tpQ;Qhdk; · 2015. 7. 8. · tpQ;Qhdk; juk; 6 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2015 Njrpa fy;tp...

tpQ;Qhdk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; 6(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.)

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

= yq;fh

www.nie.lk

tpQ;Qhdk;

juk; 6

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2015

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

= yq;fh

,izaj;jsk;;: www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]

mr;Rg;gjpg;G: Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;ngw;wJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J juk; 1> 6> 10 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ijmilAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNgWfisAk; Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhftpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.

,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd;NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;ngw;W> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;tifapy; mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk;$wpaJ $wy; kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opTepiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yTk; khztu; NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iwcUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk;tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtisfy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhdtifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fistpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;JntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tpKiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

i

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mz;kpa

Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;fshdit kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfisg; Nghd;W

njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fle;j

,U jrhg;jq;fspy; $basT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf

,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2015 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp

kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;wJ. g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;

mwpe;J cs;ehl;Lj; Njitf;fika ,irTgLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L ghlrhiy

Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk; ,t;thrpupau;

topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.

,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;

Nehf;fk;> mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wj; juKbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

,t;thwhd Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd;

NghJ cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.

mNjNghd;W ,t;topfhl;bapd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;jp kpfTk; tpUj;jp nfhz;l tplag; gug;gpD}lhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;J

tjw;F cq;fSf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>

kpfr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp> ,yq;ifia

nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wpr; nry;tjw;Fg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtPu;fs;

vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;>

tsthsu;fs; vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;g;gzpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUj;ij kpf cau;e;jjhff; fUjp mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;


ii

tsg; gq;fspg;G

topfhl;ly; : fy;tprhu; mYtyu;fs; rig


,af;fk; : jpU. vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;


ghlj;jpl;l jiyik : Mu;. v];. N[. gp. cLNghWt

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw.

vOj;jhsu; FO:(cs;thup) jpU. Mu;.v];. N[. gp. cLg;NghUt> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;

jpU. V. b. V. b rpy;th> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;

jpU. gp. kstpgj;jpuz> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;

jpU. vy;. Nf. tLNf> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;

jpUkjp. vk;. uhftr;rhup> tpupTiuahsu;

jpUkjp. vr;. vk;. khghFzuj;d> tpupTiuahsu;

nry;tp. vk;. jpUeluh[h> tpupTiuahsu;

jpU. v];. gpajp];]> cjtp tpupTiuahsu;

jpU. g. mr;Rjd;> cjtp tpupTiuahsu;

jpUkjp. b.v.vr;.A.v];. tU\n`dbNf> cjtp tpupTiuahsu;

(ntspthu p) jpU. vk;. gp. tpGyNrd> gzpg;ghsu;> fy;tp mikr;R.

jpU. lgps;A. V. b. uj;d#upa>

Xa;Tngw;w gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

jpU. lgps;A. b. tpN[rpq;f>

Xa;Tngw;w gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

jpU. vr;. v];. Nf. tp[ajpyf>

Xa;Tngw;w mjpgu;.

jpU. v. vk;. up. gpnfuh>

Xa;Tngw;w cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;.

jpU. v];. vk;. rYtjd>

cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;.

jpU. lgps;A. b. tp[pjghy>

Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;.

jpU. Nf. b. ge;JyFkhu>

cjtp Mizahsu;.

jpU. ,. N[hrg;>

Mrpupau; Nrit I.

fzpdp mikg;G: nry;tp. fkyNtzp fe;ijah> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

VidNahu; : jpU. kq;fy ntypg;gpl;ba> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

jpUkjp. gj;kh tPutu;jd> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

jpU. uQ;rpj; jahtd;r> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

iii

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;

,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; eilKiwapypUe;j fiyj;jpl;lj;ij epahag;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lk; 2015 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Jtiu fhyKk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia

xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jp te;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bf;Fg;

gjpyhf> ,dp tUk; fhyj;jpy; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mg;gzpia ,yFgLj;JKfkhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; ghlj;jpl;lKk; cs;slf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU gpujhd Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk;> Fwpj;j juj;Jf;nfd rpwg;ghd xU Nju;r;rp

kl;lj;Jf;fhf my;yJ rpy Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;fhf ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;

nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;sj;jf;f xU njhFjp mwpTWj;jy;fis ,e;j

Mrpupau; topfhl;b cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;> me;je;jj; Nju;r;rp

kl;lj;Jf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s cj;Njr ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; ,q;F

jug;gl;Ls;sd.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; Kbtpy; khztu; mila Ntz;ba fw;ww; NgWfs; vit vd;gJ

njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mwpT> jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; Mfpa %d;W

Ml;rpfspd; fPo; khztuplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; elj;ij khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf> Mrpupau;

Neufhyj;Jld; KbntLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba> tpla cs;slf;f Moj;ijAk; vy;iyfisAk;

Jzptjw;fhfTk; fw;ww;NgWfisj; Jizahff; nfhs;syhk;.

Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s ~ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;|

vDk; gFjpapy;> Mrpupau; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia xOq;Fnra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tpjk;> mjid Kfhik nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjk; Mfpad gw;wpa

MNyhridfSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; #oYld; nghUe;jpaikaj;jf;fthwhf> ,jpy; Njitahd khw;wq;

fisr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F MrpupaUf;Fk; g+uz Rje;jpuk; cz;L. khztUf;F

Fwpj;j fw;ww; NgWfis miltij cWjp ngWk; tifapy; mk;khw;wq;fisr;

nra;J nfhs;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij milAk; khztu;fsplj;Nj cWjpngw Ntz;ba Kf;fpa vz;zf;

fUf;fSk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

milit khztu;fs; vl;bAs;sduh vd;gij fzpg;gPL - kjpg;gPL %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.

tpQ;Qhd ghlf; fw;gpj;jiy Njbaha;Tld; mZfp nra;Kiw topNa elj;j

Ntz;Lkhifahy; mjw;fhf Vida ghlq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf> $Ljyhd msT

nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;j NeupLk;. cj;Njr ghl tpUj;jp

cj;jpfSf;Fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r tsq;fs;> jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfshf ,q;F

jug;gl;Ls;sd. jpl;lj;ij tpl NtWgl;l xU jpl;lj;ij Mrpupau; mwpKfQ; nra;a

vjpu;ghu;g;gjhapd;> mjw;Nfw;g> jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfspYk; Njitahd khw;wq;fisr;

nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

iv

ahNjDk; fw;ww; #oypy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw ntw;wpaspj;jjh vd;gij

mse;jwpjy; %yk;> gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk;> mjw;Nfw;g gupfhu toptif

fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhfTk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. ,jw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd cj;Njr

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; xt;Nthu; myfpd; ,WjpapYk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. tpje;Jiuf;

fg;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rp kl;lq;fis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gij Nrhjpj;jwptNj

,jd; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghlk; eilngWk; NtisapNyh> ghlj;jpd; ,WjpapNyh fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw

iaf; ifahsyhk;. mjw;fhf khztuJ cjtpiag; ngWtjw;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fr;

Rje;jpuk; cz;L. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Kw;gFjpapy;

jug;gl;Ls;s Njrpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;> tpQ;Qhdf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Mfpa njhlu;ghd tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;JtJk; mtrpakhFk;.

nraw;wpl;lj; jiytu;.

v

vi

cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp i

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp ii

tsg; gq;fspg;G iii

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; iv - v

mwpKfk; vii

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; viii

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ix-x

6-11 Me; ju tpQ;Qhd fw;ifnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; xi

ghlj;jpl;lk; xii-xxiv

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; 1-32

vii

1.0 mwpKfk;

tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; MdJ khztdJ jdpg;gl;l tpUj;jpia> tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd tho;f;if Kiwapd; Clhf

Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Njrpa tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jp> jdpj;Jtkhd> tskhd> mjprakhd ,yq;ifia fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.

,e;j Nehf;if miltjw;fhd xU mj;jpthukhf tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpw;F kl;LNk cupj;jhdnthU njhlu;r;rpahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,yf;if miltjw;F> Muk;g epiyf; fy;tpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;J juk; 6 w;F tUk; khztd;> tpQ;Qhd

ghlj;ij Kaw;rpAlDk; Cf;fj;JlDk; fw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ehk; Gjpa tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; ngUikAld; Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.

,yq;ifahdJ cyfpy; cs;s fy;tpapy; mjp cau; juj;jpy; cs;s ehLfSld; ,ize;J nry;yf;$ba msthd vOj;jwpT tPjj;ij

vl;b cs;sJ. ,e;j epiyia ehk; miltjw;F ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ ,ilapilNa kPsha;T nra;ag;gLtJk; xt;nthU vl;L tUl

fhyj;jpw;F xU jlit ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> juk; cau;j;JtJNk fhuzkhFk;.

vdNt 2015y; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ> jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s Nju;r;rp kl;;l fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

tbtkhFk;. ,q;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fshdJ fy;tp tl;l r%fj;jpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l juTfisAk; gpNuuizfisAk;

mbg;gilahfTk; kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdJk; Vida rpy fy;tp epWtfq;fspdhYk; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; mbg;gilapYk;

2007y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;.

jw;NghJ Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia $Ljy; tpidj;jpwDld; elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf $Ljy; Neuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;l cUthf;fj;jpd;NghJ> gioa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nkyjpf RikahdJ ghltplaj;ij Fiwg;gjd; %yk; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mj;Jld; mj;jpahtrpakhd jfty;fs; rpy Nru;f;fg;gl;Lk; cs;sJ. vdNt Mrpupau;fSf;F jdJ Ra Mf;fj;jpwid gad;gLj;jp

tFg;giwf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia $ba tpisjpwDld; elhj;jpr; nry;y Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ.

viii

2.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;

FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;

epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;

gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj; jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;

,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>

rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;

Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk;

NgZjYk;.

3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>

,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa

Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.

4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;

Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.

5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;frpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd

mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

6. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Ngh\pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd

Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpa+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;

rpf;fyhdJk; vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg;

ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003)

ix

3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;:

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu

mwpT> jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;

nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;.

rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.

jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik : fzdp mwpT fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;Jjy;.

(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T rpe;jid>

mzpapduhfg; gzpnra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.

(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjPfk;.

r%fr; #oy; : Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;

Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;

rl;lg+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiw.

x

capupay; #oy; : thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupdj;

jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.

ngsjPfr; #oy; : ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil>

ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg;

nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;w

Yf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;

fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu;

jpwd;fs;.

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

gadspf;ff;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp

njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;> cs;thq;fYk;.

