tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;lk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;

tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd Ma;T:

MAjNkhjypy; rl;lthl;rpia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fkhd xU gq;fspg;G

2

1

2005Mk; Mz;L khHr; khjk; ntspaplg;gl;l rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitapd; kPs;Nehf;F vd;w

rQ;rpifapd; 87MtJ njhFjpapd; 857MtJ ,yf;f gjpg;gpy; [Pd; khhpah n`d;Nfl;];

vd;gthpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l “tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd Ma;T: MAjNkhjypy; rl;lthl;rpia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fkhd xU

gq;fspg;G” vd;w Ma;Tf;fl;LiuAk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfspd;

gl;baYk; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof rl;lgPlj;jpd; nghJ kw;Wk; rHtNjr

rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu~;l tphpTiuahsH rl;lj;juzp vk;.V.vk;.`f;fPk; mtHfshy; jkpopy;

nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

3

1

2005Mk; Mz;L khHr; khjk; ntspaplg;gl;l rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitapd; kPs;Nehf;F vd;w

rQ;rpifapd; 87MtJ njhFjpapd; 857MtJ ,yf;f gjpg;gpy; [Pd; khhpah n`d;Nfl;];

vd;gthpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l “tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd Ma;T: MAjNkhjypy; rl;lthl;rpia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fkhd xU

gq;fspg;G” vd;w Ma;Tf;fl;LiuAk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfspd;

gl;baYk; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof rl;lgPlj;jpd; nghJ kw;Wk; rHtNjr

rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu~;l tphpTiuahsH rl;lj;juzp vk;.V.vk;.`f;fPk; mtHfshy; jkpopy;

nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

2

tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd Ma;T: MAjNkhjypy; rl;lthl;rpia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fkhd xU gq;fspg;G

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RUf;fk;

nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiwr; rq;fj;jpd; rh;tNjr khehl;by; Ntz;bf; nfhz;ljw;F mika rh;tNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; mz;ikapy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tof;fhw;W rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd XH Ma;Tr; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;dhYs;s mh;j;j epahaq;fis ,f;fl;Liu tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;Tr; nraw;ghl;by; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Ma;T Kiwik kw;Wk; ,t;tha;T vt;thW xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W ,f;fl;Liu tpthpg;gJld; gpujhd rpy Ma;T KbTfisAk; RUf;fj;njhFg;ghf toq;Ffpd;wJ. MapDk; KOikahdnjhU njhFg;igNah my;yJ gFj;jha;itNah toq;Ftjw;F ,f;fl;Liu Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy.

mwpKfk;

fle;j Ik;gJ Mz;Lfspy; my;yJ 1949Mk; Mz;bd; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fs;

Mf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ngUk;ghYk; midj;Jf; fz;lq;fis ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wJk;

ftiyf;fplkhdJkhd xU njhifahd MAjNkhjy;fis kdpj ,dk;

mDgtpj;;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; 1949Mk; Mz;bd; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fs;

kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; MAjNkhjy;fspy; Neubahf <LghL nfhz;bUf;fhj

my;yJ njhlh;e;Jk; MAjNkhjy;fspy; <Lgl Kbahj egh;fSf;fhd fhag;gl;l>

Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;sth;fs;> MAjNkhjYld; njhlh;Ggl;l

fhuzq;fSf;fhf jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fSf;fhd

rl;lg; ghJfhg;ig toq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. mg;gbapUe;Jk;> fLk; NtjidapidiaAk;

Nghpog;Gf;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jp nghUj;jidahy; Mf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; ngUk;

vz;zpf;ifapy; kPwg;gl;LKs;sd. rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; ed;F

kjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; ,j;jifa ghjfkhd tpisTfisj; jtph;j;jpUf;fyhk;.

* ,f;fl;Liuiaj; jahhpg;gjpy; cjtpnra;j vhpf; nkhq;yhHl;> mNjNghd;W ,f;fl;Liu njhlHghf mHj;jKs;s gy fUj;Jiufis toq;fpa Y}ap]; nlh];nty;l;-ngf; kw;Wk; rl;lg;gphptpy; vOj;jhsUld; gzpGhpfpd;wtHfSf;Fk; vOj;jhsH ed;wp njhptpf;fpd;whH. ,f;fl;Liuapy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs; vOj;jhsUilaNjad;wp> rh;tNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisg; gpujpgypg;gjhf mikahJ.

4

3

mj;jifa kPwy;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;ltpjpfspd; Nghjhik my;y. khwhf> mj;jifa tpjpfSf;F kjpg;gspg;gjpy;

tpUg;gkpd;ik> me;j tpjpfis nray;Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd topKiwfs;

fhzg;glhik> Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; mt;tpjpfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpa

epr;rakw;wjd;ik> kw;Wk; murpay; jiyth;fs;> ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfs;>

Nghh;tPuh;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,t;tpjpfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T Nghjhik

vd;gdNt ,jw;F mbg;gil fhuzq;fshFk; vd;gNj nghJthd mgpg;gpuhakhFk;.

1993Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; - nrg;lk;gh; khjq;fspy; n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w>

Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr khehl;by; Gjpa

nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfs; Mf;fg;gLtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; vjidAk; nra;ahJ

rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;lj;jpDila kPwy;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd topKiwikfs;

gw;wpNa Fwpg;ghf tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;khehl;by; ,Wjpahfr; nra;ag;gl;l gpufldk;

VNfhgpj;j mbg;gilapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l eilKiwg;

gLj;jyhdJ NkYk; gaDWjpkpf;fjhf Mf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjd; mtrpak;

Fwpj;J ,k;khehl;by; kPSWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ',r;rl;lj;jpw;F KOikahf

kjpg;gspf;fg;gLtjidAk; ,zq;fpnahOFtjidAk; Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba murpay;

topKiwfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;tjw;fhfTk;> nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiw rq;fj;jpd;

rh;tNjr khehl;bd; mLj;j mkh;Tj;njhlhpy; muRfSf;F rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;Fnkd

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;Fk;> muRfSf;F ,ilapyhd epGzh;fs; FOnthd;iw

xd;W$l;Ltjw;Fk; miog;GtpLkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ“> ,jw;fhf Rtpl;]Hyhe;J

murhq;fk; tpNrlkhf Ntz;bf;nfhs;sTk;gl;lJ.1

Nghhpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd murhq;fq;fSf;fpilNaahd

epGzh;fs; FOthdJ 1995Mk; Mz;by; [dthpapy; n[dPthtpy; re;jpj;jJ.

mr;re;jpg;gpy;> ,r;rl;ltpjpfspd; gaDWjpkpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;Fk; rpwe;j

gpd;dzpawpit cWjpnra;aTk;> Fwpg;ghf jLg;GKiw - topKiw thapyhf rh;tNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpf;fg;gspf;fg;gLtjid mjpfhpf;Fk; Nehf;fkhfTk;

nfhz;l njhlHr;rpahd ghpe;Jiufis ,f;FO nra;jJ. cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l ghpe;Jiu

njhptpg;gjhtJ:

gy;NtW G+Nfhs gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l rl;l Kiwikfisg;

gpujpepjpj;JtQ; nra;Ak; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l epGzh;fspd; cjtpAlDk;>

murhq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj; jhgdq;fisr; Nrh;e;j epGzh;fspd;

fye;jhNyhridAlDk;> rh;tNjr kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; njhlh;ghd

1 NghH fhuzkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfisg; ghJfhg;gJ njhlHghd rHtNjr khehL> n[dPth> 30 Mf];l;- 1 nrg;lk;gH 1993> ,Wjpg; gpufldk;> nrQ;rpYitapd; rHtNjr kPs;Nehf;F> ,y.296> 1993> gf;fk; 381

5

3

mj;jifa kPwy;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;ltpjpfspd; Nghjhik my;y. khwhf> mj;jifa tpjpfSf;F kjpg;gspg;gjpy;

tpUg;gkpd;ik> me;j tpjpfis nray;Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd topKiwfs;

fhzg;glhik> Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; mt;tpjpfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpa

epr;rakw;wjd;ik> kw;Wk; murpay; jiyth;fs;> ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfs;>

Nghh;tPuh;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,t;tpjpfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T Nghjhik

vd;gdNt ,jw;F mbg;gil fhuzq;fshFk; vd;gNj nghJthd mgpg;gpuhakhFk;.

1993Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; - nrg;lk;gh; khjq;fspy; n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w>

Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr khehl;by; Gjpa

nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfs; Mf;fg;gLtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; vjidAk; nra;ahJ

rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;lj;jpDila kPwy;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd topKiwikfs;

gw;wpNa Fwpg;ghf tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;khehl;by; ,Wjpahfr; nra;ag;gl;l gpufldk;

VNfhgpj;j mbg;gilapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l eilKiwg;

gLj;jyhdJ NkYk; gaDWjpkpf;fjhf Mf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjd; mtrpak;

Fwpj;J ,k;khehl;by; kPSWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ',r;rl;lj;jpw;F KOikahf

kjpg;gspf;fg;gLtjidAk; ,zq;fpnahOFtjidAk; Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba murpay;

topKiwfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;tjw;fhfTk;> nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiw rq;fj;jpd;

rh;tNjr khehl;bd; mLj;j mkh;Tj;njhlhpy; muRfSf;F rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;Fnkd

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;Fk;> muRfSf;F ,ilapyhd epGzh;fs; FOnthd;iw

xd;W$l;Ltjw;Fk; miog;GtpLkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ“> ,jw;fhf Rtpl;]Hyhe;J

murhq;fk; tpNrlkhf Ntz;bf;nfhs;sTk;gl;lJ.1

Nghhpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd murhq;fq;fSf;fpilNaahd

epGzh;fs; FOthdJ 1995Mk; Mz;by; [dthpapy; n[dPthtpy; re;jpj;jJ.

mr;re;jpg;gpy;> ,r;rl;ltpjpfspd; gaDWjpkpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;Fk; rpwe;j

gpd;dzpawpit cWjpnra;aTk;> Fwpg;ghf jLg;GKiw - topKiw thapyhf rh;tNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpf;fg;gspf;fg;gLtjid mjpfhpf;Fk; Nehf;fkhfTk;

nfhz;l njhlHr;rpahd ghpe;Jiufis ,f;FO nra;jJ. cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l ghpe;Jiu

njhptpg;gjhtJ:

gy;NtW G+Nfhs gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l rl;l Kiwikfisg;

gpujpepjpj;JtQ; nra;Ak; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l epGzh;fspd; cjtpAlDk;>

murhq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj; jhgdq;fisr; Nrh;e;j epGzh;fspd;

fye;jhNyhridAlDk;> rh;tNjr kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; njhlh;ghd

1 NghH fhuzkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfisg; ghJfhg;gJ njhlHghd rHtNjr khehL> n[dPth> 30 Mf];l;- 1 nrg;lk;gH 1993> ,Wjpg; gpufldk;> nrQ;rpYitapd; rHtNjr kPs;Nehf;F> ,y.296> 1993> gf;fk; 381

4

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;Fk;> mt;twpf;iffis muRfSf;Fk; jFjpahd

rh;tNjr mikg;GfSf;Fk; toq;FkhWk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ.2

1995Mk; Mz;L brk;ghpy; eilngw;w nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiwr; rq;fj;jpd;

rh;tNjr khehl;by; ,g;ghpe;Jiu gpd;DWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> rh;tNjr kw;Wk;

rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tpjpfs; njhlh;ghd mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;F nrQ;rpYit

kw;Wk; nrk;gpiwr; rq;fj;jpw;F cj;jpNahfG+h;tkhd gzpg;ghizAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.3

fpl;lj;jl;l gj;J Mz;Lfspd; gpd;dh; (2005Mk; Mz;lstpy;) tphpthd Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

epGzh;fSldhd gue;jsthd fye;Jiuahly;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; gpd;dh; ,e;j

mwpf;ifahdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd

Ma;twpf;ifahf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.4

Nehf;fk;

rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhd

rpy rpf;fy;fisj; jtph;g;gNj rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd ,e;j

Ma;tpdJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. nghUj;jidr; rl;lkhdJ Nghh; eilngWfpd;w

Ntisfspy; gy;NtW tifahd Ml;fSf;F ghJfhg;gpid toq;Ftjpy; kw;Wk;

mDkjpf;fg;glf;$ba Nghhpay; toptiffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfis kl;Lg;gLj;jy;

vd;gtw;wpy; rpwg;ghd tsh;r;rpiag; ngw;Ws;sJld;> Nkyjpfkhd rpy mk;rq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpAk; cs;sJ. Nghh; eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf <Lglhj my;yJ njhlh;e;Jk;

Nghh; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl KbahJs;s Ml;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd tphpthdnjhU

eilKiw MSifg;gug;nghd;wpid nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf n[dPthr;

rkthaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfSk; toq;Ffpd;wd. Nghhpay;

toptiffspdJk; topKiwfspdJk; xOq;Fg;gLj;jyhdJ 1868Mk; Mz;by;

nrd;gPl;lh;]; Ngh;f; gpufldk;> 1899 kw;Wk; 1907Mk; Mz;by; N`a;f; gpufldk; kw;Wk;

1925Mk; Mz;by; thA njhlHghd n[dPth gpd;NdL vd;git njhlf;fk; gpd;Ndhf;fpr;

nry;tJld;> 1972Mk; Mz;by; caphpay; MAjk; njhlh;ghd rkthak;> 1977Mk;

Mz;bd; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs;> 1980Mk; Mz;bd; Fwpj;j rpy ghuk;ghpa MAjq;fs;

njhlh;ghd rkthak; kw;Wk; mjd; Ie;J gpd;NdLfs;> 1993 Mk; Mz;bd; ,urhad

MAjq;fs; rkthak; kw;Wk; 1997 Mk; Mz;bd; kdpjh;fSf;F vjpuhd

fz;zpntbfis jilnra;Ak; xl;lhth rkthak; Mfpa mz;ika rkthaq;fs;

2 ghpe;Jiu II> 1995Mk; Mz;L [dthp 23-27 tiu n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w> Nghhpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd epGzHfs; FOtpdJ re;jpg;G> nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; rHtNjr kPs;Nehf;F ,y.310> 1996 gf;fk; 84.

3 jPHkhdk; 1 –“rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: rl;lj;jpypUe;J nraw;ghl;Lf;F> nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiwr; rq;fq;fspd; 26tJ rHtNjr khehL> Nghhpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rHtNjr khehl;bd; gpd;njhlHe;Jnry; mwpf;if> nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; rHtNjr kPs;Nehf;F Ma;tpjo;> ,y.310> 1996 gf;fk; 58.

4 [Pd; khpah n`d;NfHl;]; kw;Wk; Y}ap]; nlh];thy;l;-ngf;> tof;fhw;W kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> 2 njhFjpfs;> njhFjp 1: tpjpfs;> njhFjp 2: eilKiwfs; (,U gFjpfs;)> Nfk;g;wpl;[; gy;fiyf;fofg; gjpg;gfk;> 2005.

6

5

%ykhfTk; jPh;Tfs; ehlg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. MAjNkhjy; epiyikfspy; fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;ghdJ 1954 Mk; Mz;by; N`a;f; rkthaj;jpdhYk; mjd; ,U

gpd;NdLfshYk; tphpthf xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdpilNa 1998Mk; Mz;bd;

rh;tNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk; njhlh;ghd epajpr;rl;lkhdJ me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

epahahjpf;fj;jpw;Fs; tUfpd;w Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> jw;NghJ eilngWfpd;w MAjNkhjy;fSf;F ,g;nghUj;jid

tpjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uz;L fLikahd jilfNs tof;fhw;Wr;

rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd Ma;nthd;wpd; mtrpaj;ijAk; mjd;

gaDWjd;ik vt;tsTJ}uk; ed;ikahfikAk; vd;gjidAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

KjyhtJ> nghUj;jidfs; rl;lkhdJ mtw;iw Vw;wq;fPfhpj;Js;s muRfSf;F

khj;jpuNk Vw;GilajhFk;. mjhtJ NtWgl;l MAjNkhjy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s muRfs;

Vw;wq;fPfhpj;Js;s nghUj;jidfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gNt rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;lj;jpd;

NtWg;gl;l nghUj;jidfs; mj;jifa MAjNkhjYf;F Vw;GilajhftUk;. 1949Mk;

Mz;by; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fs; midj;Jyf hPjpapyhd Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

mNjNtis> cjhuzkhf mtw;wpdJ Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; cl;gl Vida

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lg; nghUj;jidfs; me;jsTf;F ,Jtiu Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,id 160 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jNghjpYk;

mtw;wpdJ tpisthe;jd;ikahdJ ,d;W FiwthfNtAs;sJ. Vnddpy;> rh;tNjr

MAjNkhjy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w gy muRfs; ,g;nghUe;jidapd; muRj;jug;Gf;fshf

,y;yhikahFk;. mNjNghd;W> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,id ,idAk; fpl;lj;jl;l 160 muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jNghjpYk; rh;tNjrj; jd;ikaw;w MAj Nkhjy;

eilngWfpd;w gy muRfs; ,jid ,d;Dk; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa

rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ

cWg;Giu 3 MdJ kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lg;nghUj;jid Vw;ghnlhd;whfNt

,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. MfNtjhd;> ,t;tha;tpd; Kjd;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;dthf

,Ue;jnjdpy;> rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;l tpjpfspy; vw;fdNt tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr;

rl;lj;jpd; ghfkhf vit cs;sd vd;gjidj; jPh;khdpf;fTk;> mjd;%ykhf Fwpj;j

muRfs; mNjNghd;W my;yJ mjidnahj;j tpjpfis cs;slf;fpa

nghUj;jidfis Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jhYk; ,y;yhtpbDk; Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w

midj;Jj; jug;gpdUf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

,uz;lhtJ> ,d;W eilngWfpd;w ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd

MAjNkhjy;fshdit rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fshf

,Uf;fpd;wikahYk; mit rh;tNjr MAjNkhjy;fis tplf;Fiwthd nghUj;jid

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sikahYk; kdpjhgpkhd nghUj;jidr; rl;lkhdJ

NghJkhdsTf;F gue;j mbg;gilapy; mj;jifa MAjNkhjy;fis xOq;FgLj;jp

apUf;ftpy;iy. rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;;gl;lNjhH

6

vz;zpf;ifahd nghUj;jidfNs Vw;GilajhFk;. Fwpg;ghf kuGhPjpahd rpy

MAjq;fs; njhlHghd jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhd rkthak; kw;Wk; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay;

ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk;> kdpjh;fSf;F vjpuhd fz;zpntbfisj; jilnra;jy;

njhlh;ghd xl;lhth rkthak;> ,urhad MAjq;fs; njhlh;ghd rkthak;> fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd N`a;f; rkthaKk; mjd; ,uz;lhtJ gpd;NdL

kw;Wk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l n[dpthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ cWg;Giu 3> kw;Wk;

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. nghJ cWg;Giu 3MdJ

mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> Mff;Fiwe;j

juhjuq;fSf;fhd kpfTk; jho;T mbg;gilahd cUtiuf; fl;likg;nghd;wpid

kl;;LNk mJ toq;Ffpd;wJ. nghJ cWg;Giu 3 ,w;F gaDs;s tifapy; Fiwepug;Gk;

Mtzkhf Nkyjpfg;gpd;NdL II ,Ue;jNghjpYk; rh;tNjr MAj Nkhjy;fis

xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;w n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdJk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dJk;

tpjpfis tplTk; tphpT Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I MdJ 80,w;Fk; mjpfkhd nghUssthd

cWg;Giufisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mNjNtis> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ntWkNdnahU 15 nghUssthd cWg;GiufisNa nfhz;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giufspd; vz;zpf;if

khj;jpuk; KO tplaj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhJtpl;lhYk;> tphpthd tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

tiutpyf;fzq;fs; njhlh;gpy; rh;tNjr kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;fpilapyhd nghUj;jid hPjpahd xOq;Fg;gLj;jypy; fzprkhdnjhU

NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid mit Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. MfNt> ,t;tha;tpd;

,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy;> nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;ijtpl tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lkhdJ

rh;tNjrkw;w MAjNkhjiyg; gue;jsTf;F xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;Wk;> mt;thwhapd;

mJ ve;jsTf;F xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;tJNkahFk;.

Ma;T Kiwik

rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lkhdJ tof;fhw;W rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;ij

“rl;lkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJthdnjhU eilKiw“5 vd;W tpghpf;fpd;wJ.

tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wikia cWjpnra;tjw;F ,uz;L

%yf;$Wfs; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epajpahFk;.

mjhtJ> mur eilKiw (usus) kw;Wk; rl;lf; flg;ghnlhd;whf (opinio juris sive

necessitatis) mj;jifa tpjpapd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J mj;jifa eilKiw

jilnra;ag;gl;ljh my;yJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;ljh vd;w ek;gpf;ifnahd;Wk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy;> muRfspd; cz;ikahd rl;lk; kw;Wk;

rl;lepGzh;fspd; fUj;Jiu vd;gdtw;wpw;fpilNa tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd;

Njhw;Wthiaf; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ ntspg;gilahdnjhd;whFk; vd;W

5 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lk;> cWg;Giu 38(1)(M)

7

5

%ykhfTk; jPh;Tfs; ehlg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. MAjNkhjy; epiyikfspy; fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;ghdJ 1954 Mk; Mz;by; N`a;f; rkthaj;jpdhYk; mjd; ,U

gpd;NdLfshYk; tphpthf xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdpilNa 1998Mk; Mz;bd;

rh;tNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk; njhlh;ghd epajpr;rl;lkhdJ me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

epahahjpf;fj;jpw;Fs; tUfpd;w Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> jw;NghJ eilngWfpd;w MAjNkhjy;fSf;F ,g;nghUj;jid

tpjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uz;L fLikahd jilfNs tof;fhw;Wr;

rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd Ma;nthd;wpd; mtrpaj;ijAk; mjd;

gaDWjd;ik vt;tsTJ}uk; ed;ikahfikAk; vd;gjidAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

KjyhtJ> nghUj;jidfs; rl;lkhdJ mtw;iw Vw;wq;fPfhpj;Js;s muRfSf;F

khj;jpuNk Vw;GilajhFk;. mjhtJ NtWgl;l MAjNkhjy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s muRfs;

Vw;wq;fPfhpj;Js;s nghUj;jidfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gNt rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;lj;jpd;

NtWg;gl;l nghUj;jidfs; mj;jifa MAjNkhjYf;F Vw;GilajhftUk;. 1949Mk;

Mz;by; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fs; midj;Jyf hPjpapyhd Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

mNjNtis> cjhuzkhf mtw;wpdJ Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; cl;gl Vida

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lg; nghUj;jidfs; me;jsTf;F ,Jtiu Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,id 160 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jNghjpYk;

mtw;wpdJ tpisthe;jd;ikahdJ ,d;W FiwthfNtAs;sJ. Vnddpy;> rh;tNjr

MAjNkhjy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w gy muRfs; ,g;nghUe;jidapd; muRj;jug;Gf;fshf

,y;yhikahFk;. mNjNghd;W> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,id ,idAk; fpl;lj;jl;l 160 muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jNghjpYk; rh;tNjrj; jd;ikaw;w MAj Nkhjy;

eilngWfpd;w gy muRfs; ,jid ,d;Dk; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa

rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ

cWg;Giu 3 MdJ kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lg;nghUj;jid Vw;ghnlhd;whfNt

,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. MfNtjhd;> ,t;tha;tpd; Kjd;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;dthf

,Ue;jnjdpy;> rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;l tpjpfspy; vw;fdNt tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr;

rl;lj;jpd; ghfkhf vit cs;sd vd;gjidj; jPh;khdpf;fTk;> mjd;%ykhf Fwpj;j

muRfs; mNjNghd;W my;yJ mjidnahj;j tpjpfis cs;slf;fpa

nghUj;jidfis Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jhYk; ,y;yhtpbDk; Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w

midj;Jj; jug;gpdUf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

,uz;lhtJ> ,d;W eilngWfpd;w ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd

MAjNkhjy;fshdit rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fshf

,Uf;fpd;wikahYk; mit rh;tNjr MAjNkhjy;fis tplf;Fiwthd nghUj;jid

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sikahYk; kdpjhgpkhd nghUj;jidr; rl;lkhdJ

NghJkhdsTf;F gue;j mbg;gilapy; mj;jifa MAjNkhjy;fis xOq;FgLj;jp

apUf;ftpy;iy. rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;;gl;lNjhH

6

vz;zpf;ifahd nghUj;jidfNs Vw;GilajhFk;. Fwpg;ghf kuGhPjpahd rpy

MAjq;fs; njhlHghd jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhd rkthak; kw;Wk; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay;

ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk;> kdpjh;fSf;F vjpuhd fz;zpntbfisj; jilnra;jy;

njhlh;ghd xl;lhth rkthak;> ,urhad MAjq;fs; njhlh;ghd rkthak;> fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd N`a;f; rkthaKk; mjd; ,uz;lhtJ gpd;NdL

kw;Wk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l n[dpthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ cWg;Giu 3> kw;Wk;

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. nghJ cWg;Giu 3MdJ

mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> Mff;Fiwe;j

juhjuq;fSf;fhd kpfTk; jho;T mbg;gilahd cUtiuf; fl;likg;nghd;wpid

kl;;LNk mJ toq;Ffpd;wJ. nghJ cWg;Giu 3 ,w;F gaDs;s tifapy; Fiwepug;Gk;

Mtzkhf Nkyjpfg;gpd;NdL II ,Ue;jNghjpYk; rh;tNjr MAj Nkhjy;fis

xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;w n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdJk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dJk;

tpjpfis tplTk; tphpT Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I MdJ 80,w;Fk; mjpfkhd nghUssthd

cWg;Giufisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mNjNtis> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ntWkNdnahU 15 nghUssthd cWg;GiufisNa nfhz;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giufspd; vz;zpf;if

khj;jpuk; KO tplaj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhJtpl;lhYk;> tphpthd tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

tiutpyf;fzq;fs; njhlh;gpy; rh;tNjr kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;fpilapyhd nghUj;jid hPjpahd xOq;Fg;gLj;jypy; fzprkhdnjhU

NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid mit Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. MfNt> ,t;tha;tpd;

,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy;> nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;ijtpl tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lkhdJ

rh;tNjrkw;w MAjNkhjiyg; gue;jsTf;F xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;Wk;> mt;thwhapd;

mJ ve;jsTf;F xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;tJNkahFk;.

Ma;T Kiwik

rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lkhdJ tof;fhw;W rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;ij

“rl;lkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJthdnjhU eilKiw“5 vd;W tpghpf;fpd;wJ.

tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wikia cWjpnra;tjw;F ,uz;L

%yf;$Wfs; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epajpahFk;.

mjhtJ> mur eilKiw (usus) kw;Wk; rl;lf; flg;ghnlhd;whf (opinio juris sive

necessitatis) mj;jifa tpjpapd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J mj;jifa eilKiw

jilnra;ag;gl;ljh my;yJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;ljh vd;w ek;gpf;ifnahd;Wk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy;> muRfspd; cz;ikahd rl;lk; kw;Wk;

rl;lepGzh;fspd; fUj;Jiu vd;gdtw;wpw;fpilNa tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd;

Njhw;Wthiaf; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ ntspg;gilahdnjhd;whFk; vd;W

5 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lk;> cWg;Giu 38(1)(M)

8 7

rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; $wpAs;sJ.6 ,t;tpU %yf;$WfspdJk; cz;ikahd cl;fUj;Jk;

cs;slf;fKk; rl;ltpay;rhH Mf;fq;fspNyNa mjpfk; cs;thq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. xU

tpjpahdJ> nghJthd tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;l tpjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wikia

jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F ,t;tha;tpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mZFKiwahdJ caH

jukhdjhFk;. ,j;jifa mZFKiwahdJ Fwpg;ghf North Sea Continental Self tof;Ffspy; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.7

mur eilKiw

mur eilKiwahdJ ,UNfhzq;fspypUe;J ftdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

KjyhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F ve;j eilKiw

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ (mur eilKiwiaj; NjHTnra;jy;) vd;gJk; ,uz;lhtJ>

mj;jifa eilKiwahdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;iwj; jhgpf;fpd;wjh

(mureilKiwapd; kjpg;gPL) vd;gJkhFk;.

mur eilKiwiaj; NjHTnra;jy;

tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wjhd

eilKiwahdJ muRfspd; ,aw;gpay;rhH kw;Wk; tha;nkhoprhH Mfpa ,Utifr;

nray;fshYk; cUthfpd;wd. ,aw;gpay;rhH nray; vd;gJ Nghhpay; elj;ij>

Fwpj;jtifahd MAjq;fspd; cgNahfk; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l tifahd Ml;fSf;F

toq;fg;gLfpd;w elhj;Jif Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fk;. tha;nkhoprhH vd;gJ

,uhZtf; ifNaL> Njrpa rl;lthf;fk;> Njrpa tof;fhw;Wr;rl;lk;> ,uhZt kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;> Nghh; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ

nra;ag;gl;l ,uhZtj; njhlh;ghly;fs; ,uh[je;jpu Ml;Nrgidfs;> cj;jpNahfG+h;t

rl;l MNyhrfh;fsJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> nghUj;jid tiuGfs; njhlh;gpy;

murhq;fq;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fUj;Jiufs;> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; KbTfSk;

xOq;FtpjpfSk;> rh;tNjr epaharigfSf;F Kd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;l tof;Fj;

njhFg;Giufs;> rh;tNjr muq;Ffspy; nra;ag;gl;l $w;Wfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj;

jhgdq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fs; njhlh;gpy; murhq;f epiyg;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw

cs;slf;Fk;. tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;af;$bajhd murhq;fnkhd;wpd; cWg;gikg;Gf;fshd epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw>

rl;lthf;fj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw vd;gdtw;wpd; eilKiwfisNa ,g;gl;bay;

fhl;LfpwJ.

6 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Continental Shelf case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.Malta), jPHg;G> 3 June 1985, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;iffs; 1985, gf;fk;. 29–30. gf;fj;jpy; 27.

7 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, jPHg;G> 20 ngg;uthp 1969, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;iffs; 1969> gf;fk;. 3. 8

rHtNjrj; jhgdq;fspdhy; my;yJ khehLfspy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w>

thf;nfLg;Gf;fhd tpsf;fkspg;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpa> Ngr;RthHj;ijfSk;

Mf;fg;gLfpd;w jPHkhdq;fSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l muRfspd; nray;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

MapDk;> rpy tpLghLfSld;> mj;jifa jPHkhdq;fs; rhjhuzkhf mtHfisg;

gpzpf;fkhl;lhJ vd;gJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;. MfNt> mj;jifa jPHkhdq;fis

kjpg;gPL nra;ifapy; mj;jPHkhdq;fspd; cs;slf;f thrfq;fspYk; mur

eilKiwapdhy; mit vt;tsT J}uk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjpYk; rHtNjr

tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fkhdJ jq;fpAs;sJ. Fwpj;j jPHkhdj;jpw;F mjpfkhd

muRfspd; MjuT ,Ug;gpd;> mjdsTf;F mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.8

rH;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPHg;Gf;fs;> rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; Jizepiyj;

Njhw;Wtha;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mit mur eilKiwapidj; jhgpf;fkhl;lhJ.9

Vnddpy;>Njrpa epWtdq;fisg; Nghyd;wp> rHtNjr ePjpkd;wq;fs; murpd;

cWg;gikg;Gf;fs; my;y. vdpDk;> rHtNjr hPjpahd ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpdJ xU KbT

tof;fhw;Wr; rH;tNjrr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cs;sikTf;F gad;tpisT mspf;Fk;

msTf;F J}z;Lk; rhd;whf mikAkhjyhy; rH;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspd; KbTfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> mtw;wpdJ jPHg;Gf;fspdJ Kw;jPHg;ghf

mikAk; ngWkjpahdJ> muRfspdJk; rHtNjrj; jhgdq;fspdJk; cldLj;j

eilKiwia Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F

rHtNjr ePjpkd;wq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aKbAk;.

vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fspd; eilKiwfs;> elj;ijf; Nfhitfs;> rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs;> ,tw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F nra;ag;gl;l cs;shHe;j

<LghLfs; kw;Wk; Vida $w;Wf;fs; vd;gd mur eilKiwiaj; jhgpf;fkhl;lhJ.

mj;jifa eilKiw rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspd; rpy tpjpfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd rhd;Wfis cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jhYk;> mtw;wpd; rl;l

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njsptw;wjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; fhuzkhf> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr

rl;lj;jpd; cs;sikia ep&gpg;gjpYk; mit jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy. ,t;tha;tpd;

,uz;lhtJ njhFjpapy; “Vida eilKiwfs;” vd;gjd; fPOs;s gl;baypy;

mj;jifa eilKiwfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

8 ,j;jifa epge;jidfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpy;>mZthAj mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtid vd;gtw;wpd; rl;lKiwahe;jd;ik njhlHghd MNyhrid mgpg;gpuha tof;fpy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ> 8 [_iy 1996> rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;if 1996> gf;fk;. 254–255> gf;fj;jpy; 70–73.

