs vhcnt thl9

–Hg tbl hgl bjg`, buojgs mbhhsl tblkr jmtkhgs `lckdlrjtlcy jg` try tblkr dlst th rljcksl tblkr nhjc,wbkmb ks j nhh` ckal V…_. Hg tbl htblr bjg`, buojgs `lgktlcy jmt ug`lr prlssurl, wbkmb vjrkls

dltwllg plhpcl, mhgtlxts jg` shmkltkls jg` wbkmb ckokts tblkr arll`ho ha mbhkml jg` th shol lxtlgt`ltlrokgls tbl mhursl ha tblkr jnlgmy.‟ =:>

@l `ruf wjjr Lrkfslg bklr hvlr sprllft, ks hp tl vjttlg jcs kgvchl` vjgukt `l mhgtlxt vjg blt kg-`kvkù, `l shmkjcl strumtuur wjjrdkgglg bki ha zki augmtkhgllrt. Kg `kt nlvjc ks `jt prkojkr `l lknlghrnjgksjtkl9 llg dlcjgnrkif `llc vjg `l shmkjcl strumtuur vjg `l tljocl`lg whr`t nlvhro` `hhr`l shmkjcl strumtuur vjg bug tljos, kgmcuskla `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkls lg `l ojjtsmbjppki wjjr`lzl tljos hg`lr`llc vjg zkig.

@l ojtl wjjrkg strumtuurlclolgtlg `hhr tljocl`lg dlègvchl` whr`lg vlrsmbkct vjg tljo thttljo lg vjg lclolgt tht lclolgt. Yh vjct hp `jt NHU-cl`lg ” kg hvlrllgstlookgn olt llg kg-tlgslr tljoclvlg ” llg uktdug`knlr fclurkgn nlvlg jjg `l blg horkgnlg`l shmkjcl strumtuur `jgOjx lg Ouctk. NHU-cl`lg `hlg `kt dkivhhrdllc` `hhr `l splmklfl oltbh`l `kl nldrukft whr`t,lg `kl kg `l chhp `lr ijrlg lvhcullrt6 dkivhhrdllc` `hhr `l dkigj uktdug`knl kgtlrjmtkl olt bjjr ay-

sklfl wlrfhonlvkgn, wjjrvjg `l kgrkmbtkgn bklrvjg shos ollr`lrl flrlg plr wllf jjg `l k`llæglg vlrlkstlg vhhr lvlgts whr`t jjgnlpjst6 `hhr l lkslg `kl zki jjg l hrnjgksjtkl stlcclg wjt dltrlathplgkgnstki`lg vjg `l nldhuwlg, wjjroll zki `l hrnjgksjtkl trjmbtlg tl dlègvchl`lg, zh`jt zlbug lvlgts olt duktlgsphrknl wlrftki`lg lg ”vhrolg fugglg uktvhlrlg.

Hhf l ojtl wjjrkg l strumtuur dlpjclg` ks vhhr blt bjg`lclg vlrsmbkct tusslg l tljos. Jcclojjcblddlg zl zkmb tl bhu`lg jjg hrnjgksjtklrlnlcs. @jjrgjjst flgglg `l `rkl tljos kl`lr tljolknlgrlnlcs. Dki Ojx zkig `kl rlcjtkla vcumbtkn lg llg jjgtjc bklrvjg whr`lg plr dkillgfhost dkinlstlc`,dki NHU lg Ouctk `jjrlgtlnlg whr`lg rlnlcs dlbhhrckif strjf nlbjgtllr` lg `wkgnlg zl blt kg`k-

vkù kg llg vhhrnlprhnrjoollr` pjtrhhg.

Kg ckig olt Nk``lgs zklg wl zh`hlg`l `jt zhwlc `l shmkjcl strumtuur jcs blt kg`kvkùlcl bjg`lclg

dlpjclg` ks, kg wksslclg`l ojtl kg l tki` lg hvlr tljos. @l shmkjcl strumtuur vhrot llg rjjowlrf,llg vhhrwjjr`l vhhr blt bjg`lclg, lg tlnlckiflrtki` wkizknt blt bjg`lclg `l strumtuur. Lrkfslgsmbltst `jjrdki ghn bhl strumtuur nlzklg fjg whr`lg jcs ‒vjst nlwhr`lg‛ bjg`lclg9

–Pbl shmkjc systlo, hr strumturl, whuc` jmmhr`kgn th tbks plrsplmtkvl mhgskst ha tbl prhmlss hahgnhkgn kgtlrjmtkhg, dut kt jcsh mhgsksts ha arhzlg jmtkhg. Dhtb shmkjc kgstktutkhgs jg` ojtlrkjcstrumturls sumb js dukc`kgns jg` tlmbghchny jrl prhùmts ha buojg jmtkhg. Bhwlvlr, tbly tjfl hgjg hdilmtkvl lxkstlgml jg` jppljr js nkvlgs, js tjflg-ahr-nrjgtl`s wbkmb buojgs jmt uphg9 tbly

=:1 Nk``lgs, kg9 Ougtlrs lt jc, :;2<, pn

=:> Lrkfslg, :;;<, pn >0



44<


`ltlrokgl mhg`ktkhgs ahr jnlgmy. Pbl kgstktutkhgjcksjtkhg ha shmklty tjfls pcjml jg` shmklty, jctbhunbtbl prhùmt ha sudilmtkvl jmtkhg, dlmhols jg hdilmtkvl rljckty lxlrtkgn phwlr hvlr tbl kg`kvkùjcmhgsmkhusglss.‟ =:2

Clt wlc, Lrkfslg bjgtllrt `l tlrolg ‒strumtuur‛ lg ‒systllo‛ bklr jg`lrs `jg Nk``lgs. ^jjrNk``lgs strumtuur zklt jcs blt nlbllc vjg rlnlcs ks strumtuur vhhr Lrkfslg ‒tbl prhmlss ha hgnhkgnkgtlrjmtkhg‛ .

]kldlrs, Qlrwllc & `l Tukitlr zklg strumtuur lvlgllgs jcs ‒sthcckgn‛, ojjr `jg vjg rlcjtkls6 kg tlr-olg vjg Nk``lgs dlghlolg zki ùs sthcckgn vjg blt ‒systllo‛9

–@l strumtuur vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl ks blt nlvhcn vjg `l vlrbhu`kgnlg tusslg pjrtkilg lg kg`kvkùlg. Olt jg`lrl whhr`lg, `l strumtuur ks llg sthcckgn vjg blt tki`lckifl lvlgwkmbt tusslg `kl pjrtkilglg kg`kvkùlg. Plnlckiflrtki` zkig `l pjrtkilg, kg`kvkùlg lg bug vlrbhu`kgnlg blt nlvhcn vjg `lstrumtuur vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl. @l strumtuur `lgkllrt jcs blt wjrl `l pjrtkilg, `l kg`kvkùlg lg

bug (ojmbts-)phsktkls vjg vjg`jjn jcs sthcckgn vjg `l vlrbhu`kgnlg tusslg pjrtkilg lg kg`kvkùlgvjg nkstlrlg. Kg`kvkùlg, pjrtkilg lg blt systllo zkig blt nlvhcn vjg llg prhmls vjg wl`lrzki`sldlègvchl`kgn.‟ =:;

Jmtkls ha bjg`lclg zkig bklrdki tl zklg jcs hg`lr`llc vjg rlcjtkls. Yki nlvlg vhro jjg rlcjtkls, `hmbblt vhhrfholg vjg bjg`lckgnlg kg blt bklr-lg-gu ks nllg vhhrwjjr`l vhhr blt blddlg vjg llgrlcjtkl. Tlcjtkls whr`lg kg bhnl ojtl dlpjjc` `hhr bksthrksmbl kgtlrjmtkls.

^kl dlpjjct blt bjg`lclg8

Blt tljock` fjg ùs, dkgglg dlplrfkgnlg, `hhr zkig bjg`lclg `kgnlg kg `l wlrlc` ho blo bllg vlrjg`lrlg. Kg jccl tbloj‛s dkgglg `kt hg`lrzhlf (bhha`stuf 0 tht lg olt 2) zklg wl `lrnlckif

ojmbtsnldrukf ha dlègvchl`kgn gjjr vhrlg fholg. Blt dlègvchl`lg vjg `l vhhrstlcckgn `kl nlzj-olgckif ha `hhr kl`lr jpjrt hpnlvhlr` whr`t ojjft `llc ukt vjg ‒blt ukthlalglg vjg ojmbt‛. Kl`lrojjft `llc ukt vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg, bjgtllrt zh ojmbt.Ojmbt fhot hhf tht ukt`ruffkgn kg `l nrhlps`ruf9 llg `hhrchplg`l, vjjf bllc sudtklcl mlgsuur

vjg `l llrckifblk` lg `l jutblgtkmktlkt vjg llg tljo. @lzl frjmbt ks zh sudtklc, `jt bki vjjf hhf vhhr tljocl`lg `kl lr`hhr nlmhrrknllr` whr`lg hghpnlolrft dckiat. Blt vhlct jcs ‒chnksmb‛, jcsgjtuurckif, ‒zh zkig wl `jt nlwlg`‛. Qjjf dckift pjs jmbtlrja wjjr blt dckfvlc` vlrtrhldlc` whr`t,

wjjr sphgtjgktlkt lg hrknkgjcktlkt kgnlfj`lr` whr`lg.

Jc hgtflgglg `l ollstl tljocl`lg blt nldrukf vjg ojmbt, blt fhot kg jccl `rkl `l tljos vhhr, kgrlcjtkl tht jcclrclk hg`lrwlrplg. Dki kl`lr vjg `l tljos zklg wl dkivhhrdllc` `jt lr hg`lrbjg`lc`

whr`t hvlr `l jadjflgkgn lg `lgktkl vjg blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc. Blt hprkmbtlg vjg Ojxdltlflgt llg dl`rlknkgn vhhr `l ojmbt vjg blt lrdhvlg stjjg`l OP. ]udnrhlplg kg `l tljos vlrlgknlg zkmb olt gjol kg vlrjg`lrckifl, tki`lckifl mhjcktkls ho kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgnlg tl `klglg.Dki NHU whr`t, vhhrjc kg tki`lg vjg smbjjrstl, `hhr `l ajmkcktjthrs nlstrl`lg ho `l ohhkstl lvlgts .@l ojgjnlr vjg NHU smblrot, dlwust ha hgdlwust, kgahrojtkl vjgukt `l hrnjgksjtkl ja vhhr`l tljocl`lg. @l ojgjnlr vjg Ojx njjt, duktlg `l wlgs vjg blt tljo ho, kg `l wjg`lcnjgnlgzjflg rlnlclg. ]hooknl Ojx-cl`lg `lohgstrlrlg bug ojmbt `hhr tki`lgs `l vlrnj`lrkgn bugcjpthp oll tl glolg lg bug l-ojkc ja tl bjg`lclg zhg`lr `jjrvhhr tlrlmbt nlwlzlg tl whr`lg.Nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp dkl`t l slgkhrl tljocl`lg vjg NHU ollr ohnlckifblk` bug kgvchl` tl hlg

=:2 Lrkfslg, :;;<, pn ><

=:; ]kldlrs lt jc. , 4554, pn =4



441

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

nlc`lg. Dki Ouctk@klgst fjg blt dlstuur dlscksskgnlg vjg Ouctk, `kl blg gklt wlcnlvjcckn zkig, dchf-flrlg. Ojx-cl`lg cluglg jmbtlrhvlr, zhnlgjjo` ho`jt `l vhhrzkttlr `l ojmbt bllat. Olt `lzl`lohgstrjtkl vjg `lskgtlrlssl vhhr blt nrhlpsnldlurlg hlalglg zki kg alktl zlca ojmbt ukt rkmbtkgn

`l vhhrzkttlr.Hhf tusslg `l tljos lg `l mhgtlxt ks ojmbtsnldrukf wjjr tl glolg, dkivhhrdllc` wjjr NHU zkmbjcs tljo stlrf ojjft gjjr `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl ho `l ok``lclg tl dlojmbtknlg `kl zki gh`knbllat dki bjjr jawkiflg`l wlrfwkizl. Ha dki Ojx, wjggllr blt tljo tlnlg `l zkg vjg `l `krlmtlurdlscksskgnlg hvlr `l bhhntl vjg `l ojrfltkgnrlslrvlrkgn uktstlct.

Dhlklg` ks `jt ojmbt hg`jgfs jc `lzl wjjrgllodjrl uktkgnlg nllg hplgckif tl dlsprlflg tblojks. NHU-cl`lg zlnnlg nllg ojmbt tl nldrukflg, lvlgokg jcs zl bkærjrmbkl kg blt tljo lrvjrlg.Ojmbt ckift llg vlrwlrplckif jttrkduut, ojmbtsnldrukf llg tl vlroki`lg jmtkvktlkt. Olg jmtllrt jcshaojmbt jawlzkn ks.

Blt dlcki`lg vjg hplg mhoougkmjtkl, `kjchhn, llg nl`llc` `hlc lg nl`llc`l dlcjgnlg zhu kg`lr-

`jj` hhf sjjobhrknblk` ha llgsnlzkg`blk` fugglg sunnlrlrlg. jt ks bklr l rljcktlkt, ks lr sprjfl vjg ojmbtsnldrukf8 Kg bhha`stuf 1, Mhoougkmjtkl, ks bklr jc klts hvlr nlzln`. @jjr whr`t mho-ougkmjtkl nlghlo` hawlc jcs llg ok``lc tht `kjchhn, k`ljcktlr vrki vjg ojmbt, hawlc jcs llg dlèg-

vchl`kgnsok``lc, wjjrdki l ëëg klts tht stjg` prhdllrt tl drlgnlg tlg djtl vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn lgohnlckif tlg fhstl vjg (blt dlcjgn vjg) `l jg`lr.

@kjchhn ha dlègvchl`kgn8

Ks mhoougkmjtkl gu llg ok``lc tht `kjchhn, ha tht dlègvchl`kgn8 Lg wjt ks `jt prlmkls, `kjchhn8@l lsslgtkl, zhjcs ‒`kjchhn‛ dkgglg NHU dlnrlplg whr`t, ks `jt olgkgnlg wkizknlg `hhr zkmb tl

vlr`klplg kg blt stjg`pugt vjg llg jg`lr, hhf jc dlg il ‛t gklt olt `jt stjg`pugt llgs. Qksflr=45 dlsmbrkiat blt, kg gjvhcnkgn vjg Clvkgjs, jcs llg honlvkgn, wjjrkg blt kf lg blt iki, hhr blt zlnnlg,

hp lcfjjr dltrhfflg whr`lg lg pjs kg lg `hhr `kl rlcjtkl kg bug pchhk vjcclg. Blt ‒kf‛ ks pjs lmbt‒kf‛, wjggllr blt kg vlrbhu`kgn tht llg ‒iki‛ stjjt6 hhf blt ‒kf‛ ks `l rlsuctjgtl vjg `l rlcjtkl.

Blt mhgmlpt ‒`kjchhn‛ ks llg k`ljjc kg blt prhalsskhglcl wlrf vjg NHU. Kg `l prjftkif zklg wl kg`l `rkl tljos lmbtlr vhhrjc dlègvchl`kgn `hhr tljonlghtlg hptrl`lg, vllc ollr `jg olt lcfjjrkg `kjchhn njjg. @kt nldlurt olt gjol wjggllr ‛t spjgglg` whr`t, jcs blt wlrflckif ho dlcjgnlgnjjt. ^kl dlpjjct dkivhhrdllc` `l kgbhu`, rhcvlr`lckgn lg tkokgn vjg `l tljovhhrstlcckgn8

]hooknlg, `l ollr prhthtypksmbl=4: tljocl`lg, dlpjclg olt bug vhcuol lg vjstbhu`lg`blk` `lkgbhu` vjg `l dhh`smbjp. Llg vhhrdllc` ks `l wlrfohrjjc vjg ]hl, `kl cuk`t `hhrfckgft dkgglgNHU. Ha blt alccl prhtlst vjg ëëg vjg l Ojx-cl`lg tlnlg arlqulgtlr ha cjgn`urknlr hvlrcln9 hhfjc sgjpplg `l jg`lrlg `jt blt dlrlkflg vjg blt `hlc zhg`lr kgtlgsklvlr hvlrcln lrn cjstkn zjc zkig,zki vhlnlg zkmb gjjr `kt cuk`l prhtlst vjg lgflclg.

Llg bkærjrmbksmb bhnlr nlpcjjtst tljock` bllat gjjr vlrbhu`kgn ollr kgvchl`, lg `l mhcclnj-tljo-cl`lg `kl `kt thlcjtlg nldrukflg hp `jt oholgt lvlgllgs kgvchl`. ^jjr Ijmmh dkgglg NHU `lprhalsskhglcl njgn vjg zjflg jjg `l fjjf wkc stlcclg, lg `jjroll ohnlckif blt zhrnvuc`kn nlfhls-tlr`l dllc` zjc jjgtjstlg, whr`t `kt `hhr `l jg`lrlg, `l ollr nlvlstkn`lg, dlclt9 –@jt pjst gklt kghgzl vhhrstlcckgn!‟ @kjchhn ks bklr vlr tl zhlflg.

=45 Qksflr, 455>, pn =:> - =:2

=4: Llg prhthtypksmb tljock` vlrtlnlgwhhr`knt blt prhthtypl, blt k`ljjcdllc` vjg llg ck` vjg `kt tljo.



44>


Plnlghvlr `l hdslrvjtkls kg `l tljos fugglg twll lxpckmklt vlrsmbkcclg`l zklgswkizlg hp ojmbtnlzlt whr`lg, gjolckif `kl vjg Bjdlrojs lg Ahumjuct.

Bjdlrojs

Bjdlrojs dlnrkipt blt shmkjcl clvlg jcs nldjsllr` hp prhmlsslg `kl clk`lg tht wl`lrzki`s dlnrkplg mhgslgsus, `kl hgtstjjt zhg`lr `wjgn vjg ëëg vjg dlk`l fjgtlg. Llg hvlrllgfhost wjjrhvlrhg`lrbjg`lc` ks lg wjjr gklt kl`lr vhccl`kn jmbtlr stjjt, vjct bklr ùs gklt hg`lr.

Bjdlrojs9

–Jrnuolgtjtkhg kgsurls tbjt jcc mhgmlrgl` kg prkgmkpcl tjfl pjrt, arllcy jg` lqujccy, kg j mhhplrj- tkvl sljrmb ahr trutb, wblrl ghtbkgn mhlrmls jgyhgl lxmlpt tbl ahrml ha tbl dlttlr jrnuolgt.‟ =44

jt Bjdlrojs bklr stlct ks ëëg vjg `l k`lhchnksmbl pkiclrs hg`lr blt mhgmlpt `jt NHU nldrukftdki blt vhronlvlg vjg nrhtl-nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkls vhhr bjjr fcjgtlg. Qjgwlnl `kjt vlrdjg` ks blt

kgtlrlssjgt bklr wjt nl`ltjkccllr`lr gjjr `l stlcckgngjol vjg Bjdlrojs tl fkiflg.Kg okig ijrlg jcs ajmkcktjthr vjg `lrnlckifl dkillgfhostlg bld kf nlzklg `jt lr, hhf jc whr`t llg lvlgt hprlmbt vjgukt `lzl prkgmkpls hgtwhrplg, dlcjgnlg splclg `kl wlrflckif hgdlvjgnlg lg dlcjg-nlchhs uktwksslclg vjg kgahrojtkl kg `l wln stjjg. Bjdlrojs=4= stlct `jt ‒mhgslgsus wktbhut ahrml‛ lg‒trutb‛ vlrzlflr` zkig jcs `l `llcglolrs jjg llg mhgvlrsjtkl `jjrdki vkia vlrlkstlg rlsplmtlrlg9

Nlglrjckty9 Gh pjrty jaalmtl` dy wbjt ks dlkgn `ksmussl` sbhuc` dl lxmcu`làrho tbl `ksmhursl

Juthghoy9 Jcc pjrtkmkpjgts sbhuc` bjvl lqujc phsskdkckty th prlslgt jg` mrktkmkzl vjck`kty mcjkos kg tbl prhmlss ha `ksmhursl

K`ljc rhcl tjfkgn9 Ujrtkmkpjgts oust dl wkcckgn jg` jdcl th lopjtbkzl wktb ljmb htblr‛s vjck`kty mcjkos

Uhwlr glutrjckty9 Lxkstkgn phwlr `kaalrlgmls dltwllg pjrtkmkpjgts oust dl glutrjck-zl` sumb tbjt tblsl `kaalrlgmls bjvl gh laalmt hg tbl mrljtkhg hamhgslgsus

Prjgspjrlgml9 Ujrtkmkpjgts oust hplgcy lxpcjkg tblkr nhjcs jg` kgtlgtkhgs jg` kgtbks mhgglmtkhg `lskst arho strjtlnkm jmtkhg

\gckoktl` tkol=40

Kg llg ojjtsmbjppki `kl `kt oh`lc kg `l prjftkif drlgnt, fjg kl`lrllg `llcglolg jjg blt hplg-

djrl `ldjt, zh stlct Bjdlrojs. ^jjr zhu `jt thl clk`lg8 ^hr`t dlrlkft `jt kl`lrl dltrhfflgl `ljg`lrlg dlnrkipt8 Fjg lr tht dlscuktvhrokgn nlfholg whr`lg8 Ks blt ohnlckif jcclg tl dltrlf-flg `kl nlrjjft whr`lg `hhr wjt dl`ksmusskllr` whr`t8 Ks tl hvlrzklg, zlcas vhhr skoplcl vrjnlg,

wkl lr`hhr nlrjjft whr`lg lg ùs vhcnlgs Bjdlrojs‛ llrstl vlrlkstl dltrhfflg zhu`lg ohltlg whr`lg8 Kg `l wlrfwkizl vjg NHU whr`t `kt hpnlchst `hhr zh vllc ohnlckif nrhlplg vjg dl-trhfflglg dki llg dlpjjc` vrjjnstuf tl cjtlg vlrtlnlgwhhr`knlg. Qjgwlnl aysklfl dlplrfkgnlgfugglg gklt jccl nrhlplg vlrtlnlgwhhr`kn` whr`lg, lg vlrtlnlgwhhr`knkgn ks llg surrhnjjt vhhr`jj`wlrflckifl, lknlg dltrhfflgblk`.

=44 Bjdlrojs, :;;5, pn :;2, kg9 Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn ;5

=4= Bjdlrojs, :;;5, pn :;2, kg9 Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn ;:

=40 @lzl zls`l vlrlkstl bllat Acyvdilrn jjg `l hpshookgn vjg Bjdlrojs thlnlvhln`.

:.

4.

=.

0.

<.

1.



44;


ohnlckifblk` ho `l wlrfkgn vjg dlstjjg`l kgstktutkls tl jmbtlrbjclg lg vlrvhcnlgs tl ‒dlvlmbtlg‛(dlègvchl`lg) `jjr wjjr gh`kn, zh`jt llg okgkouo jjg `hokgjgtkl rlstllrt.

jggllr wl l dlvkg`kgnlg kg kt prhlasmbrkat zhu`lg wkcclg pcjjtslg kg blt lgflg vjg Bjdlrojs

lg Ahumjuct, `jg ks ùk`lckif `jt `l tblojbhha`stufflg zh hplg ohnlckif `l sktujtkls kg `l tljosdlsmbrkivlg, zhjcs `l tljocl`lg `kl zlca lrvjrlg, olt vllc pjsskl, dlcjgnlg lg dlègvchl`kgn. @jthg`lrzhlf dkl`t `l ohnlckifblk` ho jcclrllrst dlwust tl whr`lg bhl tljoprhmlsslg (fugglg)

vlrchplg, ho vlrvhcnlgs `lzl flggks tl dlguttlg ho lvlgtullc tht llg jg`lrl kgtlrjmtkl lg `hok-gjgtkl tl fholg, llg jg`lr sjolgwlrfkgns- lg ojmbtspjtrhhg. Blt k`ljjc vjg Ahumjuct ks gklt `ljawlzknblk` vjg ojmbt, zhjcs Bjdlrojs `kt wlc vlrwhhr`t.

jjr blt lknlgdlcjgn zh stlrf jjgwlzkn dckift tl zkig jcs kg `kt hg`lrzhlf, ks blt okigs kgzklgs kccu-shkr tl vlrhg`lrstlcclg `jt ojmbtsnldrukf kg tljos tl vhhrfholg, tl vlroki`lg ha tl hg`lr`ruf-flg zhu zkig.

Jcs wl blt lopkrksmbl ojtlrkjjc jafhostkn ukt `kt hg`lrzhlf ghn llgs lxpckmklt thltslg jjg `l

vkskls vjg Bjdlrojs rlsplmtklvlckif Ahumjuct, `jg zklg wl `jt mhoougkmjtkl kg vllc nlvjcclg `lukthlalgkgn vjg ojmbt kg zkmb rjjnt, lg jt lr, hp llg klplr gkvlju, jctki` llg dlcjgn ollspllct kgblt nl`rjn vjg llg hnlgsmbkigckif dlcjgnlchhs tljock`. Gjgj, kl dkgglg NHU strllat gjjr bjroh-gkl, `jjr llg shhrt dlwjflr vjg ks, bllat `jjr zlca dlbhlatl jjg ho zkmb pclzklrkn tl vhlclg kg `lsktujtkl. Ojrtkig, `kl `l augphrtlalukccl hg`lr zkig bhl`l bllat, bllat zlca hhf dlbhlatl jjg `lrnl-ckifl lvlglolgtlg ho zkig wlrfhonlvkgn vhc`hlg`l ‒fkmfkgn‛ tl ojflg. Kfzlca, `kl `l phrtlalukccl

vjfhgtwkfflckgn dlbllr, bld lr vjgukt okig lknlg kgtlrlssl dlcjgn dki `jt `kt hg`lrwlrp jjg`jmbt vjg blt tljo frkint. @l tljoclk`lr vjg Ojx, `kl zkmb kgspjgt ho olt zkig lknlg strjtlnkl Ojx sum-mlsvhc tl cjtlg zkig, lrvjjrt jjr krlmt dlcjgn dki kg zkig chhpdjjghgtwkfflckgn. @l cl`lg vjg Ouctk,`kl tki`lgs llg tljovlrnj`lrkgn bug ohg` bhu`lg jcs llg mhcclnj `hhr ëëg vjg `l dlstuurscl`lg‒janl`rhhn`‛ whr`t, vhcnlg `jjroll bug lknlg strjtlnkl. @jt `l hnlg vjg `l `krlmtkl nlrkmbt zkig

hp llg jg`lr nllat ihuw `kvkskl rukotl, jc wjs blt jccllg ojjr `hhr`jt il lvlg duktlg dllc` lg ùsduktlg smbht dlgt. Jcs `jjrgj hp `l njgn olt lcfjjr lg olt `l dltrhfflgl dlsprhflg whr`t bhl vrlslckif `kt jccls ks, bllat hhf jt z‛g augmtkl kg `l strjtlnkl lg kg blt hg`lrckgnl splc. ]hl, `kl lr(glt jcs vllc jg`lrlg) dlbhlatl jjg bllat jt hhf bjjr kg`kvkùlcl prlstjtkl nlzklg whr`t, zjc wkcclgcjtlg zklg wlcfl flggks zki dlzkt. Jccllg blt blddlg lg kgzlttlg vjg `kl flggks ks gklt nlghln, bltohlt hhf nlzklg lg lrflg` whr`lg9

–Kt ks ght lghunb th –bjvl‟ ohrl fghwcl`nl tbjg htblr plhpcl6 tbks j`vjgtjnl jg` tbl kglqujckty ktkopckls oust jcsh dl oj`l mcljr th htblrs. Pbl fghwcl`nl oust dl lxphsl` th tbl sudilmts, wbh ousttblg dl mhgvkgml` ha kts trutb vjcul. V…_ Fghwcl`nl ks mchslcy rlcjtl` th phwlr, dut htblrs oustrlmhngkzl tbl skngkmjgml ha tbks fghwcl`nl jg` oust fghw wbh phsslssls kt, ..‟ =41, =4>

Ojmbt, vjg wlcfl shhrt `jg hhf, ohlt kgnlfcll` whr`lg kg llg `hlctrlaalg` vlrthhg vjg `klojmbt lg zjc vlrsmbkcclg`l laalmtlg blddlg, gjjr nlcjgn `l wkizl wjjrhp l ojmbt nl`rjojtksllr`

whr`t. =42

Kg vlrdjg` olt l hhr Bjdlrojs gjnlstrlla`l mhgslgsus fho kf bklr tlrun hp llg uktsprjjf vjg@lltz hvlr mhgslgsus, `ksslgsus lg `l `ygjoklf `jjrtusslg=4;9

=41 Jcvlsshg, :;;1, pn :4: - :44

=4> Ykl hhf Jcvlsshg, :;;1, pn :4= lg Bkrsmbbhrg, :;22, pn :41

=42 Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn 4=0

=4; Ykl hhf Dkicjnl K, Hg`lrzhlf lg hg`lrzhlflr



4=5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Mhgslgsus hrklgtjtkhgs jppcy rhcl jg` k`lgtkty mcjsskmjtkhgs V…_. @ksslgsus hrklgtjtkhgs sllk`lgtkty js ouctkpcl, mhgkmtujc, jg` kg prhmlss.‟

–.. kg mhgtkguhus tkol mhgslgsus jrksls hut ha jg` ajccs th `ksslgsus, jg` lvlry `ksslgsus nkvls wjyth lolrnkgn (ka tlophrjry) mhgslgsus.‟ ==5

Mhgslgsus wkc vhhrjc `l llgblk` zklg lg dlgj`rufflg, bllat `jjroll llg ollr stjtksmbl kgscjn.@ksslgsus rkmbt zkmb hp `l vlrsmbkcclg lg blt prhmls lrtusslg. Dlk`l zkig jctlrglrlg`l sktujtkls, lgtlnlckif ckift `ksslgsus llg vjflr vhhrfholg`l ajsl tl zkig. @hhr `l dlplrftl mhoougkmjtkl kg `ltljos whr`t `lzl `ygjoklf vlrstlrft. Mhgslgsus ks vjjf llg smbkigstjjt, `kl zh lrvjrlg fjg whr-`lg `hhr `l sclmbts hpplrvcjffknl dlsmbhuwkgn vjg blt hg`lrwlrp.

Qjg jccl`jn lg vjg kl`lrllg

Ojmbt ks zh`hlg`l vjg jccl`jn lg vjg kl`lrllg. Dlègvchl`lg ks kgblrlgt jjg kgtlrjmtkl, glt jcs

mhoougkmjtkl. Lg zhjcs llr`lr nlstlc`9 mhoougkmjtkl (kg `l drll`stl dltlflgks vjg blt whhr`) ksllg ojmbtsok``lc dki uktstlf. Blt whr`t `hhr kl`lr kgnlzlt.

–Flgolrflg vjg ojmbt zkig `jt ojmbt hvlrjc vhhrfhot wjjr olgslg olt lcfjjr tl ojflgblddlg, `jt ojmbt vjgzlcasprlflg` ks lg `jt ojmbt kg alktl llg glutrjjc dlnrkp ks `jt phsktkla lgglnjtkla nlbjgtllr` fjg whr`lg.‟ ==:

Bhlwlc, bllat kl`lr vjg `l tljocl`lg wlrflckif ojmbt, hhf `l tljocl`lg `kl llg okg`lrblk` dkg-glg blt tljo vhrolg, hhf `l okg`lr prhthtypksmbl cl`lg kg `l plrkalrkl vjg blt tljo8 Dkgglgblt jchovjttlg`l dlnrkp ojmbt fugglg wl hg`lrsmblk` ojflg gjjr vlrsmbkcclg`l shhrtlg, zhjcs

wl `kl hhf kg `l wjjrglokgnlg zklg tlrunfholg. ^l zklg dkivhhrdllc` phsktkhglcl ojmbt dki `ltljoojgjnlrs, ojmbt `hhr flggks, ojmbt `hhr thlnjgn tht kgahrojtkl hvlr hrnjgksjtklhgtwkffl-ckgnlg, ojmbt `hhr blt blddlg vjg llg nhl` gltwlrf, `hhr vlrdjjc lg ghg-vlrdjjc nl`rjn, ojmbt`hhr vjjr`knbl`lg jcs hg`lrbjg`lclg ha hvlrtuknlg. Kgblrlgt jjg lzl vllcvhroknblk` vjg ojmbtks `jt kl`lrllg kg prkgmkpl thlnjgn bllat tht dlpjjc`l shhrtlg ojmbt, ha zkmbzlca `kl thlnjgn zhufugglg vlrsmbjaalg ha hpdhuwlg.

Gjjr jjgclk`kgn vjg `l hdslrvjtkls zhu kf wkcclg stlcclg `jt kl`lr tljock` ojmbt bllat ” jc ks `lzlojmbt quj kgbhu` lg rlkfwki`tl sktujtkhgllc, `us jabjgflckif vjg zkig ha bjjr phsktkl lg `l rlcjtklolt l mhgtlxt ” lg jt lzl ohnlckifbl`lg hp vlrsmbkcclg`l ojgklrlg kgnlzlt fjg whr`lg. jgtdlègvchl`t llg tljock`, `jt `hhr zkig tljonlghtlg `l rhc vjg zwjrt smbjjp jjgnloltlg frkint, `lkgtlrjmtkl okg`lr, ha lvlgzllr ojjr jg`lrs8 Dlègvchl`t llg tljock` `jt tki`lgs l thltrl`kgns-ajsl `krlmt wllr uktnlsthtlg whr`t blt tljoprhmls okg`lr, ks bki scjmbthaalr, ha dlègvchl`t bki

lvlgzllr8Blt vhhrdllc` vjg blt thltrl`kgnsprhmls vjg jspkrjgt tljocl`lg ks bklr blt ollst sprlflg`. Yhjcs

wl kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn bklrvjg (bhha`stuf 2, Kg- lg uktscuktkgn) blddlg nlzklg dlègvchl`lg `lzlthltrl`lrs `l kgtlrjmtkl zlca kg bhnl ojtl. Bhl zki dlègvchl`lg bjgnt hg`lr jg`lrl ja vjg bltrlsuctjjt `jt zki vhhr hnlg blddlg. Pwll jspkrjgtlg smbkfflg zkmb kg wjt blt tljo blg jjgnllatjcs ghh`zjflckif tl vhcnlg prhmls. @kt ks blt vlrbjjc vjg `l hu`l lg `l gkluwl `hhs. Yki duknlg`jjroll, hp splmklfl hg`lr`lclg, vhhr l lkslg vjg blt tljo. Ho vlrvhcnlgs bug pj` tl vlrvhc-nlg lg gj vlrchhp vjg tki` hhf (klts vjg) bug lknlgblk` kg tl drlgnlg. @l jg`lrl twll thltrl`lrscjtlg zkmb ollr nlc`lg, wkcclg ha fugglg gklt smbkfflg, wjjroll zki stlrflr ojmbtsnldrukf vjg `l

==5 @lltz, 4555, pn :=0 - :=<

==: ]lrvlcclg, :;2;, pn ; - ::



4=4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

kg blt jnlckifs (Gl`lrcjg`s) tjjcnldrukf dkigj ugjgklo glnjtkla. Ojmbtsvlrsmbkcclg nlvlg dkivhhr-dllc` gklt jccllg llg spllcvlc` vhhr mhgkmtlg, ojjr hhf vhhr mrljtklvl lg hgtwkfflckgnsohnlckif -bl`lg `kl zkmb gklt zhu`lg jjg`klglg wjggllr lr nllg mhgkmt ha smburkgn zhu zkig.

jggllr ojmbt wlc spllct ojjr zh vllc ohnlckif hgtflg` whr`t, whr`lg hplgckifl mhgkmtlg ukt`l wln nlnjjg lg hplgckifl kgzlt vjg ojmbtsok``lclg vlrol`lg. Kg pcjjts `jjrvjg whr`t nl-zhmbt gjjr llg mhoprhoks ha whr`lg dlscuktlg uktnlstlc`, olg cjjt lcfjjr zh vllc ohnlckif oltrust. Ojx ks bklr blt sprlflg`stl vhhrdllc` vjg olt blt ojjg` gj ojjg` uktstlcclg vjg urnlgtldlscksskgnlg. @l fjgs hp lsmjcjtkl whr`t fclkglr, ojjr `l fjgs hp summls whr`t tlnlckiflrtki` stlrfdlplrft `hhr blt gklt bjg`lclg vjg blt tljo==<. Nlvhcn bklrvjg ks ‒drhlklrknblk`‛ lg thlglolg`ljodknuètlkt. Klts `lrnlckifs ks zkmbtdjjr dkgglg jccl `rkl `l tljos.

Ks `kt lrflgglg vjg ojmbt lg vlroki`lg vjg mhgkmtlg typksmb vhhr `l Gl`lrcjg`sl sktujtkl8 ^kiflg wl bklroll kg Gl`lrcjg` ja vjg hgs horkgnlg`l cjg`lg lg duskglsspjrtglrs8 ^l zjnlg`jjr jc klts vjg kg bhha`stuf 4, ‒@ygjoklf kg `l mhgtlxt‛. Kg`lr`jj`, kg tlnlgstlcckgn tht dkivhhr-

dllc` Arjgslg lg Jolrkfjglg vlrdlrnlg wki Gl`lrcjg`lrs cklast `jt klojg` ojmbt bllat, `jt lrojmbtsvlrsmbkcclg zkig==1. Hhf hgtflgglg wl vjjf `jt wl zlca ojmbt blddlg. Kg okig kgtlrvklwsolt tljocl`lg dckift rlnlcojtkn `jt blt whhr` ‒ojmbt‛ kg llg vrjjn vlrvjgnlg ohlt whr`lg `hhrllg jg`lr dlnrkp, vhhr`jt `l nlsprlfspjrtglr dlnrkipt wjt nlvrjjn` whr`t lg fjg jgtwhhr`lg.]jolgwlrflg lg kgsmbkfflg tlg dlbhlvl vjg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc ks vhhr Gl`lrcjg`lrs ollrllg jcnlollg uktnjgnspugt `jg vhhr Arjgslg==>, ==2, zh stlct `‛Krkdjrgl.

–Blt zhlflg gjjr mhgslgsus ks llg ojgklr ho l spjggkgnlg tl dlbllrslg. V…_ Blt dlclk` (kg lzl ajdrklf) ks nldjsllr` hp blt vlr`hlzlclg vjg `l vlrsmbkcclg, vhhrjc `l gkvljuvlrsmbkcclg. @l wlzlgckifl nlckifblk` vjg jcclg V…_ `kl zhvllc gj`ruf frkint, ks ùk`lckif gklt klts vjgzlcasprlflg`s kg

Gl`lrcjg`.‟ ==;

Hhf `‛Krkdjrgl mhgstjtllrt ùs vhhrstlcckgnlg wjjrkg `l vlrsmbkcclg `kl wl lrvjrlg gklt tht ukt-`ruffkgn ohnlg fholg. Yh fugglg wl hgs dckivlg wlgtlclg kg `l kccuskl vjg nlckifblk`. ^l bld-dlg mhgslgsus ” ùs vhhrstlcckgnlg ” gh`kn ho `l spjggkgnlg `kl wl lrvjrlg tl dlbllrslg.

Dltlflgt `kt `jg `jt wl ollr Bjdlrojs-jjgbjgnlrs zkig, `jt wl strlvlg gjjr ojmbtsvrkil mho-ougkmjtkl8 Gjjr okig k`ll ks `jt gklt `l hhrzjjf vjg blt ‒hgdlwustzkig‛ rhg`ho ojmbt. @ktzlca`lhgdlwustzkig trll`t hp dki tjc vjg jg`lrl jsplmtlg vjg hgzl kgtlrjmtkl. ^l clttlg lr gklt hp.Lrvjrlg wl blt jcs tki`vlrspkcckgn, jcs dl`rlknlg` ha cjstkn ho jjg`jmbt jjg blt prhmls tl dlstl-`lg8 Bhhrt blt dki `l vhhrstlcckgn `kl wl vjg lcfjjr nlwlg` zkig, `jt wl cklvlr nllg gj`ruf cln-nlg hp wkl ojmbt bllat lg bhlvllc, lg wkl gklt8 Hpolrflckif ks `kt wlc. @‛Krkdjrgl mhgstjtllrt `jtGl`lrcjg`lrs nllg nlghlnlg glolg olt llg hp`rjmbt, ojjr `l jmbtlrnrhg` lrvjg llrst uktnlcln`

wkcclg frkinlg. Qlrtlcclg, uktclnnlg, dlsprlflg, hvlrclnnlg. ^l wkcclg dlnrkiplg wjt jg`lrs nl`jjgohlt whr`lg, vhhr`jt wl nlbhhr nlvlg jjg llg hp`rjmbt. l zkig gklt zh nlvhlnckif. Lknlglg wlhgszlca `jjroll kg alktl gklt ojmbt thl `kl wl gklt hplgckif wkcclg lrflgglg8 Kg kl`lr nlvjc ks `hhr`kt vlroki`lg blt dlsprlflg vjg ojmbtnl`rlvlg prhmlsslg kg tljos lg jg`lrl sjolgwlrfkgnsvhr-olg zh hgnlwhhg. Blt vlroki`lg `rjjnt dki jjg `l ‒vlttl‛ hg`lrstrhho.

==< Ohstlrt, 455>, pn 0;

==1 `‛Krkdjrgl, :;;1

==> `‛Krkdjrgl, :;2;, pn 4:5

==2 @kt hvlrknlgs olt kgjmbtglokgn vjg `l hdslrvjtkl vjg Bhastl`l (:;;;, pn =>) `jt `l drhg vjg `l Gl`lrcjg`sl

mhgslgsus cknt kg hgzl dlzhrn`blk` ho `l clvlgsfwjcktlkt vjg hgszlca jcs kg`kvkù.

==; `‛Krkdjrgl, :;2;, pn 4:0



4==


Olt Ahumjuct ckift blt oki `jg hhf dltlr dki hgzl nljjr`blk` pjsslg` jcs tljos lg tljocl`lg blt vhhrfholg vjg ojmbt lrflgglg lg prhdlrlg (klts vjg) `l prhmlsslg lg dlcjgnlg `kl splclg tlhg`lrflgglg, `jjrkg `hhr zlcahg`lrzhlf lg uktwksslckgn clrlg vjg bug lknlg rhc lg dlcjgnlg lg

`kl vjg jg`lrlg. Yki whr`lg zkmb zh`hlg`l dlwustlr vjg kl`lrs ” hhf bug lknlg ” jjg`llc kg `lkgtlrjmtkl=05. @kt scukt jjg dki `l Gl`lrcjg`sl dlbhlatl ho ‒tl dlnrkiplg‛. @jjroll whr`t tlvlgsblt nldrukf vjg ojmbt lgknszkgs ukt `l glnjtkvktlkt nlbjjc`, lg whr`t ojmbtsoksdrukf, ohmbt `jt

vhhrfholg, ojfflckiflr dlsprllfdjjr.

Lmbtlr, kg nllg vjg `l tljos dckift nlsprhflg tl fugglg whr`lg hvlr ‒wjt ks‛, wjt lr pcjjtsvkg`tkg l kgtlrjmtkl, wlcfl vhhrstlcckgnlg hpnlvhlr` whr`lg. lcfl alktlg whr`lg kg l vhhrstlcckgnlgdlgj`ruft tlg dlbhlvl vjg blt laalmt vjg `l vhhrstlcckgn, lg wlcfl alktlg whr`lg nlojsfllr`8Dki Ojx ks blt dkivhhrdllc` gklt ohnlckif tl dlsprlflg wjt wlrflckifl dlcjgnlg lg `rkiavlrlg vjgtljocl`lg zkig. Dkgglg Ouctk whr`t gklt dlsprhflg wjt lr kg `l wlflckifsl tljovlrnj`lrkgnlg nl-dlurt lg bhl kl`lr `kt lrvjjrt, wjt kl`lr gh`kn bllat ho `l kgnlscltlg pjtrhglg tl `hhrdrlflg. DkiNHU dckiflg dkivhhrdllc` hg`lrckgnl krrktjtkls ohlkckif dlsprllfdjjr tl ojflg. @kt bllat jccls tl

ojflg olt olmbjgksolg ho `l zlcawjjr`lrkgn bhhn tl bhu`lg, `l nlzjolgckifl vhhrstlcckgn tlmhgtkgulrlg, lg gklt `l zwjfstl tl ckiflg `hhr jcs lgknl llg `lrnlckif pugt gjjr vhrlg tl drlgnlg.

Jc `lzl `rkl pugtlg drlgnlg ohnlckif blt tljo ha klojg`s tljockòjjtsmbjp kg nlvjjr.

Hgzl ‒vhhrstlcckgn‛ gj`lr dlsmbhuw`

Gklt-hplg mhoougkmjtkl, ja`lfflg vjg ‒wjt ks‛, kccuskls lg vhhrstlcckgnlg. Blt dltrlat stll`s blt-zlca`l. @l vhhrstlcckgn `klgt ho `l kccuskl ha `l nlblkolg tl bjg`bjvlg, gklt-hplg mhoougkmj-tkl ks llg hg`lr`llc vjg `kl vhhrstlcckgn. Dlpjjc`l alktlg ohltlg dlgj`ruft whr`lg tlglkg`l `liukstl kg`ruf dki blt pudcklf tl wlfflg, jg lrl alktlg ohltlg nlojsfllr` ha hg`lrdlckmbt whr`lg.Drhumfjlrt nllat llg prjmbtknl smblts vjg llg lrnlckifl vhhrstlcckgn, ëëg kl zý kg llg vlrnj`lrkgn

vjg Ojx nlhdslrvllr` fjg whr`lg9

–@l nlrjagllr`l hpphrtugkst ks `l smbkigdjjr dlfllr`l vhs `kl `l pjsskl prllft, ojjr kg alktl nlùc`kn z kig oholgt jawjmbt. Bki nl`rjjnt z kmb jcs llg ohc `kl llg ùddlcclvlg clk`t. @l ohcspllct blt splc vjg chyjcktlkt lg pjrtkmkpjtkl zhvllc jcs gh`kn ks ho blt vlrtrhuwlg vjg V`l_ nrhlp tldlbhu`lg, ojjr tlrzlca`lr tki` nldrukft bki `l nrhlp ho zkig lknlg vlrdhrnlg jnlg`j tl rljckslrlg.@l ohc ks `l ollstlr vjg blt smbkigvlrtrhuwlg lg cllat vjg kgtrknls tusslg hpphrtugksol lg chyjcktlkt. Bki mrlælrt `jjr`hhr hg`lrbuk`s llg strumturllc wjgtrhuwlg dki jccl dltrhfflg ol`lsplclrs.

Lcfllg dlnkgt llg ùddlc clvlg tl clk`lg. Hhf jc zhu lr kg blt splc nllg lgflcl ohc nlwllst zkigV…_, `l nl`jmbtl `jt lr ohnlckiflrwkis llg ohc ks, vlrjg`lrt rlæcl nlvhlclgs lg strjtlnklæg vjg lcfvjg `l `llcglolrs. \kt jgnst ho `l ùpl tl zkig, nl`rjjnt olg zkmb hhf jcs llg ohc.‟ =0:

Llg lclolgt `jt kg `lzl vhhrstlcckgn ùk`lckif gjjr vhrlg fhot ks ojmbt. Ojmbt ho kgahrojtkljmbtlr tl bhu`lg ha klts vhhr tl wlg`lg, ojmbt ho blt lknlgdlcjgn tl cjtlg prlvjclrlg. Lg hhf`l kgvchl` kl blt splc vjg lzl ohc hp jg`lrlg bllat, nllat zkig ojmbt jjg. @l jg`lrl splclrs, kl`kt splc wjjrsmbkigckif gklt smblrp skngjclrlg, vlrtrhuwlg l zjjf gklt. Yki rjflg hg`lr kgvchl` vjgblt dlsolttlckifl laalmt vjg blt ojmbtsplc lg pjsslg bug nl`rjn hhf jjg.

]jolgspjgglg ks gh`kn ho llg vhhrstlcckgn bhhn tl bhu`lg. @kt nlc`t vjgzlcasprlflg` vhhr `ltljovhhrstlcckgn, ojjr hhf kg`kvkùlcl vhhrstlcckgnlg `klglg `hhr kgnlwki`lg nlstlug` tl whr-

=05 Ykl bklrvhhr hhf bhha`stuf ::, Dltlflgks vhhr `l prjftkif.

=0: Dhumfjlrt 4555, pn ==



4=1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

vjg tljowlrf nllat jodknuètlkt llg nlvhlc vjg hgvlkcknblk`, hgzlflrblk`, vjg blt hgtdrlflg vjgmhgtrhclohnlckifbl`lg. Jodknuètlkt ks kg blt vhhr`llc vjg `lnlgl `kl llg ojmbtknlr phsktkl kg blttljo lrvjrlg. Yki blddlg ollr ojmbt ho kg `l ùddlczkggknblk` tl dlpjclg wlcfl dltlflgks wjg-

gllr nlc`kn ks, glt zh blt blg uktfhot. Jcs wl fkiflg gjjr blt vhhrfholg vjg vlrtrhuwlg kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos, `jg vjct jcclrllrst bltnrhtl prhalsskhglcl vlrtrhuwlg hg`lr `l NHU-cl`lg hp. Lg `krlmt hhf, kg mhgtrjst olt `kt prh-alsskhgllc vlrtrhuwlg, bhl wlkgkn plrshhgckif vlrtrhuwlg dckift ukt `l kgtlrvklws lg hdslrvjtklsrhg` NHU. Llg jjgwkizkgn bklrvhhr ks dkivhhrdllc` `jt tljocl`lg lcfjjr gklt vlrtlcclg wjt zltlnlg llg `lr`l wlc zlnnlg, zhjcs kg `l kgtlrvklws. Hhf gj blt kgtlrvklw tlrun kg `l ‒`jnlckifslprjftkif‛ zlttlg zl `l stjp gjjr `l dltrhfflgl gklt. Llg jg`lrl jjgwkizkgn ks `jt jabjgflckifblk``hhr `l tljocl`lg gklt thlnlcjtlg fjg whr`lg6 `jt wjggllr blt tljo dl`rlkn` whr`t tljocl-`lg bug lknlg, kg`kvkùlcl hpchsskgnlg zhlflg lg gklt olt lcfjjr hvlr `l sktujtkl ha bug k`llægprjtlg. jggllr il olrft `jt vlrtrhuwlckifl kgahrojtkl hvlr tljocl`lg, ilzlca kgmcuks, `hhr llgdlpjjc`l tljonlghht gjjr duktlg nldrjmbt whr`t, gjjr blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt `jt ‒ojmbt‛ hvlr il

bllat, `hlt blt il javrjnlg wjt lr ghn ollr nldlurt. Hhf blt gklt frkinlg vjg all`djmf, tlrwkic iljcs tljock` wlc vhlct `jt lr olgkgnlg dlstjjg lg uktnlwksslc` whr`lg, nllat llg shhrtnlckif hgdl-bjjnckif nlvhlc. Blt ks gklt wjt blt ckift, kg `l hg`lrstrhho nldlurt lr vjg jccls.

Bltzlca`l nlc`t, olt jg`lrl `ltjkcs, vhhr `l jg`lrl twll tljos. Dki Ouctk whr`t rlmbtstrllfsnlzln`

–^l vlrtrhuwlg lcfjjr gklt, bhu`lg zjflg hg`lr `l plt.‟

Olg lrvjjrt blt tljoprhmls clttlrckif jcs llg smbkookn splc, wjjrkg blt hrnjgksjtkldlcjgn hg`lrtjalc nlarustrllr` whr`t tlg dlbhlvl vjg blt dlcjgn vjg llg `kvkskl. Lg hhf dki Ojx ks `l sktujtklsmbkookn, `hhr`jt llg jjgtjc tljocl`lg nlùrlg`l ojjg`lg blt stlrfl vlrohl`lg bllat `jt llg

pjjr tljonlghtlg, blt ojrfltkgn- lg sjclstljo vjg ëëg vjg `l prhùmtlg, `l zjjf dl`hg`lrlg.@l tljoojgjnlr zklt `kt gklt, lg gllot lr ùs kg blt nlbllc nllg jmtkl hp. @l tljocl`lg `kl `kt

wlc zklg, rljckslrlg zkmb gklt `jt `l tljoojgjnlr blt gklt zklt lg vrjnlg zkmb ja wjjrho bki gklt`hhrvrjjnt. Gklojg` clnt `kt hplg, blt nkst kg `l hg`lrnrhg`, tht`jt blt dl`rhn ojjg`lg cjtlruktfhot. @kt nllat llg olrfwjjr`knl sallr, llg ‒ùddlcl dh`lo‛ hg`lr blt sjolgwlrflg `kl blthg`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg jjgtjst.

Hgtdrlflg` vlrtrhuwlg

jt zkmbtdjjr ks, ks sjolg tl vjttlg kg lgflcl whhr`lg9 nlrkgn ha hgtdrlflg` vlrtrhuwlg, wjg-trhuwlg, hg`lrstrhho, zkmb jascuktlg, zjflg `kl gklt gjjr lcfjjr uktnlsprhflg ha uktnlprjjt whr-

`lg, hgdlbjjnckifblk`, hp il bhl`l zkig. Kg blt vlrbjjc hvlr `l ohc zjnlg wl jc wlcfl kopjmt vhhrstlcckgnlg fugglg blddlg hp hg lrckgn vlrtrhuwlg. @kt jccls gllot hvlrknlgs gklt wln `jt lollstl tljocl`lg `hhrnjjg olt blt nlwhgl wlrf lg blt dki`rjnlg jjg rlsuctjjt.

Kg l cktlrjtuur hvlr vlrtrhuwlg=0> dckift jt lrnlckifl pjtrhglg vllc vhhrfholg lg skg`s lmlggkjhg`lrzhmbt whr`lg. Yh stlct ]kx jt plrshhgckif vlrtrhuwlg tusslg mhcclnj‛s dlègvchl` whr`t hhrblt vlrtrhuwlg `jt lrvjrlg whr`t hp hrnjgksjtklgkvlju. Qhhr `l NHU-cl`lg ks `jt vlrtrhuwlggj `l auskl cjjn. Hhf stlct zki `jt vlrtrhuwlg vhhrjc nldjsllr` whr`t hp vhhrsplcdjjrblk` vjgukt`l vlrwjmbtkgn vjg `l wjjrglolr lg `hhr blo nlplrmkpkllr`l mhgskstlgtkl kg nl`rjn =02. Jg`lrl

=0> Dkivhhrdllc` Mhstj, 45556 ]kx, 4550

=02 ]kx, 4550, pn <



4=>


dlnrkpplg `kl gjjr vhrlg fholg dki jutlurs `kl vlrtrhuwlg `lgkærlg, zkig fwltsdjjrblk` =0; lg‒jabjgflckif fugglg zkig‛=<5. Fwltsdjjrblk` vchlkt vhhrt ukt l djsjcl olgslckifl dlbhlatl ho lr hptl fugglg vlrtrhuwlg `jt `l jg`lr hgs nllg smbj`l zjc dlrhfflglg. Fwltsdjjrblk` lg jabjgfl-

ckifblk` zkig lknlgsmbjpplg `kl kg `l tljos gklt ha gjuwlckifs nlthhg` whr`lg, shos zlcas jmtkla whr`lg vlrwhrplg. @jt zlnt klts hvlr `l ohnlckifblk` `kl tljocl`lg zklg tht vlrtrhuwlg.

@l ojtl wjjrkg `l nlghlo`l hgcustnlvhlclgs kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos hptrl`lg vlrsmbkct hvlrk-nlgs plr tljo lg plrshhg. Pusslg tljos trl`lg vlrsmbkcclg hp `hhr`jt `l ghh`zjjf tht vlrtrhu-

wlg, lg `jjroll `l dlbhlatl jjg vlrtrhuwlg, vjrkllrt olt jodknuètlkt lg mhopclxktlkt vjg `lhp`rjmbt, lg olt `l hg`lrckgnl jabjgflckifblk` kg blt rljckslrlg vjg blt tljo`hlc=<:. ^jggllr `ldlcjgnlg vjg `l ëëg gklt vlrvuc` fugglg whr`lg zhg`lr `l dki`rjnl vjg `l jg`lr ks `l dlbhlatljjg vlrtrhuwlg nrhht. Yh ks blt dlcjgn vjg vlrtrhuwlg dkgglg NHU, olt blt stlrflr dlclla`ltljo`hlc, nrhtlr `jg dki Ojx lg Ouctk. @l nlvhlclgs `kl hpfholg dki (ohnlckifl) smblg`kgn vjgblt vlrtrhuwlg zkig `jjr`hhr kgtlgslr9

–Kg sktujtkhgs ha `llp `lplg`lgml, trust ks vlry oumb rlcjtl` th j slgsl ha slmurkty, jg` tbl rksfskgvhcvl` jrl rlcjtl` th tbl phsskdkckty ha mbljtkgn, jduskgn, glnclmtkgn.‟ =<4

Hhf fugglg cl`lg vjg ëëg tljo bllc vlrsmbkcclg` hhr`lclg hvlr blt gkvlju vjg vlrtrhuwlg `jtzki plrmkpkærlg kg bug tljo, jjgnlzklg vlrtrhuwlg vllc ajmlttlg bllat. Jabjgflckif vjg wjt kl`lrlrhg`lr vlrstjjt lg bhl kl`lr llg jmtulcl sktujtkl dlcllat, whr`t ollr ha okg`lr vlrtrhuwlg lrvj-rlg. @jjrdki vlrsmbkcclg olgslg dhvlg`klg kg bug glknkgn tht vlrtrhuwlg9

–Ulhpcl `kaalr kg tblkr kgblrlgt prhplgskty th trust. Urhplgskty oknbt dl tbhunbt ha js tbl nlglrjcwkcckgnglss th trust htblrs, prkhr th `jtj hg tbjt pjrty dlkgn jvjkcjdcl. Ulhpcl wktb `kaalrlgt `l- vlchpolgtjc lxplrklgml, plrshgjckty typls, jg` mucturjc djmfnrhug`s vjry kg tblkr prhplgskty thtrust.‟ =<=

Dlcjgn vjg vlrtrhuwlg vhhr tljos

jt ojjft vlrtrhuwlg zh dlcjgnrkif vhhr tljos8 ]kx=<0 nllat llg hvlrzkmbt vjg wjt llg vkiatkntjchg`lrzhlflg jjgnlvlg `jt vlrtrhuwlg jcs laalmt dlwlrfstlccknt9

blt nllat llg nlvhlc vjg zlflrblk` `jt blcpt hvlrclvlg kg jodknul lg mhopclxl mhgtlxtlg6blt blcpt dki blt `urvlg glolg vjg rkskmh‛s `kl ghh`zjflckif zkig vhhr hvlrclvlg kg `lzlmhgtlxtlg6blt dlvhr`lrt lg hg`lrbhu`t sjolgwlrfkgn, ohl`knt blt `lclg vjg kgahrojtkl jjg, vlrbhhnthplg mhoougkmjtkl lg wl`lrzki`sl jmmlptjtkl6blt blcpt clrlg, dlvhr`lrt mrljtkvktlkt lg kgghvjtkl6blt wlrft jcs sollrok``lc kg shmkjcl rlcjtkls, wjt lamklgmy lg laalmtkvktlkt vlrbhhnt6blt vlrokg`lrt `l dlbhlatl jjg nl`ltjkccllr`l jasprjflg lg vjstclnnkgn `jjrvjg6blt vlrbhhnt `l vjjr`knblk` ho tl vlrjg`lrlg lg hg`lrstlugt kgnrkiplg`l vlrjg`lrkgn.

=0; ‒Pbl wkcckgnglss th dl vucglrjdcl‛ , kg9 Ojylr lt jc. :;;<, pn >:4

=<5 Yjg`, :;>4, pn 4=5

=<: Hvlrcjlt, 4555, pn <4

=<4 Mhstj, 4555, pn 4:

=<= Ojylr lt jc, :;;<, pn >:<

=<0 ]kx, 4550, pn :

••

•

••••



4=2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Fhrtho9 vlrtrhuwlg vlrnlojfflckift lg vlrsglct prhmlsslg kg `l dl`rkiashonlvkgn lg vlrcjjnt`jjroll l fhstlg vjg dl`rkiasvhlrkgn =<<. Duktlg jc lzl zjflckifl vhhr`lclg vlrbhhnt vlrtrhuwlgblt cllafckojjt kg `l hrnjgksjtkl lg `jjroll blt wlczkig vjg olgslg.

Bhl vlrtrhuwlg vhhr il wlrft

Qlrtrhuwlg ks llg lknlgsmbjp vjg l rlcjtkl, glt jcs ojmbt, jt gjuw jjg vlrtrhuwlg ks nlrlcjtllr`.Lr zkig twll shhrtlg vlrtrhuwlg tl hg`lrsmblk`lg, `kl wl hhf kg `l tljos tlnlg zkig nlfholg9 ilsmbjt kg `jt klojg` tl vlrtrhuwlg ks lg `jt il klojg` klts thl fugt vlrtrhuwlg. Ulrshhgckif vlr-trhuwlg njjt hvlr `l plrshhg `kl il vlrtrhuwt jcs olgs, prhalsskhgllc vlrtrhuwlg bllat dltrlf-fkgn hp klojg`s prhalsskhgjcktlkt, rlsplmtklvlckif zkig mjpjmktlktlg wjjroll bki llg splmklfl tjjffjg vhcdrlgnlg. Pljocl`lg fugglg lcfjjr hp shooknl jsplmtlg vlrtrhuwlg, lg hp jg`lrl gklt,zhjcs wl dki NHU zklg dki blt vlrsmbkc tusslg prhalsskhgllc lg plrshhgckif vlrtrhuwlg. Qlrtrhuwlglg wjgtrhuwlg fugglg `jjrdki tlnlckiflrtki` hptrl`lg=<1. @lzl dlnrkpplg zkig nlrlcjtllr`, ojjrgklt tlnlghvlrnlstlc`. Jawlzknblk` vjg wjgtrhuwlg ks llg vhhrwjjr`l vhhr vlrtrhuwlg, ojjr hp

zkmbzlca gklt vhc`hlg`l vhhr blt dhuwlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg. ]kx stlct `jt

–Dlahrl twh kg`kvkùjcs mjg dlnkg th dukc` trust, clnktkojtl `kstrust sktujtkhgs oust rst dl sua - mklgtcy rlùml` tbrhunb kgtlrlst jckngolgt jrrjgnlolgts.‟ =<>

jgtrhuwlg ohlt vhcnlgs ]kx wlnnlgholg whr`lg `hhr blt vlrflgglg vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn vjg dltrhfflglg lg blt dlpjclg lg `hhrclvlg vjg llg nlzjolgckif `hlc. Llg `lrnlckifl pj`stlc-ckgn blddlg wl llr`lr kg blt lopkrksmbl ojtlrkjjc nlzklg9 ëëg tljock` ohlt rkskmh glolg, lg zkmbdchhtnlvlg, vhhr`jt lr drunnlg nldhuw` fugglg whr`lg.

Kg jodknul sktujtkls, `kl vllcvuc`kn lg cjgnùrkn kg jccl `rkl `l tljos vhhrfholg lg wjjrkg zhwlcphsktklvl jcs glnjtklvl dhh`smbjpplg tl bhrlg zkig, whr`lg vhhrjc `l glnjtklvl skngjclg `hhr `l

hgtvjgnlr hpnlolrft =<2. Jodknul sktujtkls whr`lg zh`hlg`l jcs glnjtkla lrvjrlg.

]kx=<; ghlot llg vklrtjc fjrjftlrkstklflg vjg vlrtrhuwlg `kl vjg dlcjgn zkig kg rlcjtkl tht `l vrjjngjjr (hg)vlkcknblk` lg vlrtrhuwlg dkgglg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos lg `kl hg`lrdhuwlg wjjrho bltdhuwlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg llg ohlkzjjo prhmls ks9

Qlrtrhuwlg vrjjnt jabjgflckifblk`, fwltsdjjrblk` lg hptkoksol hvlr `l uktfhost.

Qlrtrhuwlg ks llg kgtlrjmtkla lg wl`lrflrkn prhmls wjjrdki tlg okgstl twll kg`kvkùlg dl-trhfflg zkig6 vlrtrhuwlg fjg jccllg nldhuw` whr`lg wjggllr llg plrshhg zkmb hplgstlct

vhhr `l shmkjcl dlègvchl`kgn `hhr `l jg`lr.

Lxmlssklvl ‒vlrtrhuwlrs‛ njjg vllc ollr kgtlrjmtkls olt jg`lrlg jjg `jg ‒wjgtrhuwlrs‛,

lg blddlg jjr`hhr vllc ollr krlmtl fjgslg ho bug hhr`llc hvlr l jg`lr dki tl stlcclgmhgahro bug hg`lrvkg`kgn6 hhf hgt`lfflg zki ojfflckiflr `l tl vlrtrhuwlg plrshglgkg bug honlvkgn. ‒^jgtrhuwlrs‛ `jjrlgtlnlg njjg mhgtjmtlg ukt `l wln. Yki hgtvjgnlgokg`lr skngjclg kl blg bug hhr`llc `hlg dkistlcclg lg vhcbjr`lg jjroll vjflr zhg`lrthltskgn kg bug wjgtrhuwlg.

=<< Mhvly, 4551, pn 40 - 42

=<1 Mhstj, 4555, pn 0

=<> ]kx, 4550, pn :>

=<2 ]kx, 4550, pn 4:

=<; ]kx, 4550, pn = - <

:.

4.

•



4=;


Yhwlc vlrtrhuwlg jcs wjgtrhuwlg zkig ‒dlsolttlckif‛, zl whr`lg dlk`l dlvlstkn` `hhrphsktklvl all`djmf, wjjroll `l kgktkæcl vlrtrhuwlgssktujtkl vlrstlrft whr`t. Kgmk`lgtlg`kl blt vlrtrhuwlg dlsmbj`knlg ojflg lmbtlr ollr kg`ruf `jg nl`rjn `jt vlrtrhuwlg

hpdhuwt, zh`jt vlrtrhuwlg sglc dlsmbj`kn` fjg rjflg lg sclmbts cjgnzjjo hpnldhuw` whr`t.

Qlrtrhuwlg vrjjnt rlnlcojtknl vhl`kgn lg jjg`jmbt.

=. Hg`jgfs `l wl`lrflrknblk` vjg vlrtrhuwlg zkig vlrsmbkcclg`l jsyooltrklæg kg blt splc.

Qlrtrhuwlg fjg jccllg nlclk`lckif hpnldhuw` whr`lg, tlrwkic lrvjrkgnlg vjg ‒vlrrjj`‛ollr kg`ruf ojflg lg zh llg `krlmtlr laalmt blddlg.

@l frjmbtknstl ojgklr ho `l lknlg dltrhuwdjjrblk` tl thglg ks `hhr jg`lrlg olrfdjjrtl vlrtrhuwlg. ^l wkcclg nrjjn vlrtrhuw` whr`lg, ojjr blt vlrtrhuwlg vjg `l jg`lr ks

vjjf cjstknlr9 `hhr vlrtrhuwlgsvhc tl bjg`lclg ojjft klojg` zkmb fwltsdjjr vhhr oks-

drukf `hhr `l jg`lr. Lr ks nllg zlflrblk` `jt nlsmbhgflg vlrtrhuwlg gklt dlsmbjjo`zjc whr`lg. Blt ks `jjrdki llgvhu`kn ho dlwkizlg tl vkg`lg vjg hgdltrhuwdjjr nl`rjn,ojjr prjftksmb hgohnlckif ho dltrhuwdjjrblk` tl dlwkizlg.