(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> tpisahl;Lg; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;:

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Ydu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neu nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;;tpd;

Mf;fg+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kd vOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.

(vii) fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typik

aspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;Jf;F Vw;g ,aq;fTk;> mjid Kfhik nra;aTk;> Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

xi

4.0 6 - 11 Me; ju tpQ;Qhd fw;ifnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;

,f;fw;if newpia gapYtjhy; khztu;:

kfpo;T+l;lj;jf;f fw;ifr; #oypy; tpQ;Qhd vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; rPuhf cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.

tpQ;Qhd nrad;KiwfisAk;> tpQ;Qhd KiwiaAk; nghUj;jkhdthW gpuNahfpj;J gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

#oy; tsq;fspd; Mw;wy;fis tpsq;fp> mt;tsq;fis mwpTG+u;tkhf Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;tu;.

cly; uPjpapYk;> cs uPjpapYk; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;jpw;fhf tpQ;Qhd mwpitg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aj;jf;f ntw;wpfukhd gpui[ahf tho;tjw;Fk;> NkYk; fy;tp ngWtjw;Fk;> vjpu;fhyj;

njhopy;fSf;Fk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfisAk; mfpyk; gw;wpa tpQ;Qhd mbg;giliaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;tu;.

tpir> rf;jp Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jifapy;> tpisjpwidAk;> tpidjpwidAk; rpwg;G epiyf;F tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd

njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kidtu;.

tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; ,af;fj; jd;ikiaAk;> tiuaiwfisAk; ,dq;fz;L md;whl tho;f;ifapy; mDgtpf;Fk; epfo;TfisAk; ntt;NtW

Clfq;fspD}lhff; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fis tpQ;QhdG+u;t gpukhzq;fspd;gb kjpg;gpLk; jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

xii

tpQ;Qhdk;

juk; 6

ghlj;jpl;lk;

xiii

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;

1.1 vkJ #oypYs;s

mq;fpfis

Njbawpthu;.

1.2 mq;fpfis tifg;

gLj;;jYf;fhd

epajpfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

1 . capu;r; #oypd;

tpe;ijfs;

vkJ #oypy; cs;s

mq;fpfs;

mq;fpfspd;

rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

tsu;r;rp ,dg;ngUf;fk; mirT

Rthrk; Nghriz

mq;fpfs;

jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs; Ez;zq;fpfs;

jhtuq;fSf;Fk;

tpyq;FfSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd

NtWghLfs;

,lg;ngau;r;rp Nghriz Kiw

tsu;r;rp

tiuaiwfs;

(Growth limitation)

15,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;

capUs;sitfis> capuw;witfsp

ypUe;J NtWgpupj;J mwpthu;.

capUs;sitfSf;Fk;> capuw;wit

fSf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; jUthu;.

mq;fpfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.

mq;fpfis jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;>

Ez;zq;fpfs; vd %d;W tiffshfg;

gpupg;ghu;.

jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;

gLk; mbg;gil NtWghLfis tptupg;ghu;.

mq;fpfs; nfhz;Ls;s rpwg;gpay;Gfis

ntspf; fhl;l vspa nraw;ghLfis

jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;j ,izf;ftu; Rl;b

iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

tpahf;fpahdk; nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

vy;yh mq;fpfSk; #oypd; gq;fhspfs;

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

mq;fpfisf; fhg;gJk; mtw;Wf;F kjpg;

gspg;gJk; jkJ fliknad;w nghWg;ig

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

capupdg;; gy;tifikia nkr;Rthu;.

mq;fpfspd; elj;ijfis mtjhdpg;gjd;

%yk; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.

#oiyj; Njb MuhAk; gof;fj;ij fl;b

naOg;Gthu;.

Nju;r ;rp

1.0 capu;r;#oy;

njhFjpapd;

cw;gj;jpia

Nkk;gLj;J

tjw;F mq;fp

fisAk;

mtw;wpd;

capu;r;

nrad;Kiw

fisAk;

Njbawpthu;.

tpQ;Qhdk; - juk; - 6

xiv


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp

,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;

nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L

rlg;nghUs;> rf;jpia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

rlg;nghUs;fs; jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA

vd %d;W epiyfspy; fhzg;gLgit

vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tbtk;> fdtsT vd;gtw;iw mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUspd; %d;W

epiyfisAk; NtWgLj;Jthu;.

rlg;nghUspd; jug;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

#oypy; cs;stw;iw jpz;kk;> jputk;>

thA vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

jpz;kg; nghUs;fspd; td;ikj;jd;ik>

thl;lj;jF ,ay;G> kPs;jd;ik> ePl;lj;jF

,ay;G> nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G> ,ioa

mikg;ig mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;Gfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa

nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

rlg;nghUspd; gad;ghl;bid kjpg;ghu;.

2.0 tho;f;if

epiyia

cau;j;jpf;

nfhs;Sk;

Nehf;fpy;

rlg;nghUis

Ak; rlg;nghU

spd; ,ay;G

fisAk;

mtw;wpd;

,ilj;

njhlu;G

fisAk;

EZfp

Muha;thu;.

122.1 vkJ #oypy;

cs;sitfspd;

gy;tifikfis

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2.2 ,ay;Gfis

mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L rlg;

nghUs;fis

tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

2.3 vspa nraw;ghL

fisg; gad;gLj;jp

rlg;nghUs;fspd;

,ay;Gfisg;

guprPypg;ghu;.

2 . vkJ #oypy;

cs;sitfs;

rlg;nghUs;> rf;jp nghUj;jkhd cjhu

zq;fSld; rlg;nghUs;

fspd; epiyfs;

jpz;kk;

jputk;

thA

rlg;nghUspd; %d;W

epiyfspdJk; rpwg;

gpay;Gfs; (gz;gwp

uPjpahd xg;gPL kl;Lk;)

tbtk;

fdtsT

td;ikj;jd;ik

thl;lj;jF ,ay;G

kPs;jd;ik

ePl;lj;jF ,ay;G

nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G

,ioa mikg;G

,ay;Gfis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L rlg;

nghUspd; gpuNahfq;fs;

xv


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if



ePupd; %tpj ngsjPf epiyfisAk;

$Wthu;.

ePupd; %yq;fshf epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp>

Nkw;gug;G ePu; vd;gtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.

epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp> Nkw;gug;GePu; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjhuzk; jUthu;.

ed;dPu;> ctu;ePu;> rtu;ePu; vd;gtw;wpy;

fiue;Js;s cg;Gf;fspd; msit xg;gpL

tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

capuq;fpfspd; epyTiff;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

kdpjr; nraw;ghLfSf;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.

ctu;j;jd;ik fhzg;gLk; epiyf;Nfw;g

ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ePiu kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Xh; ,aw;if

tskhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

ePu; ngWkjpkpf;f tsk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.

ePu; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd;gij

czu;tjw;F jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

152.4 ntt;NtW epajp

fisg; gad;gLj;jp

ePPiu tifg;

gLj;Jthu;.

2.5 vspa nraw;ghLfs;

%yk; ePupd;

,ay;ig Nrhjpg;ghu;.

2.6 ePuhdJ ngWkjpf;

Fupa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;

gl;l tsk; vd

Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

3. ePu; Xu; ,aw;if

tskhf

ePu; fhzg;gLk;

epiyfs;

gdpf;fl;b> ePu;;> ePuhtp

ctu; jd;ikapd;

mbg;gilapy; ePupd;

tiffs;

ed;dPu;

ctu; ePu;

rtu; ePu;

fhzg;gLk; %yq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy;

epyf;fPo; ePu;

gbT tPo;r;rp

Nkw;gug;G ePu;

,aw;if tskhf ePupd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

xvi


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if


3.0 tpidj;

jpwidAk;

tpisjpwid

Ak; cr;r

kl;lj;jpy;

Ngzg;gLk;

tifapy;

ntt;NtW

rf;jpfs;>

rlg;nghU

Sld;

fhl;Lk;

,ilj;

jhf;fq;

fisAk;

rf;jp epiy

khw;wq;fis

Ak; gad;

gLj;Jthu;.

3.1 rf;jp Kjy;fisAk;

mtw;wpd; gad;ghL

gw;wpa tpopg;

Gzu;itAk;

tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

3.2 rpy rf;jp Kjy;

fspd; gad;ghl;il

tpsq;Ftjw;F

vspa nraw;ghl;il

Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

3.3 rf;jp Kjy;fspd;

ePbj;j gad;ghl;bd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.


Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wyhf rf;jpiaf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gpujhd rf;jp Kjy; #upad; vd

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

Vida rf;jp Kjy;fis RUf;fkhff;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; rf;jp

Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

rf;jp %yk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLtij vspa

nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.

rf;jp Kjy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l rf;jp Kjy;fs; rpytw;

wpd; ntt;NtW gaid vspa nraw;

ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.

rf;jp %yq;fs; tpuakhtij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;thu;.

rf;jpapd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;il kjpg;ghu;.

104. md;whl tho;tpy; rf;jp

rf;jpapdhy; Ntiy

nra;;ag;gLfpwJ.

rf;jp Kjy;fSk;

mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk;

#upad;

capu;j;jpzpT

Rtl;L vupnghUs;

fhw;W

ePupd; rf;jp

flyiy

tw;Wg;ngUf;F

Gtp ntg;gk;

fUr;rf;jp

xvii


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if


3.4 vspa nraw;ghLfs;

%yk; xspapd;

gad;ghl;il ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

3.5 xspf;fw;iw> xspf;

fjpu; vd;gtw;wpd;

JizAld; xspapd;

jd;ikiaAk;>

njhopw;ghl;ilAk;

tpgupg;ghu;.

3.6 ntt;NtW xsp

Kjy;fisAk;

xspapd; gad;

ghl;ilAk; Njb

awpthu;.

3.7 nghUj;jkhd Kiw

apy; xspapd; gaid

tptupg;ghu;.