9 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lk;> cWg;Giu 38(1)(<)

97

rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; $wpAs;sJ.6 ,t;tpU %yf;$WfspdJk; cz;ikahd cl;fUj;Jk;

cs;slf;fKk; rl;ltpay;rhH Mf;fq;fspNyNa mjpfk; cs;thq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. xU

tpjpahdJ> nghJthd tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;l tpjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wikia

jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F ,t;tha;tpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mZFKiwahdJ caH

jukhdjhFk;. ,j;jifa mZFKiwahdJ Fwpg;ghf North Sea Continental Self tof;Ffspy; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.7

mur eilKiw

mur eilKiwahdJ ,UNfhzq;fspypUe;J ftdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

KjyhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F ve;j eilKiw

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ (mur eilKiwiaj; NjHTnra;jy;) vd;gJk; ,uz;lhtJ>

mj;jifa eilKiwahdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;iwj; jhgpf;fpd;wjh

(mureilKiwapd; kjpg;gPL) vd;gJkhFk;.

mur eilKiwiaj; NjHTnra;jy;

tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wjhd

eilKiwahdJ muRfspd; ,aw;gpay;rhH kw;Wk; tha;nkhoprhH Mfpa ,Utifr;

nray;fshYk; cUthfpd;wd. ,aw;gpay;rhH nray; vd;gJ Nghhpay; elj;ij>

Fwpj;jtifahd MAjq;fspd; cgNahfk; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l tifahd Ml;fSf;F

toq;fg;gLfpd;w elhj;Jif Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fk;. tha;nkhoprhH vd;gJ

,uhZtf; ifNaL> Njrpa rl;lthf;fk;> Njrpa tof;fhw;Wr;rl;lk;> ,uhZt kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;> Nghh; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ

nra;ag;gl;l ,uhZtj; njhlh;ghly;fs; ,uh[je;jpu Ml;Nrgidfs;> cj;jpNahfG+h;t

rl;l MNyhrfh;fsJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> nghUj;jid tiuGfs; njhlh;gpy;

murhq;fq;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fUj;Jiufs;> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; KbTfSk;

xOq;FtpjpfSk;> rh;tNjr epaharigfSf;F Kd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;l tof;Fj;

njhFg;Giufs;> rh;tNjr muq;Ffspy; nra;ag;gl;l $w;Wfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj;

jhgdq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fs; njhlh;gpy; murhq;f epiyg;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw

cs;slf;Fk;. tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;af;$bajhd murhq;fnkhd;wpd; cWg;gikg;Gf;fshd epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw>

rl;lthf;fj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw vd;gdtw;wpd; eilKiwfisNa ,g;gl;bay;

fhl;LfpwJ.

6 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Continental Shelf case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.Malta), jPHg;G> 3 June 1985, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;iffs; 1985, gf;fk;. 29–30. gf;fj;jpy; 27.

7 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, jPHg;G> 20 ngg;uthp 1969, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;iffs; 1969> gf;fk;. 3. 8

rHtNjrj; jhgdq;fspdhy; my;yJ khehLfspy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w>

thf;nfLg;Gf;fhd tpsf;fkspg;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpa> Ngr;RthHj;ijfSk;

Mf;fg;gLfpd;w jPHkhdq;fSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l muRfspd; nray;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

MapDk;> rpy tpLghLfSld;> mj;jifa jPHkhdq;fs; rhjhuzkhf mtHfisg;

gpzpf;fkhl;lhJ vd;gJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;. MfNt> mj;jifa jPHkhdq;fis

kjpg;gPL nra;ifapy; mj;jPHkhdq;fspd; cs;slf;f thrfq;fspYk; mur

eilKiwapdhy; mit vt;tsT J}uk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjpYk; rHtNjr

tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fkhdJ jq;fpAs;sJ. Fwpj;j jPHkhdj;jpw;F mjpfkhd

muRfspd; MjuT ,Ug;gpd;> mjdsTf;F mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.8

rH;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPHg;Gf;fs;> rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; Jizepiyj;

Njhw;Wtha;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mit mur eilKiwapidj; jhgpf;fkhl;lhJ.9

Vnddpy;>Njrpa epWtdq;fisg; Nghyd;wp> rHtNjr ePjpkd;wq;fs; murpd;

cWg;gikg;Gf;fs; my;y. vdpDk;> rHtNjr hPjpahd ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpdJ xU KbT

tof;fhw;Wr; rH;tNjrr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cs;sikTf;F gad;tpisT mspf;Fk;

msTf;F J}z;Lk; rhd;whf mikAkhjyhy; rH;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspd; KbTfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> mtw;wpdJ jPHg;Gf;fspdJ Kw;jPHg;ghf

mikAk; ngWkjpahdJ> muRfspdJk; rHtNjrj; jhgdq;fspdJk; cldLj;j

eilKiwia Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F

rHtNjr ePjpkd;wq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aKbAk;.

vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fspd; eilKiwfs;> elj;ijf; Nfhitfs;> rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs;> ,tw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F nra;ag;gl;l cs;shHe;j

<LghLfs; kw;Wk; Vida $w;Wf;fs; vd;gd mur eilKiwiaj; jhgpf;fkhl;lhJ.

mj;jifa eilKiw rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspd; rpy tpjpfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd rhd;Wfis cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jhYk;> mtw;wpd; rl;l

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njsptw;wjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; fhuzkhf> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr

rl;lj;jpd; cs;sikia ep&gpg;gjpYk; mit jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy. ,t;tha;tpd;

,uz;lhtJ njhFjpapy; “Vida eilKiwfs;” vd;gjd; fPOs;s gl;baypy;

mj;jifa eilKiwfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

8 ,j;jifa epge;jidfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpy;>mZthAj mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtid vd;gtw;wpd; rl;lKiwahe;jd;ik njhlHghd MNyhrid mgpg;gpuha tof;fpy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ> 8 [_iy 1996> rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;if 1996> gf;fk;. 254–255> gf;fj;jpy; 70–73.

9 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lk;> cWg;Giu 38(1)(<)

10

9

mur eilKiwapid kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

Fwpj;j mur eilKiwahdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;wpid

cUthf;Ftjw;F NghJkhdsTf;F “nrwpthdjhf” cs;sjh vd;gjidj;

jPHkhdpg;gjw;F mjid kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.10 tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l

tpjpnahd;wpid epiyNgWilajhf;Ftjw;F> mur eilKiwahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l xU

rPuhdjhfTk;> gue;jfd;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.11 ,J vjidf; fUJfpd;wJ vd;gjid NkYk; Mokhf gpd;tUkhW

Muhayhk;.

KjyhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mur

eilKiwahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l xU rPuhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd

muRfs; Ntwhd elj;ijapy; <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ vd;gjid rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

rl;ltpaw;njhFg;ghdJ fhl;Lfpd;wJ. vdpDk;>Kjy; ghu;itf;F Kuz;gl;l

eilKiwahfj; Njhd;Wtjd; fhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l eilKiwapd; xU rPu;j;jd;ikia

Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtjhdJ tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpid

jilnra;akhl;lhJ. Kuz;gl;l eilKiwahdJ NtW muRfshy; fz;bf;fg;glhj

tiu my;yJ mNj murhq;fk; jhdhfNt mjid kWj;jpUf;fhjtiu tof;fhw;W

rHtNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpid mJ jilnra;akhl;lhJ. mj;jifa

fz;bj;jy; my;yJ kWg;gpD}lhf> Ma;tpYs;s tpjpahdJ cz;ikapy; cWjp

nra;ag;;gLfpd;wJ.12

,J ngUk;ghyhd rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tpjpfSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. Vnddpy; Fwpj;j tpjpf;F Mjuthf mur eilKiw rhHghd

mstpwe;j rhd;Wfs; ,Ug;gJld;> me;j tpjpapd; kPwy; njhlHghf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

fpilf;fpd;w rhd;WfSk; cs;sd. mj;jifa kPwy;fs; njhlHghf kPwiyg;Gupe;j muR

kd;dpg;ig my;yJ epahag;gLj;jiy njuptpf;Fkhapd; kw;Wk;/my;yJ mJ Vida

muRfshy; fz;bf;fg;gLkhapDk;> Ma;tpYs;sJk; ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJkhd

tpjpnahd;wpid Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;wjhf mJ mikakhl;lhJ. eilKiwapYs;s

tof;fhw;W kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;iw muRfs; khw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;

jkJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t eilKiwA+lhfNt mt;thW nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>

mt;thW nra;tjid mtHfsJ chpikahfTk; Nfhuyhk;.

10 ,t;tplj;jpy; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;s “nrwpthdJ” vd;w nrhw;gjk; NrH `k;nghp nty;nlhf;>

“gfpuq;f rHtNjr rl;lk; njhlHghd nghJthd ghlnewp”>rHtNjr rl;l fy;tpapay; epWtdj;jpd; Nrhpf;fg;gl;l ghlnewpfs;> njhFjp 106> 1962> gf;fk; 44.

11 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW> (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;. 43, gf;fj;jpy; 74.

12 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd;> epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gil eltbf;iffs; vd;w tof;fpy;> (Nicaragua v. United States), jifikrhH mk;rq;fs;, jPHg;G, 27 [_d; 1986, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;if 1986, gf;fk;. 98, gf;fj;jpy; 186.

10

,uz;lhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;W csjhapUg;gjha;

MFtjw;F> mj;jifa mur eilKiwahdJ gue;jfd;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; khjphp

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> mit midj;Jyfj;

jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy: “nghJthd” xU eilKiw NghJkhdjhFk;.13

muRfspd; Jy;ypakhd vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhuk; vd;git Njitaw;wjhFk;.

mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;dntdpy;> NjitahdsT <Lghl;ilf;fhl;Lk; fhyg;gFjpia

fhl;Ltjw;F mj;jifa vz;zpf;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fisf; fzpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;

vd;gJld;> mjd; ciufy;yhdJ juk; rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUf;fyhNk jtpu

vz;zpf;if rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUj;jyhfhJ. ,J vjidf; fUJfpd;wnjdpy;> Fwpj;j

eilKiwia vj;jid muRfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ rhjhuz Nfs;tpahFk;> khwhf

ve;j muRfs; mt;thW gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.14 Northsea

Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; jdJ jPu;g;gpy; “Fwpj;j eilKiw

njhlu;gpy; ve;j muRfSila mf;fiwfs; Fwpg;ghf ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.15

,e;j Ma;T ,uz;L tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ: (1) tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

midj;J muRfSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> jPtpukhf fye;J nfhz;l

ngUk;ghd;ikahd muRfSf;;F ,J mtrpakhfkhl;lhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j muRfs;

“tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfspd;” eilKiwfis Fiwe;jgl;rk; kWg;gpd;wp

Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;; kw;Wk; (2) “tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs;” Fwpj;j mur eilKiwia Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ tpl;lhy;> tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW fUj;J

NtWghbd;ik Njitg;glhtpl;lhYq;$l mJ tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ltpjpnahd;whf

tpUj;jpaila KbahJ.16 tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ahnud;gJ rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; #o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g khWglyhk;. cjhuzkhf>

fz;fisf; FUlhf;Fk; td;xspf;fjpu; MAjq;fis cgNahfg;gLj;jypd; rl;l

Kiwahe;jd;ikapidg; nghWj;jstpy;> “tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs;” vd;gJmj;jifa MAjq;fspd; ghtidahy; Vida muRfs; mjpfsT

ghjpf;fg;gLtjhf ,Ug;gpDq;$l> mj;jifa MAjq;fis tpUj;jpnra;fpd;w

nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLfpd;w muRfshf milahsq;fhzg;gLfpd;w muRfisAk;

cs;slf;Fk;. mNjNghd;W> ve;j muRfspd; kf;fSf;F kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs;

Njitahf cs;sdNth me;j muRfs; tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf

13 rHtNjr rl;lr; rq;fj;jpd;> nghJthd tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpy;

Vw;Gilajhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; $w;W: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk; njhlHghd ,Wjp mwpf;if> mWgj;njhd;gjhtJ khehl;L mwpf;if> yz;ld;> 2000> Nfhl;ghL 14, gf;fk;. 734 (,jdfj;Jg;gpd;dH “ILA mwpf;if” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lwpag;gLk;).

14 mNj gphptpy;.>Nfhl;ghL 14 ,dJ fUj;Jiu,(<) kw;Wk; (c), gf;fk;. 736–737. 15 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (Fwpg;G 7),

gf;fk;. 43. gf;fj;jpy; 74. 16 ILA mwpf;if,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.>(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 14 ,dJ fUj;Jiu (<),

gf;fk;. 737.

11

9

mur eilKiwapid kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

Fwpj;j mur eilKiwahdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;wpid

cUthf;Ftjw;F NghJkhdsTf;F “nrwpthdjhf” cs;sjh vd;gjidj;

jPHkhdpg;gjw;F mjid kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.10 tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l

tpjpnahd;wpid epiyNgWilajhf;Ftjw;F> mur eilKiwahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l xU

rPuhdjhfTk;> gue;jfd;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.11 ,J vjidf; fUJfpd;wJ vd;gjid NkYk; Mokhf gpd;tUkhW

Muhayhk;.

KjyhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mur

eilKiwahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l xU rPuhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd

muRfs; Ntwhd elj;ijapy; <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ vd;gjid rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

rl;ltpaw;njhFg;ghdJ fhl;Lfpd;wJ. vdpDk;>Kjy; ghu;itf;F Kuz;gl;l

eilKiwahfj; Njhd;Wtjd; fhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l eilKiwapd; xU rPu;j;jd;ikia

Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtjhdJ tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpid

jilnra;akhl;lhJ. Kuz;gl;l eilKiwahdJ NtW muRfshy; fz;bf;fg;glhj

tiu my;yJ mNj murhq;fk; jhdhfNt mjid kWj;jpUf;fhjtiu tof;fhw;W

rHtNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpid mJ jilnra;akhl;lhJ. mj;jifa

fz;bj;jy; my;yJ kWg;gpD}lhf> Ma;tpYs;s tpjpahdJ cz;ikapy; cWjp

nra;ag;;gLfpd;wJ.12

,J ngUk;ghyhd rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tpjpfSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. Vnddpy; Fwpj;j tpjpf;F Mjuthf mur eilKiw rhHghd

mstpwe;j rhd;Wfs; ,Ug;gJld;> me;j tpjpapd; kPwy; njhlHghf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

fpilf;fpd;w rhd;WfSk; cs;sd. mj;jifa kPwy;fs; njhlHghf kPwiyg;Gupe;j muR

kd;dpg;ig my;yJ epahag;gLj;jiy njuptpf;Fkhapd; kw;Wk;/my;yJ mJ Vida

muRfshy; fz;bf;fg;gLkhapDk;> Ma;tpYs;sJk; ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJkhd

tpjpnahd;wpid Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;wjhf mJ mikakhl;lhJ. eilKiwapYs;s

tof;fhw;W kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;iw muRfs; khw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;

jkJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t eilKiwA+lhfNt mt;thW nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>

mt;thW nra;tjid mtHfsJ chpikahfTk; Nfhuyhk;.

10 ,t;tplj;jpy; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;s “nrwpthdJ” vd;w nrhw;gjk; NrH `k;nghp nty;nlhf;>

“gfpuq;f rHtNjr rl;lk; njhlHghd nghJthd ghlnewp”>rHtNjr rl;l fy;tpapay; epWtdj;jpd; Nrhpf;fg;gl;l ghlnewpfs;> njhFjp 106> 1962> gf;fk; 44.

11 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW> (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;. 43, gf;fj;jpy; 74.

12 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd;> epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gil eltbf;iffs; vd;w tof;fpy;> (Nicaragua v. United States), jifikrhH mk;rq;fs;, jPHg;G, 27 [_d; 1986, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;if 1986, gf;fk;. 98, gf;fj;jpy; 186.

10

,uz;lhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;W csjhapUg;gjha;

MFtjw;F> mj;jifa mur eilKiwahdJ gue;jfd;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; khjphp

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> mit midj;Jyfj;

jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy: “nghJthd” xU eilKiw NghJkhdjhFk;.13

muRfspd; Jy;ypakhd vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhuk; vd;git Njitaw;wjhFk;.

mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;dntdpy;> NjitahdsT <Lghl;ilf;fhl;Lk; fhyg;gFjpia

fhl;Ltjw;F mj;jifa vz;zpf;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fisf; fzpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;

vd;gJld;> mjd; ciufy;yhdJ juk; rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUf;fyhNk jtpu

vz;zpf;if rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUj;jyhfhJ. ,J vjidf; fUJfpd;wnjdpy;> Fwpj;j

eilKiwia vj;jid muRfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ rhjhuz Nfs;tpahFk;> khwhf

ve;j muRfs; mt;thW gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.14 Northsea

Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; jdJ jPu;g;gpy; “Fwpj;j eilKiw

njhlu;gpy; ve;j muRfSila mf;fiwfs; Fwpg;ghf ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.15

,e;j Ma;T ,uz;L tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ: (1) tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

midj;J muRfSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> jPtpukhf fye;J nfhz;l

ngUk;ghd;ikahd muRfSf;;F ,J mtrpakhfkhl;lhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j muRfs;

“tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfspd;” eilKiwfis Fiwe;jgl;rk; kWg;gpd;wp

Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;; kw;Wk; (2) “tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs;” Fwpj;j mur eilKiwia Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ tpl;lhy;> tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW fUj;J

NtWghbd;ik Njitg;glhtpl;lhYq;$l mJ tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ltpjpnahd;whf

tpUj;jpaila KbahJ.16 tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ahnud;gJ rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; #o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g khWglyhk;. cjhuzkhf>

fz;fisf; FUlhf;Fk; td;xspf;fjpu; MAjq;fis cgNahfg;gLj;jypd; rl;l

Kiwahe;jd;ikapidg; nghWj;jstpy;> “tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs;” vd;gJmj;jifa MAjq;fspd; ghtidahy; Vida muRfs; mjpfsT

ghjpf;fg;gLtjhf ,Ug;gpDq;$l> mj;jifa MAjq;fis tpUj;jpnra;fpd;w

nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLfpd;w muRfshf milahsq;fhzg;gLfpd;w muRfisAk;

cs;slf;Fk;. mNjNghd;W> ve;j muRfspd; kf;fSf;F kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs;

Njitahf cs;sdNth me;j muRfs; tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf

13 rHtNjr rl;lr; rq;fj;jpd;> nghJthd tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpy;

Vw;Gilajhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; $w;W: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk; njhlHghd ,Wjp mwpf;if> mWgj;njhd;gjhtJ khehl;L mwpf;if> yz;ld;> 2000> Nfhl;ghL 14, gf;fk;. 734 (,jdfj;Jg;gpd;dH “ILA mwpf;if” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lwpag;gLk;).

14 mNj gphptpy;.>Nfhl;ghL 14 ,dJ fUj;Jiu,(<) kw;Wk; (c), gf;fk;. 736–737. 15 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (Fwpg;G 7),

gf;fk;. 43. gf;fj;jpy; 74. 16 ILA mwpf;if,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.>(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 14 ,dJ fUj;Jiu (<),

gf;fk;. 737.

12

11

,Ug;gJNghd;Nw mj;jifa cjtpfis toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; muRfisAk; fUj

Ntz;bAs;sJ. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdJ ve;jnthU tpjpapidg;

nghWj;jstpYk;> Fwpj;j MAjNkhjYf;;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwpj;jnthU tpjpapd;

eilKiwnjhlu;ghf Nkhjy; jug;Gfspd; elj;ijiag; guprPyid nra;Ak;NghJ>

MAjNkhjnyhd;wpy; <LgLfpd;w mj;jifa ehLfs; “tpNrlkhfg;

ghjpf;fg;gl;litfshfNt” fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;

rpy tplag;gug;Gfspy; mit tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfshf ,Ug;gpDq;$l>

MAjNkhjnyhd;wpd; jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhjpUg;gpDq;$l rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;lj;jpid kjpf;fj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ kjpf;FkhW kw;iwa muRfshy;

Ntz;bf; nfhs;sg;glf;$bajhd rl;l mf;fiwnahd;iw vy;yh muRfSk;

nfhz;Ls;sd.17 NkYk;> midj;J muRfSk; Vida muRfshy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w

Nghupay; toptiffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfshy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. mjd; tpisthf>

“tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l” vd;w nrhw;nwhlhpd; ,Wf;fkhd fUj;jpidf;nfhz;L

mtu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ghjpf;fg;glhjpUg;gpDk; vy;yh muRfspd;

eilKiwfSk; Muhag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j Ma;T rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; njhlu;gpy;

KbAkhdsT rl;l uPjpahd “gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtuh ,y;iyah” vd;w

fUj;jpid vLf;ftpy;iy. mjpfkhd fUj;Jiuahsu;fs; fz;bg;Gkpf;f tpjpfspd; (jus

cogens) tplaj;jpy; gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtuhf ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ

vd;W ek;Gfpd;w mNjNtis> Vidatu;fs; gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtH vd;w

Nfhl;ghl;bd; typjhe;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; Iag;ghl;bidAk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.18 gpbthjkhf

Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtnuhUtuhf ,Ug;gJ rl;lG+u;tkhfr; rhj;jpakhdJ. xUtu;

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fwpj;j tpjpKiwahdJ Njhw;wk;ngw;W tUfpd;w

NtisapNy mjid Ml;Nrgpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> mjidj; njhlu;e;Jk;

gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgpj;J te;jpUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Kwpe;JtUfpd;w Ml;Nrgid

njhptpg;gtH vd;w tplak; rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.19

rpy Ntisfspy; tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;W tsHr;rpailtjw;F

Kd;djhfNt tof;nfhope;JtpLk; vd;gjdhy;> jpl;ltl;lkhd fhytiuaiwiaf;

Fwpg;gpl ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; xNu eilKiwapd; $l;Lr;Nru;e;j jd;ikahdJ>xU

rPuhd> gue;jfd;w kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd vd;gtw;wpidg; nghUj;jtiu

17 tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (fUj;Jiu 4), njhFjp. I, tpjp 144 ,w;fhd fUj;Jiu.

18 ,t;tplae;njhlHghd MokhdnjhU fye;JiuahlYf;F> ghHf;fTk;: Maurice H. Mendelson,“rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk;”, rHtNjr rl;l N`a;f; fy;tpapay; epWtfj;jpd; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l fw;ifnewpfs;, njhFjp. 272, 1998, gf;fk;. 227–244.

19 ILA mwpf;if,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.,(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 15,w;fhd fUj;Jiu (M),gf;fk;. 738.

12

NghJkhdsTf;F nrwpTnfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gJ jPu;khdnkLj;jypy; cjTfpd;w

fhuzpahFk;.20

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikiaj; jhgpg;gjpy;

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; Njitg;ghlhdJ rl;lhPjpahdjplek;gpf;ifiaf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjhtJ> Fwpj;j eilKiw chpikahf mDgtpf;fg;gl;L

te;Js;sikahFk;. Fwpj;j eilKiwAk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;ifAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w tbtq;fshdJ> me;j tpjpahdJ xU jil nra;Ak; eilKiwahf>

flg;ghnlhd;whf my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU tpjkhf ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd ntWk;

cupiknahd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjpy; jq;fpepd;W NtWgLk;.

eilKiw kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;if Mfpa ,uz;bdJk; %yf;$Wfis

Jy;ypakhf NtWgLj;JtJ kpfTk; rpukkhdJk; ngUk;ghYk; fUj;Njw;G uPjpahdJk;

vd;gJ ,t;tha;T eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk;NghJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xNunray;>

eilKiwiaAk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;ifiaAk; mbf;fb gpujpgypf;Fk;. ru;tNjrr;

rl;lr;rq;fk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ ahnjdpy;> rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpy;

mNj elj;ij ,t;tpuz;L jifikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpf;fhl;b epw;fhikahy; mq;F

Fwpg;ghf jdpj;Jtkpf;f %yf;$Wfs; ,Ug;gjid kpfTk; tpgug;gLj;jpf; $wtpy;iy.

,t;tpU %yf;$WfisAk; ,r;rpf;fypypUe;J ntspf;nfhzHtJ rpukkhdjhfTk;

rhj;jpakw;wjhfTk;$l mikayhk;.21 ,J mt;thW miktjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahnjdpy;>

,uhZtf; ifNaLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;sJNghd;W tha;nkhoprhH tplaq;fshdit

mur eilKiwfshff; ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> Fwpj;j <LghL nfhz;;Ls;s

murpd; jpl ek;gpf;ifiag; gpujpgypg;gjhf mj;jifa rl;lk; mikfpd;wJ.

NghJkhdsT ,Wf;fkhd eilKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ> rl;ltpayhsHfspd;

mgpg;gpuhankhd;W me;j elj;ijia cs;slf;fp ,Ug;gJld;> mjd; fhuzkhf>

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhankhd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikahdJ Ntwhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lnkd;W Nehf;FtJ nghJthf mtrpakw;wjhFk;. MapDk;> Fwpj;j eilKiw

njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; epiyikfspy; tof;fhnwhd;wpDila cUthf;fj;jpy; Fwpj;j

eilKiw ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lkh ,y;iyah vd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy;

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhak; Kf;fpakhdnjhU tfpgq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

muRfs; nraw;glhky; my;yJ gpujpr; nraypy; <Lglhky; ,Uf;fpd;w Nghjhd

epiyikfspy; ,J fhzg;gLk;. mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr

rl;lj;jpidj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; cs;s #o;epiyfs; njsptw;wjhf cs;sikahy;

20 mNj gphptpy;., Nfhl;ghL 12,w;fhd fUj;Jiu (M), gf;fk;.731. 21 mNj gphptpy;;.> gf;fk;. 718, gf;fj;jpy; 10(c). ,t;tplae;njhlHghd MokhdnjhU

fye;JiuahlYf;F> ghHf;fTk;: Peter Haggenmacher, “La doctrine des deux éléments du droit coutumier dans la pratique de la Cour internationale”, Revue générale de droit international public, njhFjp. 90, 1986, gf;fk;. 5.

13

11

,Ug;gJNghd;Nw mj;jifa cjtpfis toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; muRfisAk; fUj

Ntz;bAs;sJ. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdJ ve;jnthU tpjpapidg;

nghWj;jstpYk;> Fwpj;j MAjNkhjYf;;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwpj;jnthU tpjpapd;

eilKiwnjhlu;ghf Nkhjy; jug;Gfspd; elj;ijiag; guprPyid nra;Ak;NghJ>

MAjNkhjnyhd;wpy; <LgLfpd;w mj;jifa ehLfs; “tpNrlkhfg;

ghjpf;fg;gl;litfshfNt” fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;

rpy tplag;gug;Gfspy; mit tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfshf ,Ug;gpDq;$l>

MAjNkhjnyhd;wpd; jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhjpUg;gpDq;$l rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;lj;jpid kjpf;fj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ kjpf;FkhW kw;iwa muRfshy;

Ntz;bf; nfhs;sg;glf;$bajhd rl;l mf;fiwnahd;iw vy;yh muRfSk;

nfhz;Ls;sd.17 NkYk;> midj;J muRfSk; Vida muRfshy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w

Nghupay; toptiffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfshy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. mjd; tpisthf>

“tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l” vd;w nrhw;nwhlhpd; ,Wf;fkhd fUj;jpidf;nfhz;L

mtu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ghjpf;fg;glhjpUg;gpDk; vy;yh muRfspd;

eilKiwfSk; Muhag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j Ma;T rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; njhlu;gpy;

KbAkhdsT rl;l uPjpahd “gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtuh ,y;iyah” vd;w

fUj;jpid vLf;ftpy;iy. mjpfkhd fUj;Jiuahsu;fs; fz;bg;Gkpf;f tpjpfspd; (jus

cogens) tplaj;jpy; gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtuhf ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ

vd;W ek;Gfpd;w mNjNtis> Vidatu;fs; gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtH vd;w

Nfhl;ghl;bd; typjhe;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; Iag;ghl;bidAk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.18 gpbthjkhf

Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtnuhUtuhf ,Ug;gJ rl;lG+u;tkhfr; rhj;jpakhdJ. xUtu;

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fwpj;j tpjpKiwahdJ Njhw;wk;ngw;W tUfpd;w

NtisapNy mjid Ml;Nrgpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> mjidj; njhlu;e;Jk;

gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgpj;J te;jpUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Kwpe;JtUfpd;w Ml;Nrgid

njhptpg;gtH vd;w tplak; rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.19

rpy Ntisfspy; tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;W tsHr;rpailtjw;F

Kd;djhfNt tof;nfhope;JtpLk; vd;gjdhy;> jpl;ltl;lkhd fhytiuaiwiaf;

Fwpg;gpl ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; xNu eilKiwapd; $l;Lr;Nru;e;j jd;ikahdJ>xU

rPuhd> gue;jfd;w kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd vd;gtw;wpidg; nghUj;jtiu

17 tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (fUj;Jiu 4), njhFjp. I, tpjp 144 ,w;fhd fUj;Jiu.

18 ,t;tplae;njhlHghd MokhdnjhU fye;JiuahlYf;F> ghHf;fTk;: Maurice H. Mendelson,“rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk;”, rHtNjr rl;l N`a;f; fy;tpapay; epWtfj;jpd; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l fw;ifnewpfs;, njhFjp. 272, 1998, gf;fk;. 227–244.

19 ILA mwpf;if,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.,(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 15,w;fhd fUj;Jiu (M),gf;fk;. 738.

12

NghJkhdsTf;F nrwpTnfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gJ jPu;khdnkLj;jypy; cjTfpd;w

fhuzpahFk;.20

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikiaj; jhgpg;gjpy;

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; Njitg;ghlhdJ rl;lhPjpahdjplek;gpf;ifiaf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjhtJ> Fwpj;j eilKiw chpikahf mDgtpf;fg;gl;L

te;Js;sikahFk;. Fwpj;j eilKiwAk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;ifAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w tbtq;fshdJ> me;j tpjpahdJ xU jil nra;Ak; eilKiwahf>

flg;ghnlhd;whf my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU tpjkhf ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd ntWk;

cupiknahd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjpy; jq;fpepd;W NtWgLk;.

eilKiw kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;if Mfpa ,uz;bdJk; %yf;$Wfis

Jy;ypakhf NtWgLj;JtJ kpfTk; rpukkhdJk; ngUk;ghYk; fUj;Njw;G uPjpahdJk;

vd;gJ ,t;tha;T eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk;NghJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xNunray;>

eilKiwiaAk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;ifiaAk; mbf;fb gpujpgypf;Fk;. ru;tNjrr;

rl;lr;rq;fk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ ahnjdpy;> rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpy;

mNj elj;ij ,t;tpuz;L jifikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpf;fhl;b epw;fhikahy; mq;F

Fwpg;ghf jdpj;Jtkpf;f %yf;$Wfs; ,Ug;gjid kpfTk; tpgug;gLj;jpf; $wtpy;iy.

,t;tpU %yf;$WfisAk; ,r;rpf;fypypUe;J ntspf;nfhzHtJ rpukkhdjhfTk;

rhj;jpakw;wjhfTk;$l mikayhk;.21 ,J mt;thW miktjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahnjdpy;>

,uhZtf; ifNaLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;sJNghd;W tha;nkhoprhH tplaq;fshdit

mur eilKiwfshff; ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> Fwpj;j <LghL nfhz;;Ls;s

murpd; jpl ek;gpf;ifiag; gpujpgypg;gjhf mj;jifa rl;lk; mikfpd;wJ.

NghJkhdsT ,Wf;fkhd eilKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ> rl;ltpayhsHfspd;

mgpg;gpuhankhd;W me;j elj;ijia cs;slf;fp ,Ug;gJld;> mjd; fhuzkhf>

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhankhd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikahdJ Ntwhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lnkd;W Nehf;FtJ nghJthf mtrpakw;wjhFk;. MapDk;> Fwpj;j eilKiw

njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; epiyikfspy; tof;fhnwhd;wpDila cUthf;fj;jpy; Fwpj;j

eilKiw ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lkh ,y;iyah vd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy;

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhak; Kf;fpakhdnjhU tfpgq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

muRfs; nraw;glhky; my;yJ gpujpr; nraypy; <Lglhky; ,Uf;fpd;w Nghjhd

epiyikfspy; ,J fhzg;gLk;. mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr

rl;lj;jpidj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; cs;s #o;epiyfs; njsptw;wjhf cs;sikahy;

20 mNj gphptpy;., Nfhl;ghL 12,w;fhd fUj;Jiu (M), gf;fk;.731. 21 mNj gphptpy;;.> gf;fk;. 718, gf;fj;jpy; 10(c). ,t;tplae;njhlHghd MokhdnjhU

fye;JiuahlYf;F> ghHf;fTk;: Peter Haggenmacher, “La doctrine des deux éléments du droit coutumier dans la pratique de la Cour internationale”, Revue générale de droit international public, njhFjp. 90, 1986, gf;fk;. 5.