0. Gklojg` frkint jdshcutl zlflrblk` `jt nlthhg` vlrtrhuwlg dlchhg` whr`t. @l nlghlo`ljsyooltrklæg `rjnlg dki jjg hgzlflrblk` hotrlgt vlrtrhuwlg, tlrwkic blt ghh`zjflckif ksjg`lrlg tl vlrtrhuwlg lg tl nlchvlg `jt olg zlcas vlrtrhuw` whr`t, vhhr`jt wlrflckif mhñ-plrjtkla nlbjg`lc` fjg whr`lg.

@l fhstlg njjg bklr vhhr `l djtlg ukt9 llg kg`kvkù ohlt vhcnlgs ]kx jcclrllrst vlrtrhuwlg thglg,zkmb fwltsdjjr, jabjgflckif lg hgtvjgflckif ùrvlg hpstlcclg, ho `jjroll `l jg`lr zkig nhl`l kg-tlgtkl tl thglg lg tl vlrclk`lg tht `l wl`lrflrknblk` bklrkg. Bklrdki ks ‛t `l vrjjn ha klojg` `lzl

kgktkæcl phsktklvl stjp ùrat tl zlttlg. Qhhr kl`lr tljock` cknt `kt jg`lrs. Qhhr NHU ks tki`lgs lg gj `l hvlrgjol blt fckojjt vjg vlrtrhuwlg nlsmbjj`. Kg blt llrstl pjjrijjr gj `l hvlrgjol, wjggllr `l llrstl hu`-Tkx&^jlc-ol`lwlrflrs NHU dkgglgfholg, trl-`lg tusslg `l tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn lgflcl kgmk`lgtlg hp `kl blt vlrtrhuwlg smbj`l dlrhfflglg.

Qhhrjc tusslg blt tljo jcs nlbllc lg `l hrnjgksjtkl trl`lg vlrsthrkgnlg hp. NHU-cl`lg trl`lg kg`l ijrlg jjrgj ” prlmkls jcs hhr ]kx dlsmbrlvlg ks vhhr ‒wjgtrhuwlrs‛ ” wlkgkn kg mhgtjmt olt lgkluwl hrnjgksjtkl. Yki dckivlg cklvlr vlkckn ‒jcs ohcclg kg bug bhc‛ lg bhu`lg hp `lzl ojgklr bugplrmlptkl vjg hgvlkcknblk` lg hgdltrhuwdjjrblk` vjg `l honlvkgn kg stjg`, zhg`lr hg`lrzhlfgjjr `l rlmbtvjjr`knkgn `jjrvjg. @kt hg`lrdhuwt wjt Blcclg jcs vlrs tljock` mhgstjtllrt9 `l jjg-gjols `kl NHU dki bjjr stjrt `ll` zkig ghhkt hpgkluw hg`lrzhmbt, `l uktnjgnspugtlg zkig gkltjjgnlpjst jjg `l vlrjg`lr`l hostjg`knbl`lg.

Dkgglg Ojx bllrst llg stlrf phcktklf, mhopltktkla lg lnhmlgtrksmb fckojjt. Nlzklg wjt ]kx stlctks `kt nllg nhl`l djsks ho jjg vlrtrhuwlg tl dhuwlg. Hhf bklr whr`lg `l vhhrwjjr`lg vhhr

vlrtrhuwlg, vhhrtfholg` ukt `l fjrjftlrkstklflg zhjcs nlsmbltst `hhr ]kx, gklt kgnlvuc`. Dki Ouctkhvlrbllrst gjjst lnhmlgtrkmktlkt `l jgnst. Olt bltzlca`l nlvhcn.

]kx dlsmbrkiat hostjg`knbl`lg vhhr blt dhuwlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg. Qhhrtdhuwlg` hp `l rlcjtkhgjcskngjcckgn tblhry vjg Ckg`lgdlrn =15 dlghlot zki `rkl shhrtlg ojstlr arjols wjjrkg kg`kvkùlg fugglg

vlrflrlg9

=15 Ckg`lgdlrn, 455=, kg ]kx, 4550, pn :4 - :=

•

•

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•



405

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

blt bl`hgkm arjol vjg `l plrshhg wklgs dlcjgnrkifstl `hlc ks zkmb nhl` ha dltlr tl vhlclg, lg wlc hnlgdckfflckif6blt njkg arjol , vjg `l plrshhg wklgs dlcjgnrkifstl `hlc ks vlrdltlrkgn vjg `klgs rlshurmls , ojtl-

rkllc (zhjcs nlc`) ha koojtlrkllc (dkivhhrdllc` mhopltlgmls )6blt ghrojtkvl arjol , vjg `l plrshhg wklgs `hlc blt ks ho pjsslg` tl bjg`lclg.

@lzl arjols zkig kg `l nlghlo`l vhcnhr`l jaglolg` `hokgjgt. @jt wkc zlnnlg `jt klojg` `kl vjgukt blt ghrojtklvl arjol bjg`lct vhcnlgs ]kx gklt ha gjnlghln gklt nlbkg`lr` whr`t `hhr dl-kgvchl`kgn vjgukt blt njkg arjol ha blt bl`hgkm arjol , wjjr blt lknlgdlcjgn llg stlrfl rhc spllct.

–Ahr kgtlrplrshgjc trust dukc`kgn th dl phsskdcl dhtb kg`kvk`ujcs gll` th bjvl tblkr jmtkhgs nuk`l`dy j stjdcl ghrojtkvl arjol. Pbl stjdkckty ha ghrojtkvl arjols dlmhols j ihkgt nhjc.‟ =1:

Olt wjt kg bhha`stuf 0, Ujsskl & `hlc, nlsmbltst ks olt dltrlffkgn tht `l `hokgjgtkl vjg bltlknlgdlcjgn dkgglg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos kg mhodkgjtkl olt `l uktsprjflg vjg ]kx hvlr blt vhhr-

fholg vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l shhrtlg arjols, ks blt hgwjjrsmbkigckif `jt `l tljocl`lg wlrflg vjguktlg strlvlg gjjr stjdklcl ghrojtklvl arjols. Hp z‛g dlst bllrst lr kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos llgnlolgn` fckojjt vjg njkg arjols , llg lgflc bl`hgkm arjol , lg ghrojtklvl arjols . Jcs wl `jjrdki blt

vlrsmbkigslc arjol rlshgjgml kg hvlrwlnkgn glolg, `jt jjgnllat `jt `l arjols vjg tljocl`lg lcfjjrdlègvchl`lg, wjjrdki dhvlgstjjg`l `hokgjgtl vhcnhr`l vjg arjols vjg dlcjgn ks, `jg zhu uktnl-schtlg zkig `jt dkgglg NHU llg jtohsallr bllrst `kl blt dhuwlg jjg vlrtrhuwlg ohnlckif ojjft.Llg `lrnlckifl mhodkgjtkl vjg shhrtlg arjols ks gklt ugklf vhhr NHU. Hhf dkgglg Ojx lg Ouctkks `kt wjjrgllodjjr.

Bklroll ks dlnrkiplckif wjjr`hhr NHU `kjchhn jcs kgstruolgt wlc wãc nldrukflg, ojjr gklt fjg=149 `l plrshhgckifl rlcjtkls zkig gklt stlrf nlghln ho `l spjggkgn lg `l smburkgn vjg tlnlgstlc-ckgnlg kg kgzkmbtlg lg stjg`pugtlg jjg tl fugglg. Bltzlca`l nlc`t vhhr blt nlvlg lg hgtvjgnlg

vjg all`djmf9 blt ks gklt vlkckn nlghln. jt twll NHU-cl`lg hhkt dl`jmbtlg, `jt il olt phsktklvlall`djmf hg`lrckgn llg phsktkla sjc`h hpdhuwt, whr`t hg lrsmbrlvlg `hhr ]kx9 blt dhuwlg vjg

vlrtrhuwlg ks nlwhrtlc` kg phsktklvl all`djmf =1=. Jg`lrzki`s nlc`t hhf `jt blt jmbtlrwlnl cjtlg vjg all`djmf blt vlrtrhuwlg kg llg hprlmbtl hg`lrckgnl dlilnlgkgn smbjj`t.

Kg `l jg`lrl tljos ks blt dllc` gklt bllc jg`lrs. Hhf dkgglg Ojx prlvjcllrt blt lknlgdlcjgn, bklrlxpckmklt olt nlc` jcs `hlc. Dkgglg Ouctk bllrst vlrwjrrkgn hvlr `l lknlg phsktkl dkgglg blt tljo,hvlr `l rlcjtkl olt `l tljoojgjnlr, `klgs wjjr`lrkgn lg hvlr `l dltrhuwdjjrblk` vjg `l ol-`ltljocl`lg. \kt zlcavlr`l`knkgn zkig `l tljocl`lg (kg vlrsmbkcclg`l ojtl) hp zhlf gjjr nrhtlrlplrshhgckifl ojmbt, llg dltlrl phsktkl vhhr zkmbzlca lg bug lknlg ja`lckgn.

]kx stlct `jt twll kg`kvk`ulg ha cl`lg vjg llg nrhtlr tljo jccllg vlrtrhuwlg hp fugglg dhuwlg

wjggllr olg bjg`lct vjgukt stjdklcl ghrojtklvl arjols. Olt blt stlrfl strlvlg gjjr lknlgdlcjgn`jt kg jccl `rkl `l hg`lrzhlfstljos hptrll`t lg blt nldrukf vjg ojmbt `jt `jjroll nlpjjr` njjt,ks `jt llg hgrljckstksmbl sktujtkl. \ktnjjg`l vjg blt stjg`pugt vjg ]kx zhu blt llg hgohnlckif zkig`jt lr kg `l tljos vjgukt vlrtrhuwlg nlwlrft whr`t.

=1: ]kx, 4550, pn :0

=14 @jt NHU-cl`lg zlca vlrhg`lrstlcclg wlc `lnlckif olt `kjchhn tl wlrflg ks gklt hgtlrlmbt9 tki`lgs lvlgts `lgflg

zki `kjchnksmbl wlrfvhrolg ukt wjjr zki `l fcjgt hp`rjmbt vhhr nlvlg. @jt ks lmbtlr klts jg`lrs `jg blt zlca olt

lknlg tljo thlpjsslg lg hg`lrnjjg.

=1= ]kx, 4550, pn :<

•

•

•



40:


Qjgukt `l lrvjrkgnlg kg `kt hg`lrzhlf wkc kf blt stjg`pugt vjg ]kx gujgmlrlg tht `l vhhrwjjr`l`jt lr, gjjst blt lknlgdlcjgn, hhf llg uk`lckif nlzjolgckif dlcjgn lrvjrlg whr`t, jt llg llc vjgblt lknlgdlcjgn `klgt. Qlrtrhuwlg zhu `jg nldhuw` fugglg whr`lg wjggllr blt nlzjolgckifl

dlcjgn stlrf nlghln lrvjrlg whr`t lg `kt `llcs sjolgvjct olt blt lknlgdlcjgn. @l vlrvucckgn vjg`hhr ]kx nlghlo`l fjrjftlrkstklflg dckiat hhf `jg llg vhhrwjjr`l.

Blt alkt `jt vlrtrhuwlg nlvhl` whr`t `hhr vhhrsplcdjjrblk` lg nlplrmkpkllr`l mhgskstlgtkl, vrjjnt vjg zhwlc `l hrnjgksjtkl- jcs `l tljomhgtlxt, `jt llg ùk`lckifl, ja`hlg`l slt rlnlcs wlrf-zjjo ks ho blt bjg`lclg lgknszkgs kg (vhhrsplcdjrl) djglg tl clk`lg.

–Bhwlvlr, thh alw rucls ojfl kt kamuct ahr rlcjtkhgsbkps th lvlchp tbl trust glmlssjry ahr laalmtkvl

mhhplrjtkhg th tjfl pcjml.‟ =10

]kx pclkt vhhr llg pjsslg`l djcjgs tusslg rukotl lg rlnlcs, `jjrdki ‒strlgntblgkgn tbl mkrmuostjgmls ahr`ljckgn laalmtkvlcy wktb trust jg` trhudcl‛ . Pl wlkgkn strumtuur nllat hgvhhrsplcdjjrblk` lg hgzlflrblk`,

tl vllc strumtuur nllat rknk`ktlkt lg dlplrfkgn vjg mrljtkvktlkt.=1<

Nlvhcnlg vjg nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg

Nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg bllat llg vllc nrhtlr laalmt `jg wl vjjf `lgflg. ^l zklg blt kg `l hg`lr-zhlfstljos kg `l vhro vjg vlrdhrnlg jnlg`j‛s, blt jmbtlrbhu`lg vjg kgahrojtkl, dl`rkiasphck-tklf, kgtlrplrshhgckifl mhgkmtlg, rkvjcktlkt, `lgflg kg tlrolg vjg wkgglg-ha-vlrcklzlg, `lalgsklvllg dlsmblrolg`l mhoougkmjtkl, okgkojckslrlg vjg `l ohnlckifblk` vhhr jg`lrlg ho kgvchlùkt tl hlalglg, vlrokg`lrlg vjg `l lknlg jabjgflckifblk`, blt vlrbhnlg vjg lknlg mhgtrhcloh-nlckifbl`lg tlrwkic sjolgwlrfkgn gh`kn ks, lg vlrzlt tlnlg `l mhgtrhcl `hhr jg`lrlg =11. Dlbjcvl`lzl llg`kolgskhgjcl laalmtlg trl`lg lr kg tljos olt llg nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg oltj-laalmtlg hp.Kgtlrplrshhgckifl rlcjtkls kgtlralrlrlg olt l uktvhlrkgn vjg l tjjf kl blt tljo bllat, jccl lglrnkl

whr`t hpnlschft hhr `l kgtlrjmtkl. @lzl nlvhcnlg whr`lg hhf nlghlo` `hhr Yjg` lg Mhvly =1>.@jjroll ks ‒nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg‛ llg lghrol fhstlgphst, zhwlc kg nlc` jcs kg wlrfpclzklr lg shmkjjc

wlczkig. Fhrt sjolgnlvjt9

–Prjgsjmtkhg mhsts hmmur wblg lxmbjgnls bjvl th dl glnhtkjtl`.‟ =12

@l nlvhcnlg cjtlg zkmb rj`lg, lg zkig kg bhha`stuf 0 tht lg olt 2 dlsmbrlvlg vhhr `l tljos. Bltglolg vjg dlscksskgnlg ùurt dkivhhrdllc` vllc cjgnlr . Olgslg clttlg hp lcfjjr, zki ohgkthrlglcfjjr kg pcjjts vjg hgdlvjgnlg sjolg tl wlrflg. Mhoougkmjtkl whr`t hohlrst lg hozkmbtkn9

Il prhdllrt il vhhr tl stlcclg bhl `l jg`lr il whhr`lg zjc hpvjttlg, wlcfl dllc`lg lrdki fugglghgtstjjg. Blt hozkmbtkn ahrouclrlg nllat, zhjcs wl mhgmrllt dki NHU zjnlg, jjgclk`kgn tht oks-

vlrstjg`lg lg okskgtlrprltjtkl=1;

. @l oksvlrstjg`lg `kl il iukst výýr prhdllrt tl zkig. Pht scht fjg llg nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg tht uktkgn fholg kg wllrstjg` tlnlg gkluwl thltrl`lrs, nlvlg Dkncly & Uljrml=>5 jjg. Blt tlnlckiflrtki` hptrl`lg vjg nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg lg wllrstjg` tlnlg

=10 ]kx, 4550, pn 1

=1< Kg bhha`stuf :: whr`lg jjgdlvlckgnlg bklrhvlr uktnlwlrft.

=11 Yjg`, :;>4, pn 4=5 6 Mhvly, 4551, pn ::

=1> Yjg`, :;>4, pn 4=2

=12 Ihgls, :;2=, pn 0<<

=1; Mhvly, 4551, pn :1

=>5 Dkncly & Uljrml, :;;2



404

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

gkluwl thltrl`lrs dki NHU ckift blt vlrdjg` `jt zki ghlolg tl dlvlstknlg. Hhf vkj `jt olmbj-gksol whr`lg vlrgkluwkgn lg vlrjg`lrkgn ùs dlcloolr` dki nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg. Blt hgtdrlflg

vjg vhc`hlg`l vlrtrhuwlg vlrtrjjnt lg vlrsthhrt `l dl`rkiasprhmlsslg zh`hlg`l kg bhnl ojtl. Kg

dl`rkiasfug`knl jgjcysls whr`t nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg lmbtlr zlc`lg hg`lrzhmbt jcs ohnlckifl plrahrojgml dlpjclg`l ajmthr.

Qlrsthrkgn vjg vlrtrhuwlg fjg llg vlr`klpkgn vjg l rlcjtkl nlvlg wjggllr `l dltrhfflglg lcfjjr`krlmt hp mhgstrumtklvl wkizl jjgsprlflg hp llg vhhrvjc=>:. Blt ks ùs `l ohlktl wjjr` ho bklrjjg`jmbt jjg tl dlstl`lg, gklt jccllg howkccl vjg blt hpchsslg vjg llg prhdcllo, hhf ho l fjgstl pjfflg. Cjgnùrknl vlrsthrkgn vjg vlrtrhuwlg, zhjcs wl kg `l tljos wjjrglolg, njjt lmbtlr

vjjf sjolg olt dlplrftl mhoougkmjtklvl vjjr`knbl`lg, dkivhhrdllc` `l vjjr`knblk` ho kg `kj-chhn tl trl`lg. Bklr`hhr cknt blt gklt kg `l ohnlckifbl`lg vjg tljocl`lg ho lcfjjr hp mhgstrum-tklvl wkizl jjg tl sprlflg hvlr llg mhgmrllt vhhrvjc wjjrdki blt vlrtrhuwlg nlsmbhg`lg whr`t.

Qlrtrhuwlg kg `l mhgtlxt Qlrtrhuwlg kg l hrnjgksjtkl jcs nlbllc vkg`t zkig djsks hg`lr jg`lrl kg l strumtuur vjg l hrnjgk-sjtkl, jt wkc zlnnlg kg l hrnjgksjtklvhro, l rlnlcs, wjjr`lg lg ghrolg lg prhmlùrls. Fhrtho,jccls wjt blt hrnjgksjtklclvlg rlnlct lg dlsmbrkiat. Ojjr hhf bhu`kgn lg nl`rjn, zhjcs `kt zkmb dki-

vhhrdllc` thhgt kg `l clk`lrsmbjpsstkic, spllct oll.

–Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc trust dlnkgs jg` lg`s wktb jttktu`ls jg` dlbjvkhurs ha clj`lrsbkp. Ojgjnlrs hrclj`lrs pcjy j mlgtrjc rhcl kg `ltlrokgkgn tbl hvlrjcc clvlc ha trust kg tbl hrnjgkzjtkhg js wlcc js jtsplmkm clvlcs ha tbl hrnjgkzjtkhg. Pbly kgktkjtl ohst vlrtkmjc lxmbjgnls kg wbkmb tbl clvlc ha trust

ks lvk`lgt kg tblkr jmtkhgs, wbkmb oknbt wlcc dl rlmkprhmjtl`. Ohrlhvlr, ojgjnlrs mhgtrhc hws ha

kgahrojtkhg jg` hpphrtugktkls V…_. Pbly `lskng (jg` mhgtrhc) rlwjr` jg` mhgtrhc systlos, wbkmb

ojy dl mhgsk lrl` js `kspcjys ha clvlcs ha trust wktbkg tljos V…_.‟=>4

Llg llrstl thlts vjg blt vlrtrhuwlg vhrot `l hvlrllgfhost tusslg blt nrhtl lg blt fclkgl vlr-bjjc9 `jt wjt `l hrnjgksjtkl zlnt tl (wkcclg) `hlg lg wjt `l ol`lwlrflr olrft `jt zl `hlt=>=.

Bhl ks `jt zkmbtdjjr kg `l tljos lg bug ohl`lrhrnjgksjtkls8 Dkgglg T&^ lrvjrlg ol`lwlrflrs vjg `l mhgsuctkgn-slmthr (drl`lr `jg NHU-cl`lg) vllc wjgtrhuwlg lg jgnst tlg jjgzklg vjg `lhrnjgksjtkl=>0. Yl lrvjrlg wlkgkn rlsplmt, `hmb kg pcjjts `jjrvjg llg rlprlssklvl, uktscuktlg` hpnlc` nlrkmbtl hrnjgksjtkl. Lr ks gj `l hvlrgjol wlkgkn jjg`jmbt vhhr (rl-) shmkjcksjtkl. JodktkluzlBT-stjtlolgts wlfflg vlrwjmbtkgnlg `kl gklt gjnlfholg whr`lg. Lr ks llg bhnl ojtl vjg vcumb-tknblk` kg nlzjnsstrumtuur, jt wkc zlnnlg jt l lgl ojgjnlr l jg`lrl nlok``lc` dkgglg llg ijjrhpvhcnt, wjjr`hhr `l hrnjgksjtkl zkmb vjjf gklt jjg bjjr jasprjflg bhu`t. Blt ‒nrhtl‛ vlrbjjc ks jc

ijrlg gklt ollr kg hvlrllgstlookgn olt blt ‒fclkgl‛. Dlk`l cjjtstl ajmthrlg whr`lg gklt `hhr ]kxnlghlo`, zl whr`lg lmbtlr wlc blt vjjfst nlghlo` jcs vjg kgvchl` hp blt vlrtrhuwlg.Hhf dki Ouctk@klgst bllrst vllc jgnst lg wjgtrhuwlg, bklr vhhrjc kg blt krlmtkltljo. Ohstlrt DQks rlcjtkla llg okg`lr vcumbtknl hrnjgksjtkl jg NHU. Dki Ojx bllrst jg hhf okg`lr wjgtrhuwlg,

wlc vllc hpphrtugksol.

=>: ]kx, 4550, pn :2=

=>4 Mhstj 4555, pn =<6 Mrll` & Okcls, :;;1

=>= tlg Bjvl lt jc, 4555, pn 12

=>0 \ktsprjjf nldjsllr` hp wjjrglokgn tki`lgs `l vhhrdlrlk`kgn lg uktvhlrkgn vjg llg 4-`jjns lvlgt kg blt `lr`l

hg`lrzhlfsijjr vhhr mhcclnj‛s vjg lzl slmthr.



40=


]kx vkg`t kg bjjr lknlg vlc`wlrf `jt `l bhu`kgn vjg `l hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt vjg llg tljo tlg jjg-zklg vjg vlrtrhuwlg vjg kgvchl` ks hp blt nlojf vjg blt dhuwlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg kg blt tljozlca.

–Lopkrkmjc supphrt wjs ahug` ” kg vjrykgn strlgntb ” V…_ sunnlstkgn tbjt j strhgn mucturl wktbjg lopbjsks hg tbl kophrtjgml ha rlcjtkhgs, stkoucjtkhg ha tbl `lvlchpolgt ha kgtlrplrshgjcsfkccs, jg lxpckmkt shmkjckzjtkhg prhmlss jg` ghrojtkvl rjtblr tbjg durljumrjtkm mhgtrhc blcpl` dukc`jg` ojkgtjkg trust.‟ =><

NHU, Ojx lg Ouctk whr`lg hhr bug mhgtlxt us gklt nlstlug` ha nlstkoucllr` wjggllr zki hlc-dlwust vlrtrhuwlg zhu`lg wkcclg dhuwlg. @l honlvkgn ks vhhr kl`lr vjg `l tljos hp zkig dlst‒wlkgkn vlrtrhuwlgwlfflg`‛.

Bhlzh scko8

Ujst kt gu kg l stlcckgn vjg @upuy jt olgslg scko zkig8 Bhl bjg`lclg zl jg, hp llg ojgklr klscko ks, dki hgvlkcknblk` lg nlrkgn vlrtrhuwlg8 Olt dlbucp vjg @upuy‛s ‒dhug`l` rjtkhgjckty‛ lg zkig

vlrhg`lrstlcckgn `jt olgslg `l llrst jmmlptjdlcl hpchsskgn fklzlg fugglg wl wlcckmbt `l bjg`l-ckgnsstrjtlnkl vjg `l tljocl`lg dlnrkiplg. ^jt ãs bug plrsplmtkla8

l zklg `jt `l NHU-cl`lg zkmb kg blt tljo tlruntrlfflg, zkmb zh vlr ohnlckif wln dlwlnlg vjgblt horkgnlg`l T&^. ‒Jcs ohcclg kg bug bhc‛ whr`t llgs `hhr llg tljock` hpnlolrft. Dkgglgks blt vlkckn, duktlg gklt. @jt ckift bug plrsplmtkla. @us ks blt okgkojckslrlg vjg jmtkvktlktlg lgmhgtjmt olt ‒duktlg‛ blt `lvkls, lg ojxkojckslrlg vjg ‒dkgglg‛. ‒ jt wl `hlg ks ojnkl‛ lg ‒wki zkigllg bknb plrahrokgn tljo‛ zkig `jjrdki bllrslg`l hpvjttkgnlg. Kg `kl mhgtlxt ks blt ‒scko‛ ho gklt thtilzlca `hhr tl cjtlg `rkgnlg wjt lr kg blt tljo nldlurt `jt gklt vlkckn vhlct. Pblhrltksmb zhu`lg lr,jcs tljocl`lg lr wlc hvlr prjtlg, vlrdltlrkgnlg jjgnldrjmbt fugglg whr`lg, ojjr l hgvlkcknblk`lrflgglg ks rksfjgt. Olg `lft zjflg cklvlr ja. @jjr bllat llg kg`kvkùllc tljock` (shos) cjst vjg,ojjr vhhr blt tljo jcs nlbllc ckift blt rust lg stjdkcktlkt tl nlvlg, `l ‒vlkcknblk` dkgglg‛ tl njrjg-`lrlg. Lgflcl tljocl`lg glolg llg nckop wjjr vjg wjt zkmb jaspllct, ojjr gklojg` bjjct ‛t kg z‛gbhha` `l splcdrlflr tl zkig `hhr bklr klts hvlr tl zlnnlg. @jg dlvukc il il lknlg glst. Pl rksfjgt.

Dki Ojx cknt `l sktujtkl bllc jg`lrs. Bklr ks blt iukst `l lknlg tljohonlvkgn `kl `l nrhhtstl rkskmh‛skg zkmb bllat. @jjr chhp il `l fjgs llg `llc vjg il ojrfltkgndu`nlt fwkit tl rjflg. Ojx-cl`lg ok-gkojckslrlg `l kgvchl` lg laalmtkvktlkt vjg blt tljo `hlctrlaalg` `hhr dkillgfhostlg olt llg zhcjjn ohnlckifl arlqulgtkl tl pcjgglg, lg zh fhrt ohnlckif tl cjtlg ùrlg, zh`jgkn `jt lr gklts thtstjg` nldrjmbt fjg whr`lg. Lgflcl cl`lg prhtlstlrlg jjr wlc tlnlg, ojjr zl cjtlg thl jt l pclk-tlrs vhhr ‒fhrt‛ wkgglg. Dlscuktlg whr`lg fllr hp fllr `hhrnlsmbhvlg, lg gklojg` `rkgnt jjg hp

hplgblk` hvlr rlsuctjtlg jcs llg tljock` kt, tlnlg l jasprjjf kg, gklt nllat. Jcs `l mhgtrhcclr lrhpjjg`rkgnt `jt olg lcfjjr jjgsprllft whr`t blo `l ohg` nlsghlr`. Bki whr`t vlrnlclflg olt `ldjr` kg Jstlrkx lg Hdlckx9 kg llg dhho olt `kl ojg! Buohr ks dki Ojx llg stlrf olmbjgksol hotl vlrbucclg wjt lr spllct.

Bhlwlc blt `l tjjf vjg Ouctk ks ho sjolg Ouctk@klgst jcs nlbllc `hhr whlcknl tki`lg bllg tlchh`slg, whr`t sjolgwlrfkgn jcs dlcjstlg` lg vlrtrjnlg` vhhr blt lknlg rlsuctjjt lrvjrlg. Lr ks kgblt nlbllc nllg trj`ktkl vjg sjolgwlrflg lg `l jjg`jmbtsvlc`lg vjg `l `kvkskls lg stja cknnlg vlruktllg. Hhf dki Ouctk whr`lg iukst `l tljodkillgfhostlg, `l `krlmtklvlrnj`lrkgnlg, jcs blt ollstrksfjgt lrvjrlg. @l wlflckifsl vlrnj`lrkgnlg ùrlg llg blcl hmbtlg`. Blt dlcjgnrkifstl, stll`s

=>< ]kx, 4550, pn ;=



400

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

wllrflrlg`l nlvjjr ks ho tki`lgs `l vlrnj`lrkgn `hhr ëëg vjg l dlstuurscl`lg jjgnlpjft tl whr-`lg. Pljocl`lg whr`lg `jjr nlfclkgllr` lg kg `l bhlf nlzlt. ^kl gklt jjg `l dlurt ks, `hlt jcshazkig glus dchl`t. @jt jccls vlrhhrzjjft hg`lrbuk`sl jgnst, wjjr`hhr l dkillgfhostlg jcs zllr dl-

`rlknlg` lrvjrlg whr`lg. Kg pcjjts jjrvjg prhdlrlg l tljocl`lg kg dkcjtlrjjctils blt dlstuursck`tl pjjklg wjjr zki jjg rjpphrtlrlg, ho zh ” duktlg `l vlrnj`lrkgnlg ho ” ojxkojcl rukotl lgok``lclg vhhr bug lknlg ja`lckgn dkgglg tl bjclg. @l tljodkillgfhostlg zkig hghgtfhhodjjr`hhr bug bhnl arlqulgtkl lg kg`rkgnlg`l slttkgn, ojjr Ouctk-cl`lg scjjg lr zh okg ohnlckif jmbthp. Kl`lrl wllf wllr zkttlg zl `kl vlrnj`lrkgn cki`zjjo ukt.

Fhrtho9 kl`lrllg fklst kg `l hostjg`knbl`lg `l sckostl strjtlnkl, `l llrst jmmlptjdlcl hpchsskgn`kl kg dllc` ks. @jt `kt hp `l cjgnl tlrokig kg `l ollstl nlvjcclg gklt `l dlstl hpchsskgn ks, ckntduktlg bug plrsplmtkla vjg `jt oholgt. @l kg`kvkùlcl strjtlnklæg vlrhhrzjflg kg blt tljo llglknlg `ygjoklf, `kl vlrvhcnlgs `llc uktojjft vjg `l rljcktlkt wjjr llg tljock` zkmb kg dlwllnt.Ujs jcs tljocl`lg rllmtlrlg, olt blt rkskmh hp hgt`lffkgnlg kl l hnlgsmbkigckifl rust vlrsthrlg,fugglg zl jg`lrl plrsplmtklvlg kg dllc` frkinlg, lg vjg `jjrukt jg`lrl strjtlnklæg hgtwkfflclg.

^lcfhol kccuskls, llg ohhkl vhhrstlcckgn

Kccuskls lg vhhrstlcckgnlg splclg dki `kl ‒sckostl strjtlnkl‛ llg rhc. Qllc bjg`lckgnlg lg kgtlrjm-tkls whr`lg nlrlnkssllr` lg nlrlnkstrllr` `hhr blt hgdlwustl. ^jjr Nhaaojg lr vjgukt njjt `jt

vhhrstlcckgnlg lg kccuskls vllcjc dlwust lg hpzlttlckif ‒kg lcfjjr nlzlt whr`lg‛ vlrohl` kf, `jt zlkg `lzl tljos vllcjc hgdlwust nlvhl` whr`lg. Yl dckivlg kopckmklt, whr`lg gklt `hhrvhlc`, gklt`hhr`jmbt, ha olt lcfjjr hhrnlsprhflg. Bhhnukt llg lgflc tljock` plr hg`lrzhlfstljo vlr`lgfkf vjg ollr dlwustl ojgkpucjtkl kg zkig hptrl`lg.

Bhl `jg hhf, dlwust ha hgdlwust, kccuskls lg vlrthgkgnlg whr`lg kgnlzlt. Qhhrdllc`lg ukt `kthg`lrzhlf zkig kccuskls hvlr llg nl`llc` `hlc, hvlr `l lknlg prlstjtkl, fwjcktlktlg lg dki`rjnl, hvlrblt wlcfho bltlg vjg gkluwl tljocl`lg, hvlr `l hplgblk` vjg mhoougkmjtkl, hvlr vrklg`smbjplg vlrtrhuwlg, hvlr jabjgflckifblk`, hvlr wjrotl lg zhrnzjjoblk`, hvlr wkl ‒`l smbuc`‛ bllat dki

vlrsthhr`l rlcjtkls. Kccuskls fugglg `jjrdki zhwlc phsktkla jcs glnjtkla vlrtlflglg. Kgblrlgt jjgbhl zl hgtstjjg, whr`lg zl ollstjc hgdlwust kg stjg` nlbhu`lg. Qlrthgkgnlg ojflg hgchsoj-flckif `llc ukt vjg blt uktclvlg vjg kccuskls.

Qhhr blt zlca vlrtlnlgwhhr`knlg kccuskls shos thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l. Olgslg olt llg phsktkla vlrtlflg` zlcadllc` vhlclg zkmb prlttknlr lg prlstlrlg dltlr. Olgslg kgvlstlrlg hhf vllc kg (blthg`lrbhu` vjg) llg phsktkla zlcadllc`. Bhlwlc `kt nllg hg`lrwlrp vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf ks, ckift bltoki jjgglolckif `jt `lrnlckifl kccuskls kg llg mhcclmtkla vjg kg`kvkùlg, zhjcs llg tljo, llg shhrt-nlckifl uktwlrfkgn blddlg jcs dki chssl kg`kvkùlg, zlflr nlzklg blt alkt jt nrhlpsckòjjtsmbjp vjg

llg summlsvhccl nrhlp dki`rjjnt jjg `l zlcavlrblagn =>1

. @l kg`kvkùlg hgtclglg llg `llc vjg bugk`lgtktlkt jjg l nrhlpsk`lgtktlkt. Jccl rl`lg us ho blt tljo l cumbt kg tl stlflg lg l kccuskl vjgllg nhl`l prlstjtkl tl hg`lrbhu`lg.

jggllr kccuskls lmbtlr tl vllc nlwkmbt frkinlg, clk`t `kt tht jasmblk`kgn vjg `l honlvkgn, `kl bltzlcadllc` vjg blt tljo gklt cjgnlr blrflgt. ^l zklg dki NHU hg`lr jg`lrl hvlrohl` hgtstjjg,

wjjr `l hrnjgksjtkl uktlkg`lckif olt llg rlhrnjgksjtkl lg tlrlmbtwkizkgn vjg blt tljo hp rljnllrt.Hhf llg vlrtlflg` dllc` vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl whr`t dkgglg blt tljo nlbjg`bjja` lg vlrbkg`lrtkg `l ijrlg gj `l hvlrgjol blt hgtwkfflclg vjg `l hg`lrckgnl rlcjtkl. Hhf Ojx-cl`lg `lgflg`l vlrwjmbtkgnlg vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl strjaalchhs tl fugglg glnlrlg, wjggllr blt tljo ojjg` gj

=>1 vjg @kif & vjg Fgkpplgdlrn, 455>, pn 0;1



40<


ojjg` gklt tht `l dlscuktlg fhot wjjr blt vhhr jjgnlstlc` ks. Pht`jt hhf bug kccuskl wrll` vlr-sthhrt whr`t `hhr kgnrkiplg vjg `l jcnlollg `krlmtlur.

jggllr vhhrstlcckgnlg llg lknlg clvlg njjg clk`lg lg hvlr`uk`lckif gklt kg hvlrllgstlookgn olt

`l wlrflckifblk` zkig, wlfflg zki hgnlchha lg jrnwjjg. Yki `hlg blt vlrtrhuwlg sckitlg.

Qjjf trll`t blatkn vlrzlt hp tlnlg ‒hgtojsflrkgn‛ vjg llg kccuskl ha vhhrstlcckgn, zhjcs dki l kccuskl`jt wki llg vrkil wkc blddlg=>> ha llg vhhrstlcckgn `kl tl ojflg bllat olt wkl wl nlchvlg tl zkig.Lg gklt vhhr gklts. Olgslg blmbtlg stlrf jjg bug k`lgtktlkt `kl `llc ukt ojjft vjg bug ‒sckostl‛strjtlnkl, wkcclg fhstl wjt fhst kg bug jjgnlgholg rhc dckivlg, bug ‒nlblkolg‛ dlsmblrolg.

=>> ^lnglr, 45546 ]hhg lt jc., 45526 Fhrtlwln, 4552, pn :



401

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



40>

@llc KKK B :5

Mhgmcuskls

‟Olgsmbckmbls, jcczuolgsmbckmbls.‟ ~ Gkltzsmbl=>2 ~

Bhlwlc `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg kg vhhrnjjg`l bhha`stufflg uktnldrlk` zkig, ks tlnlckiflrtki` stll`s `uk-`lckif `jt zl sclmbts ‒blt thpil vjg `l kisdlrn‛ thglg. @kt dckift dkivhhrdllc` ukt `l all`djmf `kl

hu`-NHU-cl`lg nlvlg jcs zl `l mhgmlpttlfstlg vjg `l tblojbhha`stufflg (bhha`stuf 0 tht lgolt 2) tl clzlg frkinlg=>;. ]hooknl tljocl`lg blrflgglg l dlsmbrlvlg sktujtkls lg jgjcysls jjr-

vjg vhccl`kn, jcsha zl blt zlca nlsmbrlvlg fhg`lg blddlg6 jg`lrlg vrjnlg zkmb ja bhl kf thmb jjgllg `llc vjg `l hdslrvjtkls fho6 zl wjrlg lr koolrs zlca dki lg blddlg ‛t zh jg`lrs dlclla`. Bltjgtwhhr` hp `kl vrjjn ks skoplc9 ukt `l kgtlrvklws lg wjjrglokgnlg. Yh `kvlrs ks blt tljoclvlg

wjggllr il vlrsmbkcclg`l cl`lg vjg ëëg tljo dlvrjjnt lg blt tljoclvlg kg `ltjkc lg hvlr cjgnlrltki` dlsmbhuwt. Yh `kvlrs ks hhf `l dlclvkgn jmbtlrja vjg `lzlca`l tljocl`lg jcs zl olt bug lknlghpolrfkgnlg lg hvlrwlnkgnlg vjg lstki`s whr`lg nlmhgarhgtllr`=25. Jccls ks zh`hlg`l kg zlflrlzkg llg oholgthpgjol9 `lzlca`l vrjjn dki llg vhcnlg`l nlclnlgblk` hpgkluw nlstlc` zjc, tlg nl-

vhcnl vjg vlrjg`lrkgn kg kl`lrs plrshhgckifl mhgtlxt, ohnlckif llg klts jg`lr jgtwhhr` hpclvlrlg.‒Blt‛ ks `us jctki` glt wllr jg`lrs.

Yh`rj il hp bhnlr gkvlju fkift, zkig lmbtlr pjtrhglg wjjr tl glolg. @jg whr`t blt smbhuwsplcdlnrkiplckif. @kt ks llg kccustrjtkl vjg l ‒ugkqulglss pjrj`hx‛ vjg Ojrtkg9 dltrhfflglg lrvjrlg bugsktujtkl jcs ugklf lg vlrsmbkcclg`, hp llg bhnlr gkvlju zkig djskspjtrhglg lg strumtuurlclolgtlghvlr `l tki` lg kg vlrsmbkcclg`l tljos vlrnlckifdjjr=2:. Mhgahro Ujrflr=24 whr`lg chfjjc ugklflkgtlrprltjtkls nlnlvlg jjg jcnlolgl jjggjols, dkivhhrdllc` jjg `l jjggjol hvlr wjt summls dl-tlflgt kg `l mhgtlxt vjg `lzl tljos.

@l mlgtrjcl vrjjn kg `lzl stu`kl cuk`t

–^lcfl dltlflgks vlrclglg prhalsskhgjcs jjg blt wlrflg kg llg tljo8‟

Pwll vrjnlg zkig nl`lgkllr` ho ahmus jjg tl drlgnlg kg blt hg`lrzhlfsvlc` `jt `l mlgtrjcl vrjjn hplg clnt9

lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus lg bhl whr`lg `lzl nl`klg`8Bhl dlègvchl`lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt ha honlvkgnsvj-rkjdlclg `l tljoplrahrojgml6 bhl `rjjnt `l dlsmbrlvlg `ygjoklf dki jjg tljosummls ha-ajclg8

=>2 Gkltzsmbl, :2>2

=>; Ykl bhha`stuf :4, Plrundckf vjg dltrhfflglg

=25 Ykl `l uktcln vjg @rjjksoj, bhha`stuf :4

=2: Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 1=

=24 Ujrflr, 4555, pn :22 lg 4:0 - 4:<

:.4.



40;

MHGMC\]KL]

tlvrl`lg olt `l kccuskl `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn lg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc hvlrllg fholg. @kt ks ‒scko‛nl`rjn. Blt nllat `l (vjjf hgdlwustl) clnktklol ohnlckifblk` ho blt lknlgdlcjgn gj tl strlvlg kggjjo vjg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc.

Blt splclg vjg ‒llg vhhrstlcckgn‛ ks llg dlcjgn `jt hp jccl gkvljus vhhrfhot, vjgzlcasprlflg`stll`s ‒chfjjc‛ kgnlvuc`. Dkgglg `kl vhhrstlcckgnlg zkig `l vlr(sm)bhclg dlcjgnlg `l dlcjgnrkifstl

vlrhhrzjflrs vjg jodknuètlkt.

Drhg

Drhg vhhr blt lknlgdlcjgn ks blt kg`kvkùlcl vuur, l pjsskl vjg llg tljock`. Qjct kt dlcjgn (`llcs)sjolg olt wjt gh`kn ks vhhr blt tljo`hlc, `jg vhrot blt llg frjmbtknl ohthr ho blt nlzjolg-ckifl `hlc tl rljckslrlg. Blt laalmt hp tljoprlstjtkls vjg `lzl ohnlckifl lcfjjr vlrstlrflg`l wlr-fkgn vjg tljolg lknlgdlcjgn whr`t kg `l dlstjjg`l ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur gklt ha gjuwlckifshg`lrflg`.

Lknlgdlcjgnlg fugglg zllr vlrsmbkcclg`l vhrolg jjgglolg, vjrkærlg` vjg lknlg (gjgmkllc) nlwkg vkj lknlg hgtwkfflckgn tht ‒lrdki ohnlg bhrlg‛ ha ‒fugglg vlroki`lg‛. Yki vkg`lg bug hhr-sprhgn kg `l wlgs llg splmklfl sktujtkl tl rljckslrlg ha llg splmklfl sktujtkl tl vlroki`lg.Drhgglg zkig mrljtklvl lglrnkl, zhjcs ckla`l vhhr blt vjf, rlsplmtklvlckif jgnst. Hhf blt bjg`bjvlg

vjg llg phsktkla zlcadllc` ks bklr llg dlcjgnrkifl `rkiavllr.

‒]ckool‛ tljocl`lg

Llg wlrflckif nl`llc` `hlc, lg ùs llg wlrflckif nl`llc` dlcjgn, ks zlc`zjjo lg rlcjtkla vcumb-tkn. Qcumbtkn `hhr`jt `l dlcjgnlg hp jccl gkvljus sglc fugglg vlrsmbukvlg, zlflr kg llg mhgtlxt

wjjrkg `l strumtuur vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl `hhr auskls ha rlhrnjgksjtkls ollrojclg whr`t nlwkizkn`

lg blt ojgjnlolgt vjjf wksslct.

Kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg wlg`lg bug ojmbt jjg ho blt nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlc kg `l rkmbtkgn vjgbug lknlgdlcjgn tl dlègvchl`lg. Kopckmklt, kg l hg`lrstrhho, vkg`t llg plrojglgtl hg`lrbjg`l-ckgn pcjjts. @lzl dlègvchl`kgn stjjt kg mhgtrjst olt `l vlrhg`lrstlc`l nlollgsmbjpplckifblk`.

Dlcjgnrkifl vlrsmbkcclg vhhr llg tljock` tusslg kg`kvkùlcl lg nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlclg clk`lgtht blt lrvjrlg hhr klgs tljonlghtlg vjg jodknuètlkt kg blt bjg`lclg vjg kt tljock`, wjjr`hhrblt hg`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg lrh`llrt.

Blt dkgglg llg tljovlrdjg` gjstrlvlg vjg llg kg`kvkùllc, gklt nl`llc` `hlc ojjft llg tljock` vhhr zkig tljonlghtlg hgdltrhuwdjjr lg drlgnt `klgs tljockòjjtsmbjp kg nlvjjr, zlflr jcs `kttljock` `kt kg`kvkùlcl `hlc hplgckif lrflgt.

Kgtlrjmtkls lg tljoplrahrojgml

Bhl dlègvchl`lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt `l tljoplrahrojgml8

Hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho

Hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho zkig dlpjclg` vhhr blt clvlg kg tljos. Kg l dhvlgstrhho zkig blt vhhrjc`l vhhrstlcckgnlg kl l thhg zlttlg, vjgukt l hg`lrstrhho sturlg olt gjol lohtkls lg dlcjgnlg`l vhhrstlcckgnlg kg `l dhvlgstrhho.



4<5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Qhhrstlcckgnlg vlrbucclg ‒wjt lr ks‛9 zl bhu`lg kccuskls kg stjg` lg mrlærlg jodknuètlkt. lcfl vhhrstlcckgn blt dlcjgn hp llg dlpjjc` oholgt `klgt, ks zhwlc jabjgflckif vjg `l kg`ruf `kl dki`l thlsmbhuwlr nlwlft ohlt whr`lg jcs vjg `l kccuskl `kl `l jmthr vhhr zkmbzlca wkc bjg`bjvlg.

Qhhrstlcckgnlg zkig `llc vjg blt `jnlckifs clvlg, `l vhhrstlcckgnlg `kl tljocl`lg zlca splclg lg wjjr zl `llc vjg zkig kg lg rhg` bug tljos vjcclg blg `jjr`hhr gklt hp.

Glnlrlg ha mlgsurlrlg vjg `l hg`lrstrhho fjg blt tljoclvlg tht `rkiazjg` ojflg. Pljocl`lgsplg`lrlg vllc lglrnkl lg jjg`jmbt jjg wjt gklt hplgckif lrflg` ojn whr`lg. Blt hgtflgglg vjg`l hg`lrstrhho ojjft jt ghn ollr gklt lrflg` ojn whr`lg. Blt lrvjrlg vjg llg ‒hg`lrstrhho‛

whr`t bklroll vlr`lr vlrstlrft.

@l smbkig vjg ugkahroktlkt

Pljocl`lg drlgnlg zkmbzlca `hhr zlcamlgsuur tht hnlgsmbkigckifl ugkahroktlkt. Qjjf ks ôg`lr `lhpplrvcjffknl llgblk` iukst arjnolgtjtkl wjjr tl glolg. @kt bllat vhhr blt tljo jcs hrnjgksol

hp fhrtl tlrokig nrhtl vhhr`lclg9 `l llgblk` dlvhr`lrt `l scjnfrjmbt vjg blt tljo wjjr`hhrblt zkig tjjf dltlr fjg vlrvucclg. Plnlckiflrtki` `rjjnt `lzl zlcamlgsuur dki jjg vhhrstlcckgnlg lgjodknuètlkt.

@kt olmbjgksol thhgt zkmb vllc frjmbtknlr lg ugkvlrslclr `jg blt `hhrnjjgs kg cktlrjtuur hvlrtljos lg tljoprhmlsslg dlsmbrlvlg whr`t.

Pljoghrolg dlplrflg llg tljock` kg zkig nl`rjnsjctlrgjtklvlg lg `jjroll `l ohnlckifl vj-rkjtkl kg blt hptrl`lg vjg blt tljo gjjr duktlg thl. Plnlckiflrtki` dkl`lg strjffl tljoghrolg

” `hhr bug ugkahrolrlg` laalmt ” llg tljock` bhuvjst `hhr`jt blt tljonl`rjn mhgskstlgt lg ‒dl-trhuwdjjr‛ whr`t. Pljoghrolg lg -rlnlcs zkig ollstjc kopckmklt, hguktnlsprhflg lg plrojglgtkg hg`lrbjg`lckgn.

Mhoougkmjtkl

Hplg mhoougkmjtkl=2= ks llg sclutlcajmthr vhhr prhmlsslg jcs vlrtrhuwlg, sjolgwlrflg lg cl-rlg. Blt hgtdrlflg vjg vhc`hlg`l hplg mhoougkmjtkl clk`t tht llg stlrflrl hg`lrstrhho.Mhoougkmjtkl ks zh llg dlcjgnrkifl pjrjoltlr kg blt dlègvchl`lg vjg `l vlrbhu`kgn tusslg hg-`lrlg dhvlgstrhho, lg `jjroll kg blt dlrlkflg vjg tljosummls ha -ajclg.

Blt zkmb gklt dlwust zkig vjg lg gklt gjstrlvlg vjg hplg mhoougkmjtkl ojflg `l vchlr vrki vhhrblt nlvlg vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg lg blt fhlstlrlg vjg kccuskls. Jodknuètlkt lg nlplrmkpkllr`l hgvlkckn-blk` glolg bklroll thl, olt glnjtklvl nlvhcnlg vhhr `l tljoplrahrojgml.

Gklt rllmtlrlg hp kgtlrjmtklprhmlsslg fhot vhhrt ukt llg llgzki`knl ahmus hp `hl-nl`rjn lg whr`t bklr hhf hhr kg stjg` nlbhu`lg. Tllmtkl clvlrt koolrs nllg zkmbtdjjr rlsuctjjt hp8 Hhf`hhr `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkls whr`t blt gklt nlwjjr`llr`. Bklr ks `l ojjtsmbjppkidrl`l tlg-`lgs vjg vlrsglcckgn vhlcdjjr.

=2= ‒Hplg mhoougkmjtkl‛ whr`t bklr hpnlvjt jcs blt nlbllc vjg mhoougkmjtklvl vjjr`knbl`lg jcs hplg vrjnlg

stlcclg, `kjchhn, `hhrvrjnlg, hg`lrzhlflg, rlaclmtlrlg, mhgstrumtklvl all`djmf fugglg nlvlg lg bjgtlrlg.



4<:

MHGMC\]KL]

Clk`lrsmbjp

lcfl vhro vjg clk`lrsmbjp hhf nlfhzlg whr`t, jctki` ks llg prhmlsdlnlclk`lr gh`kn. @kt ks llgtljock` jt blt prhmls hhrzklt lg blt tljo clk`t kg blt honjjg olt l hg`lrstrhho6 jt blt tljo

blcpt `l rlcjtkl tusslg `l dkgglgwlrlc` vjg blt tljo lg `l duktlgwlrlc`, `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgk-sjtkl, tl dlsturlg.

Clk`lrsmbjp thglg vlrlkst jt il ihuw sktujtkl hg`lr hnlg zklt9 il jgnst, il dki`rjnl lg l dltlflgks-slg `kl il thlflgt. Clk`lrsmbjp vlrlkst rllmtkl.

Pljoojgjnlrs kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos stjjg kg nl`rjn gklt dhvlg l tljocl`lg, zki thglg zkmb gltzh olgslckif jcs `l ‒nlwhgl‛ cl`lg, zl blddlg glt zh vllc ohlktl olt rllmtlrlg. Yki zkig ëëg vjgblg, jcs nlckiflg olt jg`lrl dlvhln`bl`lg.

Ujrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp augmtkhgllrt hp `l cjgnlrl tlrokig jccllg gjjr zkig kgtlgtkl hg`lr hplgmhoougkmjtkl lg vlrtrhuwlg. @lzl vhro vjg tljoclk`kgn `wkgnt lgknl ojmbts`lckgn ja, tlnlcki-flrtki` olt jclrtblk` vjg tljonlghtlg `jt kl`lrl phrtlalukccl jjg`jmbt frkint kg hvlrllgstlookgn

olt blt nlplrmkpkllr`l tljodlcjgn.

Ojmbt dlpjjct `l vhhrstlcckgn

Dlcjgnlg dlpjclg wjt dlègvchl` ohlt whr`lg, ojmbt dlpjjct `l vhhrstlcckgn. Mhoougkmjtkl ksllg dlcjgnrkif ojmbtsok``lc. Blt whr`t hhr kl`lr kgnlzlt. Ojmbt ks zh`hlg`l vjg jccl`jn lg vjgkl`lrllg. Bjdlrojs‛ mhgslgsus zhg`lr `wjgn dckift kg `l tljos llg kccuskl.

Hg`lr`llc vjg `l vhhrstlcckgn kg `l tljos ks `jt ojmbt gklt hg`lrflg` whr`t.

Hg`lrbjg`lclg ks ëëg vjg l djsjcl kgtlrjmtkls kg tljos. Blt ks llg hgvlroki`lckif llc vjg sjolgwlrflg lg sjolgclvlg. Gllot hg`lrbjg`lclg lmbtlr `l hvlrbjg` `jg bjplrt `l dlscuktvhrokgn

lg dckiat `l uktvhlrkgn jmbtlr. @kt njjt tlg fhstl vjg `l scjnvjjr`knblk` vjg blt tljo lg vjg blttljorlsuctjjt.

Lrdki ohnlg bhrlg

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn zkig vhhr `l tljocl`lg `l ollst kgnrkiplg`l kgtlrjmtklprhmlsslg. ‒Lrdki ohnlgbhrlg‛ ks gj ‒hvlrclvlg‛ `l stlrfstl olgslckifl `rkiavllr. Kg- lg uktscuktkgnsprhmlsslg zkig jodknullg vrjnlg hgnlolrft vllc lglrnkl. Hgrust hp `kt jsplmt njjt tlg fhstl vjg `l ahmus hp `l tljo-tjjf lg `l kgtlrjmtkl olt lcfjjr lg olt `l honlvkgn.

Hp tljogkvlju ks blt prhmls vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn lsslgtkllc vhhr blt bjg`bjvlg vjg `kl tljosj-olgstlcckgn `kl blt tljo`hlc blt dlst `klgt.

Dki llg tljolgtrll cknt `l ojmbt dki `l nlvlstkn`lg, gklt dki `l thltrl`lr. Dlk`l strlvlg kg prkgmkplbug lknlgdlcjgn gj. ]ummlsvhccl thltrl`lrs lmbtlr stlcclg blt gjstrlvlg vjg bug lknlgdlcjgn ukt.

Jccllg wjggllr llg thltrl`lr zkmb llrst smbkft, rlsplmt thhgt jjg lnlglg `kl lr llr`lr wjrlg, `lnlvlstkn`lg ollrvhrokn thlstlookgn vrjjnt thl tl trl`lg lg `us hg`lrnlsmbkft nl`rjn vlrthhgt,bllat `lzl `l fjgs `hhr `l nlvlstkn`lg tl whr`lg nljmmlptllr`

]ummls vjg kgscuktkgn ckift llg rjtkhgllc jawlnkgns- lg slclmtklprhmls, ojjr whr`t ” glt jcs kg `lhorkgnlg`l ojjtsmbjppki ” vhhrjc nlstuur` `hhr `l hg`lrstrhho.

Yhwlc vlrdjcl jcs ghg-vlrdjcl `ksfwjckmjtkl zkig llg laalmtkla kgstruolgt vhhr ojrnkgjckslrkgn.



4<4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@l vlrsmbkigkgnsvhro vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgnsprhmlsslg lg `l kgtlgsktlkt bklrvjg bjgnt sjolg olt`l strumtuur vjg blt tljo lg `l mhgtlxt wjjrdkgglg zki augmtkhgllrt. Kg tljos `kl bug lknlg sl-clmtkl ohnlg uktvhlrlg, splclg `lzl prhmlsslg prhokglgtlr `jt kg tljos `kl hp djsks vjg augmtkl-

vlrvucckgn zkig sjolgnlstlc`.

Qlrtrhuwlg

@l jodknuètlkt `kl hgtstjjt tlg nlvhcnl vjg `l `hhr tljocl`lg zlca nlspllc`l vhhrstlcckgnlglrh`llrt blt hg`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg, lg iukst `jt vlrtrhuwlg ks lsslgtkllc vhhr blt augmtkhglrlg

vjg llg tljo kg llg mhopclxl honlvkgn. Jodknuètlkt vlrhhrzjjft `jt tljocl`lg bug pclf gkltkgglolg, bug frjmbt gklt thglg lg gklt wltlg wjjr vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` tl glolg. Jodknuètlkt

vlrcjot.

Qlrtrhuwlg dlvhr`lrt zlflrblk`snlvhlclgs, ùranl`rjn, sjolgwlrfkgn, kgghvjtkl6 ks sollrok`-`lc kg tljorlcjtkls, hg`lrstlugt mrljtkvktlkt lg vlrjg`lrnlzkg`blk`, ojjr vlrhg`lrstlct hplgblk`,

fwltsdjjrblk`, phsktklvl all`djmf. Nllg vjg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos vhc`hlt bklrjjg.Hg`lrstrhhoajmthrlg (lknlgdlcjgn, hgzlflrblk`, jgnst, kccushkr nl`rjn, hgtflggkgn lg ojmbtsnl-drukf) bhcclg vlrtrhuwlg ukt.

Jabjgflckif vjg lcfjjr zkig ks vhhr llg tljo llg mhg`ktkh skgl quj ghg. Jabjgflckifblk` whr`t `hhr`l tljocl`lg gklt lrflg`. Qlrwllr tlnlg blt lrvjrlg vjg hg`lrckgnl jabjgflckifblk` dlcloolrtblg `l mjpjmktlktlg lg phtlgtkl vjg bug tljonlghtlg tl lrflgglg lg tl dlguttlg. @l phtlgtkæcltljoplrahrojgml whr`t bklr`hhr vlrokg`lr`.

Hgvlroki`lckifl jodknuètlkt

Jodknuètlkt fhot hp vllc ojgklrlg kg blt tljoclvlg tht ukt`ruffkgn. Blt ks kgblrlgt jjg mho-ougkmjtkl lg `jjroll hvlrjc lg jctki` jjgwlzkn. Jodknuètlkt ks jcs ‒phsktkla ‛ lg jcs ‒glnjtkla ‛ tllrvjrlg. Kg `l mhgtlxt vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf dltlflgt blt vjjnblk` lg ùddlczkggknblk` vjg dlnrkpha dltlflgks.

Kg tljovlrdjg` nllat jodknuètlkt hhf rukotl ‒ho blt lvlg ghn gklt tl wltlg‛ ha ‒rukotl vhhrollr`lrl hpvjttkgnlg gjjst lcfjjr‛. Llg `lrnlckifl spllcrukotl ks nugstkn wjggllr llg tljo llggkluw wlrfvlc` vlrflgt. Olt dlbucp vjg `kjchhn fugglg vlrsmbkcclg`l kgvjcsbhlflg vlrflg`

whr`lg.Hp `lg ùur, wjggllr llg tljo tht bjg`lclg lg rljckslrlg vjg `hlclg hvlr ohlt njjg, drlgntblt cjgnùrknlr ‒gklt wltlg‛ smbj`l thl jjg `l tljoplrahrojgml. @jt ks zkmbtdjjr vhhr jsplm-tlg jcs vlrtrhuwlg, zlcavlrtrhuwlg, blt nldrukflg vjg lcfjjrs thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l, ùrvlg cl-

rlg, dlscuktvhrokgn lg blt glolg vjg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` vhhr il rhc lg dki`rjnl. Kg `lzl ajsl vjg tljowlrf nllat jodknuètlkt llg nlvhlc vjg hgvlkcknblk`, hgzlflrblk`, vjg blt hgtdrlflg vjgsturkgnsohnlckifbl`lg.

Jodknuètlkt kg blt tljonl`rjn dkl`t tljocl`lg hhf ohnlckifbl`lg ho nlwlgstl kccuskls kg stjg`tl bhu`lg ha lknlgdlcjgn tl ojsflrlg.

Jodknuètlkt ks kg blt vhhr`llc vjg `lnlgl `kl llg ojmbtknlr phsktkl kg blt tljo lrvjrlg. Yki bld-dlg ollr ojmbt ho vjg `l ùddlczkggknblk` nldrukf tl ojflg, ho tl dlpjclg wlcfl dltlflgks

wjggllr nlc`kn ks, glt zh blt blg uktfhot.



4<0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dltlflgksslg

Pht scht9 lcfl dltlflgksslg flgglg prhalsskhgjcs thl jjg blt wlrflg kg tljos8Gjjst jccl dltlflgksslg `kl kg `l llr`lrl mhgmcuskls vlrsmbhclg cknnlg ks hp bhnlr gkvlju blt vhc-

nlg`l tl zklg9

Ojmbt, dlcjgnlg, ‒scko‛ zkig, vlrtrhuwlg, rjtkh lg lohtkl. @jt zkig dltlflgksslg `kl hg`lr `lhpplrvcjftl, vjgukt `l hg`lrstrhho, vhro dckiflg tl nlvlg jjg `l vhhrstlcckgnlg kg blt tljocl-

vlg. Dltlflgksslg wjjr tljocl`lg zkmb zlc`lg dlwust vjg zkig. Llg tbloj jcs ojmbt whr`t zlcashgtflg`, hvlr llg tbloj jcs vlrtrhuwlg wltlg tljocl`lg kg `l kgtlrvklws nllg dlclvlgksslg tl

vlrtlcclg. @lrnlckifl tbloj‛s clvlg gklt kg `l vhhr blg dlwustl wlrflckifblk`. Jodknuètlkt, vhhr-stlcckgnlg lg kccuskl zkig blt nlvhcn.

@l tbloj‛s wjjr tljocl`lg kg `l kgtlrvklws nlwkmbt jjg thlflgglg zkig `l zjflg `kl ojfflckiflrzkmbtdjjr lg dlghlodjjr zkig, `kl zkmb jjg `l hpplrvcjftl jasplclg, zhjcs kg- lg uktscuktkgn, mho-ougkmjtkl, clk`lrsmbjp, pjsskl lg `hlc, dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkmjtkl. @kt zkig hhf `l tbloj‛s `kl ” hp

djsks vjg `l kgtlrvklws ” kg llr`lrl bhha`stufflg jcs strumtuur nlbjgtllr` zkig. Ujs dki gj`lrldlsmbhuwkgn whr`lg `l nrhg`pjtrhglg bklrhg`lr zkmbtdjjr, `wjrs `hhr `l vkia llr`lr nlghlo`ltbloj‛s bllg.

Hp okmrhgkvlju ” ‒chmjc‛, zhu Ujrflr zlnnlg ” zklg wl llg vllcblk` jjg ugklfl dltlflgksnlvkgn kg`l tljos. Blt pjtrhhg jt tl zklg ks, wjggllr wl dhvlg blt okmrhgkvlju lg l wjjrglokgn jjg lkg`kvk`ulcl tljos uktstkinlg, nllat jjg `jt tljocl`lg zkmb gklt ha gjuwlckifs dlwust zkig vjg blthptrl`lg vjg llg hg`lr- ha dhvlgstrhho. NHU-cl`lg wlrflg ‒ojnksmb‛ tki`lgs lvlgts, lg scjjgzkmb `hhr `l ‒`lprlsskl‛ vjg `l tusslgcknnlg`l plrkh`lg. Cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk rhlklg vhhrt.Kl`lr zlt z‛g dlstl dllgtil vhhr, bjg`lct zh ‒scko‛ ohnlckif lg prhdllrt zh vllc ohnlckif lknlg sum-mls tl dhlflg. Yh hvlrclvlg zl `l smbj`uwzki`lg lg gj`lclg vjg blt tljoclvlg zh nhl` ohnlckiflg tlcclg kgtusslg bug fghplg. Mhgstrumtkl vjg `l rljcktlkt, blt hpvhlrlg vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg lghnlgsmbkigckif jjgnlpjst nl`rjn zkig `jjr ukt`ruffkgnsvhrolg vjg.

Pljocl`lg zkig výýr jccls dlzkn olt zkmbzlca9 bug mhgmrltl lknlgdlcjgn, bug hvlrclvlg, lrdki oh-nlg bhrlg, bug (ojmbts-)phsktkl. @llc `jjrvjg fjg bug gjgmkllc nlwkg zkig. ]hos zkt ‛t oll lgbllat blt tljodlcjgn vlrdkg`kgn olt bug lknlgdlcjgn. @jt nllat vclunlcs.

Qhhr NHU-cl`lg dltlflgt blt wlrflg kg blt tljo” hg`jgfs jccls ” llg pclf wjjr ajgtjstksmb lgzllr tht bug nlghlnlg nlwlrft fjg whr`lg. Hhf vhrot blt tljo llg vlkcknl bjvlg kg llg whlcknlhrnjgksjtkl. Qhhr `l jg`lrl twll tljos dltlflgt bug tljovlrdjg` vhhrjc djccjst, llg wlgs hahp`rjmbt vjg blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt.

Hhf blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt bllat nllg jjg`jmbt vhhr ha dlsla vjg wjt zkmb kg l hg`lrstrhho

jaspllct. @kt tlrwkic `l `ygjoklf kg `l hg`lrstrhho llg dlpjclg`l ajmthr ks kg blt zkmb tbuks vhl-clg, kg blt gjjr duktlg urvlg trl`lg, kg blt nldrukf fugglg ojflg vjg mrljtkvktlkt lg mjpjmktlktlg,kg blt wlrflg jcs prhalsskhgjc kg llg tljo. Blt ks llg dlcjgnrkifl ajmthr kg blt dlrlkflg vjg llgnhl`l tljoplrahrojgml lg tljorlsuctjjt. Blt ojgjnlolgt vrjjnt llg dlpjjc`l prlstjtkl vjgblt tljo, ojjr ks kg alktl gklt kg stjjt blt tljo tl ajmkcktlrlg kg blt `jj`wlrflckif clvlrlg vjg `lprlstjtkl.



4<<

MHGMC\]KL]

Hhnst vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf

Ks blt uktzhg`lrckif wjt wl kg l hg`lrzhlfstljos zklg8 Kf dlg vjg olgkgn vjg gklt, jc ckiflg sho-oknl vjg `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg vjg tljokgtlrjmtkls kg `kt dhlf hgtcukstlrlg`. Qhhr wkl nhl` fkift zkig

`l bklr nlsmbltstl prhmlsslg kg kl`lr tljo wjjr tl glolg. Blt ks glt jcs blt lmbtl clvlg vhc vhhr-stlcckgnlg. Blt clvlg ks lmbtlr ollr `jg `l vhhrstlcckgnlg jccllg, zhjcs hhf ukt `lzl stu`kl dckift.

lrflg vhrot llg dlcjgnrkif `llc vjg blt clvlg vjg prhalsskhgjcs. Hvlr `jt wlrf ks bklr nlsmbrlvlg. Bug wlrflg ks olgslckif, jc prhdlrlg zki jg`lrs tl `hlg nlchvlg. Urhalsskhgjcs zkig výýrjccls nlwhhg olgs, hhf kg `l mhgtlxt wjjrkg vjg blg vhhr jccls prhalsskhgllc bjg`lclg whr`t

vlrwjmbt.