155. xspAk; ghu;itAk;

ehk; vt;thWghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.

xspapd; Njit

xsp %yq;fs;

xspUk; nghUl;fs;

xspuhg; nghUl;fs;

xsp CLfhl;Lk;>

xsp frpAk;>

xsp CLfhl;lhj

Clfq;fs;

xspapd; ,ay;Gfs; xspf;fw;iw

xspf;fjpu;

xspapd; Neu;f;Nfhl;

Lr; nrYj;Jif

xspapd; gad;fs; ghu;it

gpufhrk;

rkpf;iQ

njhlu;ghly;

kUj;Jt Njitfs;

nghOJNghf;F

jhtuq;fspd; czT

cw;gj;jp


nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F Njitahd

fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

cjhuzq;fSld; xspUk; nghUs;fs;>

xspuhg; nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw

NtWgLj;Jthu;.

xsp CLflj;Jk; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;

xspCLfhl;Lk;> xspfrpAk;> xspCL

fhl;lhj Clfq;fs; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

kpfTk; xLq;fpa fw;iwahf xspf;fjpiu

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

xspapd; gad; njhlu;ghf mwpf;if

nahd;iw jahupg;ghu;.

tupg;glq;fspd; JizAld; xspf;fw;iw>

xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;Jthu;.

nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk;> xspapd;

Njitiaf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; vspa

nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.

xspf;fw;iw xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F

vspa nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthh;.

xsp; Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; nry;tijf;

fhl;Lk; vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

xspapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij nkr;Rthu;.

Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj

Kiwapy;xspiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

xviii


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if



Nfl;ly; mq;fq;fshy; (fhJ) cs;nsLf;

fg;gl;l czu;thf xypia ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

#oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW

xypfSf;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW xypfis cUthf;Ftjw;F

vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

Gwr; #oypd; xypia ,aw;if xyp>

nraw;if xyp vd NtWgLj;jpf;

fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW xypfis rj;jk;> ,ir vd

NtWgLj;Jthu;.

xypiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ntt;NtW

cgfuzq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.

,iriaAk;> ,aw;ifapy; Njhd;Wk;

xypiaAk; ,urpg;ghu;.

Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj

tifapy; xypiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;


3.8 #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;

gLk; ntt;NtW

xypapd; JizAld;

“xyp” vd;Dk;

vz;zf;fUit

tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

3.9 ntt;NtW xyp

fSf;F ,il

apyhd gpujhd

NtWghl;il

tpgupg;ghu;.

6. xypAk; Nfl;lYk;

Nfl;ly; mq;fq;fshy;

(fhJ) cs;vLf;fg;gl;l

czu;thf xyp

#oypYs;s xypfs;

,aw;if xypfs;

nraw;if xypfs;

rj;jKk; ,irAk;

xix


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if


087 . fhe;jk;

fhe;j tpisTfs;

fhe;j Kidfs;

ftu;r;rp

js;Sif


fhe;jj;jpd; %yk; rpy gjhu;j;jq;fs; kPJ

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j KbAk; vd;gij

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

fhe;jj;ijAk; mjd; KidfisAk; ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; xj;jKidfs; js;SifiaAk;

xt;thj Kidfs; ftu;r;rpiaAk;

fhl;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;Ltjw;F


fhe;j tpisit fhl;Ltjw;F

cgfuzq;fis mikg;ghu;.

#oypy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l

ntt;NtW fhe;jq;fspd; typikiar;

Nrhjpg;ghu.;

fhe;jj;jpd; ftu;r;rp> js;Sifiaf;

fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLthu;.

Vida nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J fhe;jj;ij

NtWgLj;jp fhz;gjw;F js;Sif tpir

iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; Kidfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F

jpirfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

nghOJNghf;Fr; nraw;ghLfSf;F

fhe;jj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

3.10 fhe;jtpay;G vd;Dk;

vz;zf; fUit

fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

3.11 fhe;jj;jpd;

elj;ijia fhl;L

tjw;Fg; nghUj;j

khd Kiwfisf;

fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

xx


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if


203.12 ntt;NtW tsq;fspy;

,Ue;J kpd;%yq;

fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3.13 epakf; FwpaPLfisg;

gad;gLj;jp vspa

Rw;Wf;fis tiue;J

fhl;Lthu;.

3.14 flj;jpfs;> fhtyp

gjhu;j;jq;fis

NtWgLj;jp ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

8 . RfNghf tho;f;iff;F

k pd ;i d g; ga d ;gL j ;j y ;

md;whl tho;f;iff;F

kpd;idg;gad;gLj;jy;

kpd; gpwg;ghf;fy; kpd;Rw;W> mjd;

$Wfs;> FwpaPLfs;

tlk;

Msp

kpd;Fkpo;

kpd;fyk; / gw;wup mk;gpau;khdp

flj;jpfs;> fhtypfs; vspa ,yj;jpudpay;kw;Wk; kpd;dpay;

$Wfs;

,Uthap

xspfhYk; ,Uthap

jil

xsp czu;j; jilap


md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpd;dpd; gad;fisf;

$Wthu;.

kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd vspanraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; cgfuzq;fs;

rpytw;wpd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.

kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;s $Wfis rupahf

nraw;gLj;jp mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

kpd;Rw;wpYs;s $Wfspd; epakf; FwpaPL

fis gad;gLj;Jthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpd; tupg;glj;ijg; gad;

gLj;jp vspa kpd;Rw;iw mikg;ghu;.

flj;jpfs;> fhtypfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F


toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfis

rhpahfg; ngahpLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfspd; nraw;

ghl;il fhl;Ltjw;F vspa Rw;iw

mikg;ghu;.

kpd; cgfuzq;fisAk;> ,yj;jpudpay;

$WfisAk; kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiwapy;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.

xxi


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if



md;whl tho;f;ifapy; ntg;gj;jpdhy;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; gad;fisg;

gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

Rw;whlypy; cs;s ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;if

fhl;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F cjhuzq;

fisj; jUthu;.

ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F


vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntg;gk; gpwg;

gpf;fg;gLk; Kiwiar; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.

ntg;gj;ij gaDs;s> ghJfhg;ghd

Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

gjhu;j;jq;fspYk;> mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfspd;

kPJk; ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff; fhzg;

gLtij czu;e;J nfhs;thu;.

3.15 ntg;g cw;gj;jp

Kiwfis

Njbaha;thu;.

3.16 Gwr; #oypYs;s

ntg;gj;jpd; tpisT

fis Njbaha;thu;.

3.17 ntg;gj;jpd;

tpisTfs; njhlu;

ghd re;ju;g;gq;fis

Muha;thu;.

9 . ntg;gKk; mjd;

tpisTfSk;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy;

ntg;gk; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjk;

ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfs;

ntg;gepiy cau;jy;

tpupT

epiykhw;wk;

epwkhw;wk;

ntg;gg; gpwg;ghf;fy;

xxii


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if


4.0 ,aw;ifj;

Njhw;wg;ghL

fs; njhlu;

ghd rpwe;j

tpsf;fj;Jld;

,aw;if

tsq;fis

mwpTg+u;t

khfTk;

ePbj;Jg; gad;

gLj;Jtjw;F

GtpapdJk;

ntspapdJk;

jd;ik>

,ay;ig>

nraw;ghL

fis Njb

awpthu;.

154.1 czTg; gof;fj;

jpw;F Vw;g mq;fp

fSf;fpilapyhd

,ilj;njhlu;G

fis epahag;

gLj;Jthu;.

4.2 Nghriz Kiwf;

Nfw;g mq;fpfis

$l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.

10. Nghriz mbg;gil

apyhd ,ilj;

njhlu ;G

Nghriz Kiw

jhtuTz;zp

CDz;zp

midj;JKz;zp

jhtu> tpyq;FfSf;

fpilapyhd ,ilj;

njhlh;Gfs;

czTr; rq;fpyp

czT tiy


jhtug; gFjpfis khj;jpuk; czthff;

nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis jhtuTz;zpfs;

vd,dq;fhz;ghu;.

tpyq;Ffis kl;Lk; czthff; nfhs;Sk;

tpyq;Ffis CZz;zpfs; vd ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

jhtu> tpyq;Ffis czthff; nfhs;Sk;

tpyq;Ffis midj;Jk; cz;zpfs; vd

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhfNth czTf;fhf jhtuq;fs;

kPJ jq;fptho;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

jhtuk;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

,ilj;njhlu;ghf czTr; rq;fpyp> czT

tiy vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.

,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;like;j ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;pd;

Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;ig ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L tpyq;Ffis jhtu

Tz;zpfs;> CZz;zpfs;> midj;J

Kz;zpfs; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

xxiii


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if


mtjhdpg;G> mDgtq;fis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L czTr; rq;fpypia

fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

czTr; rq;fpypfSf;fpilapy; cs;s

,ilj; njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fz;L czT

tiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l czT tiyapy; cs;s

czTr; rq;fpypfis milahsg;

gLj;Jthu;.

rkepiyahd #oypy; vy;yh mq;fpfSk;

rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;ig #oYf;F toq;F

fpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

czT tiyapd; ,aw;if rkepiyf;F

,ila+W Vw;glhj tifapy; ele;J

nfhs;thu;.

.

xxiv


Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if



fhyepiy> thdpiyfSf;fpilapyhd

khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfisg;

ngaupLthu;.

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

kio tPo;r;rp> fhw;wpd; jpir> fhw;wpd;

Ntfk;> <ug;gjdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;f vspa khjpupfis

mikg;ghu;.

thdpiy khw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;J

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vspa khjpup

fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cgfuzq;

fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ahNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;

thdpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

thdpiyj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;J

,Ug;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;J

nfhs;thh;.

4.3 fhyepiy khw;wk;

mtw;Wld; njhlu;

ghd ,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fs;

gw;wpa tpopg;

Gzu;it tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.

4.4 thdpiyiaj;

jPu;khdpf;Fk;

fhuzpfis

mtjhdpg;ghu;.

11. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

thdpiyAk;>

fhyepiyAk;

thdpiyiaj;

jPu;khdpf;Fk;

fhuzpfs;

kio tPo;r;rp

fhw;W ntg;gepiy

<ug;gjd; fhyepiy khw;wj;

Jld; njhlu;ghd

,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fs;

nts;sk;#whtsp

twl;rp kz;rupT

15

1

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;

2

Nju;r;rp 1

1.0 capu;r;#oy; njhFjpapd; cw;gj;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mq;fpfisAk;

mtw;wpd; capu;r; nrad;KiwfisAk; Njbawpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

1.1 vkJ #oypYs;s mq;fpfisj; Njbawpthu;.