14

13

mtw;wpidf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjh ,y;iyah vd;gjid jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhak; xd;wpdJ Ntwhd csjhe;jd;ikahdJ

jhgpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd rHtNjr epue;ju ePjpkd;wKk; mjd; gpd;du;

mikf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wKk; Njitg;gLj;jp cs;sd.22

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tplag;gug;Gfspy; rpy tpjpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy

elj;ijfspy; <Lglhky; jtpHe;jpUg;gjidj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ> mj;jifa

nra;ahikfs; njhlu;gpy; rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis kjpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;tjpy;

Fwpg;ghd xU rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;> ,e;j nra;ahikahdJ vjpu;ghuhj

cld;epfo;thftd;wp newpKiwAld; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifa tpyfpapUf;Fk; Njitg;ghL rH;tNjr Mtzq;fspy; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+Ht

$w;Wf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;NghJ> Ma;tpYs;s Fwpj;j elj;ijapypUe;J

tpyfpapUf;ff;NfhUk; rl;lj;Njitg;ghl;bdJ csjhe;jd;ik nghJthf ep&gpf;fg;gl

KbAk;. NkYk;> mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ> Ma;tpYs;s elj;ij xUrpy

ru;r;irfis cUthf;fp cs;sjd; tpisthf gpd;dUk; ,lk;ngwyhk;. mg;NghJ

mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ vjpu;ghuhj epfo;thf ,lk;ngw;wJ vd;gjid

fhl;Ltjw;F cjtf;$bajhf mikAk;. mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ

rl;lf;flg;ghl;bd; fUj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk; ngw;wjhifahy; ,jid ep&gpg;gJ

vg;NghJk; ,yFthd fhupakhf ,Uf;fhJ.

nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;jpd; jhf;fk;

Fwpj;jrpy rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfspid muRfs; vt;thW Nehf;Ffpd;wd vd;gjid

ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F cjTtjd; fhuzkhf nghUj;jidfSk; tof;fhw;Wr;

rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; csjhe;jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. MfNt

nghUj;jidfis Vw;wq;fPfhpf;Fk;NghJ nra;ag;gl;l xJf;fq;fSk; nghUs;Nfhly;

$w;Wf;fSk; cs;slq;fyhf nghUj;jid xd;wpdJ Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jy;> nghUs;Nfhly;

kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vd;gd ,t;tha;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. nghUj;jidnahd;W

Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mstpidf;nfhz;L tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpid kjpg;gPL

nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F nghUj;jkhd Fwpfhl;bahf mikAnkd;W North Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; njspthff; Rl;bf;fhl;;bapUe;jJ. NkYk;> me;j

tof;fpy; “,Jtiu fpilj;Js;s Vw;wq;fPfhpg;ghsHfspdJk; gpd;dH ,ize;J

22 ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> epue;ju rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Nyhl;l]; tof;F> (France v. Turkey),

jPHg;G, 7 nrg;lk;gH 1927, epue;ju rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;ifj;njhlH> m> ,y.10, gf;fk;. 28 (flypYs;s fg;gy;fspy; Ghpag;gLfpd;w Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlHghf tof;Fj; njhlHtjpypUe;J jhk; mt;thW nra;tjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjp muRfs; jtpHe;jpUf;ff;$lhJ> vd;W ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ); rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;. 43–44, gf;fj;jpy; 76–77 (muRfs; jkJ fz;lNkilia rkJ}uj;jpYs;sik vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mt;thW nra;tjw;F mtHfs; flg;ghLilatHfs; my;y vd;gjdhy;> tiuaiw nra;atpy;iy vd;W ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ); ILA mwpf;if, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW (Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 17 ck; mjd; fUj;JiuAk;.

14

nfhz;ltu;fspdJk; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

NghJkhdsTf;F ,y;iy” vd;Nw fUjNtz;Lk;.23 tpNrlkhf ntspapYs;s

eilKiwnahd;Wf;F Kuzhdjhf nghUj;jidnahd;W mikfpd;wNghJ ,e;epiy

Vw;gLfpd;wJ vdg;gl;lJ. khwhf> Nicaragua tof;fpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

gl;lak; mNdfkhf midj;Jyf hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w epfo;tpy;>

tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ltpjpfspy; jiyaplhik vd;w tpjpia kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;NghJ>

ePjpkd;wk; mjpfkhd ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ.24 tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpid nghUj;jid

Vw;ghnlhd;W gpujpgypf;fpd;w NghJ> mjd; tplaj;jpy;> me;jg; nghUj;jidahdJ

,Jtiu eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;glhjjhf ,Ug;gpDk; tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l

muRfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf> mjidnahj;j eltbf;iffs; NghJkhdjhf

,Uf;Fkhapd; Ma;tpYs;s tpjpf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;Fk; msT Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.25

eilKiwapy;> nghUj;jid topKiwfis mZFjyhdJ cyfshtpa rl;l

mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid xd;W Ftpg;gjw;F cjTtJld;> cldLj;J tUfpd;w elj;ij

kw;Wk; muRfspd; jpl ek;gpf;if vd;gd njhlu;ghf kWf;fKbahjnjhU

nry;thf;fpidAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Continential Shelf tof;fpd; jPu;g;gpy; “gy;$l;L rkthaq;fshdit tof;fhw;wpypUe;J tUfpd;w tpjpfspidg; gjpT nra;tjpYk;>

tiuaiw nra;tjpYk;> cz;ikapy; mt;tpjpfspd; tsu;r;rpapYk;> Kf;fpakhdnjhU

tfpgq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd”26 vd;gjidr; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; mq;fPfupj;jJ. MfNt>

Kd;du; ,Ue;JtUfpd;w tof;fhw;Wr; rH;tNjr rl;lj;jpid nghUj;jidfs; thapyhf

Nfhitg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gjid ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy;> mj;jifa

nghUj;jidfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s tpjpKiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gjpa

tof;fhWfspd; tsHr;rpf;F mj;jpthukhf mike;Jk; tplyhk;. NkYk; ePjpkd;wk;

njuptpj;jpUg;gjhtJ “rkthankhd;wpy; kpfTk; gue;jsthdJk; gpd;gw;wf;$basT

23 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 7),

gf;fk;. 42, gf;fj;jpy; 73. 24 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gil eltbf;iffs;

vd;w tof;fpy;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.,(Fwpg;G 12), gf;fk;. 99–100, gf;fjjpy 188. ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jPHg;gpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa tplak; ahnjdpy;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigj; jPHkhdk; gue;j mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;> Fwpg;ghf jPHkhdk; 2625 (XXV) MdJ muRfSf;fpilapyhd el;GKiw njhlHghd ,j;jPHkhdk; vj;jifa thf;nfLg;Gkpd;wpAk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

25 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Continental Shelf case, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 6), gf;fk;. 33, gf;fjjpy 34. (gpuj;jpNafkhd nghUshjhu tyak; vd;gJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lkhf khwpte;Js;sjid> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fly;rhH rl;l rkthak; ,f;fhyg; gFjptiu mKYf;F te;jpuhjNghjpYk;> ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;lJ.)

26 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, Continental Shelf case, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 6), gf;fk;. 29–30, gf;fj;jpy; 27.

15

13

mtw;wpidf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjh ,y;iyah vd;gjid jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhak; xd;wpdJ Ntwhd csjhe;jd;ikahdJ

jhgpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd rHtNjr epue;ju ePjpkd;wKk; mjd; gpd;du;

mikf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wKk; Njitg;gLj;jp cs;sd.22

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tplag;gug;Gfspy; rpy tpjpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy

elj;ijfspy; <Lglhky; jtpHe;jpUg;gjidj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ> mj;jifa

nra;ahikfs; njhlu;gpy; rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis kjpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;tjpy;

Fwpg;ghd xU rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;> ,e;j nra;ahikahdJ vjpu;ghuhj

cld;epfo;thftd;wp newpKiwAld; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifa tpyfpapUf;Fk; Njitg;ghL rH;tNjr Mtzq;fspy; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+Ht

$w;Wf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;NghJ> Ma;tpYs;s Fwpj;j elj;ijapypUe;J

tpyfpapUf;ff;NfhUk; rl;lj;Njitg;ghl;bdJ csjhe;jd;ik nghJthf ep&gpf;fg;gl

KbAk;. NkYk;> mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ> Ma;tpYs;s elj;ij xUrpy

ru;r;irfis cUthf;fp cs;sjd; tpisthf gpd;dUk; ,lk;ngwyhk;. mg;NghJ

mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ vjpu;ghuhj epfo;thf ,lk;ngw;wJ vd;gjid

fhl;Ltjw;F cjtf;$bajhf mikAk;. mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ

rl;lf;flg;ghl;bd; fUj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk; ngw;wjhifahy; ,jid ep&gpg;gJ

vg;NghJk; ,yFthd fhupakhf ,Uf;fhJ.

nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;jpd; jhf;fk;

Fwpj;jrpy rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfspid muRfs; vt;thW Nehf;Ffpd;wd vd;gjid

ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F cjTtjd; fhuzkhf nghUj;jidfSk; tof;fhw;Wr;

rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; csjhe;jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. MfNt

nghUj;jidfis Vw;wq;fPfhpf;Fk;NghJ nra;ag;gl;l xJf;fq;fSk; nghUs;Nfhly;

$w;Wf;fSk; cs;slq;fyhf nghUj;jid xd;wpdJ Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jy;> nghUs;Nfhly;

kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vd;gd ,t;tha;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. nghUj;jidnahd;W

Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mstpidf;nfhz;L tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpid kjpg;gPL

nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F nghUj;jkhd Fwpfhl;bahf mikAnkd;W North Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; njspthff; Rl;bf;fhl;;bapUe;jJ. NkYk;> me;j

tof;fpy; “,Jtiu fpilj;Js;s Vw;wq;fPfhpg;ghsHfspdJk; gpd;dH ,ize;J

22 ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> epue;ju rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Nyhl;l]; tof;F> (France v. Turkey),

jPHg;G, 7 nrg;lk;gH 1927, epue;ju rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;ifj;njhlH> m> ,y.10, gf;fk;. 28 (flypYs;s fg;gy;fspy; Ghpag;gLfpd;w Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlHghf tof;Fj; njhlHtjpypUe;J jhk; mt;thW nra;tjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjp muRfs; jtpHe;jpUf;ff;$lhJ> vd;W ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ); rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;. 43–44, gf;fj;jpy; 76–77 (muRfs; jkJ fz;lNkilia rkJ}uj;jpYs;sik vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mt;thW nra;tjw;F mtHfs; flg;ghLilatHfs; my;y vd;gjdhy;> tiuaiw nra;atpy;iy vd;W ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ); ILA mwpf;if, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW (Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 17 ck; mjd; fUj;JiuAk;.

14

nfhz;ltu;fspdJk; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

NghJkhdsTf;F ,y;iy” vd;Nw fUjNtz;Lk;.23 tpNrlkhf ntspapYs;s

eilKiwnahd;Wf;F Kuzhdjhf nghUj;jidnahd;W mikfpd;wNghJ ,e;epiy

Vw;gLfpd;wJ vdg;gl;lJ. khwhf> Nicaragua tof;fpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

gl;lak; mNdfkhf midj;Jyf hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w epfo;tpy;>

tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ltpjpfspy; jiyaplhik vd;w tpjpia kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;NghJ>

ePjpkd;wk; mjpfkhd ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ.24 tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpid nghUj;jid

Vw;ghnlhd;W gpujpgypf;fpd;w NghJ> mjd; tplaj;jpy;> me;jg; nghUj;jidahdJ

,Jtiu eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;glhjjhf ,Ug;gpDk; tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l

muRfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf> mjidnahj;j eltbf;iffs; NghJkhdjhf

,Uf;Fkhapd; Ma;tpYs;s tpjpf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;Fk; msT Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.25

eilKiwapy;> nghUj;jid topKiwfis mZFjyhdJ cyfshtpa rl;l

mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid xd;W Ftpg;gjw;F cjTtJld;> cldLj;J tUfpd;w elj;ij

kw;Wk; muRfspd; jpl ek;gpf;if vd;gd njhlu;ghf kWf;fKbahjnjhU

nry;thf;fpidAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Continential Shelf tof;fpd; jPu;g;gpy; “gy;$l;L rkthaq;fshdit tof;fhw;wpypUe;J tUfpd;w tpjpfspidg; gjpT nra;tjpYk;>

tiuaiw nra;tjpYk;> cz;ikapy; mt;tpjpfspd; tsu;r;rpapYk;> Kf;fpakhdnjhU

tfpgq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd”26 vd;gjidr; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; mq;fPfupj;jJ. MfNt>

Kd;du; ,Ue;JtUfpd;w tof;fhw;Wr; rH;tNjr rl;lj;jpid nghUj;jidfs; thapyhf

Nfhitg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gjid ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy;> mj;jifa

nghUj;jidfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s tpjpKiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gjpa

tof;fhWfspd; tsHr;rpf;F mj;jpthukhf mike;Jk; tplyhk;. NkYk; ePjpkd;wk;

njuptpj;jpUg;gjhtJ “rkthankhd;wpy; kpfTk; gue;jsthdJk; gpd;gw;wf;$basT

23 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 7),

gf;fk;. 42, gf;fj;jpy; 73. 24 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gil eltbf;iffs;

vd;w tof;fpy;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.,(Fwpg;G 12), gf;fk;. 99–100, gf;fjjpy 188. ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jPHg;gpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa tplak; ahnjdpy;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigj; jPHkhdk; gue;j mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;> Fwpg;ghf jPHkhdk; 2625 (XXV) MdJ muRfSf;fpilapyhd el;GKiw njhlHghd ,j;jPHkhdk; vj;jifa thf;nfLg;Gkpd;wpAk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

25 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Continental Shelf case, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 6), gf;fk;. 33, gf;fjjpy 34. (gpuj;jpNafkhd nghUshjhu tyak; vd;gJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lkhf khwpte;Js;sjid> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fly;rhH rl;l rkthak; ,f;fhyg; gFjptiu mKYf;F te;jpuhjNghjpYk;> ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;lJ.)

26 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, Continental Shelf case, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 6), gf;fk;. 29–30, gf;fj;jpy; 27.

16

15

mjdstpy; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfspd;

mf;fiwfSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;“.27

,e;j Ma;T mtjhdkhd mZFKiwapidNa vLj;Js;sJ. gue;jsthdnjhU

nghUj;jid Vw;wq;fPfhpg;G khj;jpuNk xU Fwpfhl;bahf vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;> Fwpg;gpl;l muRfspd; eilKiwahdJ Ma;tpYs;s

nghUj;jidapy; jug;Gf;fshf ,y;yhjNghJ> Fwpj;j eilKiwapd; Vida

%yf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aNtz;b ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jug;Gf;fsy;yhj

muRfspd; mikjpahd eilKiwfshdit Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Neu;Kiwr; rhd;whff;

fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> jug;Gf;fsy;yhj muRfspd; Kuz;gl;l eilKiwahdJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f vjpu;Kiwr; rhd;whfTk; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUj;jidnahd;wpd; muR

jug;gpdJk; muRj; jug;gw;wJkhd muRfsJ eilKiwahdJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W

vjpnujpuhdjhf nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; fUjg;gLk;.

MfNt> ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lkhdJrk;ge;jg;gl;l nghUj;jidfSld;

muR jug;gy;yhj muRfspd; eilKiwAld; khj;jpuk; ,e;j Ma;T

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glTkpy;iy. ,e;j Ma;tpid kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F> cjhuzkhf 30 muRfs;

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;

Njitg;ghlhd gue;jfd;wJ kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJ Mfpatw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Njitg;ghl;Lf;F ,zq;fpnahOftpy;iy vd;W $wKbahJ.

Mifapdhy;jhd; tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; csjhe;jd;ikapd; kjpg;gPlhdJ ,t;tha;T

ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,id 162 muRfSk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,id 157 muRfSk; Vw;wq;fPfupj;jpUe;jd vd;gjid fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl

nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;.

rH;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU nghUj;jid tpjpfspdJk;

tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikapidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T vz;ztpy;iy vd;gJ

typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; fhuzkhf> jw;nghOJs;s nghUj;jidfspd;

fl;likg;gpidAk; ,e;j Ma;T mtrpakhfg; gpd;gw;wTkpy;iy. NkYk;> ,j;jifa

gpur;rpidfs; njhlHgpy; ve;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr tpjpfs; mbg;gilahfTs;sd

vd;gjid njhFg;gha;T Kiwf;Fupajhf fz;lwpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk; mjidg; gFg;gha;T

nra;tjidANk ,t;tha;T Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nghUj;jidapd; xt;nthU

Vw;ghLk; tof;fhnwhd;iw jhgpj;jpUf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjid jhgpf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;jpy; mtw;iw gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; mZFKiwapidj; njupT nra;atpy;iy.

MfNtjhd; VNjDnkhU nghUj;jidapd; tpjpahdJ ,e;j Ma;tpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy

vd;w fhuzj;Jf;fhf mit tof;fhw;W tpjpfsy;y vd;w Kbtpw;F vtUk; tu

KbahJ.

27 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;.

42, gf;fj;jpy; 73> ILA mwpf;ifapidAk; ghHf;fTk;, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghLfs; 20–21, 24, 26 kw;Wk; 27, gf;fk;. 754–765.

16

,e;j Ma;T xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiw

rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtplk; nghWg;gpf;fg;gl;l gzpg;ghizia

epiwNtw;Wk; rpwe;j topnahd;iwj; jPHkhdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ,e;j Ma;tpy;

<Lgl;ltHfs; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpy; epGzj;Jtkpf;f fy;tpapayhsHfisf;

fye;jhNyhrpj;J> mtHfisAk; cs;slf;fpa ,t;tha;Tf;fhd nraw;ghl;Lf;

FOnthd;iw mikj;jdH.28 1996Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjkstpy; nraw;jpl;lnkhd;iw

mf;FO tFj;jikj;jJld;> mLj;Jte;j xf;NlhgH khjk; Muha;r;rpiaj; njhlq;fpaJ.

muRfspd; eilKiwapidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;

Njhw;Wtha;fspy; Muha;r;rp elhj;jg;gl;lJld;> ,t;tha;Tf;fhd nraw;jpl;lj;jpy;

,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpd;tUk; MW gpujhd gFjpfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl;lJ:

• ghFghLfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghL

• tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

• Fwpj;jrpy Nghhpay; topKiwfs;

• MAjq;fs;

• Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J MAjNkhjypy; <LglKbahJNghNdhH

• eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

Njrpa Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp

xU ehl;bw;Fs;spUe;J Njrpa Njhw;Wtha;fis mZfpg;ngWtJ kpfTk;

,yFthdnjd;gjhy;> cs;ehl;L Muha;r;rpahsHfspd; $l;L xj;Jiog;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;Fj; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,yf;fpidaila> fpl;lj;jl;l Ik;gJ

ehLfspypUe;J (Mgphpf;fh – 9> mnkhpf;fh – 15> Mrpah– 15> mT];Nuyhrpah - 1>

kw;Wk; INuhg;gh - 11) Muha;r;rpahsnuhUtH my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsH FOnthd;W

,dq;fhzg;gl;L> mtHfsJ ehLfSld; njhlHGgl;l eilKiwfspd;

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpf;FkhW mtHfs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldH.29 G+Nfhstpay;

gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapYk; mz;ika MAjNkhjy;fspy; ghtpf;fg;gl;bUe;j

gy;NtWtifahd Nghhpay; topKiwfs; %ykhfg; ngwg;gl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;JNk

,j;jifa ehLfs; njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.

28 ,e;j nraw;ghl;Lf;FO Professors Georges Abi-Saab, Salah El-Din Amer, Ove Bring, Eric

David, John Dugard, Florentino Feliciano, Horst Fischer, Françoise Hampson, Theodor Meron, Djamchid Momtaz, Milan Šahović and Raúl Emilio Vinuesa MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.

29 Mgphpf;fh: my;[Phpah> mq;Nfhyh> nghlRthdh> vfpg;J> vj;jpNahg;gpah> ie[Phpah> Wthzlh> njd;dhgphpf;fh> kw;Wk; rpk;ghg;Ntt;

mnkhpf;fh: MHn[d;Bdh> gpNurpy;> fdlh> rpyp> nfhyk;gpah> fpA+gh> vy;ry;tNlhH> epf;fuhFth> NgU> If;fpa mnkhpf;fh> kw;Wk; cUFNt;

Mrpah: rPdh> ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah><uhd;><uhf;> ,];Nuy;> [g;ghd;> N[hHjhd;> nfhhpaf;FbauR> Fitj;> nygdhd;> kNyrpah> ghf;fp];jhd;> gpypigd;];> kw;Wk; rphpah

mT];j;uyhrpah: mT];j;Nuypah INuhg;gh: ngy;[pak;> ngh];dpah kw;Wk; N`HnrNfhNtdpah> FNu]pah> gpuhd;];> N[Hkdp>

,j;jhyp> nejHyhe;J> u~;ah rk;Nksdk;> ];igd;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> kw;Wk; NahNfh];yhtpah.

17

15

mjdstpy; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfspd;

mf;fiwfSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;“.27

,e;j Ma;T mtjhdkhd mZFKiwapidNa vLj;Js;sJ. gue;jsthdnjhU

nghUj;jid Vw;wq;fPfhpg;G khj;jpuNk xU Fwpfhl;bahf vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;> Fwpg;gpl;l muRfspd; eilKiwahdJ Ma;tpYs;s

nghUj;jidapy; jug;Gf;fshf ,y;yhjNghJ> Fwpj;j eilKiwapd; Vida

%yf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aNtz;b ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jug;Gf;fsy;yhj

muRfspd; mikjpahd eilKiwfshdit Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Neu;Kiwr; rhd;whff;

fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> jug;Gf;fsy;yhj muRfspd; Kuz;gl;l eilKiwahdJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f vjpu;Kiwr; rhd;whfTk; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUj;jidnahd;wpd; muR

jug;gpdJk; muRj; jug;gw;wJkhd muRfsJ eilKiwahdJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W

vjpnujpuhdjhf nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; fUjg;gLk;.

MfNt> ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lkhdJrk;ge;jg;gl;l nghUj;jidfSld;

muR jug;gy;yhj muRfspd; eilKiwAld; khj;jpuk; ,e;j Ma;T

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glTkpy;iy. ,e;j Ma;tpid kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F> cjhuzkhf 30 muRfs;

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;

Njitg;ghlhd gue;jfd;wJ kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJ Mfpatw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Njitg;ghl;Lf;F ,zq;fpnahOftpy;iy vd;W $wKbahJ.

Mifapdhy;jhd; tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; csjhe;jd;ikapd; kjpg;gPlhdJ ,t;tha;T

ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,id 162 muRfSk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,id 157 muRfSk; Vw;wq;fPfupj;jpUe;jd vd;gjid fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl

nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;.

rH;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU nghUj;jid tpjpfspdJk;

tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikapidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T vz;ztpy;iy vd;gJ

typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; fhuzkhf> jw;nghOJs;s nghUj;jidfspd;

fl;likg;gpidAk; ,e;j Ma;T mtrpakhfg; gpd;gw;wTkpy;iy. NkYk;> ,j;jifa

gpur;rpidfs; njhlHgpy; ve;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr tpjpfs; mbg;gilahfTs;sd

vd;gjid njhFg;gha;T Kiwf;Fupajhf fz;lwpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk; mjidg; gFg;gha;T

nra;tjidANk ,t;tha;T Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nghUj;jidapd; xt;nthU

Vw;ghLk; tof;fhnwhd;iw jhgpj;jpUf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjid jhgpf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;jpy; mtw;iw gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; mZFKiwapidj; njupT nra;atpy;iy.

MfNtjhd; VNjDnkhU nghUj;jidapd; tpjpahdJ ,e;j Ma;tpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy

vd;w fhuzj;Jf;fhf mit tof;fhw;W tpjpfsy;y vd;w Kbtpw;F vtUk; tu

KbahJ.

27 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;.

42, gf;fj;jpy; 73> ILA mwpf;ifapidAk; ghHf;fTk;, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghLfs; 20–21, 24, 26 kw;Wk; 27, gf;fk;. 754–765.

16

,e;j Ma;T xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiw

rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtplk; nghWg;gpf;fg;gl;l gzpg;ghizia

epiwNtw;Wk; rpwe;j topnahd;iwj; jPHkhdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ,e;j Ma;tpy;

<Lgl;ltHfs; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpy; epGzj;Jtkpf;f fy;tpapayhsHfisf;

fye;jhNyhrpj;J> mtHfisAk; cs;slf;fpa ,t;tha;Tf;fhd nraw;ghl;Lf;

FOnthd;iw mikj;jdH.28 1996Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjkstpy; nraw;jpl;lnkhd;iw

mf;FO tFj;jikj;jJld;> mLj;Jte;j xf;NlhgH khjk; Muha;r;rpiaj; njhlq;fpaJ.

muRfspd; eilKiwapidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;

Njhw;Wtha;fspy; Muha;r;rp elhj;jg;gl;lJld;> ,t;tha;Tf;fhd nraw;jpl;lj;jpy;

,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpd;tUk; MW gpujhd gFjpfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl;lJ:

• ghFghLfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghL

• tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

• Fwpj;jrpy Nghhpay; topKiwfs;

• MAjq;fs;

• Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J MAjNkhjypy; <LglKbahJNghNdhH

• eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

Njrpa Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp

xU ehl;bw;Fs;spUe;J Njrpa Njhw;Wtha;fis mZfpg;ngWtJ kpfTk;

,yFthdnjd;gjhy;> cs;ehl;L Muha;r;rpahsHfspd; $l;L xj;Jiog;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;Fj; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,yf;fpidaila> fpl;lj;jl;l Ik;gJ

ehLfspypUe;J (Mgphpf;fh – 9> mnkhpf;fh – 15> Mrpah– 15> mT];Nuyhrpah - 1>

kw;Wk; INuhg;gh - 11) Muha;r;rpahsnuhUtH my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsH FOnthd;W

,dq;fhzg;gl;L> mtHfsJ ehLfSld; njhlHGgl;l eilKiwfspd;

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpf;FkhW mtHfs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldH.29 G+Nfhstpay;

gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapYk; mz;ika MAjNkhjy;fspy; ghtpf;fg;gl;bUe;j

gy;NtWtifahd Nghhpay; topKiwfs; %ykhfg; ngwg;gl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;JNk

,j;jifa ehLfs; njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.

28 ,e;j nraw;ghl;Lf;FO Professors Georges Abi-Saab, Salah El-Din Amer, Ove Bring, Eric

David, John Dugard, Florentino Feliciano, Horst Fischer, Françoise Hampson, Theodor Meron, Djamchid Momtaz, Milan Šahović and Raúl Emilio Vinuesa MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.

29 Mgphpf;fh: my;[Phpah> mq;Nfhyh> nghlRthdh> vfpg;J> vj;jpNahg;gpah> ie[Phpah> Wthzlh> njd;dhgphpf;fh> kw;Wk; rpk;ghg;Ntt;

mnkhpf;fh: MHn[d;Bdh> gpNurpy;> fdlh> rpyp> nfhyk;gpah> fpA+gh> vy;ry;tNlhH> epf;fuhFth> NgU> If;fpa mnkhpf;fh> kw;Wk; cUFNt;

Mrpah: rPdh> ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah><uhd;><uhf;> ,];Nuy;> [g;ghd;> N[hHjhd;> nfhhpaf;FbauR> Fitj;> nygdhd;> kNyrpah> ghf;fp];jhd;> gpypigd;];> kw;Wk; rphpah

mT];j;uyhrpah: mT];j;Nuypah INuhg;gh: ngy;[pak;> ngh];dpah kw;Wk; N`HnrNfhNtdpah> FNu]pah> gpuhd;];> N[Hkdp>

,j;jhyp> nejHyhe;J> u~;ah rk;Nksdk;> ];igd;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> kw;Wk; NahNfh];yhtpah.

18

17

mur eilKiwfs; njhlHghd mwpf;iffspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;buhj ehLfspdJ

,uhZtf; ifNaLfSk; Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L Muhag;gl;ld.

cynfq;fpYKs;s rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdJ NguhsHfspd; tiyaikg;ghYk;>

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdJ

mwpT+l;ly; gphptpdhy; Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fspd; gue;Jgl;l

Nrfhpg;Gf;fspypUe;Jk; ,t;tha;T NkYk; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp

rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspypUe;J jpul;bnaLf;fg;gl;l mur eilKiwahdJ>

,e;j Ma;tpd; gpujhd xt;nthU jiyg;Gf;fspYk; nraw;gl;Lte;j MW FOf;fshy;

Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.30 ,e;jf; FOf;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G kw;Wk; Mgphpf;f xd;wpak;

(Kd;dH Mgphpf;f If;fpa jhgdk; vd;wwpag;gl;bUe;jJ)> INuhg;gpag; Nguit>

tisFlh $l;LwTg; Nguit> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> muG ehLfspd; mit> mnkhpf;f

muRfspd; jhgdk;> ,];yhkpa khehl;L jhgdk;> kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;

$l;LwTf;Fkhd jhgdk; vd;gtw;wpd; epajp cUtiuapYs;s eilKiwfs; njhlHghf

Muha;e;jd. tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr tpjpfspd; csjhe;jd;ikf;Fr; rhd;whf

mikaf;$ba rHtNjr tof;Fr;rl;lKk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd; rq;fj;jpd; Rtbfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp

Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd;

Fiwepug;G Kaw;rpahf> fpl;lj;jl;l 40 mz;ika MAjNkhjy;fs; (Mgphpf;fh 21>

mnkhpf;fh 2> Mrpah 8> INuhg;gh 8) njhlHghd mjdJ nrhe;j Rtbfis rHtNjr

nrQ;rpYitf; FO Muha;e;jJ.31 nghJthf> mur eilKiwfs; njhlHghd

mwpf;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;fhjehLfs; kw;Wk; MAjNkhjy;fs; Fwpg;ghf ,jpy;

njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.

30 ghFgLj;jpawpjw; Nfhl;ghL: Professor Georges Abi-Saab (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Jean-

François Quéguiner (Ma;thsH); tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;: Professor Horst Fischer

(mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Gregor Schotten kw;Wk; Heike Spieker (Ma;thsHfs;); tpNrl Nghhpay; topKiwfs;: Professor Theodor Meron (mwpf;ifapLgtH)kw;Wk;;Richard

Desgagné (Ma;thsH); MAjq;fs;:Professor Ove Bring (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Gustaf Lind (Ma;thsH); Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J Nkhjypy; <LglKbahJNghdtHfsJk; ghJfhg;G:Françoise

Hampson (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Camille Giffard (Ma;thsH); eilKiwg;gLj;jy;:Eric David (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Richard Desgagné (Ma;thsH). 31 Mgphpf;fh: mq;Nfhyh> G&z;b> rhl;> rhl;-ypgpah> nfhq;Nfh rdehaf FbauR> [pG+b>

vhpw;wpah-vkd;> vj;jpNahg;gpah (1973-1994)> iygPhpah> nkh]hk;gpf;> ekPgpah> ie[Phpah-nfk&d;> Wthz;lh> nrdfy;> nrdfy;-nkshpj;jhdpah> rpahuh ypNahd;> Nrhkhypah> Nrhkhypah-vj;jpNahg;gpah> R+lhd;> cfz;lh> kw;Wk; Nkw;F r`huh; mnkhpf;f muRfs;: ifsj;jkhyh kw;Wk; nkf;rpf;Nfh; Mrpah: Mg;fhdp];jhd;> fk;Nghbah> ,e;jpah ([k;K-f];kPH)> gGth epA+fpdpah> ,yq;if> j[pf;fp];jhd;> nakd;> kw;Wk; nakd;-vhpw;wpah (Mgphpf;fhtpd; fPOk; cs;slq;Fk;); INuhg;gh: MHNkdpah-mrHig[hd;> (ehnfhHNdh-fugfh)> irg;gpu];> Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpah (1991-1992 Mfpa fhyg;gFjpapy; eilngw;w Nkhjy;)> ngh];dpahtpYk; n`HNrhNfhtpdpah (1992-1996)> FNuh]pahtpd; Nkhjy; (f;uh[pdh]; 1992-1995)> N[hH[pah (mg;fh]pah)> u~;a rk;Nksdk; (nrr;dpah) kw;Wk; JUf;fp.