Plg hpzkmbtl vjg jg`lrl hg`lrzhlflg kg `kt hg`lrzhlfsvlc` ks `kt hg`lrzhlf uktzhg`lrckif kg `lojtl vjg `ltjkc wjjroll blt fkift gjjr blt jccl`jjnsl tljoclvlg. Blt nllat kgzkmbt kg `l vlrsmblk-`lgblk` jjg dlcjgnlg vjg tljocl`lg dkgglg ëëg tljo, kg `l `kvlrsktlkt vjg bug dlclvkgn vjg `l-zlca`l sktujtkl lg `l vlrsmbkcclg kg bug phsktkls. Blt nllat zkmbt hp `l rlcjtkl tusslg bhha`- lg hg-

`lrstrhho, kgzkmbt kg `l vhhrstlcckgnlg `kl hpnlvhlr` whr`lg lg `l ojtl wjjrkg `l splclrs `jjrzlca vjjf kg nlchvlg. Blt vlrblc`lrt l wksslcwlrfkgn tusslg hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt lg tljoprhmlsslg.Dhvlgjc lmbtlr nllat blt hg`lrzhlf kgzkmbt kg blt nlrkgnl dlwustzkig dki `l ollstl tljocl`lg vjg

wjt zkmb kg `l kgtlrjmtkl jaspllct. @l hg`lrstrhho, wjjroll zki tl ojflg blddlg, dckift hovjgn-rkif lg sturlg`. @kt dltlflgt `jt `l prhmlsslg blg kg bhnl ojtl hvlrsphlclg, `jt zl `l prhmlsslg

wjjr zki `llc vjg ukt ojflg gklt dlwust dlègvchl`lg. @l `hhr blg vhhrnlstlc`l prhalsskhgjcktlktdckift llg ùgglr vlrgks hvlr bug ‒olgslckif‛ nl`rjn tl zkig `jg vjjf whr`t vlrhg`lrstlc`.

@kt hg`lrzhlf ks kg `l tlrolg vjg Ojrtkg `klp lg blt fkift `hhr `l hnlg vjg tljocl`lg gjjr `l vhccl drll`tl vjg tljoclvlg. Blt ks nlvhl` `hhr vlrsmbkcclg`l `ksmkpckgls9 `l systllodlgj`lrkgn, wjjrkg kf jcs dkhchhn nlwhrtlc` dlg, jgtrhphchnkl, shmkhchnkl, shmkjcl psymbhchnkl, dl`rkiasfug`l,chshl, glurhchnkl, lg jg`lrl. @l ouctk`ksmkpckgjkrl dlgj`lrkgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlfsvlc` bllatoki hptklflg lg sjolgbjgnlg kg `l mhgmcuskls hpnlclvlr`, `kl kf vjgukt llg ohgh`ksmkpckgl gklt

vlrwhrvlg zhu blddlg.

Fhrtho, `lzl stu`kl nllat vjgukt ‒blt vlc`‛, `l pcjjts lg blt oholgt vjg bjg`lckgn, kgzkmbt kg `lmhopclxktlkt lg vlrjg`lrckifblk` vjg blt tljoclvlg, lg l vllcvhroknblk` vjg l dlclvkgn bklrvjg`hhr tljocl`lg, `kl kl`lr bug ugklfl rlalrlgtklfj`lr blddlg. Blt nllat zkmbt hp `klpnlwhrtlc`lhhrzjflg vjg zkmbtdjjr nl`rjn kg `lzl tljos, hp bjr`glffknl nlwhhgtlg, prhalsskhglcl vjcfukclglg hp hgtwkfflckgnsohnlckifbl`lg.

Llg dlcjgnrkif vlrsmbkc olt pudckmjtkls kg njgndjrl ojgjnlolgt cktlrjtuur ks `jt `lzl cjjtstl `lhg`lrstrhho gklt hg`lrflgglg, tlrwkic `lzl gjjr okig wjjrglokgn lg lkg`mhgmcuskl llg lsslgtk-

llc `llc vjg blt nlbllc ks9 dlcjgnrkiflr `jg `l dhvlgstrhho, iukst `hhr`jt `lzl okg`lr ojfflckif wjjr tl glolg ks. Plg hpzkmbtl vjg jutlurs jcs ]oktb & Dlrn lg Bkrsmbbhrg ks llg dlcjgnrkif vlrsmbkc `jt kf kg `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg `l lopkrkl, vjgukt blt plrsplmtkla vjg dltrhfflglg lg zllr‒lokm‛, zkmbtdjjr ojjf wjt zki kg bug tblhrklæg uktllgzlttlg. @jjroll scj kf `l drun gjjr `l prjf-tkif vjg blt tljock` lg `l ojgjnlr, vhhr wkl `lzl tblhrklæg gklt thlnjgflckif ha cjstkn bjgtllrdjjrtl ojflg zkig.

Qjgukt `lzl mhgmcuskls prlslgtllr kf gkluwl k`llæg hvlr blt jjgsturlg vjg tljos, wjjrdki lxpckmkltlg rhduust rlflgkgn nlbhu`lg whr`t olt `l dlcjgnlg `kl kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg blddlg lg wjjr-kg hplgblk` lg rukotl dlvhr`lr` whr`lg. Kgblrlgt jjg `l prhokglgtkl vjg lknlgdlcjgn frkinlgtljocl`lg zlca llg ùk`lckiflr rhc kg blt jjgsturlg vjg blt tljo.



4<1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Bhlwlc lzl stu`kl zkmb lxpckmklt rkmbt hp l ygjoklf kg tljos, nlvlg vjfnlghht-clzlrs=20 jjg jtzki vllc vjg bltnllg kg `lzl stu`kl vhhr tljos nlsmbltst whr`t blrflgglg ukt bug lknlg prjftkif

vjg sjolgwlrflg kg blt jcnlollg dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls. @jt ks gklt hgvlrwjmbt. Hhf kg blt rukolrl

spllcvlc` vjg hrnjgksjtkls njjt blt koolrs ho kgtlrjmtkl tusslg olgslg9 prhalsskhgjcs `kl zkmbolgslckif thglg kg bug wlrflg lg clvlg.

=20 Jg`lrl clzlrs `jg dltrhfflg tljocl`lg



4<>

@llc KKK B ::

Dltlflgks vhhr `l prjftkif

–Pjfl tbl rst stlp kg ajktb. [hu `hg‛t bjvl th sll tbl wbhcl stjkrmjsl, iust tjfl tbl rst stlp.‟

~ Ojrtkg Cutblr Fkgn ~

Kg `kt hg`lrzhlf ks zkmbtdjjr nlojjft wlcfl tbloj‛s llg rhc splclg kg blt jccl`jjnsl clvlg vjgtljocl`lg. Bhl fugglg lzl dlvkg`kgnlg tljoojgjnlrs lg -cl`lg kg bug mhgmrltl prjftkif kgspk-

rlrlg ho tl njjg olt `l mhgmcuskls ukt `kt hg`lrzhlf8 @kt bhha`stuf nllat jgtwhhr` hp `l vrjjn wjt `l uktfhostlg vjg `lzl stu`kl dltlflglg vhhr blt wlrflg kg tljos.

jt pjsslg`l (rl-)jmtkls zkig kg llg splmklfl sktujtkl ks jctki` jabjgflckif vjg `klzlca`l sktujtkl. ^kl zkig `l tljocl`lg8 jt ks bug nlsmbkl`lgks, l tjjf vjg blt tljo, blt tljo`hlc8 lcfl dlcjg-nlg splclg8 Dkgglg wlcfl hrnjgksjtklmhgtlxt whr`t nlbjg`lc`8 ^jt ks `l rkipblk` vjg blt splmk-lfl tljo8 Bhl frjmbtkn ks `l vhhrstlcckgn, bhl hovjgnrkif `l hg`lrstrhho8

Qjgwlnl `l splmklfl sktujtkl vjg kl`lr tljo blddlg `l kg `kt bhha`stuf nldh`lg bjg`lckgnsjc-tlrgjtklvlg llg jcnlollg fjrjftlr. Yl zucclg jctki` gj`lr kgnlvuc` ohltlg whr`lg, janlstlo` hp`l splmklfl sktujtkl vjg blt dltrlaalg`l tljo. @jjrdki zhu`lg zl `l kg`ruf fugglg wlfflg `jtllg qukmf x ohnlckif ks, zhjcs kg llg rlmlptlgdhlf9 ‒^jggllr bltnllg bklr dlsmbrlvlg ks mhrrlmt

whr`t uktnlvhlr`, ks uw tljokssul hpnlchst‛. Jcsha wki zhu`lg wlrflg kg llg ‒k`ljcl‛ wlrlc` wjjr-kg ojmbt ghmb dlcjgnlg splclg, wjjrkg wl gklt tl ojflg blddlg olt llg nrhtlg`llcs hgdlflg`lhg`lrstrhho kg tljos. Gj wjt kf kg bhha`stuf ; (Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud) hvlr Bjdlrojs lgAhumjuct bld nlsmbrlvlg, ks llg `lrnlckif stjg`pugt bklr hgnlchhawjjr`kn.

Jgnst lg ckla`l zkig kg okig hnlg `l dlcjgnrkifstl drhgglg vjg dlcjgnlg, lg `jjroll vjg ojmbt.@lzl frjmbtlg splclg jctki` lg hvlrjc. @l wlrflckifblk` zjc zh`hlg`l wllrdjrstkn zkig, lg jcclsdlbjcvl ojjfdjjr. Plnlckiflrtki` dltlflgt `kt vhhr oki gklt `jt wl jccls `jg ojjr hp z‛g dlchhpohltlg cjtlg, olt hgzl bjg`lg kg `l cumbt stjjg`.

Dlwustwhr`kgn nllat ohnlckifblk` tht hgtwkfflckgn, lg wjjr clvlg ks, fhlstlrt `l olgs bhhp hphgtwkfflckgn. ^llrdjrstknl bhhp. Ks `jt llg lg`loksmb Bjdlrojs-slgtkolgt8 @jg zki blt zh!

Jcs wl kg `lzl stu`kl zklg `jt ojmbt lg dlcjgnlg jctki` llg rhc splclg, `jg fugglg wki hgs kg blt wlrflg olt tljos ha hrnjgksjtkls vjg jt jdstrjmtl alkt vjg dlwust zkig, lg vjgukt `kl wltlgsmbjpsmblrplr wjjrglolg wjt zkmb vhhr`hlt. Glt zh wltlg wl `jt lr llg hg`lrstrhho ks, lg `jt vhhrhgs vjjf sclmbts tl vlrohl`lg ks wjt zkmb jjr jaspllct. @jjroll wltlg wl jt lr jctki` uddlczkg-gknblk` kg `lgflg lg `hlg zjc zkig. @jt dlslaalg `hlt hgs wjjrsmbkigckif okg`lr sglc ‒upslt‛ zkig.Olt ollr rust, vrkiblk` lg lxkdkcktlkt fugglg wl wjjrglolg `jt llg jg`lr ‒klts rjjrs‛ `hlt, klts`jt wl gklt vlrwjmbt bj``lg. @kt jccls ks gklt ‒lrn‛, glnjtkla ha vlrwlrplckif. Blt ks llg `llc vjghgzl kgtlrjmtkl.

Kg gjnlghln `lzlca`l vhcnhr`l jcs kg vhhrnjjg` bhha`stuf (bhha`stuf :5, Mhgmcuskls) whr`lghg`lrstjjg` llg jjgtjc jsplmtlg vjg blt tljoclvlg dlsprhflg lg `l wkizl wjjrhp llg tljo bklrzlca kgvchl` hp fjg ukthlalglg.



4<2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dlcjgnlg

Qlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus, vlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg

Qjgukt vlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg lg rlalrlgtklfj`lrs whr`lg hp hrnjgksjtkl-, tljolg kg`kvk-

ùllc gkvlju vlrsmbkcclg`l dltlflgksslg lrvjrlg vjg hrnjgksjtkl-, tljolg kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg.Nlplrmkpkllr`l tlnlgstlcckgnlg bklrtusslg dlrustlg hp vlrsmbkcclg kg thlnlflg`l dltlflgks ha hp

wlrflckifl tlnlgstlcckgnlg. Blt ks vjg djsjjc dlcjgn ho zkmbt tl frkinlg hp l wlrflckifl vlrsmbkcclglg `l dlcjgnlg `kl bklr hhrzjjf vjg zkig. Blt nldrukflg vjg llg tljo jcs hrnjgksjtkllg sjolg-

wlrfkgnsvhro bllat pjs ollrwjjr`l jcs llg nlzjolgckif `hlc dlghlo` lg nlvhlc` fjg whr`lg.Llg `hlc `jt gklt nlvhcn` whr`t ukt nlbhhrzjjoblk` jjg `l jnlg`j vjg blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt,ojjr lrvjrlg whr`t jcs mhgnrulgt olt `l lknlg jodktkls.

Blt tljo bllat kg `lzl `ygjoklf vjg `l tlnlgstlcckgnlg `l jasmblrokgn lg rust vjg llg stj-dklcl dkgglgrukotl gh`kn ho zkmb tl hgtwkfflclg lg zkmb tl fugglg mhgmlgtrlrlg hp bjjr tjjf.

Pusslgtki`s bllat blt hhf mhgtjmt olt ‒duktlg‛ gh`kn ho zkmb vjg tki` tht tki` tl blrhrkægtlrlg hp

bjjr phsktkl lg wjt `l honlvkgn vrjjnt lg dkl`t. @lzl uktwksslckgn dltrlat zhwlc `l hrnjgksjtkl`kl blt tljo kg blt clvlg bllat nlrhlplg, jcs jg`lrl nrhlplg dkgglg lg duktlg `l hrnjgksjtkl, jcshhf `l drl`lrl ojjtsmbjppki lg kgktkjtklvlg `kl `jjr hgtpchhk` whr`lg. Lr ks `jjrho jctki` llgnlstrumturllr` mhgtjmt vjg dkgglg gjjr duktlg gh`kn, lg honlfllr`. Pljos fugglg kl mhgtjmtlg‒hrnjgkslrlg‛.

]mbukckgn nllat blt dlcjgn vjg mhgtjmt tusslg dkgglg lg duktlg jjg, kg `kt nlvjc vhhr llg zlcastu-rlg` tljo9

–Blt njjt gklt ho l janldjflg`l rukotl wjjrkg olg juthghho ks, ojjr ho blt rjjfvcjf tusslg prhmlsslg wjjrkg `l lgl sturkgn `l jg`lrl hgtohlt. Ylcasturkgn jcs fwjcktlkt vjg sjolgwlrfkgnbhu`t kg `jt olg zlcasturlg` kg stjjt ks vlrsmbkcclg V…_ prhùmtkla tl ojflg.‟ =2<

@l hpolrfkgn vjg ]mbukckgn fjg kg blt fj`lr vjg blt hg`lrwlrp vjg `lzl stu`kl zhwlc thlnlpjst whr`lg hp blt ‒juthghol‛ tljo lg blt prhùmtkla ojflg vjg l vlrsmbkcclg olt jg`lrl tljos lg`l vlr`lrl (hrnjgksjtkl)honlvkgn, jcs hp blt ‒juthghol‛ kg`kvkù lg blt prhùmtkla ojflg vjg `l

vlrsmbkcclg olt ol`ltljocl`lg.

@l tljoojgjnlr ks `l llrst jjgnlwlzlg plrshhg ho `l djcjgs tusslg jasmblk`kgn vjg `l lkslg vjg `l horkgnlg`l hrnjgksjtkl lglrzki`s lg uktwksslckgn olt `l drl`lrl mhgtlxt jg`lrzki`s kg bltnlbllc vjg tljojmtkvktlktlg tl dlwjflg. @lzl ks wjjrsmbkigckif hhf blt dlst kg stjjt tl dlpjclg kg

wlcfl ajsl vjg blt tljoprhmls jasmblrokgn vjg duktlg gh`kn ks, wjggllr `l kgvchl` vjg duktlgthlcjjtdjjr ks lg guttkn fjg whr`lg nldrukft.

Blt blo` gj`lr `jg `l rhf

Gklt jccllg kg `kt hg`lrzhlf whr`t nlmhgstjtllr` `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn llg `hokgjgtl rhcspllct kgnrhlpsprhmlsslg. Qhhr psymbhchnlg ks blt nllg gkluws, `jt `l olgs vjgukt zkmbzlca lg zkig lknlg-dlcjgn rl`lgllrt. Qhhr `l njgndjrl, hptkokstksmb nlstlo`l ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur hvlr tljowlrflg tljosummls, `kl `l nlollgsmbjpplckifblk` vjg tljos jcs uktnjgnspugt gllot, ks `kt llg kgzkmbt`jt ghhpt tht blrhrkægtjtkl.

jggllr blt lknlgdlcjgn zh llg gjtuurckif lg vjgzlcasprlflg` rlalrlgtklpugt ks vhhr blt bjg`l-clg, fugglg hrnjgksjtkls lg tljos ojjr dltlr olt `l strhho oll rhlklg, `kt hg`lrflgglg lg lr

=2< ]mbukckgn, 4552, pn :==



4<;

DLPLFLGK] QHHT @L UTJFPKIF

zh nhl` ohnlckif oll wlrflg, lr bug vhhr`llc oll `hlg. @l Nlus vlrwhhr``l blt kg zkig dhlf‒@l clvlg`l hg`lrglokgn‛ zh9

–Llg dl`rkia zjc hvlrclvlg jcs blt cl`lg bllat, `kl llg rllfs nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlcstlcckgnlghg`lrsmbrkivlg lg `kl nlchvlg `jt `l `hlcstlcckgnlg vjg blt dl`rkia blg thlstjjg lg blcplg ho buglknlg kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg tl dlrlkflg.

Blt olgslckif phtlgtkllc kg tlrolg vjg kg`kvkùlcl `hlclg lg plrshhgckifl hgtwkfflckgn tht bhlfstllg vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn vjg `l hrnjgksjtkl.‟ =21

@jt jccllg dlghlolg ks vjgzlcasprlflg` gklt vhc`hlg`l, wjgt bhl frkin il ol`lwlrflrs kg `lzl`ygjoksmbl lg lkslg`l hrnjgksjtklwlrlc` zh vlr, `jt zl lrhp vlrtrhuwlg `jt hplg sprlflg hvlrbug lknlgdlcjgn nlhhrchha` ks8 Hrnjgksjtkls kl blt lknlgdlcjgn vjg l ol`lwlrflr olldlpjclg`

wkcclg cjtlg zkig kg blt dlcjgn vjg l hrnjgksjtkl zucclg `kt vlrtjclg kg bug kgtlnrjcl hrnjgksjtklstrj-tlnkl lg kg bug kgtlrjmtkl lg mhoougkmjtkl olt `l ol`lwlrflrphpucjtkl.

Qjgukt llg bllc jg`lrl kgvjcsbhlf `jg `l Nlus j`vkslrlg mhgsuctjgts, `kl wlrflg vjgukt `l dl-clvkgn vjg ol`lwlrflrs, bug fcjgtlg `l cjjtstl ijrlg ho zkmb tl hrnjgkslrlg rhg`ho rlcjtkls. Ykiblddlg gjolckif hpnlolrft `jt blt, dki blt hrnjgkslrlg vhhr summls, vjg dlcjgn ks rlflgkgn tlbhu`lg olt ‒wjt olgslg olt lcfjjr wkcclg‛. @jt wl `l tki` vjg juthrktlkt vjg blt ojgjnlolgt lg

vhcnzjjoblk` vjg `l ol`lwlrflr jmbtlr hgs cjtlg, gu lr strumturlcl frjptl hp `l jrdlk`sojrftnjjt hgtstjjg. @lzl j`vkslurs clnnlg `l gj`ruf hp rlcjtkls jcs hgtwlrpprkgmkpl vhhr llg hrnjgk-sjtkl. Gjjr okig olgkgn zhu`lg zki lmbtlr ëëg stjp vlr`lr ohltlg njjg. Jmbtlr `l rlcjtkl smbukctgjolckif jctki` llg rl`lg wjjrho `l rlcjtkl hg`lrbhu`lg whr`t9 olgslg blddlg llg rlcjtkl oltlcfjjr ho`jt zl hp `l ëëg ha jg`lrl ojgklr dlcjgn dki lcfjjr blddlg. @jt nlc`t hvlrknlgs gklt jc-cllg vhhr zjflckifl rlcjtkls lg zjflckifl jsplmtlg. Yhjcs wl llr`lr blddlg nlzklg zkig dkivhhrdllc`hhf ‒lrdki bhrlg‛, vrklg`smbjp lg rlsplmt hgtvjgnlg uktlrst vjck`l dlcjgnlg `kl olgslg gjstrlvlg,kg jcclrbjg`l shhrtlg rlcjtkls.

Jodknu lknlgdlcjgn

Olgslg zkig zkmb cjgn gklt jctki` dlwust vjg bug dlcjgnlg, ojjr bjg`lclg bklr wlc gjjr. Blt ks zllr`l ohlktl wjjr` ho jjg`jmbt lg tki` tl dlstl`lg jjg kjchhn, ho sjolg ” jcs hrnjgksjtkl lg tljo,jcs ojgjnlr lg ol`lwlrflr ” ollr zkmbt tl frkinlg hp wjt kl`lrs dlcjgn ks, bhl `lzl dlcjgnlgnl`klg` fugglg whr`lg, wjjr kl`lrs frjmbt cknt lg bhl `lzl tl dlguttlg. Yh whr`t sjolgwlrflg

vhhr jccl `llcglolrs ollr ‒vjg blgzlca ‛. Llg ollr hplg uktwksslckgn hvlr lknlgdlcjgnlg nllat blttljo `l ohnlckifblk` vhhr kl`lr ck` gjjr tjflg tl zhlflg `kl jjgscuktlg hp `kt lknlgdlcjgn, zh`jt`l kg phtlgtkl dlsmbkfdjrl lglrnkl lg mhopltlgtkl dltlr dlgut fugglg whr`lg.

Gu trll`t lmbtlr vhhr `l ol`lwlrflr llg shhrt prkshglr‛s `kclooj hp9 Ks blt vlkckn nlghln hohplg hvlr `l lknlg dlcjgnlg tl prjtlg8 Fjg blt vhhr`llc vjg hplgblk` dlgut whr`lg, ha clvlrtzh hplg prjtlg llg tl nrhht rkskmh hp8 Bhlvlr zjc `lnlgl `kl zkmb hplg uktcjjt zkmb duktlg bltnlollgsmbjpplckifl dlcjgnlgvlc` vjg blt tljo ” ha `l ojgjnlr ” dckiflg tl dlvkg`lg8 Yucclg `ljg`lrl tljocl`lg lroll ho fugglg njjg, wjggllr dckift `jt tljonlghtlg llg ùk`lckif nljrtk-mucllr` lknlgdlcjgn blddlg8 ]oktb & Dlrn =2> nlvlg koolrs jjg `jt llg tljo blt dlstl vjg bjjrcl`lg vhhr zkmbzlca hplkst. Blt njjt lr bklr kg alktl ho wkl blt llrst blt tjdhl hp lknlgdlcjgn

=21 `l Nlus, :;;>d, pn 445

=2> ]oktb & Dlrn, :;;>, pn ;:



415

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

`hhrdrllft, zkig llgzki`knl vhhrstlcckgn vjg nlollgsmbjpplckifblk` ùrat gujgmlrlg lg llrckiflrfjg zkig hvlr zkig wlrflckifl dlcjgnlg, olt blt rkskmh vjg vlrsthtkgn.

Llg splmklfl vhro vjg lknlgdlcjgn dlstjjt ukt blt alkt `jt kg`kvkùlg zhwlc dlbhlatl blddlg

jjg `l zkmbtdjjrblk` vjg blt summls vjg bug tljo, jcs jjg `l zkmbtdjjrblk` lg lrflggkgn vjg buglknlg jjg`llc `jjrkg, ha bug splmklfl tjclgtlg `kl dki`rjnlg jjg blt tljosummls. Hp `lzl ojgklr‒nlzklg whr`lg‛ `rjjnt dki jjg bug nlvhlc vjg lknlgwjjr`l lg rlsplmt. Blt `hlt blg wjjr`lrkgnlrvjrlg wjjr`hhr zl hhf jg`lrlg ojfflckiflr llg mhopckolgt fugglg nlvlg. Nj vjg tki` tht tkiòlt lcfjjr gj ha `lzl vlrsmbkcclg`l prlstjtkls vhc`hlg l zkmbtdjjr zkig. Lg zh gklt9 dl`lgf `jjrsjolg llg jg`lrl kgvucckgn vhhr lg prhdllr `kl ukt.

Drhg

Lknlgdlcjgn sthlct hp ‒vuur‛ dki `l dltrhfflgl. Quur ho klts tl wkcclg rljckslrlg ha ho klts tl vlroki`lg. @kt vuur ks llg lghrol drhg vjg lglrnkl. @lzl lglrnkl fjg, wjggllr `lzl vlrdkg`kgn

bllat olt blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc, `l rljcksjtkl vjg lknlgdlcjgn âg nlzjolgckif `hlc stlrf dlvhr`l-rlg. @l `kmbhthokl tusslg kg`kvkù lg mhcclmtkla whr`t zh hvlrstlnlg. Blt summls vhhr blt tljoha `l hrnjgksjtkl wkgt lrdki, lg vhhr `l ol`lwlrflr whr`t ‒wlrflg‛ ollr vjg lg vhhr zkmbzlca.

Qhhrwjjr`l bklrvhhr ks `jt dltrhfflgl `l jjr` vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn hg`lrflgt lg blrflgt jcshg`lr`llc vjg blt nlzjolgckifl dlcjgn. Blt vrjjnt ùs dlwustzkig, lg rllmtkl hp blt lknlg lgnlollgsmbjpplckif bjg`lclg. Qjg honlvkgn, tljo lg hrnjgksjtkl vrjjnt `kt jjg`jmbt lg rukotl

vhhr `jt kg`kvkùllc dlcjgn. Dhvlgjc vrjjnt `kt blt vlrtrhuwlg `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn hgnlstrjat nl-ukt fjg whr`lg. @kt zkig vhhrwjjr nllg ckmbtl rjg`vhhrwjjr`lg. Kg nlsprlfflg olt ojgjnlrs ‒kgblt vlc`‛ dckift blcjjs rlnlcojtkn, `jt `lzl gklt ha gjuwlckifs dlnrkiplg wjjr `l smbhlg wrkgnt jcsblt njjt hvlr ‒vlrtrhuwlg ho zkmb hplg tl fugglg uktlg‛. Ghnjc vcht whr`t dkivhhrdllc` nlstlc``jt blt `rjjkt ho `l vrjjn ‒Ihkg ol hr cljvl ol‛. Hhf blt zkmb wlrflckif rljckslrlg vjg `l thl-

nlvhln`l wjjr`l vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn ks gklt vjgzlcasprlflg`. @jt strhhft olt okig lrvjrkgn `jthrnjgksjtkls nlojfflckif stlcclg `jt lr jckngolgt ohlt zkig tusslg `hlclg vjg blt kg`kvkù lg `lhrnjgksjtkl. Qjjf dl`hlct olg `jg hgdlwust lg kopckmklt `jt blt kg`kvkù zkmb jjgpjst, wjgt `lhrnjgksjtkl bllat nhl` hvlr bjjr oksskl lg vkskl gjnl`jmbt, `kl kgok``lcs ks vjstnlstlc` lg vjstnl-cln` kg ahrolcl `hmuolgtlg. Blt lgknl `jt `jg ghn vjg blt kg`kvkù vlrwjmbt whr`t ks ‒vhcnlg‛lg ‒jjgpjsslg‛.

Hrnjgksjtkls ha tljos zhu`lg blt tjdhl hp lknlgdlcjgn fugglg hhrdrlflg `hhr hvlrtuknlg` `luktgh`knkgn ukt tl sprlflg `jt kl`lr bklr olt vuur kg z‛g `hg`lr wlrft lg `jt blt nlègtlrlssllr`ks kg blt hg`lrcknnlg`l lknlgdlcjgn. Jccllg wjggllr kl`lr bklroll vhhr `l `rjj` wkc fholg, fjg`kt vuur koolrs nl`klg` lg dlgut whr`lg8 @kt tht wl`lrzki`s prhit. Gj`rufflckif cknt bklr llgdlcjgnrkiflr rhc vhhr blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt. ^jggllr `kl llg vlrjg`lrkgn gjjr ollr hplgblk`gklt stlugt, ks blt uktlkg`lckifl laalmt nlrkgn.

Kgtlrjmtkls

Hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho

Llg dlcjgnrkifl mhgmcuskl vjg `lzl stu`kl dltrlat `l nrhtl rhc `kl dhvlg- lg hg`lrstrhho blddlgkg blt tljoclvlg. Blt njjt vhhrjc ho l vhhrstlcckgnlg kl kg `l dhvlgstrhho hpnlvhlr` whr`lg,nlvhl` `hhr lohtkls lg dlcjgnlg kg `l hg`lrstrhho. Blt (hg)dlwust `hhr tljocl`lg kg stjg`bhu`lg vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg lg blt duktlg dllc` bhu`lg vjg lohtkls lg dlcjgnlg mrlærlg sjolgllg okcklu vjg okst lg `rkiazjg`. Yhjcs llr`lr dlthhn` bllat `lrnlckifl jodknuètlkt vlrstrlfflg`l



41:


kgvchl` hp jccl jsplmtlg vjg blt clvlg kg llg tljo, dkivhhrdllc` hp mhoougkmjtkl, blt lrvjrlg vjgdkg`kgn, `l jjgwlzknblk` lg dlsprllfdjjrblk` vjg nrhlps`ruf ha -mlgsuur, `l rukotl vhhr `kj-chhn, mrljtkvktlkt lg gkluwl zklgswkizlg. Okg`lr zkmbtdjrl laalmtlg trl`lg hp dki kg- lg uktscuktkgn,

`l dlbhlatl jjg ojmbt lg `l dlrlk`blk` tl vlrtrhuwlg. Fhrtho9 jodknuètlkt bllat nrhtl kgvchl`hp `l tljoplrahrojgml.

Qhhr kl`lr kl kg ha olt tljos wlrft ks blt zh`hlg`l lsslgtkllc jjg`jmbt tl dlstl`lg jjg wjt zkmbjaspllct kg `l hg`lrstrhho, gkluwsnklrkn tl zkig wjt dlcjgnlg, lohtkls lg `rkiavlrlg vjg kg`kvk-ùlcl tljocl`lg zkig lg bhl `kl zkmb tht lcfjjr vlrbhu`lg. Ho `jjr ollr zkmbt hp tl frkinlg, ksblt ghh`zjflckif `jt ëëg ha ollr`lrl tljocl`lg (wllr) vrjnlg ùrvlg tl stlcclg. Qrjnlg wjjrhpzkizlca bhplckif hhf blt jgtwhhr` gklt wltlg, wjgt

–@l vrjjn stlcclg ks dlcjgnrkiflr `jg blt vkg`lg vjg blt jgtwhhr`, `hhr `l vrjjn hgtscukt bltdlwustzkig zkmb vhhr hgs. ^l frkinlg thlnjgn tht hgs dlwustzkig `hhr hgszlca thl tl stjjg ‒blt gklttl wltlg‛. Llg jgtwhhr` `lft `jt wllr thl, vlrgjuwt `l hg`lrzhlflg`l hplg bhu`kgn wllr tht `jt

lgl jgtwhhr`. ‟ =22 Qrjnlg vhrolg blt dlnkg vjg gkluwsnklrknblk`, tlrwkic jgtwhhr`lg xlrlg. Qrjnlg stlcclg, `hhrvrjnlg, stll`s hpgkluw `kjchnlg hpstjrtlg hvlr zjflg `kl lrthl `hlg. Qjg dlcjgn ks blt dlsla dkitljocl`lg tl wlfflg, `jt jg`lrlg gh`kn zkig ho zkmbt tl frkinlg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l ohnlckifljgtwhhr`lg, lg hp `l dltrlfflckifblk` vjg `kl jgtwhhr`lg.Hpgkluw ks `l tljoojgjnlr `l llrst jjgnlwlzlg plrshhg ho `kt prhmls vhro tl nlvlg, zhwlc kgbkærjrmbksmb jcs kg systloksmb hpzkmbt. Pljocl`lg fugglg bklr jccllg ol`l vhro jjg nlvlg, wjg-gllr zki zkmb nlstlug` wltlg `hhr lg l rukotl frkinlg vjg `l tljoojgjnlr, ha wjggllr ollr`lrltljocl`lg llg mhjcktkl vhrolg olt dltrlffkgn tht `lzl wlgs.

Yhjcs llr`lr nlstlc`9 olt `lrnlckif hg`lrzhlflg` bjg`lclg whr`t llg nrhht jjgtjc jsplmtlg vjg

blt tljoclvlg nlrjjft lg bhhnstwjjrsmbkigckif kg dlwlnkgn nldrjmbt. Ohnlckifl kgtlrvlgtkls hp lg-flcl vjg `lzl jsplmtlg, zhjcs mhoougkmjtkl, clk`lrsmbjp, kg- lg uktscuktkgn lg vlrtrhuwlg, whr`lghg`lrstjjg` splmklf dlsmbhuw`.

Mhoougkmjtkl

Hg`lrzhlflg`l vrjnlg stlcclg, zhjcs bklrdhvlg nlsmbltst, dlbhhrt tht blt `holkg vjg hplg mho-ougkmjtkl. Hplg mhoougkmjtkl ks llg sclutlcajmthr vhhr blt dlègvchl`lg vjg `l hg`lrlg dh-

vlgstrhho. @kt ks zh`hlg`l ëëg vjg `l dlcjgnrkifstl jjg`jmbtsnldkl`lg dki blt wlrflg olt hakg tljos. Blt dltlflgt `jt tljocl`lg bug mhoougkmjtklvl vjjr`knbl`lg ohltlg jjgsmblrplg,dkivhhrdllc` hp blt nldkl` vjg blt vhlrlg vjg `kjchhn kg pcjjts vjg `ksmusskl, blt rllmtlrlg, blt

nlvlg lg hgtvjgnlg vjg all`djmf, blt bjgtlrlg vjg mhgkmtlg.

Hplg mhoougkmjtkl ks vjg gjturl gklt ojfflckif lg dckift kg `lzl tljos zlflr gklt vjgzlcasprl-flg`. Nlzklg blt ugkvlrslcl fjrjftlr vjg `l olmbjgksolg `kl ‒blt zlca ‛ bjgtllrt ho kgahrojtkl

vjg duktlg hvlr zkmbzlca tl dlègvchl`lg, ks blt wjjrsmbkigckif `jt hhf jg`lrl tljos `jg `lzl hg-`lrzhlfstljos olt `lzlca`l ohlkckifbl`lg rhg` ‒hplg mhoougkmjtkl‛ fjoplg. Lg zlcas `jt `ktllg vllc drl`lr kg hrnjgksjtkls vhhrfholg` vlrsmbkigslc ks.

Kg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos zklg wl `jt blt vllc ohl` vjg llg kg`kvkù vrjjnt ho zkmb jcs llrstl(ollr) dchht tl nlvlg jjg tljonlghtlg `kl blo ha bjjr bklr ohnlckif ho zucclg vlrsthtlg. Yjflg

=22 nlwkizkn` gjjr Uko vjg Choolc kg vjg `lr Okig, 4552, pn :5



414

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

jcs l djsjcl dlbhlatl jjg dkg`kgn, ‒lrdki bhrlg‛ lg l nrhlpsmlgsuur dlcloolrlg hplgblk`. Jcs kfllrckif dlg, `lgf kf `jt blt llg kccuskl ks ho tl vlrhg`lrstlcclg `jt tljocl`lg zkmb kg`kvkùllc wlr-flckif dchht nlvlg lg vlrvhcnlgs kg `jtzlca`l tljo fugglg dckivlg augmtkhglrlg. Blt nlvjjr vjg

smjplnhjtkgn ks `jg nrhht. @lrnlckifl hgtdhlzlokgnlg fugglg dltlr hg`lr`llc zkig vjg llg vhhr-zkmbtkn nlzjolgckif prhmls vjg vlrflggkgn lg dchhtnlvlg, zhjcs NHU `jt dkivhhrdllc` vhronllatolt zlcahg`lrzhlf lg tljowhrfsbhps kg blt `lr`l hg`lrzhlfsijjr.

Hplg mhoougkmjtkl vrjjnt vlrtrhuwlg, lg zlcavlrtrhuwlg. Dlk`l zkig llg fwltsdjjr nhl`, `jtjccllg hp tlrokig hpnldhuw` whr`t. Bklrthl fjg sclmbts uktnlgh`kn` whr`lg, lr fjg gklt hp

whr`lg nlstuur`. Kg`klg llg tljo wlrflckif stjpplg wkc zlttlg hp wln gjjr hplg mhoougkmjtkl, vrjjnt `kt lrho `l hplgblk` kg mhoougkmjtkl zllr nlclk`lckif lg llrst jpjrt tl hrnjgkslrlg, ukt tlprhdlrlg wjt dki `kt tljo pjst. Ho dkivhhrdllc` splmklfl oholgtlg tl mrlærlg wjjrhp lr rukotki` lg jjg`jmbt ks ho sjolg tl vlrflgglg, vlkckn lg vhhrzkmbtkn. @jjrdki tl zhrnlg `jt lr vhhrjc

vrjnlg nlstlc` whr`lg, lr `kjchnlg stjrtlg. NHU `hlt `kt `hhr lgflcl flrlg kg rltrjktl tl njjg,Ojx zhg`lrt zkmb dki `l stjrt llg pjjr fllr llg `jn ja ho hp lcfjjr ja tl stloolg, hhf Ouctk

`hlt klts `lrnlckifs ho lcfjjr dltlr tl clrlg flgglg. NHU bllat `jjrdki llrst kg`kvkùlcl mhjmbnl-sprlfflg nlhrnjgksllr`, jcs vlkckn hpstjpil gjjr llg ollr rksfjgtl kgtlrjmtkl kg tljovlrdjg`. @lzltljos dlplrflg `l lxplrkolgtlg olt ollr hplg kgtlrjmtkl tht llg lgflcl nlclnlgblk`, wjt vhhrblt dlrlkflg vjg laalmt hp `l cjgnlrl tlrokig hgvhc`hlg`l ks.

Clk`lrsmbjp

Ha llg tljo fklst vhhr trj`ktkhgllc ha pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp, jctki` bllat blt llg prhmlsdlnl-clk`lr gh`kn. Llg lrvjrlg prhmlsdlnlclk`lr kg ha dki blt tljo, `kl tljocl`lg stkoucllrt vlr`lr tlfkiflg `jg `l dhvlgstrhho, ks ùs clttlrckif llg frktklfl summlsajmthr vhhr tljos. Llg `lrnlckiftljock` nllat zhvllc rkmbtkgn jjg `l tljo`ygjoklf, `jt zkig rhc dkigj jcs vjgzlca sjolgvjct olt

`l clk`lr.Blt pjst lvlgwlc dki blt dlsla vjg jodknuètlkt ho hgs tl rljckslrlg `jt cjgn gklt kl`lr tljock` lrdlcjgn dki lrvjjrt ho hplg tl zkig, kgvchl` tl `lclg ha vlrwjmbtkgnlg tl ojgjnlg. jt llg prh-mlsdlnlclk`lr bklrkg fjg dlwlrfstlcckgnlg, dckiat zh`hlg`l jctki` jawjmbtlg.

Dki `l fluzl vhhr trj ktkhgllc ha pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp ks llg dlcjgnrkifl hvlrwlnkgn wlcfl vhro blt dlstl dki `l dlcjgnlg vjg tljocl`lg pjst. Hp wlcfl ojgklr fjg bug vuur blt dlst nl-rjjft whr`lg8 @jt ks gklt vjgzlcasprlflg` olt `l fluzl vhhr trj`ktkhgllc clk`lrsmbjp. ^jggllr

vhhr pjrtkmkpjtkla clk`lrsmbjp nlfhzlg whr`t, ks `l vhcnlg`l stjp gj tl njjg wlcfl vlrjgtwhhr`l-ckifblk` `l tljocl`lg jjgfugglg. @kt dlpjjct `l kgrkmbtkgnsfluzlg lg sglcblk` vjg kgvhlrkgn.

Lrdki ohnlg bhrlgBlt prhmls vjg kg- lg uktscuktkgn vlr`klgt kg `kt prjftkifnlrkmbtl bhha`stuf jpjrt jjg`jmbt.

Pljocl`lg lrvjrlg `lzl prhmlsslg koolrs jcs blt ollst lglrvlrlg` lg lglrnklvrltlg`.

l blddlg nlzklg `jt kg- lg uktscuktkgnprhmlsslg pcjjtsvkg`lg dkgglg llg bkærjrmbksmb vlrdjg`, wjjrkg ojmbtsvlrsmbkcclg bllrslg, `jt `l thltrl`lrs zkmb ohltlg smbkfflg gjjr `l wlgslg vjg`l nlvlstkn`lg, `jt thltrl`lrs jccllg summlsvhc fugglg zkig kg bug thltrl`lg wjggllr zki zkmbzlcahg`lrnlsmbkft ojflg lg zki `jt jcs bug dlcjgn fugglg zklg. Jjgnlzklg `kt vlrsmbkc ks nldjsllr`hp vlrsmbkc kg ojmbt vjg dlk`l pjrtkilg zjc lr `hhr kgtlrvlgtkls nllg wlzlgckifl vlrjg`lrkgn kgnldrjmbt fugglg whr`lg. Dlwustwhr`kgn vjg lg rllxkvktlkt hp `l dlbhlatl vjg blt tljo jjg`kvlrsktlkt lg mjpjmktlkt lglrzki`s lg hp `l kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgnlg `kl kg `l hg`lrstrhho splclg jg-



41=


`lrzki`s, fjg lr vhhr zhrnlg `jt `l nlvlstkn`lg zkmb ollr dlwust zkig vjg `l frjmbtlg `kl splclglg `jt zki fugglg fklzlg bklroll dlwust ho tl njjg.

Hpgkluw fhot blt lr hp gllr `jt tljocl`lg zkmb dlwust whr`lg wlcfl vhhrstlcckgnlg nlnlvlg

whr`lg, wjt lr kg `l hg`lrstrhho spllct, wlcfl dltlflgks zki jjg `l kgtlrjmtkl nlvlg lg wjt zkijcs bug dlcjgnlg lrvjrlg. Lg stll`s wllr zkig ‒sjolgwlrfkgn‛ lg ‒summls‛ bklrkg jabjgflckif vjg

wjt `klzlca`l tljocl`lg vjg bug lknlg `holkg, bug lknlg hg`lrstrhho, prkis wkcclg ha ùrvlgnlvlg.

Hhf kg `l dlnlclk`kgn vjg `kt prhmls bllat `l tljoojgjnlr llg mrumkjcl rhc, llg rhc ‒vjgdltlflgks‛.

Dhuwlg jjg vlrtrhuwlg

jggllr llg vhhrzkmbtknl hpdhuw jcs dhvlg nlsmbltst vhc`hlg`l tki` frkint lg vlrvhcnlgs kg rus-tkn tloph hg`lrbhu`lg lg uktnldhuw` whr`t, rjflg `l tljocl`lg nlclk`lckif jjg vlrtrhuw` olt

hplgblk` dkgglg `lzl nrhlp. Lr fjg nl`llc` dlwustzkig hgtstjjg hvlr wjt kl`lrs `rkiavlrlg zkig, wjt kg `l tljoplrahrojgml wlc ha ghn gklt gjjr wlgs ks, wjt lxtrj jjg`jmbt vrjjnt. Hp `lg ùurcuft blt ho gkluw nl`rjn kg tl vclmbtlg kg `l rlnucklrl kgtlrjmtkl. Lr fjg `jg (zlca)vlrtrhuwlgnrhlklg kg `l hg`lrckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, hplgblk` whr`t ollr nlwhhg. Blt kgmjsslrlg vjg all`-djmf whr`t nlojfflckiflr, lr fjg sjolg nldhuw` njjg whr`lg.

jt fhot lr ukt jc `jt prjtlg vhhrt8 Dhvlgstjjg`l jjgpjf fckgft jrdlk`s- lg tki`skgtlgskla. @jtbhlat lmbtlr gklt blt nlvjc tl zkig. Hprlmbtl jjg`jmbt, zhrnvuc`knblk` lg kgtlnrktlkt zlttlg ollrzh`lg jjg `l `kif `jg `jt lr vëëc tki` jjg ‒prjtlg‛ dlstll` zhu ohltlg whr`lg. Plnlckiflrtki` wl-tlg wl lmbtlr `jt ojmbt jctki` spllct lg `jt iukst jjg`jmbt, zhrnvuc`knblk` lg kgtlnrktlkt zlc`lg `l

wjjr`lg zkig `kl ojmbtsnlrkmbtl plrshglg gjstrlvlg ha vlr`rjnlg.

Qjgukt blt pjrj`knoj vjg vlrsglcckgn vlrwjmbtlg zhwlc tljocl`lg jcs bug hp`rjmbtnlvlrs kg `lhg`lrzhlfstljos lmbtlr `jt olt ëëg ha twll dkillgfhostlg llg `krlmt vlrjgflr` lg dckivlg` rl-suctjjt nldhlft whr`t. @kt ks `l kccuskl vjg llg qukmf x . @lzl qukmf x -nl`jmbtl ks jcnlollg vlr-drlk` kg hrnjgksjtkls. Bki stjjt hp nlspjgglg vhlt olt blt nlvlg vjg jjg`jmbt. @jt hg`lrbhu` lg`hhrdhuwlg gh`kn ks, whr`t vjgukt blt pjrj`knoj vjg vlrsglcclg hgvhc`hlg`l hg`lrflg`. Llgdckivlg` rlsuctjjt whr`t zh`hlg`l olt llg `lrnlckifl dlgj`lrkgn `kfwkics gklt nldhlft, tlclurstlc-ckgn vhcnt.

Blt hpdhuwlg vjg vlrtrhuwlg ks bklr dki uktstlf jjg l hr`l. ]kx nllat vjgukt bjjr hg`lrzhlf gjjr`l wlrfkgn vjg vlrtrhuwlg vlrsmbkcclg`l kgzkmbtlg `kl vhhr tljos vjg dlcjgn zkig. Qllc `jjrvjgsthlct hp hplg mhoougkmjtkl, klts wjt lr hhf iukst oll dlwlrfstlcckn` whr`t. Llg fkp-lk-dlwlnkgn

ùs.]kx stlct `jt olgslg jmtkla jjg vlrtrhuwlg fugglg dhuwlg `hhr dlwust phsktklvl skngjclg ukttl zlg`lg. Yki nllat bklrthl llg hvlrzkmbt vjg kgtlrvlgtkls `kl vlrtrhuwlg dlvhr`lrlg, wjjrkg zldlvkg`kgnlg ukt llg tklgtjc hg`lrzhlflg hr`lgt gjjr vklr kgtlgtkls=2;9

=2; ]kx, 4550, pn 2<



410

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dl hplg @ksmchsl kgahrojtkhg kg jg jmmurjtl jg` tkolcy ajsbkhg

Nkvl dhtb phsktkvl jg` glnjtkvl all`djmf

Dl hplg jg` `krlmt jdhut tjsf prhdclosDl bhglst jg` hplg jdhut yhur ohtkvls

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]bjrl kgulgml Kgktkjtl jg` jmmlpt mbjgnls th yhur `lmkskhgs

]llf jg` jmmlpt tbl mhugslc ha htblr plhpcl

Nkvl jg` rlmlkvl blcp jg` jsskstjgml

Tlmhngkzl tbl clnktkojmy ha ljmb htblr‛s kgtlrlsts

]bhw j dkjs th sll tbl htblr‛s jmtkhgs js dlglvhclgtcy kgtlg`l`

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@lclnjtl Ojfl yhurslca lplg`lgt hg tbl htblr plrshg‛s jmtkhg

@lclnjtl tjsfs

Nkvl rlsphgskdkckty th htblr plhpcl

Pjfl rlsphgskdkckty rjtblr tbjg ojfl lxmusls

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Ojgjnl outujc lxplmtjtkhgs Mcjrkay nlglrjc lxplmtjtkhgs ljrcy hg jg` lxpchrl splmkm lxplmtjtk-

hgs kg `ltjkc

]urajml jg` glnhtkjtl `kaalrlgmls kg lxplmtjtkhgs

Urhmlss jg` lvjcujtl bhw laalmtkvlcy yhu jrl whrfkgn thnltblr

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Pjdlc 49 Hvlrzkmbt vjg kgtlrvlgtkls `kl vlrtrhuwlg dlvhr`lrlg.

@lzl kgtlrvlgtkls zkig ghnjc vlrsmbkcclg` vjg jjr` lg ohlkckifblk`snrjj`. Yh zjc blt wlcckmbt llgvhu`knlr zkig ho j`vkls tl vrjnlg ha bucp tl nlvlg `jg ho llrckif tl zkig hvlr il wlrflckifl ohtklvlg. @jt cjjtstl vrjjnt gjjst llg nhl` dlwustzkig lg ohl` hhf jc llg djsks vjg vlrtrhuwlg, wjjr

olg hp `urat cluglg.Llg nrhtlr dlzwjjr tlnlg dhvlgstjjg`l sunnlstkls ks `jt zl ghnjc prlsmrkptkla fckgflg, jcs llgfhhfdhlf, jcs ojjfdjjr. Blt ckift jcsha blt olt blt vlrtrhuwlg tusslg tljocl`lg jcclojjc wlcnhl` fhot, wjggllr `lzl sunnlstkls slmuur nlghln hpnlvhcn` whr`lg. ^l wltlg kgok``lcs lmb-tlr `jt `l nlplrmkpkllr`l jodknuètlkt kg vllc tljos bhhn ks, lg `jt `kt blt dhuwlg vjg vlrtrhuwlghp jcclrclk ojgklrlg kg `l wln fjg stjjg.

Bhl `jg hhf, jccllg jc `hhr tl dlsprlflg wjt jcs vlrtrhuwlgwlfflg`l jmtkls `hhr tljocl`lglrvjrlg whr`t, zjc lr llg nlsprlf hp njgn fholg, zjc lr vlrjg`lrkgn kg `l kgtlrjmtkl hptrl`lg.

Pljocl`lg whr`lg zkmb dlwustlr vjg blt laalmt `jt blt lknlg bjg`lclg hp jg`lrlg bllat, vjg bltalkt `jt zki `hhr bug lknlg bjg`lclg `l wlrflckifblk` vjg blt tljo oll blcplg mhgstrulrlg.

Hhf bklr pjst blt lvlgwlc ho hgs tl rljckslrlg `jt cjgn gklt kl`lr tljock` lr dlcjgn dki lrvjjrt hohplg tl zkig, kgvchl` tl `lclg ha vlrwjmbtkgnlg tl ojgjnlg.

Gjjst `lzl nl`rjnskgtlrvlgtkls zkig strumtuurojjtrlnlclg dlbucpzjjo vhhr llg tljo `jt jjg vlr-trhuwlg wlrft. Yki nlvlg `uk`lckifblk` wjjr rlnlcs nlc`lg lg wjjr rukotl ks vhhr lxplrkolgt. @lstrumtuur blcpt tljocl`lg ho tl njjg olt spjggkgn `kl kg tljos hgvlroki`lckif hgtstjjt.

Bklrdki fjg nl`jmbt whr`lg jjg `l vhcnlg`l strumtuurdlvhr`lrlg`l jmtkls9Blt hg`lrzhlflg lg tlgschttl ahrouclrlg vjg blc`lrl lg `hhrclla`l `hlclg, tlzjolg oltuktwksslckgn hvlr kl`lrs dlcjgn bklrdki.Blt hg`lrzhlflg lg tlgschttl dlghlolg vjg rhcclg, tjflg, vlrjgtwhhr`lckifbl`lg lgbjg`lckgnsrukotl.

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4.



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Blt jastloolg hvlr djsjcl nl`rjnsrlnlcs kg blt tljo ho zh blt lvlgwkmbt tusslg vlrwjmb-tkgnlg lg vrkiblk` tl vlrblc`lrlg lg llg nhl`l djcjgs tl vkg`lg tusslg blt fglcclg vjg rlnlcslg blt bhuvjst `jt zl nlvlg.

Blt hrnjgkslrlg vjg prhalsskhglcl vjfnlrkmbtl kgtlrvkskl. Blt ks rlcjtkla vlkckn dki kl`lrs lknlg vjf tl stjrtlg, vjg `jjrukt drlgnlg olgslg jcs vjgzlca ollr plrshhgckifl hg`lrwlrplg kg,jjgnlzklg `l plrshhg lg `l vjfdlhlalgjjr uktlkg`lckif ëëg lg `lzlca`l zkig.Tuko lxplrkolgtlrlg olt blt nlvlg vjg zhwlc phsktklvl jcs mhgstrumtklvl lg hg`lrzhlflg`lall`djmf.Blt hrnjgkslrlg vjg llg vhro vjg kgghvjtkl, dkivhhrdllc` `hhr ok``lc vjg dlzkggkgn hp`l ghh`zjjf vjg kgghvjtkl, chshalrlg hvlr `l phtlgtkl lrvjg vhhr blt tljorlsuctjjt, lg

wjjr ohnlckifbl`lg cknnlg. Bklrthl zkig `ygjoksmbl wlrfvhrolg tl nldrukflg, wjjr`hhrhhf gklt-prhthtypksmbl k`llæg ph`kuo frkinlg.

Bhlwlc `lzl strumtuurdlvhr`lrlg`l jmtkls nlahroucllr` zkig kg tlrolg vjg hg`lrzhlflg lg -chshalrlg, `us vjg uktwksslckgn olt vllc rukotl, nlc`t hhf bklr blt dlzwjjr vjg kgstruolgtjcktlkt.

Blt rkskmh vjg fhhfdhlf`lgflg hgtstjjt, wjggllr dki `l uktvhlrkgn vjg `lrnlckifl sunnlstkls `lgj`ruf ollr hp blt rlsuctjjt cknt `jg hp blt prhmls. Gklt vhhr gklts zlnt vjg Choolc ‒`l vrjjnstlcclg ks dlcjgnrkiflr `jg blt vkg`lg vjg blt jgtwhhr`‛=;5.

Kl`lr tljo `jt zkmb hp blt nldkl` vjg vlrtrhuwlg, hplg mhoougkmjtkl lg bjgtlrlg vjg `l hg-`lrstrhho wkc hgtwkfflclg, zjc zlca ohltlg lxplrkolgtlrlg olt blt ” hp `kt oholgt lg dki `kttljo ” iukstl lvlgwkmbt tusslg rukotl lg rlnlcs, lg lrvjrlg bhl `lzl dlbhlatl kg `l tki` vlrjg-`lrt. Jjgnlzklg `kjchhn bklrdki llg hgoksdjjr bucpok``lc ks, lg hhf `l `klptl vjg `kjchhn nrhlktolt blt hgtwkfflclg vjg vlrtrhuwlg, zjc blt mhgmrltkslrlg vjg `lzl zjflg llg ktlrjtkla hg`lr-zhlfsprhmls zkig. Kl`lr vjg `l zls jmtkls vrjjnt olt lgknl arlqulgtkl hg`lrbhu` lg vlrgkluwkgn.

Qjgzlcasprlflg` ks mhoougkmjtkl hhf bklr llg sclutlcprhmls hp `l wln gjjr summls, bhl `jt sum-

mls `jg hhf nl`lgkllr` ks. Qjgzlcasprlflg` ks blt uktlrojtl cjstkn vhhr llg tljoojgjnlr, `kl zlca hhf hg`lr`llc vjg `l`ygjoklf ks, ho `kt prhmls olt nlpjstl jastjg` lg hdilmtkvktlkt tl dlnlclk`lg. Blt vjg tki` thttki` dltrlfflg vjg llg `hhr `l whc nlvlra` lg prhmlsnlrkmbtl mhcclnj vhhr kgtlrmhcclnkjcl rllm-tkl lg lvlgtullc tljowhrfsbhps nllat hhf blo rukotl tl hgt`lfflg wjt zkig rhc lg jjg`llc ks.

Plnlckiflrtki` vkg`t blt prhmls vjg vlrtrhuwlg dhuwlg gklt jccllg tki`lgs whrfsbhps pcjjts, ojjriukst hhf tki`lgs kgmk`lgtlg lg hgvhhrzklgl sktujtkls kg `l `jnlckifsl sjolgwlrfkgn. @jjrukt dckiftha blt nrhtl lg blt fclkgl vlrbjjc=;: ukt `lzlca`l kgtlgtkl vhhrtfholg.

Dlnlclk`kgn vjg tljos

]tjrt vjg blt tljoprhmls

Dkgglg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos blddlg wl nlzklg `jt shooknl tljocl`lg zkmb kg llg dlpjjc`l sktu-jtkl jcs llg vks kg blt wjtlr vhlclg ” zki zkig jcs blt wjrl `l ‒uktvkg`lrs‛ vjg `jt wjtlr ” lg `jt jg-`lrlg ollr ohlktl blddlg vhhr zkmbzlca llg mhoahrtjdlc ‒stlffkl‛ tl vkg`lg. Dki `l stjrt vjg llggkluw tljo, ha dki `l stjrt vjg llg hparksskgn vhhr llg dlstjjg` tljo, ks blt augmtkhgllc `jt kl`lr

vjg `l tljocl`lg hgwlggkn ks lg zkmb tki`lckif hgnlojfflckif vhlct. @jt kl`lr hp zhlf ohlt gjjrdltlflgks kg `l gkluwl sktujtkl, `jt `l ohrls kg llrstl kgstjgtkl vlrsmbhvlg zkig, `l vhhrstlcckgnlglg `l ojmbtsdjsls nlwkizkn` zkig. @upuy zlnt blt zh9

=;5 Uko vjg Choolc kg vjg `lr Okig, 4552, pn :5

=;: tlg Bjvl, 4555, pn 12

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1.



411

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Pry jg` pcjml jmthrs kg j mhgtlxt kg wbkmb kt ks th tblkr j`vjgtjnl th jmt `kaalrlgtcy.‟ =;4

Jjgnlzklg `l vrjjn dlcjgnrkiflr ks `jg blt jgtwhhr`, njjt blt lr hhf kg `lzl ajsl ho lcfjjr jcstljocl`lg vrjnlg tl stlcclg `kl lrthl `hlg. Ho olt llg hplg bhu`kgn tlg jjgzklg vjg ohnlckifluktfhostlg tl hg`lrzhlflg wlcfl vlrsmbkcclg`l plrmlptkls lr splclg. Ho gklt `krlmt tl dlpjclg

wjt ‒wjjr‛ ha wjt ‒iukst‛ ks. @hhr vhhrja rlsuctjtlg ja tl sprlflg, dchffllrt blt prhmls vjg dlwustwhr`kgn =;=. @jt prhmls bllat rukotl gh`kn. Kg llg lrnlckifl vlrflggkgn hgtstjjg llrstl mhgthurlg vjg l gkluwl tljomhgtlxt vjgukt dlnrkp vjg l plrsplmtklvlg vjg l dltrhfflglg. Yh fugglg zki ” ukt lknlgdlcjgn ” bug bjg lckgnsstrjtlnkl kg ckig drlgnlg olt wjt gh kn ks vhhr tljo lg hrnjgk-sjtkl. Jc`us wlrflg` hgtstjjt `l nrhhtstl fjgs hp vlrjgflr`l vlrsmbukvkgnlg, jc dckivlg `l splclrs`lzlca`l. Hhf l fluzl vjg kgtlrvlgtkls fjg bklrdki blcplg. Blt uktlg vjg plrshhgckifl lohtkhglcllrvjrkgnlg dkivhhrdllc` ks kg llrstl kgstjgtkl vlrhgtrustlg` vhhr tljocl`lg6 blt bjjct blg ukt bugmhoahrtzhgl. Yhg`lr vlrwjrrkgn lmbtlr nllg wlzlgckifl vlrjg`lrkgn. Hp cjgnlrl tlrokig `rjjntblt dki jjg ollr hplgblk` lg dkg`kgn.

Kgtlrvlgtkls kg dlstjjg`l tljos

Kl`lr tljo ks ugklf kg `l mhodkgjtkl vjg bjjr hp`rjmbt, blt sjolgstlc vjg `l plrshhgckifbl`lglg `l mhgtlxt wjjrkg nlwlrft whr`t. @kt vrjjnt jctki` llrst ho rllxkl hp `l stjrtphsktkl vjg blttljo lg l nrhlkstjpplg kl blt wkc ojflg. Dkigj kl`lr tljo ks k`lgtklf kg l plrojglgtl dlbhlatltht blt lcfjjr stlcclg vjg vrjnlg kl lrthl hlg. Qjgukt l hhnst vjg lzl vlrflggkgn fjg nlflflg

whr`lg hp wlcfl jsplmtlg vjg nrhlps`ygjoklf jjg`jmbt wlgslckif ks.

Hg`lrzhlf thhgt jjg `jt kgtlrvlgtkls kg dlstjjg`l tljos, `kl zkmb uktscuktlg` rkmbtlg hp `l zkmbt-djrl kgtlrplrshhgckifl kgtlrjmtkl kg `l dhvlgstrhho, `l okgstl fjgs blddlg ho `l tljoplrahr-ojgml phsktkla tl dlègvchl`lg=;0. Kgtlrvlgtkls `jjrlgtlnlg `kl jjg`jmbt dlstl`lg jjg `l hg`lr-

strhho, `jjroll `l flrg vjg `l jccl`jjnsl rljcktlkt vjg blt tljo rjflg lg `krlmt nlrkmbt zkig hptjjfprhmlsslg, zhjcs blt vlrblc`lrlg vjg dlcjgnlg lg `hlclg, dckiflg vllc ollr fjgs hp vlrjg`l-rkgn tl nlvlg=;<. Nllg trjgsahrojtkl fjg scjnlg zhg`lr vlrdkg`kgn olt trjgsjmtkls=;1.

Plg jjgzklg vjg blt wlrflg jjg prhmlsslg bllrst `l (hgdlwustl) hvlrtuknkgn ” vhhrtfholg` uktllg ojmbkgl- ha ojjfdjjrblk`spjrj`knoj ” `jt wlrflg jjg ëëg lgflc hg`lr`llc vlrdltlrkgn vjgblt nlbllc tl zklg zjc nlvlg. Yh rkmbtlg vllc kgtlrvlgtkls zkmb hp blt vlrdltlrlg vjg dl`rkias- ha

wlrfprhmlsslg kg `l tljos, zjflg kg `l dhvlgstrhho, zhg`lr tlnlckiflrtki` tl wlrflg jjg zjflgukt `l hg`lrstrhho jcs ojmbtsdlbhlatl lg vlrtrhuwlg. Okigs kgzklgs ks `kt ëëg vjg `l kccuskls `kl

vlrjg`lrjjrs lg bug hp`rjmbtnlvlrs kfwkics fhlstlrlg. Blt ckift llg vlkcknl dlgj`lrkgn9 pcjgojtknstufil vhhr stufil vlrdhuwlg. Llg ollr bhckstksmbl jjgpjf, olt rukotl vhhr wjt zkmb vhhr`hlt

vjgukt hg lrlg dhvlgstrhho, ks ghh`zjflckif ho wlrflckif klts kg dlwlnkgn tl drlgnlg.

Pht scht vlrflrlg vllc vlrjg lrjjrs kg `l kccuskl, `jt llg hrnjgksjtkl-llgblk` kg kshcjtkl ‒tl hgtwkf-flclg‛ ks. Blt systllo`llc, ha `kt gu llg tljo, llg ja`lckgn ha llg splmklfl mjtlnhrkl ol`lwlr-flrs ks, stjjt vhhr lg gj `l vlrjg`lrkgn kg rlcjtkl olt `l mhgtlxt, lg fjg `l rlcjtkl bklroll gkltllgzki`kn dlpjclg. @l ohnlckifl djg`drll`tl vjg vlrjg`lrkgnlg kg tljos whr`t `jg hhf ol`ldlpjjc` `hhr dlègvchl`kgnsohnlckifbl`lg kg `l mhgtlxt vjg blt tljo.

=;4 @upuy, 4550, pn ::1

=;= Uko vjg Choolc kg vjg `lr Okig, 4552, pn :5

=;0 Bjrhc`, :;>2, kg Mhstj, 4555, pn 0<

=;< ^hh ojg & ]blrwhh`, :;25, kg Mhstj, 4555, pn 0<, kg Mhstj, 4555, pn 0<

=;1 vjg `lg Dlrn lt jc., 4550, pn. ==



41>


Kgtlrvlgtkls kg rlcjtkl tht tljovhcwjsslgblk`

Kg bug tblhrkl hvlr sktujtkhgllc clk`lrsmbjp dlghlolg Blrsly & Dcjgmbjr`=;> vklr gkvljus vjgtljovhcwjsslgblk`. @lzl kg`lckgn sthlct hp `l ojtl wjjrkg `l tljocl`lg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`

glolg vhhr `l bklr-lg-gu sktujtkl lg lcfjjr jjgsprlflg, lg hp `l ojtl wjjrkg blt nl`rjn vjg `ltljoclk`lr pjst dki l hgtwkfflckgn vjg blt tljo. Qlrsmbkcclg`l ajslg vjg tljovhcwjsslgblk` vrj-nlg koolrs ho llg jjgnlpjstl wlrfwkizl lg (zlca-) sturkgn.

Jjgnlzklg `kt hg`lrzhlf uktnlvhlr` ks olt `rkl tljos `kl dlstjjg ukt bhhnhpnlclk`l prhalsskh-gjcs, fjg `l kg`ruf zkig hgtstjjg `jt wl bklr tl ojflg blddlg olt rlcjtkla stlrf hgtwkfflc`l, rkipltljos. Blt tlnlg`llc ks lmbtlr wjjr. Kg tlrolg vjg `l nlghlo`l kg`lckgn whr`lg `l hg`lrzhlfs-tljos hp vlrsmbkcclg`l nl`rjnsvjrkjdlclg nlrlflg` tht `l twll okgst vhcwjsslg gkvljus. JccllgNHU smhhrt olt lgflcl nl`rjnkgnlg lg hvlrtuknkgnlg hp blt `lr`l gkvlju. Qjgukt `lzl mhgstjtl-rkgn dlzklg ks blt dlnrkiplckif `jt nl`llc` clk`lrsmbjp dki NHU uktlkg`lckif gklt summlsvhc ks nldcl-flg9 blt tljo wjs lr gklt vhc`hlg`l rkip vhhr, olt gjol wjt dltrlat vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk`sdlslalg `l ojtl vjg hplg mhoougkmjtkl.

\ktkgnlg wjjroll NHU wlc rlcjtkla bhnlr smhhrt kg tljovhcwjsslgblk` zkig dkivhhrdllc`9 l zkig dltlr `jg jg`lrl tljos ha ja`lckgnlg. ^ki zkig dkizhg`lr! ^ki zkig llg tljo! ^ki bhrlg dki lcfjjr!Gklt kl`lrllg fjg dki hgs bhrlg6 wlc ijoolr vhhr jg`lrlg lg wjt llg nlcuf vhhr hgs.

Jcs il lr jcs gkluwlckgn dki wkct bhrlg, ohlt il wlc jjg hgzl lkslg vhc`hlg. l blddlg nllg dlbhlatl jjg k`llæg `kl gklt jjgscuktlg dki hgs nl`jmbtlnhl`.

Bklr sprllft lglrzki`s l dkg`kgn lg llgblk` kg blt tljo ukt, jg`lrzki`s hhf blt zkmb jascuktlg gjjr`l honlvkgn.