1.2 mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;;jYf;fhd epajpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlNtis: 15

mj;jpahak; - 1. capu; #oypd; tpe;ijfs;

fw;wy; NgWfs;:

,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@

capUs;sitfis>capuw;witfspypUe;J NtWgpupj;J mwpthu;.

capUs;sitfSf;Fk;>capuw;witfSf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; jUthu;.

mq;fpfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.

mq;fpfis jhtuq;fs;>tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs; vd %d;W tiffshfg;

gpupg;ghu;.

jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil NtWghLfis tpgupg;ghu;.

mq;fpfs; nfhz;Ls;s rpwg;gpay;Gfis ntspf;fhl;l vspa nraw;ghLfisj;

jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;j ,izf;ftu; Rl;biag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpahf;fpahdk; nra;J fhl;rpg;

gLj;Jthh;.

vy;yh mq;fpfSk; #oypd; gq;fhspfs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;.

mq;fpfisf; fhg;gJk; mtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspg;gJk; jkJ fliknad;Wk; nghWg;

ngd;Wk; czu;thu;.

capupdg;; gy;tifikia nkr;Rthu;.

mq;fpfspd; elj;ijfis mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.

#oiyj; Njb MuhAk; gof;fj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fsg; gpuahzk; xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jTk;. khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

,dg;ngUf;fk;> tsu;r;rp> Nghriz Kiw> Rthr mirTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw

mtjhdpj;J> gjpT nra;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; nraw;gbtk; xd;iw toq;fTk;.

mtjhdpj;j ,ay;GfSk;> mtjhdpf;f Kbahj ,ay;GfSk; ntspg;gLk;

tifapy; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

3

fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fis fUk;gyifapy; vOJtjw;F topfhl;b> khztu;fsp

dhy; fz;lwpag;gl;l mq;fpfspd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L fye;Jiu

ahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

capu; mq;fpfspd; rpy ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpf;f Kbahikf;fhd fhuzj;ij

tpsf;fTk;.

#oypypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghUl;fis capUs;sit> capuw;wit

vd ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.

Nghriz Kiw> vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsu;r;rp> ,lg;ngau;r;rp / mirT vd;g

tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpyq;Ffs; jhtuq;fspypUe;J vt;thW

NtWgLfpd;wd vd;gij khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.

nghUj;jkhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp (rpWNgr;R> Rtnuhl;b Nghd;w)

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.

jhtu tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa gupNrhjidnahd;iwj; jpl;lkplTk;.

<uypg;ghd kz;> itf;Nfhy; ePu;> Fsj;J ePu; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

khjpupnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vspa EZf;Ff;fhl;b> $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;b

apD}lhf khztu;fis Ez;zq;fpfis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;aTk;. Ez;zq;fp

vd;w vz;zf;fUit khztu;fsJ mDgtj;ij nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

toq;fg;gl;l gl;baypy; cs;s mq;fpfis jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs;

vd NtWgLj;j khztu;fis mwpTWj;jTk;.

kutiuigg; (tree diagram) gad;gLj;jp Rw;whlypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l nghUs;fis

fhl;rpg;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.

ntt;NtW epwq;fs;> msT nfhz;l nghj;jhd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ,izf;

ftu;r;Rl;b njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.

,izf;ftu;r;Rl;bia gad;gLj;jp Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpia ,dq;fhz khztu;

fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

mq;fpfs; Ez;zq;fpfs; capuw;wit

gy;tifik ,izf;ftu;r;Rl;b

ju cs;sPLfs;:

iftpy;iy> ngj;jpupf;fpz;zk;> epow;glq;fs;> Fwpj;j mq;fpfspd; glq;fs;>

epow;glq;fs;> ,Lf;fpfs;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> EZf;Ff;fhl;b> Witd; E}y; Nghd;wit.

4

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fsg; gazj;jpd;NghJ gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplTk;.

capu;g;ghfg; gq;Fgw;Wjy;

#oypd; kPJs;s ftdk;

mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;

Maj;jk;

ghJfhg;G

mtjhdpj;jitfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;

Rw;whliy ,urpg;gjw;fhd topfs;

khztu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUtd

tw;iw (rpWNgr;R> Rtnuhl;b) kjpg;gpLf.

gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fs;

jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik

ju;f;fuPjpahd Kd;itg;G

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfspd; %yk; gpd;tUtd gw;wpa khztu;fspd;

mwpit kjpg;gpLf.

capuq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;

Ez;zq;fpfs;

,izf;ftu;r;Rl;biag; gad;gLj;jp toq;fg;gl;l xU njhFjp mq;fpfis

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd jpwid kjpg;gpLf.

5

Nju;r;rp 2

2.0 tho;f;if epiyia cau;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rlg;nghUisAk;

rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; EZfp

Muha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

2.1 vkJ #oypYs;sitfspd; gy;tifikfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2.2 ,ay;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

2.3 vspa nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp rlg;nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfisg; guprPypg;ghu;.

ghlNtis: 12

mj;jpahak; - 2. vkJ #oypy; cs;sitfs;.

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;> rf;jpia ,dq; fhz;ghu;.

rlg;nghUs;fs; jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd %d;W epiyfspy; fhzg;gLgit

vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tbtk;> fdtsT vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUspd; %d;W

epiyfisAk; NtWgLj;Jthu;.

rlg;nghUspd; jug;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

#oypYs;stw;iw jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

jpz;kg; nghUs;fspd; td;ikj; jd;ik> thl;lj;jF ,ay;G> kPs;jd;ik>

ePl;lj;jF ,ay;G> nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G> ,ioa mikg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;J

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

rlg;nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F

vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

rlg;nghUspd; gad;ghl;bid kjpg;ghu;.


#oypy; cs;s nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg;

ngw;W fUk;gyifapy; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;. (20 nghUs;fs; NghJkhdJ.) rlg;

nghUs;fSk; rf;jpfSk; mikaf;$ba Kiwapy; gl;bay; mika Ntz;Lk;.

rlg;nghUs;fspDila mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghL

fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. (,lj;ijg; gpbg;gJk;> jpzpitf; nfhz;lJkhd

nghUs;fs; rlg;nghUs; vd ,dq;fhz cjTq;fs;.) rlg;nghUs; njhlu;ghd

6

vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;. rlg;nghUSf;Fk; rf;jpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghl;il tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;. rlg;nghUl;fis

tifg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NtWgl;l epajpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.

rlg;nghUl;fspd; %d;W epiyfisAk; tpsf;fTk;.

vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fdtsT> mtw;wpd; tbtk; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;fspd; %d;W epiyfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;ilf;

fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F khztu; FOf;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. (fbdkhd jd;ik>

thl;lj;jFtpay;G> ePl;lj;jFtpay;G> kPSe;jd;ik> nehUq;Fk; jd;ik)

NkNy gl;bay; ,lg;gl;l nghUs;fis jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd NtW

gLj;Jq;fs;.

toq;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpz;kq;fspDila ,ay;Gfisf;

fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F khztu; FOf;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

rpy gjhu;j;jq;fis tFg;giwf;F nfhz;L tur; nra;J khztu;fis gy

FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.

mtu;fs; nfhz;L te;j nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;

gLj;jp fye;Jiuahlypd; ClhfTk; tpsf;fq;fspd; ClhfTk; mtu;fs;

Kd;itj;j jfty;fis tsg;gLj;Jq;fs;. md;whl tho;tpy; jpz;k ,ay;G

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fisf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

rlg;nghUl;fs;

jpz;kk; > jputk;> thA

td;ikj;jd;ik> thl;lj;jF ,ay;G> kPs;jd;ik

ePl;lj;jF ,ay;G> nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G> ,ioa mikg;G

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:

juk; 6 tpQ;Qhdg; ghlg;Gj;jfk;> jpz;kg;nghUs;fs;> Rj;jpay;


gpd;tUk; epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fs; FOf;fshfr;

nraw;gLk;NghJ kjpg;gpLf.

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; KOik

Kd;itf;Fk; jpwd;

jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;

gpd;gw;Wk; gz;Gfs;

7

md;whl tho;tpy; jpz;kg; nghUs;fspd; gy;NtW tifahd ,ay;Gfisg;

gad;gLj;jp ifNaL xd;iw mikf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;b gpd;tUk;

epajpfSf;fikthf kjpg;gplTk;.


Neu;j;jp

jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL

tpidj;jpwDk; ju;f;fuPjpahdJkhff; fhzg;gly;

KbTg;nghUspd; jd;ikAk; Neu;j;jpAk;

ghlE}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpwe;j E}y; guPl;iria Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

8

Nju;r;rp 2

2.0 tho;f;if epiyia cau;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rlg;nghUisAk;

rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; EZfp

Muha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

2.4 ntt;NtW epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

2.5 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ePupd; ,ay;ig Nrhjpg;ghu;.

2.6 ePuhdJ ngWkjpf;Fupa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtis: 15

mj;jpahak; - 3. ePu; Xu; ,aw;if tskhf

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


ePupd; %tpj ngsjPf epiyfisAk; $Wthu;.

ePupd; %yq;fshf epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp> Nkw;gug;G ePu; vd;gtw;iw

tpgupg;ghu;.

epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp> Nkw;gug;G ePu; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjhuzk; jUthu;.

ed;dPu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu; vd;gtw;wpy; fiue;Js;s cg;Gf;fspd; msit xg;gpL

tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

capuq;fpfspd; epyTiff;F> ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

kdpj nraw;ghLfSf;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.

ctu;jd;ik fhzg;gLk; epiyf;Nfw;g ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ePiu kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Xu; ,aw;if tskhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

ePu; ngWkjpkpf;f tsk; vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

ePu; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd;gij czu;tjw;F jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.


cjhuzq;fs; %yk; ePupd; %tpj epiyfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;bf; fye;Jiuahliy

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. (gdpf;fl;b> ePu;> ePuhtp)

ePu; Kjy;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjhuzq;fis khztu;

fsplk; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. (epyf;fPo; ePu;> Nkw;gug;G ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp)

epyj;jb ePu; vz;zf;fU gw;wp fye;JiuahLq;fs;. fpzw;wpYs;s ePu;kl;lk;

vt;thW khWgLfpd;wd vd mtjhdpf;f mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. (kio> twl;rp

fhyq;fspd;NghJ mtjhdpj;jy;)

9

NkNy khztu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ePu; Kjy;fis tiutjw;F my;yJ glq;fs;

%yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s gzpAq;fs;.

tPbNah my;yJ glq;fs; %yk; gbT tPo;r;rp Kiwfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.