18

,e;j Kk;Kid (Njrpa> rHtNjrkw;Wk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;

Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;T) mZFKiwapd; ngWNgwhf> cyfpd;

midj;Jg; ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; mur eilKiwfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

tplaq;fspd; jd;ik fhuzkhf ,e;jMa;itg; ghpG+uzkhd Ma;ntd;W

miof;fKbahJ. gioiktha;e;j eilKiwfs; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

rkfhy tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ghf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf

fle;j 30 Mz;LfspypUe;jhd eilKiwfs; kPNj ,t;tha;T ftdQ;nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

epGzj;Jtkpf;ftHfSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;

Kjw;Rw;Wf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy;> rHtNjr Ma;Tf; FOf;fs; mtHfs; Nrfhpj;j

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l eilKiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

G+Hthq;f kjpg;gPLfis cs;slf;fpa epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f mwpf;ifia toq;FkhW

rHtNjrnrQ;rpYitf; FO Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. 1998Mk; Mz;L n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w

nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpDila %d;W re;jpg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f

mwpf;iffs; Muhag;gl;ld. ,e;j epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f mwpf;iffs; Kiwahfr; rPuha;T

nra;ag;gl;lJld;> fye;Jiuahlypd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ>

cyfpy; midj;Jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; NrHe;j fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f

epGzHfs; FOnthd;wplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. 1999Mk; Mz;L n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w

nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpd; ,uz;L re;jpg;Gf;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j epGzHfs;

mtHfsJ jdpg;gl;l jpwikabg;gilapy; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy;

miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. ,e;j re;jpg;gpd;NghJ Nrfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;j eilKiwfis

kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F cjtpaspj;jJld;> tpl;Ltplg;gl;bUe;j eilKiwfisAk;

Rl;bf;fhl;bdH.32

mwpf;ifiaj; jahhpj;jy;

fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHfs; FOtpdhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;ljhd

nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpdJ kjpg;gPlhdJ ,Wjpawpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;F

mbj;jsnkhd;wpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,t;tha;it Mf;fpatHfs; eilKiwapid kPs;

ghprPyid nra;jJld;> tof;fhnwhd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikia kWkjpg;gPL nra;jJld;>

32 jkJ jdpg;gl;l jifikapd; mbg;gilapy; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;l fy;tpapayhsHfs;

kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHfs; MfpNahH tUkhW: Abdallah Ad-Douri (<uhf;), Paul Berman (If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;), Sadi Çaycý (JUf;fp), Michael Cowling (njd;dhgphpf;fh), Edward Cummings (If;fpa mnkhpf;f muRfs;), Antonio de Icaza (nkf;rpf;Nfh), Yoram Dinstein (,];Nuy;), Jean-Michel Favre (gpuhd;];), William Fenrick (fdlh), Dieter Fleck (N[Hkdp), Juan Carlos Gómez Ramírez (nfhyk;gpah), Jamshed A. Hamid (ghf;fp];jhd;), Arturo Hernández Basave (nkf;rpf;Nfh), Ibrahim Idriss (vj;jpNahg;gpah), Hassan Kassem Jouni (nygdhd;), Kenneth Keith (epA+rpyhe;J), Githu Muigai (nfd;ah), Rein Müllerson (v];l;Nlhdpah), Bara Niang (nrdfy;), Mohamed Olwan (N[hHjhd;), Raul C. Pangalangan (gpypg;igd;];), Stelios Perrakis (fpwP];), Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (gpNurpy;), Arpád Prandler (`q;Nfhp), Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao (,e;jpah), Camilo Reyes Rodríguez (nfhyk;gpah), Itse E. Sagay (ie[Phpah), Harold Sandoval (nfhyk;gpah), Somboon Sangianbut (jha;yhe;J), Marat A. Sarsembayev (frf];jhd;), Muhammad Aziz Shukri (rphpah), Parlaungan Sihombing (,e;NjhNdrpah), Geofrey James Skillen (mT];j;Nuypah), Guoshun Sun (rPdh), Bakhtyar Tuzmukhamedov (u\;ah) kw;Wk; Karol Wolfke (Nghyhe;J).

19

17

mur eilKiwfs; njhlHghd mwpf;iffspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;buhj ehLfspdJ

,uhZtf; ifNaLfSk; Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L Muhag;gl;ld.

cynfq;fpYKs;s rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdJ NguhsHfspd; tiyaikg;ghYk;>

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdJ

mwpT+l;ly; gphptpdhy; Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fspd; gue;Jgl;l

Nrfhpg;Gf;fspypUe;Jk; ,t;tha;T NkYk; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp

rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspypUe;J jpul;bnaLf;fg;gl;l mur eilKiwahdJ>

,e;j Ma;tpd; gpujhd xt;nthU jiyg;Gf;fspYk; nraw;gl;Lte;j MW FOf;fshy;

Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.30 ,e;jf; FOf;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G kw;Wk; Mgphpf;f xd;wpak;

(Kd;dH Mgphpf;f If;fpa jhgdk; vd;wwpag;gl;bUe;jJ)> INuhg;gpag; Nguit>

tisFlh $l;LwTg; Nguit> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> muG ehLfspd; mit> mnkhpf;f

muRfspd; jhgdk;> ,];yhkpa khehl;L jhgdk;> kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;

$l;LwTf;Fkhd jhgdk; vd;gtw;wpd; epajp cUtiuapYs;s eilKiwfs; njhlHghf

Muha;e;jd. tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr tpjpfspd; csjhe;jd;ikf;Fr; rhd;whf

mikaf;$ba rHtNjr tof;Fr;rl;lKk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd; rq;fj;jpd; Rtbfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp

Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd;

Fiwepug;G Kaw;rpahf> fpl;lj;jl;l 40 mz;ika MAjNkhjy;fs; (Mgphpf;fh 21>

mnkhpf;fh 2> Mrpah 8> INuhg;gh 8) njhlHghd mjdJ nrhe;j Rtbfis rHtNjr

nrQ;rpYitf; FO Muha;e;jJ.31 nghJthf> mur eilKiwfs; njhlHghd

mwpf;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;fhjehLfs; kw;Wk; MAjNkhjy;fs; Fwpg;ghf ,jpy;

njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.

30 ghFgLj;jpawpjw; Nfhl;ghL: Professor Georges Abi-Saab (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Jean-

François Quéguiner (Ma;thsH); tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;: Professor Horst Fischer

(mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Gregor Schotten kw;Wk; Heike Spieker (Ma;thsHfs;); tpNrl Nghhpay; topKiwfs;: Professor Theodor Meron (mwpf;ifapLgtH)kw;Wk;;Richard

Desgagné (Ma;thsH); MAjq;fs;:Professor Ove Bring (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Gustaf Lind (Ma;thsH); Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J Nkhjypy; <LglKbahJNghdtHfsJk; ghJfhg;G:Françoise

Hampson (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Camille Giffard (Ma;thsH); eilKiwg;gLj;jy;:Eric David (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Richard Desgagné (Ma;thsH). 31 Mgphpf;fh: mq;Nfhyh> G&z;b> rhl;> rhl;-ypgpah> nfhq;Nfh rdehaf FbauR> [pG+b>

vhpw;wpah-vkd;> vj;jpNahg;gpah (1973-1994)> iygPhpah> nkh]hk;gpf;> ekPgpah> ie[Phpah-nfk&d;> Wthz;lh> nrdfy;> nrdfy;-nkshpj;jhdpah> rpahuh ypNahd;> Nrhkhypah> Nrhkhypah-vj;jpNahg;gpah> R+lhd;> cfz;lh> kw;Wk; Nkw;F r`huh; mnkhpf;f muRfs;: ifsj;jkhyh kw;Wk; nkf;rpf;Nfh; Mrpah: Mg;fhdp];jhd;> fk;Nghbah> ,e;jpah ([k;K-f];kPH)> gGth epA+fpdpah> ,yq;if> j[pf;fp];jhd;> nakd;> kw;Wk; nakd;-vhpw;wpah (Mgphpf;fhtpd; fPOk; cs;slq;Fk;); INuhg;gh: MHNkdpah-mrHig[hd;> (ehnfhHNdh-fugfh)> irg;gpu];> Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpah (1991-1992 Mfpa fhyg;gFjpapy; eilngw;w Nkhjy;)> ngh];dpahtpYk; n`HNrhNfhtpdpah (1992-1996)> FNuh]pahtpd; Nkhjy; (f;uh[pdh]; 1992-1995)> N[hH[pah (mg;fh]pah)> u~;a rk;Nksdk; (nrr;dpah) kw;Wk; JUf;fp.

18

,e;j Kk;Kid (Njrpa> rHtNjrkw;Wk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;

Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;T) mZFKiwapd; ngWNgwhf> cyfpd;

midj;Jg; ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; mur eilKiwfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

tplaq;fspd; jd;ik fhuzkhf ,e;jMa;itg; ghpG+uzkhd Ma;ntd;W

miof;fKbahJ. gioiktha;e;j eilKiwfs; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

rkfhy tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ghf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf

fle;j 30 Mz;LfspypUe;jhd eilKiwfs; kPNj ,t;tha;T ftdQ;nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

epGzj;Jtkpf;ftHfSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;

Kjw;Rw;Wf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy;> rHtNjr Ma;Tf; FOf;fs; mtHfs; Nrfhpj;j

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l eilKiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

G+Hthq;f kjpg;gPLfis cs;slf;fpa epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f mwpf;ifia toq;FkhW

rHtNjrnrQ;rpYitf; FO Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. 1998Mk; Mz;L n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w

nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpDila %d;W re;jpg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f

mwpf;iffs; Muhag;gl;ld. ,e;j epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f mwpf;iffs; Kiwahfr; rPuha;T

nra;ag;gl;lJld;> fye;Jiuahlypd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ>

cyfpy; midj;Jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; NrHe;j fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f

epGzHfs; FOnthd;wplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. 1999Mk; Mz;L n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w

nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpd; ,uz;L re;jpg;Gf;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j epGzHfs;

mtHfsJ jdpg;gl;l jpwikabg;gilapy; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy;

miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. ,e;j re;jpg;gpd;NghJ Nrfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;j eilKiwfis

kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F cjtpaspj;jJld;> tpl;Ltplg;gl;bUe;j eilKiwfisAk;

Rl;bf;fhl;bdH.32

mwpf;ifiaj; jahhpj;jy;

fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHfs; FOtpdhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;ljhd

nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpdJ kjpg;gPlhdJ ,Wjpawpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;F

mbj;jsnkhd;wpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,t;tha;it Mf;fpatHfs; eilKiwapid kPs;

ghprPyid nra;jJld;> tof;fhnwhd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikia kWkjpg;gPL nra;jJld;>

32 jkJ jdpg;gl;l jifikapd; mbg;gilapy; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;l fy;tpapayhsHfs;

kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHfs; MfpNahH tUkhW: Abdallah Ad-Douri (<uhf;), Paul Berman (If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;), Sadi Çaycý (JUf;fp), Michael Cowling (njd;dhgphpf;fh), Edward Cummings (If;fpa mnkhpf;f muRfs;), Antonio de Icaza (nkf;rpf;Nfh), Yoram Dinstein (,];Nuy;), Jean-Michel Favre (gpuhd;];), William Fenrick (fdlh), Dieter Fleck (N[Hkdp), Juan Carlos Gómez Ramírez (nfhyk;gpah), Jamshed A. Hamid (ghf;fp];jhd;), Arturo Hernández Basave (nkf;rpf;Nfh), Ibrahim Idriss (vj;jpNahg;gpah), Hassan Kassem Jouni (nygdhd;), Kenneth Keith (epA+rpyhe;J), Githu Muigai (nfd;ah), Rein Müllerson (v];l;Nlhdpah), Bara Niang (nrdfy;), Mohamed Olwan (N[hHjhd;), Raul C. Pangalangan (gpypg;igd;];), Stelios Perrakis (fpwP];), Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (gpNurpy;), Arpád Prandler (`q;Nfhp), Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao (,e;jpah), Camilo Reyes Rodríguez (nfhyk;gpah), Itse E. Sagay (ie[Phpah), Harold Sandoval (nfhyk;gpah), Somboon Sangianbut (jha;yhe;J), Marat A. Sarsembayev (frf];jhd;), Muhammad Aziz Shukri (rphpah), Parlaungan Sihombing (,e;NjhNdrpah), Geofrey James Skillen (mT];j;Nuypah), Guoshun Sun (rPdh), Bakhtyar Tuzmukhamedov (u\;ah) kw;Wk; Karol Wolfke (Nghyhe;J).

20

19

cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; xOq;FKiwapidAk; kPsha;T nra;jJld;> mtw;Wf;fhd

fUj;JiufisAk; tiue;jdH. ,j;jifa tiuTKjw;gbtk; nraw;ghl;Lf; FO>

fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHFO kw;Wk; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd;

rl;lg; gphpT MfpNahhplk; fUj;Jiu nra;tjw;fhf xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. fpilf;fg;ngw;w

fUj;Jiufisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L ,e;j tiuTKjw;gbtk; NkYk;

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJld;> ,WjptbtKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

Ma;T KbTfspd; RUf;fk;

n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; Vw;ghLfspy; kpfg;ngUk;ghyhdit> nghJ cWg;Giu 3

,idAk; NrHj;J> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;nwdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.33

NkYk;> n[dPthr; rkthaj;Jf;F jw;nghOJ 192 muRj;jug;gpdH ,Ug;gjdhy;>

nghUj;jidr; rl;l tplankhd;whf vy;yh muRfisAk; mit fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Mifahy;> rkthaq;fspd; tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikAs;s Vw;ghLfs; ,t;tha;tpd;

mj;jifa fUj;jpyike;j tplag;nghUshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>

midj;Jyf hPjpahf Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fhj nghUj;jidfspdhy;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;w tplag;nghUl;fs; njhlHghfNt ,t;tha;T mjpf

ftdQ;nrYj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> n[dPthr; rkthaq;fSf;fhd Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs;>

fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd N`a;f; rkthak;> kw;Wk; MAjq;fsJ

ghtidia xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;w Fwpg;ghd rkthaq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfs; mit Vd; tof;fhw;W

tpjpfshff; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ftjw;Nfh my;yJ mj;jifanjhU KbT

vLf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd mbg;gilfs; vit vd;gjid njhpag;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh

Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. ,t;tha;tpd; gphpTj;njhFjp I ,y; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpjp Vd;

tof;fhwhf fUjg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fj;ij jUfpd;w mNjNtis>

gphpTj;njhFjp II ,y; xj;jpirthd eilKiwfisAk; fhzyhk;.

rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fs;

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I MdJ Vw;fdNtapUe;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l

tpjpfis Nfhitg;gLj;jpapUg;gpDk;> Gjpa tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l tpjpfspd;

cUthf;fj;jpw;F mj;jpthukpl;Ls;sJ. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fs; khj;jpukd;wp

rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYq;$l> mur eilKiwfspy; Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL I MdJ nra;jpUf;fpd;w Mskhd ghjpg;ig ,t;tha;tpd; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;

Nrfhpj;j eilKiwahdJ rhd;whff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I

,dJ mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dJ Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

33 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghtid njhlHghd rl;lj;jd;ik

gw;wpa tof;F>NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.>(Fwpg;G 8), gf;fk;. 257–258, gf;fq;fspy; 79 kw;Wk; 82 (n[dPthr; rkthaq;fisg; nghWj;jstpy;) kw;Wk; epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gilfspd; eltbf;iffs; njhlHghd tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 12), gf;fk;. 114, gf;fj;jpy; 218 (n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ cWg;Giu 3 ,idg; nghWj;jstpy;).

20

msTf;Fk; mjpfkhf> kpfTk; gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gjidAk; ,t;tha;T

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l vj;jifa nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfspdJk; tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikia

jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iynad;whYk;> mjpfkhd tof;fhw;W tpjpfs;

nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;jpYs;s tpjpfSf;Fr; rkkhdjhf my;yJ xNukhjphpahdjhf

,Ug;gjid ,Wjpahf ,e;j Ma;T njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. mtw;Wf;F cjhuzkhf>

Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghHtPuHfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,uhZtf;

Fwpapyf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ghFghLfhl;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL>34 ghFghlw;w Kiwapyhd

jhf;Fjy;fs;>35 jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL>36 jhf;FjypYk;> jhf;Fjypd;

tpisTfSf;F vjpuhfTk; rhj;jpakhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;if vLf;fNtz;ba flg;ghL>37

kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rka gzpahsHfs;> kUj;Jtf; $Wfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs;

vd;gtw;wpid kjpf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; cs;s flg;ghL>38 kdpjhgpkhd epthuz

gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs;>39 Fbkf;fs; gj;jphpifahsHfs;>40 kUj;Jtf;

flikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>41 ghJfhg;gw;w tl;lhuq;fSk; Aj;jR+dpag;

gpuNjrq;fSk; jhf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sik>42 fUiz fhl;Ltjw;Fk;

MAjNkhjypy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahJNghAs;s vjphpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd

flg;ghL>43 gl;bdpahf tplg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>44 nghJkf;fs; ,Ug;Gf;F

,d;wpaikahjjhd ,yf;Ffs; jhf;fg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>45 ,yr;rpidia

Kiwaw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;jYk; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfkpioj;jYk;>46 Fbkf;fsJk;

MAjNkhjypy; njhlHe;Jk; <LglKbahJ NghAs;stHfSf;Fk; cs;s mbg;gil

cj;juthjq;fis kjpg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>47 fhzhkw;NghAs;s Ml;fs; njhlHghf

tifnrhy;tjw;Fs;s flg;ghL>48 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;F tpNrl

ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;w Vw;ghLfs; njhlHghd flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.49

34 ghHf;f.,tof;fhw;W kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I,

tpjpfs;1 kw;Wk; 7. 35 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs;11-13 36 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 14 37 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 15-24 38 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 25 kw;Wk; 27 – 30 39 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 31-32 40 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 34 41 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 26 42 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 36-37 43 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 46-48 44 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 53 45 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 54 46 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 57 kw;Wk; 65 47 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 87 kw;Wk; 105 48 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 117 49 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 134-137

21

19

cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; xOq;FKiwapidAk; kPsha;T nra;jJld;> mtw;Wf;fhd

fUj;JiufisAk; tiue;jdH. ,j;jifa tiuTKjw;gbtk; nraw;ghl;Lf; FO>

fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHFO kw;Wk; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd;

rl;lg; gphpT MfpNahhplk; fUj;Jiu nra;tjw;fhf xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. fpilf;fg;ngw;w

fUj;Jiufisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L ,e;j tiuTKjw;gbtk; NkYk;

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJld;> ,WjptbtKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

Ma;T KbTfspd; RUf;fk;

n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; Vw;ghLfspy; kpfg;ngUk;ghyhdit> nghJ cWg;Giu 3

,idAk; NrHj;J> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;nwdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.33

NkYk;> n[dPthr; rkthaj;Jf;F jw;nghOJ 192 muRj;jug;gpdH ,Ug;gjdhy;>

nghUj;jidr; rl;l tplankhd;whf vy;yh muRfisAk; mit fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Mifahy;> rkthaq;fspd; tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikAs;s Vw;ghLfs; ,t;tha;tpd;

mj;jifa fUj;jpyike;j tplag;nghUshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>

midj;Jyf hPjpahf Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fhj nghUj;jidfspdhy;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;w tplag;nghUl;fs; njhlHghfNt ,t;tha;T mjpf

ftdQ;nrYj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> n[dPthr; rkthaq;fSf;fhd Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs;>

fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd N`a;f; rkthak;> kw;Wk; MAjq;fsJ

ghtidia xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;w Fwpg;ghd rkthaq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfs; mit Vd; tof;fhw;W

tpjpfshff; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ftjw;Nfh my;yJ mj;jifanjhU KbT

vLf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd mbg;gilfs; vit vd;gjid njhpag;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh

Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. ,t;tha;tpd; gphpTj;njhFjp I ,y; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpjp Vd;

tof;fhwhf fUjg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fj;ij jUfpd;w mNjNtis>

gphpTj;njhFjp II ,y; xj;jpirthd eilKiwfisAk; fhzyhk;.

rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fs;

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I MdJ Vw;fdNtapUe;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l

tpjpfis Nfhitg;gLj;jpapUg;gpDk;> Gjpa tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l tpjpfspd;

cUthf;fj;jpw;F mj;jpthukpl;Ls;sJ. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fs; khj;jpukd;wp

rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYq;$l> mur eilKiwfspy; Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL I MdJ nra;jpUf;fpd;w Mskhd ghjpg;ig ,t;tha;tpd; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;

Nrfhpj;j eilKiwahdJ rhd;whff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I

,dJ mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dJ Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

33 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghtid njhlHghd rl;lj;jd;ik

gw;wpa tof;F>NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.>(Fwpg;G 8), gf;fk;. 257–258, gf;fq;fspy; 79 kw;Wk; 82 (n[dPthr; rkthaq;fisg; nghWj;jstpy;) kw;Wk; epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gilfspd; eltbf;iffs; njhlHghd tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 12), gf;fk;. 114, gf;fj;jpy; 218 (n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ cWg;Giu 3 ,idg; nghWj;jstpy;).

20

msTf;Fk; mjpfkhf> kpfTk; gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gjidAk; ,t;tha;T

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l vj;jifa nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfspdJk; tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikia

jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iynad;whYk;> mjpfkhd tof;fhw;W tpjpfs;

nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;jpYs;s tpjpfSf;Fr; rkkhdjhf my;yJ xNukhjphpahdjhf

,Ug;gjid ,Wjpahf ,e;j Ma;T njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. mtw;Wf;F cjhuzkhf>

Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghHtPuHfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,uhZtf;

Fwpapyf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ghFghLfhl;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL>34 ghFghlw;w Kiwapyhd

jhf;Fjy;fs;>35 jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL>36 jhf;FjypYk;> jhf;Fjypd;

tpisTfSf;F vjpuhfTk; rhj;jpakhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;if vLf;fNtz;ba flg;ghL>37

kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rka gzpahsHfs;> kUj;Jtf; $Wfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs;

vd;gtw;wpid kjpf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; cs;s flg;ghL>38 kdpjhgpkhd epthuz

gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs;>39 Fbkf;fs; gj;jphpifahsHfs;>40 kUj;Jtf;

flikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>41 ghJfhg;gw;w tl;lhuq;fSk; Aj;jR+dpag;

gpuNjrq;fSk; jhf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sik>42 fUiz fhl;Ltjw;Fk;

MAjNkhjypy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahJNghAs;s vjphpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd

flg;ghL>43 gl;bdpahf tplg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>44 nghJkf;fs; ,Ug;Gf;F

,d;wpaikahjjhd ,yf;Ffs; jhf;fg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>45 ,yr;rpidia

Kiwaw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;jYk; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfkpioj;jYk;>46 Fbkf;fsJk;

MAjNkhjypy; njhlHe;Jk; <LglKbahJ NghAs;stHfSf;Fk; cs;s mbg;gil

cj;juthjq;fis kjpg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>47 fhzhkw;NghAs;s Ml;fs; njhlHghf

tifnrhy;tjw;Fs;s flg;ghL>48 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;F tpNrl

ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;w Vw;ghLfs; njhlHghd flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.49

34 ghHf;f.,tof;fhw;W kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I,

tpjpfs;1 kw;Wk; 7. 35 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs;11-13 36 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 14 37 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 15-24 38 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 25 kw;Wk; 27 – 30 39 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 31-32 40 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 34 41 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 26 42 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 36-37 43 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 46-48 44 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 53 45 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 54 46 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 57 kw;Wk; 65 47 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 87 kw;Wk; 105 48 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 117 49 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 134-137

22

21

rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fs;

rpy jrhg;j fhyq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf> ,j;jifa MAjNkhjy;fspy; rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfs; kPJ fzprkhdsTf;F

mOj;jq;nfhLf;fg;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzyhk;;. rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fspy; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhWfspd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F ,e;eilKiwj;

njhFjp Kf;fpakhd nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I

,idg;Nghd;W> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ck; eilKiwfspy; kpfg;gutyhd jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sjd; tpisthf> nghUj;jidfspd; gy Vw;ghLfs; jw;nghOJ

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf>

Fbkf;fisj; jhf;FtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>50 kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rka gzpahsHfs;>

kUj;Jt $Wfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpid kjpf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk;

cs;s flg;ghL>51 kUj;Jtf; flikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>52 gl;bdpahf

tplg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>53 nghJkf;fs; ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhd

,yf;Ffisj; jhf;Fjiyj; jilnra;jy;>54 Fbkf;fsJk; MAjNkhjypy;

njhlHe;Jk;<LglKbahJ NghAs;stHfSf;Fk; cs;s mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fis

kjpg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>55 fhag;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j

epiyapYs;stHfs; MfpNahiu NjLtjw;Fk; kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; cs;s

flg;ghL>56 ,we;jtHfisj; NjLtjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;FKs;s flg;ghL>57 jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>58 fl;lhag;gLj;jp

Fbkf;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;tjw;Fs;s jil>59 kw;Wk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;F

tpNrl ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;w Vw;ghLfs; njhlHghd flg;ghLfs;60 vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjy;fs; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dhy;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjidtpl NkyjpfkhdnjhU ghJfhg;ig tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs; toq;Ffpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dJ mbg;gilahd Vw;ghLfis tplTk;> eilKiwfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzprkhd

tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; tphpthdjhf ,Ug;gJld;> cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjy;fspd;

xOq;FgLj;jypYs;s Kf;fpa ,ilntspfis mit Fiwepug;gpAs;sd.

50 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 1 51 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 25 kw;Wk; 27-30 52 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 26 53 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 53 54 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 54 55 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 87-105 56 mNj gphptpy;., tpjpfs; 109-111 57 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 112-113 58 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 118-119, 121 kw;Wk; 125 59 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 129 60 mNj gphptpy; ghHf;f., tpjpfs; 134-137

22

cjhuzkhf> NghH eltbf;iffspy; elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU

mbg;gil Vw;ghL khj;jpuNk Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,y; cs;sJ. cWg;Giu 13 “NghH eltbf;iffspy; mtHfs; Neubahfg; gq;FngwhjNtis jtpu> nghJkf;fSk;

mNjNghd;W nghJkf;fspYs;s jdpegHfSk; jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;gLtjw;fhd

,yf;nfhd;whf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.” Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,idg;Nghd;wy;yhJ>

ghFghLfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; tpfpjrk Nfhl;ghl;Lfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

tiutpyf;fzq;fis Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II MdJ nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

NghH eltbf;iffspYs;s elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;JtJ njhlHghd Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL II ,Ys;s ,ilntspfs;> ngUk;ghYk; mur eilKiwfspdhy;

epug;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j epiy rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;F Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL I ,dJ rkmsTf;F tpjpfis cUthf;fpapUg;gJld;> ,j;jifa tpjpfs;

tof;fhw;W rHtNjr tpjpfshfNt gpuNahfpf;fTk; gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpjpfs;> NghH

eltbf;iffspyhd elj;ij njhlHghd mbg;gil tpjpfisAk;> tpNrlkhfg;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j Nghhpay; topKiwfSk;

njhlHghd tpjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpd;wd.61

mNjNghd;W> nghJkf;fSf;Fj; NjitahfTs;s kdpjhgpkhd epthuzk;

njhlHghf Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II MdJ nghJthdNjhH Vw;ghl;bid khj;jpuk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giu 18 (2) “nghJkf;fs; mtHfsJ capHtho;Tf;F

mj;jpatrpakhd toq;fy;fspd;ikahy; Njitaw;w jl;Lg;ghl;bdhy;

tUe;Jfpd;whHfshapd;... nghJkf;fSf;fhd epthuz eltbf;iffs; kdpjhgpkhd

hPjpahfTk; ghugl;rkw;wKiwapYk; Kiwaw;w vj;jifa ghFghl;bidAk; fhl;lhJ

Kd;ndLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;”. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,idg; Nghyd;wp> Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL II ,dJ cWg;Giu 18(2) MdJ cl;fpilahf mj;jifa Njitg;ghLfisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;W thjplKbAkhapUg;gpDq;$l> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL IIMdJ

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis toq;Fk; gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gtw;Wf;F

kjpg;gspf;fTk; ghJfhg;gspf;fTk;> NjitahfTs;s nghJkf;fSf;fhd kdpjhgpkhd

epthuzj;ij tpiuthdJk; jilaw;wJkhd fle;Jnry; topia mDkjpg;gjw;Fk;

mjw;F cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;gpdiuf; flikg;gLj;jTkhd

tpNrlkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa Vw;ghLfs; gue;jfd;wJk;>

khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJk;> xU rPHjd;ikahdJkhd eilKiwahf

61 mNj ,lj;jpy; ghHf;f., tpjpfs; cjhuzkhf> tpjpfs; 7–10 (Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk;

,uhZt ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;), tpjpfs; 11–13 (jhWkhwhd jhf;Fjy;), tpjpfs; 14 (jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrkj;ijg; Ngzpf;nfhs;Sjy;), tpjpfs; 15–21 (jhf;Fjypy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisr; nra;jy;>); tpjpfs; 22–24 (jhf;Fjypd; tpisTfSf;F vjpuhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffs;); tpjpfs; 31–32 (kdpjhgpkhd cjtpg;gzpahsHfSk; mtHfsJ ,yf;FfSk;); tpjpfs;34 (Fbkf;fs; gj;jphpif epUgHfs;); tpjpfs; 35–37 (ghJfhf;fg;gl;l egHfs;); tpjpfs; 46–48 (fUiztoq;f kWj;jy;); tpjpfs; 55–56 (kdpjhgpkhd epthuzq;fis mZfpg;ngWjy;) kw;Wk;tpjpfs; 57–65 (Vkhw;Wjy;).

23

21

rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fs;

rpy jrhg;j fhyq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf> ,j;jifa MAjNkhjy;fspy; rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfs; kPJ fzprkhdsTf;F

mOj;jq;nfhLf;fg;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzyhk;;. rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fspy; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhWfspd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F ,e;eilKiwj;

njhFjp Kf;fpakhd nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I

,idg;Nghd;W> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ck; eilKiwfspy; kpfg;gutyhd jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sjd; tpisthf> nghUj;jidfspd; gy Vw;ghLfs; jw;nghOJ

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf>

Fbkf;fisj; jhf;FtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>50 kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rka gzpahsHfs;>

kUj;Jt $Wfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpid kjpf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk;

cs;s flg;ghL>51 kUj;Jtf; flikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>52 gl;bdpahf

tplg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>53 nghJkf;fs; ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhd

,yf;Ffisj; jhf;Fjiyj; jilnra;jy;>54 Fbkf;fsJk; MAjNkhjypy;

njhlHe;Jk;<LglKbahJ NghAs;stHfSf;Fk; cs;s mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fis

kjpg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>55 fhag;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j

epiyapYs;stHfs; MfpNahiu NjLtjw;Fk; kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; cs;s

flg;ghL>56 ,we;jtHfisj; NjLtjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;FKs;s flg;ghL>57 jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>58 fl;lhag;gLj;jp

Fbkf;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;tjw;Fs;s jil>59 kw;Wk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;F

tpNrl ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;w Vw;ghLfs; njhlHghd flg;ghLfs;60 vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjy;fs; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dhy;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjidtpl NkyjpfkhdnjhU ghJfhg;ig tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs; toq;Ffpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dJ mbg;gilahd Vw;ghLfis tplTk;> eilKiwfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzprkhd

tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; tphpthdjhf ,Ug;gJld;> cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjy;fspd;

xOq;FgLj;jypYs;s Kf;fpa ,ilntspfis mit Fiwepug;gpAs;sd.

50 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 1 51 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 25 kw;Wk; 27-30 52 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 26 53 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 53 54 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 54 55 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 87-105 56 mNj gphptpy;., tpjpfs; 109-111 57 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 112-113 58 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 118-119, 121 kw;Wk; 125 59 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 129 60 mNj gphptpy; ghHf;f., tpjpfs; 134-137

22

cjhuzkhf> NghH eltbf;iffspy; elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU

mbg;gil Vw;ghL khj;jpuNk Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,y; cs;sJ. cWg;Giu 13 “NghH eltbf;iffspy; mtHfs; Neubahfg; gq;FngwhjNtis jtpu> nghJkf;fSk;

mNjNghd;W nghJkf;fspYs;s jdpegHfSk; jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;gLtjw;fhd

,yf;nfhd;whf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.” Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,idg;Nghd;wy;yhJ>

ghFghLfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; tpfpjrk Nfhl;ghl;Lfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

tiutpyf;fzq;fis Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II MdJ nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

NghH eltbf;iffspYs;s elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;JtJ njhlHghd Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL II ,Ys;s ,ilntspfs;> ngUk;ghYk; mur eilKiwfspdhy;

epug;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j epiy rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;F Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL I ,dJ rkmsTf;F tpjpfis cUthf;fpapUg;gJld;> ,j;jifa tpjpfs;

tof;fhw;W rHtNjr tpjpfshfNt gpuNahfpf;fTk; gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpjpfs;> NghH

eltbf;iffspyhd elj;ij njhlHghd mbg;gil tpjpfisAk;> tpNrlkhfg;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j Nghhpay; topKiwfSk;

njhlHghd tpjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpd;wd.61

mNjNghd;W> nghJkf;fSf;Fj; NjitahfTs;s kdpjhgpkhd epthuzk;

njhlHghf Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II MdJ nghJthdNjhH Vw;ghl;bid khj;jpuk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giu 18 (2) “nghJkf;fs; mtHfsJ capHtho;Tf;F

mj;jpatrpakhd toq;fy;fspd;ikahy; Njitaw;w jl;Lg;ghl;bdhy;

tUe;Jfpd;whHfshapd;... nghJkf;fSf;fhd epthuz eltbf;iffs; kdpjhgpkhd

hPjpahfTk; ghugl;rkw;wKiwapYk; Kiwaw;w vj;jifa ghFghl;bidAk; fhl;lhJ

Kd;ndLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;”. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,idg; Nghyd;wp> Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL II ,dJ cWg;Giu 18(2) MdJ cl;fpilahf mj;jifa Njitg;ghLfisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;W thjplKbAkhapUg;gpDq;$l> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL IIMdJ

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis toq;Fk; gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gtw;Wf;F

kjpg;gspf;fTk; ghJfhg;gspf;fTk;> NjitahfTs;s nghJkf;fSf;fhd kdpjhgpkhd

epthuzj;ij tpiuthdJk; jilaw;wJkhd fle;Jnry; topia mDkjpg;gjw;Fk;

mjw;F cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;gpdiuf; flikg;gLj;jTkhd

tpNrlkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa Vw;ghLfs; gue;jfd;wJk;>

khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJk;> xU rPHjd;ikahdJkhd eilKiwahf

61 mNj ,lj;jpy; ghHf;f., tpjpfs; cjhuzkhf> tpjpfs; 7–10 (Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk;

,uhZt ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;), tpjpfs; 11–13 (jhWkhwhd jhf;Fjy;), tpjpfs; 14 (jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrkj;ijg; Ngzpf;nfhs;Sjy;), tpjpfs; 15–21 (jhf;Fjypy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisr; nra;jy;>); tpjpfs; 22–24 (jhf;Fjypd; tpisTfSf;F vjpuhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffs;); tpjpfs; 31–32 (kdpjhgpkhd cjtpg;gzpahsHfSk; mtHfsJ ,yf;FfSk;); tpjpfs;34 (Fbkf;fs; gj;jphpif epUgHfs;); tpjpfs; 35–37 (ghJfhf;fg;gl;l egHfs;); tpjpfs; 46–48 (fUiztoq;f kWj;jy;); tpjpfs; 55–56 (kdpjhgpkhd epthuzq;fis mZfpg;ngWjy;) kw;Wk;tpjpfs; 57–65 (Vkhw;Wjy;).