Blt ks `us nllgszkgs zh `jt `l bklr vhhrnlstlc`l vlrtjckgn gjjr `l prjftkif jccllg hpnjjt vhhr rkiplha rlcjtkla vhcwjsslg tljos. @jt cjjt hgvlrclt `jt kgtlrvlgtkls jctki` janlstlo` ohltlg zkig hp `lsplmklfl sktujtkl lg plrahrojgml vjg llg tljo. Blt vrjjnt vjg l tljodlnlclk`lr us hdslrvjtkl-

vlrohnlg, kgzkmbt kg nrhlpsprhmlsslg, nlsprlfsvjjr`knbl`lg lg llg rljc tkol prhmlsmymcus, zh`jthdslrvjtkls tlr pclffl gjjr blt tljo nlspklnlc` lg `krlmt hg`lrzhmbt fugglg whr`lg. @jjrgjjst

vrjjnt prhmlsdlnlclk`kgn vjg tljos llg `kffl buk` lg lgknl drutjcktlkt vjg l dlnlclk`lr ho dchhttl clnnlg wjt blt tljo kgstkgmtkla thlnl`lft wkc bhu`lg.

]jolgvjttlg`

Jcs dlcjgnrkifstl kgtlrvlgtkls tlg jjgzklg vjg l kgbhu` vjg tljodlnlclk`kgn zkig kg kt bhha`stuf

nlghlo`9

Yhrn `jt `l tljocl`lg ollr zkmbt frkinlg wjt kl`lrs dlcjgn ks, bhl `lzl dlcjgnlg nl`klg`fugglg whr`lg, ha zl oholgtllc nl`klg` whr`lg.

Yhrn `jt `l tljocl`lg ollr zkmbt frkinlg hp kl`lrs frjmbt lg bhl `lzl tl dlguttlg.

Blt njjt lr bklr kg alktl ho wkl blt llrst zkig vhhrstlcckgn vjg nlollgsmbjpplckifblk` `urat tlstjflg lg llrckiflr fjg zkig hvlr zkig wlrflckifl dlcjgnlg, olt blt rkskmh vjg vlrsthtkgn.

=;> Blrsly & Dcjgmbjr`, :;1;

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412

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Nj olt lcfjjr gj ha `l prlstjtkls vjg kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg gjjr bug lknlg dlclvkgn vhc`hlg-`l zkmbtdjjr zkig. Yh gklt, dl`lgf `jjr sjolg llg jg`lrl kgvucckgn vhhr lg prhdllr `kl ukt.

Dlwustzkig lg rllmtkl hp blt lknlg lg blt nlollgsmbjpplckif bjg`lclg.

Dlghlo vlrsmbkcclg dkgglg blt tljo lg tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt. @jjn `l tljocl`lg ukt tldl`lgflg bhl `lzl vlrsmbkcclg prhùmtkla tl ojflg zkig, vhhrjc wjjr `lzl ‒stlflg‛.

Dlstll` jjg`jmbt jjg wjt zkmb jaspllct kg `l hg`lrstrhho, wlls gkluwsnklrkn gjjr dlcjgnlg,lohtkls lg `rkiavlrlg vjg kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg lg bhl `kl zkmb tht lcfjjr vlrbhu`lg. @jjntljocl`lg ukt (wllr) hg`lrzhlflg`l vrjnlg tl stlcclg.

Nj kg llg splcvhro gj wlcfl vhhrstlcckgnlg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus nlspllc` whr`lg.Gklt jccls bhlat uktnlsprhflg tl whr`lg ho tht dlwustwhr`kgn tl clk`lg.

Dlègvchl` hhf `l mhgtlxt vjg blt tljo.

Yhlf dlwust vlrdkg`kgn tusslg ‒dkgglg‛ lg ‒duktlg‛. Jcs dlcjgnrkifstl kgtlrvlgtkls tlg jjgzklg vjg blt prhmls vjg tljodlnlclk`kgn zkig kg `ktbhha`stuf nlghlo`9

Nj hp zhlf gjjr llg lrvjrlg prhmlsdlnlclk`lr kg ha dki blt tljo

Yhrn vhhr llg ‒drll` prhmls‛, olt vllc rukotl, ohnlckifl tht dlwlnkgn hp wlcf vcjf `jg hhf, wjjrkg kl`lrllg jjg dh` fhot lg zkmb okg ha ollr ‒nlckifwjjr`kn dchhtnllat‛. Llg `lrnlckifprhmls gllot `l tki` `kl blt gh`kn bllat.

Cjjt blt tljo llg jjgpjf fklzlg ukt `l nlghlo`l vlrtrhuwlgdhuwlg`l jmtkls lg `l strum-tuurdlvhr`lrlg`l jmtkls, ha jg`lrl shhrtnlckifl jmtkls. Blt ojjft gklt zhvllc ukt wlcfl jmtkls

nlfhzlg whr`lg, blt `hlc ks `jt lr rukotl vhhr nlsprlf hgtstjjt lg `jt `kt `jj`wlrflckifhp njgn fhot. Jccllg jc `hhr tl dlsprlflg wjt jcs vlrtrhuwlgdhuwlg`l jmtkls `hhr tljo-cl`lg lrvjrlg whr`t, zjc lr llg nlsprlf hp njgn fholg, zjc lr vlrjg`lrkgn kg `l kgtlrjmtklhptrl`lg

Bjjc `l tljocl`lg ukt bug mhoahrtzhgl, `jt mrlælrt dlwlnkgn!

Dltlflgks vhhr blt wlrflg kg tljos

jt dltlflglg `l uktfhostlg vjg `lzl stu`kl vhhr blt wlrflg kg tljos8

@l hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho zkig dlpjclg`l ajmthrlg kg blt clvlg lg wlrflg kg llg tljo. Qjgukt

blt dlsla `jt `l hg`lrstrhho llg dlcjgnrkifl, ojjr gklt vhc`hlg`l hg`lrflg`l ajmthr ks, zkig `lbklr vhhrnlstlc`l kgtlrvlgtkls jccl nlrkmbt hp blt zkmbt nlvlg jjg dltrhfflglg hp l hg`lrstrhho,blt alkt `jt `kl lr ks, clrlg zklg bhl `lzl zkmb ” stll`s wllr jg`lrs ” kg blt dltrlaalg`l tljo ukt.Blt dlsla `jt `l hg`lrstrhho lr ks lg stlrfl kgvchl` bllat, zjc jc llg nrhht vlrsmbkc ojflg kg `ldlclvkgn vjg tljoclvlg `hhr tljocl`lg. Llg vhcnlg`l lg hgvlroki`lckifl stjp ks `jg ho, wjjrohnlckif, `l nrlgs tusslg hg`lrstrhho lg dhvlgstrhho kg dlwlnkgn tl drlgnlg, dlk`l kg hovjgntlrun tl drlgnlg. ]unnlstkls vhhr kgtlrvlgtkls spktslg zkmb `jg hhf vhhrjc thl hp blt vlrnrhtlg

vjg blt dlwustzkig vjg `l kgbhu` lg vlrsmbkigkgnsvhro vjg dlk`l strholg lg blt dlègvchl`lg vjg `l nrlgs tusslg dhvlg- lg hg`lrstrhho.

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41;


Blt clrlg bjgtlrlg vjg jodknuètlkt ” `kt zlcas jcs prkojkrl kgtlrvlgtkl nldrukflg ” ks llg sclutlc vhhr llg summlsvhccl tljoplrahrojgml. Kgtlrvlgtkls `kl tljos blcplg honjjg olt `l jodknuètlkt`kl kgblrlgt ks jjg bug mhopclxl honlvkgn

vlrdkg`lg trjgsjmtkl (prlstjtkl) olt trjgsahrojtkl (vlrjg`lrkgn)rkmbtlg zkmb hp kgtlrvlgtkls `kl jjg`jmbt dlstl`lg jjg `l hg`lrstrhho6 `jjroll rjflg zki `lflrg vjg `l jccl`jjnsl rljcktlkt vjg blt tljo6 kg ckig olt =.: rkmbtlg zki zkmb mhgmrllt hp tjjf-prhmlsslg, zhjcs blt vlrblc`lrlg vjg dlcjgnlg lg `hlclg.nldrukflg jodknuètlkt zlca jcs bjg`vjt ho hgzkmbtdjjrblk`, hgzlflrblk`, hg`uk`lckifblk` lghgwltlg`blk` tl clrlg bjgtlrlg.stlcclg blt prhmls kg llrstl kgstjgtkl dhvlg `l kgbhu`.

jggllr llg dlnlclk`lr lr gjjr strllat tl wlrflg olt wjt zkmb jjg`klgt, ks `l fluzl tusslg `l hgtwlrp- lg hgtwkfflcdlgj`lrkgn `jjroll nlojjft.

Cuft blt hgs ho sjolg llg stufil vjg blt dllc` tl vlrchsslg `jt kg blt ojrolr vlrsmbhclg cknt8

~ vrki gjjr Okmblcjgnlch ~

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4>5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



4>:

@llc KKK B :4

Plrundckf vjg dltrhfflglg

– jt augmtkhgllc lg `ksaugmtkhgllc ks, ks jabjgflckif vjg il plrsplmtkla.

Lr ks jctki` wlc rkoplckgn kg blt wjtlr, wjggllr whr`t blt nlvhlc` jcs nhcascjn8‟ ~ Ijmmh vjg Cklrhp, = iuck 4552 ~

Bhl fkiflg `l tljocl`lg vjg NHU tlrun hp bug ijrlg kg blt tljo8 Kl`lr dlclla`l `lzl plrkh`l

vjgukt zkig ha bjjr lknlg plrsplmtkla, olt kl`lr llg ugklfl vhhrnlsmbkl`lgks, llg lknlg jjg`llc lgdlcjgn.

@rjjksoj stlct `jt blt nlblunlg blt vlrcl`lg rlvksllrt=;2.

–Lcfl blrkgglrkgn scukt llg mhgtjmt tusslg twll phclg kg l tki`9 thlg lg gu. jt il il blrkgglrt fjg nkstlrlg ha llg bjcvl lluw nlcl`lg zkig nldlur`, `jt il il `kl nldlurtlgks blrkgglrt spllct zkmb jakg blt bl`lg. Il klts blrkgglrlg `hl il gu. Kg `l blrkgglrkgn vlrsmbkigt `jjr`hhr gklt jccllg klts vjgvrhlnlr kg blt bl`lg, lr fhot honlfllr` hhf klts vjg il nlvhlclgs lg nl`jmbtlg vjg kt oholgt kg ilblrkgglrkgn tlrlmbt. Blrkgglrkgnlg zkig nllg hssklrs kl gj kgzjnl wllr tlrun blt nlblunlg kg njjgzhjcs zl lr zkig uktnlfholg. Yl vlrjg`lrlg kg blt nldrukf. Lg `l blrkgglrkgn jjg llg lg `lzlca`l

nldlurtlgks fjg, jabjgflckif vjg il stlookgn vjg blt oholgt, vlrsmbkcclg` jjgvhlclg.‟ =;;

Llg dlclvlgks vjg vrhlnlr fhot kg blt bl`lg`jjnsl nlblunlg, lg whr`t hvlr`jmbt kg `l mhg-tlxt vjg blt wltlg vjg gu9 wjt lr `jjrgj ks nldlur`, bhl blt `l vlrsmbkcclg`l splclrs ks vlrnjjg.@l nldlurtlgks vjg thlg zkl il hgvlroki`lckif kg llg plrsplmtkla vjg gu, ihuw plrsplmtkla. Hhf

jnlgjjr055 stlct `jt wl vhhrt`urlg` dlzkn zkig hgzl blrkgglrkgnlg tl vlrgkluwlg. Blt ks llgplrojglgtl rlmhgstrumtkl vjg hgs clvlg vjgukt `l phsktkl wjjr wl gù stjjg. @l drhg vjg `l kg-ahrojtkl blrkgglrlg wl hgs `jjrdki gklt9 ha `jt gu `l dlclvkgn zlca ks, `l vlrtlcckgn vjg jg`lrlg`jjrhvlr, llg ahth, ha wjt `jg hhf.@rjjksoj nllat vlrsmbkcclg`l jjgsprlflg`l vhhrdllc`lg, zhjcs llg hu`l ojg `kl zkig nlzkg bllathvlrclla`, lg fkift gjjr llg ahthhtil vjg zkig `hmbtlrtil, wjjrvjg bki gu wllt `jt `kl jcs ihgnl

vrhuw ks hvlrcl`lg.

– jt `l Clkmj stkczlttl, ks ollnlrlks` kg `l tki` lg vlrvchlkt gu olt zkig blrkgglrkgnlg‟. 05:

Blt ëëg ks gklt chs tl ojflg vjg blt jg`lr. Yh njjt blt hhf olt wjt kl`lr vjg `l tljocl`lg zkmb vjg zkig ha bjjr tljo lg zkig ha bjjr rhc jjrkg blrkgglrt. @l blrkgglrkgn bklrjjg whr`t dlègvchl``hhr `jt wjt lrhp ks nlvhcn`, lg `l buk`knl phsktkl. Dkivhhrdllc` llg pclzklrknl ha iukst okg`lr

=;2 @rjjksoj, 4552, pn ::;

=;; @rjjksoj, 4552, pn ::=

055 ^.J. jnlgjjr, =5 slptlodlr 4552, Tj`kh:, Qkccj QUTH

05: @rjjksoj, 4552, pn 1=



4>4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

kgspkrlrlg`l vhcnlg`l (wlrf)rlcjtkl ojjft `l blrkgglrkgn jjg `l rlcjtkl lrvhhr okg`lr ohhk haiukst dlnlrlgswjjr`knlr.

Blrkgglrkgnlg vjg olgslg `kl sjolg kg llg tljo kg `lzlca`l plrkh`l blddlg ollnlojjft zucclg

ùs vlrsmbkcclg, lg gklt jccllg vjgwlnl bug vlrsmbkcclg` plrsplmtkla tlg tki`l vjg `l bjg`lckgn,ojjr hhf `hhr`jt bug nlsmbkl`lgks vjg `l tki` lrgê vlrsmbkct. @jjrdki ohltlg wl dltrlfflg wjt

Qhgf stlct hvlr `l dltrhuwdjjrblk` vjg wjt olgslg hvlr zkmbzlca olc`lg kg zlcarjpphrtjnls9`jt blt kg bhnl ojtl nlmhgstrullr`l vlrfcjrkgnlg lg vlrbjclg zkig, gklt nldjsllr` hp wlrflckiflzlcaflggks054. Hhf Fhht & ]jdlcks05= nlvlg jjg `jt blt vhhr olgslg vjg dlcjgn ks llg nlhr`lg`

vlrbjjc hvlr bug clvlg tl fugglg vlrtlcclg. Llg vlrbjjc wjjrukt dckift `jt olg zkig lknlg clvlgs-nlsmbkl`lgks nhl` wllt tl ojgjnlg. Bklrthl fugglg (rl)mhgstrumtkls nldrukft whr`lg, jc gjjrnlcjgn l sktujtkl kl olg wkc kgtlnrlrlg. Lëg plrshhg fjg zh hvlr vlrsmbkcclg`l vlrbjclg dlsmbkf-flg rhg` ëëg sktujtkl. Hvlr `l kccuskl vjg ojjfdjjrblk` nlsprhflg.

NHU-cl`lg dckiflg hhf tki`lgs `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l jc nllg blc`lr dllc` ollr tl blddlg vjg

rlmlgtl nldlurtlgksslg. Yh bllat Gjgj tki`lgs blt twll`l kgtlrvklw dkivhhrdllc` nllg k`ll ollr vjg `l alktlckifl hpllgvhcnkgn vjg nldlurtlgksslg kg blt tljo kg blt ijjr lrvhhr. @jvl wllt kg bltgjnlsprlf zlflr `jt bki lr gklt dki wjs hp `l cjjtstl tljodkillgfhost, wjjrkg dlschtlg wlr` wklnkgn ha dclla.

Dki blt jjgrlkflg vjg `l tlfstlg hvlr `l tljos vrjjnt Arjgs ol ‒Bld iki kgtlrvklws nlbhu`lg8‛. Ij,olt ihu hhf. Pwll.

Nlcuffkn djsllrt `kt wlrf zkmb vhhr nrhtl `lclg hp djg`hpgjols vjg kgtlrvklws wjjrkg nlègtlr- vklw`lg dlbjcvl hvlr zkmbzlca hhf vlrtlcclg bhl zki bug tljonlghtlg zklg, lg hvlr tljodkillg-fhostlg. @jjroll zkig ” vjg `kl oholgtlg ” `l whhr`lg, `l tlopk, `l kgthgjtkl lg blt jjg`llc

vjg kl`lrl splclr kg llg kgtlrvklw ha dkillgfhost vjstnlcln`. Jcs splc`lg bhu`lg kl oholgthp-

gjolg blt wllaslc hp z‛g pclf, wjt gklt wkc zlnnlg `jt blt wllaslc tusslg `l splc`lg nllg vlrjg-`lrkgn zhu fugglg hg`lrnjjg. @rjjksoj ks `jjr ùk`lckif kg, bki stlct `jt hgs nlblunlg llg tlcflgs wksslclg` vlrcl`lg mhgstrullrt, zlflr jcs blt gklt nlbhu`lg ks jjg ghtktkls lg jg`lrl vjstclnnkgn.Kg blt jcnlollg blddlg olgslg l glknkgn okg`lr ohhkl ltjkcs ukt bug blrkgglrkgn wln tl cjtlg,

vjjf bllc sudtklc. @l dltlflgksslg vjg olgslg lg nldlurtlgksslg fugglg vlrjg`lrlg050.

Hg`lrstjjg` llg jjgtjc plrshhgckifl rljmtkls vjg NHU-cl`lg hp `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg kg `l bhha`-stufflg = tht lg olt 2. Clt wlc, `l tljocl`lg blddlg bklrdki `l vhhrnjjg`l bhha`stufflg hvlrblt l ygjoklf kg l mhgtlxt kg llc K, ghmb l lrhp vhcnlg`l bhha`stufflg vjg llc KKK nlclzlg.Yki rljnlrlg ùs uktscuktlg` hp `l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg `l lopkrkl lg llg llrstl dlsmbhuwkgn `jjrhpplr tbloj. @l dlsmbrkivkgn vjg dlvkg`kgnlg ukt blt vlc`hg`lrzhlf lg zlflr `l dlsmbhuwkgnlg`rjnlg vjgzlcasprlflg` tlflglg vjg okig ctlrs, dltlflgksslg lg rlmhgstrumtkl.

@l rljmtkls vjg NHU-cl`lg stjjg dlfghpt wllrnlnlvlg kg `l vhcnhr`l wjjrhp `l dltrhfflglgbug all`djmf nlnlvlg blddlg. ]hos olt llg fhrtl rljmtkl vjg okig fjgt hp nlstlc`l vrjnlg ha

vlrhg`lrstlcckgnlg.

054 Qhgf, ohg`lckgnl mhoougkmjtkl, :2 jprkc 4552

05= Fhht & ]jdlcks, 4555, pn <0

050 @rjjksoj, 4552, pn ::2-:4:



4>=

PLT\NDCKF QJG DLPTHFFLGLG

Ksj

Llg arllcjgmlr `kl tki`lgs `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l lg gu ghn olt NHU sjolgwlrft kg fcjgtlvlgts 9

–Jcs kf `l dlsmbrkivlg`l bhha`stufflg clls, `jg fhot jccls ukt `kl tki` wllr tlrun. Blt ks zhblrflgdjjr, dki gklts bld kf nl`jmbt ‒bhl fhot zl bklrdki8‛. @l plrshgjnls zkig blrflgdjjr, lmbt plrshglg, rkif nlsthaallr`.‟

–Yhjcs il smbrkiat… Hhf kg blt kgbhu`lckifl wlrf tki`lgs lvlgts prhdllr`l il wjt il zjn gklt tl pcjjtslg kg `l oh`lcclg `kl il flg`l, ojjr dhh` il rukotl jjg ‒wjt lr ks‛.‟

–Kf vrjjn ol wlc ja9 Bhl bld il thlg fugglg augmtkhglrlg, tlrwkic il `kt jcclojjc bhhr`l lgzjn8‟

–Kf `lgf `jt blt vlrstjg`kn ks ilzlca tl dlsmblrolg lg okg`lr hplg hvlr ilzlca tl smbrkivlg, hhf

jc wjs il tljock`.‟ Kf zjn ‒`kt jcclojjc‛ thlg gklt lmbt, wllt kf jmbtlrja, jg`lrs bj` kf blt kg`lr`jj` gklt vhhr olfugglg bhu`lg. Kf olrftl tki`lgs `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l vjg NHU wlc dlpjjc`l hg`lrstrholg kgolzlca hp, nlvhlclgs vjg vlrblunkgn, vlrdjzkgn lg hhf dukfpkig, ojjr `kl bld hp `jt oholgtjccllg fugglg skngjclrlg. Blt wjs ”vlrohl` kf jmbtlrja ” tl dl`rlknlg` ho zl thl tl cjtlg lg tldlnrkiplg, lg zlflr `hhrzjn kf `l sjolgbjgn gklt. Kg `kt gjnlsprlf olt Ksj rljcksllr kf ol `jt kf,kg `l mhodkgjtkl vjg rhcclg jcs tljock` lg hg`lrzhlflr, `l vlrstrlflg ijrlg gh`kn bld nlbj` hohhf `l gklt prlttknl kg`rufflg lg lohtkls thl tl cjtlg. @jjroll dlg kf hhf pjs hp tlrokig okiglknlg rhc kg blt nlbllc vjg kgtlrjmtkls njjg `hhrzklg. Kl`lrllg smblrot zkmb ja vhhr wjt tl blatkn,tl dl`rlknlg` ks (ha ckift) ho tl dlvjttlg. Lg gklt kl`lr tljock` bllat `lzl plrkh`l zh cjgn`urkn lg

kgtlgskla `hhrvhrst. @jt tlflgt llg dlcjgnrkif vlrsmbkc kg phsktkl tusslg oki jcs tljock`-hg`lrzhl-flr lg `l jg`lrl NHU-cl`lg. Blt ks `jg hhf gklt vlrwhg`lrckif `jt gklt jccl NHU-cl`lg blt vjgNHU nlsmbltstl dllc` blrflgglg.

Lccks

@l iugkhr dkgglg NHU `kl lkg` 4550 blt tljo vlrcjjt lg tlg tki`l vjg `lzl all`djmf dki T&^ukt `klgst njjt9

–Cluf ho tl clzlg! @kt ks tlrun kg `l tki`. Jmbtlrja ks tl zklg bhl wl ‒t lrvjrlg blddlg. jtjg`lrlg nlzln` blddlg. Yhjcs iki blt gllrnlsmbrlvlg bldt, zh vhlc`l `l ‛t hhf.‟

–Gu stjjt ‒t hp pjpklr, lg kl`lr bllat vrki fugglg prjtlg kg `l kgtlrvklws. Jcs wl `kt thlg nl`llc`zhu`lg blddlg, `jg zhu kf kg o‛g smbucp njjg. Bltzlca`l pjtrhhg jcs thlg.‟

–Kf vrjjn ol jmbtlrja ja9 ‒ jjrho bld kf zhcjgn dki NHU nlzltlg8‛ Kf bld lrn dlst o‛g dlst nl`jjg ho lrdki tl bhrlg. Gu vrjjn kf ol ja ‒ jt wjs okig wkgst thlg8 jjrho wkc`l kf lr zh nrjjn dkibhrlg8‛ Kf bld lr wlc llg fgjuw kg o‛g zlcavlrtrhuwlg `hhr nlbj`.‟

–Lccks pjst gklt‟... @jt ks ghhkt nlzln`, ojjr il vhlct blt wlc, jccjgn. Kf zkl gu pjs wjt l jg`lrlg nlzln` blddlg.

– jt ol gu zh hpvjct9 @l sallr kg llg slsskl ks mhopcllt jg`lrs `jg lrduktlg.‟



4>0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Ojjr blt wjs nhl`l plrkh`l. Il fhot ilzlca tlnlg. Ojjr kf fho olzlca gu ‒t ollst tlnlg, gu kf`kt clls. Blt ks llg shhrt `jndhlf. Jmbtlrja zh ohhk ho tl clzlg.‟

–Ghn llgs sjolg tlrunfkiflg8 Kf zhu kg `lzlca`l pjtrhglg smbkltlg.‟

Lccks ks kg stjjt ho hhr `l blrdlclvkgn vjg ‒`l pkig vjg thlg‛ bllg tl fkiflg gjjr wjt blt clvlg oltlg dkgglg NHU bjjr bllat nldrjmbt.

@jvl

@jvl fhot jcs ëëg gj cjjtstl dki NHU, bki ojjft l cjjtstl jg`lrbjca ijjr vjg l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l`llc ukt vjg blt tljo,lg ks dlnkg 4551 olt Ujucj llg lknlg dl`rkia dlnhgglg olt `lzlca`l `klgst-

vlrclgkgn jcs NHU9

–Nlf ho `kt tl clzlg. Blt drlgnt blrkgglrkgnlg tlrun, lg kf olrf hhf `jt kf ol gklt jccls blrkgglr. Dkivhhrdllc` hgzl cjjtstl tljo olltkgn `kl dlsmbrlvlg whr`t, wjjrkg dlschtlg whr`t wkl dckiatlg wkl njjt. Qhcnlgs oki dlg kf `jjr gklt dki nlwllst. @jjr blrkgglr kf ol gklts vjg.‟

–Jccls wjt nlsmbrlvlg ks hvlr NHU ks wjjr, vhhr zhvlr kf wllt. Ojjr kf vkg` wlc `jt lr kg `ldlsmbrkivkgn llg ahmus cknt hp `l `ksaugmtkhglcl jsplmtlg. ^jt ks lr oks oll ho llg gkluw tljock``jt l rust vlrsthhrt lrukt tl nhhklg8 @jg fugglg wki wllr vlr`lr. Hhf blt alkt jt hgs hlc jawkiftvjg `jt wjt `l hrnjgksjtkl vhhr hgs dl`lgft. Bklr whr`t kgnlnjjg hp `l nlvhcnlg `jjrvjg, ojjrbhl lrn ks `jt ghu8‟

–^ki vjg NHU wjrlg nlwhhg llg tljo `jt blt nlwâc`kn vhg` ho prjmbtkn wlrf vhhr fcjgtlgtl `hlg. Kf `lgf `jt pjsskl okssmbklg zlcas wlc hgs `hlc wjs. ^jt wjs lknlgckif blt `hlc `jt wl

nl`lgkllr` bj``lg8‟

–@kl oltjahhr vjg llg ojgksmb-`lprlsskla systllo… Kf vkg` blo gklt zh stlrf. Kf `lgf llr`lrjjg `l vlrnlckifkgn olt llg iugfkl. @kl bllat cjst vjg lxtrlol buolurwksslckgnlg jcs bki nllg sbhtfrkint. @kl flgt nllg nrlgzlg. Jcs-kl llg sbht bllat `jg wllt-kl `jt-kl lr hvlrbllg njjt, ojjr °t kshhf wlc vrlslckif clfflr. Nllg sbht8 @jg ks-kl prkfflcdjjr lg lprlsskla. @l iugf wkc gklt lrflgglg `jt-kl vlrscjja` ks. Tjtkhgllc wllt bki wlc wjt nhl` zhu zkig9 ollr jjg`jmbt vhhr sjcls, gkluwl

`klgstlg hgtwkfflclg, mhgtjmt olt `l hrnjgksjtkl hg`lrbhu`lg. Ojjr lohtkhgllc ks-kl `jjrvhhr nldchffllr`. Bki ks hpnlcumbt jcs bki fjg zlnnlg ‒kf bld lvlg nllg tki` vhhr `l `krlmtkl, kf ohltllg slsskl `hlg‛.‟

@l hpolrfkgn vjg @jvl ‒`jt jccls wjt lr hvlr NHU nlsmbrlvlg ks wjjr ks, ojjr `jt blt zh‛g `ks-augmtkhgllc jmmlgt bllat‛ hlt ol `lgflg jjg blt vlrwkit jt Bjdlrojs jjg Ahumjuct ojjft jt bkizh mygksmb lg rlcjtkvkstksmb ks. Dki thlts jjg blt lopkrksmbl ojtlrkjjc dckift jt @jvl wlc jjgwlzkn ksnlwllst hp `l cjjtstl tljoolltkgn, wjjrkg dlschtlg whr`t wkl dckiat lg wkl njjt. Kg blt kgtlrvklw,`jt fhrt `jjrgj nlbhu`lg ks, njjg wl kg hp blt vlrchhp vjg `kl dkillgfhost. Hvlrknlgs stjjg lrhdslrvjtkls lg mhgmcuskls vjg oki jcs kgtlrvklwlr kg blt trjgsmrkpt, `jt kf dki blt uktwlrflg vjg bltkgtlrvklw hpolrf `jt @jvl zkmb vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l rlmlgtl nldlurtlgksslg (okg`lr `jg llg ijjrnlcl`lg tlg tki`l vjg blt kgtlrvklw) `l vhcnhr`l ha `l thl`rjmbt gklt blc`lr blrkgglrt. @jjrkg ks@jvl hvlrknlgs nllg uktzhg`lrkgn.

Bhlwlc blt kgtlrvklw olt @jvl sclmbts ëëg ukt llg rllfs ks, blddlg wl blt trjgsmrkpt vjg blt kg-tlrvklw hpnlscjnlg ho gj tl njjg ha kf `jjr slclmtkla ukt nlput bld, olt llg stlrflrl ahmus hp



4><


wjt gklt nhl` njjt `jg ukt blt trjgsmrkpt gjjr vhrlg fhot. Blt kgtlrvklw tlrunclzlg` j`lot `ldlsmbrkivkgn kg `kt prhlasmbrkat lmbtlr llgzlca`l sallr jcs blt trjgsmrkpt9 zhwlc frktksmb jcs phsktkla.@jvl rkmbt zkmb hp hg`lrwlrplg wjjr bki jcs tljock` zhrnlg hvlr bllat lg wjjr vlrdltlrkgnlg gjjr

zkig olgkgn ghh`zjflckif lg/ha ohnlckif zkig.

Ijmmh

@l cjjtstl thltrl`lr, hp blt oholgt vjg all`djmf skg`s jg`lrbjca ijjr ukt `klgst vjg T& . Hpokig vrjjn bhl bki `l tlfstlg dlcllat, nllat Ijmmh ol jcclrllrst llg stjplckgn vjg vrjnlg tlrun. @lflrg `jjrvjg9

‒^kc kf `kt clzlg8 ^jt vrjjn il ol8 ^jt dltlflgt `kt vhhr oki8 @kl tktlc 05< , wjt dl`hlc il`jjroll8 Dlg iki, `hhr`jt il `kt jcclojjc smbrkiat, gklt `lnlgl `kl nrhtlr ks8 ]tlc il ilzlca lrdhvlg8^jt ks ihuw phsktkl8‟

Ijmmh zkt ghn kg `l pkig, vkg`t blt llrst cjstkn ho lr olt oki gjjr tl fkiflg. Lvlg cjtlr9

–Kf bld `l tlfstlg nlsmrllg`. Kf `jmbt9 ‒^jt ohlt kf bklroll8‛ Kf bld `l pkig vjg thlg wllr

nlvhlc`, okig pjtrhglg vjg thlg wllr nlzklg. @jjr bhla kf gklt kg tlrun.‟

–@kt hg`lrzhlf ks ihuw prhmls, ihuw slclmtkl. ^jt kf gu clls nllat ol llg spklnlc hp thlg, lg hpwjt kf kgtusslg nlcllr` bld. ‛t Fchpt wjt lr stjjt, kf blrflg blt dllc`, lg blt ks olt zhrn nlsmbltst.Phmb prhla kf ja lg thl ihuw ghro lr`hhr.‟

– jt oki gu vhhrjc kgtlrlssllrt ks blt drl`lrl dllc`9 wjt nldlur`l `jjr8‟

–^jt wjs lr vllc `jt gklt nlzln` fhg whr`lg.‟

Lg vlrvhcnlgs blddlg wl llg rkif nlsprlf wjjrkg wl tlrunfkiflg, gjjr kl`lrs jjg`llc, gjjr `lmhgtlxt, hgzl hvlrclvkgnsolmbjgksolg, lg pjtrhglg kg blt tljo. Gjjr wkl wl thlg wjrlg, lg wkl

wl gu zkig, vklr ijjr cjtlr. Bhl wl hgs thlg lg gu tht lcfjjr vlrbhu`lg.

Ijmmh nllat jjg `jt bki ëëg-hp-ëëg wlc kg nlsprlf wkc olt tljonlghtlg vjg thlg, ojjr jcs nrhlp8

‒Kf `lgf `jt hnlgdckfflckif `lzlca`l olmbjgksolg kg wlrfkgn zucclg zkig. @us gll.‛

\ktscuktkgn dckift olgslg `klp tl rjflg, wjt gklt bhlat tl vlrdjzlg, nlzklg `l prkojkrl dlbhlatlho ‒lrdki tl bhrlg‛.

Arjgs

Pljoojgjnlr nl`urlg`l llg nrhht `llc vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l lg tlg tki`l vjg `lzl all`djmfkg llg jg`lrl rhc kg `klgst dki T& .

Jcs kf `l tlfstlg jjg Arjgs drlgn, lg lr ghn klts hobllg vlrtlc zhjcs hvlr `l wlrfwkizl, vrjjnt bkiha kf blo kg`lrtki` hhf nlègtlrvklw` bld. Bki blrkgglrt blt zkmb gklt.Arjgs stuurt oki zkig all`djmf kg llrstl kgstjgtkl plr drkla. Ujs lgflcl wlflg cjtlr hgt`lft kf, `jtArjgs jdusklvlckif bhha`stuf = gklt nlfrlnlg bllat, wjt zkig dllc` (zhjcs hg`lrstjjg` wllrnlnl-

05< Ijmmh `hlct bklr hp `l mhgmlpttktlc vjg `kt dhlf, ‒Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud‛.



4>1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

vlg) fjg fclurlg. Dkivhhrdllc` dki zkig hpolrfkgn `jt kf blt laalmt vjg `l hvlrgjol hg`lrsmbjt.Bklrhg`lr `l flrg vjg zkig rljmtkl, shos jcs mktjjt lg jg`lrl stufflg sjolgnlvjt, sjolg `l strlf-fkgn vjg l drkla wllrnlvlg`9

–Ho ojjr olt l lur kg buks tl vjcclg, kf bld nrhtl ohlktl olt lzl tlfst. Kf bld ohlktl ho okigjjg`jmbt tl dlbhu`lg, V…_ lcfl fllr wllr rjjf kf nlèrrktllr` lg ckn kf `l tlfst tlrzki`l. V…_ Kffjg ol gklt blrflgglg kg blt dllc` `jt il vjg ol smbltst.‟

]jolgnlvjttl hpolrfkgnlg9

–Kf blrflg il nl`lnlgblk` kg `l wkizl wjjrhp il ohlkckifl lg vhhrjc vjnl hg`lrwlrplg kgbhu` nllat.‟ Arjgs vkg`t blt bhha`stuf hvlr pjsskl cluf ho tl clzlg.

–Plg jjgzklg vjg blt dlsmbrkivlg vjg NHU oks il kg okig hnlg `l flrg.‟ Arjgs bllat kg 4< ijjr mhgsuc-tkgnwlrf nllg sktujtkl ollnlojjft wjjrkg llg tljo zhvllc mhopclxl strjtlnksmbl hg`lrwlr-plg kg l thp vjg nrhtl jmmhugts bllat wltlg tl j`rlsslrlg. Blt tljo ks kg kl`lrl slsskl dhvlg

zkmbzlca ukt nlstlnlg ho `kt tl vhcdrlgnlg. Lkg` 4550 ks NHU vhcnlgs Arjgs kg llg glnjtklvlspkrjjc tlrlmbt nlfholg.

–Kg ihuw tlfst clls kf vhhrjc lcclg`l, llg sclmbt nlclk` tljo, nldrlf jjg prhalsskhgjcktlkt lg vllc ‒fcjp lg jmbtlr- fcjp‛. @l duskglss `hlt lr vhhr ihu dckifdjjr gklt thl. Il `hlt blt tljo hgrlmbt jjg olt `lzl tlfst.‟

–Il okst (hg`jgfs `jt il blt ghlot) `l kgvchl` vjg `l hvlrgjol vjg Glsth `hhr Tkx&^jlc jcs dlpjclg`l

vlrfcjrlg`l ajmthr vhhr kg`kvk`ulcl nl`rjnkgnlg. lrlc`wki` blddlg vklr vjg lrnlckifl hvlrgjols pcjjtsnlvhg- `lg, V…_ zl zkig jccl ijoolrckif okscuft.‟

–Il dlsmbrkiat ilzlca V…_ kg llg nldjcjgmllr`l, lvlgwkmbtknl hdslrvjthrrhc. jjr wjs iki kg lzl tki`, wjt wjs

ihuw rhc lg kgdrlgn, gjjst `kl vjg hdslrvjthr, dki `l hpchsskgn vjg `l hhr ihu nlsmbltstl prhdclojtklf8‟

Kg `l nlprkgtl tlfst stjjt hp llg lgflcl pcjjts ‒fchpt gklt‛ ha ‒vlrfllr`‛ kg `l fjgtkig. @lzl suo-oklrl jjgtlflgkgnlg dlvjttlg lmbtlr hgvhc`hlg`l jjgwkizkgn wjt Arjgs lroll dl`hlct, ho zlzhg`lr thlckmbtkgn tl vlrwlrflg.

Pht scht nllat Arjgs jjg `jt bki, `hhr`jt bki ks nlsmbrhfflg vjg `lzl tlfst, dki hu`-NHU-mhcclnj‛slg arllcjgmlrs bllat nlègahrollr` ha zki blo blrflgglg zhjcs kg `l bhha`stufflg = tht lg olt 2dlsmbrlvlg. Bki fhot tht `l mhgmcuskl `jt nllg vjg `l jg`lrlg blo zh lrvjrlg bllat. Bki vrjjntzkmb ja wlcfl glnjtklvl lrvjrkgn okig drkc zh dlègvchl`t bllat. Lg ks dlrlk` bklr gj zkig vjfjgtklghn llgs hvlr kg nlsprlf tl njjg. Jcs kf blo `jg uktgh`kn, nllat bki lmbtlr jjg kgtusslg vlr vjg`l tlfstlg ja tl stjjg lg gklt ollr olt oki kg nlsprlf tl wkcclg. Arjgs njjt `l `kjchhn lg vlr`kl-pkgn ukt `l wln. Qhhr hgs dlk`l llg nlokstl fjgs. Lvlgokg bllat bki dlbhlatl blt hgtdrlflg`l

bhha`stuf jcsghn tl clzlg. Kg `l oltjahhr vjg `l vhhrstlcckgn bllat `l bhha`rhcsplclr zkmb bklrnlrljcksllr` olt llg vlrfckfflr vjg `hlg tl blddlg051.

Ujucj

Plg tki`l vjg `l all`djmf skg`s twllægbjca ijjr ukt `klgst dki T& 9

–Kgtlrlssjgt, il zklt `l sktujtkl wjjr il zlca ok``lgkg nlzltlg bldt llgs `hhr `l hnlg vjg `ljg`lr.‟

051 Ykl bhha`stuf ; ‒Gklojg` nrhtlr `jg `l mcud‛, pjrjnrjja ‒Hgzl vhhrstlcckgn gj`lr dlsmbhuw`‛.

•

•

•

•

•



4>>


–@kt ks bhl Dlckj lrhvlr `lgft kg pcjjts vjg bhl jg`lrlg lrhvlr `lgflg, `jt cjjtstl bj` kf ollrvlrwjmbt.‟

–@l vlrstrlgnlckgn vjg il `uddlcrhc vkg` kf cjstkn6 ks ihuw vlrbjjc ollr wjjr` `jg `jt vjg llgjg`lr8‟

–Blt njjt vllc hvlr Arjgs.‟

–Kf blrflg wjt olgslg zlnnlg, kf fjg ol ‛t ollstl clttlrckif blrkgglrlg, tlgokgstl, `jt kf `jtthlg kg`lr`jj` zh vhg`. Kf bld ol gklt nlrljcksllr` `jt il ol clttlrckif zhu mktlrlg. Jcs kf ol `jtwlc nlrljcksllr` bj`, bj` kf `kgnlg okssmbklg jg`lrs nlzln`. Blt vhlct hgnlojfflckif, jcs ollr‒hplg‛ `jg okig kgtlgtkl wjs.‟

–Dlg wlc gkluwsnklrkn ha il blt thlg hhf zh dlclla` bldt jcs il gu dlsmbrkiat.‟

–Okig dllc` ks vhhrgjolckif dlpjjc` hhr wjt wl kg slsskls l`lg. @kl vhg` kf cluf, ojjr jjg l plrkh`ls lrtusslg frlln kf llg stll`s nrhtlrl blflc.‟

–Kgtlrlssjgt, shooknl `kgnlg blrkgglr kf ol `hhr blt clzlg hpgkluw. Jcsha kf blt dkigj vlrnltlgwjs. Yhjcs bhl Arjgs Blcclg thlg ukt blt tljo nlzlt bllat.‟

–Ykig phsktkla lg glnjtkla kg kt stuf kg l iukstl djcjgs8 Ihuw nlvhlc jcs hg`lrzhlflr spllct lr`hhr. Okig lknlg tljolgtrll blrflg kf, blt wjs gklt bllc jg`lrs. jt ol wlc hpvjct ks `jt il :,< fllr zhcjgn hvlr Blcclg lg Ijmmh‛s lgtrll vlrtlct jg hvlr hgzl tljolgtrlls.

–@jt iki il hhf fwltsdjjr hpstlct kg `l stufflg ojjft blt jutblgtklflr.‟

–Plrunfkiflg` rljcksllr kf ol wlc `jt llg tljo klts tki`lckifs ks.‟ Ujucj vlrtlct `jt zl `l tlfstlg hhf llg pjjr wlflg wlnnlcln` bllat, zl bj` nllg zkg ho vlr`lr tlclzlg. Yl lrvjjrt blt jcs ‒tl zwjrt‛.

Gjgj

Plg tki`l vjg `lzl all`djmf jcs lgknl ghn dltrhfflg dki ‒blt gkluwl NHU‛ `jt hgtstjjt gj kgnrki-plg vjg `l `krlmtkl jjg blt lkg`l vjg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l9

–Kgtlrlssjgt ho tl clzlg, lmbt kgtlrlssjgt! Ohhk ho zh tl clzlg wjt wl blddlg ollnlojjft, llgshhrt mj`lju ks °t. Kgtlrlssjgtl tbloj‛s, dhlklg`, lg mhgarhgtlrlg` hhf wlc.

Ja lg thl bld kf blt wlnnlcln`. ‛t js vllc, il njjt lrn `klp olt `l tbloj°s, lg hhf wlc tjjk olt`kl tblhrkl. Ojjr kf bld gklts nlsfkpt.‟

–@l mktjtlg vjg l NHU-cl`lg vkg` kf lrn dhlklg`. Lg okig lknlg uktsprjflg9 kf zhu blt zh wllr

fugglg zlnnlg.‟

–^jt il smbrkiat ks bllc blrflgdjjr, jc fkif kf gu lmbt jg`lrs tlnlg `kgnlg jjg. Kf dlg rustknlr,wkizlr, ollr rlcjtkvlrlg` `jg thlg. Pl clzlg wjt lr nldlur`l olt Blcclg lg Ijmmh `hlt ol ghn

stll`s vllc, ojjr kf dlg glrnlgs lohtkhgllc hvlr nlwhr`lg. Il smbrkiat vllc hvlr `l auskl, lg hvlr`l phrtlalukccls. @jt bld kf dlk`l okg lr stlrf dlclla`. Kf vkg` zlca blt smbrkivlg vjg hgs dhlfdlcjgnrkiflr, lg `jt rjjf il wlkgkn.‟



4>2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

–Kf bld jc clzlg` stlrf l glknkgn l sktujtkl vjg thlg tl vlrnlckiflg olt gu. Lr ks zhvllc vlrjg`lr`lg vllc hhf wllr gklt. Lr ks vllc ollr ckla`l tusslg blt NHU vjg gu lg l hrnjgksjtkl nlfholg, hvlrlg wllr. l wltlg lcfjjr gu tl vkg`lg, dltrlfflg lcfjjr. Il zhu fugglg zlnnlg jt wl, ijrlg cjtlr

lg olt `l hpvhcnlr vjg Arjgs, jcsghn `l phst olrnlr kgtlnrjtkhg blddlg nl`jjg. @lzlca`l prht& chss-`ksmusskls splclg, ojjr skg`s wl zý kg hgs dlstjjgsrlmbt wlr`lg dl`rlkn` lg wlc ohlstlg

vlrjg`lrlg ks lr hhf vllc kg l rlcjtkl vlrjg`lr`. Okssmbklg ks jt tl jgflg jjg l jg`lrl okx vjgolgslg, lg bug ollr kvlrsl jmbtlrnrhg`lg. Okssmbklg hhf jjg blt alkt jt `l gkluwl tljoojgjnlrukt `l stjjg`l hrnjgksjtkl jafhostkn ks.

Blt gkluwl tljo ks nrhtlr, hplglr, lg kg blt tljo zlca ks lr vllc ollr wjjr lrkgn lg jjg`jmbt vhhrlcfjjr, vhhr wjt kl`lr gh`kn bllat, vhhr wjt tljocl`lg ýýf wkcclg `hlg gjjst NHU. Qlr`lr blddlg

wl llg blcldhlc zjflg kgtusslg dltlr nlhrnjgksllr`. @l wlflckifsl dkillgfhostlg ùrlg ùs hhfgklt ollr zh cjgn, zkig lamkægtlr. Blt ks uk`lckif wkl wjjrvhhr stjjt. Lr ks hhf okg`lr mhopltktkl

ho lvlgts. @jt jccls nllat rust lg ahmus.‟

Qhhr`jt Gjgj ks njjg clzlg bllat Arjgs mhgtjmt olt bjjr nlzhmbt lg bjjr jjgnlnlvlg `jt bki bllcdhhs ks hvlr `l mhgmlpttlfstlg. Hg`jgfs `l ohnlckifl dlègvchl`kgn `jjr`hhr lrvjjr kf bjjr all`-djmf jcs frjmbtkn lg jutblgtklf vhhr ‒Gjgj‛. Urjmbtkn, bhl zl zhg`lr hhr`llc fjg fkiflg lg ‒thlg‛lg ‒gu‛ vlrdkg`t.

Ojrtkig

Ojrtkig bllat thlnlzln` `l blo thlnlstuur`l tlfstlg tl clzlg. Qjg blo bld kf lmbtlr nllg rljmtklhgtvjgnlg.

]hakl

Qhhr ]hl nlc`t bltzlca`l9 zki bllat thlnlzln` `l bjjr thlnlstuur`l tlfstlg tl clzlg, nllg rljmtkl vjg bjjr hgtvjgnlg.

Blcclg

Blcclg bllat skg`s bjjr ukttrl`lg vkia ijjr nlcl`lg nllg mhgtjmt ollr olt NHU-cl`lg nlbj`. Ykibllat zkmb kgtusslg zlcastjg`kn nlvlstkn`. Yl rljnllrt kg llrstl kgstjgtkl phsktkla hp `l vrjjn ha zki`l mhgmlpttlfstlg wkc clzlg. Yl fhot lr lmbtlr gklt thl ol vhcnlgs jasprjjf llg skngjjc tl nlvlg

wjggllr `kt bjjr `jj`wlrflckif kg bjjr jnlg`j pjst.

Dlckj

Pljock`-hg lrzhlflr.

–Yhjcs blt vhhr okig tljonlghtlg dkizhg`lr, ha smbhfflg` ks ho `l bhha`stufflg wjjrkg zki nurlrlg vhhr ‛t llrst tl clzlg, zh olrf kf `jt ‛t vhhr oki jpjrt ks blt zl tl cjtlg clzlg. Kg `ljazhg`lrkgn vjg okig smbrkiaprhmls bld kf hplgbjrtkn nlsmbrlvlg hvlr wjt kf bj` nlbhhr`, nlzklg lglrvjrlg. Kgzkmbtlg `kl zkmb nlclk`lckif jjg hplgdjrlg. Lg `jg, gj ijrlg, cjjt kf `l mhgmlpttlfstlgclzlg, drlgn kf okig kgzkmbtlg wllr tlrun kg `l nrhlp vjg thlg. Kf olrf hp `jt oholgt ùk`lckifwjt blt nrhlpsprhmls hpgkluw `hlt9 kf vrjjn ol ja ha kf `kt jcclojjc wlc hplgckif fjg zlnnlg, dlg



4>;


jclrt ha kf klojg` fwlts, dlg ol dlwust bhlzllr kf olgslg smbhf ha iukst tlvrl`lg stlc hhr zjflghplg tl clnnlg. Kf bld `l glknkgn olzlca tl mlgsurlrlg, whr` ol hhf `jt dlwust lg `hl `kt gklt.‟

@l lghrol frjmbt vjg l (shos kgnldllc`l) kgvchl` vjg jg`lrlg ks arjppjgt, hhf gu ghn. @l bla-tknblk` vjg rljmtkls, hgnljmbt `l fclur `jjrvjg, vlrrjst ol.

Mhgtlxtlg vjg prlslgml , vlrdhg`lg olt mhgtlxtlg vjg jdslgml . Hatlwlc, `l kgtlrjmtkl `kl kf gu olt`lzl tljocl`lg bld, ks vlrdhg`lg olt `l kgtlrjmtkl vjg thlg. Blt ëëg dlègvchl`t blt jg`lr. 05>

Kf drllf `l rlnlcs, kf zln gu wlc wjt gklt nlzln` ojn whr`lg. Lg frkin `l rljmtkl `kl `jjr, vjguktkl`lrs lknlg plrsplmtkla, dki bhhrt. Yh wlrft ‛t kg`lr`jj`, hhf bklr.

Pht scht

Hvlr `l rljmtkls vjg NHU-cl`lg bllg fkiflg` zkig zl stlrf vlrsmbkcclg`. @l rljmtkls vjrkærlg

vjg blrflggkgn, hpcumbtkgn `jt `kt jcclojjc llgs hpnlsmbrlvlg ha ‒hgt`lft‛ ks, tht janrkizlg lgjawkizlg.

Kg zkig prjmbtknl, zh olgslckifl dhlf ‒@l Blkowllajdrklf‛ dlsmbrkiat @rjjksoj052 bhl blrkgglrkgn wlrft. Ykig uktcln whr`t kg kt hg`lrzhlf blc`lr nlèccustrllr`. Qlrsmbkcclg`l NHU-cl`lg rljckslrlgzkmb dki tlnlgclzlg vjg bhha`stufflg jt zl zkmb dlpjjc`l vhhrvjcclg wjjr zl llc vjg uktojjftlggklt ollr blrkgglrlg. Lëg tljock` blrkgglrt zkmb kg llrstl kgstjgtkl zlcas gklt `jt bki twllojjc nl-kgtlrvklw` ks. Hhf dllc`lg hvlr nlollgsmbjpplckifl oholgtlg, `kl `hhr kl`lrs ugklfl hmucjkr jc

vlrsmbkc`lg, chplg zh gj vlrchhp vjg tki` vlr`lr uktllg.

Pljocl`lg `kl kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l llg ollr plrkalrl phsktkl kggjolg rljnlrlg jg`lrs `jg`lnlglg `kl thlg clfflr ‒bug `kgn‛ `l`lg. Jccl rljmtkls pjsslg dkgglg `l kgtlrjmtklpjtrhglg vjg

thlg.Lccks, `kl `hhr blt clzlg vjg `l tlfstlg nlrjjft whr`t, ojjr blt hg`lr hnlg zklt lg lrvjg wkc cl-rlg vjgukt wjjr zl gu stjjt. Ijmmh, `kl blt hhf gu cklvlr gklt (tl `klp) jjg njjt. Arjgs, `kl lr`hhrnlrjjft whr`t, dhhs ks hvlr `l kgbhu` vjg okig dllc`lg lg hvlr blt alkt `jt kf zl uktsprllf6 bkinjjt blt vlr`klplg`l lg ohnlckif blclg`l nlsprlf glt jcs thlg ukt `l wln, hgtwkift. Kg zkig rhc jcsojgjnlr wjrlg lrnlckifl fluzls kg bhnl ojtl dlpjclg` vhhr l fhlrs vjg blt tljo, gu bld kf kldlègvchl`kgn dlwust hozlkc` `hhr kl`lr llg plrshhgckifl rljmtkl tl vrjnlg.

jt ol hpvjct ks bhl Gjgj zkmb hp plrshhgckif vcjf bllat hgtwkfflc`. Yki nllat bjjr lknlg olgkgn,hg`jgfs `jt zl výýr blt clzlg jc wllt `jt Arjgs lrn dhhs ks hvlr `l tlfstlg lg zki ghn rlnlcojtknolt blo sjolgwlrft. Yki vhlct zkmb gklt nlrjjft `hhr llg ohnlckif frktksmbl dckf vjg okig fjgt lgfkift hplg gjjr `l vlrsmbkcclg tusslg NHU thlg lg blt tljo wjjrkg zki gu wlrft. Yl bllat vhchp

k`llæg ho olt `l kgzkmbtlg ukt `kt hg`lrzhlf olt blt buk`knl tljo jjg `l scjn tl njjg. Jcs `l blrkgglrkgnlg lg dlclvkgn zh vlrsmbkcclg` zkig, wjt ks `jg `l wjjr`l vjg blt tlnlgclzlg8Blt tlnlgclzlg bllat jcclrllrst llg augmtkl kg `l vjck`jtkl vjg blt wlrf. Gklt `jt kl`lrllg blt oltjccls llgs bhlat tl zkig, ukt `l nlnlvlg rljmtkls ks `uk`lckif `jt `l dlclvkgn `jjrvhhr tl vlr uktllgcknt. ^lc nlvlg `l rljmtkls oki jjg kg bhlvlrrl okig lknlg ctlr zjflg ohnlckif dhvlgojtkn fclurt.

Pljonlghtlg blddlg ol lr `jjrgjjst kg llg lgflc nlvjc hp nlwlzlg `jt jsplmtlg wjjr zïi stlrflblrkgglrkgn jjg blddlg `hhr oki okg`lr stlrf dlckmbt wlr` kg `l mhgmlpttlfstlg.

05> Nk``lgs, kg9 Ougtlrs, :;;:, pn 4=

052 @rjjksoj, 4552



425

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@jt rlcjtklpjtrhglg vjg thlg hhf pjtrhglg vjg gu dckiflg tl zkig, tlrwkic kgtlrprltjtkls vjg tljo-cl`lg kg `l tki` zh fugglg vlrjg`lrlg, bllat ol vlrrjst. Llg ohnlckifl vlrfcjrkgn ks `jt `lrnlckiflrlcjtklpjtrhglg vllc `klplr cknnlg lg ollrhovjttlg` zkig `jg `l kgtlrprltjtkl vjg llg lgflcl nl-

dlurtlgks. @l uktkgn ha vlrsmbkigkgnsvhro vjg `l nrhg`pjtrhglg fjg `jg `ygjoksmb zkig, tlrwkic`l nrhg`pjtrhglg zlca stjtksmb zkig. Hhf Nk``lgs stlct `jt `l strumtuur stjtksmb ks, tlrwkic `l uktkgn ” blt systllogkvlju ” `ygjoksmb ks.

Pht scht, blt zjc `uk`lckif zkig9 hhf `l bklr nlprlslgtllr`l hg`lrzhlfsrlsuctjtlg zkig tht stjg` nl-fholg `hhr ok``lc vjg llg mhgstrumtkljmtkvktlkt05;.

–@jtj jrl jatlr jcc mhgstrumtkhgs jg` `lplg`lgt hg plrsplmtkvl.‟ 0:5

05; Yllbjg`lcjjr, 45509 –Hp blt oholgt `jt il dlwllrt `jt flggksvlrwlrvkgn llg mhgstrumtkl-jmtkvktlkt ks, lg olt

`lzl hdslrvjtkl dlwllrt flggks tl prh`umlrlg hvlr `l wltlgsmbjpsprjftkif, il, ho mhgskstlgt tl zkig, tlvlgs

ohlt dlwlrlg `jt ihuw hg`lrzhlfsrlsuctjtlg hhf tht stjg` fholg `hhr llg mhgstrumtkl-jmtkvktlkt.‟

0:5 Jcvlsshg & ]fñc`dlrn, 4555, pn 4<5



42:

]jolgvjttkgn

@kt dhlf `hlt vlrscjn vjg llg stu`kl gjjr tljowlrf dkgglg mhoolrmkæcl hrnjgksjtkls. Bhl njjgtljocl`lg olt lcfjjr ho, bhl lrvjrlg zki blt tljoclvlg lg wlcfl dltlflgks nlvlg zki `jjrjjg8

lcfl nlvhcnlg bllat `kt vhhr summls lg ajclg vjg blt dltrlaalg`l tljo8

Qktjcl tbloj‛s `kl dkgglg tljos splclg zkig9 lrdki bhrlg, `l ojtl vjg dkg`kgn olt blt tljo lgduktlg nlschtlg whr`lg, zkmb dchhtnlvlg, jabjgflckifblk` lg vlrtrhuwlg. Dlcjgnlg, ojmbt lg dl-kgvchl`kgn, vlrjgtwhhr lckifblk`, kg`kvkùlcl rukotl lg hg`lrsmbkffkgn jjg blt mhcclmtkla, jgnst lghgtwkfflckgnsohnlckifbl`lg zkig dlcjgnrkifl jsplmtlg `kl blt nl`rjn vjg tljocl`lg dlègvchl`lg.Fhrtho, `kt dhlf njjt hvlr olgslckifl jsplmtlg vjg tljoclvlg lg nlvhcnlg `jjrvjg vhhr dltrhf-

flg kg`kvkùlg lg hrnjgksjtkls6 hvlr kgtlrjmtkl tusslg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn lg tusslg blt tljo lgbjjr honlvkgn. Blt njjt hvlr dkg`kgn lg nlollgsmbjp kg llg wlrlc` `kl nlflgolrft whr`t `hhrkg`kvkùjckslrkgn, vlrsglcckgn lg blt hpvhlrlg vjg ‒vhhrstlcckgnlg‛. Hg`lr llg vhhrstlcckgn whr`tkg `kt vlrdjg` vlrstjjg `l dlwustl ha hgdlwustl dlègvchl`kgn vjg `l kg`ruf `kl llg kg`kvkù dkillg jg`lr wlft.

Dlcjgnlg dlpjclg wjt dlègvchl`t ohlt whr`lg, ojmbt dlpjjct `l vhhrstlcckgn. Mhoougkmjtkl ksllg dlcjgnrkif ojmbtsok``lc. Blt whr`t `hhr kl`lr kgnlzlt. Ojmbt ks zh`hlg`l vjg jccl`jn lg

vjg kl`lrllg. Bjdlrojs‛ –mhgslgsus zhg`lr `wjgn‟ dckift kg `l tljos llg kccuskl. Hg`lr`llc vjg`l vhhrstlcckgn kg `l tljos ks `jt ojmbt gklt hg`lrflg` whr`t, gklt dlghlo` ojn whr`lg. @hhrblt hgtflgglg vjg `lzl ajmthrlg whr`t tljowlrf jcs `rkiazjg`. Blt vhrot llg dl`rlknkgn vjg `l

plrahrojgml vjg blt tljo.

@l mlgtrjcl hg`lrzhlfsvrjjn kg `lzl stu`kl cuk`t9

– lcfl dltlflgks vlrclglg prhalsskhgjcs jjg blt wlrflg kg llg tljo8‟

jggllr prhalsskhgjcs kg tljos wlrflg lg `jjr dltlflgks jjg nlvlg, splclg vlrsmbkcclg`l hrnjgk-sjtklgkvljus oll. Jcclrllrst nllat blt kg`kvkù dltlflgks jjg kgtlrjmtkls lg nldlurtlgksslg `kl bltlrvjjrt dkgglg blt tljo lg kg rlcjtkl tht `l mhgtlxt. Blt njjt dkivhhrdllc` ho plrmlptkls, mhg-strumtkls lg kgtlrprltjtkls vjg nldlurtlgksslg, vjg dlcjgnlg vjg zkmbzlca lg jg`lrlg, vjg ojmbts-phsktkls lg vhhrstlcckgnlg. Bklr hgtstjjg vlrolgnkgnlg vjg chnksmbl rl`lglrkgnlg lg lohtkls, vjg

sudilmtklvl rljcktlkt lg kccuskls. Hhf hp tljolg hrnjgksjtklgkvlju vkg`t dltlflgksnlvkgn pcjjts, wjjr `l kg`kvkùllc thlnlflg`l dltlflgksslg kg `hhrwlrflg lg jg`lrsho.

Pwll sudvrjnlg drlgnlg ahmus jjg kg blt hg`lrzhlfsvlc`, jt `hhr `l mlgtrjcl vrjjn whr`t hplgnlcln`9

lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvlju‛s lg bhl whr`lg `lzl nl`klg`8Bhl dlègvchl`lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt `l tljoplrahr-ojgml6 bhl `rjjnt `l dlsmbrlvlg `ygjoklf dki jjg tljosummls ha -ajclg8

:.4.



424

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Jjgpjf

Qjg `l `rkl hg`lrzhlfstljos ks NHU, llg tljo kg `l zjflckifl `klgstvlrclgkgn, kg `kt hg`lrzhlfblt ollst kgtlgskla nlvhcn`, vklr ijjr cjgn. jjrglokgnlg vjg `kt tljo vhrolg `l flrg vjg `kt

hg`lrzhlf. @l nlblcl hdslrvjtklplrkh`l dlg kf zlca tljock`, wjjroll kf tlg hpzkmbtl vjg `kttljo llg wjjrglolr vjg dkgglgukt dlg9 hg`lrzhlflr âg tljock` tlnlckif. @lzl hg`lrzhlfsphsktklojjft blt ohnlckif zllr vllc lg vlrig`l wjjrglokgnlg tl `hlg, nlpcjg` lg vhhrjc hhf hgnl -pcjg`. Jg`lrzki`s smbukct lr rkskmh kg llg `lrnlckifl mhodkgjtkl vjg phsktkls. Bhl hdilmtkla fugil zkig jcs tljock` lg hg`lrzhlflr8 Hp `lrnlckifl vrjnlg whr`t uktnldrlk` kgnlnjjg kg `l twlldkicjnlg.

@l twll jg`lrl tljos, Ojx lg Ouctk, ukt jg`lrl mhoolrmkæcl slmthrlg, cjr`lrlg lg dlvlstknlg kg`kt prhlasmbrkat blt vlrbjjc vjg NHU. Dlk`l tljos zkig fhrtlr, ojjr lvlgllgs kgtlgskla nlvhcn`.

Hp vlrsmbkcclg`l pugtlg hg`lrsmbrkivlg `l wjjrglokgnlg dki Ojx lg Ouctk wjt zkmbtdjjr ks dkiNHU. Hp jg`lrl hg`lrwlrplg cjtlg `l wjjrglokgnlg dki llg ha dlk`l tljos iukst vlrsmbkcclg

zklg, wlcfl oki blddlg jjgnlzlt tht vlr`lr hg`lrzhlf gjjr `l jmbtlrnrhg`lg bklrvjg. Dlbjcvl`jt zl blt jcnlblcl dllc` vlrrkiflg, vhrolg Ojx lg Ouctk zh hhf llg spklnlc lg llg thlts vhhr `luktnldrlk`lrl hdslrvjtkls vjg NHU.

@l nlvhcn`l wlrfwkizl dlstjjt ukt wksslclg`l slqulgtkls vjg hdslrvlrlg, vrjnlg, wjjrglolg,`hmuolgtstu`kl, rllmtlrlg, vhhrjc cjtlr jjgnlvuc` olt cktlrjtuurstu`kl ho tl dlnrkiplg wjt kfzjn zhg`lr lr ëëg wjjrblk` vjg tl wkcclg ojflg. Jc wlrflg` bld kf nlzhmbt gjjr vlrsmbkcclg`lstjg`pugtlg ho zh llg ollrvhu`knl lokm hg`lrzhlfsphsktkl kg tl glolg.

Pbloj‛s

@l kgtlrvklws kg `l llrstl rhg`l bj``lg llg vrki fjrjftlr, kg `kl zkg `jt lr `hhr `l nlègtlrvklw`lgjjg `l bjg` vjg lgflcl hplg stjrtvrjnlg vrki nlsprhflg ks hvlr wjt blg dlzkn bhu`t kg rlcjtkl thtbug tljo. @l trjgsmrkptlg vjg `lzl kgtlrvklws zkig nljgjcysllr`, wjt nlrlsuctllr` bllat kg kgzkmbtkg blt rlcjtklvl dlcjgn vjg ruko twkgtkn hg`lrwlrplg. Qkia hg`lrwlrplg stlflg quj dlcjgn ” nl-zklg vjgukt l tljocl`lg ” olt fhp lg smbhu`lrs dhvlg l rlst ukt. @lzl hg`lrwlrplg zkig pjsskllg `hlc, dkg`kgn lg k`lgtkmjtkl, mhoougkmjtkl, clk`lrsmbjp lg kg- lg uktscuktkgn.

@kt vkiatjc tbloj‛s ks nlfhzlg jcs clk`rjj` vhhr blt vlr`lrl hg`lrzhlf9 vhhr `l chssl strumtuur vjg`l vlrvhcnkgtlrvklws, `l uktwlrfkgn lg `l jgjcysl. Jabjgflckif vjg blt jdstrjmtklgkvlju wjjrhpnlflflg whr`t, `lfflg `lzl tbloj‛s sjolg blt (nrhhtstl `llc vjg blt) vlc` vjg kgtlrjmtklprhmls-slg dkgglg tljos. Yl nlvlg llg zh kgtlnrjjc ohnlckif dllc` vjg blt clvlg kg `l dltrlaalg`l tljos.Blt prkojkrl prh`umtklprhmls dckiat duktlg dlsmbhuwkgn. Blt hg`lrzhlf njjt `jjroll `jg hhf

lxpckmklt gklt kg hp llg jsplmt jcs kgghvjtkl, bhlwlc `l dlsmbrlvlg kgzkmbtlg zllr drukfdjjr zkig kgblt ojgjnlolgt vjg kgghvjtklprhmlsslg.@l kgtlrvklwtrjgsmrkptlg lg hdslrvjtkls vhrolg `l djsks vjg `l dlsmbrkivkgnlg kg `l tbloj-bhha`stufflg. Kl`lr tblojbhha`stuf ks hpnldhuw` ukt llg wllrnjvl vjg blt vlc`hg`lrzhlf, llgdlsmbhuwkgn bklrhp lg llg sjolgvjttkgn.

Gj `l dlsmbhuwkgn vjg `l jazhg`lrckifl tbloj‛s dckift

`jt blt blo` gj`lr ks `jg `l rhf9 blt plrshhgckifl ks stlrflr `jg blt nlzjolgckifl.•



42=

]JOLGQJPPKGN

`jt jodknuètlkt tlg nlvhcnl vjg tlnlgstrki`kn nl`rjn, hguktnlsprhflg stjg`pugtlg lg vlr-dchlolg vjg olgkgnlg llg ‒vjst‛ nlnlvlg ks, tlzjolg olt blt výýrfholg lg fhlstlrlg vjgkccuskls.