(kio> gdp> Myq;fl;b kio (hail), gdpf;fl;bAk; ciwgdpAk; fye;j kio (sleet)

ctu;jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; ePiu tifg;gLj;j KbAk; vd cjhuzq;

fSld; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

(J}aePu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu;)

J}aePu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu; Mfpatw;wpy; fiue;Js;s cg;gpd; msit xg;gpL

tjw;F topfhl;ly; Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; xd;iw jahu;nra;Aq;fs;. (Nkw;$wg;gl;l

ePu; khjpupfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahjtplj;J> Mrpupau; Ma;T$lj;jpy;

mk;khjpupfis jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.)

kdpj tho;f;iff;F ePupd; mtrpaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

tptrhak;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghOJNghf;F Nghd;w kdpj eltbf;iffSf;F

ePupd; Njitiag; gl;bay;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F cjhuzq;fSld;

topfhl;Lq;fs;.

fpuhkj;jpy;> ghlrhiyapy;> tPl;by; ePu; tPzhtij ,optsthf;FtJ vt;thW

vd fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

ed;dPupd; ,Ug;igg; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. ,f;fye;Jiu

ahliy ed;dPupd; ,Ug;G njhlu;ghd gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fis cs;slf;FkhW

nfhz;L nry;yTk;.

ePupDila Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd fl;Liu vOj khztu;fSf;Fg; gzpf;fTk;.

xU ehisf;F tPl;by; gy;NtW NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePupd; nkhj;j

msitf; fzpg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;. ePu; tPz;tpuakhtijf;

Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kiwfis Kd;itg;gjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

gbT tPo;r;rp Nkw;gug;G ePu; epyj;jb ePu;


rtu;ePu;> fly;ePu;> ed;dPu; khjpupfs; ngWjy;.


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ntt;NtW ePu; tiffspy; fiue;Js;s

cg;gpd; msit xg;gpLtjw;fhd nra;Kiwapd;NghJ fzpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;

capu;g;ghd gq;Fgw;Wjy;

mtjhdpg;Gfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;

ghlE}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpwe;j E}y; guPl;iria elj;jy;.

10

Nju;r;rp 3

3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;

ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;

rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

3.1 rf;jp Kjy;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;itAk; tpUj;jp

nra;thu;.

3.2 rpy rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsq;Ftjw;F vspa nraw;ghl;il Nkw;

nfhs;thu;.

3.3 rf;jp Kjy;fspd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtis: 10

mj;jpahak; - 4. md;whl tho;tpy; rf;jp

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wyhfr; rf;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gpujhd rf;jp Kjy; #upad; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

Vida rf;jp Kjy;fisr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

rf;jp %yk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLtij vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.

rf;jp Kjy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

njupT nra;ag;gl;;l rf;jp Kjy;fs; rpytw;wpd; ntt;NtW gaid vspa

nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.

rf;jp %yq;fs; tpuakhtij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

rf;jpapd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;il kjpg;ghu;.


gy;NtW tifahd rf;jpKjy;fis Muha;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;L

tJld; gpujhd rf;jpKjiyAk;> Vida rf;jpKjy;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;F

tFg;giwf; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

,izaj;jsk;> Vida Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rf;jpapd; Vida Kjy;fs;

njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F xt;nthU khztu;fSf;Fk;

mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fTk;. Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis> gupkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;.

11

rf;jpKjy; njhlu;ghf tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f Ntz;ba mwpTWj;jy;fis

toq;fTk;.

khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;. Njitahd cgfuzq;fisAk;

gjhu;j;jq;fisAk; xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;fTk;. #upad;> fhw;W> ePu;>

kpd;tY Nghd;w rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fis nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F nghUj;j

khd khjpupnahd;iw mikf;fTk;. rf;jpKjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fisg; gw;wp

tFg;giwf; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

rf;jpKjy;fs; mw;Wg;Nghtij fhl;Ltjw;F ,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;> mr;R

Clfq;fis gad;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;. mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;j

tw;iw khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J rf;jp neUf;fbf;fhd khw;Wj;jPu;Tfis

Kd;itf;Fk;gb Nfl;fTk;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:


Rj;jpay;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> ifths;> jfug; ghj;jpuq;fs; nra;Nthd; jhd;ntl;L

(tinman snip), cNyhfq;fis mWf;Fk; uk;gk; (hacksaw), gir> rpwpa ildNkh>

rpwpa kpd;Nkhl;lhu;> nu[pNghk; Jz;Lfs; Nghd;wit.


rf;jpKjy;fis Muha;tjpy; fhl;Lk; <LghL> vt;thW fye;Jiuahlypy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wdu; vd;gij kjpg;gpLf.

toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F rf;jpKjy;fs; njhlu;ghd xg;gilia KOik

ahf;fg; gzpf;fyhk;. gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLf.

gy;NtW Kjy;fspd; jfty;fis gad;gLj;jy;

cupa jfty;fis ,dq;fhzy;

jpl;lkplg;gl;l Kd;itg;G

rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fis nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F mikf;fg;gl;l khjpupia

gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLf.

Gj;jhf;f cgfuzj;jpd; gad;ghL

jug;gl;l rf;jp%yj;Jldhd khjpupfspd; njhlu;ig tpsf;fy;

ftu;r;rpahd nra;Jfhl;ly;

rf;jpKjy;fs; mw;Wg;NghtJ njhlu;ghd fhl;rpg;gLj;jypd;Nghjhd kjpg;gPL.


Kjy;fis ,dq;fhZjy;

rf;jpKjy;fis cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd rpwe;j jPu;T

vd;wthW mikAk;.

12

Nju;r;rp 3




Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

3.4 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; xspapd; gad;ghl;il ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

3.5 xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;wpd; JizAld; xspapd; jd;ikiaAk;>

njhopw;ghl;ilAk; tpgupg;ghu;.

3.6 ntt;NtW xsp Kjy;fisAk; xspapd; gad;ghl;ilAk; Njbawpthu;.

3.7 nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; xspapd; gaid tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlNtis: 15

mj;jpahak; - 5. xspAk; ghu;itAk;

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F Njitahd fhuzpfis tpgupg;ghu;.

cjhuzq;fSld; xspUk; nghUs;fs;> xspuhg; nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw

NtWgLj;Jthu;.

xsp CLflj;Jk; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; xspCLfhl;Lk;> xspfrpAk;>

xspCLfhl;lhj Clfq;fs; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

kpfTk; xLq;fpa fw;iwahf xspf;fjpiu ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

xspapd; gad; njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

tupg;glq;fspd; JizAld; xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;iw NtW

gLj;Jthu;.

nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk;> xspapd; Njitiaf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; vspa

nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.

xspf;fw;iw xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F vspa nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.

xsp Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; nry;tijf; fhl;Lk; vspa nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLthu;.

xspapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij nkr;Rthu;.

Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj Kiwapy; xspiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;


13


nghUnshd;W njuptjw;F mtrpakhd fhuzpfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F

vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw nra;tjw;F fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

nghUs;fs; njuptjw;F (objects to be illuminated)

nghUspy; ,Ue;J xsp fz;iz mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fhl;l

xspapd; Neu;Nfhl;Lr; nrYj;Jifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw

jpl;lkpLf.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp md;whl tho;tpy; khztu;fs; re;jpf;fpd;w

xspu; nghUs;fs;> xspuhg; nghUs;fis NtWgLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lf. Kbit

RUf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;f.

xspGftpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspiaf; frpatpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspGftplhg; nghUs;fs;

vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpgupf;Ff. nghUj;jkhd rpy nghUs;fis toq;fp

mtw;iw xspGftpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspiaf; frpatpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspGftplhg;

nghUs;fs; vd NtWgLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lf.

xspf;fw;iwf;Fk; xspf;fjpUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il glq;fs;> epow;

glq;fs;> vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lf.

jug;gl;l xspf;fw;iwapy; ,Ue;J xspf;fjpu;j; njhFjpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd

vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F khztu; FOTf;F topfhl;Lf.

(cj;jp:- rPg;ig gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ rkhe;jukhf ntl;Lfs; ,lg;gl;l

kl;il.)

xspapd; gy;NtW gad;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F cgfuznkhd;iw / khjpupnahd;iw

mikg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

cjhuzk;:- ghu;it

xspa+l;ly;

rkpf;iQ

jfty; njhlu;ghly;

kUj;Jtj; Njit

kfpo;t+l;Lk; nraw;ghLfs;

gr;irj; jhtuq;fspy; czTj; njhFg;G

ghlg; Gj;jfk;> ,izaj;jsk;> mr;rplg;gl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xspapd;

gad;ghL njhlu;ghd Kd;itj;jYf;F khztu;fis mDkjpf;Ff.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

xspUk; jd;ik> xspuhj; jd;ik> xspGFtpLk; jd;ik> xspfrpa tpLk;

jd;ik> xsp Gftplhj jd;ik> xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu;.


ghlg;Gj;jfk;> gpup];ly; kl;il> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> gy;NtW xspKjy;fs;> xspfrpAk;>

xspGftpLk;> xspGftplhg; nghUs;fs;.

14


nghUj;jkhd epajpfSf;F mika FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;NghJ

khztu;fis kjpg;gpLf.

khztu;fspd; Kd;itj;jypd;NghJ kjpg;gplTk;.

Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jftypd; juk;

jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhz;l %yq;fspd; gue;Jgl;l jd;ik

Kd;itg;Gf;fspd; Jy;ypaj;jd;ik

Kd;itj;jiy Nkw;nfhz;l Kiw

Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;

Kf;fpa vz;zf;fUit cs;slf;fp FWtpil tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLf.

15

Nju;r;rp 3




Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

3.8 #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW xypapd; JizAld; “xyp” vd;Dk; vz;zf;

fUit tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

3.9 ntt;NtW xypfSf;F ,ilapyhd gpujhd NtWghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlNtis: 08

mj;jpahak; - 6. xypAk; Nfl;lYk;

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


Nfl;ly; mq;fq;fshy; (fhJ) cs;nsLf;fg;gl;l czh;thf xypia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

#oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW xypfSf;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW xypfis cUthf;Ftjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

Gwr; #oypd; xypia ,aw;if xyp> nraw;if xyp vd NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW xypfis rj;jk;> ,ir vd NtWgLj;Jthh;.

xypiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ntt;NtW cgfuzq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.

,iriaAk;> ,aw;ifapy; Njhd;Wk; xypiaAk; ,urpg;ghu;.

Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj tifapy; xypiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;



5 epkplq;fSf;F #oypy; cz;lhFk; NtWgl;l xypia khztu;fis

Nfl;fr; nra;aTk;. gpd; mtw;iw ,dq;fhz mwpTWj;jTk;. gpd; mtu;fs;

Nfl;l xypiaf; Fwpg;gplr; nrhy;yTk;. ,r; nraw;ghl;il Fiwe;jJ %d;W

jlitfs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;lTk;. tFg;gpw;F khztu;fis mioj;J

tuTk;.

fUk;gyifapy; mtu;fs; Nfl;l xypiaAk;> mjd; %yj;ijAk; gl;bay;gLj;j

nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iw fz;Lgpbf;fTk;. gl;baiy gpujpnra;AkhW

khztiu mwpTWj;jTk;.

mtu;fs; Nfl;l xypia xt;nthU khztUk; nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F re;ju;g;gk;

toq;fTk;.

16

Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l xypapDila gl;banyhd;iw

tFg;Gf;F toq;fTk;. gl;baypy; cs;s xypia ,aw;if xyp> nraw;if xyp>

,ir xyp> rj;jk; vd tifg;gLj;jTk;.

nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; NtWgl;l xyptiffis ghFgLj;Jk;gb

$wTk;.

FOf;fis khw;wpaikj;J gpd;tUk; xt;nthU xypf;Fk; 10 cjhuzq;fis

toq;Fk;gb $wTk;.

,aw;if xyp

nraw;if xyp

,ir xyp

rj;jk;

mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypia ,irf;fr; nra;aTk;. ntt;NtW xypfspd; gl;baiy

tFg;gpw;F fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (NkNy $wpa ehd;F xyp tiffSk; nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.) toq;fg;gl;l xypfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jq;fs;. tu;z ml;ltiz

nahd;iw cUthf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;

gLj;Jq;fs;.

epow;glq;fs;> glq;fs; fhJfSld; $ba tpyq;Ffspd; glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwr;

Nrfupf;f mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. gpd;G mtw;iw tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

xypia cUthf;ff;$ba vspa xypapay; cgfuznkhd;iw mjpu;fpd;w

,io / nkd;rt;T / fhw;W Nghd;w ntt;NtW xyp Kjy;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L mikf;f topfhl;lTk;.

tFg;ig ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J mtu;fs; cUthf;fpa ,irf;fUtpfisf;

nfhz;L thj;jpaf; FOit mikf;fTk;. ,irg; Nghl;bnahd;iw xOq;F

gLj;jTk;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

rj;jk;> ,ir


fljhrpg;glF> Ngid> cNyhff;fk;gp> gY}d;> Ngzp> Rj;jpay;> ePu;> ,wg;gu;

gl;b> fz;zhb Nghj;jy;> ,irf;fUtpia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd NtW cgfuzq;fs;.


nrtpkLj;j xypfis thahy; xypf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fis kjpg;gpLf.

cgfuzj;ijAk;> ,irg;Nghl;biaAk; gpd;tUk; epakq;fSf;F mikthf

kjpg;gplTk;.

xypia cUthf;Fjy;

ghu;itahsu;fis ftu;e;jpOj;jy;

cgfuzj;jpd; KOik

17

Nju;r;rp 3




Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

3.10 fhe;jtpay;G vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

3.11 fhe;jj;jpd; elj;ijiaf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisf; fl;b

naOg;Gthu;.

ghlNtis: 08

mj;jpahak; - 7. fhe;jk;

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


fhe;jj;jpd; %yk; rpy gjhu;j;jq;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j KbAk; vd;gij

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

fhe;jj;ijAk; mjd; KidfisAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; xj;jKidfs; js;SifiaAk; xt;thj Kidfs; ftu;r;rpiaAk;

fhl;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

fhe;j tpisit fhl;Ltjw;F cgfuzq;fis mikg;ghu;.

#oypy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ntt;NtW fhe;jq;fspd; typikia

Nrhjpg;ghu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; ftu;r;rp> js;Sifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLthu;.

Vida nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J fhe;jj;ij NtWgLj;jp fhz;gjw;F js;Sif

tpiriag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

fhe;jj;jpd; Kidfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F jpirfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

nghOJNghf;Fr; nraw;ghLfSf;F fhe;jj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd Vw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.


nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs; %yk; %isf;fpsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

fhe;jk; njhlu;ghd Kd;ida mwpit kPl;Ltjw;F nra;Jfhl;ly;fis

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. Kd;ida mwpit kPl;fTk;. fhe;jj;Jld; njhlu;ghd

cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;L tur; nrhy;yTk;.

18

nfhz;L tug;gl;l fhe;jq;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; cs;s fhe;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;. nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jTk;.

rl;lf; fhe;jj;ij E}ypdhy; fl;b RahjPdkhf RoytpLk;NghJ mJ Xa;tilAk;

jpiria mtjhdpf;fr; nra;aTk;.

,uz;L Kidfisf; nfhz;l fhe;jj;jpd; Kidfis tlf;Fj; njw;fhf

,dq;fhz mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fTk;. fhe;jj;jpDila Kidfis ,dq;

fhz jpirfhl;bia mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.

vt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; fhe;jj;jpd; RahjPd Row;rp ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij

Muha;tjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

xj;j KidfSf;fpilapy;> xt;thKidfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; js;Sif>

ftu;r;rpia Muha;tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw mikf;fTk;.

md;whl tho;tpy; fhe;jk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fis Njb Muha

topg;gLj;jTk;. mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fhe;jj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;L

cgfuznkhd;iw mikf;fr; nra;aTk;.

,uz;L fhe;jq;fspd; typikiaf; fhz;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iw

Kd;itAq;fs;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

fhe;jk;> Kid


cgfuzj;ij mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;


khztu;fspdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l cgfuzj;ij gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gplTk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l cgfuzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tbtikg;G nghUs;fspd; Nru;T nrad;Kiw nryT

nraw;gLk; epiyik

19

Nju;r;rp 3




Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

3.12 ntt;NtW tsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kpd;%yq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3.13 epakf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspa Rw;Wf;fis tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

3.14 flj;jpfs;> fhtyp gjhu;j;jq;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

ghlNtis: 20

mj;jpahak; - 8. RfNghf tho;f;iff;F kpd;idg; gad;gLj;jy;.

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpd;dpd; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.

kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; cgfuzq;fs; rpytw;wpd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.

kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;s $Wfisr; rupahfr; nraw;gLj;jp mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

kpd;Rw;wpYs;s $Wfspd; epakf; FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;Jthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpd; tupg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp vspa kpd;Rw;iw mikg;ghu;.

flj;jpfs;> fhtypfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfisr; rhpahfg; ngahpLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfspd; nraw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa

Rw;iw mikg;ghu;.

kpd; cgfuzq;fisAk;> ,yj;jpudpay; $WfisAk; kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiw

apy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.


jkJ tho;f;iff;F kpd; vt;thW cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij gl;baw;gLj;Jk;gb

khztUf;F $wTk;. gad;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;j $wTk;. kpd;idg;

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; kdpjDila Ntiyfs; vt;tsT ,yFthf;fg;gLfpd;wd

vd;gij fye;JiuahlTk;.

gy;NtW kpd;gpwg;ghf;;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpa jftiy ngWtjw;F xt;nthU

khztUf;Fk; mwpTWj;jTk;. gpd;du; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; mwpit tpUj;jp

nra;aTk;.

20

xt;nthU khztUk; vspa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpnahd;iw nra;tjw;F mwpTWj;jTk;.

tFg;giwapy; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fs; nra;Jnfhz;L

te;j khjpupia nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.

kpd;fyk;> kpd;Fkpo;> Msp vd;gtw;iw ,izj;J Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;.

Rw;wpy; mk;gpau;khdpia ,izf;f topfhl;lTk;.

epakf; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspa kpd;Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;.

epakf; FwpaPl;ilAk; mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

flj;jpfisAk;> fhtypfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

Rw;Wf; FwpaPl;Lld; xsp czu; jilap (LDR), jilap> xspfhYk; ,Uthap

(LED), ,Uthap Nghd;w ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfg;

gLj;jTk;.

Nkw;$wpa ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfspd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa

Rw;Wf;fis mikf;fTk;.

“ghJfhg;ghfTk;> tpidj;jpwDlDk; kpd;id ehk; Vd; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;”

vd;w jiyg;gpy; 1 epkpl Ngr;Rg;Nghl;b xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;aTk;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;gpwg;ghf;fy;> kpd;Rw;W> FwpaPL> fhtyp> flj;jp> ,Uthap>

xsp czu; jilap (LDR), jilap> xspfhYk; ,Uthap (LED).


kpd;Fkpo;> Msp> ,izg;Gf;fk;gp> xsp czu; jilap (LDR), jilap> xspfhYk;

,Uthap (LED), mk;gpau;khdp> flj;jpfs;> fhtypfs;


vOj;Jg; guPl;ir %yk; mwpit Nrhjpj;jy;.

Neu;j;jp> nraw;gLjy; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fshy;

mikf;fg;gl;l kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpia kjpg;gpLjy;.

Ngr;Rg;Nghl;bapy; Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.

21

Nju;r;rp 3




Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

3.15 ntg;g cw;gj;jp Kiwfis Njbaha;thu;.

3.16 Gwr; #oypYs;s ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfis Njb Ma;thu;.

3.17 ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd re;ju;g;gq;fis Muha;thu;.

ghlNtis: 08

mj;jpahak; - 9. ntg;gKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


md;whl tho;f;ifapy; ntg;gj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; gad;fisg;

gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

Rw;whlypy; cs;s ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;if fhl;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F cjhuzq;

fisj; jUthu;.

ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntg;gk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Kiwiar; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.

ntg;gj;ij gaDs;s> ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

gjhu;j;jq;fspYk;> mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfspd; kPJk; ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff;

fhzg;gLtij czu;e;J nfhs;thu;.


Kd;ida mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ntg;gk;> ntg;gepiy

njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;fis NtWgLj;jTk;. nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs;

%yk; ,jid cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.

Mjpfhy kf;fs; neUg;ig vt;thW fz;Lgpbj;jdu; vd;gij mwpa jfty;fis

Nru;g;gjw;F khztu;fis mwpTWj;jTk;.

vupnghUs;> kpd;rhuk;> #upaf;fjpu;g;G> cuha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ntg;gk;

gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtij fhl;Ltjw;fhd vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

md;whl tho;tpy; ntg;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jk;gb khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

22

ntg;gkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;ig msf;Fk; Kiwia

mwpe;J nfhs;s topfhl;lTk;.

ntg;gj;jpd; gpd;tUk; tpisTfis mwpe;J nfhs;s vspa nraw;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;G

tpupT

epiykhw;wk;

epwkhw;wk;

cw;gj;jpfspd; juk;

#oypy; fhl;lg;gLk; gpd;tUk; ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfSf;F cjhuzq;fis

fz;lwptjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

ePu; Mtpahjy;

gdpg;ghiw cUFjy;

#oy; ntg;gkiljy;

fhw;W

ePNuhl;lk;

gpd;tUk; jiyg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;L tpthjg;Nghl;bnahd;iw elhj;jTk;.