24

23

,Ue;JtUfpd;wikahYk;> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpy; ed;F jplg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Njitg;ghLfshf ,it khw;wkile;jpUg;gJld;> mit rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;

jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

,e;j tifapy;> epthuz eltbf;iffs; eilngWtjw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l

jpwj;jtHfspdJ rk;kjj;ij Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd

vd;gjidAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.62 Mdhy;> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l mur eilKiwfs;

,j;jifa Njitg;ghLfs; njhlHghd vj;jifa tplaq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdUila rk;kjkpd;wp kdpjhgpkhd mikg;Gf;fs;

nraw;glKbahnjd;gJ ntspg;gilahdjhFk;. vdpDk;> mj;jifa rk;kjk;

vNjr;rhjpfhukhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kWf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. gl;bdpahy; nghJkf;fs;

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> gf;fr;rhHgpd;wpAk;

ghugl;rkw;w mbg;gilapYk; kdpjhgpkhd cjtptoq;Ffpd;w kdpjhgpkhd

mikg;nghd;W me;j epiyikf;F epthuzkspf;f ,ayr;nra;Ak; tifapy; jug;nghd;W

rk;kjk; toq;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.63 vNjr;rhjpfhuf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf rk;kjj;ij

toq;f kWf;Fk; mNjNtis> epthuz eltbf;iffs; njhlHgpy; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;

nfhz;Ls;s jug;G jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjidAk; kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd

epthuzg; gzpahsH mtHfs; nry;Yfpd;w Ms;Gyj;jpDila cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lj;Jf;Fk;

eilKiwapYs;s ghJfhg;Gj; Njitg;ghLfisAk; kjpg;gspg;gjidAk;> mur

eilKiwahdJ mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.

Nkyjpf njspTgLj;jiyj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fs;

mur eilKiw njsptw;wjhfTs;s gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; ,e;j Ma;T

ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> “NghHtPuH” kw;Wk; “Fbkf;fs;” Mfpa

nrhw;nwhlHfs; rHtNjr MAjNkhjypy; njspthf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;w64

mNjNtis> NghH eltbf;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpHj;jug;gpdiu

MAjg;gilahfth my;yJ Fbkf;fshfth fUJtJ vd;gJ rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy; njhlHgpyhd mur eilKiwfspy; njsptw;wjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf> Fbkf;fs; rz;ilfspy; Neubahf <LgLfpd;wNghJ mtHfs; jkJ

ghJfhg;ig ,og;gJld;> my;yJ mj;jifa FOtpdH mt;thW jhf;Ftjw;F

nghWg;Gilik nfhz;ltHfshthHfsh vd;gJ MAje;jhq;fpa vjpHj;jug;gpdiug;

nghWj;jstpy; njsptw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. ,e;j njsptw;w jd;ik> nghUj;jidfs;

rl;lj;jpYk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> gy ,lq;fspy; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ

62 ghHf;f: Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I, cWg;Giu 70(1) kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II,, Article 18(2). 63 ghHf;f: Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann (eds.), Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL

njhlHghd fUj;Jiu> rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO> n[dPth>1987, gf;fj;jpy; 4885; NkYk; 2805gf;fj;jpy; ghHf;fTk;.

64 ghHf;f: tkf;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;>NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 3 (NghHtPuHfs;), tpjp 4 (MAjg;gilapdH)kw;Wk;tpjpfs; 5 (Fbkf;fSk; nghJkf;fSk;).

24

nghJkf;fs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlHfs; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dJgy;NtW Vw;ghLfspy; ifahsg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk;> mjw;fhd xU tiutpyf;fzk; vJTk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy.65 rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;GilajhdJk;

gpd;dH nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nghUj;jidfspYk; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ nghJkf;fs; vd;w

nrhw;nwhlHfs; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;glhky; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.66

epr;rakw;w kw;nwhU tplag;gug;G ahnjdpy;> “rz;ilfspy; Neubahfg;

gq;Fgw;Wjy;” vd;w nrhw;nwhlhpd; Jy;ypakhdnjhU tiutpyf;fzkpd;ik rHtNjr

kw;Wk; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtjidg;

ghjpf;fpd;wJ. Fbkf;fspy; xUtd; kdpjHfSf;nfjpuhf my;yJ vjphpapd;

gilf;fyq;fSf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwr; nraiyg; Ghptjw;F MAjq;fis my;yJ

Vida toptiffis ghtpf;Fk;NghJ> jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig mtd;

,og;ghd; vd;gJ njspthdJk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j KbahjJkhFk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j

tplaj;jpy; R+o;epiyf;F Vw;gTk; xt;nthU epfo;Tr; rk;gtq;fspdJk; mftakhd

jd;ikiaf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Lk; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghUs;Nfhly; cjtpaspf;f

khl;lhJ> my;yJ Fbkf;fs; rz;ilapy; Neubahf <LgLfpd;wNghJ jhf;fg;gLtjw;F

vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig ,og;ghHfs; vd;w nghJtpjpia gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. ,e;j

tplak; njhlHghf> re;Njfnkhd;W vOfpd;w NghJ xU egH vt;thW Fwpj;j

jFjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whH vd;w tpdhTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Mifahy;>

,j;jifa epr;rakw;w jd;ikfSf;fhd njspitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> 2003Mk;

Mz;L njhlf;fk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOthdJ epGzHfs; fye;Jnfhs;Sk;

njhlHr;rpahd re;jpg;Gf;fis elhj;jptUfpd;wJ.67

kw;nwhU njsptw;w tplak; ahnjdpy;> jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrk msTf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;

gug;ngy;iyAk; gpuNahfKk; gw;wpajhFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd gue;jsthd Mjutpid

,e;j Ma;T ntspf;fhl;bapUe;j NghjpYk;> ,ilNeH tpisthf Fbkf;fs; ,og;Gf;F

vjpuhf vt;thW ,uhZt mD$yj;ij rkg;gLj;jpg;ghHf;fyhk; vd;W nghUj;jidfs;

rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;ljidtpl NkyjpfkhdnjhU tpsf;fj;ij ,e;j Ma;T

toq;ftpy;iy.

NghH eltbf;iffspd; elj;ij njhlHghfj; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fs;

mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfy

mikg;gplk;> mj;jifa ,yf;Ffs; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Ug;gpDk;> mtw;iwj;

jhf;Ftijj; jilnra;Ak; Gjpa tpjpnahd;iw Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; ,uz;Lk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sd. Vnddpy;> mj;jifa jhf;Fjy; fhuzkhf mtw;wpypUe;J 65 Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLI, cWg;Giufs; 13–15 kw;Wk; 17–18. 66 ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> Fwpj;jrpy kuGhPjpahd MAjq;fisj; jilnra;jy; rkthak;:

cWg;Giu: Article 3(7)–(11); gpd;NdL III, Article 2; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfis jilnra;jy; xl;lhth rkthak;> KfTiu thrfk;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk; cWg;Giu 8(2)(e)(i), (iii) and (viii).

67 ghHf;f: rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPohd> NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf <LgLjy;> rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if> n[dPth> nrg;lk;gH> 3> fpilf;Fk; ,izaj;jsk; www.icrc.org.

25

23

,Ue;JtUfpd;wikahYk;> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpy; ed;F jplg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Njitg;ghLfshf ,it khw;wkile;jpUg;gJld;> mit rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;

jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

,e;j tifapy;> epthuz eltbf;iffs; eilngWtjw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l

jpwj;jtHfspdJ rk;kjj;ij Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd

vd;gjidAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.62 Mdhy;> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l mur eilKiwfs;

,j;jifa Njitg;ghLfs; njhlHghd vj;jifa tplaq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdUila rk;kjkpd;wp kdpjhgpkhd mikg;Gf;fs;

nraw;glKbahnjd;gJ ntspg;gilahdjhFk;. vdpDk;> mj;jifa rk;kjk;

vNjr;rhjpfhukhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kWf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. gl;bdpahy; nghJkf;fs;

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> gf;fr;rhHgpd;wpAk;

ghugl;rkw;w mbg;gilapYk; kdpjhgpkhd cjtptoq;Ffpd;w kdpjhgpkhd

mikg;nghd;W me;j epiyikf;F epthuzkspf;f ,ayr;nra;Ak; tifapy; jug;nghd;W

rk;kjk; toq;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.63 vNjr;rhjpfhuf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf rk;kjj;ij

toq;f kWf;Fk; mNjNtis> epthuz eltbf;iffs; njhlHgpy; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;

nfhz;Ls;s jug;G jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjidAk; kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd

epthuzg; gzpahsH mtHfs; nry;Yfpd;w Ms;Gyj;jpDila cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lj;Jf;Fk;

eilKiwapYs;s ghJfhg;Gj; Njitg;ghLfisAk; kjpg;gspg;gjidAk;> mur

eilKiwahdJ mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.

Nkyjpf njspTgLj;jiyj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fs;

mur eilKiw njsptw;wjhfTs;s gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; ,e;j Ma;T

ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> “NghHtPuH” kw;Wk; “Fbkf;fs;” Mfpa

nrhw;nwhlHfs; rHtNjr MAjNkhjypy; njspthf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;w64

mNjNtis> NghH eltbf;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpHj;jug;gpdiu

MAjg;gilahfth my;yJ Fbkf;fshfth fUJtJ vd;gJ rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy; njhlHgpyhd mur eilKiwfspy; njsptw;wjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf> Fbkf;fs; rz;ilfspy; Neubahf <LgLfpd;wNghJ mtHfs; jkJ

ghJfhg;ig ,og;gJld;> my;yJ mj;jifa FOtpdH mt;thW jhf;Ftjw;F

nghWg;Gilik nfhz;ltHfshthHfsh vd;gJ MAje;jhq;fpa vjpHj;jug;gpdiug;

nghWj;jstpy; njsptw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. ,e;j njsptw;w jd;ik> nghUj;jidfs;

rl;lj;jpYk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> gy ,lq;fspy; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ

62 ghHf;f: Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I, cWg;Giu 70(1) kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II,, Article 18(2). 63 ghHf;f: Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann (eds.), Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL

njhlHghd fUj;Jiu> rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO> n[dPth>1987, gf;fj;jpy; 4885; NkYk; 2805gf;fj;jpy; ghHf;fTk;.

64 ghHf;f: tkf;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;>NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 3 (NghHtPuHfs;), tpjp 4 (MAjg;gilapdH)kw;Wk;tpjpfs; 5 (Fbkf;fSk; nghJkf;fSk;).

24

nghJkf;fs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlHfs; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dJgy;NtW Vw;ghLfspy; ifahsg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk;> mjw;fhd xU tiutpyf;fzk; vJTk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy.65 rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;GilajhdJk;

gpd;dH nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nghUj;jidfspYk; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ nghJkf;fs; vd;w

nrhw;nwhlHfs; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;glhky; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.66

epr;rakw;w kw;nwhU tplag;gug;G ahnjdpy;> “rz;ilfspy; Neubahfg;

gq;Fgw;Wjy;” vd;w nrhw;nwhlhpd; Jy;ypakhdnjhU tiutpyf;fzkpd;ik rHtNjr

kw;Wk; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtjidg;

ghjpf;fpd;wJ. Fbkf;fspy; xUtd; kdpjHfSf;nfjpuhf my;yJ vjphpapd;

gilf;fyq;fSf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwr; nraiyg; Ghptjw;F MAjq;fis my;yJ

Vida toptiffis ghtpf;Fk;NghJ> jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig mtd;

,og;ghd; vd;gJ njspthdJk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j KbahjJkhFk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j

tplaj;jpy; R+o;epiyf;F Vw;gTk; xt;nthU epfo;Tr; rk;gtq;fspdJk; mftakhd

jd;ikiaf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Lk; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghUs;Nfhly; cjtpaspf;f

khl;lhJ> my;yJ Fbkf;fs; rz;ilapy; Neubahf <LgLfpd;wNghJ jhf;fg;gLtjw;F

vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig ,og;ghHfs; vd;w nghJtpjpia gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. ,e;j

tplak; njhlHghf> re;Njfnkhd;W vOfpd;w NghJ xU egH vt;thW Fwpj;j

jFjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whH vd;w tpdhTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Mifahy;>

,j;jifa epr;rakw;w jd;ikfSf;fhd njspitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> 2003Mk;

Mz;L njhlf;fk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOthdJ epGzHfs; fye;Jnfhs;Sk;

njhlHr;rpahd re;jpg;Gf;fis elhj;jptUfpd;wJ.67

kw;nwhU njsptw;w tplak; ahnjdpy;> jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrk msTf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;

gug;ngy;iyAk; gpuNahfKk; gw;wpajhFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd gue;jsthd Mjutpid

,e;j Ma;T ntspf;fhl;bapUe;j NghjpYk;> ,ilNeH tpisthf Fbkf;fs; ,og;Gf;F

vjpuhf vt;thW ,uhZt mD$yj;ij rkg;gLj;jpg;ghHf;fyhk; vd;W nghUj;jidfs;

rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;ljidtpl NkyjpfkhdnjhU tpsf;fj;ij ,e;j Ma;T

toq;ftpy;iy.

NghH eltbf;iffspd; elj;ij njhlHghfj; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fs;

mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfy

mikg;gplk;> mj;jifa ,yf;Ffs; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Ug;gpDk;> mtw;iwj;

jhf;Ftijj; jilnra;Ak; Gjpa tpjpnahd;iw Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; ,uz;Lk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sd. Vnddpy;> mj;jifa jhf;Fjy; fhuzkhf mtw;wpypUe;J 65 Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLI, cWg;Giufs; 13–15 kw;Wk; 17–18. 66 ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> Fwpj;jrpy kuGhPjpahd MAjq;fisj; jilnra;jy; rkthak;:

cWg;Giu: Article 3(7)–(11); gpd;NdL III, Article 2; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfis jilnra;jy; xl;lhth rkthak;> KfTiu thrfk;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk; cWg;Giu 8(2)(e)(i), (iii) and (viii).

67 ghHf;f: rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPohd> NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf <LgLjy;> rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if> n[dPth> nrg;lk;gH> 3> fpilf;Fk; ,izaj;jsk; www.icrc.org.

26

25

mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaWtJld;> mjd; tpisthf Fbkf;fs; kj;jpapy;

Vw;gLfpd;w ,og;Gf;fs; kpff;fLikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.68 ,j;jifa

Fwpg;ghd tpjp tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whf tUkh ,y;iyah vd;gJ

njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s

njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfy mikg;gplk; jhf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w

tpisTk; jhf;fKk; ,ilNeHtpisthd ,og;Gg; gw;wpAk; muRfs; mf;fiwAiljhfNt

,Ug;gjid mur eilKiw fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf> ve;j tifahd MAj

Nkhjyhf ,Ug;gpDk; mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs;

kw;Wk; fUtpfy mikg;gplk; jhf;fg;gLtJ njhlHghf tpNrl ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid muRfs; mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wd. ,j;Njitg;ghL tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd;

ghfnkhd;whf ve;j MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;nwhU Gjpa tpjp ahnjdpy;>

,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;j

vz;zpAs;s my;yJ Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nghhpay; topKiwfs;

kw;Wk; toptiffspd; cgNahfkhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL I Mf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J> ,j;jilahdJ gue;jsthd mur eilKiw hPjpahd

Mjutpidg;ngw;wJld;> tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; jplkhd ghfkhfTk; MfpAs;sJ.

MapDk;>rpy muRfs;,e;j tpjp mZthAjq;fSf;F Vw;Gilajy;y vd;W gpbthjkhf

njhptpj;J tUfpd;wikahy;> mZthAjq;fs; njhlHghf ,e;j tpjp Vw;GilajhfhJ.69

,e;j tpNrl tpjpf;F Nkyhf> ,aw;ifr; R+oy; vd;gJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;nfhd;whff;

fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. Mifahy;> Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F Vw;Gilajhd midj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,jw;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

mjhtJ> ghFghL fhl;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL> tpfpjrk jhf;Fjy; Nfhl;ghL> jhf;FjYf;F

Kd;ghf Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;if vLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mjhtJ

,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ve;jnthU ghfKk;

jhf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. NkYk;> jpl;ltl;lkhfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt

mD$yj;ijtpl ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf kpjkpQ;rpajhd Nrjj;ij

Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;Wf;F vjpuhfj;

njhLf;fg;gLfpd;w jhf;FjyhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mZthAj tof;fpy;

toq;fg;gl;l MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> “newpKiwahd ,uhZtf;

Fwp,yf;nfhd;whfg; gpd;njhlHifapy;> vJ mtrpakhdnjd;Wk; tpfpjrkkhdnjd;Wk;

kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;wNghJ> Rw;whly; njhlHghd ghprPyidfis muRfs;

68 Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I, cWg;Giu 56(1) (MapDk;> 2tJ ge;jpiaaj; jtpHj;J

njhlug;gLfpd;wJ) kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II, cWg;Giu 15 (ve;jtpj tpLghLfSkpd;wp). 69 ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G

4), njhFjp. I> tpjp 45.

26

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;”70 vd;W rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; njhptpj;jJ. NkYk;>

Nghhpay; topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhg;gPL

njhlHgpy; chpa ftdj;Jld; cgNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt eltbf;iffis

Kd;ndLg;gjpy;> ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf Vw;glf;$bajhd Nrjj;ij

jtpHg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J

Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ,uhZt eltbf;iffspdhy; R+oy;

kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; njhlHghf tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd cWjpg;ghL ,y;yhik>

mj;jifa Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis vLg;gjpypUe;J NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xU jug;gpdiu

nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fkhl;lhJ.71

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfshy; jPHf;fg;glhj NkYk; gy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf>mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk;

,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWtjw;fhd

ve;j Vw;ghLfisAk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. eilKiwapy;>

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffs; kPjhd jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;gpidNa

,tHfSk; mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; tpisthf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;Gf;F mtHfs;

chpj;JilatHfshf ,Uf;fpd;w tiuf;Fk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

gl;laj;jpw;fikthf mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;l nkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk;

,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tpjp

mur eilKiwapdhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay;

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lj;jpYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J jw;nghOJ ve;jNthH

MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W rHtNjrr; rl;l tpjpahFk;.72

N`a;f; rkthaq;fspdhy; gy;NtW NghHeltbf;iffs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

,j;jifa xOq;Ftpjpfspy; ePz;lfhykhf rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy; tof;fhwhff;

fUjg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.73 MapDk;> mtw;wpy; rpy tpjpfs; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhWfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzkhf> tof;fhw;W rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; kpfePz;lfhy tpjpahd: (1)

jtpHf;ftpayhj ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>

vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpDila nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy; my;yJ ifg;gw;Wjy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> (2) R+iwahLjy; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;Fk;

rkkhf Vw;GilajhFk;. R+iwahLjy; vd;gJ vjphpaplkpUe;J mtHfsJ jdpg;gl;l

nrhj;Jf;fis jdpg;gl;l my;yJ nrhe;jg; ghtidf;fhf gyte;jkhf

70 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtid njhlhghd

rl;lG+Hthe;jd;ik njhlHghd tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 8), gf;fj;jpy; 30.

71 ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I, tpjp 44.

72 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjp 33. 73 ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> epAnuk;NgHf;fpd; rHtNjr ,uhZt epaharig> ngUk;

Aj;jf;Fw;wthspfsJ tof;F> jPHg;G> 1 xf;NlhgH 1946> cj;jpNahfG+Ht Mtzk; njhFjp. I, gf;fk;. 253–254.

27

25

mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaWtJld;> mjd; tpisthf Fbkf;fs; kj;jpapy;

Vw;gLfpd;w ,og;Gf;fs; kpff;fLikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.68 ,j;jifa

Fwpg;ghd tpjp tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whf tUkh ,y;iyah vd;gJ

njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s

njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfy mikg;gplk; jhf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w

tpisTk; jhf;fKk; ,ilNeHtpisthd ,og;Gg; gw;wpAk; muRfs; mf;fiwAiljhfNt

,Ug;gjid mur eilKiw fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf> ve;j tifahd MAj

Nkhjyhf ,Ug;gpDk; mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs;

kw;Wk; fUtpfy mikg;gplk; jhf;fg;gLtJ njhlHghf tpNrl ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid muRfs; mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wd. ,j;Njitg;ghL tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd;

ghfnkhd;whf ve;j MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;nwhU Gjpa tpjp ahnjdpy;>

,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;j

vz;zpAs;s my;yJ Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nghhpay; topKiwfs;

kw;Wk; toptiffspd; cgNahfkhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdL I Mf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J> ,j;jilahdJ gue;jsthd mur eilKiw hPjpahd

Mjutpidg;ngw;wJld;> tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; jplkhd ghfkhfTk; MfpAs;sJ.

MapDk;>rpy muRfs;,e;j tpjp mZthAjq;fSf;F Vw;Gilajy;y vd;W gpbthjkhf

njhptpj;J tUfpd;wikahy;> mZthAjq;fs; njhlHghf ,e;j tpjp Vw;GilajhfhJ.69

,e;j tpNrl tpjpf;F Nkyhf> ,aw;ifr; R+oy; vd;gJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;nfhd;whff;

fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. Mifahy;> Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F Vw;Gilajhd midj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,jw;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

mjhtJ> ghFghL fhl;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL> tpfpjrk jhf;Fjy; Nfhl;ghL> jhf;FjYf;F

Kd;ghf Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;if vLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mjhtJ

,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ve;jnthU ghfKk;

jhf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. NkYk;> jpl;ltl;lkhfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt

mD$yj;ijtpl ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf kpjkpQ;rpajhd Nrjj;ij

Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;Wf;F vjpuhfj;

njhLf;fg;gLfpd;w jhf;FjyhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mZthAj tof;fpy;

toq;fg;gl;l MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> “newpKiwahd ,uhZtf;

Fwp,yf;nfhd;whfg; gpd;njhlHifapy;> vJ mtrpakhdnjd;Wk; tpfpjrkkhdnjd;Wk;

kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;wNghJ> Rw;whly; njhlHghd ghprPyidfis muRfs;

68 Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I, cWg;Giu 56(1) (MapDk;> 2tJ ge;jpiaaj; jtpHj;J

njhlug;gLfpd;wJ) kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II, cWg;Giu 15 (ve;jtpj tpLghLfSkpd;wp). 69 ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G

4), njhFjp. I> tpjp 45.

26

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;”70 vd;W rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; njhptpj;jJ. NkYk;>

Nghhpay; topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhg;gPL

njhlHgpy; chpa ftdj;Jld; cgNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt eltbf;iffis

Kd;ndLg;gjpy;> ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf Vw;glf;$bajhd Nrjj;ij

jtpHg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J

Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ,uhZt eltbf;iffspdhy; R+oy;

kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; njhlHghf tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd cWjpg;ghL ,y;yhik>

mj;jifa Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis vLg;gjpypUe;J NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xU jug;gpdiu

nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fkhl;lhJ.71

Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfshy; jPHf;fg;glhj NkYk; gy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf>mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk;

,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWtjw;fhd

ve;j Vw;ghLfisAk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. eilKiwapy;>

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffs; kPjhd jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;gpidNa

,tHfSk; mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; tpisthf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;Gf;F mtHfs;

chpj;JilatHfshf ,Uf;fpd;w tiuf;Fk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

gl;laj;jpw;fikthf mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;l nkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk;

,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tpjp

mur eilKiwapdhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay;

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lj;jpYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J jw;nghOJ ve;jNthH

MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W rHtNjrr; rl;l tpjpahFk;.72

N`a;f; rkthaq;fspdhy; gy;NtW NghHeltbf;iffs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

,j;jifa xOq;Ftpjpfspy; ePz;lfhykhf rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy; tof;fhwhff;

fUjg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.73 MapDk;> mtw;wpy; rpy tpjpfs; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhWfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzkhf> tof;fhw;W rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; kpfePz;lfhy tpjpahd: (1)

jtpHf;ftpayhj ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>

vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpDila nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy; my;yJ ifg;gw;Wjy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> (2) R+iwahLjy; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;Fk;

rkkhf Vw;GilajhFk;. R+iwahLjy; vd;gJ vjphpaplkpUe;J mtHfsJ jdpg;gl;l

nrhj;Jf;fis jdpg;gl;l my;yJ nrhe;jg; ghtidf;fhf gyte;jkhf

70 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtid njhlhghd

rl;lG+Hthe;jd;ik njhlHghd tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 8), gf;fj;jpy; 30.

71 ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I, tpjp 44.

72 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjp 33. 73 ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> epAnuk;NgHf;fpd; rHtNjr ,uhZt epaharig> ngUk;

Aj;jf;Fw;wthspfsJ tof;F> jPHg;G> 1 xf;NlhgH 1946> cj;jpNahfG+Ht Mtzk; njhFjp. I, gf;fk;. 253–254.

28

27

vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.74 ,e;j Vw;ghLfs; ,uz;Lk;> Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

jpwj;jtHfs; vjpHj;jug;gpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,uhZtf; fyq;fis NghHKiwf;

nfhs;isr;nry;tkhff; ifg;gw;Wtjidg; ghjpf;fkhl;lhJ.

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> fl;lisajpfhhpfs; VNjDnkhU

njhlHghly; toptifapD}lhf Nkhjyw;w njhlHGfis vjpuhspAld;

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> mj;jifa njhlHGfs; ey;nyz;zj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa njhlHghly;fs;

,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FNthH vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;w ,ilaPl;lhsHfSlhfTk;

NkYk;> njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; thndhyp %ykhfTk; eilngWtjid mur

eilKiwfs;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtH vd;why; Nkhjypy;

<LgLfpd;w jug;nghd;Wf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xUtUk;> Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w kw;iwa

jug;Gld; njhlHghlypy; <LgLtjw;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;Ls;s egH MthH. Mifahy;

mtH kPJ vj;jifa mj;JkPwYk; nra;ag;glyhfhJ. mtH mwpag;gLfpd;w ghuk;ghpa

Kiwik vJntdpy;> mtH nts;isf; nfhbnahd;Wld; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;YthH. ,jw;F

Nkyjpfkhf> ,j;jifa njhlHghlYf;F %d;whe;jug;nghd;wpd; cjtpiaAk; Nfhuyhk;

vd;gjid mur eilKiwapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjidf; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf>

ghJfhf;fpd;w muR my;yJ gf;fr;rhHgw;wJk; eLepiyahdJkhd kdpjhgpkhd mikg;G

xU gjpyhshf> tpNrlkhf rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO> my;yJ rHtNjrj;

jhgdnkhd;W my;yJ mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lg; gzpahl;fSk; mt;thW nraw;glyhk;.

gy;NtW epWtdq;fSk; jhgdq;fSk; rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fspy; Nguk;Ngr;rpy; <LgLfpd;w ,ilaPl;lhsHfshf nraw;gl;bUg;gjid

Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ll mur eilKiwfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;j eilKiw nghJthf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhFk;. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FNthH vd;gtHfsJ

nraw;ghLfis MSfpd;w tpjpfs; N`a;f; rkthaq;fspypUe;Jk;> rHtNjr

MAjNkhjypy; tof;fhwhfTk; kpf ePz;lfhykhf fUjg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fle;j 50

Mz;Lfspy; mit rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk; mur

eilKiwf;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; khwptUfpd;wd.75

rl;lk;; ,uz;L jphpGfshf mike;J fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjid

mur eilKiwfs; ntspf;fhl;bepw;fpd;wd. KjyhtJ jphpG> N`a;f; rkthaj;jpd;

fhyg;gFjpf;Fr; nry;tJld;> ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;NghJ>,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf

mit ,Ue;jhyd;wp> rkak;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F

mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;llq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; ,uhZt

eltbf;iffspd;NghJ NrjNkw;glhky; jtpHg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdnkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk;> ifg;gw;Wif> mopT my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W nra;Ak; Nrjk; midj;Jk;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy; ,e;j tpjpfs; kpf ePz;l fhy 74 ghHf;f: R+iwahly; Aj;jf;Fw;wk; xd;whf> rHtNjrf; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

Fw;wj;Jf;fhd %yf;$Wfs;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk;: (cWg;Giu 8(2)(b)(xvi) gf;fk; (e)(v).

75 ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 67–69.

28

eilKiwahf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk;

jw;nghOJ tof;fhwhfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

1954Mk; Mz;bd; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlHghd N`a;f;

rkthaj;jpd; tpNrl Vw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,uz;lhtJ jphpG

mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ> ,e;j rkthak; “midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F

kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fisg;” ghJfhg;gJld;> mj;jifa

nrhj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd tpNrl jdpj;Jtkpf;f milahsnkhd;iwAk;

mwpKfQ;nra;fpd;wJ. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F

Njitahdjhf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fisj; jhf;fNth my;yJ

mr;nrhj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ mopit my;yJ Nrjj;ij vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;

mtw;iwr; nra;ayhfhJ vd;W tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; ,d;W Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fSf;nfjpuhd jpUl;L> R+iwahLjy;> my;yJ Fw;wKiwahd

ifahly;> kw;Wk; mUk;nghUl;fis mopj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

,j;jifa jilfs; N`a;f; rkthaj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpUg;gJld;> fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlHghf mur eilKiwfs;

,r;rkthaj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpapUg;gjw;F rhd;whFk;.

MAjq;fs;

kpjkpQ;rpa CW my;yJ mtrpakw;w Ntjidia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba MAjq;fs;

kw;Wk; ghFghlw;w jd;ikAila MAjq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; cgNahfkhdJ ve;jnthU

MAjNkhjypYk; jilnra;fpd;w nghJthd Nfhl;ghlhdJ tof;fhnwhd;whfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l

rpy MAjq;fis my;yJ tpNrlkhd rpy MAjq;fis cgNahfpg;gjid tof;fhw;Wr;

rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; mur eilKiwfs; jilnra;jpUf;fpd;wd: eQ;R my;yJ

eQ;R+l;lg;gl;l MAjq;fs;> caphpay; MAjq;fs;> ,urhad MAjq;fs;> fyfj;jLg;G

,af;fpthAit Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;> nrbfisf;nfhy;Yk;

gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;>76 kdpj clypy; ,yFthf

tphptilaf;$baJk; NkhrkhdJkhd Njhl;lhf;fspd; ghtid> kdpj clypDs;

ntbj;Jr; rpjwf;$ba Njhl;lhf;fspd; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd ghtid> fz;Zf;Fg;

Gyg;glhj vf;];-fjpHfshyhd kPe;j rpWghfq;fshy; kdpj clypy; mit gpujhdkhff;

fhaNkw;gLj;jf; $bajhd MAjq;fspd; ghtid> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

tpNrl ghJfhg;Gf;F chpajhd ,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Ml;fSld; gytopfspy;

76 ,t;tpjp gy;NtW tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l tpjpfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mjhtJ: mNjNghd;W:

jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba ,urhad MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba caphpay; MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; ,uhZt ,yf;nfhd;wpidad;wp jhtutshr;rpiaf; Fwpitj;Js;sjhf ,Ug;gpd;; cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$yj;ij tplTk; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;J Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;; my;yJ ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;> nrbfisf; nfhy;Yk; gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj gphptpy;.> tpjp 76.

29

27

vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.74 ,e;j Vw;ghLfs; ,uz;Lk;> Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

jpwj;jtHfs; vjpHj;jug;gpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,uhZtf; fyq;fis NghHKiwf;

nfhs;isr;nry;tkhff; ifg;gw;Wtjidg; ghjpf;fkhl;lhJ.