`jt hplg mhoougkmjtkl gklt tht stjg` fhot. Tllmtkl bllat nllg pcjjts kg blt tljobjg`lclg, sk-tujtkls whr`lg gklt hg`lr hnlg nlzklg. Olg smblrot zkmb ja `hhr llg stlrfl gj`ruf hp ‒`hlg‛ha vlrsmbukct zkmb kg vhhrstlcckgnlg. Qhhrstlcckgnlg ojflg llg hgchsojflckif `llc ukt vjg `lkgtlrjmtkl tusslg tljocl`lg hg`lrckgn lg tusslg blt tljo lg `l vlrsmbkcclg`l mhgtlxtlg6

`jt lr llg cjjn dlwustzkig ks vjg `l `ygjoklflg lg kccuskls wjjr `l tljocl`lg hg`lr`llc vjgzkig, ha vjg `l mhgtlxt wjjrdkgglg zki augmtkhglrlg6 lr whr`t gklt dlwust wjjrnlgholg haokssmbklg wlc dlwust gklt wjjrnlgholg6

`jt lr tlnlckiflrtki` olt `kt cjnl dlwustzkig `hhr tljocl`lg thmb `jgkn hg`lrbjg`lc` whr`t6dlègvchl`kgn ha nldrukf vjg ojmbt ks llg dlpjclg`l frjmbt6

`jt hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl lohtkls splclg6 `lzl uktlg zkmb llg lgflcl fllr6`jt lr vlrsmbkcclg`l olmbjgksolg kg `l hg`lrstrhho splclg `kl blt vlrtrhuwlgdlègvchl`lg.

Pbloj‛s kg `l hg`lrstrhho whr lg zkmbtdjjr. Blt zkig `l nrhg`pjtrhglg vjg l kgtlrjmtkl. @lzlpjtrhglg splclg hp llg `klplr gkvlju, ôg`lr `l lxpckmklt `hhr `l tljocl`lg kg `l kgtlrvklws dl-ghlo`l tbloj‛s. Hp blt `klplrl gkvlju vjg `l hg`lrstrhho njjt blt ho pjtrhglg jcs blt cjtlgprlvjclrlg vjg blt lknlgdlcjgn, blt fhlstlrlg vjg llg phsktkla zlcadllc` lg kccuskls, blt hpvhlrlg

vjg vhhrstlcckgnlg, lxkstlgtkæcl jgnst `kl zkmb ukt kg lohtkls lg blt ukthlalglg vjg ojmbt ho `lzljgnstlg tl fugglg bjgtlrlg. Qjg vllc vjg `lzl nrhg`pjtrhglg ks jjgnlthhg` `jt zl blt hg`lr-ckgnl vlrtrhuwlg uktbhcclg. Pljocl`lg zkig zkmb gklt ” ha kg zllr dlplrftl ojtl ” dlwust vjg `lzl

kopckmkltl tbloj‛s. Kg `l kgtlrvklws ” `kl pcjjtsvkg`lg kg `l dhvlgstrhho ” wjrlg `lzl tbloj‛snllg gjtuurckifl nlsprlfshg`lrwlrplg. ^jggllr zl `hhr oki jjgnlrhlr` wlr`lg, vhcn`l hgtflg-gkgn, hgnlchha lg jawkizkgn.

Mhgmcuskls

^lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus lg bhl whr`lg `lzl nl`klg`8

Blt kg`kvkùlcl dlcjgn vhrot uktlkg`lckif jctki` llg stlrflrl `rkiavllr `jg blt tljodlcjgn.

@l dltlflgksslg `kl `hhr kg`kvkùlg jjg blt hrnjgksjtkllg tljo`hlc whr`lg nlnlvlg, vlrsmbkc-clg stlrf. Lknlgdlcjgn ks `jjrdki sturlg` kg `l kgtlrprltjtkls, hhf jcs dkgglg blt tljo `l kccuskl vjg

nlollgsmbjpplckifl `hlcstlcckgnlg whr`t bhhnnlbhu`lg. Pljocl`lg zkig zkmb kg vllc nlvjcclg gklt dlwust vjg bug lknlgdlcjgnlg lg bhl (stlrf) `lzl `hhrwlrflg kg bug bjg`lclg. @l jmtkls vjg tljocl`lg ho bug dlcjgnlg tl `klglg whr`lg vllcjc hg-dlwust kgnlnlvlg. Kg l hg`lrstrhho vkg`t llg ‒fhstlgdlrlflgkgn‛ pcjjts9 l jawlnkgn vjg fhstlglg djtlg vjg blt tljockòjjtsmbjp, fhstlg lg djtlg vjg `l lgl bjg`lckgnshptkl tlg hpzkmbtl vjgllg jg`lrl.

Pljocl`lg hg`lrzhlflg bug dlcjgnlg gklt, `kl dckivlg nrhtlg`llcs jodknul. Qjflr ks hhf `l dl-tlflgks vjg blt nlzjolgckifl dlcjgn gklt wlrflckif `hhrclla` lg nl`llc`. Pljocl`lg stlcclg zkmbtlvrl`lg olt `l kccuskl `jt blt lknlgdlcjgn lg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc hvlrllg fholg. @kt ks ‒scko‛nl`rjn. Blt clnktkollrt blt gjstrlvlg vjg lknlgdlcjgn kg gjjo vjg blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc.

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420

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Bhl dlègvchl`lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt `l

tljoplrahrojgml6 bhl `rjjnt `l dlsmbrlvlg `ygjoklf dki jjg tljosummls ha

-ajclg8

Hg`lrlg dhvlgstrhho zkig dlpjclg` vhhr blt clvlg kg tljos. Qjgukt `l hg`lrstrhho sturlg vhhrjc lohtkls lg dlcjgnlg `l vhhrstlcckgnlg kg `l dhvlgstrhho. Blt splclg vjg ‒llg vhhrstlc-ckgn‛ fhot hp jccl gkvljus vhhr, vjgzlcasprlflg` stll`s ‒chfjjc‛ kgnlvuc`. Dkgglg `kl vhhrstlcckg-nlg zkig `l vlr(sm)bhclg dlcjgnlg `l vhhrgjjostl vlrhhrzjflrs vjg jodknuètlkt.

Qhhrstlcckgnlg vlrbucclg ‒wjt lr ks‛9 zl bhu`lg `jjroll kccuskls kg stjg` lg mrlærlg jodknuètlkt. lcfl vhhrstlcckgn blt dlcjgn hp llg dlpjjc` oholgt klgt, ks zhwlc jabjgflckif vjg l kg`ruf kldki `l thlsmbhuwlr nlwlft ohlt whr`lg jcs vjg `l kccuskl `kl `l jmthr vhhr zkmbzlca wkc bjg`bj-

vlg. Qhhrstlcckgnlg zkig `llc vjg blt jnlckifs clvlg. @l vhhrstlcckgnlg `kl tljocl`lg zlca splclg,ha wjjr zl `llc vjg zkig, vjcclg blg `jjr`hhr gklt hp.

Glnlrlg ha mlgsurlrlg vjg l hg`lrstrhho hg`lrokigt blt tljoclvlg. Pljocl`lg splg`lrlg jg

vllc lglrnkl lg jjg`jmbt jjg wjt gklt hplgckif lrflg` ojn whr`lg. Blt hgtflgglg vjg `l hg`lr-strhho ojjft `jt ghn ollr gklt lrflg` ojn whr`lg, wjjr`hhr `l kgvchl` vjg `l hg`lrstrhho

vlr`lr whr`t vlrstlrft.

Pljocl`lg drlgnlg zkmbzlca `hhr zlcamlgsuur tht hnlgsmbkigckifl ugkahroktlkt. Qjjf ks ôg`lr `lhpplrvcjffknl llgblk` iukst arjnolgtjtkl wjjr tl glolg. @kt bllat vhhr blt tljo jcs hrnjgksolhp fhrtl tlrokig nrhtl vhhr`lclg9 `l llgblk` dlvhr`lrt `l scjnfrjmbt vjg blt tljo, wjjr`hhrblt zkig tjjf dltlr fjg vlrvucclg. Plnlckiflrtki` `rjjnt `lzl zlcamlgsuur dki jjg vhhrstlcckgnlg lgjodknuètlkt.

@kt olmbjgksol thhgt zkmb vllc frjmbtknlr lg ugkvlrslclr `jg blt `hhrnjjgs kg cktlrjtuur hvlrtljos lg tljoprhmlsslg dlsmbrlvlg whr`t.

Pljoghrolg dlplrflg llg tljock` kg zkig nl`rjnsjctlrgjtklvlg lg vlrfclkglg `jjroll `l ohnl-ckifl vjrkjtkl kg blt hptrl`lg vjg blt tljo gjjr duktlg thl. Plnlckiflrtki` dkl`lg strjffl tljoghr-olg ” `hhr bug ugkahrolrlg` laalmt ” llg tljock` bhuvjst `hhr`jt blt tljonl`rjn mhgskstlgtlg ‒dltrhuwdjjr‛ whr`t. Pljoghrolg lg -rlnlcs zkig ollstjc kopckmklt, hguktnlsprhflg lg plroj-glgt kg hg`lrbjg`lckgn.

Kg- lg uktscuktkgn zkig vhhr `l tljocl`lg `l ollst kgnrkiplg`l kgtlrjmtklprhmlsslg. ‒Lrdki ohnlgbhrlg‛ ks gj ‒hvlrclvlg‛ `l stlrfstl olgslckifl `rkiavllr. Kg- lg uktscuktkgnsprhmlsslg zkig jodknullg vrjnlg hgnlolrft vllc lglrnkl.

Dki llg tljolgtrll cknt `l ojmbt dki `l nlvlstkn`lg, gklt dki `l thltrl`lr. Dlk`l strlvlg kg prkgmkplbug lknlgdlcjgn gj. ]ummlsvhccl thltrl`lrs stlcclg blt gjstrlvlg vjg bug lknlgdlcjgn lmbtlr ukt.Kgscuktkgn ckift llg rjtkhgllc jawlnkgns- lg slclmtklprhmls, ojjr whr`t ” glt jcs kg `l horkgnlg`lojjtsmbjppki ” vhhrjc nlstuur` `hhr `l hg`lrstrhho.

Hg`lrstrhhoajmthrlg (lknlgdlcjgn, hgzlflrblk`, jgnst, kccushkr nl`rjn, hgtflggkgn lg ojmbtsnl-drukf) wlrflg kg `l bjg` `jt vhhrstlcckgnlg hpnlvhlr` whr`lg. Plg nlvhcnl vjg `l `hhr tljo-cl`lg zlca nlspllc`l vhhrstlcckgnlg lrh`llrt blt hg`lrckgnl vlrtrhuwlg. Iukst `jt vlrtrhuwlg kslsslgtkllc vhhr blt augmtkhglrlg vjg llg tljo kg llg mhopclxl honlvkgn ha olt llg kgnlwkf-flc`l hp`rjmbt.

Jodknuètlkt fhot hp vllc ojgklrlg kg blt tljoclvlg tht ukt`ruffkgn. Blt ks kgblrlgt jjg mhoou-gkmjtkl lg `jjroll hvlrjc lg jctki` jjgwlzkn. Jodknuètlkt wlrft kg blt vhhr`llc vjg `lnlglg `kl



42<

]JOLGQJPPKGN

llg ojmbtknlr phsktkl kg blt tljo lrvjrlg. Yki blddlg ollr ojmbt ho vjg `l ùddlczkggknblk`nldrukf tl ojflg, ho tl dlpjclg wlcfl dltlflgks wjggllr nlc`kn ks, glt zh blt blg uktfhot.

Llg stlrfl hg`lrstrhho vlrokg`lrt tljoplrahrojgml hp jccl vcjfflg. @l kgvchl` bklrvjg ks

nrhht.

Kg ckig olt bug gklt-dlwustzkig jmbtlg `l ollstl tljocl`lg blt gklt zkgvhc jjg`jmbt lg tki` jjg`l rllmtkl hp kgtlrjmtklprhmlsslg tl dlstl`lg. @jt nllat `l nlrkgnl dlrlk`blk` tht vlrjg`lrkgn lghgtwkfflckgn vjg blt tljo jjg.

^lcfl dltlflgks vlrclglg prhalsskhgjcs jjg blt wlrflg kg llg tljo8

Ojmbt, dlcjgnlg, ‒scko‛ zkig, (hgtdrlflg`) vlrtrhuwlg, rjtkh lg lohtkl6 `jt zkig dltlflgksslg `klhg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl, vjgukt `l hg`lrstrhho, vhro dckiflg tl nlvlg jjg `l vhhrstlcckgnlg kg blttljoclvlg. Blt zkig dltlflgksslg wjjr tljocl`lg zkmb zlc`lg dlwust vjg zkig. @lrnlckifl tbl-oj‛s clvlg gklt kg `l dlwust dlclla`l wlrflckifblk`. Jodknuètlkt, vhhrstlcckgnlg lg kccuskl zkig blt

nlvhcn.

Pljocl`lg zkig výýr jccls dlzkn olt zkmbzlca9 bug mhgmrltl lknlgdlcjgn, bug hvlrclvlg, lrdki oh-nlg bhrlg, bug (ojmbts-)phsktkl. @llc `jjrvjg fjg bug gjgmkllc nlwkg zkig. ]hos zkt ‛t oll lgcknt blt tljodlcjgn kg blt vlrclgn`l vjg bug lknlgdlcjgn. @jt nllat vclunlcs.

Hhf blt bhnlr ojgjnlolgt bllat nllg jjg`jmbt vhhr ha dlsla vjg wjt zkmb kg l hg`lrstrhhojaspllct, tlrwkic iukst `l `ygjoklf kg `l hg`lrstrhho llg dlpjclg`l ajmthr ks kg `l plrahrojgml

vjg tljo lg kg`kvkù, vhhr blt dlbjclg vjg `hlcstlcckgnlg. Blt ojgjnlolgt vrjjnt llg dlpjjc`lprlstjtkl vjg blt tljo, ojjr ks `hhr `kt hgdlnrkp gklt kg stjjt blt tljo tl ajmkcktlrlg.

Plrundckf

Gj jhhp vjg blt hg`lrzhlf bld kf `l rlsuctjtlg vjg blt vlc`hg`lrzhlf jjg blt NHU-tljo vhhrnlcln`. @l rljmtkls vlrsmbkcclg stlrf9 vjg blrflggkgn, hpcumbtkgn `jt `kt jcclojjc llgs hp-nlsmbrlvlg ha ‒hgt`lft‛ ks, tht janrkizlg lg jawkizlg. Pljocl`lg `kl kg `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l llgollr plrkalrl phsktkl kggjolg rljnlrlg jg`lrs `jg `lnlglg `kl thlg clfflr ‒bug `kgn‛ `l`lg. Jcclrljmtkls vjg gu pjsslg dkgglg `l kgtlrjmtklpjtrhglg vjg thlg.

Hhnst vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf

Kg tlnlgstlcckgn tht `l njgndjrl ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur thhgt `kt hg`lrzhlf jjg `jt tljoclvlg vjg

prhalsskhgjcs stlrf ckift hp –blt lmbtl clvlg‟. Qhhr wkl nhl` fkift zkig `l bklr nlsmbltstl pjtrhglglg prhmlsslg kg kl`lr tljo wjjr tl glolg. Blt nl`rjn kg tljos zkt vhc vhhrstlcckgnlg.

lrf vhrot llg dlcjgnrkif thgllc kg blt clvlg vjg prhalsskhgjcs. Urhalsskhgjcs zkig `jjrkg lmb-tlr výýr jccls nlwhhg olgs, hhf kg `l mhgtlxt wjjrkg vjg blg prhalsskhgllc bjg`lclg whr`t

vlrwjmbt.

Qjgukt `lzl mhgmcuskls prlslgtllr kf gkluwl k`llæg hvlr blt jjgsturlg vjg tljos, wjjrdki lxpckmkltlg rhduust rlflgkgn nlbhu`lg whr`t olt `l dlcjgnlg `kl kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg blddlg lg wjjr-kg hplgblk` lg rukotl dlvhr`lr` whr`lg. Kgblrlgt jjg `l prhokglgtkl vjg lknlgdlcjgn frkinlgtljocl`lg zlca llg ùk`lckiflr rhc kg blt jjgsturlg vjg blt tljo.



421

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



42>

]uoojry

Pbks stu`y rlphrts hg tljowhrf wktbkg mhoolrmkjc hrnjgksjtkhgs. Bhw `h tljo olodlrs jttrk-dutl th tbl plrahrojgml ha tljos. ^bjt jrl tbl fly-ajmthrs ahr summlss jg` ajkcurl ha tbl tljomhgmlrgl`8

Qktjc tblols wktbkg tljos jrl9 dlchgnkgn, dhg`kgn wktb tbl tljo, lxmcuskhg, th dl jdcl th puthglslca kg j vucglrjdcl phsktkhg, `lplg`lgml jg` trust. Kgtlrlsts, phwlr jg` ojgkpucjtkhg pcjy jmrumkjc rhcl kg tljos. Tlsphgskdkckty, kg`kvkùjc spjml jg` `lvlchpolgt hpphrtugktkls, sudilmtkhgth tbl mhcclmtkvl jg` aljr jrl kophrtjgt jsplmts wbkmb kgulgml tbl dlbjvkhur ha tljo olodlrs.Kg sbhrt, tbks dhhf `ljcs wktb tbl buojg jsplmts ha tljo ckal jg` kts mhgslqulgmls hg tbl kg`kvk-

ùjcs jg` hrnjgksjtkhgs kgvhcvl`6 wktb kgtlrjmtkhg dltwllg tljo olodlrs jg` dltwllg tbl tljojg` kts surrhug`kgns. Kt ks jdhut dhg`kgn jg` sbjrkgn kg j whrc` tbjt ks mbjrjmtlrksl` dy kg`kvkùj-ckzjtkhg, jmmlclrjtkhg jg` ‒plrahrojgmls‛. Dy plrahrojgml ks oljgt tbl mhgsmkhus hr ugmhgsmkhusojgkpucjtkgn ha tbl koprlsskhg wbkmb hgl kg`kvkùjc mhgvlys th jghtblr.

Kgtlrlsts `lgl wbjt oust dl kgulgml`, phwlr `lgls tbl plrahrojgml. Mhoougkmjtkhg ksjg kophrtjgt oljgs ha phwlr. Kt ks usl` dy jgyhgl. Uhwlr ks tbus pjrt ha lvlry`jy tljo ckal.Bjdlrojs‛s ‒mhgslgsus wktbhut mhopucskhg‛ prhvls th dl jg kccuskhg wktbkg tljos. Ujrt ha tblplrahrojgml wktbkg tbl tljos ks tbjt phwlr ks ght rlmhngkzl` jg` mjgght dl gjol`. Dy `lgykgntblsl ajmthrs tljowhrf mjg dl qukmfsjg` jg` j tbrljt ahr tbl plrahrojgml ha tbl tljo.

Pbl mlgtrjc rlsljrmb qulstkhg kg tbks stu`y ks9

–^bkmb pjrtkmucjr skngkmjgml `h prhalsskhgjcs rlg`lr th whrfkgn kg j tljo8‟

^blg prhalsskhgjcs whrf kg tljos jg` nkvl skngkmjgml th tblsl tljos, vjrkhus hrnjgksjtkhgjcclvlcs jrl rlclvjgt. Akrst, tbl kg`kvkùjc nkvls oljgkgn th kgtlrjmtkhgs jg` hmmurrlgmls wbkmb bllxplrklgmls wktbkg tbl tljo jg` kg rlcjtkhg th tbl mhgtlxt. Mhgstrumtkhgs jg` kgtlrprltjtkhgs halvlgts, ha kg`kvkùjc kgtlrlsts, rlsuct kg okxturls ha chnkmjc rljshgkgn jg` lohtkhgs, ha sudilmtkvlrljckty jg` kccuskhgs. Jcsh jt tljojg` hrnjgksjtkhgjc clvlc skngkmjgml ks nkvlg, kg wbkmb tbl kg`k-

vkùjccy jttrkdutl` oljgkgns ojfl tbloslcvls alct jg` vkml vlrsj.

Kg tbl lc` ha rlsljrmb wbkmb ks hplgl` up dy tbl mlgtrjc rlsljrmb qulstkhg, twh slmhg`jry quls-tkhgs prhvk`l ahmus9

^bkmb kgtlrlsts jrl jmtkvl hg tbl vjrkhus clvlcs jg` bhw jrl tblsl dlst slrvl`8Bhw `h kgtlrjmtkhgs dltwllg tljo olodlrs hr dltwllg tljo jg` mhgtlxt kgulgml tljoplrahrojgml6 bhw `hls tbl `lsmrkdl` `ygjokms mhgtrkdutl th tbl summlss hr ajkcurl ha tbltljo8

Jpprhjmb

Ha tbrll rlsljrmb tljos NHU, j duskglss slrvkml tljo, wjs ahcchwl` ohst mchslcy ùrkgn j plrkh`ha ahur yljrs. Pbl hdslrvjtkhgs hg tbks tljo ojfl up tbl ojkg dh`y ha tbks rlsljrmb. @urkgntbl lgtkrl plrkh` ha hdslrvjtkhg K wjs j tljo olodlr oyslca, wbkmb oj`l ol jg hdslrvlr arho

wktbkg9 sh rlsljrmblr jg` tljo olodlr jt tbl sjol tkol. Pbks ùjc phsktkhg lgjdcl` ol th ojfl

:.4.



422

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

guolrhus jg` oltkmuchuscy `ltjkcl` hdslrvjtkhgs. Pbl mhodkgjtkhg ha tblsl twh phsktkhgs mjgjcsh dl rksfy. Bhw hdilmtkvl mjg yhu dl js tljo olodlr jg` rlsljrmblr jt tbl sjol tkol8 Kg tbltwh jpplg`kmls tblsl qulstkhgs jrl `ljct wktb kg nrljtlr `ltjkc.

Pbl twh htblr tljos, Ojx jg` Ouctk - arho `kaalrlgt mhoolrmkjc slmthrs - cc kg jg` mhgroNHU‛s sthry kg tbks tblsks. Dhtb tljos wlrl ahcchwl` urkgn j sbhrtlr plrkh` ha tkol, dut js kgtlg-skvl. Hg slvlrjc phkgts tbl hdslrvjtkhgs jt Ojx‛s jg` Ouctk‛s ug`lrckgl tbl hdslrvjtkhgs oj`l jtNHU, dut tblrl jrl jcsh ojrfl` `kaalrlgmls. Pblsl `kaalrlgmls stkoucjtl` ol th aurtblr rlsljrmb.

Jpjrt arho lgrkmbkgn tbl hvlrjcc pkmturl, Ojx jg` Ouctk jcsh tlst jg` okrrhr tbl ohrl `ltjkcl`hdslrvjtkhgs jt NHU.

Oy oltbh` ha whrfkgn mhgskstl` ha pjrtkmkpjgt hdslrvjtkhg, qulstkhgkgn, stu`ykgn `hmuolgtj-tkhg jg` rllmtkhg. Pbks wjs aurtblr hg junolgtl` dy stu y ha cktlrjturl kg hr`lr th ug`lrstjg`

wbjt K hdslrvl` wktbhut wjgtkgn th ojfl kt kgth hgl hvlrjcc lxpcjgjtkhg.. Js K wlgt jchgn, K sljr-mbl` ahr `kaalrlgt phkgts ha vklw th dl jdcl th tjfl kg j ouctkpcl lokm rlsljrmb phsktkhg.

Pblols

Pbl kgtlrvklws kg tbl rst rhug` wlrl arll kg tbl slgsl, tbjt dy oljgs ha j guodlr ha hplg kgktkjcqulstkhgs, tbl kgtlrvklwlls wlrl jdcl th spljf arllcy jdhut ojttlrs mhgmlrgkgn tblkr rlcjtkhgsbkpth tblkr tljo. Pbl trjgsmrkpts ha tblsl kgtlrvklws bjvl dllg jgjcysl`, wbkmb rlvljcl` tbl rlcjtkvlkophrtjgml ha hvlr twlgty sudilmts. Akvl ha tblsl stjg` hut mcljrcy ” arho tbl tljo olodlrs‛phkgt ha vklw. Pblsl sudilmts jrl `rkvl jg` tjrnlt, dhg`kgn jg` k`lgtkmjtkhg, mhoougkmjtkhg,clj`lrsbkp, kgmcuskhg jg` lxmcuskhg.

Pblsl vl tblols bjvl dllg slclmtl` js j nuk`lckgl ahr aurtblr rlsljrmb9 ahr tbl mjsujc strumturlha tbl ahcchw-up kgtlrvklws, tbl whrfkgn-hut jg` tbl jgjcysks. @lplg`lgt hg tbl clvlc ha jdstrjm-tkhg, tblsl tblols mhvlr thnltblr tbl cjrnlr pjrt ha tbl smhpl ha kgtlrjmtkhg prhmlssls wktbkgtljos. Pbly rlg`lr jg kojnl js kgtlnrjc js phsskdcl ha tbl ckal kg tbl tljos kg qulstkhg. Pbl prk-ojry prh`umtkhg prhmlss ks ght kgmcu`l`. Pbl rlsljrmb tblrlahrl hls l.n. ght lgtlr kgth tbl jsplmtha kgghvjtkhg jctbhunb tbl `lsmrkdl` kgsknbts jrl jppckmjdcl th tbl ojgjnlolgt ha kgghvjtkhgprhmlssls.

Pbl kgtlrvklw trjgsmrkpts jg` hdslrvjtkhgs ahro tbl djsks ha tbl `lsmrkptkhgs kg tbl tblojtkmmbjptlrs. Ljmb tblojtkm mbjptlr mhgsksts ha j rlg`lrkgn ha tbl lc` rlsljrmb, j mhgsk`lrjtkhg jg`j suoojry.

Jatlr mhgsk`lrjtkhg ha tbl slpjrjtl tblols kt jppljrs

tbjt dchh` ks tbkmflr tbjg wjtlr9 tbl plrshgjc ks strhgnlr tbjg tbl mhcclmtkvl6

tbjt jodknukty js j rlsuct ha mhgtrj`kmthry dlbjvkhur, uglxprlssl` vklws jg` `ksnuksl` hpk-gkhgs ks jg kgvjrkjdcl ajmt, thnltblr wktb tbl hmmurrlgml jg` mblrksbkgn ha kccuskhgs6

tbjt hplg mhoougkmjtkhg ks ght jmbklvl`. Tllmtkhg bjs gh pcjml kg tljo jmtkhgs, sktujtk-hgs jrl ght chhfl` strjknbt kg tbl ajml. Ulhpcl prhtlmt tbloslcvls dy j strhgn lopbjsks hg‒jmtkhgs‛ hr bk`l kg plrahrojgml. Ulrahrojgmls jrl kglxtrkmjdcy dhug` up wktb kgtlrjmtkhgsdltwllg tljo olodlrs jg` dltwllg tbl tljo jg` tbl vjrkhus mhgtlxts6

tbjt tblrl ks ckoktl` jwjrlglss ha tbl `ygjokms jg` tbl kccuskhgs tbl tljo olodlrs jrl pjrtha, hr ha tbl mhgtlxt wktbkg wbkmb tbly augmtkhg6 olodlrs `h ght mhgsmkhuscy hdslrvl tbkshr plrbjps tbly mhgsmkhuscy `h ght hdslrvl tbks6

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42;

]\OOJT[

tbjt kg spktl ha tbl ckoktl` jwjrlglss ha tbl ug`lrmurrlgt, glnhtkjtkhgs jrl hogkprlslgt6 oj-gkpucjtkhg hr usl ha phwlr ks j `lgkgn ahrml6

tbjt tblrl jrl lohtkhgs dlchw tbl surajml6 sholtkols tbly php up6

tbjt tblrl jrl slvlrjc olmbjgksos jt whrf kg tbl ug`lrmurrlgt wbkmb jaalmt trust.

Pblols kg tbl ug`lrmurrlgt dlmhol vkskdcl. Pbly jrl tbl djskm pjttlrgs ha tbl kgtlrjmtkhg. Pblslpjttlrgs jrl jt whrf jt j `llplr clvlc dlchw tbl tblols lxpckmktcy olgtkhgl` dy tbl tljo olodlrskg tbl kgtlrvklws. Jt tbl `llplr clvlc ha tbl ug`lrmurrlgt, pjttlrgs sumb js tbl clttkgn prlvjkc haslca- kgtlrlst, tbl mblrksbkgn ha j phsktkvl slca-kojnl jg` kccuskhgs, tbl plrahrokgn, lxkstlgtkjc aljr

wbkmb ojfls ktslca vkskdcl kg lohtkhgs jg` tbl lxlrmkskgn ha phwlr kg hr`lr th ojgjnl tblsl aljrsmjg dl `ksmhvlrl`. Ojgy ha tblsl djskm pjttlrgs bjvl dllg sbhwg th ug`lrokgl outujc trust.

Pljo olodlrs jrl ght ” hr hgcy th j sojcc lxtlgt ” jwjrl ha tblsl kopckmkt tblols. Kg tbl kgtlrvklws ” wbkmb tjfl pcjml kg tbl ‒upplr murrlgt‛ ” tblsl tblols wlrl gh gjturjc sudilmts ha `ksmus-skhg. ^blg kgtrhùml` dy ol, tbl rlsphgsl wjs `lgkjc, `ksdlckla jg` rlilmtkhg.

Mhgmcuskhgs

^bkmb kgtlrlsts jrl prlslgt jt tbl vjrkhus clvlcs jg` bhw jrl tblsl dlst slrvl`8

Lvlgtujccy tbl kg`kvkùjc‛s kgtlrlst ks jcwjys j strhgnlr kgmlgtkvl tbjg tbl tljo‛s kgtlrlst.

Pbl skngkmjgml jttrkdutl` dy kg`kvkùjcs th tbl tjrnlts ha tbl hrnjgkzjtkhg jg` tbl tljo vjrklsstrhgncy. ]lca-kgtlrlst jmts js j nuk`l th tbl kgtlrprltjtkhgs, lvlg ka, wktbkg tbl tljo, tbl kccuskhg hamhoougjc tjrnlts ks prlslrvl`.

Pljo olodlrs jrl hatlg ght jwjrl ha tblkr hwg kgtlrlsts hr th wbjt lxtlgt tblsl kgulgml tblkrjmtkhgs. Pbl jmtkhgs ha tljo olodlrs th slrvl tblkr hwg kgtlrlsts jrl hatlg ugmhgsmkhuscy `kmtj-tl` th tblo. Kg tbl ug`lrmurrlgt j wlknbkgn up ha prkhrktkls tjfls pcjml6 tbl wlknbkgn up ha prhtjg` chss ha tbl tljo olodlrsbkp, prht jg` chss ha hgl hptkhg ha jmtkhg mhopjrl` th jghtblr.

Pljo olodlrs `h ght kgvlstknjtl tblkr kgtlrlsts, tblsl rlojkg cjrnlcy jodknuhus. Ohrl hatlg tblskngkmjgml ha tblkr mhoohg kgtlrlst ks ght rljccy ckvl` tbrhunb hr sbjrl`. Pljo olodlrs sjtksaytbloslcvls wktb tbl kccuskhg tbjt slca-kgtlrlst jg` mhoohg kgtlrlst mhjclsml. Pbks ks ‒kgtlccknlgt‛dlbjvkhur. Kt clnktkokzls tbl sllfkgn ha slca-kgtlrlst kg tbl gjol ha tbl mhoohg nhjc.

Bhw `h kgtlrjmtkhgs dltwllg tljo olodlrs, hr dltwllg tljo jg` mhgtlxt,

kgaculgml tbl tljo plrahrojgml6 bhw `hls tbl olgtkhgl` `ygjokms mhgtrkdutl th

tbl summlss hr ajkcurl ha tbl tljo8\g`lrmurrlgt jg` upplr murrlgt `lgl tbl ckal kg tljos. Pbl lohtkhgs jg` tbl kgtlrlsts wbkmb`krlmt tbl plrahrojgmls kg tbl upplr murrlgt rksl arho tbl ug`lrmurrlgt. Ulrahrokgn bjpplgs jtjcc clvlcs, gjturjccy jcwjys ‒chmjccy‛ ccl` kg. ^ktbkg tblsl plrahrojgmls tbl bk``lg kgtlrlsts jrl tblojkg mjusls ha jodknukty.

Ulrahrojgmls mhgmljc ‒wbjt ks tblrl‛9 tblrlahrl tbly prlslrvl kccuskhgs jg` mrljtl jodknukty. ^bkmb pjrtkmucjr plrahrojgml slrvls tbl kgtlrlst dlst jt j mlrtjkg oholgt ks dhtb `lplg`lgt hgtbl koprlsskhg tbjt bjs th dl mhgvlyl` th tbl splmtjthr jg` tbl kccuskhg tbl jmthr wjgts th ojkg-tjkg ahr bkoslca. Ulrahrojgmls jrl pjrt ha `jkcy ckal. Pblrlahrl tljo olodlrs jrl ght jwjrl hatblkr plrahrojgmls, hr tbl plrahrojgmls kg wbkmb tbly pjrtjfl.

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4;5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@lgkjc hr mlgsurl ha tbl ug`lrmurrlgt mjg turg tljo ckal kgth qukmfsjg . Kg sumb mjsls tljo olo-dlrs splg` j nrljt `ljc ha lglrny jg` jttlgtkhg th wbjt ojy ght hplgcy dl jmfghwcl`nl`. Pbl`lgkjc ktslca jmmuoucjtls tbl laalmt9 lvlg ohrl ktlos jrl supprlssl`. Kg tbks wjy tbl kgulgml ha

tbl ug`lrmurrlgt ks rlkgahrml`.Dy slca-mlgsurl tljo olodlrs drkgn tbloslcvls th jppjrlgt ugkahrokty. Bhwlvlr, arjnolgtjtkhgks tblg hatlg hdslrvl` dlchw tbl suplrmkjc ugkty. Kg tbl sbhrt tlro tbks drkgns nrljt j`vjgtjnlsahr tbl tljo js hrnjgkso9 ugkty kgmrljsls tbl strlgntb ha tbl tljo, blgml kt ks jdcl th plrahrodlttlr. Jt tbl sjol tkol tbks slca-mlgsurl j``s th tbl plrahrojgmls jg` tbl jodknukty. ]h arjn-olgtjtkhg jg` chss ha mhblskhg ks tbl rlsuct jt tbl sjol tkol. Pbks olmbjgkso sbhws th dl oumbstrhgnlr jg` ohrl ugkvlrsjc tbjg usujccy `lsmrkdl` kg cktlrjturl hg tljos jg` tljo prhmlssls.

Pbl stjg`jr`s wktbkg tbl tljo rlstrkmt tbl tljo olodlrs‛ dlbjvkhurjc jctlrgjtkvls jg` rl`uml tblphtlgtkjc vjrkjtkhg kg tbl tljo‛s hutwjr` dlbjvkhur. Jt tbl sjol tkol strkmt tljo stjg`jr`s ” dytblkr ugkaykgn laalmt - nkvl tljo olodlrs sholtbkgn th bhc` hg th, dlmjusl ha tbl ajmt tbjt tljo

dlbjvkhur dlmhols mhgskstlgt jg` ‒trustwhrtby‛. Pljo stjg`jr`s jg` rucls jrl usujccy kopckmkt,ugsphflg jg` plrojglgtcy ug`lr glnhtkjtkhg.

Kgmcuskhg jg` lxmcuskhg jrl tbl ohst rj`kmjc kgtlrjmtkhg prhmlssls. ‒Dlchgnkgn‛, jatlr ‒survkvkgn‛, kstbl strhgnlst buojg ohtkvl. Kgmcuskhg jg` lxmcuskhg prhmlssls jrl jodknuhus jg` `rjkg lglrnyjwjy.

Pbl phwlr ks kg tbl bjg`s ha tbl lstjdcksbl` olodlrs ha tbl tljo, ght wktb tbl glwmholr wbhihkgs kt. Bhwlvlr, dhtb pjrtkls strkvl jatlr tblkr hwg kgtlrlst. ]ummlssauc lgtlrlrs phstphgl tblkrslca-kgtlrlst tbhunb. Kgmcuskhg sllos j rjtkhgjc prhmlss ha mhgsk`lrjtkhg jg` slclmtkhg, dut ks

” iust js kg nlglrjc shmklty - `krlmtl` dy tbl ug`lrmurrlgt.

\g`lrmurrlgt ajmthrs (slca-kgtlrlst, ugmlrtjkgty, aljr, kccushry dlbjvkhur, `lgkjc jg` usl ha phwlr)

mhg`hgl plrahrokgn. Js j rlsuct ha plrahrojgmls pcjyl` dy tbl tljo olodlrs tbloslcvls, ou-tujc trust ks lrh`l`. Pbks vlry trust ks lsslgtkjc ahr tbl prhplr augmtkhgkgn ha j tljo kg mhopclxsurrhug`kgns hr wktb j mhopckmjtl` jsskngolgt.

Jodknukty ks lxprlssl` kg ojgy wjys kg tljo ckal. Kt ks kgblrlgt th mhoougkmjtkhg jg` ks ahrlvlrprlslgt lvlrywblrl. Jodknukty ks j`vjgtjnlhus th tbhsl wbh bjvl j ohrl phwlrauc phsktkhg kgtbl tljo. Pbly bjvl ohrl phwlr th usl jodknukty, th `lgl wbkmb skngkmjgml ks vjck` wblglvlrkt pcljsls tblo.

J strhgn ug`lrmurrlgt `lmrljsls tljo plrahrojgml jt jcc clvlcs. Kts kopjmt ks mhgsk`lrjdcl. Kg jm-mhr`jgml wktb tblkr ghg-jwjrlglss ohst tljo olodlrs `h ght `llo kt uslauc th splg` tkol jg`jttlgtkhg hg rllmtkhg hr kgtlrjmtkhg prhmlssls. Pbks kg`kmjtls tbl tljo‛s cjmf ha wkcckgnglss th

mbjgnl jg` `lvlchp.

^bkmb pjrtkmucjr skngkakmjgml `h prhalsskhgjcs rlg`lr th whrfkgn kg j tljo8

Uhwlr, kgtlrlsts, jmtkgn ‒kgtlccknlgt‛, (cjmfkgn) mhg`lgml, rljshgkgn jg` lohtkhg9 tblsl jrl tbl ks-suls ha skngkmjgml wbkmb ” arho dlchw tbl surajml, tbl ug`lrmurrlgt - ahro tbl plrahrojgmls kgtljo ckal ha wbkmb tljo olodlrs jrl slc`ho jwjrl. ]umb tblols h ght jppljr kg tbl mhgsmkhuscylxplrklgml` rljckty. Jodknukty, plrahrojgml jg` kccuskhg jrl tbl rlsuct.

Urkhr th lvlrytbkgn tljo olodlrs jrl hmmupkl` wktb tbloslcvls, tblkr hwg survkvjc, dlchgnkgn,jg` tblkr phwlr phsktkhg. Ujrt ha tbks mjg dl gjgmkjc njkg. ]holtkols tbl wkg` ks ajvhurjdcl jg`tbus tbl tljo kgtlrlst rugs pjrjcclc th tblkr slca-kgtlrlst. Pbl tljo ks nkvlg wkgns.



4;:

]\OOJT[

Pbl slgkhr ojgjnlolgt `hls ght pjy jttlgtkhg th, ghr `hls kt rljcksl wbjt bjpplgs kg tbl ug`lr-murrlgt, wbkcst kt ks tbl `ygjokms kg tbl ug`lrmurrlgt tbjt ks j `lgkgn ajmthr kg tbl plrahrojgmlha tbl tljo jg` tbl kg`kvkùjc th dl jdcl th jmbklvl tjrnlts. Pbl ojgjnlolgt rlqukrls j mlrtjkg

jmbklvlolgt ha tbl tljo, dut ks ght jdcl th ajmkcktjtl kt dy tbks cjmf ha ug`lrstjg`kgn.

Tltrhsplmt

^blg tbl rlsljrmb wjs mhopcltl` K sbhwl` tbl rlsucts th tbl NHU tljo. Tljmtkhgs vjrkl`strhgncy6 arho rlmhngktkhg, rlckla tbjt jcc tbks bj` dllg wrkttlg hwg hr ‒`ksmhvlrl`‛, th bhrrhr jg`rlilmtkhg. Pljo olodlrs wbh bj` j ohrl plrkpblrjc phsktkhg wktbkg tbl tljo ùrkgn tbl plrkh`ha hdslrvjtkhg rljmt `kaalrlgtcy arho tbl hgls wbh wlrl prl`hokgjgtcy `hkgn ‒tblkr hwg tbkgn‛ jttbl tkol. Jcc prlslgt rljmtkhgs t tbl dkcc ha tbl kgtlrjmtkhg pjttlrgs jt tbl tkol ha tbl rlsljrmb.

Hutmhol ha tbks rlsljrmbMhgtrjry th ojgjnlolgt cktlrjturl hg tljos, tbks rlsljrmb sbhws tbjt tljo ckal ks iust ckfl hr`kgjryckal. Pbl jttlgtkvl dlbhc`lr mjg hdslrvl tbl `lsmrkdl` prhmlssls kg lvlry tljo. Iust js kg ‒rljc ckal‛plrahrojgmls jdhug`. Ckal, bhwlvlr, ks ohrl tbjg plrahrojgmls hgcy, js ks jcsh sbhwg kg tbksstu`y. ^hrf ks jg kophrtjgt ‒stjnl‛ kg tbl ckal ha prhalsskhgjcs. Jdhvl lvlrytbkgn lcsl, prhalsskh-gjcs jmt js buojg dlkgns, jcsh kg j mhgtlxt kg wbkmb tbly jrl lxplmtl` th jmt prhalsskhgjccy.

Arho tblsl mhgmcuskhgs K prlslgt glw k`ljs jdhut tbl `krlmtkgn ha tljos, wblrldy tbl kgtlrlsts ha tbl kg`kvkùjc tljo olodlrs jrl tjflg kgth jmmhugt lxpckmktcy jg` rhdustcy, jg` hplgglss jg`spjml jrl stkoucjtl`. Kgblrlgt th tbl prhokglgt rhcl ha slca-kgtlrlst tbl tljo olodlrs jrl jcchmj-tl` j ohrl `lgkgn rhcl kg tljo ojgjnlolgt.

dlkgns, jcsh kg j mhgtlxt kg wbkmb tbly jrl lxplmtl` th jmt prhalsskhgjccy.

Arho tblsl mhgmcuskhgs K prlslgt glw k`ljs jdhut tbl `krlmtkgn ha tljos, wblrldy tbl kgtlrlsts ha tbl kg`kvkùjc tljo olodlrs jrl tjflg kgth jmmhugt lxpckmktcy jg` rhdustcy, jg` hplgglss jg`spjml jrl stkoucjtl`. Kgblrlgt th tbl prhokglgt rhcl ha slca-kgtlrlst tbl tljo olodlrs jrl jcchmj-tl` j ohrl `lgkgn rhcl kg tbl `krlmtkhg ha tbl tljo.



4;4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



4;=

Cktlrjtuur

J cvlsshg, Ojts (:;;1) ‒Mhoougkmjtkhg, Uhwlr jg` hrnjgkzjtkhg‛ , `l Nruytlr.

Jcvlsshg, Ojts & Fji ]fñc`dlrn (4555) ‒Tllxkvl Oltbh`hchny, Glw Qkstjs ahr Zujcktjtkvl Tlsljrmb‛ ,Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Jojdkcl, Plrlsj O.,Mhgstjgml G. Bj`cly & ]tlvlg I. Frjolr (4554) ‒Mrljtkvkty ug`lr tbl Nug‛ ,Bjrvjr` Duskglss Tlvklw, vhc 52, pn <4-1=.

Jgtbhgksslg, Jgthg A. & Ijg B. Dhlsslgfhhc (:;;2) ‒Dltlflgksslg vjg dlsturlg‛ , UrhlasmbrkatTkifsugkvlrsktlkt \trlmbt.

Jrnyrks, Mbrks & @hgjc` ]mbñg (:;>2) ‒Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Cljrgkgn9 J Pblhry ha Jmtkhg Ulrsplmtkvl‛ ,Tlj`kgn9 J``kshg-^lscly.

Jrg`t, Ijokl, Ilaa Nrllgdlrn & Ckg`j ]kohg (:;;2) ‒Plrrhr Ojgjnlolgt jg` ]lca-Jwjrlglss9

Lvk`lgml tbjt ohrtjckty sjcklgml prhvhfls jvhk`jgml ha tbl slca-ahmusl` stjtl‛ , Ulrshgjckty & ]hmkjcUsymbhchny, vhc. 40, j. ::, pn :4:1-:44>.

Jtzloj, Hl`znl (4551) ‒Mrljtkvktlkt6 bhlfstllg vjg fugst lg wltlgsmbjp‛, Clzkgn kg \dcj`, bttp9// www.udcj`.uu.gc/custruosplmkjc/jtzloj.sbtoc.

Jvlry, Mbrks (455:)‒Pljowhrf ks jg kg`kvk`ujc sfkcc‛ ]jg Arjgmksmh9 Dlrrltt-Fhlbclr Uudcksblrs.

Djuolkstlr Thy A. & Ojrf T. Cljry (:;;<) ‒Pbl gll` th dlchgn9 @lskrl ahr kgtlrplrshgjc jttjmbolgts js j aug`jolgtjc buojg ohtkvjtkhg‛ , Usymbhchnkmjc duccltkg, ::>, pn 0;>-<4;.

Dllst, Kcij vjg (455:) ‒]lca-kgtlrlst jgs` ajkrglss kg mhjcktkhg ahrojtkhg‛ , Hgnlpudckmllr` prhlasmbrkat,\gkvlrsktlkt Clk`lg.

Dllst, Kcij vjg & Fkpckgn @. ^kcckjos (4551) ‒^blg Kgmcuskhg Mhsts jg` Hstrjmkso Ujys, Hstrjmkso ]tkccBurts ‛, Ihurgjc ha Ulrshgjckty jg` ]hmkjc Usymbhchny, vhc. ;:, pn ;:2-;42.

Dlggl, Flggltb @. (:;12) ‒Arho Uhcjrkzjtkhg th Ujrj`hx‛ , Kg9 Dlggks, ]mblkg, ]tllcl & Dlrclw(l`s.), Kgtlrplrshgjc @ygjokms, 4g` l`ktkhg6 @hrsly9 Bholwhh`.

Dlggks, ^jrrlg & Ujtrkmkj ^. Dkl`lrojg (:;;>) ‒Hrnjgkzkgn Nlgkus, Pbl ]lmrlts ha Mrljtkvl

Mhccjdhrjtkhg‛ , Chg`hg9 Gkmbhcjs Drljcly Uudcksbkgn.

Dlrn, Dlckj O. vjg `lg, lt jc. (4550) ‒ kopjmt9 `l frjmbt vjg nrhlps`kjchhn dki summlsvhcclhrnjgksjtklvlrjg`lrkgn‛ , Jsslg9 vjg Nhrmuo0::.

Dlrn, @jvk` G. & Flgwyg F. ]oktb (:;;<) ‒Ujrj`hx jg` Nrhups‛, kg9 Ihgjtbhg Nkcclttl & OjrkhgOmMhccho, Nrhups kg Mhgtlxt, J Glw Ulrsplmtkvl hg Nrhup @ygjokms, Glw [hrf9\gkvlrskty Urlss ha Jolrkmj, pn :51-:=4.

Dlrn, Ojrnulrktl vjg `lg, Mhrklg Urkgs & Ojrmlc Bjo, rl`. (4552) ‒Kg `l nrllp vjg `l tlmbghchnkl,Bhl wl fwltsdjjr`lr lg hgjabjgflckiflr whr`lg‛ , Jostlr`jo9 vjg Nlgglp.

0:: Howkccl vjg `l dhrnkgn vjg `l jghgkoktlkt vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf zkig bklr `l hvlrknl jutlurs wlnnlcjtlg.



4;0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Dlrnlg, vjg Jgglnrllt (455>) ‒Pljowlrf ks pjrj`hxjjc wlrf‛ , Ojgjnlr & Cktlrjtuur, pn 2-;.

Dkncly, Nrlnhry J. & Ihgl C. Uljrml (:;;2) ‒]trjkgkgn ahr sbjrl` oljgkgn kg hrnjgkzjtkhg smklgml9

Urhdclos ha trust jg` kstrust‛ , Jmj`loy ha Ojgjnlolgt Tlvklw, vhc. 4=, j. =, pn 05<-044.

Dchmf, Ultlr (:;;=) ‒]tlwjr`sbkp, Mbhhskgn ]lrvkml hvlr ]lca-Kgtlrlst‛ , ]jg Arjgmksmh9 Dlrrltt FhlbclrUudcksblrs.

Dhfslo, Ojjrtlg Jclx ]jg`lr (4551) ‒Olgtjc ajtknul9 mhsts jg` dlglts‛ , @ksslrtjtkl T\ Nrhgkgnlg,4 aldrujrk.

Dhumfjlrt, Cuf (4555) ‒Jcs `l vhs `l pjsskl prllft, Hvlr hpphrtugksol lg vlrtrhuwlg kg dl`rkiasltbklf‛ , Kg9 Jgthhg Qjg`lvlc`l (rl`.), Hvlr vlrtrhuwlg lg dl`rkia, Cluvlg9 Jmmh, pn 4>-04.

Dhuwlg, Tlgë & Jrt @lwuca (455>) Ollrstlookn honjjg olt rlcjtkhglcl flggks kg ouctkpjrtkiprhilmtlgdki blt dlbllr vjg gjtuurckifl bucpdrhgglg , Kg9 Urkgs, ]kcvkj, ]jg`rj ]mbrukilr, Ijmqulckgl

Qlrdhvlg lg Fjrlc @l ^kttl (rl`.) @kvlrsktlkt lg vlrtrhuwlg kg shmkjcl systlolg, Cluvlg9

CjgghhMjopus, pn 4:-04.Drlwlr, Ojrkcygg D. (:;;:) ‒Pbl ]hmkjc ]lca9 Hg dlkgn tbl sjol jg` `kaalrlgt jt tbl sjol tkol‛ , Ulrshgjckty

jg` ]hmkjc Usymbhchny Duccltkg, :>, pn 0><-024.

Drhlmf, Blrojg vjg `lg & Ajggkl @ldussmbl (455>) ‒Nrhhtollstlr kg tljowlrf‛ , ]mrkptuo /CjgghhMjopus.

Dryjg, Dkcc, Okmbjlc Nhh`ojg & Ijjp ]mbjvlckgn (4551) ‒]ystllo`lgflg, Hgt`lfflg vjg hgzlhrnjgksjtklpjtrhglg‛ , @lg Bjjn9 Jmj`lokm ]lrvkml.

Durnlr, [vhggl (4552) ‒Olgslckifblk` kg hrnjgksjtkls, [vhggl Durnlr hvlr blt dlcjgn vjg vrkiohl`knblk`‛ ,Ojgjnlolgt lg Mhgsuctkgn, gr. :, pn 45-4=.

Durnb, Ojrmlc jjg `l, (4552) ‒^kl zkmb nrhht vhhr`hlt, whr`t dlcjmblckif nlojjft, splctblhrltkmus FlggltbDkgohrl hvlr oh`lcclg ho ojrftlg lg hvlrbl`lg lamkægtlr lg llrckiflr kg tl rkmbtlg‛ , GTM, =5 `lmlodlr,pn :=.

Mhmfdurg, Mygtbkj (:;;:) ‒Kg tbl wjy ha wholg9 olg‛s rlskstjgml th slx lqujckty kg hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ ,Glw[hrf9 KCT Urlss.

Mhgglr, @jryc T. (:;;4) ‒Ojgjnkgn jt tbl ]pll` ha Mbjgnl, Bhw Tlskcklgt Ojgjnlrs ]ummll` jg` Urhsplr^blrl Htblrs Ajkc‛ , Glw [hrf9 Qkccjr`.

Mhstj, Jgj M. (4555) ‒J ojttlr ha trust9 laalmts hg tbl plrahrojgml jg` laalmtkvlglss ha tljos kg

hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ @ksslrtjtkhg \gkvlrskty Pkcdurn, Tk``lrflrf9 Tk``lrflrf Urkgt.

Mhvly, ]tlpblg O.T. & Tldlmmj T. Olrrkcc, 4551, ‒@l sglcblk` vjg vlrtrhuwlg, `jt wjt jccls vlrjg`lrt‛ , Jostlr`jo9 Duskglss Mhgtjmt.

Mrll`, .L. @huncjs & Tjyohg` L. Okcls (:;;1) ‒Prust kg hrnjgkzjtkhgs9 J mhgmlptujc arjolwhrf

ckgfkgn hrnjghzjtkhgjc ahros, ojgjnlrkjc pbkchshpbkls, jg` tbl hpphrtugkty mhsts ha mhgtrhcs‛ , Kg9 T.O.Frjolr, P.T. Pyclr (l`s.) Prust kg hrnjgkzjtkhgs9 Arhgtklrs ha tblhry jg` rlsljrmb, pn :1- =26 Mjckahrgkj9 ]jnl.

@ljc & Flggl`y (:;22) ‒Mhrphrjtl Mucturls‛ , Bjrohg`swhrtb9 Ulgnukg.



4;<

CKPLTJP\\T

@lltz, ]tjgcly (4555) ‒@lsmrkdkgn @kaalrlgmls kg Jpprhjmbls th Hrnjgkzjtkhg ]mklgml, Tltbkgfkgn Durlccjg` Ohrnjg jg` tblkr clnjmy‛ , Kg9 Arhst, U.I., J.[. Clwkg & T.C.@jat (l`s) –Pjcfkgn jdhutHrnjgkzjtkhgjc ]mklgmls9 @ldjtls jg` @kjchnul arho Mrhssrhj`s‟, pn :4= - :<4, Mjckahrgkj9]jnl.

@lcahs, Ojrtkgl A. (4550) ‒Lluwknl trhuw ks tl sturlg‛ , Lstj, gr ;, pn :2-44.

@kmfl, Ojttbkis (4551) ‒Lx-prhohvlgùs kgtlrvklw olt Ojjrtlg Dhfslo‛ , Usymbhghho, pn :;-44.

@klbc, Okmbjlc & ^hcanjgn ]trhldl (:;;;) ‒Urhùmtkvkty Chss kg K`lj-Nlglrjtkgn Nrhups9 Prjmfkgn

`hwg tbl dchmfkgn laalmt‛ , Ihurgjc ha Ulrshgjckty jg` ]hmkjc Usymbhchny vhc.1:, gh.=, pn =;4-05=.

@rjjksoj, @huwl (4552) ‒@l Blkowllajdrklf‛ , Nrhgkgnlg9 Bksthrksmbl \ktnlvlrki.

@rlyaus, Budlrt & ]tujrt @rlyaus (:;22) ‒Okg` hvlr Ojmbkgl, Pbl Uhwlr ha Buojg Kgtuktkhg jg` Lxplrtksl kg tbl Lrj ha tbl Mhoputlr‛ , Glw [hrf9 Arll Urlss.

@upuy, Arjgîhks (4550) ‒]bjrkgn Fghwcl`nl, Pbl ^by jg` Bhw ha Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Mbjgnl‛ , Bjopsbkrl9

Ujcnrjvl Ojmokccjg.

@kif, Lrkm vjg & @jjg vjg Fgkpplgdlrn (455>) ‒Nrhlpsnl`rjn‛ , Kg9 Thhs Qhgf (l`.)9 ]hmkjclUsymbhchnkl, pn 0>:-<5;.

Lkslgdlrnlr, Gjhok K., Ojttblw @. Ckldlrojg & Fkpckgn @. ^kcckjos (455=) ‒@hls rlilmtkhg burt8 Jg aOTK stu`y ha shmkjc lxmcuskhg‛ , ]mklgml, =54, pn 4;5 - 4;4.

Lkslgdlrnlr, Gjhok K. & Ojttblw @. Ckldlrojg (455<) ‒^by kt Burts th Dl Clat Hut, Pbl Glurhmhngktkvl Hvlrcjp dltwllg Ubyskmjc jg` ]hmkjc Ujkg‛ , Kg9 F.@. ^kcckjos, I.U. Ahrnjs & ^. vhgBkpplc (l`s.) Pbl ]hmkjc Hutmjst, Hstrjmkso, ]hmkjc Lxmcuskhg, Tlilmtkhg jg` Duccykgn, Glw

[hrf9 Usymbhchny Urlss.Lckjs, Ghrdlrt (:;;0) ‒Nlvlstkn`lg lg duktlgstjjg`lrs‛ , Jostlr`jo9 Dhho.

Lrkfslg, Pbhojs Byccjg` (:;;<) ‒]ojcc Ucjmls, Cjrnl Kssuls, Jg Kgtrhùmtkhg th ]hmkjc jg` Mucturjc Jgtbrhphchny‛ , Chg`hg9 Ucuth Urlss.

Lrkfslg, Pbhojs Byccjg` (4551) ‒^l clvlg vllc tl sglc - zhg`lr njtlg kg `l tki` stjjg wl olt llg lghrolsglcblk` stkc‛ , GTM, 4= `lmlodlr, pn :<.

Ajvlcc, J`rkjg (4552) ‒Lurhstjrs jg` Lurhmktkls, Arll Ohvlolgt jg` Ohdkckty kg jg Kgtlnrjtkgn Lurhpl‛ ,Ojc`lg9 Dcjmfwlcc Uudcksbkgn.

Albr, Dlvlrcly (4555) ‒Pbl Ckal Mymcl ha Arklg`sbkps‛ , Kg9 M. Blg`rkmf & ].]. Blg`rkmf (l`s), MchslTlcjtkhgsbkps, j shurmldhhf, pn >:-20, Chg`hg9 ]jnl Uudckmjtkhgs.

Akglojg, ]tlpblg (4555) ‒Lohtkhg kg Hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl Uudckmjtkhgs.

Acyvdilrn, Dlgt (455:) ‒Ojfkgn ]hmkjc ]mklgml Ojttlr, ^by shmkjc kgqukry ajkcs jg` bhw kt mjg summll`jnjkg‛ , Mjodrk`nl9 Mjodrk`nl \gkvlrskty Urlss.

Nllrtz, Mckaahr` (:;>=) ‒Kgtlrprltjtkhg ha Mucturls‛ , Glw [hrf9 Djskm Dhhfs.

Nllrtz, Mckaahr` (:;2;) ‒@l Jgtrhphchhn jcs ]mbrkivlr‛ , \ktnlvlrki Fhf Jnhrj, Fjoplg6 Qlrtjckgn vjg ‒ hrf jg` Ckvls9 Pbl Jgtbrhphchnkst js Jutbhr‛, Mjckahrgkæ9 ]tjgahr` \gkvlrskty Urlss.



4;1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Nlus, Jrkl U. `l (:;;>j) ‒Pbl Ckvkgn Mhopjgy‛ , Bjrvjr` Duskglss Tlvklw, =, pn <:-<2.

Nlus, Jrkl U. `l (:;;>d) ‒@l Clvlg`l Hg`lrglokgn, Hvlr clvlg lg clrlg kg llg turduclgtl honlvkgn‛ ,Clk`lg 9 ]mrkptuo.

Nk``lgs, Jgtbhgy (:;24) ‒Urhcls jg` Mrktkquls kg ]hmkjc Pblhry‛ , Dlrflcly9 \gkvlrskty ha MjckahrgkjUrlss.

Nhaaojg, Lrvkgn (:;<;) ‒Pbl Urlslgtjtkhg h` ]lca kg Lvlry`jy Ckal‛ , Bjrohg`swhrtb9 UlgnukgDhhfs.

Nhgsjcfhrjcl, Fjrlg & Fkpckgn @. ^kcckjos (455>) ‒Pbl FFF whg‛t clt ol pcjy9 Hstrjmkso lvlg dy j

`lspksl` hutnrhup burts ‛, Lurhpljg Ihurgjc ha ]hmkjc Usymbhchny, vhc. =>, j. 1, pn ::>1-::21.

Nrjghvlttlr, Ojrf ]. (:;>4) ‒Pbl strlgntb ha wljf tkls‛ , Kg9 Jolrkmjg Ihurgjc ha ]hmkhchny, vhc. >2,pn :=15-:=25.

Nruytlr, Mjrhckgl `l (4552) ‒^lkr Jostlr`jo ks cjstkgn vhhr vrllo`lg‛ , GTM :1 hfthdlr, pn >.

Nuzzh, Tkmbjr` J. (:;;1) ‒Aug`jolgtjc Mhgsk`lrjtkhgs jdhut hrf Nrhups‛ , Kg9 ^lst, O.J. (l`)9Bjg`dhhf ha hrfnrhup Usymbhchny, Glw [hrf 9 Ihbg ^kcly & ]hgs.

Bjlmflc, ]tlpbjg B. (:;;;) ‒J`jptkvl Lgtlrprksl, Mrljtkgn jg` Clj`kgn ]lgsl-Jg`-Tlsphg`Hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ , Dhsthg9 Bjrvjr` Duskglss ]mbhhc Urlss.

Bjop`lg-Purglr, Mbjrcls & Ahgs Prhoplgjjrs (4555) ‒Dukc`kgn Mrhss-Mucturjc Mhopltlgml, Bhw thMrljtl ^ljctb arho Mhgkmtkgn Qjculs‛ , Glw Bjvlg9 [jcl \gkvlrskty Urlss.

Bjr`y, Mygtbkj & ]tlwjrt T. Mclnn (:;;;) ‒]hol @jrl Mjcc Kt Uhwlr‛ , Kg9 ].T. Mclnn & m. Bjr`y(l`s.), ]tu`ykgn hrnjgkzjtkhg, Pblhry jg` Oltbh`6 Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Bjrhc`, @.O. (:;>2) ‒Koprhvkgn tbl plrahrokgn laalmtkvlglss ha nrhups tbrhunb j tjsf-mhgtkgnlgt slclmtkhgkgtlrvlgtkhg strjtlnkls‛ , Jmj`loy ha Ojgjnlolgt Tlvklw, =, pn =:<-=4<.

Bjscjo, ]. Jclxjg`lr (455:) ‒Usymbhchny kg Hrnjgkzjtkhgs, Pbl ]hmkjc K`lgtkty Jpprhjmb‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Bjvl, ]tlvlg tlg, ]uzjggl ^lutlg & Ihlp Dhcwln (4555) ‒Dkg`kgn lg ohtkvjtkl, jmbt j`vklzlg vhhrlopchyolgt ojrfltkgn‛ , Jostlr`jo9 \ktnlvlrki Gkluwlzki`s.

Blrsly, Ujuc & Flggltb B. Dcjgmbjr` (:;1;) ‒Ojgjnlolgt ha hrnjgkzjtkhgjc dlbjvkhr 9 clj`kgn buojg

rlshurmls‛ , Lgnclwhh` Mckaas 9 Urlgtkml-Bjcc.

Bkrsmbbhrg, Cjrry (:;22) ‒Pbl hrfpcjml wktbkg. Usymbh ygjokms ha Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Ckal‛ , Mjodrk`nl9OKP Urlss.

Bhnlgstkig, Ojjrtlg & @jgkæc vjg Ok``lcfhhp (4552) ‒Yh wlrft `jt bklr gklt6 Nlvlstkn`lg lgduktlgstjjg`lrs kg gkluwl shmkjcl lg rukotlckifl fj`lrs‛ , @ksslrtjtkl T\\, Ldurhg9 @lcat.

Bhastl`l, Nllrt (:;;;) ‒Urhdclos Tlojkg, dut Pblhrkls wkcc mbjgnl9 Pbl \gkvlrsjc jg` tbl splmkm kg 4:st-

mlgtury Nchdjc Ojgjnlolgt‛ , Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc @ygjokms, vhc. 42, pn =0-0<.

`‛Krkdjrgl, Ubkckppl (:;2;) ‒Llr, mhgtrjmtl lg mhgslgsus, Ojgjnlolgt lg gjtkhgjcl trj`ktkls kg Arjgfrkif, lQlrlgkn`l ]tjtlg lg Gl`lrcjg`‛ , Jostlr`jo9 \ktnlvlrki Gkluwlzki`s.



4;>

CKPLTJP\\T

`‛Krkdjrgl, Ubkckppl (:;;1) ‒Pbl \slaucglss ha jg Ltbghnrjpbkm Jpprhjmb th tbl Kgtlrgjtkhgjc Mhopjrkshgha Hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ , Kgtlrgjtkhgjc ]tu`kls ha Ojgjnlolgt & Hrnjgkzjtkhg, vhc. 41, gh. 0, pn=5-0>.

Ijgks, Krvkgn C. & Clhg Ojgg (:;>>) ‒@lmkskhg ojfkgn9 J psymbhchnkmjc jgjcysks ha mhgkmt, mbhkml, jg`

mhooktolgt‛ , Glw [hrf9 Arll Urlss.

Ihgls, Njrltb T. (:;2=) ‒Prjgsjmtkhg Mhsts, Urhplrty Tknbts, jg` Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Mucturl, Jg LxmbjgnlUlrsplmtkvl‛ , Jòkgkstrjtkvl smklgml qujrtlrcy, vhc. 42, j. =, pn 0<0-01>.

F jcaa, @hgjc` (4550j) ‒Hgjabjgflckifblk` vhhr Lurhpj, blt lkg`l vjg blt Jolrkfjjgsl hg`lrglokgnsoh`lc‛ , Jostlr`jo9 Duskglss Mhgtjmt.

Fjcaa, @hgjc` (4550d) ‒@l Lurhplsl hg`lrglolr `kl zkig dl`rkia cklabllat, spklnlct zkmb gklt jjg Jolrkfj‛ ,GTM, 4: junustus, pn :=.

Fjtzlgdjmb, Ihg T. & @huncjs F. ]oktb (:;;=) ‒Pbl ^ks`ho ha Pljos, Mrljtkgn tbl Bknb- Ulrahrojgml Hrnjgkzjtkhg‛ , Chg`hg9 OmNrjw-Bkcc.

Flts `l Qrkls, Ojgrl` A.T. (:;;=) ‒Clk`lrs, gjrrlg lg dl`rklnlrs‛ , ]mbkl`jo9 ]mrkptuo.

Fgkpplgdlrn, @jjg vjg, & Okmbjlc J. Bhnn (455=) ‒Clj`lrsbkp jg` Uhwlr‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Fhgst, @hrklg A.O., Thhs Qhgf & Tlgë vjg `lr Qckst (:;;<) ‒^l`lrzki`sl kg`rufflg vjgclk`kgnnlvlg`lg lg hg`lrnlsmbkftlg. @l kgvchl` vjg bkærjrmbksmbl phsktkl hp `kaalrlgtkjtkl lg lvjcujtkl kgkoprlssklvhrokgn‛ , Nl`rjn lg hrnjgksjtkl, vhc. 2, j. 0, pn 40;-41:

Fhhcl, ]jg`lr (455>) ‒Blt Ylca‛ , Kg9 Thhs Qhgf (l`)9 ]hmkjcl Usymbhchnkl, pn ::=-:>5,

Nrhgkgnlg9 ^hctlrs-Ghh`bhaa.Fhht, ^kcclo & K`j ]jdlcks (4555) ‒Hvlr-clvlg jjg `l thp, Phpojgjnlrs kg mhopclxl tki`lg‛ , \trlmbt9

Clooj.

Fhrtlwln, Gkfk (4552) ‒^kct u `kt clzlg8 @l vrkil wkc ks llg wlcfhol kccuskl‛ , GTM, ^ltlgsmbjpsdkicjnl,< iuck 4552, pn :-4.

Cjkgn, Thgjc` @. (:;1:) ‒Pbl ]lca jg` Htblrs‛ , Aurtblr ]tu`kls kg ]jgkty jg` Oj`glss, Chg`hg9 Pjvksthmf Uudckmjtkhgs Ct`.