“ntg;gj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfSk;> jPikfSk;”

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

ntg;gk;> ntg;gepiy> tpupT



vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs; %yk; kjpg;gpLf.

gpd;tUk; epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gplTk;.

nghUj;jkhd jfty;fspd; msT


jUf;fuPjpahd Kd;itg;G

23

Nju;r;rp 4

4.0 ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; ,aw;if

tsq;fis mwpTg+u;tkhfTk; ePbj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F GtpapdJk;

ntspapdJk; jd;ik> ,ay;ig> nraw;ghLfis Njbawpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

4.1 czTg; gof;fj;jpw;F Vw;g mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis

epahag;gLj;Jthu;.

4.2 Nghriz Kiwf;Nfw;g mq;fpfis $l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.

ghlNtis: 15

mj;jpahak; - 10. Nghriz mbg;gilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


jhtug; gFjpfis khj;jpuk; czthff; nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis jhtu

Tz;zpfs; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

tpyq;Ffis kl;Lk; czthff; nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis CDz;zpfs; vd

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

jhtu> tpyq;Ffis czthff; nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis midj;Jk; cz;zpfs;

vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth czTf;fhf

jhtuq;fs; kPJ jq;fptho;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

jhtuk;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilj;njhlu;ghf czTr; rq;fpyp>

czT tiy vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.

,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;j ,ilj;njhlh;G

fspd; Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;ig ,dq;fhz;ghh;.

,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpyq;Ffis jhtu

Tz;zpfs;> CDz;zpfs;> midj;JKz;zpfs; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

mtjhdpg;G> mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L czTr; rq;fpypia

fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

czTr; rq;fpypfSf;fpilapy; cs;s ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fz;L

czT tiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l czT tiyapy; cs;s czTr; rq;fpypfis milahsg;

gLj;Jthu;.

rkepiyahd #oypy; vy;yh mq;fpfSk; rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;igr; #oYf;F

toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

czT tiyapd; ,aw;if rkepiyf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj tifapy; ele;J

nfhs;thu;.

24


glq;fs; / tPbNah fhl;rpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; tpyq;FfisAk; mtw;wpd;

Nghriz KiwiaAk; khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. czT cl;nfhs;Sk;

Kiwf;F Vw;g tpyq;Ffis tifg;gLj;j topfhl;lTk;.

khztu;fis gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jp> mtu;fshy; fz;lwpag;gl;l

tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

#oypy; cs;s tpyq;FfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nghriz KiwiaAk; mtjhdpj;J

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

czitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jTk;.

Nghriz Kiwf;F Vw;g tpyq;Ffis jhtuTz;zp> CDz;zp> midj;J

Kz;zp vd gpujhd $l;lq;fshf;f KbAk; vdf; $Wq;fs;.

tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiwia mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L

mwpf;ifg;gLj;j kpUff;fhl;rpr;rhiy my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fSf;F

khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;yTk;. tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiw njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itg;gjw;F Nfhit xd;iw NgZtjw;F khztu;fSf;F

topfhl;Lq;fs;.

Fsk; / thtpnahd;wpd; #oiyf; fhl;Lk; glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. khztu;

fis gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;tjw;F cjtp nra;J gpd; mtu;fs;

fz;lwpe;jtw;iw fye;JiuahlTk;.

glj;jpy; cs;s jhtuk;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfis ,dq;fhz;f.

,dq;fhzg;gl;l mq;fpfisg; ngaupLf.

Fsj;jpy; thOk; mq;fpfspd; Nghriz Kiwia ,dq;fhZq;fs;.

mk;Gf;Fwp %yk; mq;fpfspd; Nghriz Kiwiaj; njhlu;;GgLj;Jq;fs;.

czT tiy njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;gp Fsnkhd;iw mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L czT tiynahd;iw mikf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

czT tiyapy; cs;s czTr;rq;fpypfis ,dq;fhz topfhl;Lq;fs;.

fhL

fly;

Gd;dpyk;

cf;Fk; kuf;Fw;wp Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s mq;fpfisf; nfhz;L czTr;

rq;fpypfis mikf;f topfhl;Lq;fs;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

jhtuTz;zp> tpyq;Fz;zp> midj;JKz;zp> Ez;zq;fp


tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;> tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiwia fhl;Lk; glq;fs;> epow;

glq;fs;> fsg; gazj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;.


gpd;tUk; epakq;fSf;F mika khztu;fspd; jfty;fis kjpg;gpLq;fs;.

Kd;itf;fg;gLk; khjpupfspd; gy;tifik

jfty;Nfhit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiw

Mf;fj;jpwd;

25

Nju;r;rp 4

4.0 ,aw;if Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; ,aw;if

tsq;fis mwpTg+u;tkhfTk; ePbj;J gad;gLj;Jtjw;F GtpapdJk;

ntspapdJk; jd;ik> ,ay;ig> nraw;ghLfisj; Njbawpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:

4.3 fhyepiy khw;wk; mtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa

tpopg;Gzu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

4.4 thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfis mtjhdpg;ghu;.

ghlNtis: 15

mj;jpahak; - 11. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

fw;wy; NgWfs;:


fhyepiy> thdpiyfSf;fpilapyhd khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

kio tPo;r;rp> fhw;wpd; jpir> fhw;wpd; Ntfk;> <ug;gjdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;f vspa khjpupfis mikg;ghu;.

thdpiy khw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vspa khjpupfis

Ak; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ahNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; thdpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

thdpiyj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;J ,Ug;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

czu;e;J nfhs;thh;.


thdpiy> fhyepiy vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis fye;

JiuahLq;fs;. thdpiy njhlu;ghd Clfq;fspd; mwpf;iffisr; Nru;g;gjw;F

khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

Nrfupf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;e;J

fhyepiyia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis fz;lwpa khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.

fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L ,it gw;wpa mwpit NkYk; tpUj;jp

nra;aTk;.

26

thdpiyf; fhuzpfis msg;gjw;F vspa cgfuzq;fis mikf;f khztu;

fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. tFg;giwapy; mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

mikf;fg;gl;l cgfuzj;jpd; %yk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J mtw;iw tiughf;F

tjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

ntt;NtW Kjy;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

fhyepiy khw;wj;Jld; njhlu;ghd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wp fye;Jiu

ahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk; / gpuNjr thdpiytpay; epiyaq;fSf;Ff;

fsg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mwpf;ifnahd;iw jahupf;Fk;gb khztu;

fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

thdpiy> fhyepiy> kiotPo;r;rp> fhw;W> ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjd;> ,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fs;


ntg;gkhdp> vspa cgfuzq;fis mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;.


gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fz;fhl;rpapy; khztu;fspd;

nraw;wpwid kjpg;gpLq;fs;.

fhl;rpg;nghUspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik

KOikahf;fg;gl;l fhl;rpg;nghUs;

fhl;rpg;nghUspd; nraw;gLk; jd;ik

xOq;fikf;Fk; jpwd;

27

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;Lf;fhd khjpup cgfuzq;fs;

khjpup - 1

1 . kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhk; jtiz

2 . cs;slf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :

2.3 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;Gfisg; gupNrhjpj;jy;.

3 . ghl cs;slf;fk; : jpz;kq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

4 . cgfuzj;jpd; jd;ik: FOr; nraw;ghL

5 . cgfuzj;jpd; Nehf;fk;:

FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fspd; gq;fspg;G>

xj;Jiog;G> Ntiy> njhlu;ghly; Nghd;w jpwd;fis mtjhdpj;J

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

6 . cgfuzj;ij nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

VohtJ gFjpapy; cs;s ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jpf; FOr; nraw;ghL

fspy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fis kjpg;gpLq;fs;.

VohtJ gFjpapy; cs;s ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp xt;nthU khzt

Df;Fk; Gs;spfis toq;fTk;.

28

7 . kjpg;gPl;L / fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

FOr; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd jhak;

Muk;gk;1 Gs;sp

tpUj;jp2 Gs;spfs;

KOik3 Gs;spfs;

tpNrlkhd4 Gs;spfs;

gq;fspg;G

xj;Jiog;G

nraw;ghl;by;<LghL

njhlu;ghly;

xUtu; my;yJ

Nkw;gl;l

mq;fj;jtu;fs;

gq;fspg;G

nra;atpy;iy.

FOr; nraw;

ghl;bw;F

Mrpupaupd;

xj;Jiog;G

mtrpak;.

Ntiy

nahd;iwr;

nra;tjw;F

Mrpupaupd;

Qhgfg;gLj;jy;

mtrpakhFk;.

mq;fj;jtu;

fspilNa

nrtpkLj;jy;

jfty;fisg;

gupkhw;WjYf;F

Mrpupaupd;

gq;fspg;G

mtrpakhFk;.

vy;yh khztu;fSk;

gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;w

du;. vdpDk; rpyu;

Vidatu;fis tpl

gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;fpd;wdu;.

Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjp

apDs; mq;fj;jtu;

fs; xj;Jiog;Gld;

nraw;gLthu;. XusT

Mrpupaupd;

xj;Jiog;G mtrpa

khFk;.

Fwpj;j Neuk; tiu

FOf;fshf Ntiy

fspy; <LgLtu;.

Mrpupaupd; Qhgfg;

gLj;jy; mtrpa

khFk;.

mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa

nrtpkLj;jy;> jfty;

fisg; gupkhw;W

tjw;F Mrpupaupd;

gq;fspg;G XusT

fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;

fSk; rkkhf

gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;fpd;wdu;.

mNefkhf

mq;fj;jtu;fs;

xj;Jiog;Gld;

nraw;gLthu;.

mjpf Neuk; mq;fj;

jtu;fs; jkJ

Ntiyfspy;

<LgLthu;. Mrpupaupd;

Qhgfg;gLj;jy;

mtrpakw;wJ.

vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;

fSk; rkkhf nrtp

kLf;fTk;> jfty;

gupkhw;wj;ijAk;

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tu;.

vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;

fSk; rkkhf

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;

fpd;wdu;. vdpDk;

rpyu; Njitf;Fk;

mjpfkhf

gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;fpd;wdu;.