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> fl;lisajpfhhpfs; VNjDnkhU

njhlHghly; toptifapD}lhf Nkhjyw;w njhlHGfis vjpuhspAld;

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> mj;jifa njhlHGfs; ey;nyz;zj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa njhlHghly;fs;

,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FNthH vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;w ,ilaPl;lhsHfSlhfTk;

NkYk;> njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; thndhyp %ykhfTk; eilngWtjid mur

eilKiwfs;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtH vd;why; Nkhjypy;

<LgLfpd;w jug;nghd;Wf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xUtUk;> Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w kw;iwa

jug;Gld; njhlHghlypy; <LgLtjw;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;Ls;s egH MthH. Mifahy;

mtH kPJ vj;jifa mj;JkPwYk; nra;ag;glyhfhJ. mtH mwpag;gLfpd;w ghuk;ghpa

Kiwik vJntdpy;> mtH nts;isf; nfhbnahd;Wld; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;YthH. ,jw;F

Nkyjpfkhf> ,j;jifa njhlHghlYf;F %d;whe;jug;nghd;wpd; cjtpiaAk; Nfhuyhk;

vd;gjid mur eilKiwapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjidf; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf>

ghJfhf;fpd;w muR my;yJ gf;fr;rhHgw;wJk; eLepiyahdJkhd kdpjhgpkhd mikg;G

xU gjpyhshf> tpNrlkhf rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO> my;yJ rHtNjrj;

jhgdnkhd;W my;yJ mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lg; gzpahl;fSk; mt;thW nraw;glyhk;.

gy;NtW epWtdq;fSk; jhgdq;fSk; rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fspy; Nguk;Ngr;rpy; <LgLfpd;w ,ilaPl;lhsHfshf nraw;gl;bUg;gjid

Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ll mur eilKiwfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;j eilKiw nghJthf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhFk;. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FNthH vd;gtHfsJ

nraw;ghLfis MSfpd;w tpjpfs; N`a;f; rkthaq;fspypUe;Jk;> rHtNjr

MAjNkhjypy; tof;fhwhfTk; kpf ePz;lfhykhf fUjg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fle;j 50

Mz;Lfspy; mit rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk; mur

eilKiwf;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; khwptUfpd;wd.75

rl;lk;; ,uz;L jphpGfshf mike;J fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjid

mur eilKiwfs; ntspf;fhl;bepw;fpd;wd. KjyhtJ jphpG> N`a;f; rkthaj;jpd;

fhyg;gFjpf;Fr; nry;tJld;> ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;NghJ>,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf

mit ,Ue;jhyd;wp> rkak;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F

mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;llq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; ,uhZt

eltbf;iffspd;NghJ NrjNkw;glhky; jtpHg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdnkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk;> ifg;gw;Wif> mopT my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W nra;Ak; Nrjk; midj;Jk;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy; ,e;j tpjpfs; kpf ePz;l fhy 74 ghHf;f: R+iwahly; Aj;jf;Fw;wk; xd;whf> rHtNjrf; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

Fw;wj;Jf;fhd %yf;$Wfs;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk;: (cWg;Giu 8(2)(b)(xvi) gf;fk; (e)(v).

75 ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 67–69.

28

eilKiwahf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk;

jw;nghOJ tof;fhwhfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

1954Mk; Mz;bd; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlHghd N`a;f;

rkthaj;jpd; tpNrl Vw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,uz;lhtJ jphpG

mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ> ,e;j rkthak; “midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F

kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fisg;” ghJfhg;gJld;> mj;jifa

nrhj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd tpNrl jdpj;Jtkpf;f milahsnkhd;iwAk;

mwpKfQ;nra;fpd;wJ. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F

Njitahdjhf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fisj; jhf;fNth my;yJ

mr;nrhj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ mopit my;yJ Nrjj;ij vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;

mtw;iwr; nra;ayhfhJ vd;W tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; ,d;W Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fSf;nfjpuhd jpUl;L> R+iwahLjy;> my;yJ Fw;wKiwahd

ifahly;> kw;Wk; mUk;nghUl;fis mopj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

,j;jifa jilfs; N`a;f; rkthaj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpUg;gJld;> fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlHghf mur eilKiwfs;

,r;rkthaj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpapUg;gjw;F rhd;whFk;.

MAjq;fs;

kpjkpQ;rpa CW my;yJ mtrpakw;w Ntjidia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba MAjq;fs;

kw;Wk; ghFghlw;w jd;ikAila MAjq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; cgNahfkhdJ ve;jnthU

MAjNkhjypYk; jilnra;fpd;w nghJthd Nfhl;ghlhdJ tof;fhnwhd;whfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l

rpy MAjq;fis my;yJ tpNrlkhd rpy MAjq;fis cgNahfpg;gjid tof;fhw;Wr;

rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; mur eilKiwfs; jilnra;jpUf;fpd;wd: eQ;R my;yJ

eQ;R+l;lg;gl;l MAjq;fs;> caphpay; MAjq;fs;> ,urhad MAjq;fs;> fyfj;jLg;G

,af;fpthAit Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;> nrbfisf;nfhy;Yk;

gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;>76 kdpj clypy; ,yFthf

tphptilaf;$baJk; NkhrkhdJkhd Njhl;lhf;fspd; ghtid> kdpj clypDs;

ntbj;Jr; rpjwf;$ba Njhl;lhf;fspd; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd ghtid> fz;Zf;Fg;

Gyg;glhj vf;];-fjpHfshyhd kPe;j rpWghfq;fshy; kdpj clypy; mit gpujhdkhff;

fhaNkw;gLj;jf; $bajhd MAjq;fspd; ghtid> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

tpNrl ghJfhg;Gf;F chpajhd ,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Ml;fSld; gytopfspy;

76 ,t;tpjp gy;NtW tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l tpjpfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mjhtJ: mNjNghd;W:

jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba ,urhad MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba caphpay; MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; ,uhZt ,yf;nfhd;wpidad;wp jhtutshr;rpiaf; Fwpitj;Js;sjhf ,Ug;gpd;; cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$yj;ij tplTk; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;J Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;; my;yJ ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;> nrbfisf; nfhy;Yk; gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj gphptpy;.> tpjp 76.

30

29

,ize;jjhd my;yJ njhlHGgl;ljhd my;yJ Fbkf;fspd; ftdj;ij

<Hf;ff;$bajhd mj;jifa nghUl;fSld; ,izj;J itf;fg;gl;l R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfis

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhy; tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,yf;FfSf;F

my;yJ Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd ghtid> NghHr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf khj;jpuk; my;yJ NghHr;

nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whfg; ghtpg;gjw;F tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s>

Kidg;ghf;fg;glhj fz;ghHitia epue;jukhf ,of;fr;nra;Ak; xspf;fjphpaf;f

MAjq;fspd; ghtid vd;gd rHtNjr tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jil

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

rpy MAjq;fs; jil nra;ag;glhjitahf ,Ue;jhYk;> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPohd kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j tplaj;jpw;F cjhuzkhf>

epyf;fz;zp ntbfisAk; vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

epyf;fz;zp ntbfs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> mtw;wpdJ ghFghlw;w

tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdk; vLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>

epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W> $batiu mit

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpidg; gjpTnra;J itj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. jPtpu NghH eltbf;iffs;

Kbtile;jJk;> epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpj;jpUf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w

jug;nghd;W> Fbkf;fSf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;jh tz;zk; mtw;iw mfw;w my;yJ

jfHf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpid mfw;w cjtpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xl;lhth rkthaj;jpid 140 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;

jpUf;fpd;w mNjNtis> ,r;rkthaj;jpd; muRj;jug;Gf;fs; nghUj;jidf;

flg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfis

cgNahfg;gLj;jNth> cw;gj;jpnra;aNth> Nrfhpj;Jj; njhf;fhf itf;fNth> kw;Wk;

,lj;Jf;fplk; khw;wQ;nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfspy; <LglyhfhJ. ,j;jilahdJ jw;nghOJ

tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whf ,y;yhik fhuzkhf> fzprkhdsTf;F muRj;

jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhj muRfs; mjpfsT Kuz;ghlhd nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLfpd;wdH.

mj;Jld;> muRj; jug;gy;yhj muRfs;> nghJthf vy;yh muRfSk;> ,tw;Wf;fhd

cldbj; jilf;F Mjuthf ,y;iy vd;gJld;> Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfspd;

,y;yhnjhopg;Gj; njhlHghd ,Wjptpisit Nehf;fpr; nraw;glNtz;Lnkd;gjid

Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.

Nghhpy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahjtuhf xU egiu Mf;Ftjw;F Fiwe;jsT

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fisg; ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy; jtpu>

Ml;fSf;F vjpuhf vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisg; ghtpj;jyhdJ jilnra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,ilNeHtpisthd Fbkf;fs; caphpog;G>

Fbkf;fSf;F fhaNkw;gLjy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLjy;

vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk; vt;tifahd epfo;thapDk; Fiwg;gjw;F tpNrl ftdk;

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j tpjpfspy; mjpfkhdit nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpzq;fpr;

nry;tJld;> mit mbg;gilapy; rHtNjr MAjNkhjYf;F Vw;GilaitAkhFk;.

,Ug;gpDk;> eilKiwg; Nghf;fhdJ khw;wkile;J tUfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> rHtNjrj;

30

jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;GilajhdJk; 1996Mk; Mz;bd;

Fwpj;jtifahd ghuk;ghpa MAjq;fs; njhlHghd rHtNjr rkthaj;Jf;fhd

,uz;lhtJ gpd;Ndw;ghl;bdJ jpUj;jk;> kw;Wk; kpf mz;ikapy;> 2001Mk; Mz;by;

Fwpj;j tifahd ghuk;ghpa MAjq;fs; njhlHghd rHtNjr rkthaj;Jf;fhd

gpd;NdLfs; I - IV Mfpatw;wpd; gpuNahfg; gug;ngy;iyapid rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; tphpthf;fpAs;sJ. MfNt> Nkw;$wpa tof;fhw;Wj; jilfSk;

kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ve;j tifahd MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilahdjhFk;.

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;

tjw;fhd gzpg;ghiziar; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FO ngw;Wf;nfhz;lNghJ>

rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigapdhy; Nfl;fg;gl;l

MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhak; xd;Wf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhf> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy;

my;yJ ghtidapd; rl;lG+Htkhdjd;ik njhlHghf Muha;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

Mifahy;> ,g;gpur;rid njhlHghf rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOTk; jdJ nrhe;j

gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jPHkhdpj;jJ. rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ mjdJ

MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> “mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtidahdJ

MAjNkhjypy; Vw;Gilajhd rHtNjrr; rl;lj; Njitg;ghLfSf;F> Fwpg;ghf rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lf;Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; tpjpfSf;Fk; ,zq;;fpajhfNt ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;” vd;W KbTnra;jJ.77

,e;j KbT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ Vnddpy;> KjyhtJ Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdlhdJ mZthAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHgpy; Vw;Gilajhf khl;lhJ vd;w

fUj;jpidg; gpd;Ndl;bd; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lgl;l gy muRfs; nfhz;bUe;jd.

MapDk;> NghHeltbf;if elj;ij njhlHghd tpjpfSk;> MAjq;fspd; ghtid

njhlHghd Nfhl;ghLfSk; mZthAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHgpYk; Vw;GilajhFk;

vd;gNj rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nghJthd fUj;J MFk;. ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghLfspdJk;

tpjpfspdJk; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf>“mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk;

ghtidahdJ MAjNkhjy; njhlHghd rHtNjr rl;l tpjpfSf;F nghJthfTk;

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lf;Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Fwpg;ghfTk; Kuz;gl;ljhFk;”78 vd;W rHtNjr

ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ.

mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;

MAjNkhjy; jug;nghd;wpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w vy;yh Fbkf;fSf;Fk;>

NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf <LglhNjhH kw;Wk; <LgLtjid epWj;jpf;nfhz;l>

77 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspdJ mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghtid njhlHghd rl;lG+Htj;jd;ik

gw;wpa tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (Fwpg;G 8), gf;fk;. 226 78 mNj ,lj;jpy; ghHf;f; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rig> 51tJ mkHTj;njhlH> Kjy;

FO>rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; nra;ag;;gl;l $w;W> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Mtzq;fs; - A/C.1/51/PV.8, 18 xf;NlhgH 1996, gf;fk;. 10, rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; kPs;Nehf;F Ma;tpjo;> ,y.316, 1997, gf;fk;. 118–119 – kWgpuRuk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>(“mZthAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ vt;thW rHtNjr rl;lq;fSld; ,zq;fpr; nry;yg;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gjid vz;zpg;ghHg;gjid rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO fbdkhdnjhd;whff; fUJfpd;wJ”) ,idAk; ghHf;f.

31

29

,ize;jjhd my;yJ njhlHGgl;ljhd my;yJ Fbkf;fspd; ftdj;ij

<Hf;ff;$bajhd mj;jifa nghUl;fSld; ,izj;J itf;fg;gl;l R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfis

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhy; tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,yf;FfSf;F

my;yJ Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd ghtid> NghHr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf khj;jpuk; my;yJ NghHr;

nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whfg; ghtpg;gjw;F tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s>

Kidg;ghf;fg;glhj fz;ghHitia epue;jukhf ,of;fr;nra;Ak; xspf;fjphpaf;f

MAjq;fspd; ghtid vd;gd rHtNjr tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jil

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

rpy MAjq;fs; jil nra;ag;glhjitahf ,Ue;jhYk;> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPohd kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j tplaj;jpw;F cjhuzkhf>

epyf;fz;zp ntbfisAk; vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

epyf;fz;zp ntbfs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> mtw;wpdJ ghFghlw;w

tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdk; vLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>

epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W> $batiu mit

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpidg; gjpTnra;J itj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. jPtpu NghH eltbf;iffs;

Kbtile;jJk;> epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpj;jpUf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w

jug;nghd;W> Fbkf;fSf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;jh tz;zk; mtw;iw mfw;w my;yJ

jfHf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpid mfw;w cjtpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xl;lhth rkthaj;jpid 140 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;

jpUf;fpd;w mNjNtis> ,r;rkthaj;jpd; muRj;jug;Gf;fs; nghUj;jidf;

flg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfis

cgNahfg;gLj;jNth> cw;gj;jpnra;aNth> Nrfhpj;Jj; njhf;fhf itf;fNth> kw;Wk;

,lj;Jf;fplk; khw;wQ;nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfspy; <LglyhfhJ. ,j;jilahdJ jw;nghOJ

tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whf ,y;yhik fhuzkhf> fzprkhdsTf;F muRj;

jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhj muRfs; mjpfsT Kuz;ghlhd nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLfpd;wdH.

mj;Jld;> muRj; jug;gy;yhj muRfs;> nghJthf vy;yh muRfSk;> ,tw;Wf;fhd

cldbj; jilf;F Mjuthf ,y;iy vd;gJld;> Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfspd;

,y;yhnjhopg;Gj; njhlHghd ,Wjptpisit Nehf;fpr; nraw;glNtz;Lnkd;gjid

Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.

Nghhpy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahjtuhf xU egiu Mf;Ftjw;F Fiwe;jsT

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fisg; ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy; jtpu>

Ml;fSf;F vjpuhf vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisg; ghtpj;jyhdJ jilnra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,ilNeHtpisthd Fbkf;fs; caphpog;G>

Fbkf;fSf;F fhaNkw;gLjy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLjy;

vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk; vt;tifahd epfo;thapDk; Fiwg;gjw;F tpNrl ftdk;

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j tpjpfspy; mjpfkhdit nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpzq;fpr;

nry;tJld;> mit mbg;gilapy; rHtNjr MAjNkhjYf;F Vw;GilaitAkhFk;.

,Ug;gpDk;> eilKiwg; Nghf;fhdJ khw;wkile;J tUfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> rHtNjrj;

30

jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;GilajhdJk; 1996Mk; Mz;bd;

Fwpj;jtifahd ghuk;ghpa MAjq;fs; njhlHghd rHtNjr rkthaj;Jf;fhd

,uz;lhtJ gpd;Ndw;ghl;bdJ jpUj;jk;> kw;Wk; kpf mz;ikapy;> 2001Mk; Mz;by;

Fwpj;j tifahd ghuk;ghpa MAjq;fs; njhlHghd rHtNjr rkthaj;Jf;fhd

gpd;NdLfs; I - IV Mfpatw;wpd; gpuNahfg; gug;ngy;iyapid rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; tphpthf;fpAs;sJ. MfNt> Nkw;$wpa tof;fhw;Wj; jilfSk;

kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ve;j tifahd MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilahdjhFk;.

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;

tjw;fhd gzpg;ghiziar; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FO ngw;Wf;nfhz;lNghJ>

rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigapdhy; Nfl;fg;gl;l

MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhak; xd;Wf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhf> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy;

my;yJ ghtidapd; rl;lG+Htkhdjd;ik njhlHghf Muha;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

Mifahy;> ,g;gpur;rid njhlHghf rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOTk; jdJ nrhe;j

gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jPHkhdpj;jJ. rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ mjdJ

MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> “mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtidahdJ

MAjNkhjypy; Vw;Gilajhd rHtNjrr; rl;lj; Njitg;ghLfSf;F> Fwpg;ghf rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lf;Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; tpjpfSf;Fk; ,zq;;fpajhfNt ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;” vd;W KbTnra;jJ.77

,e;j KbT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ Vnddpy;> KjyhtJ Nkyjpfg;

gpd;NdlhdJ mZthAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHgpy; Vw;Gilajhf khl;lhJ vd;w

fUj;jpidg; gpd;Ndl;bd; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lgl;l gy muRfs; nfhz;bUe;jd.

MapDk;> NghHeltbf;if elj;ij njhlHghd tpjpfSk;> MAjq;fspd; ghtid

njhlHghd Nfhl;ghLfSk; mZthAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHgpYk; Vw;GilajhFk;

vd;gNj rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nghJthd fUj;J MFk;. ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghLfspdJk;

tpjpfspdJk; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf>“mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk;

ghtidahdJ MAjNkhjy; njhlHghd rHtNjr rl;l tpjpfSf;F nghJthfTk;

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lf;Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Fwpg;ghfTk; Kuz;gl;ljhFk;”78 vd;W rHtNjr

ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ.

mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;

MAjNkhjy; jug;nghd;wpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w vy;yh Fbkf;fSf;Fk;>

NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf <LglhNjhH kw;Wk; <LgLtjid epWj;jpf;nfhz;l>

77 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspdJ mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghtid njhlHghd rl;lG+Htj;jd;ik

gw;wpa tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (Fwpg;G 8), gf;fk;. 226 78 mNj ,lj;jpy; ghHf;f; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rig> 51tJ mkHTj;njhlH> Kjy;

FO>rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; nra;ag;;gl;l $w;W> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Mtzq;fs; - A/C.1/51/PV.8, 18 xf;NlhgH 1996, gf;fk;. 10, rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; kPs;Nehf;F Ma;tpjo;> ,y.316, 1997, gf;fk;. 118–119 – kWgpuRuk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>(“mZthAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ vt;thW rHtNjr rl;lq;fSld; ,zq;fpr; nry;yg;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gjid vz;zpg;ghHg;gjid rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO fbdkhdnjhd;whff; fUJfpd;wJ”) ,idAk; ghHf;f.

32

31

kw;Wk; njhlHe;Jk;<Lgl Kbahj Ml;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; vd;gJ

Vw;GilajhFk;. mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fshdit vy;yh Ml;fSf;Fk; nghJthd

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mit NtWgl;l Ml;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd

tpNrl tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Jizg;gphpTfshf ,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd.

mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspYk; rHtNjrj;

jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjw;F cWjpahd mbg;gilapid

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;tpy;> mbg;gil

cj;juthjq;fs; njhlHghd ngUk;ghyhd tpjpfs; ghuk;ghpa kdpjhgpkdr; rl;l

nkhopeilapy; mike;jpUg;gjdhy;> xj;jpirthd tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l %yf;fUj;ij

rpwg;ghfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.79 ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy tphpthd Vw;ghLfspd;

%yf;fUj;ij RUf;fkhfj; jUfpd;w KiwapYk; rpy Vw;ghLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;Wf;F cjhuzkhf> Cjpak; toq;fg;glhj my;yJ J~;gpuNahfkhd fl;lha

Ntiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhky; Nghfr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ vNjr;irahd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;fr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ KbAkhdtiuf;Fk; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk; Mfpa

Vw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.80

rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd eilKiwfs; ,e;j Ma;tpy;

nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vnddpy;> rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; rl;lk; MAjNkhjy;

eilngWfpd;w Neuj;jpYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd kdpj chpikfs;

njhlHghd nghUj;jidfs; ntspg;gilahf typAWj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf mj;jifa

Vw;ghLfs; ,t;thW cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. MapDk;> Fwpj;jrpy kdpj chpikfs; rl;l

Vw;ghLfs; nghJ mtrufhy epiyikfspd; NghJ kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf

epWj;jpitf;fg;glyhk;. kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; njhlHr;rpahd gpuNahfkhdJ gy

re;jHg;gq;fspy; mur eilKiwfspdhYk;> kdpj chpikfs; cWg;gikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

79 mj;jifa tpjpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd: Fbkf;fSk; njhlHe;J

NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fSk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; gLnfhiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd my;yJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w elhj;Jif kw;Wk; Ranfsut mtkjpg;igNaw;gLj;Jk; gopr;nray;fs;> Fwpg;ghf kjpg;gpof;fr; nra;Ak;;gbahdJk; juf;FiwthdJkhd elhj;Jif vd;gd jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd; ,tw;iwnahj;j NtW tpj;jpahrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> vt;tpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLk; fhl;lg;gLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; Fwpj;j MspdJ MNuhf;fpa epiyf;fhff; Fwpj;Jr;nrhy;yg;glhjJk; kUj;Jtj; juhjuq;fspdhy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk; Kuhzhd mq;fr;rpijg;G> kUj;Jt my;yJ tpQ;Qhdg; ghpNrhjidfs;> my;yJ NtNwNjDk; kUj;Jtr;nra;Kiw vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; Vida tifahd ghypay; td;Kiw jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd; mbikKiw kw;Wk; mbik tHj;jfk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tbtq;fspYk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; gzaf;ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jitj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; epahakhd tprhuiznahd;iw mspf;fpd;w mtrpakhd midj;J ePjpKiw cj;juthjq;fs;; $l;Lj;jz;lidfs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; Fbkf;fspdJk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLgl KbahNjhUkhd Ml;fspdJk; ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; rka eilKiwfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;: ghHf;f – tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: Nkw;fhl;ba Fwpg;G 4, njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 87–94, 96–97 kw;Wk; 100–104.

80 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 95, 98-99 kw;Wk; 105

32

rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;81 vd;gtw;why; gy re;jHg;gq;fspy; cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. kpf

mz;ikapy;> Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gy];jPd Ms;Gyq;fspy; Rtnuhd;iw mikg;gJ

njhlHgpy; Vw;gLfpd;w rl;l tpisTfs; gw;wpa rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jplk; Nfl;fg;gl;l

MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;>“kdpj chpikfs; rkthaq;fspdhy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ghJfhg;ghdJ MAjNkhjy; vd;gjd; fhuzkhf ,y;yhJNghfkhl;lhJ” vd;W

njhptpj;jJld;> rpy tplaq;fs; gpuj;jpNafkhf rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhfTk;> mNjNghd;W ,d;Dk; rpy tplaq;fs; gpuj;jpNafkhf rHtNjr

kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhfTk; tUfpd;w mNjNtis> “,e;j ,uz;L

rl;lj;jpdJk; MSiff;Fl;gl;l tplaq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd”82 vd;W ePjpkdw;k;

njhptpj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Ma;T rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; njhlHghd mj;jifa

ve;j Muha;r;rpapYk; <Lgltpy;iy. mjw;Fg;gjpyhf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;

xNutifahd Nfhl;ghLfspd; cs;sikf;F MjuthfTk;> cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> kw;Wk;

njspTgLj;jTk; kdpj chpikfs; rl;lQ;rhH mur eilKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlHghd gy;NtW

tpjpfs; jw;nghOJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; ghfkhf khwpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf>

MAjNkhjypd; xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F

kjpg;gspg;gJld;> mtHfsJ MAjg;gilfSk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ mwpTWj;jy;fspd; kPJ

my;yJ gzpg;gpd; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs;

mt;thW kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. muRfSk; NghhpyPLgLfpd;w

jug;Gf;fSk; jq;fSila MAjg;gilapdUf;Fk; vjpuhspf; FOf;fSf;Fk; rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;;. ,j;jifa

nghJthd flg;ghLfSf;F Nkyhf> Fwpg;ghd eilKiwg;gLj;jy; nghwpKiwfs;

ve;jsTf;F muRfisAk; vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fisAk; gpzpf;Fk; vd;gJ njspT

Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> muRfs; jq;fSila MAjg;

gilapdUf;Fk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd fl;lisfisAk;

mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd flg;ghL nfhz;lit vd;gJ rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpy; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhapDk;> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpuhsp

MAjf;FOf;fSf;F mt;thW Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W> rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf mtrpakhd Ntisapy; nghUj;jkhd

kl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;Fr; rl;l

MNyhrfHfis mZFtjw;F xt;nthU muRk; ,aYkhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w

81 mNj gphptpy;.> mj;jpahak; 32 – mwpKfk;, mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; 82 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gy];jPd Ms;Gyj;jpy; Rtnuhd;iw mikj;jy;

njhlHghd rl;l tpisTfs; gw;wpa tof;F> MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhak;>9 [_iy 2004, gf;fj;jpy; 106.

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31

kw;Wk; njhlHe;Jk;<Lgl Kbahj Ml;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; vd;gJ

Vw;GilajhFk;. mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fshdit vy;yh Ml;fSf;Fk; nghJthd

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mit NtWgl;l Ml;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd

tpNrl tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Jizg;gphpTfshf ,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd.

mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspYk; rHtNjrj;

jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjw;F cWjpahd mbg;gilapid

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;tpy;> mbg;gil

cj;juthjq;fs; njhlHghd ngUk;ghyhd tpjpfs; ghuk;ghpa kdpjhgpkdr; rl;l

nkhopeilapy; mike;jpUg;gjdhy;> xj;jpirthd tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l %yf;fUj;ij

rpwg;ghfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.79 ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy tphpthd Vw;ghLfspd;

%yf;fUj;ij RUf;fkhfj; jUfpd;w KiwapYk; rpy Vw;ghLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;Wf;F cjhuzkhf> Cjpak; toq;fg;glhj my;yJ J~;gpuNahfkhd fl;lha

Ntiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhky; Nghfr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ vNjr;irahd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;fr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ KbAkhdtiuf;Fk; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk; Mfpa

Vw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.80

rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd eilKiwfs; ,e;j Ma;tpy;

nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vnddpy;> rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; rl;lk; MAjNkhjy;

eilngWfpd;w Neuj;jpYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd kdpj chpikfs;

njhlHghd nghUj;jidfs; ntspg;gilahf typAWj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf mj;jifa

Vw;ghLfs; ,t;thW cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. MapDk;> Fwpj;jrpy kdpj chpikfs; rl;l

Vw;ghLfs; nghJ mtrufhy epiyikfspd; NghJ kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf

epWj;jpitf;fg;glyhk;. kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; njhlHr;rpahd gpuNahfkhdJ gy

re;jHg;gq;fspy; mur eilKiwfspdhYk;> kdpj chpikfs; cWg;gikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

79 mj;jifa tpjpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd: Fbkf;fSk; njhlHe;J

NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fSk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; gLnfhiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd my;yJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w elhj;Jif kw;Wk; Ranfsut mtkjpg;igNaw;gLj;Jk; gopr;nray;fs;> Fwpg;ghf kjpg;gpof;fr; nra;Ak;;gbahdJk; juf;FiwthdJkhd elhj;Jif vd;gd jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd; ,tw;iwnahj;j NtW tpj;jpahrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> vt;tpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLk; fhl;lg;gLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; Fwpj;j MspdJ MNuhf;fpa epiyf;fhff; Fwpj;Jr;nrhy;yg;glhjJk; kUj;Jtj; juhjuq;fspdhy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk; Kuhzhd mq;fr;rpijg;G> kUj;Jt my;yJ tpQ;Qhdg; ghpNrhjidfs;> my;yJ NtNwNjDk; kUj;Jtr;nra;Kiw vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; Vida tifahd ghypay; td;Kiw jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd; mbikKiw kw;Wk; mbik tHj;jfk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tbtq;fspYk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; gzaf;ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jitj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; epahakhd tprhuiznahd;iw mspf;fpd;w mtrpakhd midj;J ePjpKiw cj;juthjq;fs;; $l;Lj;jz;lidfs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; Fbkf;fspdJk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLgl KbahNjhUkhd Ml;fspdJk; ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; rka eilKiwfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;: ghHf;f – tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: Nkw;fhl;ba Fwpg;G 4, njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 87–94, 96–97 kw;Wk; 100–104.

80 mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 95, 98-99 kw;Wk; 105

32

rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;81 vd;gtw;why; gy re;jHg;gq;fspy; cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. kpf

mz;ikapy;> Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gy];jPd Ms;Gyq;fspy; Rtnuhd;iw mikg;gJ

njhlHgpy; Vw;gLfpd;w rl;l tpisTfs; gw;wpa rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jplk; Nfl;fg;gl;l

MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;>“kdpj chpikfs; rkthaq;fspdhy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ghJfhg;ghdJ MAjNkhjy; vd;gjd; fhuzkhf ,y;yhJNghfkhl;lhJ” vd;W

njhptpj;jJld;> rpy tplaq;fs; gpuj;jpNafkhf rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;

rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhfTk;> mNjNghd;W ,d;Dk; rpy tplaq;fs; gpuj;jpNafkhf rHtNjr

kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhfTk; tUfpd;w mNjNtis> “,e;j ,uz;L

rl;lj;jpdJk; MSiff;Fl;gl;l tplaq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd”82 vd;W ePjpkdw;k;

njhptpj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Ma;T rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; njhlHghd mj;jifa

ve;j Muha;r;rpapYk; <Lgltpy;iy. mjw;Fg;gjpyhf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;

xNutifahd Nfhl;ghLfspd; cs;sikf;F MjuthfTk;> cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> kw;Wk;

njspTgLj;jTk; kdpj chpikfs; rl;lQ;rhH mur eilKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlHghd gy;NtW

tpjpfs; jw;nghOJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; ghfkhf khwpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf>

MAjNkhjypd; xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F

kjpg;gspg;gJld;> mtHfsJ MAjg;gilfSk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ mwpTWj;jy;fspd; kPJ

my;yJ gzpg;gpd; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs;

mt;thW kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. muRfSk; NghhpyPLgLfpd;w

jug;Gf;fSk; jq;fSila MAjg;gilapdUf;Fk; vjpuhspf; FOf;fSf;Fk; rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;;. ,j;jifa

nghJthd flg;ghLfSf;F Nkyhf> Fwpg;ghd eilKiwg;gLj;jy; nghwpKiwfs;

ve;jsTf;F muRfisAk; vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fisAk; gpzpf;Fk; vd;gJ njspT

Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> muRfs; jq;fSila MAjg;

gilapdUf;Fk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd fl;lisfisAk;

mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd flg;ghL nfhz;lit vd;gJ rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpy; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhapDk;> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpuhsp

MAjf;FOf;fSf;F mt;thW Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W> rHtNjr

kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf mtrpakhd Ntisapy; nghUj;jkhd

kl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;Fr; rl;l

MNyhrfHfis mZFtjw;F xt;nthU muRk; ,aYkhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w

81 mNj gphptpy;.> mj;jpahak; 32 – mwpKfk;, mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; 82 rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gy];jPd Ms;Gyj;jpy; Rtnuhd;iw mikj;jy;

njhlHghd rl;l tpisTfs; gw;wpa tof;F> MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhak;>9 [_iy 2004, gf;fj;jpy; 106.

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flg;ghL muRfSf;F cs;sNghjpYk;> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fSf;F

mt;thW Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.