Clhgjr`, @hrhtby J. & ^jctlr M. ]wjp (:;;;) ‒^blg ]pjrfs y, Kngktkgn Mrljtkvkty kg Nrhups‛ ,Dhsthg9 Bjrvjr` Duskglss ]mbhhc Urlss.

Clwks, Ilaa (4554) ‒Mucturjc ]tu`kls - Pbl Djskms‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Cklr, Ojrijg vjg (:;;2) ‒Ghhkt ollr wlrflg, Hp zhlf gjjr dlzklckgn kg il wlrf‛ , \trlmbt9 Blt]plmtruo.

Ckg`cha, Pbhojs T. & Dryjg M. Pjychr (4554) ‒Zujcktjtkvl Mhoougkmjtkhgs Tlsljrmb Oltbh`s (4g`

l`.)‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Chhg, Dkrnkttj vjg & Bjrry Drhmfbus (4554) ‒Ojjf il wlrf spjgglg`, mhoougkmlrlg vjgukt il dukf‛ Jostlr`jo9 Uljrshg Lùmjtkhg.

Cuat, Ihslpb (:;>5) ‒Nrhup prhmlssls9 jg kgtrhùmtkhg th nrhup `ygjokms‛ , Mjckahrgkj9 Gjtkhgjc Urlss

Dhhfs.



4;2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Ojrmb, Ijols N. & Blrdlrt J. ]kohg (:;<2) ‒Hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ , Glw [hrf9 I. ^kcly.

Ojrfs, N. (:;20) ‒Pbkgfkgn hgl‛s jdkcktkls jrl ugkqul jg` hgl‛s hpkgkhgs jrl mhoohg‛ , Ulrshgjckty jg`]hmkjc Usymbhchny Duccltkg, :5 (4), pn 45=-452

Ojrtkig, Mjrhcklg & Gjggl `l Qrkls (455>) ‒Dlègvchl`kgn‛ , Kg9 Thhs Qhgf (l`.)9 ]hmkjclUsymbhchnkl, Nrhgkgnlg9 ^hctlrs Ghhr`bhaa, pn 04;-0>5.

Ojrtkg, Ihjggl C. (4554) ‒Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Mucturl9 Ojppkgn tbl Plrrjkg‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Ojrtkg, Thdkg & Hcnj Lpktrhpjfk (455:) ‒Thcl ha Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc K`lgtkmjtkhg hg Kopckmkt Clj`lrsbkp

Pblhrkls (KCPs), Prjgsahrojtkhgjc Clj`lrsbkp jg` ^hrf Jttktu`ls‛ , Nrhup Urhmlssls & KgtlrnrhupTlcjtkhgs, Qhc. 0, Gh. =, 40>-414.

Ojssly, @hrllg (4550) ‒Nlhnrjpbkls ha rlsphgskdkckty‛ , Nlhnrjsflr Jggjclr, ]lrkls D, Buojgnlhnrjpby6 vhc. 21, j. :, pn <-:2.

Ojylr, Thnlr M., Ijols B. @jvks & A.@. ]mbhhrojg, :;;<, ‒Jg kgtlnrjtkvl oh lc ha hrnjgkzjtkhgjc

trust‛ , Jmj`loy ha Ojgjnlolgt Tlvklw, vhc. 45, j. =, pn >5;->=0.

OmJcckstlr, @jgklc I. (:;;<) ‒Jaalmt- jg` mhngktkhg-djsl` trust js ahug`jtkhgs ahr kgtlrplrshgjc mhhplrjtkhg kghrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ , Jmj`loy ha Ojgjnlolgt Ihurgjc, vhc. =2, j. :, pn 40-15.

Oltz, Prjmy (455<) ‒@l lmhghokl vjg blt nlcuf, Lgnlcsl lmhghho Chr` Tkmbjr` Cjyjr` hvlr janugst,vlrtrhuwlg, plgskhlglg lg prlstjtklchhg‛ , GTM, 4 iuck, pn 44.

Oly, Ojrnht N. (:;;0) ‒Blt ]tl`lckifl Ohzjèlf, Llg vlrtjckgn vjg vhhrflurlg vjg stl`lckifldlvhcfkgnsmjtlnhrklæg gjjr rukotlckifl okcklus‛ , `ksslrtjtkl P\ @lcat.

Okig, vjg `lr, Arjgf (4552) ‒Hgs dlwustzkig flgt nllg nrlgzlg, Llg kgtlrvklw olt Uko vjg Choolc‛ , Pki`smbrkat vhhr Mhjmbkgn, gr 0, pn 2-::.

Ohstlrt, Lrkm (455>) ‒Qlrtrhuwlg ha kgstktutkls jcs djsks vhhr sjolgwlrfkgn, Nlèccustrllr` olt vhhrdllc`lgukt blt Gl`lrcjg`s wjtlrdlbllr‛ , Kg9 Urkgs, ]kcvkj, ]jg`rj ]mbrukilr, Ijmqulckgl Qlrdhvlg lg Fjrlc@l ^kttl (rl`.) @kvlrsktlkt lg vlrtrhuwlg kg shmkjcl systlolg, Cluvlg9 CjgghhMjopus, pn4:-04.

Ougtlrs, Z.I., Lrgst Olkilr, Bjgs Ohoojjs, Bunh vjg `lr Uhlc & Nlrt ]pjjrnjrlg (:;2<)‒Jgtbhgy Nk``lgs. Llg flggksojfkgn olt `l strumturjtkltblhrkl‛ , Ol`l`lckgnlg vjg `l vjfnrhlplgshmkhchnkl, :0, Cjg`dhuwbhnlsmbhhc, ^jnlgkgnlg.

Gluojgg, Iljg L. & Cjrry Bkrsmbbhrg (:;;;) ‒Pbl Mbjcclgnl ha Kgtlnrjtkgn Usymbh`ygjokm jg`Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Pblhry‛ Buojg rlcjtkhgs, vhc. <4, gh. 1, pn 12=-1;<.

Gkltzsmbl, Arkl`rkmb . (:2>2, :2>;, :225) ‒Olgsmbckmbls, jcczuolgsmbckmbls9 lkg Dumb aór arlkl Nlkstlr ,Mblogktz.

Gksdltt, Tkmbjr` L. (455=) ‒Pbl Nlhnrjpby ha Pbhunbt, Bhw Jskjgs jg` lstlrglrs tbkgf `kaalrlgtcy ” jg` wby‛ , Chg`hg9 Gkmbhcjs Drljcly Uudcksbkgn.

Gkistj`, Dlrt (4555) ‒Bhw tbl Nrhup jaalmts tbl Okg`‛ , @ksslrtjtkl KM] (T\N/\\/F\G).

Hhrsmbht, Ojrtkig vjg & Okmbklc Bhnlrbuks (455>) ‒Bhw plhpcl nlt chst kg hrnjgkzjtkhgs, hgmhoougkmjtkhg jg` hrnjgkzkgn ” Jg jgtbrhphchnkmjc sljrmb‛ , @lcat9 Ldurhg.



4;;

CKPLTJP\\T

Huwlrflrf, Ijjp ., Ghrdlrt T. Flrr, Ojrmlcch Njccummk & Ujuc J.O. vjg Cjgnl (455<) ‒Jvhk`kgntbl ]hmkjc @ljtb Ulgjcty, Hstrjmkso jg` Mhhplrjtkhg kg ]hmkjc @kcloojs‛ , Kg9 F.@. ^kcckjos, I.U.Ahrnjs & . vhg Bkpplc (l`s.) Pbl ]hmkjc Hutmjst, Hstrjmkso, ]hmkjc Lxmcuskhg, Tlilmtkhgjg` Duccykgn, Glw [hrf9 Usymbhchny Urlss.

Hvlrcjlt, Dlrt (4555) ‒Qlrtrhuwlg wlfflg, llg prhmlsdlgj`lrkgn‛ , Kg9 J. Qjg`lvlc`l (l`.), Hvlr vlrtrhuwlg lg dl`rkia, pn 0=-<1, Cluvlg9 Jmmh.

Ujrflr, Ojrtkg (4555) ‒Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc Mucturl & K`lgtkty‛ , Chg`hg9 ]jnl.

Ujrrl, Glcc lg Fjrkg @l`lg (455>) ‛Kgtlgsklvl trjkgkgn systloksmb wlrf‛ , hgnlpudckmllr` ojtlrkjjc.

Ultlrs, Pbhojs I. & Thdlrt B. ^jtlrojg Ir. (:;24) ‒Kg ]ljrmb ha Lxmlcclgml9 clsshgs arho Jolrkmj‛s

dlst-rug mhopjgkls‛ , Glw [hrf9 Bjrplr & Thw.

Ukltlrsl, Uklrrl (4552) ‒Hut ha tbl ugkthrnjgksjtkl9 `l smbrkf vhhr gkluwl vrkibl`lg‛ , Ojgjnlolgt &

Cktlrjtuur, ijjrnjgn :0.

Urkgs, ]kcvkj ( 455:) ‒Blt psymbh`ygjoksmb plrsplmtkla hp hrnjgksjtkls9 oh`ltrlg` ha zkgvhccl jjgvucckgn hp blt

`lgflg hvlr hrnjgksjtkls8‛ F\ Cluvlg, kgtlrg `hmuolgt.

Urkgs, ]kcvkj (455>) ‒]jolgwlrflg oët `l vlrsmbkcclg9 `ygjoklflg kg blt sturlg vjg ouctkpjrtkisjolgwlrfkgn ‛,Kg9 Urkgs, ]kcvkj, ]jg`rj ]mbrukilr, Ijmqulckgl Qlrdhvlg lg Fjrlc @l ^kttl (rl`.) @kvlrsktlktlg vlrtrhuwlg kg shmkjcl systlolg, Cluvlg9 CjgghhMjopus, pn <>-><.

Uyszmzygsfk, Pho, I. Nrllgdlrn, & ]. ]hchohg (:;;;) ‒J ùjc prhmlss oh`lc ha `lalgml jnjkgstmhgsmkhus jg` ugmhgsmkhus ljtb-rlcjtl` tbhunbts9 Jg lxtlgskhg ha tlrrhr ojgjnlolgt tblhry‛ ,Usymbhchnkmjc Tlvklw, :51, 2=<-20<.

T lkmb, Thdlrt D. (4555) ‒Pbl Auturl ha ]ummlss‛, Glw [hrf9 Jcarl` J. Fghpa.

Thddkgs, ]tlpblg U. (455<) ‒Lsslgtkjcs ha hrnjgkzjtkhgjc dlbjvkhr‛ 2tb l`ktkhg, Uljrshg Lùmjtkhg

]jvjnl, Okfl & Jggl ^ktz (l`s) (:;;4) ‒Nlg`lr jg` Durljumrjmy‛ , Hxahr`9 Dcjmfwlcc.

]mbukckgn, Nlrtijg (4552) ‒Ylca sturlg`9 clt hp l spjtkl! Kgùstrkæcl prhùmtkl zhg`lr nrhlpsmblas. Llg

mjslstu`kl‛ , Ojgjnlolgt & Hrnjgksjtkl, gr.=/0, pn ::=-:=1.

]mbrlu`lr, Jrijg (455>) ‒Tlo `l allstvrlun`l. Fcjjs vjg Lnohg` wkc `jt `l wlrlc` cllrt honjjg oltsmbjjrstl‛ , GTM, :< `lmlodlr, pjn =;.

]mbrukilr, ]jg`rj N.C. (4550) ‒Gjjr hgtzukckgn lg sjolgwlrfkgn kg `l stu`kl vjg nl`rjn lg hrnjgksjtkl‛ ,Nl`rjn lg Hrnjgksjtkl, vhc. :>, j. <, pn =5=-=5;.

]mbukit, Clglttl (:;;;) ‒@l frjmbt vjg dlzklckgn, @rkiavlrlg vjg kg`kvkùlg lg hrnjgksjtkls‛ , ]mbkl`jo9]mrkptuo Ojgjnlolgt.

]lgnl, Ultlr, M. Htth ]mbrjolr, Ihslpb Ijwhrsfk & Dltty ]ul Achwlrs (4551) ‒Urlslgml, Llghgt`lffkgnsrlks gjjr `l `klpnjjg`l vlrjg`lrkgn kg olgslg lg hrnjgksjtkls‛ , @lg Bjjn9 Jmj`lokm]lrvkml.

]lggltt, Tkmbjr` (:;;2) ‒Pbl Mhrrhskhg ha Mbjrjmtlr, Pbl Ulrshgjc Mhgslqulgmls ha hrf kg tbl GlwMjpktjckso‛ Glw [hrf9 ^.^.Ghrthg.



=55

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

]lrvlcclg, Jgij vjg (:;2;) ‒@l ojmbt vjg hgojmbt, Bhl vrhuwlg olt ojmbt honjjg.‛ , Jgtbhg ]QL]tkmbtkgn Qhcwjsslglglùmjtkl.

]blrka, Ouzjalr (455:) ‒]uplrhr kgjtl nhjcs kg blt rlùmtkhg ha kgtlrnrhup mhgkmt‛ , Kg9 Bhnn, O.J. & @.

Jdrjos (l`s.)9 Kgtlrnrhup rlcjtkhgs, Ubkcj`lcpbkj9 Usymbhchny Urlss, pn 10->5.

]bkvlrs-Dcjmfwlcc, ]blryc C. (4550) ‒\skgn rhcl tblhry th lxjokgl ltlrokgjgts ha trjgsahrojtkhgjc jg`trjgsjmtkhgjc clj`lr dlbjvkhr‛ , Ihurgjc ha Clj`lrsbkp & Hrnjgkzjtkhgjc ]tu`kls, Ijgujry :st.

]kldlckgf, Ilrhlg (4554) ‒Pwll mucturlg hp ëëg fusslg, hvlrgjolcll` dki L&[ `hhr MN‛, OjgjnlolgtMhgsuctkgn Ojnjzkgl, gr. >, pn :0-45.

]kldlrs, Bjgs, Ujuc Qlrwllc & Jrkl `l Tukitlr (4554) ‒Ojgjnlolgt vjg `kvlrsktlkt kg hrnjgksjtkls‛ ,\trlmbt9 Clooj.

]kx, Arl`lrkqul L. (4550) ‒Prust jg` trhudcl, Dukc`kgn kgtlrplrshgjc trust wktbkg hrnjgkzjtkhgs‛ @ksslrtjtklLrjsous \gkvlrsktlkt Thttlr`jo.

]oktb, Flgwyg & @jvk` Dlrn (:;;>) ‒Ujrj`hxls ha nrhup ckal9 \g`lrstjg`kgn mhgkmt, pjrjcysks, jgòhvlolgt kg nrhup `ygjokms‛ , ]jg Arjgmksmh9 Ihssly-Djss.

]hoolr, Fkrstkg C, Fkpckgn @. ^Kcckjos, Gjtjckl I. Mkjrhmmh & Thy A. Djuolkstlr (455:) ’^blg]kclgml ]pljfs Chu`lr Pbjg ^hr`s9 Lxpchrjtkhgs Kgth tbl Kgtrjpsymbkm jg` Kgtlrplrshgjc Mhgslqulgmls

ha ]hmkjc Hstrjmkso‛ , Djskm jg` jppckl` shmkjc psymbhchny, vhc. 4=, j. 0, pn 44<-40=.

]hhg, Mbug ]khgn, Ojrmlc Drjss, Bjgs-Ihmblg Blkgzl & Ihbg-@ycjg Bjygls (4552) ‒\gmhgsmkhus`ltlrokgjgts ha arll `lmkskhgs kg tbl buojg drjkg‛ , Gjturl Glurhsmklgml :: (<) pn <0=-<0<.

]prj`cly, Ijols U. (:;25) ‒Ujrtkmkpjgt Hdslrvjtkhg‛ , Glw [hrf9 Bhct, Tkglbjrt jg` ^kgsthg.

Pjialc, Blgrk & Ihbg M. Purglr (:;21) ‒Pbl ]hmkjc K`lgtkty Pblhry ha Kgtlrnrhup Dlbjvkhr‛ , Kg9 hrmblc, ]tlpblg & ^kcckjo N. Justkg, Usymbhchny ha Kgtlrnrhup Tlcjtkhgs, pn >-40.

Pjychr, ].L. & I.@. Drhwg (:;22) ‒Kccuskhg jg` wlcc-dlkgn9 J shmkjc psymbhchnkmjc plrsplmtkvl hg olgtjc

bljctb‛ , Usymbhchnkmjc Duccltkg, :5= (4) pn :;=-4:5.

Pikg J @kl Fktcyg (4551) ‒]uplrvkskl kg `l trjgsktkhglcl rukotl‛ , Clzkgn vhhr Mjclk`hsmhpkj hp :>ojjrt 4551, www.ksmd.bvj.gc/mjclk`hsmhpkj/`hmuolgtlg/clzkgnXfktckg-:>ort4551.`hm.

Prhs, Jgs (4550) ‒@ygjoksmb Mhjmblg9 Djcjgs tusslg zkgnlvkgn lg rlsuctjjt‛ , Jostlcvllg9 Jkhgkhg]yodhchg.

Purmhttl, Ojrkl-Arjgml & Iljg Ujsqulrh (455:) Pbl Ujrj`hx ha Ouctkstjflbhc`lr Mhccjdhrjtkvl

Thug`tjdcls , Pbl ihurgjc ha jppckl` dlbjvkhrjc smklgml, vhc. =>, j. 0, pn. 00>-010.

\rmb @rusfjt, Qjglssj & Ijgl Q. ^bllclr (4550) ‛Bhl clk` il llg zlcaojgjnlg` tljo8‛ BTO-slclmtgr 1, pn <-:>.

Q jgskgj, Clhphc` ]. (455>) ‒Oksdrukf lg nlwlc` kg lg jmbtlr nhl`l kgtlgtkls9 rllmtkls‛ , Kg9 Urkgs, ]kcvkj,]jg`rj ]mbrukilr, Ijmqulckgl Qlrdhvlg lg Fjrlc @l ^kttl (rl`.) @kvlrsktlkt lg vlrtrhuwlg kgshmkjcl systlolg, Cluvlg9 CjgghhMjopus, pn >>-;0.

Qlrwllc, Ujuc (:;2>) ‒\gkvlrsktlkt9 vlrjg`lrkgn lg pcjggkgn. Llg k`lhchnksmb-jgtrhphchnksmbl stu`kl‛ , (`kss.),\trlmbt9 K]HT.



=5:

CKPLTJP\\T

Qlrwllc, Ujuc (4555) ‒Dltlflgksnlvkgn kg hrnjgksjtklstu`kls‛ , Hrjtkl, \gkvlrsktlkt \trlmbt.

Qksflr, Tu k (455>) ‒Cha `lr zkmbtdjjrblk`, Llg uktclk`kgn kg `l bl`lg`jjnsl wkisdlnllrtl‛ , Jostlr`jo9]ug.

Qhgf, Thhs, Jp @kifstlrbuks & Ukltlrglc @kifstrj (455>) ‒^jjrglokgn vjg plrshglg‛ , Kg9 T. Qhgf(l`) ]hmkjcl Usymbhchnkl, pn :>: - 44;, Nrhgkgnlg9 hctlrs-Ghhr`bhaa.

^jtzcjwkmf, Ujuc, Ijglt B. Dljvkg & @hg @. Ijmfshg (:;;;) ‒@l prjnojtksmbl jsplmtlg vjg `lolgslckifl mhoougkmjtkl‛ (0l `ruf, :;l hpcjnl), Bhutlg / @klnlo9 Dhbg ]tjlu Qjg Chnbuo.

ldlr, Ojx (:;>2) ‒Lmhghoy jg` ]hmklty9 jg Hutckgl ha Kgtlrprltkvl ]hmkhchny‛ , N. Thtb & M. ^kttkmb(l`s), Mjckahrgkj9 \gkvlrskty ha Mjckahrgkj Urlss.

lnglr, @jgklc O. (4554) ‒Pbl Kccuskhg ha Mhgmkhus ^kcc‛ , Mjodrk`nl9 OKP Urlss.

lcckgf, Ghut B.L.O. (4552) ‒Kt‛s tbl kgmlgtkvls, stupk`!‛ , ]pllmb hp `l mhgalrlgtkl ‒Kgtlnrjtkgn

okmrh jg` ojmrhlmhghokm plrsplmtkvls hg gjgmkjc stjdkckty‛, T\ Nrhgkgnlg, 41 olk6 Drhg9 www.`gd.gc/gkluws-lg-pudckmjtkls/gkluwshvlrzkmbt-lg-jrmbkla/spllmbls-4552/juth:>15<<.isp.

^kcckjos, Fkpckgn @. (455:) ‒Hstrjmkso9 Pbl phwlr ha skclgml‛ , Ubkcj`lcpbkj9 Usymbhchny Urlss.

^kcckjos, Fkpckgn @. & Frkstkg C. ]hoolr (:;;>) ‒]hmkjc Hstrjmkso dy mhwhrflrs9 @hls rlilmtkhg clj` th

chjgn hr mhoplgsjtkhg8‛ , Ulrshgjckty & ]hmkjc Usymbhchny Duccltkg, vhc 4=, j. >, pn 1;=->5>

^kcshg, Pkohtby @. (4554) ‒]trjgnlrs th hur slcvls 9 `ksmhvlrkgn tbl j`jptkvl ugmhgsmkhus‛ - Mjodrk`nl9 Pbl Dlcfgjp Urlss ha Bjrvjr` \gkvlrskty Urlss.

^kt, Dhd `l & Thg Olylr (4550) ‒]trjtlny, Urhmlss, Mhgtlgt, Mhgtlxt6 jg Kgtlrgjtkhgjc Ulrsplmtkvl‛ ,

Pbkr` l`ktkhg, Chg`hg9 Pbhoshg.

hh`ojg, T.L. & I.I. ]blrwhh` (:;25) ‒Pbl rhcl ha tljo `lvlchpolgt kg hrnjgkzjtkhgjc laalmtkvlglss, Jmrktkmjc rlvklw‛ , Usymbhchnkmjc Duccltkg, 22, pn :11-:21.

Yjg`, @jcl L. (:;>4) ‒Prust jg` Ojgjnlrkjc Urhdclo ]hcvkgn‛ , J`okgkstrjtkvl smklgml qujrtlrcy, vhc.:> (:;>4), j. 4 (iug), pn 44;-4=;.

Yllbjg`lcjjr, Ojjrtlg (4550) ‒Tllxkvktlkt lg blt rj`kmjjc mhgstrumtkvkstksmb wltlgsmbjpshg`lrzhlf‛ ,]mrkptkl vjfnrhlp Urjftksmbl Akchshl, T\N.



=54

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



=5=

Dkicjnlg



=50

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



=5<

Dkicjnl K

Hg`lrzhlf & hg`lrzhlflr

–Pbl sthry ha wbh wl jrl kgmcu`ls tbl sthry ha wbjt wl stu`y.‟ 0:4

~ Ckg`cha & Pjychr ~

Hhf jc whr`t blt gklt jctki` vlrolc`, ckift blt vjjf gklt tlrzjfl `hlg`l lg njjg wl sglc hvlr gjjr`l kgbhu` lg hpolrflckifl dlvkg`kgnlg, kg kl`lr hg`lrzhlf ks blt mrumkjjc tl wltlg wjt `l jmbtlr-

nrhg` vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr ks. Blt prhlc, `l whr`kgnsnlsmbkl`lgks lg olgtjcl oh`lcclg vjg `lplrshhg `kl `l rhc vjg hg`lrzhlflr vlrvuct, dlpjclg vhhr llg `llc `l jjgpjf lg splmklfl fluzlskg `l hpzlt. Lg zhu blt thlfhostk`ljjc vjg `lzl plrshhg `l ojgklr vjg fkiflg, bjjr clgs lg ctlr,`l uktfhost vjg blt hg`lrzhlf gklt fugglg dlègvchl`lg8 Kf dlg lrvjg hvlrtukn` `jt `kt jctki` bltnlvjc ks, hhf jc zjc il vjgukt wltlgsmbjpplckifl mrktlrkj prhdlrlg `lzl kgvchl`lg tl dlplrflg lgtl `uk`lg. Yhjcs kf vlr`lrhp dlsmbrkia spllct okig nlsmbkl`lgks jcs hg`lrzhlflr llg rhc dki `lzlhvlrtuknkgn. @jt hp zkmb ks jc dlwkis vjg okig stlcckgn.

Jmbtlrllgvhcnlgs whr`t bklr dlsprhflg wjt okig plrshhgckifl `rkiavllr ks ho `kt hg`lrzhlf tl`hlg, wjt okig hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla ks lg bhl kf ho nj olt `l mhodkgjtkl vjg rhcclg jcs hg`lr-zhlflr lg hg`lrzhmbtl.

Ckg`cha & Pjychr stlcclg

–]thrkls ha bhw smbhcjrs g` tblkr rlsljrmb k`ljs mjg dlmhol stuaa ha hrjc clnlg`. Dut tbly jrl

slc`ho thc` pudckmcy. Jmmhr`kgn th tbl mhgvlgtkhgjc vklw, j stu`y dlnkgs kg –j mcljg, wlcc-cknbtl` pcjml‟ (th quhtl tbl tktcl ha j Blookgnwjy sbhrt sthry). Pbks pcjml ks tbl whrc` ha tblhry jg` jccha tbl lopkrkmjc whrfs rlclvjgt th j prhilmt. Kt ks tbl jutbhr‛s rlsphgskdkckty th jrnul plrsujskvlcyjdhut bhw tbl stu`y j``s th tbl dh`y ha fghwcl`nl. Tlsljrmb qulstkhgs hr byphtblsls jrl tbl gjcohvls kg tbks hplgkgn jrnuolgt.Pbl sthry ha wbh wl jrl kgmcu ls tbl sthry ha wbjt wl stu`y.Bhwlvlr, qujcktjtkvl rlsljrmb ks jg lvhcvkgn arjolwhrf ha qulstkhgs jg` thhcs. Ucjgs sholtkolsmbjgnl, jg` j`iustolgts kg oltbh`s jg` prhdclo ahmus ojy mhgtkgul rknbt up th tbl tkol tbjt hgl

cljvls tbl lc`.‟ 0:=

Nlcuffkn ohnlg (lg ohltlg) `lzl vlrbjclg tlnlgwhhr`kn vlrtlc` whr`lg kg `l trj`ktkl vjg kg-tlrjmtkla lg phstoh`lrg hg`lrzhlf. Yl nlvlg lsslgtkæcl fclur lg mhgtlxt jjg bltnllg vlrtlc`

whr`t.

0:4 Ckg`cha & Pjychr, 4554, pn. 1<

0:= Ckg`cha & Pjychr, 4554, pn. 1<



=51

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

\ktnjgnsphsktkl

Klts hvlr okig jmbtlrnrhg`, jcs llc vjg blt pcjjtil ‒wkl l hg`lrzhlflr kg kt splc ks‛9 Hhkt nltrjkg`jcs fwjgtktjtkla hg`lrzhlflr hg`lrzhmbt kf `hhr tlcclg lg oltlg `l kgvchl` vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l dl-

bllrrlnkols hp `l dchlk vjg lgflcl pcjgtlgshhrtlg, lg vjg `l nrhg`wjtlrbuksbhu`kgn tlr pcjjtslhp vlnltjtkltyplg kg @rlgtsl dllf`jclg. Jjgnlzklg Gl`lrcjg` nllg drhh` zjn kg okig k`ljclgjcs gjtuurdlbllr`lr/lmhchhn smbhhc`l kf olzlca ho gjjr llg stlrf hpfholg`l dl`rkiastjf9 `ljuthojtkslrkgn. Tkx&^jlc zjn oki kg :;21 nrjjn fholg lg kf hg`lrvhg` `jt hhf `jjr jdstrjmtlpuzzlcs hp tl chsslg wjrlg. Kg Tkx&^jlc trha kf llg hplg dl`rkia, `jt bjjr ol`lwlrflrs nrjjn hpukt`jnlg`l fcusslg kgzlttl. Llg fhcail gjjr okig bjg`! Kg alktl wjrlg `kt zkmb stll`s nrlgsvlrcln-nlg`l tlstlg vjg okig fugglg. ]pjgglg`! Lg blt dhh` ol dkizhg`lr vllc ohnlckifbl`lg ho sglctl clrlg, vllc vlrsmbkcclg`l honlvkgnlg tl zklg, vlrsmbkcclg`l rhcclg tl vlrvucclg lg mhopltlgtklshp tl dhuwlg `kl kf kg okig hpvhl`kgn ghmb okig stu`kl nlhlalg` bj`.

Kg `l llrstl :< ijjr vjg okig 4:-ijrkn `klgstvlrdjg` bld kf kl`lrl pjjr ijjr jg`lr wlrf nl`jjg9 vjg prhnrjoolur tht Duskglss \gkt Ojgjnlr. @jt cjjtstl olt bhha`clttlrs9 `kl rhc nja jjgzklg!Gklt `jt klojg` `jt bjr`hp zlk, ojjr `jt vhlc`l il wlc kg `l hg`lrckgnl vlrbhu`kgnlg. @jt wjsjcclojjc prkoj, tht kf ol rljcksllr`l `jt kf `l cjjtstl ijrlg jcs ojgjnlr zlca nllg dllc` ollr bj`dki wjjr kf gjjrthl hp wln wjs, wjt kf jjg blt vhronlvlg wjs. Lg `jt okig vuur fwkig`l. Bhl

vlr`lr kf fwjo kg ojgjnlolgtrhcclg, bhl okg`lr dlvrl`knlg` kf blt vhg`. Kf bj` blt nlvhlc `jtkf vlrvrllo`l vjg olzlca. Plrunfkiflg` hp `kt hg`lrzhlf sgjp kf wjjrho.

Qjjf wlrftlg wl jcs ojgjnlrs olt llg bhrkzhg tht uktlrckif blt lkg`l vjg blt chplg`l du`nltijjr, wjgt `åg vhcn`l `l jarlflgkgn. Jcs kf olt mhcclnj‛s wkc`l sjolgwlrflg, frjmbtlg dug`lclg, `jg wlr` lr jc sglc nlzln` `jt `kt gklt nhl` wjs, wjgt jjroll zhu`lg wl (clls9 iki) hgzl lknlg vlrjgtwhhr`lckifblk` hgtchplg. Blt zhlflg vjg syglrnklvhhr`lclg wjs thlg ghn llg drun tl vlr. Cjtlrbld kf nlzklg `jt kf kg `jt shhrt `kgnlg o‛g tki` vhhrukt wjs, ojjr hp blt oholgt zlca wjs kf gklt

kg stjjt okig honlvkgn tl hvlrtuknlg vjg blt gut vjg okig k`llæg. Hp jt pugt bld kf, olt pkigckiflclsslg, okig fhlrs nlwkizkn`. Kf dlg (kg hvlr`rjmbtlckifl zkg) vhhr olzlca dlnhgglg9 dkgglg `lhrnjgksjtkl dlg kf jcs vlrjg`lrfug`knl jjg `l hgtwkfflckgn vjg o‛g okg`lr rjtkhglcl fjgt dlnhg-glg. @êêr cknt blt stjrtpugt vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf.

js kf tht `jg thl llg vhhrjc hp rlsuctjjt nlrkmbt ojgjnlr, cjgnzjolrbjg` fwjo kf tht blt kgzkmbt`jt il blt zhg`lr `l olgslg gklt rl`t. Kf fhhs lrvhhr okig vjf tl ojflg vjg blt wlrflg oât `lfrjmbt vjg olgslg kg pcjjts vjg lr hobllg, lg wlr` ‒mbjgnl mhgsuctjgt‛. Lg tlrwkic kf ghn vhchpdlzkn wjs `l fgllpils vjg `jt vjf tl clrlg, `ll` zkmb dki T&^ llg prjmbtknl nlclnlgblk` vhhr9 lr

wlr`lg drll` hgtwkfflc`l slgkhrl prhalsskhgjcs nlzhmbt ho hrnjgksjtkls tl ajmkcktlrlg kg blt hp-chsslg vjg mhopclxl prhdclolg. T&^ bllat `jjr llg mhgmlpt vhhr, wjt `hhr blt tljo NHU nl-

drukft whr`t ho drll` nl`rjnlg hpchsskgnlg vhhr mhopclxl prhdclolg tl hgtwkfflclg. Dki NHUfrlln kf `l nlclnlgblk` âmbt olt olgslg tl wlrflg9 olt thpojgjnlrs `kl hpchsskgnlg zhmbtlg,lg bug ol`lwlrflrs `kl `jjr zh bug k`llæg hvlr bj``lg. ^l dlnlclk``lg hrnjgksjtkls ho oltllg rkifl lg drl`l nrhlp `llcglolrs mhopclxl vrjjnstufflg kg fhrtl tki` hp tl chsslg. @kt drjmbtoki kg uktlrst kgtlgsklvl trjilmtlg, wjjrdki hhf zllr rjtkhgllc kgnlsthflg vrjjnstufflg gjtuurckifgklt hp tl chsslg dclflg zhg`lr `l lohtkls lg dltlflgksnlvkgn lrdki tl dltrlfflg. @jt wlrf bllatdki oki `l vrjjn `hlg hgtstjjg bhl llg nrhlp olgslg sjolg tht hpchsskgnlg fhot. Bhl il ol`l-

wlrflrs `jjrkg llg stlo fugt nlvlg. Bhl il l ollrstlooknblk` lg kvlrsktlkt kg rlalrlgtklfj`lrslg dltlflgksslg fugt nldrukflg ho tht llg vhhr kl`lr jmmlptjdlcl gkluwl sktujtkl tl fholg. ^jt`jjrdki blcpt, lg wjt `jjrdki tlnlg fjg zkttlg. Bhl llg hg`lrglokgn bklr llg ajmkcktlrlg`l ajmthrfjg zkig, ha (hgdl`hlc`) fjg vlrbkg`lrlg `jt llg tljo tht rlsuctjtlg fhot. Qjgukt `kl gkluws-



=5>

HG@LTYHLF & HG@LTYHLFLT

nklrknblk` ks `kt hg`lrzhlf hgtstjjg. @jt mhodkgllrt ohhk olt okig plrshhgckifl lrvjrkgnlg kgtljos, lg olt `l hrnjgksjtkls wjjr `kl tljos dkgglg augmtkhgllr`lg.Kgtusslg lxpchktllr kf `lzl plrshhgckifl hgtwkfflckgn kg o‛g lknlg j`vklsprjftkif, kf dlg (gu kg

alktlckifl zkg) ‒vhhr olzlca dlnhgglg‛.

Dltlflgks

Blt hg`lrzhlf ks vhhr okizlca hp ollr`lrl gkvljus vjg dltlflgks. Phlg kf ol hrkægtllr`l hp `lmhgslqulgtkls vjg blt hpstjrtlg vjg llg `lrnlckif hg`lrzhlfsprhilmt, zlk llg clk`kgnnlvlg`l tl-nlg ol ‒^jjrho clls il gklt llg dhlf8 @jg wllt il blt hhf. @jt ks llg stuf llgvhu`knlr lg sglc-clr.‛ Kf wkc`l lmbtlr `klptlflggks vlrwlrvlg, lrvjrlg, zâca dlclvlg, blt kg o‛g ckia lrvjrlg! Ho vjg`jjrukt cjtlr fugglg j`vkslrlg. @us gklt `l ncj``l ‒mhgsuctjgtdjddlc‛.

Hp mhngktkla gkvlju vhrot `kt hg`lrzhlf oki tht klojg` `kl, `hhr lrvjrkgn, llg thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l bllat vhhr tljos. Blt cllrt ol vllc ollr tl zklg `jg `l hpplrvcjffknl wjjrglolr kg llr-stl hhnhpscjn zklt. Kf zkl `l vjrkjtkl kg kgtlrjmtkls dkgglg tljos, bug sjolgwlrfkgn. Kf zkl bhl

vlrsmbkcclg`l hrnjgksjtkls olt tljos honjjg. Kf bld nlcllr` wjt mrumkjcl zjflg zkig kg blt dlrlk-flg vjg rlsuctjjt `hhr blt tljo. Jcs llg ‒jgtrhphchhn kg Jarkfj‛ bld kf ijrlg hg`lr blg nlclla`,hdslrvlrlg`, vllc vrjnlg` gjjr `l dlclvkgn vjg `l jg`lr, lg okig dllc`lg dki tljonlghtlg thlt-slg`. ]tlrflr ghn, kf wjs ëëg vjg blg6 `l jgtrhphchhn dckiat jctki` llg vrllo`lckgn. Hp llg `klplrgkvlju, nl`rjnsgkvlju, bld kf nlcllr` ho olzlca sktujtkhgllc tlrun tl bhu`lg, llrst tl fkiflg lg tl

vrjnlg, `jg pjs klts tl `lgflg ha tl vkg`lg6 ho kl`lr ‒vrllo`‛ nlzkmbtspugt vjg llg kgtlrvklwllllrst tl vlrflgglg. Lg ghn djsjclr9 kf bld kg olzlca llg ollr fwjgtktjtklvl jttktu`l wlcdlwusthonlvhro` tht ollr fwjcktjtklvl bhu`kgn. @jt ckift okssmbklg skoplc, ho`jt kf llr`lr kg okig

wlrf jcs lmhchhn bld nlolrft `jt `l zh zllr nlrhlo`l hdilmtkvktlkt vjg gjtuurwltlgsmbjpplckifhg`lrzhlf zllr dltrlfflckif ks. Ojjr llgojjc hpnlvhl` kg `l trj`ktkl vjg `l gjtuurwltlgsmbjp-plg olt tlcclg, oltlg lg blt dl`rkivlg vjg stjtkstklf, ks blt gklt llgvhu`kn ho `kl olgtjcktlkt`jj`wlrflckif tlrzki`l tl smbukvlg lg wlrflckif tlvrl`lg tl zkig olt llg fclkgl stllfprhla, ojjr

vllczlnnlg`lr wjjrglokgnlg.

Pht scht dlg kf okssmbklg wlc llg hgvlrdltlrckifl wlrlc`vlrdltlrjjr. Jcs lmhchhn bhhptl kf vlclijrlg nlcl`lg dki tl fugglg `rjnlg jjg blt dlbhu` vjg `l rkif`ho vjg gjtuur lg cjg`smbjp.Kgtusslg olc`t blt Ihurgjjc `jt kgtusslg <5% vjg `l shhrtlg `kl kg :2<5 kg Lurhpj vhhrfwjolguktnlsthrvlg zkig tlg nlvhcnl vjg vlrstl`lckifkgn, kgtlgsklvl cjg`dhuw lg sclmbt dlbllr vjg hgzldhsslg. @jjr bld kf wlkgkn ollr dki tl `rjnlg, `jt prhmls fjg kf gklt flrlg. Jcs nrhlps`ygjokmjbhhp kf olt `lzl stu`kl lg `l prjftksmbl thlpjsskgn `kl `jjrukt vhcnt llg dki`rjnl tl blddlg jjgllg wlrfpclzklr dkgglg tljos, lg llg nhl` sjolgsplc tusslg tljos lg bug hrnjgksjtkl. Iukst okig

ouctk`ksmkpckgjkrl dlgj`lrkgn fjg bklr vlrarksslg` wlrflg. Qlrsmbkcclg`l hg`lrzhlflrs olrflg ko-olrs hp, `jt llg ouctk`ksmkpckgjkrl dlgj`lrkgn bjr` gh`kn ks0:0.

Okig plrshhgckifl hgt`lffkgnsthmbt bhu`t jjg tht `l `jn vjg vjg`jjn, lg bhplckif tht ‒hvlr-ohrnlg‛. Kf fjg ol ghn jctki` vlrwhg`lrlg ho wjt kf ho ol bllg zkl, ho wjt kf hgt`lf jcs kfsmblrplr wjjrgllo lg cjgnlr gj`lgf hvlr wjt kf zkl, ho bhl kf lrvjjr `jt jg`lrlg jg`lrs fug-glg rl`lglrlg, bhl zki shos blcl dlclvkgnswlrlc`lg ukt bug lrvjrkgn djgglg. Qlrwhg`lrkgn ks llgprlttknl clvlgsbhu`kgn. Blt bhu`t ol hhf gkluwsnklrkn.

0:0 ]mbrukilr, 45506 Akglojg, 4555, pn 4>2



=52

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

@hlcstlcckgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf

@jt drlgnt ol hp blt mhgmrltl `hlc vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf, lg `l ojjtsmbjpplckifl rlclvjgtkl lrvjg.@lzl stu`kl bllat llg ollrvhu`kn `hlc.

Jcclrllrst ks okig kgtlgtkl ho hrnjgksjtkls kg stjjt tl stlcclg ho tljos kg tl rkmbtlg, tl hgtwkffl-clg lg tl fhlstlrlg zh`jgkn `jt `lzl nlwlgstl rlsuctjtlg fugglg dhlflg lg zh bug nl`rhho`lthlfhost fugglg rljckslrlg. ]hooknl jutlurs0:< vlrhg`lrstlcclg `jt llg j`jptkvl lgtlrprksl , nlhrnj-gksllr` rhg`ho ‒thpmjpjmktlktlg‛, zkig rlshurmls ” kgmcuskla ‒thpprhalsskhgjcs‛ ” skoplcwln ohlt‒tuglg‛ lg rlhrnjgkslrlg ho `jt `hlc tl dlrlkflg. @lzl `lgfwkizl stjjt dlflg` jcs `l ojmbkgl ol-tjahhr. @l hrnjgksjtkl whr`t jjrdki nlhptkojcksllr` hhr krlmtl sturkgn, l olgs kg lrnlckifl sy-stlolg whr`t dlsmbhuw` jcs llg stuurdjjr lg vlrvjgndjjr hg`lr`llc. @l wlrlc` dckift lmbtlr gkltojjfdjjr gjjr llg nlhptkojcksllr` tlopcjtl. Ylflr olt `l buk`knl tlfhrtlg jjg bhhnnlsmbhhc`llg lxkdlcl ol`lwlrflrs bllat `kt mhgmlpt gklt `l uktwlrfkgn zhjcs olg `kl lr kg `l 25-lr ijrlg

vjg vlrwjmbttl.

jggllr hrnjgksjtkls tljos olt summls wkcclg kgzlttlg, zucclg zki `l dlbhlatlg vjg `l tljocl`lgkg `lrnlckifl tljos lg `l lxtlrgl kgvchl`lg `kl zkmb `hlg nlc`lg, ohltlg dlnrkiplg ho blg tlfugglg blcplg bug jodktkls tl vlrwlzlgckiflg. Kg llg hvlrzkmbt vjg hg`lrzhlf gjjr tljos lgnrhlplg stlct Nuzzh `jt

–Lodl``l`glss kg j cjrnlr shmkjc systlo ks j fly prhplrty ha nrhups. Bhw hrnjgksjtkhgs trljtlodl``l` nrhups mjg nrljtcy kgulgml tbl htblr prhplrtkls. V…_ Pbl gjturl (jg` tbus tbl laalm - tkvlglss) ha jgy hgl whrf nrhup vlry oumb ks j augmtkhg ha kts lodl `l`glss kg kts surrhug kgnhrnjgksjtkhg.‟ 0:1

Plnlckiflrtki` lrvjrlg vllc tljocl`lg bug prhalsskhglcl honlvkgn tlgnlvhcnl vjg blt wlnvjcclg

vjg l nrlgs tusslg wlrf lg prkvë jcs llg lsslgtkllc hg`lr`llc vjg bug wlczkig lg vjg bug dlstjjg. Jjgnlzklg `lzl olgslg mrumkjjc zkig vhhr blt wlcscjnlg vjg `l oksskl vjg llg tljo ks blt vjgnrhht dlcjgn tl wltlg `hhr wlcfl hg`lrstlugkgn zki zkmb nlajmkcktllr` lg nlstkoucllr` vhlclg kgblt vhcdrlgnlg vjg bug oksskl. @lzl `lgfwkizl vlrtlnlgwhhr`knt `l shmkjcl kgvjcsbhlf, `kl zkmbrkmbt hp blt wlczkig vjg lg `l dltlflgks vhhr blt kg`kvk`u.

Kg blt frjmbtlgvlc` dkgglg tljos lg ho tljos bllg hgtohltlg `lzl dlk`l kgvjcsbhlflg lcfjjr.Yl zkig hp llg gjtuurckifl ojgklr olt lcfjjr vlrdhg`lg, `hhr`jt blt kgzkmbt vjg `l wlrfnlvlr kg`l plrmlptkls lg dlclvkgn vjg zkig ol`lwlrflrs llg sclutlcrhc vlrvuct kg blt summlsvhc wlrflg olttljos. Hrnjgksjtkls `kl olt tljos wlrflg fugglg `jt jccllg summlsvhc `hlg wjggllr zki dlrlk`zkig vjgukt ollr`lrl kgvjcsbhlflg gjjr `l sjolgwlrfkgn tusslg tljo lg hrnjgksjtkl tl fkiflg.

Llg `lr`l kgvjcsbhlf ks, `jt lohtkls kg `l buk`knl hptkokstksmbl ojgjnlolgtcktlrjtuur zlc`lg dl-ckmbt whr`lg. Akglojg stlct `jt hrnjgksjtkls nlprlslgtllr` whr`lg jcs rjtkhglcl hg`lrglokgnlg, wjjrkg jccls dlrl`lgllr` lg janlwhnlg fjg whr`lg0:>. Lohtkls zkig gklt stuurdjjr, gklt ojjfdjjrlg `jj`hhr okg`lr ‒bjg`kn‛6 zl pjsslg gklt kg `l rjtkhglcl `lgfoh`lcclg. Kg okig prjftkif jcs mhg-suctjgt zkl kf zl lmbtlr llg sudstjgtkæcl rhc splclg.

Jccllg wjggllr tljos hp llg nlègtlnrllr`l ojgklr whr`lg dlstu`llr`, wjjrdki `l vlrsmbkcclg`lkgvjcsbhlflg dlgut whr`lg, fugglg `l dlcjgnlg vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l stjflbhc`lrs nl`klg` whr`lg.

0:< Bjlmflc, :;;;

0:1 Nuzzh, :;;1, pn 2

0:> Akglojg, 4555, pn :5



=5;


hr`lg `lzl dlcjgnlg gklt nlègtlnrllr` nl`klg`, `jg ks `l fjgs nrhht `jt nllg vjg `l pjrtkilgzkig dlcjgnlg rljcksllrt. Hg`lrzhlf `jt jjg`jmbt dlstll`t jjg `lrnlckifl jsplmtlg ojn zkmb gkltdlplrflg tht `jt wjt zkmb kg blt zkmbtdjrl vlc` jaspllct. Ho tl zklg wlcfl dlcjgnlg lg frjmbtlg

ollsplclg ohlt blt hg`lrzhlf zkmb hhf rkmbtlg hp `jtnlgl wjt hg`lr `l hpplrvcjftl pcjjtsvkg`t. Llr`lr hg`lrzhlf jjg tljos vjgukt `lzl mhodkgjtkl vjg kgvjcsbhlflg ks `hhr oki gkltnlvhg`lg.

Blt drl`lrl `hlc vjg `lzl stu`kl ks blt frjmbtlgvlc` kg lg rhg` tljos tl dlnrkiplg ho zh`hlg`lzhwlc ojgjnlolgt jcs tljocl`lg kg stjjt tl stlcclg kl`lr bug prhit tl blddlg vjg `l kgspjggkg-nlg `kl zki sjolg pclnlg ho `l oksskl tl rljckslrlg wjjrvhhr zki stjjg. Kg zlflrl zkg zhu vjg `kthg`lrzhlf zh`hlg`l nlzln` fugglg whr`lg `jt blt kg llrstl jjgcln llg augmtkhgjckstksmbl `rkia-

vllr bllat, jc zkig okig hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla lg -oltbh`l gklt jcs augmtkhgjckstksmb tl typlrlg,ghmb l jjgdlvlckgnlg kg bhha`stuf :4. jt kf dlhhn ks `jt dltrhfflglg jg`lrs gjjr tljoprhmls-slg njjg fkiflg lg `jt zki `l hg`lrstrhho gj`rufflckif dltrlfflg kg bug rllmtkl.

Hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla

Jc bld kf ol vhhrjanjjg` jjg blt vlc`wlrf nchdjjc kgnlclzlg kg `kt drl`l ” vhhr oki jcs dkhchhn lg‒dl`rkiasolgs‛ ” hp vllc vcjfflg gkluwl hg`lrzhlfsnldkl`, kf dlg blt hg`lrzhlf zlflr kgnlstjptzhg`lr vjststjjg`l tblhrltksmbl oh`lcclg, `lgktkls, byphtblsls ha jg`lrl vhhrdh`lg vjg ‒`l

wjjrblk` hp zjf‛. @jt wkc zlnnlg, kf bld hp vhhrbjg` nllg oh`lcclg nldhuw`. Qjgzlcasprlflg`bld kf wlc stll`s hvlrtuknkgnlg nlbj`, vjgukt llg ojjtsmbjppkifrktksmbl bhu`kgn jcs (thlg) rkipl

vllrtknlr, `kl oki dlègvchl`lg lg vhhrt `hlg njjg.

Okig jmbtlrnrhg` jcs lmhchhn wlrft kg `lzl stu`kl `hhr kg `kl zkg `jt kf thlgtlrtki` vhg` `jt jcclhrnjgksolg, pcjgtlg lg dllstlg, llg pclf ohlstlg blddlg, fwltsdjrl gjtuurnldkl`lg dlsmblro`

ohltlg whr`lg. Kg `l dl`rkiasojtknl wlrlc` fhot `kt prkgmkpl hpgkluw tht uktkgn kg `l zkg `jtolgslg llg pclf ohltlg blddlg6 `jt lr lvlgwkmbt zhu ohltlg zkig tusslg nlvlg lg glolg, wjtil dki`rjjnt lg wjt il hgtvjgnt, zhwlc ojtlrkllc jcs koojtlrkllc. Lëg vjg `l `rkiavlrlg vhhr `kt hg-`lrzhlf ks `jt kf llg dki`rjnl wkc clvlrlg jjg blt ‒nldrukf‛ vjg rlshurmls (olgslg!) jcs fhstdjjr lgsmbjjrs nhl`, `jt ‒kgnlzlt‛ whr`t prlmkls `jjr wjjr blt zkig dlstl dki`rjnl fjg clvlrlg lg tht vlr-`lrl dchlk fhot, hp llg ojgklr wjjr`hhr zl gklt uktnlput ha hpnldrjg` rjjft. Yhrn vhhr shmkjcllmhsystlolg lg `l dlwhglrs `jjrvjg `us, kg `l hhrsprhgflckifl dltlflgks vjg `kt whhr`.0:2

Jcs lmhchhn wlrf il olt wjt il jjgtrlat. Okig hpclk`kgn jcs cjg`smbjpslmhchhn bllat ol hg`lrjg`lrl nlcllr` nl`ltjkccllr` tl fkiflg gjjr vlrsmbkigslclg kg blt zkmbtdjrl vlc` lg `lzl wjjrgl-okgnlg tl jdstrjblrlg ho zh kgzkmbt tl frkinlg kg `l wlrfkgn vjg blt hg`lrcknnlg`l, gklt `krlmtzkmbtdjrl systllo. Il ohlt nhl` fkiflg gjjr `l vlrdhrnlg frjmbtlg `kl llg dlpjjc` lvlgwkmbtkg llg gjtuurckif systllo ohnlckif ojflg ha iukst dlclttlg ha vlrsthrlg. Hhf `kt hg`lrzhlf jjgtljos ks stlrf vjgukt `l lopkrkl nl`rlvlg. Hhf `lzl stu`kl njjt `klp kg hp `l frjmbtlg kg blt hg-`lrcknnlg`l vlc`.

0:2 Blt whhr` lmhsystllo ks jafhostkn ukt `l lmhchnkl. Blt stjjt `jjr vhhr ‒llg `ygjoksmb mhopclx vjg clvlgsnl-

ollgsmbjpplg vjg pcjgtlg, `klrlg lg okmrh-hrnjgksolg lg bug gklt-clvlg`l honlvkgn, `kl kg llg hg`lrckgnl

wksslcwlrfkgn llg augmtkhglcl llgblk` vhrolg‛. Llg lmhsystllo hovjt jccls `jt dki`rjjnt jjg blt kg stjg`

bhu`lg vjg blt clvlg lrdkgglg. Kg l dl`rkiasfug`knl mhoougkmjtkl whr`t blt whhr` ‒lmhsystllo‛ tlnlgwhhr`kn

nldrukft ho dkivhhrdllc` `l mhoolrmkæcl honlvkgn vjg llg hrnjgksjtkl jjg tl `uk`lg9 ‒llg nrhlp vjg pjrtglrs

`kl sjolg kg stjjt ks ho lcf ajmlt kg llg MTO prhilmt vhhr lg olt l fcjgt hp tl chsslg‛. Kg okig nlvhlc llg vhhr-

dllc` vjg ‒`rlsskgn up‛ 9 olg nllat zkmb gklt wlrflckif rlflgsmbjp vjg jccls wjt dki`rjjnt jjg blt kgstjg`bhu`lg

vjg blt clvlg dkgglg `kt systllo.



=:5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Ylcas wjt dltrlat tblhrltksmbl jmbtlrnrhg` dlg kf llg lopkrksmbl vlrflgglr. Kf hdslrvllr lg rl-lmtllr, hr`lg hvlr vllc zjflg okig nl`jmbtlg zhg`lr `jt kf ol `jjr stlrf dlwust vjg dlg. @jgclls kf cktlrjtuur lg dlg vlrdjjs` `jt olgslg lr zh bllc jg`lrl hvlrtuknkgnlg hp gj fugglg

bhu`lg. Kf vlrwhg`lr ol hvlr `l tblhrltksmbl strhokgnlg `kl zkmb `lmlggkj (ha cjgnlr) nlcl`lghg`lr `l thlgojcknl tki`nllst blddlg nlvhro`, lg `kl zkmb, vjjf tlnlg `l strhho vjg gkluwl kg-zkmbtlg kg, cjgnl tki` blddlg nlbjg`bjja`.

Fwjgtktjtkla vlrsus fwjcktjtkla, hdilmtkla vlrsus sudilmtkla

Kg `ksmusskls hvlr wltlgsmbjpplckifl hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`lg whr`t blt dlnrkp ‒hdilmtkla ‛ vjjf nl-fhpplc` jjg llg fwjgtktjtkla nlrkmbtl vrjjnstlcckgn lg fwjgtktjtklvl oltbh`lg, ‒sudilmtkla ‛ jjg `lfwjcktjtklvl lxphglgtlg `jjrvjg. @l fhpplckgn tusslg `l dlnrkpplg ‒hdilmtkla ‛ lg ‒fwjgtktjtkla ‛

whr`t kgnlnlvlg `hhr`jt dlk`l vlrwkizlg gjjr `l ghh`zjjf vjg rlprh`umllrdjrl uktfhostlg dkik`lgtklf hg`lrzhlf 0:;.

Qjg @jcl nllat dki ‒hdilmtkla ‛ –zkmb dlpjclg` tht `l alktlg, gklt dlègvchl` `hhr lknlg nlvhlc ha

`hhr vhhrhhr`lclg‟, lg dki ‒sudilmtkla ‛ –dltrlffkgn blddlg` hp, uktnjjg` vjg `l plrshhgckiflzklgswkizl ha sojjf‟. Dlk`l vhrolg kg okig hnlg nllg tlnlgstlcckgn, jjgnlzklg l hvlrtuknkgn wjtdlpjclg`l alktlg zkig llg fwlstkl ks vjg hhr`llc lg zklgswkizl. Kf nlchha gklt `jt lr ëëg wjjrblk`dlstjjt kl nlbllc nlflg` zhu fugglg whr`lg, wjjrvjg l stjtus (jcs stjtksmb) wjjrgllodjjr ks. Kg`l fwjgtuoayskmj njjt olg lrvjg ukt `jt zjflg vlrjg`lrlg zh`rj `l hg`lrzhlflr zl wjjrgllot9

wjjrglokgn dlègvchl`t blt rlsuctjjt vjg `l wjjrglokgn, wjjr`hhr lr nllg hdilmtklvl wjjrgl-okgn ollr fjg dlstjjg045. Kl`lrl ‒wjjrblk`‛ ks llg jaspklnlckgn hp blt wjjrglokgnsoholgt, llgslclmtkl, llg oh`lc. Blt ks ghhkt wlrflckif `l wlrflckifblk`.Ayskmus Gklcs Dhbr stlct kg rlcjtkl tht `l hgohnlckifblk` vjg hdilmtkla wjjrglolg9

–@l olgslg kl lxplrkolgtlg dl`lgflg lg uktvhlrlg lg `l olgslg kl l rlsuctjtlg vjg l prhlvlg

dlsmbhuwlg zkig llg lg `lzlca`l. ^ki zkig zhwlc `l splclrs jcs `l thlsmbhuwlrs.‟ 04:

Urkfflclg` ks `l hvlrllgfhost tusslg `l uktsprjjf vjg Dhbr lg blt mktjjt vjg Nhaaojg044. Hhf`lzl splclrs nlchvlg bug lknlg vhhrstlcckgn. Nllrtz nllat klts shhrtnlckifs jjg tlg jjgzklg vjg bltplrsplmtkla vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr9

–^bjt wl mjcc hur `jtj jrl rljccy hur hwg mhgstrumtkhgs ha htblr plhpcl‛s mhgstrumtkhgs V…_.‟ 04=

Hdilmtkvktlkt, ha blt vlroki`lg vjg sudilmtkvktlkt, ks vjjf llg kccuskl. Ojrtkg bjjct bklrhvlr llgflrgjmbtknl uktsprjjf vjg Ojrfus jjg9

–Mhugtkgn phg` smuo hr stjrs rlqukrls mjtlnhrkzjtkhg, jg` ks tblrlahrl sudilmtkvl jg` prhdcl-

ojtkm.‟ 040

Kf bld jcs dkhchhn okig hg`lrzhlf vjgukt wjt kf thlg dlnrllp jcs llg fwjgtktjtkla-hdilmtkla pj-rj`knoj hpnlzlt, lg zkl gu wlcfl kccuskls kf jcs hg`lrzhlflr kg stjg` bklc`, wlcfl kgvchl`lg kf

0:; Ollr hvlr fwjgtktjtkla vlrsus fwjcktjtkla kg Dkicjnl KK, Oltbh`hchnksmbl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn, pjrjnrjja

hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`l

045 vjg Choolc, 455>, pn 4:: - 4:4

04: vjg Choolc, 455>, pn 4:<

044 Nhaaojg, :;<;, pn 21

04= Nllrtz, :>=, pn ;

040 Ojrtkg, 4554, pn ==



=::


thlg gklt kg okig dlsmbhuwkgnlg dltrhfflg bld. Yh `ll` kf kg`lrtki` hg`lr jg`lrl fwjgtktjtklahg`lrzhlf jjg `l dchlktki` vjg dhtlrdchlolg hg`lr kgvchl` vjg vlrsmbkcclg`l ojjkrlnkols. Olt`l ahmus hp `l tl dlpjclg pjrjoltlrs (jcs ojjktki`, ojjkoltbh`l, dchlktki` lg -kgtlgsktlkt) bld kf

gklt nlclt hp `l kgvchl` vjg jg`lrl ajmthrlg, zhjcs dltrl`kgn vjg blt prhlavlc` `hhr `l hg`lr-zhlflr. Qlrjg`lrkgn kg dh`lo`kmbtblk`, kgtlgsktlkt vjg blt hgtvjgnlg ckmbt, stlrflrl dchhtstlcckgnjjg wkg`, jcclojjc ohnlckifl nlvhcnlg vjg nlghlo`l dltrl`kgn, fugglg `l dchlk dlègvchl`lg.

Ijoolr, gklt gjjr nlflflg. ^jt zlnnlg `l uktscjnlg vjg `lzl lxplrkolgtlg hgs, hhf jc zkig zlstjtkstksmb skngkmjgt lg bld kf lrhvlr nlpudckmllr`8

–Mh`kl`, jg` hatlg qujgtktjtkvl stu`kls, mhgtkgul th nlt tbl prkvkclnl` ‒hdilmtkvl‛ cjdlc jg` phsktkvljsshmkjtkhg th tbl gjturjc smklgmls V…_‟ .

–Kg tbl sh mjccl` ‒hdilmtkvl‛ rlsljrmb, mhgmlpts jg` oltbh`s jrl blc` j prkhrk, jrl ugfghwg prhilm- tkhgs ha rlsljrmblrs‛ hwg wjys ha lgmhugtlrkgn tbl whrc`.‟ 04<

Bhl wjjr, zkl kf gu, `lzl whhr`lg vjg @lltz6 bhlzllr nhc` `kt vhhr oki jcs ihgnl dkhchhn. Kf wjsol vjg nllg jg`lrl ohnlckifl kgvjcsbhlf dlwust, kg gklts jg`lrs hpnlclk` `jg `kt gjtuurwltlg-smbjpplckifl plrsplmtkla.Ojrtkg vlrfcjjrt `lzl dlplrftl dckf vjg oki bllc ohhk9

–Oumb ha tbl hrnjgkzjtkhgjc cktlrjturl, ckfl ohst lc`s ha shmkjc smklgml, rlj`s js ka smbhcjrs mhuc`

`ksmhvlr jg` jmmurjtlcy rlprlslgt tbl hdilmtkvlcy ‒trul‛ gjturl ha tbl lopkrkmjc whrc`…. Mlrtjkgcy,tbks ks tbl wrktkgn stycl lxplmtl` kg ohst ojkgstrljo hrnjgkzjtkhgjc ihurgjcs. Kg jmmhr` wktb tbkslopbjsks hg hdilmtkvkty, ojgy shmkjc smklgml `hmthrjc stu`lgts jrl tjunbt th `h rlsljrmb jmmhr`kgn thtbl smklgtkm oltbh`, uskgn `lùmtkhg jg` kgùmtkhg th prhvl hr ajcskay byphtblsls. Ohst rlsljrmb - lrs, bhwlvlr, wblg prlssl`, whuc` jnrll tbjt purkst mcjkos ha hdilmtkvkty (sholtkols cjdlccl` ‒gjèvl

rljckso‛) jrl hvlrdchwg. Js B. Ojrfus (plrshgjc mhoougkmjtkhg, junust 4555) ghtls, ‒Mhugtkgn phg` smuo hr stjrs rlqukrls mjtlnhrkzjtkhg, jg` ks tblrlahrl sudilmtkvl jg` prhdclojtkm‛.‟ 041

]hos ckift `l vrjjn rhg` hdilmtkvktlkt okg`lr prhdclojtksmb `jg bklr nlsmbltst, dkivhhrdllc` ‒blttlcclg vjg blt jjgtjc hplg dchlolg hp `jn :5 gj blt ojjklg‛. Hhf `jg lmbtlr9 wjt ks llg hplgdchlo8 jt zkig l kgvchl`lg kl gklt hhr `l hg`lrzhlflr uktnlfhzlg whr`lg jcs ‒dlègvchl`lg`‛,`kl gklt nloltlg lg nlvhcn` whr`lg8 jggllr kf dhvlgstjjg`l jckglj vjg Ojrtkg clls, zlca ‒hprlks‛ vjg llg fwjgtktjtkla gjjr llg fwjcktjtkla plrsplmtkla, bld kf llg nlvhlc vjg blrflggkgn lglrflggkgn. Yhwlc tlg jjgzklg vjg `l fwjgtktjtklvl dckg`l ijmbt hp lg kccuskl vjg hdilmtkvktlkt, lg`jjroll ‒wltlgsmbjpplckifl lrflggkgn‛, jcs hhf vjg okig vlrsmbhvlg pjrj`knoj, lg blt dlsla ‒`jthhf `jt ojn‛. Ojrtkg vlrvhcnt9

–Pbks oh`lsty jdhut hdilmtkvkty ks jpprhprkjtl. V…_ Lvlg ‒bjr`‛ smklgtksts sumb js pbyskmkstsstrunncl wktb tbl kopckmjtkhg ha `jtj sunnlstkgn tbjt tbl jmt ha plrmlkvkgn hr oljsurkgn trjgsahroswbjtlvlr ks dlkgn jsslssl`. V…_ ^bjt ojy sllo jg hdilmtkvl ajmt, sumb js jg lxplrklgml hr j dh`yha `jtj, ks sudilmtkvlcy plrmlkvl` dy buojgs jg` prhmlssl` dy buojg slgsl ojfkgn. V…_ Pblsjol ojtlrkjc mhg`ktkhgs mjg prhùml j vjrklty ha plrmlkvl` jg` lgjmtl` mucturjc ‒rljcktkls‛. V…_]udilmtkvkty ks mhgstrjkgl` dy tbl prhmlss ha plrmlptkhg, olohry jg` kgtlrprltjtkhg, jg` ks ght iustjg kg`kvkùjc pblgholghg. Hdslrvjtkhg hmmurs kg j mhcclmtkvl, shmkjc mhgtlxt kg wbkmb tbl shmkjc mhg- strumtkhg ha rljckty mhgstrjkgs jg` kgulgmls iu nolgts. Ka rljckty ks sudilmtkvlcy mhgstrumtl` lvlg

04< @lltz, 4555, pn :4>

041 Ojrtkg, 4554, pn == ” =<



=:4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

kg tbks ckoktl` wjy, tblg j mucturjc rlsljrmblr oust ahmus jttlgtkhg hg tbl sudilmtkvl arjolwhrfs hakgahrojgts kg j``ktkhg th tbl jppjrlgtcy hdilmtkvl ‒ajmts‛ jg` ojtlrkjc mhg`ktkhgs ha tblkr ckvls.‟

Jgjchhn jjg dhvlgstjjg`l nl`jmbtlg hvlr ‒rljcktlkt‛ clls kf kg okig buk`knl wlrfvlc` hvlr fwjg-tktjtkla hg`lrzhlf jjg tljos, wjjrdki hp ëëg jsplmt nlclt whr`t, dkivhhrdllc` `l vjjr`knblk` vjgk`llnlglrjtkl vjg llg tljo. Bklr whr`t jjg nltlc` lg nlrlflg`, tlrwkic `l hg`lrzhlfsmhgtlxtnlglnllr`l ajmthrlg vlrthhgt `kl `l uktscjn bjjst wlc oýëtlg dlègvchl`lg. ]ystlolg zkig zh mho-pclx, ha blt gu ho lmhchnksmbl ha shmkjcl systlolg njjt, `jt `l rljcktlkt vjg llg mhgmrltl sktujtklgklt kg zkig vhccl hovjgn tl flgglg vjct. jjroll kf gklt dlwllr `jt gklts hdilmtkvllrdjjr zhu zkig,ha `jt fwjgtktjtkla hg`lrzhlf janlwlzlg ohlt whr`lg. Kf vrjjn ol ja ha `kl vlrskoplc`l lxpl-rkolgtlg wlrflckif rlprhùmllrdjrl rlsuctjtlg hpclvlrlg lg wjt `kl `jg dltlflglg. Qhhrts stlc kfol hp blt stjg`pugt `jt vllc fwjgtktjtkla hg`lrzhlf zkmb jrrhnjgt thhgt kg `l vlrhgjmbtzjokgn

vjg rllxkvktlkt.