KONeuKk; vy;yh

mq;fj;jtu;fSk;

xj;Jiog;Gld;

nraw;gLthu;.

KONeuKk;

mq;fj;jtu;fs;

KOikahf

<LgLtu;. Mrpupa

upd; Qhgfg;gLj;jy;

mtrpakw;wJ.

vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;

fSk; Vidatu;

fSf;F ed;whf

nrtpkLg;gu;.

kupahijAlDk;

Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;

tifapYk; Vida

tu;fSld; jfty;

fis gupkhw;wpf;

nfhs;tu;.

29

kjpg;gPl;L / fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd Gs;spfs;:

epajpfs; Gs;sp toq;Fjy;

khztdpd; ngau;

A B C D E F G H

gq;fspg;G

xj;Jiog;G

nraw;ghl;by;

<LghL

njhlu;ghly;

nkhj;jg;Gs;sp

khjpup - 2

1 . kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz


3.8 ntt;NtW xyp tiffSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il tpgupj;jy;.

3 . ghl cs;slf;fk; : nraw;if xyp

4 . cgfuzj;jpd; jd;ik: mikf;fg;gl;l cgfuzq;fs;


khztu;fspd; Mf;fj;jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.


khztu;fSf;F xypia cUthf;ff;$ba vspa cgfuzq;fis mikf;f

cjTjy;. (,io / nkd;rt;T / tspepuypd; mjpu;T.)

gy;NtW tifahd xypia cUthf;Fk; cgfuzq;fis mikg;gjw;F

khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.

30

7 . kjpg;gPL / fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd epajpfs;:

epajpfs; khztdpd; ngau;

A B C D E F G H

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;fs;

Ra Mf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;

Mf;fj;jpwd;

nraw;gLk; jd;ik

ju;f;fuPjpahf tpsf;Fjy;

nkhj;jk;

gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; khztu;fisj; juf;fzpg;Gf;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.

A - kpfTk; ed;W

B - ed;W

C - rhjhuzk;

D - mgptpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;.

31

khjpup - 3

1 . kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : %d;whk; jtiz


4.3 Nghriz Kiwf;F Vw;g mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis

guPl;rpj;jy;.

4.4 Nghriz Kiwf;F Vw;g mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;jy;.

3 . ghl cs;slf;fk; :

Nghriz Kiw

jhtuTz;zp

CDz;zp

midj;JKz;zp

czTfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G

czTr;rq;fpyp

czTtiy

4 . cgfuzj;jpd; jd;ik: fsg; gazk;


tpNrl Nehf;fq;fs; kPJ khztu;fs; <LghL fhl;Lk; Mw;wiy

mtjhdpj;jy;.

toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F mikthf khztu;fs; nraw;gLtjw;F

topfhl;ly;.

cupa jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F mtfhrk;

mspj;jy;.

khztu;fspd; Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.

Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.


kpUff;fhl;rpr;rhiyf;F fsg;gaznkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;s jpl;lkpLq;fs;.

fsg; gazj;jpw;fhd jpfjpia jPu;khdpf;fTk;.

khztu;fspd; mtjhdq;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;F ml;ltiznahd;iw

jahu;g;gLj;Jq;fs;.

fsg;gazj;jpw;F Kd;G> fsg;gazj;jpd;NghJ> fsg;gazj;jpd; gpd;Gk;

khztu;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

fsg;gazj;jpd;NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l mtjhdq;fis mwpf;ifg;

gLj;jTk;.

fsg;gazj;jpd; gpd; mtjhdpf;fTk; mjid tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;

re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.

32

khztu;fspd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis epiyepWj;Jtjw;F fye;Jiuahliy

Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Vohk; gFjpapy; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp

fsg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJk;> gpd; mtw;iw Kd;itf;Fk;

NghJk; kjpg;gplTk;.

7 . kjpg;gPL / fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd epajpfs;:

epajpfs; khztdpd; ngau;

A B C D E F G H

(1) cupa Nehf;fk; njhlu;ghd mwpT.

(2) toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jYf;F

mika nraw;gLjy;.

(3) cupa jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;.

(4) ntt;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp

jkJ fz;lwpTfis Kd;itj;jy;.

(5) jfty;> ntspg;gLj;jy;fis

gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.

gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; khztu;fis juf;fzpg;Gf;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.

A - kpfTk; ed;W

B - ed;W

C - rhjhuzk;

D - mgptpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;.

33

,izg;G 1

juk; 6- tpQ;Qhdk; nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; nfhz;l gl;bay;

1. fsg; gpuahzk; xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jp khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J ,dg;ngUf;fk;> tsu;r;rp> Nghriz Kiw> Rthr mirTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpj;jy;.

2. jhtu tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa gupNrhjidnahd;iwj; jpl;lkply;. 3. <uypg;ghd kz;> itf;Nfhy; ePu;> Fsj;J ePu; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

khjpupnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vspa EZf;Ff;fhl;b> $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;bapD}lhf khztu;fs; Ez;zq;fpfis mtjhdpj;jy;.

4. rlg;nghUs;fspDila mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. (,lj;ijg; gpbg;gJk;> jpzpitf; nfhz;lJkhd nghUs;fs; rlg;nghUl;fs; vd ,dq;fhzy;).

5. toq;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpz;kq;fspDila ,ay;Gfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gj;jy; (fbdkhd jd;ik> thl;lj;jFtpay;G> ePl;lj;jFtpay;G> kPSe;jd;ik> nehUq;Fk; jd;ik);;.

6. J}aePu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu; Mfpatw;wpy; fiue;Js;s cg;gpd; msit xg;gpLjy;;. 7. #upad;> fhw;W> ePu;> kpd;tY Nghd;w rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fis nra;J

fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd khjpupfis mikj;jy;;. 8. nghUnshd;W njuptjw;F mtrpakhd fhuzpfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F vspa

nraw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;. 9. xspapd; Neu;Nfhl;Lr; nrYj;Jifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iwj;

jpl;lkpLf. 10. jug;gl;l xspf;fw;iwapy; ,Ue;J xspf;fjpu;j; njhFjpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd

vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. (cj;jp:- rPg;igg; gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ rkhe;jukhf ntl;Lfs; ,lg;gl;l kl;il.)

11. xspapd; gy;NtW gad;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F cgfuzq;fis / khjpupfis mikj;jy;.

12. xypia cUthf;ff;$ba vspa xypapay; cgfuznkhd;iw (mjpu;fpd;w ,io / nkd;rt;T / fhw;W Nghd;w) ntt;NtW xyp Kjy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mikf;Ff.

13. fhe;jk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis nra;J mtjhdq;fis gjpT nra;jy;. 14. xj;j KidfSf;fpilapy;> xt;thKidfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; js;Sif>

ftu;r;rpia Muha;tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw mikf;fTk;. 15. vspa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfis nra;J tFg;giwapy; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L

mtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;. 16. kpd;fyk;> kpd;Fkpo;> Msp vd;gtw;iw ,izj;J Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;.

Rw;wpy; mk;gpau;khdpia ,izf;fTk;. 17. flj;jpfisAk;> fhtypfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. 18. LDR, jilap> LED, ,Uthap Nghd;w ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfis ,izj;J

Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;. 19. vupnghUs;> kpd;rhuk;> #upaf;fjpu;g;G> cuha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ntg;gk;

gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtij fhl;Ltjw;fhd vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. 20. ntg;gkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;ig msf;Fk; Kiwia

mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;.

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21. ntg;gj;jpd; gpd;tUk; tpisTfis mwpe;J nfhs;s vspa nraw;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;G

tpupT

epiykhw;wk;

epwkhw;wk; cw;gj;jpfspd; juk; 22. #oypy; cs;s tpyq;FfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nghriz KiwiaAk; mtjhdpj;J

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.czitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jTk;.

23. tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiwia mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;j kpUff;fhl;rpr;rhiy my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fSf;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;yTk;. tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiw njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itg;gjw;F Nfhit xd;iw mikf;f.

24. thdpiyf; fhuzpfis msg;gjw;F vspa cgfuzq;fis mikf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. tFg;giwapy; mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

25. tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk; / gpuNjr thdpiytpay; epiyaq;fSf;F fsg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mwpf;ifnahd;iw jahupf;Fk;gb khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

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,izg;G 2

fw;gpj;jy; xOq;F

ghlrhiyj; jtiz

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Time (periods)

jtiz 1 1.10. vkJ #oypYs;s mq;fpfis Njbawpthu;. 1.20 mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;;jYf;fhd epajpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

15

2.10 vkJ #oypYs;sitfspd; gy;tifikfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 2.20 ,ay;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 2.30 vspa nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp rlg;nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfisg; guprPypg;ghu;.

12

2.40 ntt;NtW epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 2.50 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ePupd; ,ay;ig Nrhjpg;ghu;. 2.60 ePuhdJ ngWkjpf;Fupa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;..

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jtiz 2 3.10 rf;jp Kjy;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;itAk; tpUj;jp nra;thu;. 3.20 rpy rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsq;Ftjw;F vspa nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;thu;. 3.30 rf;jp Kjy;fspd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

10

3.40 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; xspapd; gad;ghl;il ntspf;fhl;Lthu;. 3.50 xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;wpd; JizAld; xspapd; jd;ikiaAk;> njhopw;ghl;ilAk; tpgupg;ghu;. 3.60 ntt;NtW xsp Kjy;fisAk; xspapd; gad;ghl;ilAk; Njbawpthu;. 3.70 nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; xspapd; gaid tpgupg;ghu;.

08

3.80 #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW xypapd; JizAld; “xyp” vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp nra;thu;. 3.90 ntt;NtW xypfSf;F ,ilapyhd gpujhd NtWghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

08

3.10 fhe;jtpay;G vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gthu;. 3.11 fhe;jj;jpd; elj;ijia fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

08

jtiz 3 3.12 ntt;NtW tsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kpd;%yq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 3.13 epakf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspa Rw;Wf;fis tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

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3.14 flj;jpfs;> fhtyp gjhu;j;jq;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 3.15 ntg;g cw;gj;jp Kiwfis Njbaha;thu;. 3.16 Gwr; #oypYs;s ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfis Njb Ma;thu;. 3.17 ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd re;ju;g;gq;fis Muha;thu;.

08

4.10 czTg; gof;fj;jpw;F Vw;g mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis epahag;gLj;Jthu;. 4.20 Nghriz Kiwf;Nfw;g mq;fpfis $l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.

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4.30 fhyepiy khw;wk; mtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;. 4.40 thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfis mtjhdpg;ghu;.

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