NkYk;> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gila xH muR

Vw;gl;l Nrjq;fSf;Fk; jPq;FfSf;Fk; KOikahd ,og;gPl;il toq;fNtz;Lnkd

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> MAje;jhq;fpa

FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfshy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w ,jidnahj;j kPwy;fshy; Vw;gLfpd;w

jhf;ftpisTfs; njhlHghf mNj Nghd;w nghWg;Gilik nfhz;ltHfshthHfsh

vd;gjpy; njsptw;wjd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkNy $wpathW> vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fs;

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpg;gspg;gJld;>“nghWg;Gilik nfhz;l

fl;lisajpfhhp”83xUthpd; fPo; nraw;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf> mj;jifa

MAjf;FOf;fisr; NrHe;j mjd; cWg;gpdHfspdhy; Ghpag;gLfpd;w nray;fSf;Fk;

mj;jifa MAjf; FOf;fisNa nghWg;Gilikf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;Wk;

tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;. MapDk;> mj;jifa nghWg;Gilikfspd; jhf;ftpisTfs; ,d;Dk;

njsptw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> gy ehLfspYKs;s ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;

Fw;wkpioj;jtHfSf;F vjpuhff; Fbapay; tof;nfhd;iwj; jhf;fy; nra;af;$bajhf

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> MAjf;FOf;fs; ,og;gPl;il toq;Ftjw;F ve;jsTf;F

KOikahdnjhU flg;ghnlhd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gJ njsptw;wjhFk;.

jdpegH nghWg;Gilikiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mj;jifa Fw;wq;fisg;

Ghpfpd;w midj;J egHfSk;> kw;Wk; fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk;

mtHfsJ fl;lisfSf;fpzq;f Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs

Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;GilatHfshtH. Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghd rl;lg;gug;ig

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;> Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; gw;wpa Gyd;tprhuizfis elhj;JtJk;>

re;Njf egHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;F eltbf;iffisf; njhlUtJk; mjpfhuj;jpYs;s

murpdJ flg;ghlhFk;. rHtNjr my;yJ fyg;gpdkhd tprhuiz kd;wq;fis

mikj;JUthf;fp ,f;flg;ghl;il muRfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

KbTiu

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU nghUj;jid Vw;ghl;bdJk;

tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;>Fwpg;gpl;l

tplaq;fs; njhlHghf ve;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfs; mt;tplaq;fspy;

njhFg;gha;T Kiwahf jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjidNa ,e;j Ma;T

ehLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> nghUj;jidfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s Nfhl;ghLfSk;

tpjpfSk; gue;jsthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;

cUthf;fj;Jf;F nghpJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;tpd; rpy

KbTfspd; RUf;fkhdnjhU fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa

Nfhl;ghLfSk; tpjpfSk; jw;nghOJ ngUk;ghYk; tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;

83 Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL> cWg;Giu 1(1).

34

ghfnkhd;whFk;. mjhtJ> nghUj;jidfspd; Vw;wq;fPfhpg;G gw;wpa Njitapd;wp mit

midj;J muRfisAk;> rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjnyhd;wpd;NghJ MAjf;

FOf;fisAk; gpzpf;Fk;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf khwptUfpd;wd.

mjpfkhd tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;l tpjpfs; rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;

jd;ikay;yhj Mfpa ,Utif MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk; vd;gjidr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w mNjNtis>mur eilKiwfs; nghUj;jidapd; Vw;ghLfSf;F

Nkyhfr;nrd;Ws;sjidAk;> mj;jifa tpjpfs; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf; $bajhd mstpidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjypy; NghHeltbf;if njhlHghd elj;ij kw;Wk; Ml;fis

elhj;Jk; tpjk; vd;gd njhlHghd xOq;FKiwfs; jw;nghOJjpUf;fpd;w

nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;ijtplTk; tphpT$bajhfTk; cs;sd. kdpjhgpkhd kw;Wk;

,uhZt Kd;Ndhf;Fj; njhlHghd jw;NghJs;s tpjpfs; NghJkhdsTf;F tphpthdjhf

cs;sdth my;yJ rl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpf tsHr;rpfisj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wjh

,y;iyah vd;gjd; msT gw;wpAk; NkYk; Muhag;glNtz;bAs;sJ.

gaDWjpkpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;jyhdJ nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;ijg;Nghd;Nw>

gug;Gjy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; tYTf;Fnfhz;LtUjy; vd;gtw;iw tof;fhw;Wr;

rHtNjr rl;lKk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt mt;thW nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhtpl;lhy;>

,uhZt ifNaLfspYk;> Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fspYk; ,j;jifa tpjpfs; $l;bizg;Gr;

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjypy; Fbkf;fs; vd;gjw;fhd

tiutpyf;fzk;> NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; tpfpjrk

Nfhl;ghl;bd; gug;ngy;iyAk; gpuNahfKk; Mfpa tplag;gug;Gf;fspy; rl;lk;

njsptw;wjhf ,Ug;gJld;>mit Nkyjpfj; njspTgLj;jiy Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ

vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T NkYk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; njhlHgpy;

Kd;NdwptUfpd;wJk; Vw;gl;LtUfpd;w cld;ghLfspdJk; ,d;WtiuAkhd rhjidfs;

kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; nra;ag;gl mj;jifa nraw;ghLfspdJk; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ>

,e;j Ma;T epiwTngw;wnjhd;whff; fUjg;glhky; Gjpa nrad;Kiw xd;wpw;fhd

Muk;gnkhd;whfNt fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; njhlHr;rpahdJ>

tskpf;fnjhU fye;Jiuahliy eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> njspTgLj;Jtjw;;Fk;

kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; rhj;jpakhd tsHr;rpia ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l Nkyjpf

ciuahly;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilj;jsnkhd;iw ,e;j Ma;T toq;fKbAk;.

35

33

flg;ghL muRfSf;F cs;sNghjpYk;> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fSf;F

mt;thW Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.

NkYk;> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gila xH muR

Vw;gl;l Nrjq;fSf;Fk; jPq;FfSf;Fk; KOikahd ,og;gPl;il toq;fNtz;Lnkd

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> MAje;jhq;fpa

FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfshy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w ,jidnahj;j kPwy;fshy; Vw;gLfpd;w

jhf;ftpisTfs; njhlHghf mNj Nghd;w nghWg;Gilik nfhz;ltHfshthHfsh

vd;gjpy; njsptw;wjd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkNy $wpathW> vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fs;

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpg;gspg;gJld;>“nghWg;Gilik nfhz;l

fl;lisajpfhhp”83xUthpd; fPo; nraw;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf> mj;jifa

MAjf;FOf;fisr; NrHe;j mjd; cWg;gpdHfspdhy; Ghpag;gLfpd;w nray;fSf;Fk;

mj;jifa MAjf; FOf;fisNa nghWg;Gilikf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;Wk;

tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;. MapDk;> mj;jifa nghWg;Gilikfspd; jhf;ftpisTfs; ,d;Dk;

njsptw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> gy ehLfspYKs;s ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;

Fw;wkpioj;jtHfSf;F vjpuhff; Fbapay; tof;nfhd;iwj; jhf;fy; nra;af;$bajhf

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> MAjf;FOf;fs; ,og;gPl;il toq;Ftjw;F ve;jsTf;F

KOikahdnjhU flg;ghnlhd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gJ njsptw;wjhFk;.

jdpegH nghWg;Gilikiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mj;jifa Fw;wq;fisg;

Ghpfpd;w midj;J egHfSk;> kw;Wk; fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk;

mtHfsJ fl;lisfSf;fpzq;f Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs

Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;GilatHfshtH. Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghd rl;lg;gug;ig

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;> Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; gw;wpa Gyd;tprhuizfis elhj;JtJk;>

re;Njf egHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;F eltbf;iffisf; njhlUtJk; mjpfhuj;jpYs;s

murpdJ flg;ghlhFk;. rHtNjr my;yJ fyg;gpdkhd tprhuiz kd;wq;fis

mikj;JUthf;fp ,f;flg;ghl;il muRfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

KbTiu

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU nghUj;jid Vw;ghl;bdJk;

tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;>Fwpg;gpl;l

tplaq;fs; njhlHghf ve;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfs; mt;tplaq;fspy;

njhFg;gha;T Kiwahf jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjidNa ,e;j Ma;T

ehLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> nghUj;jidfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s Nfhl;ghLfSk;

tpjpfSk; gue;jsthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;

cUthf;fj;Jf;F nghpJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;tpd; rpy

KbTfspd; RUf;fkhdnjhU fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa

Nfhl;ghLfSk; tpjpfSk; jw;nghOJ ngUk;ghYk; tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;

83 Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL> cWg;Giu 1(1).

34

ghfnkhd;whFk;. mjhtJ> nghUj;jidfspd; Vw;wq;fPfhpg;G gw;wpa Njitapd;wp mit

midj;J muRfisAk;> rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjnyhd;wpd;NghJ MAjf;

FOf;fisAk; gpzpf;Fk;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf khwptUfpd;wd.

mjpfkhd tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;l tpjpfs; rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;

jd;ikay;yhj Mfpa ,Utif MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk; vd;gjidr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w mNjNtis>mur eilKiwfs; nghUj;jidapd; Vw;ghLfSf;F

Nkyhfr;nrd;Ws;sjidAk;> mj;jifa tpjpfs; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj

MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf; $bajhd mstpidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjypy; NghHeltbf;if njhlHghd elj;ij kw;Wk; Ml;fis

elhj;Jk; tpjk; vd;gd njhlHghd xOq;FKiwfs; jw;nghOJjpUf;fpd;w

nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;ijtplTk; tphpT$bajhfTk; cs;sd. kdpjhgpkhd kw;Wk;

,uhZt Kd;Ndhf;Fj; njhlHghd jw;NghJs;s tpjpfs; NghJkhdsTf;F tphpthdjhf

cs;sdth my;yJ rl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpf tsHr;rpfisj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wjh

,y;iyah vd;gjd; msT gw;wpAk; NkYk; Muhag;glNtz;bAs;sJ.

gaDWjpkpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;jyhdJ nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;ijg;Nghd;Nw>

gug;Gjy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; tYTf;Fnfhz;LtUjy; vd;gtw;iw tof;fhw;Wr;

rHtNjr rl;lKk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt mt;thW nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhtpl;lhy;>

,uhZt ifNaLfspYk;> Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fspYk; ,j;jifa tpjpfs; $l;bizg;Gr;

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjypy; Fbkf;fs; vd;gjw;fhd

tiutpyf;fzk;> NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; tpfpjrk

Nfhl;ghl;bd; gug;ngy;iyAk; gpuNahfKk; Mfpa tplag;gug;Gf;fspy; rl;lk;

njsptw;wjhf ,Ug;gJld;>mit Nkyjpfj; njspTgLj;jiy Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ

vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T NkYk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; njhlHgpy;

Kd;NdwptUfpd;wJk; Vw;gl;LtUfpd;w cld;ghLfspdJk; ,d;WtiuAkhd rhjidfs;

kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; nra;ag;gl mj;jifa nraw;ghLfspdJk; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ>

,e;j Ma;T epiwTngw;wnjhd;whff; fUjg;glhky; Gjpa nrad;Kiw xd;wpw;fhd

Muk;gnkhd;whfNt fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; njhlHr;rpahdJ>

tskpf;fnjhU fye;Jiuahliy eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> njspTgLj;Jtjw;;Fk;

kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; rhj;jpakhd tsHr;rpia ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l Nkyjpf

ciuahly;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilj;jsnkhd;iw ,e;j Ma;T toq;fKbAk;.

36

35

gpd;dpizg;G :

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfspd; gl;bay; ∗

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs; njhlHghd Ma;tpd;

gphpTj;njhFjp I,y; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;s KbTiufis ,g;gl;bay;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lg;

nghUj;jiz tpjpfspdJk; tof;fhw;Wj;jd;ikia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;NtL

Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iyahjyhy;> jw;NghJs;s nghUj;jidfspd; fl;likg;ig mtrpakhf

mJ gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. ,t;tpjpfspd; gpuNahfg; gug;ngy;iyahdJ milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. “r.M.Nkh.” vd;w RUf;f tbtk; rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fSf;F

Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W tpjpfisAk;> “r.m.M.Nkh.” vd;w RUf;ftbtk;

rHtNjrj;jd;ik my;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W

tpjpfisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. gpd;idajd; tplaj;jpy;> rpy tpjpfs;

“tpthjj;jpw;Fhpaditahf” Vw;GiladthapUf;Fk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ

Vnddpy;> mj;jifa eilKiw mt;thwhd Nghf;fpidNa nghJthfr;

Rl;bf;fhl;bUapg;gjdhyhFk;> MapDk;> mit tphpT Fiwe;jditahFk;.

NtWghLfhZjy; Nfhl;ghL Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghHtPuHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

tpjp 1. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vy;yh NtisfspYk; Fbkf;fisAk;

NghHtPuHfisAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy; Ntz;Lk;. NghH tPuHfSf;F vjpuhf kl;LNk

jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glyhk;. Fbkf;fSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glf;$lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 2. nghJkf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ngur;rj;ijg; gutr;nra;Ak; mbg;gil

Nehf;fj;Jldhd td;Kiwr; nray;fNsh my;yJ mr;RWj;jy;fNsh

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 3. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gzpahl;fisj; jtpu Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

jpwj;jthpd; vy;yh MAjg;gil cWg;gpdHfSk; NghHtPuHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 4. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU jpwj;jthpd; midj;J MAjg;giltPuHfs;>

xUq;fikf;fg;gl;l rfy MAjg;gilfs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs; Mfpadtw;iwf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,tHfs; ahtUk;> jq;fspd; fPo; cs;stHfSf;Fg;

∗ rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfspd; gl;bay; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof rl;lgPlj;jpd; nghJ kw;Wk; rHtNjr rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsH rl;lj;juzp vk;.V.vk;.`f;fPk; mtHfshy; jkpopy; nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJld;> ,k;nkhopngaHg;G rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsUk; rl;lj;juzpAkhd jpUkjp fkyh ehNfe;jpuh mtHfshy; jur;rPuhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

36

nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;bapUf;Fk; fl;lisajpfhhp xUthpd; fPo; cs;stHfshtH.

[r.M.Nkh.]

tpjp 5. MAjg;gilfspd; cWg;gpdHfs; my;yhj Ml;fs; Fbkf;fshtH.

Fbkf;fshd midj;J Ml;fisAk; nghJkf;fs; vd;gJ cs;slf;Fk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 6. NghHeltbf;iffspy; Fbkf;fs; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w mj;jifa

Ntisfisj; jtpHj;J> jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhf mtHfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

tpjp 7. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vy;yh NtisfspYk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfisAk; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfisAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt

Fwpapyf;FfSf;F vjpuhf kl;LNk jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glyhk;. Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glf;$lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 8. ,Jtiuapyhd ,yf;Ffs; vd;gjidg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> vj;jifa

,yf;Ffs; mtw;wpdJ jd;ikapy;> ,lmiktpy;> Fwpf;Nfhspy; my;yJ ghtidapy;

,uhZt eltbf;iff;F tpisthe; jd;ikahdnjhU gq;fspg;igr;

nra;tgitahfTk;> vtw;wpdJ gFjpasthd my;yJ KOikahd mopT>

ifg;gw;wy; my;yJ NghhpypUe;J tpyf;fpitj;jy;> me;j Ntisapy; ,Uf;fpd;w

R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g> epr;rakhdnjhU ,uhZt mD$yj;ij toq;Ftjhf ,Ug;gpd;>

mtw;iw ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffs; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLk;;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 9. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffs; my;yhj midj;J ,yf;FfSk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;Ffs; MFk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 10. Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffs;> ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Ug;gpd; my;yJ

mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; tiuf;Fkd;wp jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;

tpjp 11. ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 12. ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;fs; vd;gitahdJ:

(m) jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uhZtf; Fwpapyf;nfhd;wpid Nehf;fpr;nra;ag;glhjit; (M) jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uhZtf; Fwpapyf;nfhd;wpid Nehf;fpr;nry;yKbahj

NghH topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit; (,) rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;lthW ghjpg;igf;

kl;Lg;gLj;jKbahj NghH topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;lit;

37

35

gpd;dpizg;G :

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfspd; gl;bay; ∗

tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs; njhlHghd Ma;tpd;

gphpTj;njhFjp I,y; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;s KbTiufis ,g;gl;bay;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lg;

nghUj;jiz tpjpfspdJk; tof;fhw;Wj;jd;ikia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;NtL

Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iyahjyhy;> jw;NghJs;s nghUj;jidfspd; fl;likg;ig mtrpakhf

mJ gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. ,t;tpjpfspd; gpuNahfg; gug;ngy;iyahdJ milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. “r.M.Nkh.” vd;w RUf;f tbtk; rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fSf;F

Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W tpjpfisAk;> “r.m.M.Nkh.” vd;w RUf;ftbtk;

rHtNjrj;jd;ik my;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W

tpjpfisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. gpd;idajd; tplaj;jpy;> rpy tpjpfs;

“tpthjj;jpw;Fhpaditahf” Vw;GiladthapUf;Fk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ

Vnddpy;> mj;jifa eilKiw mt;thwhd Nghf;fpidNa nghJthfr;

Rl;bf;fhl;bUapg;gjdhyhFk;> MapDk;> mit tphpT Fiwe;jditahFk;.

NtWghLfhZjy; Nfhl;ghL Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghHtPuHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

tpjp 1. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vy;yh NtisfspYk; Fbkf;fisAk;

NghHtPuHfisAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy; Ntz;Lk;. NghH tPuHfSf;F vjpuhf kl;LNk

jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glyhk;. Fbkf;fSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glf;$lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 2. nghJkf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ngur;rj;ijg; gutr;nra;Ak; mbg;gil

Nehf;fj;Jldhd td;Kiwr; nray;fNsh my;yJ mr;RWj;jy;fNsh

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 3. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gzpahl;fisj; jtpu Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

jpwj;jthpd; vy;yh MAjg;gil cWg;gpdHfSk; NghHtPuHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 4. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU jpwj;jthpd; midj;J MAjg;giltPuHfs;>

xUq;fikf;fg;gl;l rfy MAjg;gilfs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs; Mfpadtw;iwf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,tHfs; ahtUk;> jq;fspd; fPo; cs;stHfSf;Fg;

∗ rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfspd; gl;bay; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof rl;lgPlj;jpd; nghJ kw;Wk; rHtNjr rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsH rl;lj;juzp vk;.V.vk;.`f;fPk; mtHfshy; jkpopy; nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJld;> ,k;nkhopngaHg;G rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsUk; rl;lj;juzpAkhd jpUkjp fkyh ehNfe;jpuh mtHfshy; jur;rPuhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

36

nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;bapUf;Fk; fl;lisajpfhhp xUthpd; fPo; cs;stHfshtH.

[r.M.Nkh.]

tpjp 5. MAjg;gilfspd; cWg;gpdHfs; my;yhj Ml;fs; Fbkf;fshtH.

Fbkf;fshd midj;J Ml;fisAk; nghJkf;fs; vd;gJ cs;slf;Fk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 6. NghHeltbf;iffspy; Fbkf;fs; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w mj;jifa

Ntisfisj; jtpHj;J> jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhf mtHfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

tpjp 7. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vy;yh NtisfspYk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfisAk; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfisAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt

Fwpapyf;FfSf;F vjpuhf kl;LNk jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glyhk;. Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glf;$lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 8. ,Jtiuapyhd ,yf;Ffs; vd;gjidg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> vj;jifa

,yf;Ffs; mtw;wpdJ jd;ikapy;> ,lmiktpy;> Fwpf;Nfhspy; my;yJ ghtidapy;

,uhZt eltbf;iff;F tpisthe; jd;ikahdnjhU gq;fspg;igr;

nra;tgitahfTk;> vtw;wpdJ gFjpasthd my;yJ KOikahd mopT>

ifg;gw;wy; my;yJ NghhpypUe;J tpyf;fpitj;jy;> me;j Ntisapy; ,Uf;fpd;w

R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g> epr;rakhdnjhU ,uhZt mD$yj;ij toq;Ftjhf ,Ug;gpd;>

mtw;iw ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffs; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLk;;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 9. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffs; my;yhj midj;J ,yf;FfSk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;Ffs; MFk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 10. Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffs;> ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Ug;gpd; my;yJ

mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; tiuf;Fkd;wp jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;

tpjp 11. ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 12. ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;fs; vd;gitahdJ:

(m) jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uhZtf; Fwpapyf;nfhd;wpid Nehf;fpr;nra;ag;glhjit; (M) jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uhZtf; Fwpapyf;nfhd;wpid Nehf;fpr;nry;yKbahj

NghH topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit; (,) rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;lthW ghjpg;igf;

kl;Lg;gLj;jKbahj NghH topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;lit;

38

37

kw;Wk; mjd;gadhf Vw;gl;l> mj;jifa xt;nthU tplaj;jpYk;> ,uhZt

Fwpapyf;FfisAk; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfisAk; ghFghlw;w

tifapy; jhf;Fk; jd;iknfhz;ljhdit. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 13. gy;NtW njspthf NtWgLj;jg;gl;lJk; jdpj;JtkhdJkhd ,uhZt

,yf;Ffis mNjasT nrwpthd Fbkf;fs; my;yJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffisf;

nfhz;l xU khefuj;ij> efuj;ij> fpuhkj;ij my;yJ NtW gpuNjrj;ij jdpj;j

,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whff; fUjp ve;jnthU NghH topKiwfspdhYk;

toptiffspdhYk; ntbFz;Lfshyhd jhf;Fjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

jhf;Fjypy; rhprktPj msT

tpjp 14. ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F Nrjg;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;jnjhU>cWjpahfTk;

NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;W vjpHghHf;ff;$bajhd jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj;njhLg;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

jhf;Fjypy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffs;

tpjp 15. ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd; nraw;ghl;by; nghJkf;fis> Fbkf;fis kw;Wk;

Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffis ghjpg;gilar;nra;ahJ tpl;Litg;gjw;fhd cWjpahd

ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs;

fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk;>

ve;epfo;thapDk; $batiu Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J

Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahd eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 16. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; Fwpj;j ,yf;Ffs; ,uhZt

Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gjid rhpghHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhd

midj;ijAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 17. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; NghH topKiwfisAk;

toptiffisAk; njhpTnra;fpd;wNghJ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G>

Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw

jtpHg;gjw;Fk;> ve;epfo;thapDk; $batiu Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J

Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahd eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

38

tpjp 18. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ

caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy;

my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;jnjhU> cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l

,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHf;ff;$bajhd

jhf;Fjnyhd;iw kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd rhj;jpakhd midj;ijAk;nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 19. Fwpj;j ,yf;fhdJ ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;wy;yhjjhf my;yJ

,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;W NrHe;jjhfTk;> cWjpahfTk;

NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;W ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uf;Fnkd;why; jhf;Fjnyhd;iw ,y;yhjhf;Ftjw;F

my;yJ xj;jpitg;gjw;F Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd

midj;ijAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 20. R+o;epiyfs; mDkjpaspf;ftpy;iy vd;whyd;wp> nghJkf;fisg;

ghjpf;ff;$bajhd jhf;Fjy;fs; njhlHgpy; gadspf;ff;$baJk; Kd;$l;baJkhd

vr;rhpf;ifia Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 21. xNutifahd ,uhZt mD$yj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gy;NtW

,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfSf;fpilapy; njhpnthd;iwr;nra;jy; rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk;

Ntisapy;>Fbkf;fspd; capHfSf;Fk; Fbkf;fSila ,yf;FfSf;Fk;

Fiwe;jsthd Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhd ,yf;fpidNa NjHe;njLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]

jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTf;F vjpuhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffs;

tpjp 22. jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPopUf;fpd;w nghJkf;fisAk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfisAk; jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;Fr;

rhj;jpakhd midj;J Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffisAk; Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs;

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 23. ,uhZt ,yf;Ffis nghJkf;fs; nrwpthf thOfpd;w gFjpfSf;F

,ilapyhd my;yJ mUfpyhd ,lj;jpy; epWTtjid Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd msTf;F jtpHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 24. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffspd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYs;s jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;

,Uf;fpd;w Fbkf;fs; Ml;fisAk; ,yf;FfisAk; Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU

jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd msTf;F mfw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]

39

37

kw;Wk; mjd;gadhf Vw;gl;l> mj;jifa xt;nthU tplaj;jpYk;> ,uhZt

Fwpapyf;FfisAk; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfisAk; ghFghlw;w

tifapy; jhf;Fk; jd;iknfhz;ljhdit. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 13. gy;NtW njspthf NtWgLj;jg;gl;lJk; jdpj;JtkhdJkhd ,uhZt

,yf;Ffis mNjasT nrwpthd Fbkf;fs; my;yJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffisf;

nfhz;l xU khefuj;ij> efuj;ij> fpuhkj;ij my;yJ NtW gpuNjrj;ij jdpj;j

,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whff; fUjp ve;jnthU NghH topKiwfspdhYk;

toptiffspdhYk; ntbFz;Lfshyhd jhf;Fjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

jhf;Fjypy; rhprktPj msT

tpjp 14. ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F Nrjg;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;jnjhU>cWjpahfTk;

NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;W vjpHghHf;ff;$bajhd jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj;njhLg;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

jhf;Fjypy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffs;

tpjp 15. ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd; nraw;ghl;by; nghJkf;fis> Fbkf;fis kw;Wk;

Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffis ghjpg;gilar;nra;ahJ tpl;Litg;gjw;fhd cWjpahd

ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs;

fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk;>

ve;epfo;thapDk; $batiu Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J

Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahd eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 16. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; Fwpj;j ,yf;Ffs; ,uhZt

Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gjid rhpghHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhd

midj;ijAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 17. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; NghH topKiwfisAk;

toptiffisAk; njhpTnra;fpd;wNghJ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G>

Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw

jtpHg;gjw;Fk;> ve;epfo;thapDk; $batiu Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J

Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahd eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

38

tpjp 18. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ

caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy;

my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;jnjhU> cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l

,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHf;ff;$bajhd

jhf;Fjnyhd;iw kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd rhj;jpakhd midj;ijAk;nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 19. Fwpj;j ,yf;fhdJ ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;wy;yhjjhf my;yJ

,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;W NrHe;jjhfTk;> cWjpahfTk;

NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;W ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uf;Fnkd;why; jhf;Fjnyhd;iw ,y;yhjhf;Ftjw;F

my;yJ xj;jpitg;gjw;F Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd

midj;ijAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 20. R+o;epiyfs; mDkjpaspf;ftpy;iy vd;whyd;wp> nghJkf;fisg;

ghjpf;ff;$bajhd jhf;Fjy;fs; njhlHgpy; gadspf;ff;$baJk; Kd;$l;baJkhd

vr;rhpf;ifia Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 21. xNutifahd ,uhZt mD$yj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gy;NtW

,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfSf;fpilapy; njhpnthd;iwr;nra;jy; rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk;

Ntisapy;>Fbkf;fspd; capHfSf;Fk; Fbkf;fSila ,yf;FfSf;Fk;

Fiwe;jsthd Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhd ,yf;fpidNa NjHe;njLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]

jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTf;F vjpuhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffs;

tpjp 22. jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPopUf;fpd;w nghJkf;fisAk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfisAk; jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;Fr;

rhj;jpakhd midj;J Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffisAk; Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs;

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 23. ,uhZt ,yf;Ffis nghJkf;fs; nrwpthf thOfpd;w gFjpfSf;F

,ilapyhd my;yJ mUfpyhd ,lj;jpy; epWTtjid Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd msTf;F jtpHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 24. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffspd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYs;s jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;

,Uf;fpd;w Fbkf;fs; Ml;fisAk; ,yf;FfisAk; Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU

jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd msTf;F mfw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]

40

39

jdpj;Jtkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

tpjp 25. kUj;;Jtf; flikfSf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;l kUj;Jtg;

gzpahl;fs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 26. kUj;Jt ed;newpfSld; ,zq;fpajhd kUj;Jtf; flikfisg;

Ghpe;jikf;fhf MnshUtiuj; jz;bg;gNjh my;yJ kUj;Jtr; nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLfpd;w MnshUtiu kUj;Jt ed;ndwpfSf;F Kuzhf nray;fisr;

nra;AkhW fl;lhag;gLj;JtNjh jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 27. rkag; flikfSf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf mkHj;jg;gl;Ls;s rkag; gzpahl;fs;

midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfsJ

kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nray;fis

mtHfs; nra;thHfshapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig mtHfs; ,of;fpd;whHfs;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 28. kUj;;Jt Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt

myFfs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;.

mit jkJ kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk;

nray;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig mtHfs;

,of;fpd;whHfs;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 29. kUj;;Jtg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg; gLjYk;

Ntz;Lk;. mit jkJ kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nray;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig

mtHfs; ,of;fpd;whHfs;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 30. rHtNjr rl;lj;Jld; ,zq;fpr;nry;Yk; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd;

jdpj;Jtkhd ,yr;rpidfis ntspf;fhl;bapUf;fpd;w kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag;

gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; kPJ jhf;Fjy;fisj; njhLg;gJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

kdpjhgpkhd epthuz gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

tpjp 31. kdpjhgpkhd epthuz gzpahl;fs; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 32. kdpjhgpkhd epthuz nraw;ghLfSf;fhfg; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w ,yf;Ffs;

kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

40

mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

tpjp 33. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;Gf;F mtHfs; chpj;JilatHfshf

,Uf;fpd;w tiuf;Fk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gl;laj;jpw;fikthf mikjpfhg;G

gzpj;jpl;l nkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf

jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

gj;jphpifahsHfs;

tpjp 34. NghHeltbf;iffspy; NeubahdnjhU <Lghl;ilr; nra;ahjtiuapy;> MAj

Nkhjy; gpuNjrq;fspy; njhopy;Kiwg;gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s gj;jphpifahsHfs;

kjpg;gspf;fg;glTk; ghJfhf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tyak;

tpjp 35. fhag;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; MfpNahiug; NghH

eltbf;iffspd; tpisTfspypUe;J ,lHfhg;gspg;gjw;Fj; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tyankhd;wpd; kPJ Fwpitj;Jj; jhf;Fjy; elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 36. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfSf;fpilapy; ,zq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljd;gb

NghHR+dpa tyankhd;wpw;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 37. jhf;Fjy; vjpHfhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhj tl;lhunkhd;wpw;F vjpuhfj;

jhf;Fjnyhd;iw elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] fyhrhur; nrhj;J

tpjp 38. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fis

kjpj;Jelj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

m. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf mit ,Ue;jhyd;wp> rkak;> fiy>

tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

fl;llq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; ,uhZt

eltbf;iffspd;NghJ NrjNkw;glhky; jtpHg;gjw;fhd tpNrl

ftdnkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

M. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf

,Ue;jhyd;wp> midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fs; jhf;FjYf;fhd ,yf;fhf

,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

41

39

jdpj;Jtkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

tpjp 25. kUj;;Jtf; flikfSf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;l kUj;Jtg;

gzpahl;fs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 26. kUj;Jt ed;newpfSld; ,zq;fpajhd kUj;Jtf; flikfisg;

Ghpe;jikf;fhf MnshUtiuj; jz;bg;gNjh my;yJ kUj;Jtr; nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLfpd;w MnshUtiu kUj;Jt ed;ndwpfSf;F Kuzhf nray;fisr;

nra;AkhW fl;lhag;gLj;JtNjh jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 27. rkag; flikfSf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf mkHj;jg;gl;Ls;s rkag; gzpahl;fs;

midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfsJ

kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nray;fis

mtHfs; nra;thHfshapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig mtHfs; ,of;fpd;whHfs;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 28. kUj;;Jt Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt

myFfs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;.

mit jkJ kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk;

nray;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig mtHfs;

,of;fpd;whHfs;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 29. kUj;;Jtg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg; gLjYk;

Ntz;Lk;. mit jkJ kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nray;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig

mtHfs; ,of;fpd;whHfs;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 30. rHtNjr rl;lj;Jld; ,zq;fpr;nry;Yk; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd;

jdpj;Jtkhd ,yr;rpidfis ntspf;fhl;bapUf;fpd;w kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag;

gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; kPJ jhf;Fjy;fisj; njhLg;gJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

kdpjhgpkhd epthuz gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

tpjp 31. kdpjhgpkhd epthuz gzpahl;fs; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 32. kdpjhgpkhd epthuz nraw;ghLfSf;fhfg; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w ,yf;Ffs;

kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

40

mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;

tpjp 33. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs;

,yf;FfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;Gf;F mtHfs; chpj;JilatHfshf

,Uf;fpd;w tiuf;Fk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gl;laj;jpw;fikthf mikjpfhg;G

gzpj;jpl;l nkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf

jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

gj;jphpifahsHfs;

tpjp 34. NghHeltbf;iffspy; NeubahdnjhU <Lghl;ilr; nra;ahjtiuapy;> MAj

Nkhjy; gpuNjrq;fspy; njhopy;Kiwg;gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s gj;jphpifahsHfs;

kjpg;gspf;fg;glTk; ghJfhf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tyak;

tpjp 35. fhag;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; MfpNahiug; NghH

eltbf;iffspd; tpisTfspypUe;J ,lHfhg;gspg;gjw;Fj; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tyankhd;wpd; kPJ Fwpitj;Jj; jhf;Fjy; elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 36. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfSf;fpilapy; ,zq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljd;gb

NghHR+dpa tyankhd;wpw;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 37. jhf;Fjy; vjpHfhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhj tl;lhunkhd;wpw;F vjpuhfj;

jhf;Fjnyhd;iw elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] fyhrhur; nrhj;J

tpjp 38. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fis

kjpj;Jelj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

m. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf mit ,Ue;jhyd;wp> rkak;> fiy>

tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

fl;llq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; ,uhZt

eltbf;iffspd;NghJ NrjNkw;glhky; jtpHg;gjw;fhd tpNrl

ftdnkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

M. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf

,Ue;jhyd;wp> midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fs; jhf;FjYf;fhd ,yf;fhf

,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

42

41

tpjp 39. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf

,Ue;jhyd;wp> midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; cgNahfkhdJ mopit my;yJ Nrjj;ij vw;gLj;Jkhf

,Ug;gpd; mit jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 40. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg;

ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

m. rkak;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F

mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gf;;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr;

rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; fiy> tpQ;Qhd Mf;fq;fSf;Fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w

ifg;gw;Wif> mopT my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W nra;Ak; Nrjk; midj;Jk;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

M. ve;j tifahd jpUl;L> R+iwahly; my;yJ Fw;wKiwahd ifahly;

kw;Wk; midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd jhf;Fjy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 41. Mf;fpukpj;Js;s muR Mf;fpukpj;Js;s ,lj;jpypUe;J fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fis Fw;wKiwahd mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wkjpiaj; jLj;jy;

Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mt;thW Fw;wKiwahf Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fis

Mf;fpukpj;Js;s Ms;Gyj;jpYs;s jFjptha;e;j mjpfhhpfsplk; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jYk;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfSk; fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fSk;

tpjp 42. mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk;

fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fs;> mjhtJ ePHj;Njf;fq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;

mZTiy kpd;Dw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs;> kw;Wk; Vida fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwk; jhf;fg;gLfpd;wjhapd;>

mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaWtjidAk; mjd;fhuzkhf nghJkf;fSf;F

Vw;glf;$ba fLikahd ,og;Gf;fisAk; jtpHg;gjw;F Fwpg;ghd ftdnkLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] ,aw;ifr; R+oy;

tpjp 43. ,aw;ifr; R+oypy; NghHeltbf;iffis nfhz;Lelhj;Jtjw;F

Vw;Gilajhd nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs;:

m. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd;

ve;jnthU ghfKk; jhf;fg;gLjyhfhJ.