Qhhr okizlca wjs blt fwjcktjtklvl pjrj`knoj vjg dlnkg ja jjg rjtkhgllc nlzklg llg nhl`l fluzl

vhhr `kt hg`lrzhlf. Nlvhlcsojtkn fwjo lr lmbtlr ghn rlnlcojtkn llg jg`lrl rljmtkl dhvlg. Phlgkf dkivhhrdllc` kg `l llrstl hg`lrzhlfshpzlt gj`jmbt hvlr blt jjgtjc tl hg`lrzhlflg tljos, cllfol :55 llg rl`lckif jjgtjc. Kf ohlst ghn lvlg dlfkiflg ha `jt hhf wlrflckif skngkmjgt zhu whr-`lg, ojjr nlvhlcsojtkn fwjo kf `jg llg bllc lkg`. Okig thlgojcknl prhohthr zlk lmbtlr ‒Jcs ilblt rl`t ho vklr tljos tl hg`lrzhlflg bld il ‛t fgjp nl`jjg‛. Kf wjs vlrdkistlr`9 ‒Qklr88 Ojjr `jgzjc kf zlflr gklt tht stjtkstksmb dltrhuwdjrl uktfhostlg fholg…‛ Yh zkl il ojjr bhl bjr`glffknlg `klp nlwhrtlc` hvlrtuknkgnlg fugglg zkig. Kf bj` ol ùk`lckif ghn nllg rlflgsmbjp nlnlvlg

vjg `l mhgslqulgtkls vjg okig fluzl. Hhf `lzl `kclooj‛s dlsmbrkiat Ojrtkg04> vjgukt `l djsks- vrjjn ‒^bjt h K bjvl th `h th lckvlr bknb qujckty rlsucts8‛ , wjjrdki gjtuurckif krlmt l vrjjn hpfhot wjt‒bknb qujckty rlsucts‛ zkig. Kg Dkicjnl KK whr`t kgnlnjjg hp `l fwjcktlktsjsplmtlg vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf.

‒Chmjc / lolrnlgt‛ ha ‒lcktl / j-prkhrk‛8

]tjgcly @lltz042 ojjft kg zkig dlsmbhuwkgn hvlr blt wlrf vjg Durrlcc & Ohrnjg blt hg`lrsmblk`tusslg ‒chmjc / lolrnlgt‛ lg ‒lcktl / j-prkhrk‛, twll vlrsmbkcclg`l wkizlg wjjrhp olg olt hg`lrzhlffjg honjjg. Olt `l whhr`lg ‒chmjc / lolrnlgt‛ ùk`t @lltz jjg `jt `l hg`lrzhlfsmhgmlptlg kg

wksslcwlrfkgn olt `l dltrhfflglg vhronlnlvlg whr`lg, lg `jt `lzl mhgmlptlg zkmb tki`lgs blthg`lrzhlfsprhmls fugglg hgtwkfflclg. Dki ‒lcktl / j-prkhrk‛ `jjrlgtlnlg whr`lg `l mhgmlptlg`hhr `l hg`lrzhlflr kg blt hg`lrzhlf nldrjmbt, dltrhfflglg blddlg bklr nllg kgvchl` hp, lgnlùrlg`l blt hg`lrzhlf dckivlg zl hgnlwkizkn` nlbjg`bjja`.

Hg`lr `l dlgjokgn vjg `kt hg`lrsmblk` njjg vllc mhgslqulgtkls smbukc. ‒Lcktl / j-prkhrk‛ dltl-flgt `jt `l tlrokghchnkl hp vhhrbjg` `hhr `l hg`lrzhlflr whr`t nlfhzlg, vjgzlcasprlflg` kg

rlcjtkl tht `l tblhrltksmbl mhgmlptlg lg `lgktkls `kl tlg nrhg`scjn cknnlg jjg blt hg`lrzhlf.Tjtkhgjcktlkt lg wjjrblk` zkig mlgtrjcl fj`lrs. Jjg `l jsplmtlg `kl `l hg`lrzhlflr hp vhhrbjg`dlcjgnrkif jmbt whr`t kg `l hg`lrzhlfshpzlt jjg`jmbt nlnlvlg. @jjroll whr`t zkig zklgswkizlkg alktl vlrblvlg dhvlg `l lrvjrkgn lg zklgswkizl vjg `l dltrhfflglg. Kg rlcjtkl tht `l stlrfl tbl-hrklnl`rlvlgblk` strllat llg hg`lrzhlflr `kl vhcnlgs `kt pjrj`knoj wlrft gjjr nlglrjcksjtkl vjgzkig uktfhostlg. Yl ohltlg dkgglg `l dlstjjg l tblhrklæg pjsslg, ha gkluwl tblhrklæg ohnlckifojflg. Dki ‒chmjc / lolrnlgt‛ hg`lrzhlf zkig `l lrvjrkgnlg, zklgswkizlg lg vhmjducjkrl vjg l dl-trhfflglg iukst vjg nrhht dlcjgn. @l hg`lrzhlflr drlgnt l llrstl jjgzlt kg, ojjr clt nhl` hp wjt

04> Ojrtkg, 4554

042 @lltz, 4555, pn :=:



=:=


bki kg zkig hg`lrzhlfsmhgtlxt wjjrgllot lg jjgnl`rjnlg frkint, wlcfl dltlflgks `l dltrhfflglgnlvlg. Flggks bllat bklr ollr `l vhro vjg kgzkmbtlg `jg vjg nlplrmkpkllr`l wjjrblk`.

–Hdilmtkvkty, th tbl lxtlgt tbjt kt ks mhgsk`lrl` jt jcc, jrksls hut ha tbl kgtlrpcjy jg` mhgstjgtjdkckty ha tbl rlsljrmbl` th hdilmt jg` mhrrlmt. Pbl rlsljrmblr ks ohrl j sfkccl` mhccjdhrjthr kgfghwcl`nl prhùmtkhg tbjg jg lxplrt hdslrvlr.‟ 04;

Pht zhvlr `l tblhrkl jcs jmbtlrnrhg`. Bhl wlrft `kt vhhr oki kg `l prjftkif vhhr `kt hg`lrzhlf8 Pht vlr kg blt hg`lrzhlf vhlc`l kf ol vjjf hgbjg`kn `jt kf nllg j-prkhrk tblhrklæg lg byphtbl-sls bj`, bj` kf vjjf blt nlvhlc `jt kf ol ohlst vlr`l`knlg `jt kf nllg tl thltslg byphtblsl bj`nlahroucllr`, lg `jt `kt `lshg`jgfs gklt dlnrlplg wlr`. Blt gklt stjrtlg vjg il hg`lrzhlf oltllg jjgtjc byphtblsls lg lxpckmklt nlahroucllr`l hvlrtuknkgnlg ks zh tlnlgnlstlc` jjg `l muctuur

vjg ‒olltdjjrblk` lg dlwkisdjjrblk`‛ `kl rl`lckif jcnlollg ks kg `l wltlgsmbjp, ojjr kg `l dl-`rkiashonlvkgn zlflr hvlrbllrst. Oltlg lg wltlg nllat zlflrblk` lg ohnlckifblk` tht mhgtrhcl.@jjr fhot dki `jt lrnlgs `klp kg okig runnlgolrn `kl fwjgtktjtklvl jjgpjf ghn cjgn wjs hpnl-

scjnlg olt blt cjdlc ‒iukst‛. Plnlckiflrtki` fwjo blt ol jcs hgzkggkn hvlr ho fcjfflchhs kg llg wl-tlgsmbjpschshl ha -strhokgn oll tl njjg lg vjgukt `kl hvlrtuknkgnlg llg jg`lr zkig bjg`lclgtl mjtlnhrkslrlg. @jt zhu vhhr oki vlrvrllo`lg` blddlg nlwlrft. Kf zhu okig arkssl dckf blddlg

vlrchrlg, vhhr zhvlr llg dckf ha rlalrlgtklfj`lr gklt jctki` nlcj`lg ks olt llr`lrl lrvjrkgnlg lghhr`lclg. @l jmmlptjtkl vjg wjt llg jg`lr vhhr zkmbzlca jcs wjjrblk` zklt, ks kg `kt hg`lrzhlf llgshhrt nrhg`rlnlc vhhr oki nldclflg. Kf bhla blt lr gklt oll llgs tl zkig, ojjr wjt bki ha zki vkg`tks glt zh wjjr jcs wjt kf vkg`. @kt pjjrt jjg `l `kjchnksmbl kgscjn vjg okig prhalsskhglcl wlrf jcs

vlrjg`lrfug`kn j`vkslur. @jjroll fkls kf vhhr `l chmjc / lolrnlgt dlgj`lrkgn.

Okig mhgmlptlg hgtstjjg tki`lgs blt hg`lrzhlf kg rlcjtkl lg wksslcwlrfkgn olt `llcglolrs. @klmhgmlptlg hgtwkfflclg zkmb lg trjgsahrolrlg nlùrlg`l blt hg`lrzhlfsprhmls. Glt jcs `l `llc-

glolrs hvlrknlgs, wjjrvjg kf lr zlca ëëg dlg. (Jcs hg`lrzhlflr hhf hg`lrzhmbtl zkig ks okssmbklg wlc `l uktlrstl vhro vjg ‒chmjc‛.) Blt mhgmlptulcl systllo vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr ks `jjroll kg llr-stl kgstjgtkl zh nlckifwjjr`kn ohnlckif jjg `jt vjg `l dltrhfflg tljocl`lg. Cjtlr, wjggllr blthp slclmtlrlg vjg hdslrvjtkls lg kgtlrvklwarjnolgtlg jjg fhot, ks `l hg`lrzhlflr jjg `l djc lgzucclg, ha kf `jt wkc ha gklt, okig hvlrtuknkgnlg llg rhc splclg dki blt ùk`lg lg jgjcyslrlg vjg `lhg`lrzhlfsnlnlvlgs.

Oki njjt blt lr ho zkmbt tl frkinlg hp rlcjtkls lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg (`lzl) olgslg, blt hg`lrckgnlfrjmbtlgsplc, wjt blg `rkiat lg bhl `jt bug wjjrblk` lg bjg`lclg vhro nllat. @jjrdki wkc kf `ljjgwlzknl ollrvhu`knl rljcktlktlg dlckmbtlg. Gklt ho ‒`l lmbtl wjjrblk`‛ `jjrhg`lr ha `jjrdkg-glg tl hgt`lfflg, wlc ho `l wksslcwlrfkgn `jjrtusslg tl zklg. Kf zjc `jg hhf vhhrzkmbtkn zkig hookig hg`lrzhlfsuktsprjflg tl stlrf tl vlrjcnlolgkslrlg, tl vlrblaalg tht ‒zh zkt blt‛. Llr`lr9 `lr-

nlckifl prhmlsslg splclg, zh fugglg zl uktpjfflg, lg zh fjg llg tljo bklr lvlgtullc oll honjjg.Nllg fhhfdhlf ùs `jt tkps nllat ‒bhl whr`lg wki kg :5 stjpplg llg bknb plrahrojgml tljo‛.

Mhgslgsus ha `ksslgsus8

Llg jg`lr hg`lrsmblk` `jt @lltz dlsmbrkiat lg `jt llg rhc spllct kg okig hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla, ks`jt tusslg mhgslgsus lg ksslgsus. Hg`lrzhlf vjgukt blt mhgslgsusplrsplmtkla dlsmbrkiat @lltz0=5 jcs ‒hp zhlf gjjr `l hr`lgkgn `kl `l `hokgjgtl lknlgsmbjp ks vjg gjtuurckifl lg shmkjcl systlolg‛.@lzl zklgswkizl sunnlrllrt stjdkcktlkt kg `lzl systlolg. Blt `ksslgsusplrsplmtkla fkift ollr gjjr

04; @lltz, :;;1, pn :==

0=5 @lltz, 4555, pn :=0 - :=<



=:0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

whrstlckgn, spjggkgn lg mhgkmt jcs `l gjtuurckifl sktujtkl. @l dlstjjg`l hr`l ks vhcnlgs `lzlzklgswkizl plr `lgktkl llg kccustrjtkl vjg hg`lr`ruffkgn vjg djsjcl mhgkmtlg tlg nlvhcnl vjg `l

vjrkætlkt jjg dlcjgnlg, `kl lr jctki` ks. Hg`lrzhlf vjgukt blt `ksslgsusplrsplmtkla trjmbt l vjrkætlkt

hg`lr `l hr`l zkmbtdjjr tl ojflg.–Mhgslgsus hrklgtjtkhgs jppcy rhcl jg` k`lgtkty mcjsskmjtkhgs V…_. @ksslgsus hrklgtjtkhgs sll

k`lgtkty js ouctkpcl, mhgkmtujc, jg` kg prhmlss. V…_ …kg mhgtkguhus tkol mhgslgsus jrksls hut ha

jg` ajccs th `ksslgsus, jg` lvlry `ksslgsus nkvls wjy th lolrnkgn (ka tlophrjry) mhgslgsus.‟

Bki nllat bklroll jjg `jt mhgslgsus lg `ksslgsus jctlrglrlg`l sktujtkls zkig, lg tlnlckif nllatbki hhf sudtklc `l sunnlstkl `jt `ksslgsus llg vjflr vhhrfholg`l ajsl ks `jg mhgslgsus. Kf hg-`lrsmbrkia `jt. Mhgslgsus ks okigs kgzklgs vjjf hnlgsmbkigckif, dki hpplrvcjffknl dlsmbhuwkgnnlmhgstjtllr`.

Okig hg`lrzhlf vlrthhgt flgolrflg vjg zhwlc `l mhgslgsusdlgj`lrkgn jcs `l `ksslgsusdlgj`l-

rkgn, lvlgwlc olt llg zwjjrtlpugt kg l cjjtstl. Kf bld nllgszkgs blt k`ll jt l `hhr oki dlsmbrlvlg sktujtkls ‒kg vjstl stjjt‛ vlrflrlg, stjtksmb zkig kg `l zkg vjg mhgslgsus. ]ktujtkls, rlcjtkls, olg-slg lg bug `lgfdllc`lg, jccls lg kl`lrllg zkl kf `hhrchplg` vlrjg`lrlg. Okig hg`lrzhlf ks zlcasëëg vjg `l ajmthrlg kg `kl vlrjg`lrkgn. Kf prhdllr ollr zkmbtdjjr tl ojflg `jg kg llrstl kgstjgtkljjgwlzkn ckift9 `l strhokgnlg, `kvlrsktlkt, hgtwkfflckgnlg, jgnstlg, dlcjgnlg, tlnlgstlcckgnlg lgmhgkmtlg hg`lr `l smbkigdjjr nlhr`lg`l hpplrvcjftl. @ygjoklf, arjnolgtjtkl lg mhopclxktlktzkig vhhr oki lknlgsmbjpplg vjg `l sktujtkls `kl kf dlstu`llr, jc whr`t `jt `hhr blt alkt `jt kf hhf

wkc dlsmbrkivlg ” lg `jjroll ‒ùk`lg‛, mjtlnhrkslrlg, `hlg sthcclg ” smbkigdjjr nlchnlgstrjat. Kfdlg lr vjg hvlrtukn` `jt, hhf jc zkl kf hvlrllgfhostlg, kl`lrl tljohgtwkfflckgn ugklf ks. Fkifgjjr `l vklr tljolgtrlls `kl dki blt tbloj ‒kg- lg uktscuktkgn‛ (bhha`stuf 2) dlsmbrlvlg whr`lg9

vklr ugklfl nlvjcclg dkgglg ëëg tljo, `hmb wlc twll jjg twll okg ha ollr vlrnlckifdjjr.

\ktlkg`lckif `lgf kf `jt kf okig dlvkg`kgnlg fjg vlrtjclg tht bjg`vjttlg vhhr kgtlrvlgtkl dki `ldlnlclk`kgn vjg tljos. @jt zkig llr`lr prhmlskgtlrvlgtkls ho vhhr tljocl`lg zkmbtdjjr tl oj-flg wjt zkmb `jjr-lg-`jg vhhr`hlt, `jg ‒nhu`lg tkps‛ bhl blt prhmls tl sturlg. ^jggllr olgslglgknszkgs vhhrdlrlk` zkig hp jcnlolgl olmbjgksolg `kl vllcvuc`kn splclg kg llg tljo, ks bltokg`lr tjdhl ho `l smbjùwzki`l tl dlghlolg, `jjr olt blg zlca jmtkla gjjr hp zhlf tl njjg.@jt wjs `l hg`lrzhlfstljos kg `kt hg`lrzhlf gklt nlnlvlg, `kl `rjjk`lg zkmb vjst kg hgdlnrlplgkgtlrjmtkls. Olt `lrnlckifl bjg`vjttlg fjg tljohgtwkfflckgn llg spjgglg`l rlks whr`lg, fjg plr-shhgckif cll` zhwlc dkgglg hrnjgksjtkls jcs vhhr tljocl`lg ohnlckif dlplrft whr`lg, olt phsk-tklvl nlvhcnlg vhhr `l wlrfhonlvkgn lg blt wlrfpclzklr vjg kg`kvkùlg lg blt summls vjg tljoslg hrnjgksjtkls.

Ghrojtkla, kgtlrprltjtkla, frktksmb ha `kjchnksmb8

Kf zkl hrnjgksjtkls jcs shmkjcl pcjjtslg, pcjjtslg wjjr olgslg sjolgfholg lg sjolgwlrflg hodlcjgnlg gj tl strlvlg lg `hlclg tl rljckslrlg. Blt ‒sjolgfholg lg sjolgwlrflg‛, `l kgtlrjmtkllg blt ‒sjolg ollr zkig `jg chssl lclolgtlg‛ zkig lsslgtkllc kg blt fûgglg wlrflg kg `l rkmbtkgn

vjg blt nlstlc`l `hlc.

Plnlckiflrtki` zkl kf `jt hrnjgksjtkls zkmbzlca vllcjc zklg jcs pcjjtslg wjjr llg (vllcjc lmhghoksmb)`hlc nlrljcksllr` whr`t. Lëg vjg l shhrtlg ‒ok``lclg‛ kl jjrdki gh`kn zkig, zkig olgslg. Dkgglghnlgsmbkigckif `lzlca`l sktujtkl blddlg `lzl twll dlcjgnblddlg`lg ” `l hrnjgksjtkl jcs nlbllc lg`l kg`kvkùlg jjrdkgglg ” llg thtjjc jg`lr nlzkmbtspugt lg dlcjgn! @lzl stjjg jcs kg llg pjrj`hxtlnlghvlr lcfjjr, tlrwkic zl bug `hlclg gklt zhg`lr lcfjjr fugglg rljckslrlg. Hp zkmb bhlvlg `l



=:<


`hlclg kg dlk`l dlgj`lrkgnlg gklt llgs tl vlrsmbkcclg, blt njjt ho `l kgtlgtkl wjjroll gjjr bltprhmls nlflflg whr`t. Lg ùs hhf bhl lr honlnjjg whr`t olt sturkgn hp `kt prhmls.

jt oki dltrlat zkig olgslg jmtklvl dltlflgksnlvlrs, ollstjc hvlrknlgs kopckmkltl dltlflgksnlvlrs.

Yl zkig uktlrojtl kvlrs kg bug dltlflgksslg. @jt dltlflgt jt lr vllc wjjrbl`lg ckiflg tl dlstjjg, vllc plrojglgt vlrsmbukvlg`l dlcjgnlg lg olgkgnlg, mhopcllt olt `l jodknuètlkt tlg nlvhcnl vjg blt hgdlnrkp. @jt dltlflgt `krlmt hhf `jt lr vllc tlnlgstlcckgnlg ha mhgkmtlg zucclg dlstjjgtusslg `kl vlrsmbkcclg`l dlcjgnlg lg olgkgnlg. Lg ho llg hrnjgksjtkl tl cjtlg augmtkhglrlg, zjc`jjrkg nlstuur` ohltlg whr`lg, whr`lg shooknl hpvjttkgnlg `hokgjgt nlstlc` dhvlg jg`lrl.

Jjg `l lgl fjgt zkl kf jjr `l ghh`zjjf vjg kg, jjg `l jg`lr fjgt dlg kf blt hhf bjrtnrhg`kn olt@lltz llgs jcs bki stlct

–.. tbl ohrl prlsskgn –mrktkmjc‟ mhgmlrgs ha tbl `jy jrl tbl wjys `hokgjgt `ksmhursls (tbhunb hatlg`kshrnjgkzl` jg` ksiugmt) pcjml ckoktjtkhgs hg plhpcl kg nlglrjc, kgmcu`kgn ojgjnlrs, jg` ckokt tblsummlssauc augmtkhgkgn ha hrnjgksjtkhgs kg olltkgn buojg gll`s. Pbl prhdclo ks ght nrhup jnjkgst

nrhup, dut rjtblr tbl supprlsskhg ha pjrts ha tbl buojg dlkgn jg` tbl prlslgml ha `lstrumtkvlmhgtrhc prhmlssls, tlmbghmrjmy, …. jg` lxmcuskvl mhgmlrg wktb lmhghokm nrhwtb.‟ 0=:

Kf zkl olgslg kg hrnjgksjtkls `hhr `lzl dlplrfkgnlg, hg`lr`ruffkgn lg mhgtrhcl ‒chs‛ rjflg, zkmb-zlca vlrcklzlg0=4. @l vrjjn ks ùs tht bhl vlr `kt rlnlclg ojn ha ohlt njjg, lg wjjr blt kg`kvkùrukotl ojn bhu`lg. @l ohghojgl ahmus hp lmhghoksmb nlwkg whr`t vjjf vlrtjjc` kg llg mhg-trhcl lg sturkgn tht kg `ltjkcs. Olgslg whr`t `jjr`hhr llg `llc vjg bug mhopltlgtkl tht zlcastu-rlg hgtgholg, blt dlplrft zl kg bug mrljtklvl vlrohnlgs, hgtgllot zl alktlckif vhhr llg `llc `lohnlckifblk` bug hp`rjmbt nhl` tl vhcdrlgnlg.@kt ks kg okig hnlg llg phcktklf prhmls6 dltlflgksvhc smburlg lg mhgkmt whr`lg vlrbuc` lg nl -ojrnkgjcksllr`. Yhwlc l hrnjgksjtkl jcs l tljocl`lg hlg jjr lgtbhuskjst jjg oll. \kthlalgkgn

vjg ojmbt ho splmklfl dlcjgnlg tl cjtlg prlvjclrlg cknt bklrjjg tlg nrhg`scjn. Qjjf njjt bltgklt jccllg ho blt jjg`llcbhu`lrsdlcjgn (bhnl wkgstlg lg bhnl jjg`lclgfhlrs), ojjr hhf ho `ldlcjgnlgdlbjrtknkgn vjg `hokgjgtl nrhlplg dkgglg `l hrnjgksjtkl. Kl`lrllg fjg dl`lgflg wlcflnrhlplg `jt zkig kg hgzl dcjgfl wlstlrsl pjtrkjrmbjcl ojjtsmbjppki.

Ojmbt spllct jctki` llg rhc, jc ks blt vjjf gklt ha gjuwlckifs zkmbtdjjr. ^l zkig zh nlwlg` jjgojmbt, blt ks zh‛g kgtlnrjjc hg`lr`llc vjg kl`lrs nl`rjn, hhf blt il jjg (nlplrmkpkllr`l) ojmbt hg-`lrwlrplg, `jt vllc olgslg blt vhhrfholg lrvjg kg llrstl kgstjgtkl hgtflgglg jcs kf vrjjn wjjrojmbt spllct kg bug honlvkgn.

Hhf drl`lr olrf kf jt vllc olgslg gklt stkc stjjg dki wjt lr olt blg lg ho blg bllg nldlurt, zkmbgklt dlwust zkig kg wlcfl prhmlsslg zki nurlrlg, ha wjt zki zlca kg njgn zlttlg. Blt ks gklt `jt zl lr

gklt hvlr wãcclg gj`lgflg, jcs il zl hp zjflg spklnlct njjt lr shos llg wlrlc` vhhr blg hplg, vkg-`lg zl `jt dhlklg` lg cluf. Blt ks ollr `jt zl lr zlca gklt thl fholg, blt gklt wjjrglolg. Hawlc`hhr`jt zl ollr ‒`hlglrs‛ zkig, ha `hhr`jt zl lr ghhkt jjg dlnhgglg zkig lg / ha `hhr`jt zl lrskoplcwln `l tki` gklt vhhr blddlg ha glolg. Hgcjgns zlk llg ojgjnlr dkgglg Tkx&^jlc tlnlgol ‒Tljcksllr il `jt vllc mhcclnj-ojgjnlrs gklt llgs tki` blddlg ho jastjg` vjg bug `jnlckifslbjg`lckgnlg tl glolg lg tl hvlr`lgflg wjt zl wlc lg gklt zhu`lg ohltlg `hlg ukt `kl vllcblk`jjg jmtkls `kl plrojglgt `hhr `l thp vjg `kt dl`rkia vjg zl nlvrjjn` whr`t8‛. Kf vrlls `jt `l ojgnlckif bllat. Kg `kt hg`lrzhlf ks okig rhc ùs hhf blt zkmbtdjjr ojflg vjg wjt nlsohhr` whr`t`hhr `l `ruftl vjg jccl`jn.

0=: @lltz, 4555, pn :=0

0=4 Hhrsmbht & Bhnlrbuks, 455>



=:1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Lg llg vclunil k`ljcksol ks oki gklt vrllo` bklrkg. Kf vhlc ol shos wlc llg dlltil zlg`lckgn,strlla gjjr trjgsahrojtkl gjjr ‒llg dltlrl wlrlc`‛ `hhr vlrbhhn` dlwust zkig, ‒llg pclf vhhr kl-`lrllg‛, bhlwlc kf dlsla `jt `l jcnlolgl hgtwkfflckgn vjg hrnjgksjtkls `l jg`lrl fjgt hp njjt.

Bhlwlc8 Blt vlrsmbkiglg vjg dhlflg zhjcs vjg @hgjc` Fjcaa

0==

hvlr Jolrkfjjgsl lg Lurhplslhg`lrglokgnsoh`lcclg `ll` ol vrlun`9 llg kgsk`lr `kl llg frktksmb pclk`hhk bhu`t vhhr llgjg`lrl ojgklr vjg hrnjgkslrlg! Jccllg ijoolr `jt bki, lg llg jjgtjc jg`lrl hu`-thpojgglg kgjg`lrl dhlflg, pjs olt zkig kgzkmbtlg hvlr vlrjgtwhhr` hg`lrglolg gjjr duktlg fholg gj`jt zki`l plrkh`l wjjrdki zki wârflckif kgvchl` blddlg dki `l nrhtl hg`lrglokgnlg blddlg janlschtlg.Okssmbklg zucclg `lrnlckifl dhlflg, lg hg`lrzhlflg zhjcs `kt, nlclk`lckif ollr dlwustzkig dki cl-`lg vjg jcclrbjg`l hrnjgksjtkls mrlærlg. Olgslg bhhn lg cjjn kg hrnjgksjtkls, `kl pclzklrkn wkcclg

wlrflg, `kl klts vjg bug k`ljjc wkcclg dlrlkflg. @kl ollr wkcclg zkig `jg ‒rlshurmls‛ olt llg bhnljrdlk`sprhùmtkvktlkt, `kl kgnlzlt whr`lg tht jt zl gklt prhùmtkla nlghln ollr zkig lg janlsmbrl-

vlg whr`lg. Okig bhhp ks jt `kt prhmls vhhr jccl dltrhfflglg bjg`vjttlg nllat ho mhgstrumtklaoll tl fugglg njjg kg `kl vlrjg`lrkgn.

Jc olt jc vhlc kf ol kg `l hhr @lltz0=0 dlghlo`l kolgskls vjg jccls wjt9 vhhrjc kjchnksmb, oltllg dlbhhrckif kgtlrprltjtkla jmmlgt, llg dlltil ghrojtkla lg llg fclkg dlltil frktksmb.

Kg okig hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla zkig `l jmthrlg, bug vlrbjclg hvlr lrvjrkgnlg, nlvhlclgs lg ol-gkgnlg okig dlcjgnrkifstl kgahrojtkldrhg lg uktnjgnspugt. Kl`lr bllat zkig lknlg dlclvkgn vjg wjtzkmb rhg`ho blo vhhr`hlt, nllat zkig lknlg dltlflgks, nlfclur` `hhr zkig lknlg rlalrlgtklfj`lrlg nlsmbkl`lgks. Ykig lknlg ‒wjjrblk`‛ ùs. Yh ks lr hhf okig ‒wjjrblk`‛. Lg `kl wjjrbl`lg zkigjcclojjc lvlg ‒wjjr‛, tlnlckiflrtki`. Ojrtkg Ujrflr zlnt bklrhvlr9

–]tu`ykgn hrnjgkzjtkhgjc mucturl kgvhcvls rlmhngkzkgn ouctkpcl ckgls ha arjmturl wktbkg j ugkty.Pbl pjttlrg ha arjmturls rlmhngkzl` hr rlprhùml dy hgl olodlr wkcc dl `kaalrlgt th tbjt ha jghtblr olodlr. V…_ Plcckgn j sthry jdhut pjttlrgs ha mucturl mcjkos oj`l dy olodlrs, js K bjvl`hgl kg oy mjsl `lsmrkptkhgs, oust tblrlahrl dl djsl` hg jg jutbhr ojfkgn tblkr hwg mcjkos jdhut`kvkskhgs thh. Pblsl jrl `kvkskhgs wbkmb lxprlss wbjt tbl jutbhr dlcklvl` oj`l j `kaalrlgml wktbkgj pjrtkmucjr hrnjgkzjtkhg. Pblrl ks gh rljshg th supphsl tbjt oy jmmhugts whuc` ollt wktb tbljnrllolgt ha tbhsl K tjcfl` th.‟ 0=<

@l tljocl`lg vlrtlnlgwhhr`knlg koolrs llg `kvlrsktlkt jjg dllc`lg8 Kf prhdllr gklt ho bug wlrlc` tl dlsmbrkivlg jcsha kf blg nlbllc dlnrkip, jcsha kf kg bug bhha`lg lg clvlgs fjg fkiflg.Kf prhdllr `l `kvlrsktlkt jjg dllc`lg jjg tl nlvlg, kgmcuskla okig lknlg dllc`lg bklrkg, lg vjgukt

wjt kf wjjrgllo `jt blt vhhr nl`rjn olt zkmb olldrlgnt, prhdllr kf tl smbltslg wlcfl prhmlsslgpcjjtsvkg`lg, lg bhl `kl (nlplrmkpkllr` whr`lg) blt augmtkhglrlg vjg blt tljo (tl) dlègvchl`lg.

Kgtlrlssjgt ks wjt ojjft `jt dltlflgksslg vlrsmbkcclg ha iukst hvlrllgfholg. Lg wjt `l nlvhcnlg vjg lzl `kvlrsktlkt zkig, wlcfl ‒wjjrbl`lg‛ zkmb ojgkalstlrlg jcs `hokgjgtl frjmbt. K`ljclg, ojmbtlg jgnst zkig `jjrdki dlcjgnrkifl jjgijnlrs, `rkiavlrlg vhhr blt bjg`lclg.

0== Fjcaa, 4550

0=0 @lltz, 4555, pn:=>

0=< Ujrflr, 4555, pn 44<



=:>


Jgtbhgksslg & Dhlsslgfhhc bklrhvlr

–Kl`lrl dltlflgksnlvkgn, us kl`lrl muctuur, dlstjjt hp lcf oholgt ukt nlsthc`l gllrscjn vjg dltlflgksslg ukt vrhlnlrl lrvjrkgnlg, bjg`lckgnlg lg mhgtlxtlg vjg jccl dltrhfflglg V…_. @lzl gllrscjnwhr`t vlrvhcnlgs, ha lknlgckif jc tlnlckiflrtki`, dlègvchl` `hhr gkluwl kgtlrjmtkls.‟ 0=1

Hg`lrzhlflr âg hg`lrzhmbtl

Yhjcs nlzln`9 Kg bltzlca`l hg`lrzhlf hg`lrzhlflr âg hg`lrzhmbtl zkig ks okssmbklg wlc `l uktlr-stl vhro vjg ‒chmjc‛ . Kf vlrvuc dlk`l rhcclg tlnlckiflrtki` kg okig hg`lrzhlf jjg NHU, blt tljo `jt`l flrg vhrot vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf. Kg dkicjnl KK, `l oltbh`hchnksmbl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn, whr`lg `loltbh`hchnksmbl mhgslqulgtkls vjg `lzl mhodkgjtkl vjg rhcclg dlsmbhuw`.

Bhl tljocl`lg oki zjnlg…Dki jccls wjt kg kt hmuolgt nlzln` whr`t hvlr plrshhgckifl dltlflgksslg ks blt uk`lckif, vjgzlca-sprlflg`, `jt plr tljock` lg plr tljo jg`lrs gjjr oki nlflflg wlr`. Ho olt blt tljogkvlju tldlnkgglg9 kf bj` tlg jjgzklg vjg `l `rkl tljos gklt `lzlca`l phsktkl.

Qhhr blt NHU-cl`lg wjs kf jcclrllrst llg mhcclnj, wjjr zl oll sjolg wlrftlg, wjjroll zl `lj`-ckgls bjjc`lg, wjjroll shooknlg zhltl drhh`ils djftlg, wjjr shooknlg zkmb `hhr wkc`lg cjtlgmhjmblg lg jg`lrlg zkmb `hhr oki dl`rlkn` vhlc`lg ha zkmb jjg lrnlr`lg. Lg kl`lr lrvhlr llgokx vjg nlvhlclgs, vhhr zhvlr kf wllt bllat gklojg` zkmb uktscuktlg` hvlr oki vlrblun` ha jjgoki nlærnlr`.Kf wjs nl`urlg`l llg ijjr `l lgknl ukt ‒`l jg`lrl dchl`nrhlp‛, `l vlrojcl`ki`l hvlrglolg`l pjr-

tki `kl bug ohhkl dl`rkia olt zh wlkgkn rlsplmt kgnlckia` bj`. Kg llr`lrl ijrlg wjs kf ojgjnlr vjgllg nrhtl ugkt nlwllst. @jt wjs `lgf kf kg llrstl kgstjgtkl llg nlf dllc` vhhr o‛g mhcclnj‛s `klnllg vjg jcclg zh‛g lrvjrkgn bj``lg. Yl wkstlg kg kl`lr nlvjc gklt bhl zl nldrukf vjg o‛g lrvjrkgnfhg`lg ojflg lg `l`lg jcsha `jt `llc vjg oki vlrcl`lg tki` wjs.

Phlg kf vlrtlc`l `jt kf `kt hg`lrzhlf wkc`l stjrtlg lg bug kgstlookgn `jjroll vrhln ” blt zhukoolrs llg dlbhhrckifl kopjmt hp okig plrahrojgml jcs tljock` blddlg ” vhg` kl`lrllg `jtprkoj. Qhhrzkmbtkn hpplr`l kf `l ohnlckifblk` hgs lknlg tljo hhf kg blt hg`lrzhlf tl dltrlf-flg. Kf zjn lr gjolckif llg zlflr rkskmh kg vhhr hgs augmtkhglrlg jcs tljo. Urhtlst stlln lmbtlrhp! Okig mhcclnj‛s zlk`lg dlcl`kn` tl zkig nlwllst jcs kf blg gklt nltrhfflg bj`. Gjjr okig olgkgnbllat gklojg` thlg `l kopjmt hvlrzklg, gjolckif blt alkt `jt kf ol `hhr pjrttkol hg`lrzhlflr tl

whr`lg hhf pjrttkol `kstjgtkllr`l vjg blt tljo. Kfzlca bld thlg lgknszkgs, ojjr gklt tlg vhccl

dlslat wjt blt zhu dltlflglg. ]hooknlg vhg`lg blt hg`lrzhlf wlc kgtlrlssjgt, jg`lrlg lrvhlrlgblt shos jcs dljgnstknlg`, wjgt wjt zhu kf dlvkg`lg8 \kt vhhrzhrn zhrn`l kf lr `jjrho kg llrstlkgstjgtkl vhhr `jt blt hg`lrzhlf gklt jc tl prhokglgt jjgwlzkn wjs. @jt zhu okig ohnlckifblk`tht hdslrvlrlg nlsmbjj` blddlg, wjs okig nlvhlc. Kg alktl bjgtllr`l kf bklr `lzlca`l strjtlnkl jcsdki okig thltrl`kgn tht blt tljo.

Lëg tljock` nja hhf wlrflckif uktkgn jjg llg lrvjrkgn vjg lrnlrgks, `hhr oki tki`lgs llg tljovlrnj`lrkgn tl vrjnlg kg wlcfl bhl`jgknblk` kf `jjr ghu zjt, jcs hdslrvjthr ha jcs tljock`8 Cjtlrnja zki oki jjg `jt zl oki jcs jastjg`lckif lrvhlr, wjt kf wjjrsmbkigckif hhf uktstrjjc`l. @kt tljock`kgtlrprltllr`l okig gjtuurckifl ollr rllmtklvl bhu`kgn jcs ‒gu zkt zl vjst tl hdslrvlrlg‛.

0=1 Jgtbhgksslg & Dhlsslgfhhc, :;;2, pn =5>



=:2

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Blt hg`lrzhlf zlttl oki jjg tht gj`lgflg hvlr wjt kf zjn, bhl wki jcs tljo olt zjflg honkg-nlg. Dki okig ol`ltljocl`lg olrftl kf llg `lrnlckifl thlgjol vjg rllxkvktlkt gklt. Llg kg `ltki` nrhlklg` vlrsmbkc, wjt wl jcclojjc hpolrftlg. Ylc`lg lmbtlr bld kf kg `kt tljo `hlcdlwust

nlhdslrvllr`. Kg `l ollstl nlvjcclg wjs kf hvlr`jn :55% jcs tljock` dltrhfflg6 kf rljcksllr`lol ‛s jvhg`s jcs kf hp `l `jn tlrunfllf vjjf pjs `jt kf vjst ohlst clnnlg wjt kf `kl `jn nlzklgha nlbhhr` bj`.

Bhlwlc `l ollstl mhcclnj-tljocl`lg zlca nllg jjg`rjgn vhlc`lg ho llg `lrnlckif hovjgnrkif wlrfstuf jcs `kt hg`lrzhlf hp tl pjfflg, bj``lg zl lr kg llrstl kgstjgtkl wlc nlvhlc dki wjjrho ãf blt `ll` lg kgtlrlssjgt vhg`. ^l wjrlg tlgschttl jcclojjc wlrfzjjo kg blt dhlklg`l vlc` vjgnrhlps`ygjoklf.

@l ollstl tljocl`lg vhg`lg blt prlttkn ho nlègtlrvklw` tl whr`lg. ]hooknlg zlk`lg `jt lx-pckmklt9 wjt uktzhg`lrckif `jt wl zh‛g nlsprlf blddlg. Dki jg`lrlg vhlc`l il jccllg ojjr ” dkivhhr-dllc` `hhr`jt bug whhr`lgstrhho gjuwlckifs tl tloplrlg vklc ” `jt zl blt prlttkn vhg`lg zhvllc

jjg`jmbt tl frkinlg, gklt tl bhlvlg strki`lg vhhr wjt il vjg klts vkg`t, vjg oki jghgklol llr`lrldlvkg`kgnlg tl bhrlg, lg shos sjolg llgs gjjr jmbtlrcknnlg`l hhrzjflg lg vlrdjg`lg tl tjstlg.@kfwkics ks ol tki`lgs kgtlrvklws nlzln` `jt blt nhl` zhu zkig `lzl vlrdjg`lg hhf kg blt tljo tldlsprlflg. @l vlrwjmbtkgn `jjrdki wjs `jt kf `jt zhu `hlg, tlrwkic kf `l hplgblk` lg blt kgktkj-tkla dki `l jg`lrlg zhmbt, lg `l sunnlstkl `ll` `kt kssul gu llgs olt `l dltrhfflgl tl dlsprlflg.]hos wlr` wlc llg all`djmfdkillgfhost nlpcjg` ojjr thmb cjtlr jctki` wllr janlzln` lg gklt blr-pcjg`. js blt vhhr shooknlg tl dl`rlknlg`8 Cjtlr blrflg`l olg `kt vlroki`nl`rjn zlca gklt.Okssmbklg hhf ho`jt wl mhcclnj‛s wjrlg.

All`djmf ks oki `hhr blt NHU-tljo ghhkt nlvrjjn`. lc ks lr ja lg thl nlghlo` ‒`jt blt kgtlrls-sjgt zhu zkig klts hvlr blt hg`lrzhlf tl bhrlg‛, ojjr `jt ks kg tljovlrdjg` sclmbts ohgìlsojjtdlgut. Lëg hp ëëg fwjo blt nlsprlf bklr vjflr hp, olt shooknl vjflr lg olt lgflcl jg`lrlg

ghhkt. Lg llrckif ks llrckif, hp jt oholgt dlsmbkftl kf ghn gklt hvlr l kgzkmbtlg kl bklr dlsmbrlvlg stjjg.

Blt hg`lrzhlf wjs kg `l llrstl ijrlg quj prkhrktlkt hg`lrnlsmbkft jjg okig wlrf dkgglg blt tljo.@jt wkc zlnnlg, jctki` wjggllr blt tljo llg dlrhlp hp oki `ll` wjs kf hp hg`lrzhlfs`jnlg thmb

vhhr blt tljo dlsmbkfdjjr. Gjjrojtl l tki` vhr`lr`l lg blt hg`lrzhlf jmbtlr hp pcjggkgn fwjo,dlg kf ol okg`lr lxkdlc hp njjg stlcclg. ]hos olc``l kf ruko tlvhrlg jt kf llg ojjg` cjgn jjgblt hg`lrzhlf `hhr zhu wlrflg, lg wjs `jg hhf gklt hprhlpdjjr. Okig vlrokg`lr`l lxkdkcktlktbllat `l mhcclnj-tljocl`lg `hlg kgzklg `jt kf jg`lrl fluzls ojjftl `jg zki9 `jt kf llg twll`lùk`lckifl prkhrktlkt bj`. Blt smbklp llg jastjg` tusslg hgs. Kg thlglolg`l ojtl vlrvrllo`lhhf `l kgblrlgtl rllmtkl lg blt `jjrukt vhcnlg`l plrsplmtkla hp `l wlrflckifblk` oki vjg jg`lrl

tljocl`lg. @kl njvlg ol jjg ‒`jt kf tl vllc gj`jmbt‛ lg ‒tl trjjn wlrftl, tl `lnlckif‛. Kl`lrllgfjg lg ojn vjgukt zkig lknlg plrsplmtkla zkig lknlg wjjrblk` mhgstrulrlg. Phmb bj` kf shos wlcohlktl bklroll ho tl njjg9 ho âg o‛g tljorhc gjjr dlbhrlg tl dckivlg vlrvucclg (vhcnlgs wklgsojjtstja8) âg `l `kgnlg tl `hlg zhjcs blt vhhr oïi nhl` wjs. @jt ks hgnltwkialc` olt wksslclg`summls nlnjjg.

Gu blt wlrf dlsmbrlvlg ks zkig `l rljmtkls vjg tljocl`lg kvlrs (zkl bhha`stuf 2). Llg jjgtjc ks dcki`jt `kt gu llgs hplg cknt, jg`lrlg zkig lr gklt nlcuffkn ha zlcas dhhs hvlr lg vlrwkitlg ol glnjtkvk-tlkt, ha `jt kf ol thlg stkc nlbhu`lg bld. Llg gkluwl dlclvkgn vjg okig rhc jcs hg`lrzhlflr ùs.

Qhhr `l dlk`l jg`lrl hg`lrzhlfstljos wjs kf jcclrllrst llg `klgstvlrclglr, llg mhgsuctjgt, llg vlrjg`lrfug`knl. Qjgukt `kl rlcjtkl dlgj`lr`lg zki oki phsktkla lg wlcwkcclg`. Yki vrhlnlg oki wlc



=:;


all`djmf hp wjt kf zjn, ha bhl zki dlpjjc`l sktujtkls fhg`lg jjgpjfflg. Dlbjcvl kg ëëg lgflc nlvjc vjg llg tljock` jt ‒fgkip‛ zjt kg zkig wlrfsktujtkl, bld ghhkt nlolrft `jt olgslg nlrlslrvllr` wjrlg kg blt nugglg vjg llg nlsprlf ha blt hplg `lclg vjg zkig dlclvkgn. lc vhlc`l kf shos `jt

kf phcktklf nltkgtl kgahrojtkl frlln, `jt kf hg`lr`llc vjg llg nrhtlr ojmbtssplc wjs. Hp zkmb hhfdhlklg`l oltj-kgahrojtkl!

Nrjppkn wjs tl bhrlg `jt cl`lg vjg Ojx lg Ouctk zkmb vjjf ohlkckif vhhr fhg`lg stlcclg wjjrhokf blt kgtlrlssjgt vhg` ho blg tl hdslrvlrlg, blg jcs stu`klhdilmt tl fklzlg. Yl zjnlg zlca gkltbhlvllc lr tl zklg wjs.

Okig lknlg dlclvkgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf

Jjgnlzklg kf thmb hg`lrzhlflr lg hg`lrzhmbtl dlg, `kt hg`lrzhlf zlflr hhf vllc plrshhgckifszlnt, dlstll` kf bklr jjg`jmbt jjg okig lknlg dlclvkgn vjg blt hg`lrzhlf.

Bllc vlrsmbkcclg`l lohtkls bld kf hvlr l ijrlg bllg dki blt hg`lrzhlf nlvhlc`. Kg llrstl kgstjgtkl

wjs lr llg spjggkgn, hpwkg`kgn, thlg kf gj `l vlrflgglg`l ajsl âmbt dlschtlg bj` blt jvhgtuurjjg tl njjg. Qlrsmbkcclg`l ajslg vjg jjrzlckgn lg scukplg`l kgmhopltlgtklnlvhlclgs vhcn`lg9 kstkf bhl `kt ohlst, bhl kf blt jjg nkgn pjfflg8 Gll! Yhu ol `kt wlc cufflg8 ^jjr bjjc`l kf llghg`lrzhlfstljo vjg`jjg8 Nllg k`ll. lcf dl`rkia zhu ol `kl fjgs nlvlg8 Okig lknlg tljo `ll`lmbtlr nrjjn oll, lg llg twll`l tljo bj` kf kg `rkl wlflg nlvhg`lg. @lrnlckifl ‒plrshhgckiflhvlrwkggkgnlg‛ blddlg ol tki`lgs blt nlblcl hg`lrzhlf dlnlclk` lg hgtzjnckif vllc vhc`hlgkgnnlnlvlg.

Llg jg`lrl mhgstjgtl wjs blt nlvhlc vjg hpwkg`kgn hvlr wjt kf zjn jcs kf lmbt fllf. Kg cjtlrl ij-rlg, dki `l uktwlrfkgn, vrhlnlg olgslg ol shos ha kf ‒smbhfflg`l zjflg‛ vhg`, ha kf mhgmcusklsnkgn trlfflg `kl `l wlrlc` vjg tljos zhu`lg vlrjg`lr`lg. ‒Gll‛, zlk kf `jg rhgùkt, hhf ho `l

vlrwjmbtkgnlg tl ojgjnlg. ^jt lr ukt blt hg`lrzhlf zhu fholg wkst kf hp jt oholgt ghn gklt.Ojjr ‒smbhfflg`l zjflg‛, jjr wjs kf gklt hp ukt. Okig hlc wjs llr`lr ho kgzkmbtlg tl vlrzjolclghvlr blt jccl`jjnsl, vjjf gklt-hpwkg`lg`l tljoclvlg, lg `jjr jg`lrl tljos bug vhhr`llc oll tlcjtlg `hlg. Lg thmb wjs kf lr zlca jctki` wllr hpnlthnlg hvlr, tht jjg blt lkg`. Llg smbhf vhhrokizlca fwjo olt blt zklg vjg `l spjggkgn tusslg tljodlcjgn lg lknlgdlcjgn, `l suprlojtkl vjgblt lknlgdlcjgn. Bhlwlc `kt kg vlrsmbkcclg`l vjfnldkl`lg nlollgnhl` ks, ks blt gklt lrflg` kg `lluahrl wlrlc` vjg tljocktlrjtuur. Qhhr tljonlghtlg fwjo `l smbhf dki blt tlnlgclzlg. Yki wjrlggklt ollnlnrhlk` kg `kt nlclk`lckifl prhmls vjg fkiflg lg hgt`lfflg.

Pht scht9 `kt wlrf njjt tlg `klpstl hvlr dlcjgnlg lg l nlvhcnlg jjrvjg. jt wjrlg okig dlcjgnlgtki`lgs `kt hg`lrzhlf8 Qllc `jjrvjg ks jc cjgnsnlfholg, ojjr cjjt kf lr ùk`lckif hvlr zkig.

Dki `l stjrt vjg blt hg`lrzhlf wjs kf zhlflg`. Kf vhlc`l ol nllg ojgjnlr ollr, ojjr bj` kf wlrflckif jc llg gkluw vjf hojro`8 @llc fugglg whr`lg vjg NHU nja ol `l nlclnlgblk` `jjr-thl. Qhhrwjjr nllg fclkg dlcjgn. Dhvlg`klg vhlc`l kf ol kgtusslg okg`lr stlrf nldhg`lg jjg `lhrnjgksjtkl, lg NHU dhh` ol llg pclf, llg pclf wjjr olt vuur nlwlrft wlr`, wjjr kf wllr vuur

vhg`. Hhf llg zjjf vjg ‒lrdki bhrlg‛ ùs. Yh`rj kf dki NHU dkgglg wjs, wlr` ol uk`lckif `jt kldkg`kgn ‒rjjf‛ wjs, `jt kf ‒nrhlps`ygjoklf‛ `klpnjjg` wkc`l clrlg flgglg, clrlg zklg lg vhlclg.Bhl8 Hg`lrzhlf. Dlcjgn8 @jt okig wlrfnlvlr lg NHU jffhhr` zhu`lg njjg, zh`jt kf vhhr-zklgkgnlg frlln lg lrdki fhg dckivlg bhrlg. @jjrgjjst ohlst kf sglc kgtlrlssjgtl tljos vkg`lg.Nlùrlg`l lgflcl ijrlg wjs `kt `l stjtus quh, lg wlrftl kf rustkn `hhr. Olt NHU wlrftl kf jjgprjmbtknl lvlgts , tusslg`hhr clla`l kf blt ‒nlwhgl‛ tljoclvlg olt clufl oholgtlg lg smblroutsl-



=45

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

ckgnlg, wjjrkg kl`lr prhdllrt blt nl`rjn vjg mhcclnj-tljocl`lg tl sturlg lg ‒nlollgsmbjpplckifl‛nrlgzlg tl stlcclg. Ghrojjc olgslckif nl`rjn, vjg jccl`jn.

Qhhr oki wjs `jt llg plrojglgt djcjgmlrlg tusslg wjt kf zlca gh`kn bj` lg wjt blt tljo vrhln.

Kf nja dkivhhrdllc` kg llrstl kgstjgtkl vllc thl jjg blt tljodlcjgn lg nja okig hg`lrzhlfs`jnlghp wjggllr blt tljo jt wkc`l. Blt hg`lrzhlf smbhht jjroll gklt hp. Yh`rj kf lgflcl ijrlg cjtlrstrjfflr vjstbklc` jjg okig hg`lrzhlfstki`, dlnhgglg okig tljomhcclnj‛s tl ohrrlg. Llrst zjmbt-ils, cjtlr hplgckiflr. Kf vhlc`l `jt kf nlclk`lckif jg`lrs wjs njjg fkiflg lg `lgflg.



=4:

Dkicjnl KK

Oltbh`hchnksmbl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn

–Lxpchrkgn pblgholgj rstbjg` kgstlj` ha rlj`kgn ojps ha tblo.‟ 0=>

~ Acyvdilrn ~

Hg`lrzhlf gjjr dltlflgks `kl blt wlrflg kg tljos hprhlpt dki prhalsskhgjcs, bhl pjf il `jt jjg8Blt jgtwhhr` hp `kl vrjjn bjgnt kg bhnl ojtl ja vjg `l kgvjcsbhlf vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr, lg `klgs

stjrtpugt.

]tjrt, hrkægtjtkl

Yhjcs kg Dkicjnl K ‒Hg`lrzhlf lg hg`lrzhlflr‛ ks dlsmbrlvlg, dlvhg` kf oki dki `l jjgvjgn vjgblt hg`lrzhlf kg llg pjrj`knojvlrsmbukvkgn. @jt ojjftl blt vkg`lg vjg o‛g lknlg wln kg llr-stl kgstjgtkl cjstkn. ^lcfl cktlrjtuur ukt `l vllcblk` jjg drhgglg hp oki hgdlflg`l vjfnldkl`lgohlst kf clzlg8 Olt wlcf bjg`vjt fhg kf olzlca dlplrflg, vhhrfholg `jt kf olzlca kg jg`lrlkgtlrlssjgtl stu`klrkmbtkgnlg zhu vlrcklzlg tlrwkic kf thmb kgspkrlrlg` hgdlflg` tlrrlkg vlrflg`l8

Plnlckiflrtki` dlsla kf `jt okig hgdlvjgnlgblk` ol `l ohnlckifblk` bllat nldh`lg drll` tl dcki-

vlg fkiflg lg dlvkg`kgnlg vjg zllr vlrsmbkcclg`l vjfnldkl`lg tl kgtlnrlrlg.@l lvhcutkl vjg `l vrjjnstlcckgn nllat llg kccustrjtkl vjg `kt ‒zhlfprhmls‛. Kg llrstl kgstjgtkl vrhlnkf ol ja wjt tljos, `kl vhhr llg cjstknl hp`rjmbt ha ukt`jnkgn stjjg, gh`kn blddlg ho tl scjnlg.Blt wjs llg vrjjn kl ol vjgukt okig wlrf olt prhdcllohpchsskgn dkgglg nrhlplg lg vjgukt okiglknlg lrvjrkgnlg kgtlrlssllr`l. Kg okig hrkægtjtkl dcllf okig dlnrkp vjg `kl vrjjn dlplrft tl zkig.Ol djslrlg` hp ojgjnlolgtdhlflg hvlr mrljtkvktlkt `kl kf kg okig wlrfhonlvkgn jjgtrha, spktstlkf ol vhhrgjolckif hp `l aysklfl hostjg`knbl`lg `kl `lrnlckifl tljos gh`kn blddlg ho dki bugmrljtkvktlkt tl fholg. Llg hgdlwustl vhhrjjggjol `jjrdki wjs, `jt jcs il il mrljtkvktlkt llgojjcjjgnldhhr` bldt, `l rlst vjg blt prhmls wlc vhcnt. Llg shhrt ‒qukmf x‛-nl`jmbtl, zhjcs kg `l j`-

vklswlrlc` wjjr kf llc vjg ukt ojjftl gklt hgnldrukflckif ks9 zhrn vhhr nhl`l hostjg knbl`lg lgblt njjt wjjrsmbkigckif wlc cufflg.

Qjgukt `lzl ghnjc kgstruolgtlcl dlgj`lrkgn bld kf llg prhohthr nlzhmbt, lg o‛g llrstl vlrskls vjg `l prhdcllostlcckgn nlsmbrlvlg. Jc smbrkivlg` olrftl kf lmbtlr, `jt lr klts hgtdrjf9 `kt wjsgklt wjjr kf wlrflckif gjjr hp zhlf wjs. Hgnltwkialc` ks blt zhwlc `l lrvjrkgn vjg blt smbrkivlg

vjg l prhdcllostlcckgn nlwllst jcs rllmtkl hp okig plrshhgckifl lrvjrkgnlg olt okig tljolgtrllkg blt NHU-tljo, `kl oki blddlg `hlg kgzklg `jt kf tl dlplrft dlzkn wjs. ^jt kf prlmkls okstl,fhg kf hp `jt oholgt ghn gklt hg`lr whhr`lg drlgnlg, blt vhlc`l ‒jcsha lr hhf klts ôg`lr bltojjkvlc`‛ wjs. Blt vkg`lg vjg llg jg`lrl prhohthr, `kl dltlr pjstl dki wjt kf jjgvhlc`l ojjrghn gklt hg`lr whhr`lg fhg drlgnlg, vklc gklt oll. Okig llgzki`knl hpvhl`kgn jcs lxjmtl wltlg-smbjpplr lg dl`rkiasolgs spllc`lg ol bklr pjrtlg. Blt wjs tlnlckiflrtki` llg ohhkl plrshhgckifl

0=> Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn 2<



=44

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

hgt`lffkgnsthmbt `hhr hgdlflg` tlrrlkg wjjr kf nlbllc vlrtrhuw`l hp okig nlvhlc. Dki blt clzlg vjg `l hrjtkl vjg Ujuc Qlrwllc0=2 vklclg `l puzzlcstufils kgllg9 bki smbltst `jjrkg llg hg`lrzhlfs-pjrj`knoj wjjr kf ol tbuks vhlc.

jggllr `klptlflggks vjg dltrhfflg vjfnldkl`lg hgtdrllft, ks kgktkllc ollr tki` gh`kn ho dlvkg-`kgnlg vjg jg`lrl hg`lrzhlflrs tl fugglg pcjjtslg, blt splmklfl ijrnhg tl vlrstjjg. Jg`lrzki`sks blt hhf llg vhhr`llc ho arks lg ouctk`ksmkpckgjkr nlsmbhhc` llg gkluw vjfnldkl` tl dltrl`lg.Kgtlrlssjgt kg `kt vlrdjg` ks `l uktsprjjf vjg Nk``lgs0=;, `jt `l shmkhchnkl zkmb kg bjjr zhlfthmbtgjjr wltlgsmbjpsdlhlalgkgn kg l nllst vjg l gjtuurwltlgsmbjpplg blt dlstl hp l dkhchnkl fjghrkægtlrlg. Gjjr hostjg`knbl`lg bj` kf jcs lmhchhn `us llg nhl` vlrtrlfpugt.

Iukst `hhr`jt `l vrjjnstlcckgn zkmb stlrf hgtwkfflc`l jcs nlvhcn vjg okig lknlg zhlfprhmls, rljck-sllr`l kf ol `jt blt hgzkggkn zhu zkig ho vjg tlvhrlg mhgmlptlg jcs gucbyphtblsl jjg tl glolgha tl hgtwkfflclg. Llg byphtblsl jjgglolg fwjo oki `hmklc lg jcs gklt wârflckif hg`lrzhlflg`hvlr, llg byphtblsl hp vhhrbjg` hgtwkfflclg, vhlc`l jcsha kf `l wjjrblk` kg pjmbt `jmbt tl bld-

dlg. @kl bhu`kgn flgolrft oki jcs mhgsuctjgt gklt lg wjs kg okig hg`lrzhlfsjjgpjf `us hhf gklt vhhr `l bjg` cknnlg`. Kf bld `jjrho dlschtlg zh hplg ohnlckif tl njjg fkiflg wjt kf jjgtrha, lg`jjroll jjg blt wlrf tl njjg. ‒Chmjc / lolrnlgt‛005 dcllf `jt kg `l tblhrltksmbl dlsmbhuwkgnlg

vjg @lltz00: tl bltlg.

Hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`l

Ujrflr zlnt hvlr hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`lg

–Kt ks musthojry, kg dhhfs ckfl tblsl, th sjy sholtbkgn jdhut yhur oltbh`s. Ulrbjps tbks ks dlmjuslkt nkvls tbl koprlsskhg tbjt tbl prhmlss jg` hutmhol ha ‒rlsljrmb‛ ks phtlgtkjccy rlpckmjdcl jg` blgml

tbjt prhnrlsskvl ‒koprhvlolgts‛ kg oltbh` jrl phsskdcl. Ahr rljshgs `ksmussl` (ljrcklr) K jo vlrysmlptkmjc jdhut tblsl jssuoptkhgs, dut glktblr mjg K prltlg` tbjt K h ght mjrl jdhut tbl pcjuskdkcktyha oy rlsljrmb.‟ 004

Qjgzlcasprlflg` `klgt uktcln nlnlvlg whr`lg hvlr l nlfhzlg hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`l, jjgnlzklg `kldlpjjct wlcfl rlsuctjtlg ohnlckif wlc ha zlflr gklt dlbjjc` fugglg whr`lg.Llg nrhtl tlnlgstlcckgn tht llr`lr hg`lrzhlf `jt kf jcs lmhchhn `ll`, ks `jt `kt hg`lrzhlf fwj-cktjtkla vjg jjr` ks. Kg Dkicjnl K whr`t `l fluzl vhhr llg fwjcktjtklvl jjgpjf gj`lr dlsmbhuw`.Bklrhg`lr nj kf kg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg tusslg fwjcktjtklvl lg fwjgtktjtklvl dlgj`lrkgnlg lg prjftk-smbl mhgslqulgtkls vjg okig fluzl kg `kt hg`lrzhlf.

Kg `l 15-lr ijrlg cjnlg fwjcktjtklvl stu`kls hg`lr vuur, tlrwkic blt jjgtjc fwjgtktjtklvl stu`kls

stlrf nrhlkt. Kg :;<:, vcjf vhhr `l nrhtl `hhrdrjjf vjg fwjgtktjtklvl stu`kls, hdslrvllrt ^.K.DDlvlrk`nl ghn

–Ohrl ksmhvlrkls bjvl jrkslg arho kgtlgsl hdslrvjtkhg ha vlry ckoktl` ojtlrkjc tbjg arho stjtkstkmsjppckl` th cjrnl nrhups.‟ 00=

0=2 Qlrwllc, 4555

0=; Ougtlrs lt jc, :;2<, pn :0

005 Ykl vhhr `l dlsprlfkgn vjg `kt plrsplmtkla Dkicjnl K, Hg`lrzhlf lg hg`lrzhlflr

00: @lltz, 4555

004 Ujrflr, 4555, pn 4=<

00= ^.K.D. Dlvlrk`nl, :;<:, kg Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn ><



=4=

OLPBH@HCHNK]MBL QLTJGP^HHT@KGN

]kg`s`klg ks blt vlc` vjg hrnjgksjtklstu`kls dlbllrst `hhr fwjgtktjtklvl oltbh`lg zhjcs lgqué-tls000, hg`lrzhlf vjg jrmbklaojtlrkjjc lg lxplrkolgtlg kg nlmhgtrhcllr`l hostjg`knbl`lg. Llg

vhhrdllc` vjg hg`lrzhlf jjg l bjg` vjg skoplcl lxplrkolgtlg ks blt hg`lrzhlf gjjr k`llnlgl-

rjtkl dki tljos lg kg`kvkùlg, wjjr `kvlrsl pudckmjtkls hvlr vlrsmblglg zkig

00<

. Kg blt fhrt njjt `ktshhrt hg`lrzhlf jcs vhcnt9 ‒Ucuf vklr stu`lgtlg vjg `l njgn, zlt zl kg llg fjolrtil, zln `jt zl gullg tljo zkig lg fkif ha zl sjolg ollr k`llæg vhhrtdrlgnlg `jg `l sho vjg blt jjgtjc k`llæg`jt kl`lr jpjrt vhhrtdrlgnt. Gll8 @jg zkig tljos gklt dltlr kg k`llnlglrjtkl `jg vklr kg`kvkùlg.‛Blt skopcksol wjjroll llg nrhlpil vjg vklr wkcclflurknl vhhrdkinjgnlrs nlckifnlstlc` whr`t oltllg tljo `jt wlrft vjgukt llg hg`lrckgnl dkg`kgn `hhr blt nlzjolgckifl `hlc `jt `l cl`lg wkcclgdlrlkflg, ojjft `lrnlckif hg`lrzhlf vhhr oki hgnlchhawjjr`kn lg `l rlsuctjtlg tl hgzlflr ho hp

vhhrt tl dhuwlg.

Kg `l 25-lr ijrlg hgtstjjt lr llg blrgkluw`l kgtlrlssl kg muctuurnlrkmbtl hg`lrzhlflg vjg hrnj-gksjtkls, lg hhf vkg`t lr llg hpclvkgn vjg `l wjjr`lrkgn vjg fwjcktjtklvl stu`kls pcjjts001. Ojrtkgks `jjr zlca llg vhhrdllc` vjg. Yki dlsprllft hp blc`lrl wkizl vlrsmbkcclg`l strhokgnlg, lg zlt

hg`lr jg`lrl fwjcktjtklvl lg fwjgtktjtklvl dlgj`lrkgnlg gjjst lcfjjr. Hg`lrstjjg` llg dlfghptl wllrnjvl `jjrvjg00>9

Zujgtktjtkvl mucturjc rlsljrmb tlg`s Zujcktjtkvl mucturjc rlsljrmb tlg`s

th dl js hdilmtkvl js phsskdcl th `lgl mucturl sudilmtkvlcy

th tjfl jg ltkm vklwphkgt th sllf jg lokm vklwphkgt

th glnclmt rllxkvkty, dlmjusl tblrl ks gh gll` ahr

wblg lvlrytbkgn ks mcljr jg` skgncl kgtlrprltjdcl

th chhf ahr rllxkvkty wktb wbkmb tbl rlsljrmblr `ks-

mussls tbl kglvktjdcl mhopckmjtkhgs ha blr jttlopts

th ug`lrstjg` tbl mucturl js jg kgsk`lr whuc`

th sllf nlglrjcksjtkhg, dukc` jg` rlgl tblhry th lsmblw nlglrjcksjtkhg, dut ahmus hg ugkqulglss

th dl wkcckgn th sjmrkml drlj`tb ha ug`lrstjg`kgn

ahr mjrlauc jg` rlpckmjdcl oljsurls ha alwlr mucturjc

ojgkalstjtkhgs

th vjcul drlj`tb jg` `lptb ha ug`lrstjg`kgn hvlr

stjtkstkmjc pjrjoltlrs

Pjdlc =. Fwjgtktjtklvl lg fwjcktjtklvl hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`lg vlrnlclflg.

Hvlr blt llrstl hg`lrsmblk`, `l spjggkgnsdhhn tusslg hdilmtkla lg sudilmtkla, whr`t kg Dkicjnl Kjc blt ëëg lg jg`lr nlzln`. @jt ks lmbtlr llg (qujsk-)tlnlgstlcckgn `kl zkmb gklt dlplrft tht blt vlr-rkmbtlg vjg hg`lrzhlf, ojjr hhf spllct dki `l wllrnjvl `jjrvjg.

Ltkm lg lokm , `l jjg`jmbt vhhr rllxkvktlkt, nlglrjcksjtkl lg ugkmktlkt, rlprhùmllrdjjrblk` lgdrll`tl tlnlghvlr `klptl vjg blt hg`lrzhlf zkig hg`lrwlrplg wjjrvjg blt kgtlrlssjgt ks thl tlckmbtlg bhl `jjr kg `kt hg`lrzhlf oll honlnjjg whr`t. Ojrtkg002 stlct bklr hvlrknlgs hvlr `jt bltfckgft jcs llg smblrp, `kmbhthho hg`lrsmblk`, ojjr `jt blt hg`lrsmblk` shos vjjn ks lg `jt `l

000 Bhastl`l, 455:6 Bjop`lg-Purglr & Prhoplgjjrs, 4555

00< hg`lr jg`lrl Gkistj`, 45556 @klbc & ]trhldl, :;;;

001 Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 4:4

00> kg tjdlc nlzlt gjjr Ojrtkg, 4554, pn =1 - 05 lg pn 45;

002 Ojrtkg, 4554, pn =5



=40

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

tlrolg kg lcfjjr hvlrnjjg00;. @lshg`jgfs, iukst howkccl vjg blt hg`lrsmblk`, prhdllr kf kg `lzl vlrjgtwhhr`kgn `l smblrptl hp tl zhlflg.

Ltkm ” Lokm

Blt ltkm stjg`pugt rlprlslgtllrt `l dckf vjg `l duktlgstjjg`lr. Blt hg`lrzhlfshdilmt whr`t zhhdilmtkla ohnlckif dlgj`lr`, `l rlpckmllrdjjrblk` vjg uktfhostlg lg `l nlglrjcksllrdjjrblk` vjgdlvkg`kgnlg whr`lg dlsmbhuw` jcs dlcjgnrkiflr `jg llg `klpnjjg` lg kgtlnrjjc dlnrkp. Blt ltkmstjg`pugt vlrhg`lrstlct `jt llg hg`lrzhlflr `hlctrlaalg` fjg dlpjclg wlcfl `kolgskls, mjtlnh-rklæg lg vrjnlg pjsslg` lg vjg dlcjgn zkig ho llg kgtlrvklw ha vrjnlgckist tl hgtwlrplg. Qllcjc

whr`lg `lrnlckifl mjtlnhrklæg lg kgzkmbtlg dki ltkm hg`lrzhlf janlclk` vjg hg`lrzhlf `jt llr`lruktnlvhlr` wlr`. Mucturlcl stu`kls wjjrdki `l hg`lrzhlflr blt mhgmlptulcl rjjowlrf lg `l tl hg-`lrsmblk`lg mjtlnhrklæg dlpjjct ” llr`lr `jg `jt `l hg`lrzhmbtl plrshglg bklr kgvchl` hp bld-dlg ” whr`lg nlrlflg` tht `l ‒ltkm stu`kls‛ .

Kg mhgtrjst bklroll prhdllrt `l hg`lrzhlflr `kl llg lokm stjg`pugt kggllot `l muctuur tl dlgj-`lrlg vjgukt `l phsktkl vjg `l kgnlwki`l, –th tbkgf ckfl j gjtkvl‟. Kg trj`ktkhglcl gklt-wlstlrsl jgtrh-phchnkl zhu olg kt fugglg hosmbrkivlg jcs ‒nrjspkgn tbl gjtkvl‛s phkgt ha vklw‛, zkig dltlflgksslg, zkig

vkskl hp l wlrlc`. Kg rlcjtkl tht `l vrjjnstlcckgn kg lzl stu`kl fjg olg twkstlg ha `l hg`lrzhlflr`l tljos vjg duktlg zhu ohltlg dlgj lrlg lg zh hdilmtkla ohnlckif zhu ohltlg dlsmbrkivlg ( ltkm ),ha `jt `l hg`lrzhlflr zh stlrf ohnlckif hg`lr`llc vjg blt tljo ohlt zkig, `jjroll dlclvlg` wjt`l tljocl`lg dlclvlg lg `hhr bug hnlg zklg wjt zkmb vhhr`hlt ( lokm ).

Kg `kt hg`lrzhlf bld kf, kg ckig olt okig plrshhgckifl hvlrtuknkgnlg, wjjr `kt ohnlckif wjs ukt-`rufflckif nlfhzlg vhhr `l lokm phsktkl. @jt wkc zlnnlg `jt kf blt tljo wjjr kf zlca `llc vjg ukt-ojjftl, fhg vrjnlg tl pjrtkmkplrlg, lg `jt kf `l kgtlrjmtkl olt okig hg`lrzhlfstljos, wjjrollkf koolrs gj`rufflckiflr `llc vjg bug mhgtlxt wlr`, gklt bhla`l tl smbuwlg. Jg`lrzki`s dclla kf

vhhr `l tljos wjjr kf gklt jcs vhcwjjr`kn tljock` augmtkhgllr`l jcs nlvhcn `jjrvjg llg ollr ltkm phsktkl kgglolg `jg vhhr NHU, okig lknlg tljo. Lg uktlkg`lckif dlg il jccllg tlg hpzkmbtl vjgilzlca okssmbklg lmbt lokm 9

–Lokm jgjcysks kglvktjdcy kgmhrphrjtls tbl ltkm (jg` vkml vlrsj), jt cljst kgshajr js tbl rlsljrmblr‛slokm plrsplmtkvl ks ltkm th tbl sktujtkhg dlkgn stu`kl`.‟ 0<5

@l hg`lrzhlflr fkift jctki` `hhr zkig lknlg ( lokm ) clgs, lg ks `jjroll kg prkgmkpl ltkm tlg hpzkmbtl vjg wjt bki ha zki0<: hg`lrzhlft. Nllrtz zlnt blt zh9

–Pbjt wbjt wl mjcc hur `jtj jrl rljccy hur hwg mhgstrumtkhgs ha htblr plhpcl‛s mhgstrumtkhgs ha

wbjt tbly jg` tblkr mhopjtrkhts jrl up th.‟0<4

@l tlnlgstlcckgn zkt hhf jc vlrsmbhclg kg `l gjjo vjg `l oltbh`l `kl kf bklr nldrukf9 pjrtkmkpjgthdslrvjtkhg . @llcglolr, lr `llc vjg zkig, lg hdslrvjtkl, lr vjg duktlg gjjr fkiflg. Hhf Dhuwlg lg@lwuca nlvlg jjg

00; Ojrtkg, 4554, pn =1

0<5 Ojrtkg, 4554, pn =2

0<: GD9 `l slxl vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr nllat jc llg dlcjgnrkif hg`lrsmblk` kg clgzlg!

0<4 Nllrtz, :;>=, pn ;



=4<


–Hdslrvlrlg dckift ollstjc gklt vhc`hlg`l tl zkig ho gkluwl kgzkmbtlg tl vlrwlrvlg. @krlmtl pjrtkmkpjtkl lg gj`klg rllmtkl hp `kl pjrtkmkpjtkl zkig `l bladhho vhhr gkluw clrlg.‟ 0<=

Tlaclxkvktlkt

Yhjcs ukt dhvlgstjjg`l jc vlrsmbkcclg`l ojclg dckift, dlstjjt lr nllg ëëgrkmbtkgnsvlrfllr tusslghg`lrzhlflr lg hg`lrzhlfshdilmt. Gklt kg `lrnlckif ltghnrjsmb hg`lrzhlf, ojjr hhf kg zhnl-gjjo` hdilmtkla hg`lrzhlf ks blt llg kccuskl. Hg`lrzhlflr lg hg`lrzhlfshdilmt dlègvchl`lg lc-fjjr wl`lrzki`s, zkig `llc vjg lcfjjrs mhgtlxt. Yh hdslrvllrt `l hg`lrzhlflr, lg whr`t zki tlnlcki-flrtki` zlca hhf nlhdslrvllr`. @jt dlègvchl`t `l sktujtkl, `kl dlstu`llr` whr`t. Il fugt sprlflg

vjg llg wl`lrzki`sl rllmtkl, vjg llg ‒mkrmucjr rlcjtkhgsbkp dltwllg mjusl jg` laalmt‛ . @l hdslrvjtkls zkiggklt hgjabjgflckif vjg `l pjrtkmkpjtkl vjg `l hdslrvjthr. @jjrho ks blt dlcjgnrkif gklt jccllg `l`jtj (kgtlrvklws lg hdslrvjtkls) tl dlsprlflg, ojjr bklrdki hhf `l vhhrflurlg lg hvlrtuknkgnlg

vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr tl dltrlfflg. Ykl bklrvhhr hhf Dkicjnl K ‒Hg`lrzhlf lg hg`lrzhlflr‛.

Blt njjt lrho llg nhl`l djcjgs tl vkg`lg tusslg llg lokm lg llg ltkm wjjrglokgnsphsktkl. Nllrtz

vlrwhhr`t `kt strlvlg olt `l gh`knl dllc`sprjjf9

–.. sh js th prh`uml jg kgtlrprltjtkhg ha tbl wjy j plhpcl ckvls wbkmb ks glktblr koprkshgl` wktbkgtblkr hwg olgtjc bhrkzhgs, jg ltbghnrjpby ha wktmbmrjat wrkttlg dy j wktmb, ghr systlojtkmjccy`lja th tbl `kstkgmtkvl thgjcktkls ha tblkr lxkstlgml, jg ltbghnrjpby ha wktmbmrjat wrkttlg dy j

nlholtlr.‟ 0<0

jt dltlflgt blt ho hp llg rllxklvl wkizl hg`lrzhlf tl `hlg 8 Ojrtkg0<< wlrft `kt jcs vhcntukt9

`l ghh`zjjf ho tl smbrkivlg kg `l llrstl plrshhg lgflcvhu` (‒kf‛), blt kg `l nlsmbrkatlg gklt vlrwki`lrlg vjg jccl sphrlg `kl gjjr ihuzlca jcs hg`lrzhlflr lg smbrkivlr vlrwkizlg6

gj tl njjg bhl ‒tbl lyl ha tbl dlbhc`lr‛ dlègvchl`t bllat wjt wjjrnlgholg wlr`.Kg`klg kl`lrl rlalrlgtkl jjg `l smbrkivlr whr`t vlrwki`lr`, hhnt `l tlfst hdilmtkla, jcsha lr nllg

vhhrhhr`lclg ollsplclg. jt nl`ruft ks, ckift ollr wjjr tl zkig. Blt wlft `l kg`ruf `jt `l jjgwl-zknblk` vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr nllg kgvchl` bllat nlbj` hp wjt zkmb vhhr`ll`, ha hp bhl `l nldlur-tlgksslg wlr`lg hpnlolrft lg nlègtlrprltllr`. @l zkmbtdjrl rlalrlgtkl gjjr zkmbzlca jcs smbrkivlrha hg`lrzhlflr ukt l tlfst wlrlg, bllat jcs laalmt jt l juthrktlkt vjg l smbrkivlr vlrnrhht whr`t.

hr`t `jjrlgtlnlg `hhr `l smbrkivlr `l `ksmusskl jjgnlnjjg hvlr zkig rlcjtkl olt blt hg`lrzhlfs-hdilmt lg l dlègvchl`kgn jjrvjg hhr zkig jjgwlzknblk` lg zkig bjg`lclg, jg hgtstjjt l ohnl-ckifblk` ho kl kgtlrjmtkl jcs hg`lr`llc vjg blt hg`lrzhlf oll tl glolg lg tl vlrflgglg. Kg pcjjts

vjg blt laalmt tl djnjtlcckslrlg lg tl okgkojckslrlg, trjmbt `l hg lrzhlflr blt tl dlnrkiplg.

–Hp kt pugt vlrsmbkcclg wltlgsmbjpplrs lg fugstlgjjr vjg lcfjjr. Fugstlgjjrs k`lgtkmlrlg zkmbvllc ollr olt `l `hhr blg nlojjftl fugst. Fugstlgjjrs dlslaalg vllc ollr `jt blt rlsuctjjt vjgbug wlrf uktfhost ks vjg llg mhopclxl strki` tusslg kgtuètkl lg rllmtkl lg fholg `jjr hhf ollrvhhr ukt. ^ltlgsmbjpplrs `jjrlgtlnlg cjtlg kg bug pudckmjtkls mrljtklvl hgzlflrbl`lg wln. Bltmrljtkvktlktsprhmls zlca dckiat kg `l wltlgsmbjp vjjf hlcdlwust hgdlsprhflg.‟ 0<1

0<= Dhuwlg & @lwuca 455>

0<0 Nllrtz, :;>=, pn <>

0<< Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 44<

0<1 Jtzloj, custruoijjr T\\

•

•



=41

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Nlglrjcksllrdjrl flggks ” Mhgtlxtsplmkaklfl flggks

Llg jg`lr hg`lrsmblk` `jt Ojrtkg ghlot, ks `jt tusslg hg`lrzhlf `jt gjjr nlglrjcksjtkl lg tblh-rklvhrokgn strllat, ha hg`lrzhlf gjjr mhgtlxtsplmklfl kgzkmbtlg. ^jt ks blt gut vjg hg`lrzhlf

jcs blt gklt nlglrjcksllrdjjr ks tht tblhrklæg `kl wllr thlnlpjst fugglg whr`lg hp gkluwl sktu-jtkls, `jjroll vlrfcjrkgnlg lg ohnlckif vhhrsplcckgnlg dkl`lg`8 Pki`lgs blt hg`lrzhlf ks vjjfjjg oki nlvrjjn` wlcfl vukstrlnlcs vhhr summls vjg tljos `hhr oki hgtwkfflc` whr`lg. Blt hgt-

wkfflclg vjg vukstrlnlcs jcs `hlcstlcckgn pjst lmbtlr gklt dki okig hg`lrzhlfsplrsplmtkla. Jcs il lr vjgukt njjt `jt kl`lrl muctuur lg kl`lr kg`kvkù ugklf ks, ks nlglrjcksjtkl vjg kgzkmbtlg ha zlcas blthgtwkfflclg vjg tblhrkl llg bjmblckifl lxlrmktkl.

Ltghnrjalg strlvlg gjjr llg `klpnjjg` dlnrkp vjg llg splmklfl mhgtlxt. @jjrgjjst vhlnlg vllchg`lrzhlflrs thmb lgknl nlglrjckslrlg`l tlfst thl jjg bug dlsmbrkivkgn vjg llg muctuur.

–Bhwlvlr, kt ks j rjrl ltbghnrjpblr wbh `hls ght ajcc kgth shol fkg` ha nlglrjckzkgn cjgnujnl.‟ 0<>

Dki `kt nlglrjckslrlg vjg kgzkmbtlg ks blt vjg dlcjgn jclrt tl zkig wlcf `llc vjg llg mhcclmtkla blthg`lrzhlfshdilmt uktojjft lg wjt `l rlcjtkl vjg `kt `llc ks tht blt nrhtlrl nlbllc. Acyvdilrn njjthp kt spjggkgnsvlc` tusslg ‒ëëg nlvjc ” jccl nlvjcclg‛ kg wjggllr bki kg ‒Ojfkgn ]hmkjc ]mklgml Ojttlr‛

vkia oksvlrstjg`lg dlbjg`lct jjgnjjg`l mjslstu`y‛s , hg`lr jg`lrl kg rlcjtkl tht `l drukfdjjrblk` vjg nlvjcsstu`kls vhhr blt nlglrlrlg vjg byphtblsls. Blt twll`l oksvlrstjg` `jt Acyvdilrn uktwlrft, cuk`t

–Hgl mjgght nlglrjckzl hg tbl djsks ha jg kg`kvkùjc mjsl6 tblrlahrl, tbl mjsl stu`y mjgght mhgtrkdutl th smklgtkm `lvlchpolgt.‟ 0<2

Bki blrahroucllrt `kt gj lgknl dlsmbhuwkgnlg tht

–Hgl mjg hatlg nlglrjckzl hg tbl djsks ha j skgncl mjsl, jg` tbl mjsl stu`y ojy dl mlgtrjc th smklgtkm `lvlchpolgt vkj nlglrjckzjtkhg js suppclolgt hr jctlrgjtkvl th htblr oltbh`s.

Dut ahrojc nlglrjckzjtkhg ks hvlrvjcul` js j shurml ha smklgtkm `lvlchpolgt, wblrljs ‒tbl phwlr

ha tbl nhh` lxjopcl‛ ks ug`lrlstkojtl`.‟ 0<;

Kg `kt hg`lrzhlf ks gjjr `rkl tljos kg splmklfl mhgtlxtlg nlflflg. @lsjcgklttlokg whr`lg hhfnlglrjckslrlg`l uktsprjflg nl`jjg, olt gjol hvlr ohnlckifbl`lg ho `l hg`lrstrhho kg tljokg-tlrjmtkls tl blrflgglg lg rukotl vhhr hg`lrzhlf vjg tljocl`lg tl smblpplg.

Ahmus, Drll`tl lg @klptl vjg Dlnrkp

\ktnjjg` vjg `l hvlrwlnkgnlg zhjcs bklrdhvlg nlstlc`, ks blt ùk`lckif `jt blt fklzlg vjg hg`lr-zhlfsoltbh`lg llg stlrfl kgvchl` bllat hp `l rlsuctjtlg vjg `jt hg`lrzhlf. Hg`lrzhlf `jt zkmbrkmbt hp hdilmtkvktlkt ” vhhr zhvlr `jt ohnlckif ks ” lg `jt strllat gjjr nlglrjcksjtkls zjc ollr vlr-nlckifdjrl lg stjtkstksmb vjck`l `jtj gh`kn blddlg, tlrwkic hg`lrzhlf `jt ollr sudilmtkvktlkt thlcjjtlg `klplr kgzkmbt gjstrllat ollr ahmus lg ‒`kftl‛ vjg hdslrvjtkls gh`kn bllat. Cjjtstnlghlo` hg-`lrzhlf zhu zlcas gklt hp vhhrbjg` ohltlg wkcclg vjstclnnlg wlcfl rlsuctjtlg vlrwjmbt whr`lg.

0<> Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 00

0<2 Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn 11

0<; Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn >>



=4>


–Zujgtktjtkvl mucturl stu`kls, sumb js tbl mcjsskmjc whrf ha Bhastl`l 015 , hatlg ahmus hg jdstrjmtmucturjc `kolgskhgs tbjt jrl ltkmjccy `lrkvl` dy tbl rlsljrmblr, sumb js kg`kvkùjckso vlrsus mhcclm- tkvkso, cjrnl vlrsus wljf phwlr `kstjgml ltm. Jctbhunb tbks fkg` ha rlsljrmb yklc`s vlry kgtlrlstkgn

rlsucts jg ltbghnrjpblr oknbt dlcklvl tbjt sumb jdstrjmt `kolgskhgs dljr ckttcl `krlmt rlcjtkhgsbkpth tbl `llplr, ohrl mhgtlxtujccy splmkm oh`ls ha ug`lrstjg`kgn tbjt kg`kvkùjcs jmtujccy rlcy hg

kg tblkr `jkcy ckvls.‟ 01:

–V…_ Pbl lclolgt ha jrdktrjry sudilmtkvkso wkcc dl skngkmjgt kg tbl mbhkml ha mjtlnhrkls jg` vjrk - jdcls ahr j qujgtktjtkvl hr strumturjc kgvlstknjtkhg (tbjt ks th dl usl` ahr j cjrnl sjopcl ha mjsls).^blg sjopcls jrl cjrnl, tblrl jrl alw hpphrtugktkls ahr rlvkskgn j mjskgn Vtbjt ks, tbl `lckoktjtkhgha tbl mjsl_. Jt tbl stjrt ha tbl jgjcysks, mjsls jrl `lmhophsl` kgth vjrkjdcls, jg` jcohst tbl lgtkrl`kjchnul ha k`ljs jg` lvk`lgml hmmurs tbrhunb vjrkjdcls.‟

Kg rlcjtkl tht blt oh`lc vhhr olgslckif clrlg vjg @rlyaus & @rlyaus mhgstjtllrt Acyvdilrn 014 `jthg`lrzhlf hlg llg cllrprhmls ks lg `jt l hg`lrzhlflr l dlstl kgzkmbtlg vlrfrkint jcs bki zkmb hp

blt vkia`l cllrgkvlju dlnllat, gjolckif `jt vjg `l nlrkiptl, bhckstksmb hdslrvlrlg`l lxplrt. @jt fjgjccllg llg pjrtkmkplrlg` hg`lrzhlflr zkig, `kl zkmbzlca pcjjtst kg `l tl dlstu lrlg mhgtlxt. Jccllgzh fjg `l hg`lrzhlflr `l nlzkmbtspugtlg lg nl`rjnkgnlg vjg `l dltrhfflg jmthrlg wlrflckif dl-nrkiplg. Hhf Nk``lgs stlct

–V…_ tbl mhg`ktkhg ha nlglrjtkhg `lsmrkptkhgs ha shmkjc jmtkvkty ks dlkgn jdcl kg prkgmkpcl th pjr- tkmkpjtl kg kt. Kt kgvhcvls ‒outujc fghwcl`nl‛, sbjrl` dy tbl hdslrvlr jg` pjrtkmkpjgts wbhsl jmtkhgmhgstktutls jg` rlmhgstktutls tbl whrc`.‟ 01=

@lzl stu`kl bllat jcs `hlc blt vlrfrkinlg vjg kgzkmbt kg `l nrhlpsprhmlsslg `kl splclg lg `l jmb-tlrnrhg`lg `jjrvjg. Jjg`jmbtknl hdslrvjtkl vjg tljo jcs nlbllc lg vjg kg`kvkùlcl tljocl`lg,

hvlr cjgnlrl tki` olt hhn vhhr `l mhopclxktlkt vjg wjt zkmb hgtvhuwt, ks bklrdki hghgtdllrckif.Blt zjc ùk`lckif zkig `jt blt hgtwkfflclg vjg `klpnjjg` dlnrkp vjg `l sktujtkl vjg llg tljo lgbjjr tljocl`lg tki` vrjjnt. ]hooknl jgtrhphchnlg dlstl`lg ëëg ha lgflcl ijrlg tusslg bug hg-`lrzhlfshdilmtlg ho `kt tl dlrlkflg. @kt dltlflgt `jt sclmbts llg dlplrft jjgtjc tljos ” `rkl kg`kt hg`lrzhlf ” dlstu`llr` fjg whr`lg. NHU, Ojx lg Ouctk wlr`lg rlsplmtklvlckif 0 ijjr, 2 lg <ojjg`lg nlhdslrvllr`.

Llg `klp hg`lrzhlf, `jjr`hhr sojc9 llg nlrkgn jjgtjc tljos, ùs zlflr gklt zhg`lr ollr nlgl-rjcksllrdjjr. @l mhgmcuskls zkig gklt jcnlollg nlc`kn. ^lc nlvlg zl kgzkmbt kg bhl `lrnlckif tljoshvlr cjgnlrl tki` augmtkhgllrt, bhl tljocl`lg blt tljoclvlg dlclvlg, wlcfl dltlflgksslg zki nlvlglg wjt ajmthrlg zkig `kl ohnlckif summls lg ajclg dlègvchl`lg. @l dlvkg`kgnlg nlvlg bjg`vjttlg

vhhr jg`lrlg kg shhrtnlckifl sktujtkls ho blt clvlg lg wlrflg kg tljos tl dlègvchl`lg. Kl`lr tljo`jt `jjr ollrwjjr`l kg zklt zjc zlca `l bklr nlprlslgtllr`l kgzkmbtlg fugglg thlspktslg hp `l jc-tki` wllr ugklfl sktujtkl dkgglg lg rhg` bug lknlg tljo.

015 dkivhhrdllc` Bhastl`l 455:

01: Ojrtkg 4554, pn 44=

014 Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn 2=

01= Nk``lgs, :;24, p:<



=42

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg

Qhhr oki clk``l `kt jccls tht `l mlgtrjcl hg`lrzhlfsvrjjn9

–^lcfl dltlflgks vlrclglg prhalskhgjcs jjg blt wlrflg kg llg tljo8 Pwll sudvrjnlg drlgnlg ahmus jjg kg blt hg`lrzhlfsvlc` `jt l mlgtrjcl vrjjn hplg clnt9

lcfl dlcjgnlg splclg hp `l vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus lg bhl whr`lg `lzl nl`klg`8Bhl dlègvchl`lg kgtlrjmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljo lg mhgtlxt `l tljoplrahr-ojgml6 bhl `rjjnt `l dlsmbrlvlg `ygjoklf dki jjg tljosummls ha ”ajclg8

Oltbh`ksmbl fluzls kg `kt hg`lrzhlf

Kg `l thlckmbtkgn bklrdhvlg jjgnjjg`l dlcjgnrkifl vlrsmbkcclg tusslg fwjcktjtkla lg fwjgtktjtklahg`lrzhlf zkig jc wjt hpolrfkgnlg nlojjft hvlr flgolrflg vjg `kt splmklfl hg`lrzhlf lg

mhgslqulgtkls `jjrvjg vhhr `l tl fklzlg oltbh`l. @l rl`lg ho vhhr llg fwjcktjtklvl jjgpjf tlfklzlg vchlkt vhhrt ukt `l hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg. @lzl hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg rjflg `klplrl cjnlg vjg dl-tlflgksnlvkgn rhg` dkg`kgn lg ohtkvjtkl, blt lrvjrlg lg nldrukflg vjg ojmbt lg blt dlègvchl`lg

vjg lg `hhr `l mhgtlxt. Kf dlg lrvjg hvlrtukn` `jt `l dltlflgks `kl kg`kvk`ulg thlflgglg jjgnldlurtlgksslg kg bug honlvkgn lg jjg bug rlcjtkl tht `lzl nldlurtlgksslg llg dlpjclg`l ajmthrks vhhr bug dki`rjnl jjg blt tljorlsuctjjt. Blt njjt bklr ho llg mhopclx wld vjg dltlflgksslg,llg hg`lrzhlfshdilmt `jt zkmb gklt dlvrl`knlg` olt fwjgtktjtkla hg`lrzhlf cjjt dlgj`lrlg.

Blt hg`lrzhlf ks `klp, olt jjg`jmbt vhhr `l mhopclxktlkt vjg `l splmklfl mhgtlxtlg, lg `jjr-`hhr sojc kg blt jjgtjc hg`lrzhlfstljos `jt dltrhfflg ks. @jjr wjjr ohnlckif ks llg lokm stjg`-pugt kgnlgholg. Jcs hg`lrzhlflr ojjf kf `llc ukt vjg blt hg`lrzhlf lg `l hg`lrzhlfsmhgtlxt,

wjjr`hhr rllxkvktlkt dlcjgnrkif ks. Kg `l ollst jcnlolgl zkg nldrukf kf pjrtkmkplrlg`l hdslrvjtkl,

kgtlrvklws `kl nltrjgsmrkdllr` lg nljgjcysllr` whr`lg, lg jgjcysl vjg jmbtlrnrhg` `hmuolgtjtkl.Llg dlcjgnrkifl drhg vjg kgahrojtkl cknt hhf kg `l vlrbjclg `kl `l tljocl`lg vlrtlcclg9 bûg hd-slrvjtkls! @jjrgjjst vhrolg hhf ‒hvlrclvlrkgnlg‛ llg dlcjgnrkifl drhg, dkivhhrdllc` bhl gkluw-fholrs whr`t uktnlcln` ‒bhl `kgnlg bklr nl`jjg whr`lg‛, `l rlnlcs vjg blt splc.

Kg `kt hg`lrzhlf zkig ugklfl mjsusslg uktnl`klpt, lxpchrjtkla dlgj`lr`, olt blt jmmlgt hp kgtlrjm-tkl, rlcjtkls tusslg jmthrlg lg dltlflgksnlvkgn. Blt zlca ks bklrdki l dlcjgnrkifstl vhhrtdrlgnlr vjgdltlflgksslg. Kccuskls, ojmbt, vlrtrhuwlg, lohtkl lg rjtkh, zl fholg jcclojjc jjg dh`.

Nrhug`l` tblhry zhwlc jcs ltghnrjl whr`lg bklr nldrukft, olt llg rllxklvl dlgj`lrkgn vjg bltlopkrksmbl ojtlrkjjc. Yhjcs Jcvlsshg & ]fñc`dlrn `kt hosmbrkivlg9

–Ltghnrjl ks lcf hg`lrzhlf `jt nldjsllr` ks hp `l hdslrvjtkls vjg nldlurtlgksslg lg jmtkls kggjtuurckifl mhgtlxtlg wjjrdki `jtj lg tblhrkl wl`lrzki`s jabjgflckif zkig6 gjuw mhgtjmt olt bltclvlg vjg jccl`jn dkgglg llg nrhlp hvlr llg rl`lckif cjgnl plrkh`l olt blt jmmlgt hp mucturlcl hg`lrwlrplg zhjcs dltlflgksslg, nl`llc`l olgkgnlg, syodhclg6 blt ks dlcjgnrkif ‒lr nlwllst tl zkig‛.‟ 010

Jcvlsshg & ]fñc`dlrn 01< j`vkslrlg `l rllxklvl hg`lrzhlflr ho hp vlrsmbkcclg`l gkvljus tl rl-lmtlrlg lg `lzl rllmtkls tl kgtlnrlrlg tki`lgs blt vhhrtnjjg`l hg`lrzhlf, wjt kf jcs vhcnt tlrbjrtl bld nlgholg9

010 Jcvlsshg & ]fñc`dlrn, 4555, pn 0<

01< Jcvlsshg & ]fñc`dlrn, 4555, pn 4<5 - 4<;

:.4.



=4;


Jcvlsshg & ]fñc`dlrn9 @kt hg`lrzhlf9

:. Dckia `kmbt dki `l lopkrksmbl dlvkg`kgnlg @l lopkrkl vjg kt hg`lrzhlf whr`t uktnldrlk`

dlsmbrlvlg kg `l bhha`stufflg :, ‒\kt blt clvlg

vjg llg tljo‛, bhha`stuf =, ‒@klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg

hg`lrzhlfstljos‛ lg `l tblojbhha`stufflg 0 tht

lg olt 2

4. Iki dlgt blt jcs hg`lrzhlflr kl kgtlrprltllrt Kf dlg gj`rufflckif hplg hvlr okig phsktkl tki`lgs

`kt hg`lrzhlf. Yhwlc hvlr okig wltlgsmbjpplckifl

vhhrflurlg lg zklgswkizlg, jcs hvlr okig phsktkl lg

dlclvlgksslg jcs tljock`. Ykl dkivhhrdllc` Dkicjnl K,

‒Hg`lrzhlf lg hg`lrzhlflr‛.

=. Ucjjts l dlvkg`kgnlg kg l honlvkgn lg

trlg`s

Bhha`stuf 4, ‒Ulrsplmtkla‛, nllat zkmbt hp `l mhg-

tlxt vjg `lzl tljos lg `l `hokgjgtl hgtwkfflckg-

nlg `jjrkg.

0. Qrjjn il ja wjt ihuw tlfst lg tjjcnldrukf dltl-

flgt vhhr `l clzlr

Jccl tlfstlg zkig dlmhoolgtjrkllr` hhr ‒jg`lrlg‛

ho dltlr tl dlslaalg bhl clzlrs okig tlfst kgtlrprl-

tlrlg. Qlrvhcnlgs zkig `l tlfstlg nlrl`knllr`.

Pjdlc 0. Gkvljus vjg rlaclmtkl dki ltghnrjaksmb hg`lrzhlf.

Alktlckifl wlrfwkizl

@l hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg zkig tki`lgs blt hg`lrzhlf nlrkipt, bhlwlc bug lsslgtkl hgnlwkizkn` nldclvlg ks. Dki `l stjrt vjg blt vlc`wlrf bld kf ollr nl`ltjkccllr`l sudvrjnlg nlahroucllr` tlglkg`l

tl hg`lrzhlflg wlcfl `kolgskls okig hg`lrzhlfstlrrlkg hovjttl lg okig hmucjkr tl hplglg vhhrjcclrbjg`l nldlurtlgksslg `kl kf zhu fugglg tlnlgfholg ha wjjrvjg kf iukst zhu fugglg hpolr-flg `jt zl oksslg.

Jc wlrflg` bllat `l kjchhn olt l tljocl`lg kg okig hg`lrzhlftljos `l vrjjntlflgs lg `l cjmu-gls kgnlvuc`. @l hg`lrzhlfsvrjnlg blddlg zkmb stll`s nlahmust hp `l dlclvkgn vjg tljocl`lg lghg`lrcknnlg`l dltlflgksslg, hp dkg`kgn lg jasmblk`kgn, blt nldrukf vjg ojmbt lg mhoougkmjtkl.

@l `hhr oki nlvhcn`l wlrfwkizl dlstjjt ukt wksslclg`l slqulgtkls vjg hdslrvlrlg, vrjnlg, wjjr-glolg, `hmuolgtstu`kl, rllmtlrlg, vhhrjc cjtlr jjgnlvuc` olt cktlrjtuurstu`kl ho tl dlnrkiplg

wjt kf zjn zhg`lr lr ëëg wjjrblk` vjg tl wkcclg ojflg. Jc wlrflg` bld kf nlzhmbt gjjr vlrsmbkc-clg`l stjg`pugtlg ho zh llg ollrvhu`kn lokm kgvjcsbhlf tl hgtwkfflclg kg `l nldlurtlgksslg kg`l hg`lrzhlftljos, zhwlc ‒dhvlg tjalc‛ jcs jjrhg`lr. Ho llrckif tl zkig, kf dlg bklr jccllg nhl` kgnlscjjn` dki NHU, blt tljo wjjr kf ck` vjg wjs. Pht l jg`lrl tljos bld kf zlca jctki` vllc ollr ja-stjg` lrvjrlg. Kg kl`lr vjg l tljos ks blt ol nlcuft ho kg lgknl ojtl hhr l ajîj`ls lg ojsflrs

vjg tljocl`lg bllg tl drlflg, vlrbucclg`l ajîj`ls `kl zki kg llrstl kgstjgtkl jjg duktlgstjjg`lrsthglg lg `kl vlrsmbkcclg lg mhgkmtlg ja`lfflg.

Jccl tljocl`lg zkig jffhhr` nlnjjg olt okig jmtkvktlktlg jjgnjjg`l hdslrvjtkl vjg bug tljo lgkgtlrvklws vjg `l kg`kvk`ulcl tljocl`lg. Plnlckiflrtki` ks blt nhl` tl dlslaalg `jt ghhkt jccl kgtlr-jmtkls tusslg tljocl`lg ha tusslg tljocl`lg lg bug honlvkgn wjjrgllodjjr ha vjst tl clnnlg

wjrlg.

Jccl nlsprlfflg lg hdslrvjtkls zkig `hhr ëëg hg`lrzhlflr nl`jjg, `hhr okizlca. Blt rlsuctjjtbklrvjg ks llg zlflrl vlrnlckifdjjrblk` lg llg kgtlrprltjtkl vjgukt ëëg hmucjkr. Bhlwlc, l hdslrvj-



==5

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

tklplrkh`l dlstrkift vkia ijjr, il ojn bhplg jt klojg`s hmucjkr kg `kl plrkh`l tlgokgstl lgknszkgs wkizknt. Plnlckiflrtki` dltlflgt kt hhf `jt kf jcs hg`lrzhlflr kg vlrsmbkcclg`l tljos vlrsmbkcclg`l phsktkls

bld kgnlgholg. Dki NHU wjs kf koolrs tljock`, dki Ojx lg Ouctk sclmbts lxtlrgl, hdslrvjthr.Dkgglg NHU dlègvchl``l kf sudtklc, tki`lgs blt `jnlckifsl wlrf, zhg`lr `l stjtus vjg hg`lrzhl-flr. Dki Ojx lg Ouctk wlr` okig all`djmf nlvrjjn`, lg bld kf okig hdslrvjtkls olt `l tljocl`lgnl`llc`, blg k`llæg jjg `l bjg` nl`jjg hvlr dlègvchl`kgn vjg bug lknlg tljoprhmlsslg.

@l kgtlrvklws zkig lxjmt uktnlwlrft, `lzl lg vlc`ghtktkls (hdslrvjtkls) zkig, vlrsprlk` kg `l tki`, vjjf ollr`lrl flrlg jjg`jmbtkn nlclzlg wjjrdki tlfstarjnolgtlg nlmh`llr` lg kg llg `jtjdhlf vlrzjolc` zkig lg tht tbloj‛s nlnrhlpllr`. @lzl tbloj‛s nlvlg wllr wjt `l kgtlrvklwlls kg l hd-slrvjtklplrkh`l lrvjrlg jcs `l ollst prlngjgtl hg lrwlrplg kg blt tljoclvlg. Yki zkig vlrvhcnlgsjcs uktnjgnspugt nlgholg vhhr `l vlr`lrl kgtlrvklws, dlsmbrkivkgn lg jgjcysl.

@l nlsprlfflg kg `l llrstl kgtlrvklwrhg`l zkig nlvhlr` jjg `l bjg` vjg lgflcl, zllr ruko nl-

stlc`l vrjnlg `kl tlnlckiflrtki` ” jcs ‒sltil‛ ” jjg blo ha bjjr nlghlo` wlr`lg jcs nlckifwjjr`knlnlsprlfshptkls. Bki ha zki pjftl ukt `jt whcfil jjg ohnlckifbl`lg blt dlnkgpugt `jt vhhr blo habjjr blt ollst kmbtdki cjn. ]tll`s bld kf l nlègtlrvklw`l rukosmbhhts cjtlg vlrtlcclg hvlr wjt bïiha zïi hp `jt oholgt jcs dlcjgnrkif lrvjjrt. Yhjcs Acyvdilrn koolrs stlct9

–^blrl smklgml `hls ght rljmb, jrt, cktlrjturl, jg` gjrrjtkvl hatlg blcp us mhoprlblg` tbl rljcktykg wbkmb wl ckvl.‟ 011

Qkj vlrbjclg cklt kf tljocl`lg gjjr bug lknlg wlrlc` fkiflg, lg vjgukt bug lknlg dlclvkgn hg`lr-zhlflg wjt `jjrkg llg bhha`rhc spllct. Jjg `l bjg` vjg blt sltil hpstjrtvrjnlg sphg `l jg`lr kg`l vhcnlg`l jg`lrbjca uur zkig vlrbjjc, bklr lg `jjr jjgnlohl`kn` ha uktnl`klpt `hhr vrjnlg vjgokig fjgt. ]hos chshallr`lg wl sjolg hvlr jmbtlrnrhg`lg, hhrzjflg lg ohnlckifl jctlrgjtklvl

wkizlg vjg bjg`lclg.

\kt `l hhnst vjg `l llrstl rhg`l kgtlrvklws wlr` `uk`lckif wlcfl hg`lrwlrplg `l tljocl`lg bltollst dlzknbklc`lg. Bklrukt hgtwkfflc`l kf ‒kgtlrvklw`rj`lg‛, `kl llg ckmbtl strumtuur vhro`lg

vhhr `l twll`l rhg`l kgtlrvklws. Kl`lr tljock` `jt dlbhlatl bj` ho ollr ukt tl wki`lg hvlr llgsplmklf hg`lrwlrp frlln vjg oki hnlgdckfflckif `l rukotl `jjrvhhr. Kl`lr kgtlrvklw wjs ugklf,hg`jgfs `l ckmbtl strumtuur, `hhr`jt kl`lr zkig ha bjjr lknlg dltlflgksslg tlr tjalcs drjmbt lg wl`jjrhp hhr prjjttlg. Gj`rufflckif ks nllg nldrukf nlojjft vjg qulstkhggjkrls, ho`jt kl hgvlr-oki`lckif nlvhro` lg dlplrft whr`lg `hhr `l fj`lrs vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr. @jjrdki nlvlg qulstk-hggjkrls nllg ohnlckifblk` ho hg`lrwlrplg ukt tl klplg, jcs l whhr`lg vjg l kgtlrvklwll gkltblc`lr ha ouctk-kgtlrprltjdlc zkig.

Jccl kgtlrvklws zkig hpnlgholg lg `hhr okizlca uktnlwlrft. Bhlwlc `kt llg jrdlk`skgtlgskla fjr- wlk wjs, clvlrt blt vllc thlnlvhln`l wjjr l9 Kf fjg bklr`hhr jmbtlrja ghn llgs zëër kgtlgskla gjjrblt nlsprlf cukstlrlg, lg frlln `jjrukt all`djmf hp okig lknlg vrjjnstlcckgn tki`lgs blt nlsprlf.Fclkgl gujgmls kg stlo, sglcblk` vjg sprlflg, lohtkl vklclg oki hp lg wlr`lg jcs mhoolgtjjrrl-nlcs kg l uktwlrfkgn nlghtllr`. Llrstl vlrdjg`lg tusslg wjt l ëëg zlnt lg wjt llg jg`lr tljock`zlnt vklclg zh`hlg`l `krlmt hp, lg hhf lvlgtulcl kgmhgslqulgtkls dkgglg ëëg nlsprlf. Nlclk`lckifdhuwlg `l vlrbjclg vjg kgtlrvklwll‛s olt bug `kvlrsl lg shos mhgtrjstlrlg`l vlrtlcckgnlg zh `lmjsus hp.

011 Acyvdilrn, 455:, pn :2



==:


]hooknl hg`lrwlrplg `kl gjjr vhrlg fholg kg `l llrstl nlsprlfsrhg`l dckiflg zkmb lmbtlr gklttl clglg vhhr ukt`klpkgn kg llg twll`l nlsprlf. @lgf dkivhhrdllc` jjg blt mcustlr ‒vlrtrhuwlg

” wjgtrhuwlg ” jgnst‛. Ha jjg hg`lrwlrplg jcs ‒ojmbt‛ lg ‒ojmbtsnldrukf‛. Bklrgjjr nlvrjjn`

kg `l twll`l kgtlrvklwrhg`l hgtflgglg kgtlrvklwll‛s `jt `lrnlckifl zjflg splclg, ha zl nlvlg vcjffl jgtwhhr`lg. Kg `l kgtlrjmtkl dkgglg `l tljos dckiflg `lrnlckifl zjflg lmbtlr wlc `lnlckiftl splclg.

@l twll`l drhg vjg kgahrojtkl vhro`lg hdslrvjtkls, vlrfrlnlg hhr jjgwlzkn tl zkig dki l tljoslg bug dkillgfhostlg. Kg blt NHU-tljo fhg `kt `l vhro vjg ‒hgnlstrumturllr`l hdslrvjtkls‛blddlg `hhr`jt kf `jjr nl`urlg`l `l hdslrvjtklplrkh`l dkigj aucc tkol dkvjffllr. Qllc wjjr`l-

vhccl hdslrvjtkls hlg zkmb hgvlrwjmbt vhhr, gklt tki`lgs llg ahrolcl dkillgfhost. Dki Ojx wjs kf vhhrjc jjgwlzkn dki vlrnj`lrkgnlg lg kgbhu`lckifl `jnlg, wjjr dkivhhrdllc` nl`ksmusskllr` wlr`hvlr `l tl vhcnlg fhlrs. Olt `lzl hrnjgksjtkl bld kf llr`lr jc kg ollr`lrl prhilmtlg sjolgnl-

wlrft, wjjr`hhr kf jmbtlrnrhg`flggks hvlr `l dl`rkiasmuctuur bj`.

Dki Ouctk dlg kf rlcjtkla blt fhrtst jjgwlzkn nlwllst. Pki`lgs llg vlrjg`lrtrjilmt kg `lzl hrnjgksj-tkl, wjjrdki `kt tljo `l nrhlp dlscuktvhrolrs vhrot, flggks olt blg. Kf bld blg ghn lgknl ojjg-`lg vjg `kmbtdki, lg vlrvhcnlgs ghn lgflcl ijrlg vjg ollr jastjg`, fugglg vhcnlg.

Jcs `lr`l drhg vjg kgahrojtkl wjs jgjcysl vjg smbrkatlckif ojtlrkjjc vhhrzklg. Qjg dlk`l hrnjgk-sjtkls ks bklrthl vllc, zllr `kvlrs ojtlrkjjc vlrzjolc`. @kt hg`lrdhuwt dllc`lg hvlr wjt `l ohl-`lrhrnjgksjtkls ukt wkcclg strjclg, ‒blt nrhtl vlrbjjc‛01>. Hvlr blt alktlckif bjg`lclg, wjt jjr zlc`lgoll kg ëëg ckig cknt, zlnt blt lmbtlr wlkgkn. Lr ks uktlkg`lckif `jg hhf sclmbts ohg`ilsojjt nldrukfnlojjft vjg `lzl kgahrojtkldrhg. @hhr`jt kf kg jccl `rkl `l hrnjgksjtkls duktlg `l hdslrvjtkls lgkgtlrvklws hhf kg `l bhl`jgknblk` vjg mhgsuctjgt jjgwlzkn wjs, lg vjjf jc llr`lr kg `l tki`, fhgkf oki llg rukolr dllc` vhrolg vjg `l nlsmbkl`lgks vjg `lzl hrnjgksjtkls `jg jccllg `hhr blt kg`l mhgtlxt vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf vlrzjolc`l ojtlrkjjc.

@l kgtlrvklwtrjgsmrkptlg lg vlc`ghtktkls (hdslrvjtkls) zkig nljgjcysllr` lg kg vktrh mh`ls zkig thl-nlflg`9 `l tlrunflrlg`l tbloj‛s kg `l lrvjrkgnlg vjg `l tljocl`lg. @lzl tbloj‛s zkig jcs ukt-njgnspugt nlgholg vhhr dlsmbrkivkgn lg vlr`lrl jgjcysl. @l jgjcysl ks lopkrksmb nlaug`llr` lgtblhrltksmb nlvhl`. Llg dlwlnkgn ltkm ” lokm ” ltkm . Llg ‒ klptldlsmbrkivkgn ‛ , llg rkif nlcjr`llr`ldlsmbrkivkgn vjg blt clvlg kg blt tljo, ks vhhr kl`lrl tljo nlsmbrlvlg.

Jg`lrl oltbh`lg `kl hvlrwhnlg zkig

Kg llrstl kgstjgtkl zkig hhf jg`lrl ojgklrlg vjg hdslrvjtkl hvlrwhnlg. Qk`lh-hpgjolg zhu`lg vllc j``ktkhglcl kgahrojtkl blddlg fugglg nlvlg, vhhrjc vjg `ltjkcs `kl kg llrstl kgstjgtkl gklthpnlolrft whr`lg. Llg nrhht vhhr`llc vjg vk`lh-hpgjolg ks `jt zl dki blrbjckgn dlflflg fug-glg whr`lg. Plnlckiflrtki` bllat blt nldrukf vjg vk`lh nrhtl gj`lclg. Blt nldrukf vjg `kt ok``lc

vhrot hp zkmbzlca jc llg stlrfl kgtlrvlgtkl wjggllr llg hg`lrzhlflr olt zkmb llg mjolrj `hhr lrukotl dlwllnt. Plg twll`l ks vllc vjg wjt kf wkc hdslrvlrlg vlrsthpt kg `l bhha`lg vjg olgslg,kg wjt zl lgflg lg l dltlflgksslg kl zl nlvlg. @l dlst wjjrgllodjrl uktkgn jjrvjg vhrot jt

wjt nlzln` whr`t. Kg `lzl stu`kl ks vk`lh gklt vlrfhzlg jcs `llc vjg `l hg`lrzhlfshpzlt.

Llg jg`lr ok``lc `jt hvlrwhnlg ks, ks blt nldrukf vjg ihurgjjcs. Jojdkcl012 rjpphrtllrt hvlr bltnldrukf vjg lojkc-`jndhlflg. @llcglolrs jjg bjjr hg`lrzhlf smbrkivlg bjjr kl`lrl `jn hvlrbug dlclvlgksslg. @lzl jjgpjf nja Jojdkcl thlnjgn tht llg jg`lrszkgs hgthlnjgflckifl sktujtkl.

01> tlg Bjvl, 4555, pn 12

012 Jojdkcl, 4554, pn <2



==4

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Kg `lzl stu`kl wjs kf gklt hvlrtukn` `jt `l thlnlvhln`l wjjr`l hp zhu wlnlg tlnlg `l gj`lclg. jggllr llg `lrnlckif ok``lc thlnlpjst whr`t, ohlt `l fjgs rl`lckif nrhht zkig `jt kl`lr tljock`bklr hhf nldrukf vjg ojjft. Jjgnlzklg kf hhf zlca dki `l tljos jjgwlzkn wjs, zhu blt nldrukf

zllr wjjrsmbkigckif jcs ùddlc lg jcs tl kg`rkgnlg` lrvjrlg whr`lg. @jjrgjjst wjrlg `l tljocl`lgzhg`lr uktzhg`lrkgn `ruf. Blt (vlrpckmbt lg) nl`ksmkpckgllr` dkibhu`lg vjg llg `jndhlf zhu blglxtrj dlcjstlg lg `jjr`hhr krrktlrlg. Pht scht dlg kf lr gklt vjg hvlrtukn` `jt `l tlfstlg kg llg`lrnlckif `jndhlf sphgtjjg lg hgnlmlgsurllr` hpnlsmbrlvlg whr`lg.

Kf bld lvlgokg nlfhzlg vhhr jmtklhg`lrzhlf jcs hg`lrzhlfsoltbh`l, jjgnlzklg okig `hlc gklt ksblt blt vlrjg`lrlg vjg l dltlflgksslg kl jmthrlg thlflgglg, hmb uktscuktlg`l blt vlrnjrlg vjgkgzkmbt hvlr dltlflgksslg kl jmthrlg thlflgglg lg blt bjg`lclg jt zki bklrhp djslrlg. Blt llrstlks kg dlpjjc`l hpvjttkgnlg gj`rufflckif hg`lr`llc vjg jmtklhg`lrzhlf. Hhf `hhr `l lks dki jmtkl-hg`lrzhlf jt l hhr oki vlrwhrvlg kgzkmbtlg dltlflgks ohltlg blddlg vhhr l jmthrlg, bld kfoki gklt wkcclg cjtlg dlplrflg. Pki`lgs `l uktvhlrkgn vjg `lzl stu`kl dckift kg`lr`jj` `jt vllc vjg

wjt zkmb vhhr`hlt `hhr `l dltrhfflglg zlca gklt dlwust dlclla` lg nlùk` whr`t.

Fwjcktlkt

Bhl ollt il `l fwjcktlkt vjg fwjcktjtkla hg`lrzhlf8

–^blg tbl qujckty ha qujcktjtkvl stu`kls ks dlkgn jsslssl`, qujgtktjtkvl lvjcujtkhg mrktlrkj, sumb jsrlckjdkckty, vjck`kty, jg` dkjs jvhk`jgml, sllo clss ljskcy rlclvjgt. Kt ks ght mcljr wbjt sumb mrktlrkjoljg hgml hgl bjs mbhslg j sudilmtkvl, lokm, `lptb jpprhjmb th rlsljrmb.‟ 01;

Hhf jc zkig mrktlrkj `kl vllc nldrukft whr`lg dki fwjgtktjtkla hg`lrzhlf okg`lr vjgzlcasprlflg` vjg dltlflgks, thmb vjct lr wlc klts tl zlnnlg hvlr dltrhuwdjjrblk` lg vjck`ktlkt. @hhr `l ùur lg

kgtlgsktlkt vjg jjgwlzknblk` kg dlk`l tljos ks uktnlschtlg `jt thlvjcckn vlrthhg` nl`rjn `l hdslrvjtkls zhu fclurlg. @l tljocl`lg zkig jccl rlnlcojtkn lg hvlr cjgnlrl tki` nlhdslrvllr` lg nlsprh-flg, zhwlc kg tljovlrdjg` lg jcs kg`kvkùllc.

Plglkg`l `l vjck`ktlkt vjg hdslrvjtkls tl tlstlg zkig `l uktfhostlg olt `l dltrhfflg tljocl`lghp llg bhnlr jdstrjmtklgkvlju dlsprhflg, lg ks `klplr `hhrnlsprhflg wjggllr hdslrvjtkls gkltblrflgdjjr wjrlg. Lmbtlr, tki`lgs kgtlrvklws lg hvlr ollr`lrl kgtlrvklws bllg ks nldclflg `jtzklgswkizlg hp lg lrvjrkgn vjg nldlurtlgksslg olt `l tki` lg `l hostjg`knbl`lg wkizknlg. Gkltjctki` zkig `hhr oki jjgpjsskgnlg `hhrnlvhlr` hp djsks vjg cjtlrl vlrfcjrkgnlg vjg dltrhfflglg.

Dkgglg fwjcktjtkla hg`lrzhlf glolg jctlrgjtklvl mrktlrkj zhjcs rllxkvktlkt lg smhpl, ‒`kftl‛ lg`klptl vjg blt kgzkmbt, thl kg dlcjgn. @jjrhvlr ks llr`lr jc blt ëëg lg jg`lr nlzln` kg rlcjtkl tht

`l bklr nlfhzlg jjgpjf. Jg`lrl mrktlrkj `kl dkgglg fwjcktjtkla hg`lrzhlf whr`lg nlbjgtllr` zkigjutblgtkmktlkt, nlchhawjjr`knblk` lg jjgglolckifblk`.

Jutblgtkmktlkt vjg llg tlfst ks blt vlrohnlg ho jccl`jjnsl nldlurtlgksslg lg hostjg`knbl`lg zhnltrhuw jcs ohnlckif tl dlsmbrkivlg, `l clzlr `jjrdki blt nlvhlc tl nlvlg lr zlca dki tl zkig.

Llg jutblgtklfl tlfst fhot hvlrtuknlg` hvlr zhg`lr `l kg`ruf tl wlfflg `l nlblcl lg lgknl wjjrblk` tl wllrspklnlclg. Kg `lzl stu`kl cllst u llg llrckifl lg jutblgtklfl wllrnjvl vjg wjt kf

01; Ojrtkg, 4554, pn 440



===


hdslrvllr`l. @l `klptldlsmbrkivkgnlg0>5 vjg kl`lr tljo, vhc olt clvlgslmbtl mktjtlg, vhrolg llgdlcjgnrkifl drhg vhhr `l jutblgtkmktlkt vjg `lzl stu`kl.

Nlchhawjjr`knblk` vjg blt hg`lrzhlf lg `l hg`lrzhlflr fjg `hhr `l hg`lrzhlflr hpnldhuw`

whr`lg `hhr tl dlsmbrkivlg bhl bki ha zki wlrftl lg clla`l tusslg `l tl hg`lrzhlflg tljocl`lg.@l dkicjnlg K lg KK nlvlg bklr blt ollst nl`ltjkccllr` kgzkmbt kg.

Jjgglolckifblk` cknt `kmbt tlnlg nlchhawjjr`knblk` jjg. Blt njjt hvlr `l vjjr`knblk` vjg `l hg-`lrzhlflr ho llg vlrdkg`kgn tl mrlærlg tusslg `l olgtjcl lg mhngktklvl wlrlc` vjg `l clzlr jjg`l lgl fjgt lg blt hg`lrzhlf jjg `l jg`lrl fjgt. @l vjjr`knblk` vjg `l smbrkivlr ks llg dlcjgn-rkifl ajmthr kg blt tht stjg` drlgnlg vjg `kl vlrdkg`kgn.

Bklr fhot `us hhf `l vjjr`knblk` lg lknlgblk` vjg `l jutlur kg blt vhronlvlg vjg zkig ha bjjrtlfstlg gjjr vhrlg. Frkint `l clzlr ukt `l dlsmbrkivkgn wlrflckif blt nlvhlc `jt `l hg`lrzhlflr`êêr wjs8 hr`t lr vlrscjn nl`jjg hp llg ojgklr `kl il jcs vjgzlca ollgllot, `kl il blt nlvhlcnllat `jt iki bltzlca`l zhu fugglg blddlg wjjrglolg8 Frkin il llg dllc` bhl `l hg`lrzhlflr

zkmb stjjg`l bklc` kg `lzl ‒vrllo`l‛ honlvkgn8 Ks lr llg nhl`l okx tusslg jjgglolckifl ojjrhgmhgtrhcllrdjrl dlwlrkgnlg (hdslrvjtkls vjg `l hg`lrzhlflr) lg ollr alktlckifl wllrnjvlg (dki-

vhhrdllc` mktjtlg vjg ‒kgdhhrckgnlg‛)8 Mckaahr` Nllrtz smbltst `lzl vrjnlg lg `l zhlfthmbt vjgjgtrhphchnlg, bug twkialcs lg uktlkg`lckifl wlrfwkizl kg zkig dlsmbhuwkgn hp ‒`l jgtrhphchhn jcssmbrkivlr‛9

–@l fwlstkl vjg skngjtuur ” bhl ojgkalstllrt l jutlur zkmb kg `l tlfst8- bllat l ltghnrjl jc bllc

cjgn nlfwlc`, zki blt vhhrgjolckif kg vlrscuklr`l vhro. Qlrscuklr`, ho`jt zl hvlr blt jcnlollg gklt nlstlc` wlr` jcs gjrrjthchnksmbl fwlstkl (bhl fug il llg nhl` vlrbjjc zh nhl` ohnlckif vlrtlcclg8)ojjr jcs llg lpkstlohchnksmbl prhdcllo (bhl vhhrfho il `jt hdilmtklvl alktlg nlfclur` whr`lg `hhrsudilmtklvl zklgswkizlg8). @l tlnlgstlcckgn kg stjtus tusslg tlfstlg `kl vhccl`kn blt stloplc `rjnlg

vjg `l jutlur llg `kl, wjjrkg `l jutlur V…_ hp `l jmbtlrnrhg` dckiat, stlct olg zkmb vhhr jcs llgtlnlgstlcckgn tusslg ‒zklg wjt il nrjjn wkct zklg‛ lg ‒zklg zhjcs blt wlrflckif ks‛.‟ 0>:

Nllrtz pjft bklr llg jjgtjc fwlstkls sjolg, zhjcs `l vrjjn rhg` hdilmtkvktlkt lg sudilmtkvktlkt, `lfluzl tusslg llg lokm ha llg ltkm wjjrglokgnsphsktkl, lg `l wllrnjvl vjg `l phsktkl vjg `l hg-`lrzhlflr kg `l prlstjtkl vjg `l rlsuctjtlg. Bhl jastjg`lckif lg rjtkhgjckslrlg` ha dltrhfflg lgrlcjtkvlrlg` whr`t lr vlrscjn nl`jjg8

–@l fwlstkl vjg skngjtuur V…_ vlrlkst zhwlc `l jastjg`lckifl bhu`kgn vjg `l gjtuurfug`knl,vhhr wkl `lzl fwlstkl nllg rhc spllct, jcs blt shlvlrlkgl dlwustzkig vjg `l rhojgsmbrkivlr vhhr wklblt jutlursmbjp dki uktstlf vjg dlcjgn ks, tlrwkic `lzl fwlstkl kg alktl ghmb `l lgl ghmb `l jg`lrl

bhu`kgn thlcjjt. Kg blt llrstl nlvjc vlrwkit olg il jt il nlvhlcchhs dlgt lg jt il olgslg jcs hdilmtlgdlbjg`lct, jt il wlc whhr`lg bhhrt ojjr nllg ouzklf V…_. Kg blt twll`l nlvjc vlrwkit olg il jt il nlvhlcsojtkn tl wlrf njjt, `jt il olgslg jcs phpplg dlbjg`lct lg `jt il ouzklf bhhrt `kl gkltdlstjjt. Nllg whg`lr `jt vllc ltghnrjalg bklrhvlr kg twkialc vlrflrlg V…_.‟ 0>4

Blt ks jjg u jcs clzlr ho tl dlpjclg ha `l vhhrnlsmbhtlc`l vlrscjnlg vjg vlc`sktujtkls u jjgsprl-flg, ha zl nlchhawjjr`kn lg jjgglolckif hvlrfholg, lg ha lr vhhr u plrshhgckif llg nhl` djcjgsnlvhg`lg ks tusslg blt jastjg`lckifblk` lg dltrhfflgblk`.

0>5 Ykl bhha`stuf =

0>: Nllrtz, :;2;, pn 4<

0>4 Nllrtz, :;2;, pn 41



==0

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG

Plg schttl ghn llg jg`lrl dlcjgnrkifl fwlstkl9 gjjst `l vrjjn gjjr `l wltlgsmbjpplckifl rlclvjg-tkl `rkgnt zkmb hhf `l vrjjn gjjr ojjtsmbjpplckifl rlclvjgtkl hp. ^jt ks `l drukfdjjrblk` vjg `luktfhostlg vhhr tljocl`lg lg bug ojgjnlolgt8 Ykig `l `ksmusskls cllsdjjr vhhr blg, fugglg

zki blt nlprlslgtllr`l zh mhgsuolrlg `jt blt thlpjsdjjr ks hp `l lknlg sktujtkl, hp blt lknlgnrhlpsprhmls8Bhlvllc olgslg ukt `lzl `hlcnrhlp llg `ksslrtjtkl clzlg ks `l vrjjn, lg `jjrdkgglg bhlvllc vjgblg `ëzl `ksslrtjtkl zucclg clzlg. @uk`lckif ks lmbtlr jc wlc `jt `l kgzkmbtlg, hpnl`jjg kg `kt hg-`lrzhlf, kg vlcl vhrolg thlpjsdjjr ks kg blt `jnlckifs wlrf vjg llg j`vkslur hp `kt nldkl`, kg okiglknlg j`vklsprjftkif `us. ]plmkjjc vhhr blg ks kg bhha`stuf :: `l vlrtjckgn nlojjft gjjr `l `jnl-ckifsl prjftkif vjg tljowlrf.

^kl oki hvlr okig dlvkg`kgnlg lg kgzkmbtlg dlgj`lrlg wkc, fjg `kt hlg vkjdlckjEnlgkusnrhups.gc.



==<

@jgfwhhr`

@lzl stu`kl ks pjs wlrflckif janlrhg` wjggllr `lnlglg `kl dkinl`rjnlg blddlg `jjrvhhr dl`jgftzkig. Kg llg hg`lrzhlf jcs `kt, wjjr plrshglg ‒dlstu`llr`‛ whr`lg, pjst blt ho blg jcs llrstl tldl`jgflg. Kf dlg l cl`lg vjg l hg`lrzhmbtl tljos, NHU, Ojx lg Ouctk, zllr jgfdjjr jt iucckloki `l ohnlckifblk` blddlg nldh`lg vlc`wlrf vhhr `kt hg`lrzhlf tl `hlg. Iucckl blddlg oki thl-nlcjtlg tht dkillgfhostlg lg ol zh llg fkifil kg iucckl fluflgs nlnlvlg. @jgf vhhr zhvllc hplg-bjrtknblk`. Hhf `jgf kf okig hu`-wlrfnlvlr vhhr zkig stlug kg blt uktvhlrlg vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf.

Duktlg `l hg`lrzhlfstljos blddlg vllc jg`lrl prhalsskhgjcs hgnlolrft dkinl`rjnlg jjg `kt hg-`lrzhlf. Dkivhhrdllc` `hhr`jt kf kg llg hp`rjmbtsktujtkl kgllgs pjrjcclcclg olt `l hg`lrzhlfs-

tljos zjn, wjjr`hhr llg sktujtkl vlrblc`lr`l. Qlrsmbkcclg`l jg`lrlg, nldhlk` `hhr blt hg`lrwlrp nrhlps`ygjoklf, blddlg tki`lgs `kt hg`lr-zhlf `l tki` nlgholg ho olt oki vjg nl`jmbtlg tl wksslclg. Qjjf tki`lgs `klpnjjg`l nlsprlfflg

wjjrkg zki gjjr okig vhr`lrkgnlg lg kgzkmbtlg vrhlnlg lg `jjr vjgukt bug lknlg lrvjrkgn hp rlj-nllr`lg. @lrnlckifl nlsprlfflg zkig bllrckif, ho`jt zl zh vlrrkiflg` zkig. Yhvllc gkluwl nlzkmbt-pugtlg, vjrkjtkls kg kgvjcsbhlf zkig oki jjgnlrlkft! @jgf vhhr iucckl hprlmbtl jjg`jmbt lg ohhkldki`rjnlg. Kf bld lrvjg nlghtlg. Kf bhhp iucckl tl dckivlg hgtohltlg, lr fholg vjst hhf gkluwlhg`lrwlrplg jjg dh`.

Lgflcl olgslg wkc kf kg blt dkizhg`lr vhhr blt vhltckmbt bjclg lg dl`jgflg. Jcclrllrst Ijg Dhlsslgfhhc, okig ‒`jnlckifs‛ dlnlclk`lr, lg Ujuc Qlrwllc, `l ojg hp `l jmbtlr-

nrhg`. Ujuc, `jgf vhhr il vlrtrhuwlg `jt Ijg lg kf llg nhl` prh`umt vhhrt zhu`lg drlgnlg. Ijg,`jgf vhhr il jctki` ohgtlrl bhu`kgn lg stkouclrlg`l dlnlclk`kgn vjg `kt hg`lrzhlf. Kf bld `hhr`l ijrlg bllg stll`s wllr nlghtlg vjg hgzl hplg lg hg`lrzhlflg`l nlsprlfflg. Il jjn`l ol uktgklt tlvrl`lg tl zkig olt ëëg plrsplmtkla. Kf fwjo vjjf nhgzlg` vjg k`llæg lg nl`jmbtlg dki zh‛gnlsprlf vjg`jjg, fhg gklt wjmbtlg vlr`lr tl wlrflg. Il thhg`l ol `hhr il vrjjnstlcckgn lclg vjgihuw hg`lrzhlfswlrlc`, lg cklt ol tlnlckiflrtki` kg jccl ajsls vjg okig hg`lrzhlf lxpckmklt vrki hookig lknlg fluzls tl ojflg.

Pht scht klts hvlr `l rhc vjg Pks Ulltlrs, okig pjrtglr. Jctki` frktksmb dlcjgnstlcclg`, hgdlsoukftihuw vjjf jg`lrl hg`lrzhlfshpvjttkgn kgdrlgnlg`. ^l wjrlg blt rlnlcojtkn gklt blclojjc llgslg blddlg hgzl nlsprlfflg hvlr `kt hg`lrzhlf shos vlr`jjn`. Phmb wjs blt vjg ollt ja jjg`uk`lckif jt il ol l rukotl nja lg ol vjg bjrtl stlug`l kg l ahmus hp okig hg`lrzhlf. Jctki` lg

hvlrjc bj` kf llg dhlf dki ol, tki`lgs jccl vjfjgtkls wkc`l kf ýýf vllc tki` ho tl clzlg. Il dlnrllpblt, il bldt blt zlca kg`lrtki` hhf nl`jjg. @l rustknl hg`lrstrhho, vhhrtfholg` ukt `l stjdkcktlkt

vjg hgzl rlcjtkl, bllat ol `l olgtjcl rukotl nlnlvlg ho olt zh vllc vuur jjg `kt hg`lrwlrp tl wlrflg. @jgf vhhr ihuw llc `jjrkg!



==1

GLP BLP LMBPL CLQLG



==>

Murrkmucuo vktjl

Dlckj vjg `lg Dlrn whr`t hp =: ojjrt :;<> nldhrlg kg @lcat. Yki vhcnt cjnlr lg ok``lcdjjrOhgtlsshrkhg`lrwkis. Kg :;20 stu`llrt zki ja jcs cjg`smbjpslmhchhn jjg `l T\ Nrhgkgnlg, ajmuc-tlkt Gjtuurwltlgsmbjpplg. Yki wlrft lgflcl ijrlg jcs wltlgsmbjpplckif ol`lwlrflr vjg `l T\Nrhgkgnlg lg blt Tkifskgstktuut vhhr Gjtuurdlbllr, wjjrgj zki hvlrstjpt gjjr blt dl`rkiasclvlg.Tuko twkgtkn ijjr wlrft zki `jjr kg augmtkls vjrkærlg` vjg prhilmtclk`lr, jmmhugt ojgjnlr lg dusk-glss ugkt ojgjnlr tht dlnlclk`lr vjg nrhtl-nrhlpskgtlrvlgtkls lg vlrjg`lrfug`knl.

Hp hu`lijjrs`jn 4555 vhgft blt k`ll vhhr `kt hg`lrzhlf, `jt zki gj rkip dlrjj` kg ijgujrk 4554`jj`wlrflckif kg njgn zlt. Kg 455> stjrt Dlckj bjjr lknlg j`vklsprjftkif, Nlgkus Nrhups. Qjgja

455; ks zki `jjrgjjst hhf pjrtglr kg Njolmbjgnlr. Yki kgtlnrllrt bjjr flggks hvlr `l ohtkvjtkl lgblt nl`rjn vjg olgslg kg bjjr wlrf jcs hrnjgksjtklj`vkslur lg dlnlclk`lr vjg vlrjg`lrprhmlsslg.Bjjr jodktkl ks ho `l `rkiavlrlg, tjclgtlg lg dlcjgnlg vjg kg`kvk`ulg hp llg `uurzjol ojgklr tl

vlrdkg`lg olt `l `hlclg lg dlcjgnlg vjg hrnjgksjtkls wjjr zki (oll) wlrflg. Pht dlk`lr prhit.

Van den Berg 2009 - Net Het Echte Leven. Belangen, macht en illusies in professionele teams

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Transcript of Van den Berg 2009 - Net Het Echte Leven. Belangen, macht en illusies in professionele teams