42

M. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf

,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ve;jnthU ghfKk; mopf;fg;gLtJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,. jpl;ltl;lkhfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt

mD$yj;ijtpl ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf

kpjkpQ;rpajhd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w

,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;Wf;F vjpuhfj; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;w

jhf;FjyhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 44. Nghhpay; topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;

fhg;gPL njhlHgpy; chpa ftdj;Jld; cgNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt

eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLg;gjpy;> ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf

Vw;glf;$bajhd Nrjj;ij jtpHg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;

rhj;jpakhd midj;J Kd;ndr;rhpf;if fisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ,uhZt

eltbf;iffspdhy; R+oy; kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; njhlHghf tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd

cWjpg;ghL ,y;yhik> mj;jifa Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis vLg;gjpypUe;J

NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xU jug;gpdH nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLglKbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 45. ,aw;ifr; R+oyf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij

Vw;gLj;j vz;zpAs;s my;yJ Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nghhpay;

topKiwfs; kw;Wk; toptiffspd; cgNahfkhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;ifr; R+oypd; mopg;ig xU MAjkhfg; gad;Lj;JjyhfhJ.[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]

Fwpg;ghd Nghhpay; topKiwfs; fUizfhl;l kWj;jy;

tpjp 46. fUiz vJTk; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gjidf;nfhz;L vjpHj;jug;

nghd;wpid mr;RWj;Jjy; my;yJ me;j mbg;gilapy; NghHeltbf;iffis

elhj;Jjy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 47. njhlHe;J Nghhpy; <LglKbahNjhH vd;W ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;fs;

kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlHe;J Nghhpy; <LglKbahjtH

vd;w xU eguhdtH:

m. vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpdJ mjpfhuj;jpYs;s ve;jnthU egH; M. Raepidtw;w> fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;s> fhag;gl;l my;yJ

Neha;tha;g;gl;l vd;git fhuzkhf vjpHfhg;Gf;fs; vJTkw;w epiyapYs;s

ve;jnthU egH; ,. ruzilAk; XH vz;zj;ij njspthf ntspg;gLj;Jk; ve;jnthU egH;

43

41

tpjp 39. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf

,Ue;jhyd;wp> midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; cgNahfkhdJ mopit my;yJ Nrjj;ij vw;gLj;Jkhf

,Ug;gpd; mit jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 40. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg;

ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

m. rkak;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F

mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gf;;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr;

rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; fiy> tpQ;Qhd Mf;fq;fSf;Fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w

ifg;gw;Wif> mopT my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W nra;Ak; Nrjk; midj;Jk;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

M. ve;j tifahd jpUl;L> R+iwahly; my;yJ Fw;wKiwahd ifahly;

kw;Wk; midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd jhf;Fjy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 41. Mf;fpukpj;Js;s muR Mf;fpukpj;Js;s ,lj;jpypUe;J fyhrhur;

nrhj;Jf;fis Fw;wKiwahd mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wkjpiaj; jLj;jy;

Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mt;thW Fw;wKiwahf Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fis

Mf;fpukpj;Js;s Ms;Gyj;jpYs;s jFjptha;e;j mjpfhhpfsplk; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jYk;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfSk; fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fSk;

tpjp 42. mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk;

fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fs;> mjhtJ ePHj;Njf;fq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;

mZTiy kpd;Dw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs;> kw;Wk; Vida fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwk; jhf;fg;gLfpd;wjhapd;>

mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaWtjidAk; mjd;fhuzkhf nghJkf;fSf;F

Vw;glf;$ba fLikahd ,og;Gf;fisAk; jtpHg;gjw;F Fwpg;ghd ftdnkLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] ,aw;ifr; R+oy;

tpjp 43. ,aw;ifr; R+oypy; NghHeltbf;iffis nfhz;Lelhj;Jtjw;F

Vw;Gilajhd nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs;:

m. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd;

ve;jnthU ghfKk; jhf;fg;gLjyhfhJ.

42

M. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf

,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ve;jnthU ghfKk; mopf;fg;gLtJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,. jpl;ltl;lkhfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt

mD$yj;ijtpl ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf

kpjkpQ;rpajhd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w

,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;Wf;F vjpuhfj; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;w

jhf;FjyhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 44. Nghhpay; topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;

fhg;gPL njhlHgpy; chpa ftdj;Jld; cgNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt

eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLg;gjpy;> ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf

Vw;glf;$bajhd Nrjj;ij jtpHg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;

rhj;jpakhd midj;J Kd;ndr;rhpf;if fisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ,uhZt

eltbf;iffspdhy; R+oy; kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; njhlHghf tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd

cWjpg;ghL ,y;yhik> mj;jifa Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis vLg;gjpypUe;J

NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xU jug;gpdH nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLglKbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 45. ,aw;ifr; R+oyf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij

Vw;gLj;j vz;zpAs;s my;yJ Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nghhpay;

topKiwfs; kw;Wk; toptiffspd; cgNahfkhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;ifr; R+oypd; mopg;ig xU MAjkhfg; gad;Lj;JjyhfhJ.[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]

Fwpg;ghd Nghhpay; topKiwfs; fUizfhl;l kWj;jy;

tpjp 46. fUiz vJTk; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gjidf;nfhz;L vjpHj;jug;

nghd;wpid mr;RWj;Jjy; my;yJ me;j mbg;gilapy; NghHeltbf;iffis

elhj;Jjy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 47. njhlHe;J Nghhpy; <LglKbahNjhH vd;W ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;fs;

kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlHe;J Nghhpy; <LglKbahjtH

vd;w xU eguhdtH:

m. vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpdJ mjpfhuj;jpYs;s ve;jnthU egH; M. Raepidtw;w> fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;s> fhag;gl;l my;yJ

Neha;tha;g;gl;l vd;git fhuzkhf vjpHfhg;Gf;fs; vJTkw;w epiyapYs;s

ve;jnthU egH; ,. ruzilAk; XH vz;zj;ij njspthf ntspg;gLj;Jk; ve;jnthU egH;

44

43

MapDk;> mtd; my;yJ mts; ghjfkhd eltbf;if ve;jnthd;wpypUe;Jk;

jtpHj;jpUf;fpd;wtUk;; jg;gpr;nry;y Kaw;rpf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wtUkhthH.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 48. ,lHghL Vw;gl;l Neuj;jpy; tpkhdnkhd;wpypUe;J thd;Filapypwq;Fk;

Ml;fis mtHfs; fPopwq;fptUk;NghJ jhf;FtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopg;Gk; ifg;gw;WifAk;

tpjp 49. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vjpHj;jug;gpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,uhZtg;

fyq;fis NghHKiwf; nfhs;isr;nry;tkhff; ifg;gw;wyhk;. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 50. jtpHf;ftpayhj ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>

vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpDila nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy; my;yJ ifg;gw;Wjy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 51. Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ms;Gyj;jpDs;s:

m. ,uhZt eltbf;iffSf;F mit cgNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w

mirAk; nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis ifNaw;fyhk;

M. mirah nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fs; gq;fkw;w gpwH clik EfHT tpjpapd;gb

epUtfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

,. jdpahH nrhj;Jf;fs; kjpf;fg;gLtJld;> ifNaw;fg;glyhfhJ.

mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopit my;yJ ifg;gw;Wifia jtpHf;ftpayh

,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp.

[r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 52. R+iwahLjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

gl;bdpahapUj;jYk; kdpjhgpkhd epthuzq;fis mZfpg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;SjYk;

tpjp 53. nghJkf;fisg; gl;bdpNghLjiy Nghhpay; topKiwnahd;whfg;

gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 54. nghJkf;fsJ ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahjitahfTs;s ,yf;Ffisj;

jhf;Fjy;> mfw;Wjy; my;yJ gadw;wjhf cUkhw;wpaikj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 55. gf;fr;rhHgw;wJk; vjphpilahd VNjDk; ghFghlw;wJkhd kdpjhgpkhd

epthuzk; NjitapYs;s Fbkf;fSf;F tpiuthfTk; jilapy;yhkYk;

nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; mtHfSf;Fs;s

flg;ghl;Lhpikf;F mikthf> mDkjpg;gNjhL nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F topaikj;Jf;

nfhLf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

44

tpjp 56. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l kdpjhgpkhd epthuzg; gzpahsHfs; jkJ gzpfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd elkhLk; Rje;jpuj;ij Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

jpwj;jtHfs; cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jtpHf;ftpayh ,uhZt mtrpaj;Njitapd;

tplaj;jpy; khj;jpuk; mtHfsJ elkhl;lq;fs; jw;fhypfkhf kl;Lg;gLj;;jg;glyhk;.

[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

je;jpukha; Vkhw;Wjy;

tpjp 57. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpid mit kPwhjtiuapy;>

Nghhpay; R+o;r;rpNaw;ghLfs; jilnra;ag;gltpy;iy. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 58. NghHepWj;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; nts;isf; nfhbapd; Kiwaw;w ghtid

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 59. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdJ jdpj;Jtkhd ,yr;rpidfspd; Kiwaw;w

ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 60. If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpdhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp> mt;tikg;gpd;

,yr;rpid kw;Wk; rPUil vd;gtw;iw ghtpj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 61. rHtNjr hPjpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida ,yr;rpidfspd; Kiwaw;w

ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 62. vjpHj;jug;gpDila nfhbfs; my;yJ ,uhZt ,yr;rpidfs;> milahs

mwpFwpfs; my;yJ rPUilfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kiwaw;w ghtid jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 63. eLepiy my;yJ Nkhjypy; jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhj Vida muRfspd;

nfhbfs; my;yJ ,uhZt ,yr;rpidfs;> milahs mwpFwpfs; my;yJ rPUilfs;

vd;gtw;wpd; ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.-

tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 64. Nghiu ,ilepWj;jp itg;gjw;fhfr; nra;ag;gl;l cld;gbf;ifnahd;wpd;kPJ

jq;fpepw;Fk; vjphpf;F mjpHr;rpahd jhf;Fjnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vz;zj;Jld;

nra;ag;gLfpd;w mj;jifa cld;gbf;iffs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 65. ek;gpf;ifNkhrk; nra;tjidj; Jizahff;nfhz;L vjpuhspnahUtiuf;

nfhy;Yjy;> fhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ rpiwgpbj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

45

43

MapDk;> mtd; my;yJ mts; ghjfkhd eltbf;if ve;jnthd;wpypUe;Jk;

jtpHj;jpUf;fpd;wtUk;; jg;gpr;nry;y Kaw;rpf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wtUkhthH.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 48. ,lHghL Vw;gl;l Neuj;jpy; tpkhdnkhd;wpypUe;J thd;Filapypwq;Fk;

Ml;fis mtHfs; fPopwq;fptUk;NghJ jhf;FtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopg;Gk; ifg;gw;WifAk;

tpjp 49. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vjpHj;jug;gpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,uhZtg;

fyq;fis NghHKiwf; nfhs;isr;nry;tkhff; ifg;gw;wyhk;. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 50. jtpHf;ftpayhj ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>

vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpDila nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy; my;yJ ifg;gw;Wjy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 51. Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ms;Gyj;jpDs;s:

m. ,uhZt eltbf;iffSf;F mit cgNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w

mirAk; nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis ifNaw;fyhk;

M. mirah nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fs; gq;fkw;w gpwH clik EfHT tpjpapd;gb

epUtfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

,. jdpahH nrhj;Jf;fs; kjpf;fg;gLtJld;> ifNaw;fg;glyhfhJ.

mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopit my;yJ ifg;gw;Wifia jtpHf;ftpayh

,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp.

[r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 52. R+iwahLjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

gl;bdpahapUj;jYk; kdpjhgpkhd epthuzq;fis mZfpg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;SjYk;

tpjp 53. nghJkf;fisg; gl;bdpNghLjiy Nghhpay; topKiwnahd;whfg;

gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 54. nghJkf;fsJ ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahjitahfTs;s ,yf;Ffisj;

jhf;Fjy;> mfw;Wjy; my;yJ gadw;wjhf cUkhw;wpaikj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 55. gf;fr;rhHgw;wJk; vjphpilahd VNjDk; ghFghlw;wJkhd kdpjhgpkhd

epthuzk; NjitapYs;s Fbkf;fSf;F tpiuthfTk; jilapy;yhkYk;

nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; mtHfSf;Fs;s

flg;ghl;Lhpikf;F mikthf> mDkjpg;gNjhL nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F topaikj;Jf;

nfhLf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

44

tpjp 56. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l kdpjhgpkhd epthuzg; gzpahsHfs; jkJ gzpfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd elkhLk; Rje;jpuj;ij Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

jpwj;jtHfs; cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jtpHf;ftpayh ,uhZt mtrpaj;Njitapd;

tplaj;jpy; khj;jpuk; mtHfsJ elkhl;lq;fs; jw;fhypfkhf kl;Lg;gLj;;jg;glyhk;.

[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

je;jpukha; Vkhw;Wjy;

tpjp 57. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpid mit kPwhjtiuapy;>

Nghhpay; R+o;r;rpNaw;ghLfs; jilnra;ag;gltpy;iy. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 58. NghHepWj;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; nts;isf; nfhbapd; Kiwaw;w ghtid

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 59. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdJ jdpj;Jtkhd ,yr;rpidfspd; Kiwaw;w

ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 60. If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpdhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp> mt;tikg;gpd;

,yr;rpid kw;Wk; rPUil vd;gtw;iw ghtpj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 61. rHtNjr hPjpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida ,yr;rpidfspd; Kiwaw;w

ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 62. vjpHj;jug;gpDila nfhbfs; my;yJ ,uhZt ,yr;rpidfs;> milahs

mwpFwpfs; my;yJ rPUilfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kiwaw;w ghtid jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 63. eLepiy my;yJ Nkhjypy; jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhj Vida muRfspd;

nfhbfs; my;yJ ,uhZt ,yr;rpidfs;> milahs mwpFwpfs; my;yJ rPUilfs;

vd;gtw;wpd; ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.-

tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 64. Nghiu ,ilepWj;jp itg;gjw;fhfr; nra;ag;gl;l cld;gbf;ifnahd;wpd;kPJ

jq;fpepw;Fk; vjphpf;F mjpHr;rpahd jhf;Fjnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vz;zj;Jld;

nra;ag;gLfpd;w mj;jifa cld;gbf;iffs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 65. ek;gpf;ifNkhrk; nra;tjidj; Jizahff;nfhz;L vjpuhspnahUtiuf;

nfhy;Yjy;> fhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ rpiwgpbj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

46

45

vjphpAldhd njhlHghly;

tpjp 66. VNjDnkhU njhlHghly; toptifapD}lhf Nkhjyw;w njhlHgpid

fl;lisajpfhhpfs; nra;ayhk;. mj;jifa njhlHGfs; ey;nyz;zj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 67. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtUf;Ff; NfLtpistpj;jyhfhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 68. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;Fk; xUthpd; r%fkspg;G ghjpg;G

Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J fl;lisajpfhhpfs; mtrpakhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 69. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtHfs; jkJ rpwg;Ghpik epiyiag;

gad;gLj;jp rHtNjr rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd nranyhd;iw kw;Wk; vjpuhspf;Fj;

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nraiyr;nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; mtHfsJ NfLtpistpf;fhj

jd;ikia ,og;ghHfs;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

MAjq;fs; MAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHghd nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs;

tpjp 70. kpjkpQ;rpa CW> my;yJ mtrpakw;w tUj;jk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

jd;iknfhz;l Nghhpay; toptiffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfspd; ghtidahdJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 71. NtWgLj;jpawpAk; jd;ikaw;w MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] eQ;R

tpjp 72. eQ;R my;yJ eQ;R+l;lg;gl;l MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

caphpay; MAjq;fs;

tpjp 73. caphpay; MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

,urhad MAjq;fs;

tpjp 74. ,urhad MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

46

tpjp 75. fyfj;jLg;G ,af;fpthAit Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 76. nrbfisf;nfhy;Yk; gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> mit:

m. jilnra;ag;glNtz;ba ,urhad MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf

,Ug;gpd;; M. jilnra;ag;glNtz;ba caphpay; MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAila

njhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; ,. ,uhZt ,yf;nfhd;wpidad;wp jhtutshr;rpiaf; Fwpitj;Js;sjhf

,Ug;gpd;; <. cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$yj;ij

tplTk; kpjkpQ;rpajhf,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G>

Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy;

my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;J Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;; my;yJ

c. ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd

Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tphptile;Jnry;Yk; Njhl;lhf;fs;;

tpjp 77. kdpj clypy; ,yFthf tphptilaf;$baJk; NkhrkhdJkhdJkhd

Njhl;lhf;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.] ntbj;Jr;rpjWk; Njhl;lhf;fs;;

tpjp 78. kdpj clypDs; ntbj;Jr;rpjwf;$ba Njhl;lhf;fspd; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd

ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.]

fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;glhj kPe;j rpWghfq;fspdhy; gpujhdkhf fhaNkw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fs;

tpjp 79. fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;glhj vf;];-fjpHfshyhd kPe;j rpWghfq;fshy; kdpj

clypy; mit gpujhdkhff; fhaNkw;gLj;jf;$bajhdMAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

47

45

vjphpAldhd njhlHghly;

tpjp 66. VNjDnkhU njhlHghly; toptifapD}lhf Nkhjyw;w njhlHgpid

fl;lisajpfhhpfs; nra;ayhk;. mj;jifa njhlHGfs; ey;nyz;zj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 67. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtUf;Ff; NfLtpistpj;jyhfhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 68. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;Fk; xUthpd; r%fkspg;G ghjpg;G

Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J fl;lisajpfhhpfs; mtrpakhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 69. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtHfs; jkJ rpwg;Ghpik epiyiag;

gad;gLj;jp rHtNjr rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd nranyhd;iw kw;Wk; vjpuhspf;Fj;

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nraiyr;nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; mtHfsJ NfLtpistpf;fhj

jd;ikia ,og;ghHfs;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

MAjq;fs; MAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHghd nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs;

tpjp 70. kpjkpQ;rpa CW> my;yJ mtrpakw;w tUj;jk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

jd;iknfhz;l Nghhpay; toptiffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfspd; ghtidahdJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 71. NtWgLj;jpawpAk; jd;ikaw;w MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.] eQ;R

tpjp 72. eQ;R my;yJ eQ;R+l;lg;gl;l MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

caphpay; MAjq;fs;

tpjp 73. caphpay; MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

,urhad MAjq;fs;

tpjp 74. ,urhad MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]

46

tpjp 75. fyfj;jLg;G ,af;fpthAit Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 76. nrbfisf;nfhy;Yk; gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> mit:

m. jilnra;ag;glNtz;ba ,urhad MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf

,Ug;gpd;; M. jilnra;ag;glNtz;ba caphpay; MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAila

njhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; ,. ,uhZt ,yf;nfhd;wpidad;wp jhtutshr;rpiaf; Fwpitj;Js;sjhf

,Ug;gpd;; <. cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$yj;ij

tplTk; kpjkpQ;rpajhf,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G>

Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy;

my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;J Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;; my;yJ

c. ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd

Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tphptile;Jnry;Yk; Njhl;lhf;fs;;

tpjp 77. kdpj clypy; ,yFthf tphptilaf;$baJk; NkhrkhdJkhdJkhd

Njhl;lhf;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.] ntbj;Jr;rpjWk; Njhl;lhf;fs;;

tpjp 78. kdpj clypDs; ntbj;Jr;rpjwf;$ba Njhl;lhf;fspd; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd

ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.]

fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;glhj kPe;j rpWghfq;fspdhy; gpujhdkhf fhaNkw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fs;

tpjp 79. fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;glhj vf;];-fjpHfshyhd kPe;j rpWghfq;fshy; kdpj

clypy; mit gpujhdkhff; fhaNkw;gLj;jf;$bajhdMAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

48

47

R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfs;

tpjp 80. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; tpNrl ghJfhg;Gf;F chpajhd

,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Ml;fSld; gytopfspy; ,ize;jjhd my;yJ njhlHGgl;ljhd

my;yJ Fbkf;fspd; ftdj;ij <Hf;ff;$bajhd mj;jifa nghUl;fSld;

,izj;Jitf;fg;gl;l R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

epyf;fz;zp ntbfs;

tpjp 81. epyf;fz;zp ntbfs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> mtw;wpdJ ghFghlw;w

tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdk; vLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 82. epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W>

$batiu mit itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpidg; gjpTnra;J itj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 83. jPtpu NghHeltbf;iffs; Kbtile;jJk;> epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg;

ghtpj;jpUf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W> Fbkf;fSf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;jh

tz;zk; mtw;iw mfw;w my;yJ jfHf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpid mfw;w

cjtpaspj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs;

tpjp 84. vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,ilNeHtpisthd Fbkf;fs;

caphpog;G> Fbkf;fSf;F fhaNkw;gLjy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F

NrjNkw;gLjy; vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk; vt;tifahd epfo;thapDk; Fiwg;gjw;F

tpNrl ftdk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 85. Nghhpy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahjtuhf xU egiu Mf;Ftjw;F Fiwe;jsT

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fisg; ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy;

jtpu> Ml;fSf;F vjpuhf vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisg; ghtpj;jyhdJ jilnra;ag;

gLfpd;wJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] fz;fisf;FUlhf;Fk; xspf;fjphpaf;f MAjq;fs;

tpjp 86. NghHr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf khj;jpuk; my;yJ NghHr; nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whfg;

ghtpg;gjw;F tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s> Kidg;ghf;fg;glhj fz;ghHitia

epue;jukhf ,of;fr;nra;Ak; xspf;fjphpaf;f MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

48

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fspdJk; elhj;Jif

mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;

tpjp 87. Fbkf;fSk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fSk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd

Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 88. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpy; ,dk;> epwk;> ghy;> nkhop>

rkak; my;yJ ek;gpf;if> murpay; my;yJ NtW mgpg;gpuhak;> Njrpak; my;yJ

r%fj;Njhw;wk;> nry;tk;> gpwg;G my;yJ NtNwNjDk; me;j];j;J vd;gtw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; my;yJ ,tw;iwnahj;j NtW tpj;jpahrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;>

vt;tpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLk; fhl;lg;gLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 89. gLnfhiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 90. rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd my;yJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w elhj;Jif kw;Wk;

Ranfsut mtkjpg;igNaw;gLj;Jk; gopr;nray;fs;> Fwpg;ghf kjpg;gpof;fr;

nra;Ak;;gbahdJk; juf;FiwthdJkhd elhj;Jif vd;gd jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 91. cly;rhH jz;lid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 92. Fwpj;j MspdJ MNuhf;fpa epiyf;fhff; Fwpj;Jr;nrhy;yg;glhjJk;

kUj;Jtj; juhjuq;fspdhy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk; Kuhzhd

mq;fr;rpijg;G> kUj;Jt my;yJ tpQ;Qhdg; ghpNrjidfs;> my;yJ NtNwNjDk;

kUj;Jtr;nra;Kiw vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 93. ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; Vida tifahd ghypay; td;Kiw

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 94. mbikKiw kw;Wk; mbik tHj;jfk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tbtq;fspYk;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 95. Cjpak; toq;fg;glhj my;yJ J\;gpuNahfkhd fl;lha Ntiy vd;gd

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 96. gzaf;ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jitj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 97. kdpjf;Nflaq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 98. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhky; Nghfr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 99. vNjHr;irahd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;fr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

49

47

R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfs;

tpjp 80. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; tpNrl ghJfhg;Gf;F chpajhd

,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Ml;fSld; gytopfspy; ,ize;jjhd my;yJ njhlHGgl;ljhd

my;yJ Fbkf;fspd; ftdj;ij <Hf;ff;$bajhd mj;jifa nghUl;fSld;

,izj;Jitf;fg;gl;l R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

epyf;fz;zp ntbfs;

tpjp 81. epyf;fz;zp ntbfs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> mtw;wpdJ ghFghlw;w

tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdk; vLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 82. epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W>

$batiu mit itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpidg; gjpTnra;J itj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ] tpjp 83. jPtpu NghHeltbf;iffs; Kbtile;jJk;> epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg;

ghtpj;jpUf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W> Fbkf;fSf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;jh

tz;zk; mtw;iw mfw;w my;yJ jfHf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpid mfw;w

cjtpaspj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs;

tpjp 84. vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,ilNeHtpisthd Fbkf;fs;

caphpog;G> Fbkf;fSf;F fhaNkw;gLjy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F

NrjNkw;gLjy; vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk; vt;tifahd epfo;thapDk; Fiwg;gjw;F

tpNrl ftdk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 85. Nghhpy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahjtuhf xU egiu Mf;Ftjw;F Fiwe;jsT

jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fisg; ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy;

jtpu> Ml;fSf;F vjpuhf vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisg; ghtpj;jyhdJ jilnra;ag;

gLfpd;wJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] fz;fisf;FUlhf;Fk; xspf;fjphpaf;f MAjq;fs;

tpjp 86. NghHr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf khj;jpuk; my;yJ NghHr; nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whfg;

ghtpg;gjw;F tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s> Kidg;ghf;fg;glhj fz;ghHitia

epue;jukhf ,of;fr;nra;Ak; xspf;fjphpaf;f MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

48

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fspdJk; elhj;Jif

mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;

tpjp 87. Fbkf;fSk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fSk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd

Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 88. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpy; ,dk;> epwk;> ghy;> nkhop>

rkak; my;yJ ek;gpf;if> murpay; my;yJ NtW mgpg;gpuhak;> Njrpak; my;yJ

r%fj;Njhw;wk;> nry;tk;> gpwg;G my;yJ NtNwNjDk; me;j];j;J vd;gtw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; my;yJ ,tw;iwnahj;j NtW tpj;jpahrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;>

vt;tpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLk; fhl;lg;gLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 89. gLnfhiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 90. rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd my;yJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w elhj;Jif kw;Wk;

Ranfsut mtkjpg;igNaw;gLj;Jk; gopr;nray;fs;> Fwpg;ghf kjpg;gpof;fr;

nra;Ak;;gbahdJk; juf;FiwthdJkhd elhj;Jif vd;gd jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 91. cly;rhH jz;lid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 92. Fwpj;j MspdJ MNuhf;fpa epiyf;fhff; Fwpj;Jr;nrhy;yg;glhjJk;

kUj;Jtj; juhjuq;fspdhy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk; Kuhzhd

mq;fr;rpijg;G> kUj;Jt my;yJ tpQ;Qhdg; ghpNrjidfs;> my;yJ NtNwNjDk;

kUj;Jtr;nra;Kiw vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 93. ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; Vida tifahd ghypay; td;Kiw

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 94. mbikKiw kw;Wk; mbik tHj;jfk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tbtq;fspYk;

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 95. Cjpak; toq;fg;glhj my;yJ J\;gpuNahfkhd fl;lha Ntiy vd;gd

jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 96. gzaf;ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jitj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 97. kdpjf;Nflaq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 98. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhky; Nghfr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 99. vNjHr;irahd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;fr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

50

49

tpjp 100. epahakhd tprhuiznahd;iw mspf;fpd;w mtrpakhd midj;J

ePjpKiw cj;juthjq;fSf;F Vw;gtd;wp> vtnuhUtUk; Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth

jz;bf;fg;glNth KbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 101. Fwpj;j nranyhd;W nra;ag;gl;l Ntisapy; Njrpa my;yJ rHtNjrr;

rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fw;wtpay; jtnwhd;iwj; jhgpf;fhj VNjDnkhU nraYf;F my;yJ

nra;ahikf;F vtnuhUtiuAk; Fw;wtpay; jtnwhd;Wf;F Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;glNth

Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth KbahJ vd;gNjhL> mf;Fw;wQ;nra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpypUe;j

jz;lidapd; mstpidtplf; fLikahdnjhU jz;lidapidr; Rkj;jTk; MfhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 102. vtH xUtUk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nghWg;Gilatuha; ,Ue;jhyd;wp

mtiuj; jtnwhd;Wf;F Fw;wthspahf Mf;fg;glKbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 103. $l;Lj;jz;lidfs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 104. Fbkf;fspdJk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLgl KbahNjhUkhd Ml;fspdJk;

ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; rka eilKiwfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 105. KbAkhdtiuf;Fk; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

NghHtPuUk; NghHf;ifjp me;j];Jk;

tpjp 106. NghHtPuHfs; jhf;Fjnyhd;wpy; my;yJ jhf;Fjnyhd;Wf;fhd Maj;jQ;

nra;Ak; ,uhZt eltbf;ifnahd;wpy; <LgLfpd;wNghJ Fbkf;fspypUe;J

mtHfis NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;tjw;F mtHfs;

jtWfpd;wNghJ> NghHf;ifjp vd;w me;j];j;Jf;F mtHfs; chpik ngwkhl;lHfs;.

[r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 107. NtTghHj;jypy; <LgLfpd;wNghJ NghHtPuHfs; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;

NghHf;ifjp vd;w me;j];j;Jf;F mtHfs; chpik ngwkhl;lHfs;. Kd;$l;ba

tprhuizapd;wp mtHfs; Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth my;yJ jz;lidaspf;fg;glNth

MfhJ. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 108. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW> $ypg;gilfs; NghHtPuH

kw;Wk; NghHf;ifjp Mfpa me;j];j;Jf;fSf;F chpikngwkhl;lhHfs;. [r.M.Nkh.]

fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;

tpjp 109. Fwpg;ghf NghHeltbf;ifnahd;wpd; gpd;dH> fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l

kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfis ve;jtpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLkpd;wp

NjLtjw;F> Nrfhpj;njLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w

xt;nthU jug;Gk; jhkjkpd;wp kw;Wk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; R+o;epiy ,lkspf;fpd;wNjh>

rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

50

tpjp 110. fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;

nray;gLj;jj;jf;f KOikahd msTf;F kw;Wk; kpff;Fiwe;jsT rhj;jpakhd

jhkjj;Jld; kUj;Jt ftdpg;igAk; fhpridapidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;. kUj;Jtf; fhuzq;fs; jtpu ve;jnthU VJtpd; kPJk; mtHfs; kj;jpapy;

ve;jnthU ghFghLk; fhl;lg;gLjyhfhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 111. fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;

nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ nrhe;jr; nrhj;Jf;fs; R+iwahlg;gLjy;

vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhf mtHfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpakhd midj;J

eltbf;iffisAk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

,we;jtHfs;

tpjp 112. Fwpg;ghf NghHeltbf;ifnahd;wpd; gpd;dH> ,we;jtHfis ve;jtpjkhd

ghjfkhd NtWghLkpd;wp NjLtjw;F> Nrfhpj;njLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F

NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; jhkjkpd;wp kw;Wk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; R+o;epiy

,lkspf;fpd;wNjh> rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 113. ,we;jtHfsJ clikfs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; jLg;gjw;F

rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk;

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,we;j cliy cUr;rpijj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 114. ,we;jtHfs; vj;jug;Gf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdtHfNsh mj;jug;G my;yJ

mtHfsJ neUq;fpa cwtpdH Ntz;bf;nfhz;ljd; Nghpy;> ,we;jtHfsJ

cly;fisj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;Gf;fs;

vspjhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; ,we;jtHfspd; nrhe;j clikfisAk;

mtHfSf;Fj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 115. ,we;jtHfs; nfsutkhdnjhU Kiwapy; mfw;wpKbgikjp nra;tJld;>

mtHfsJ fy;yiwfs; kjpf;fg;glTk; Kiwahfg; guhkhpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 116. ,we;jtHfis milahsq;fz;Lnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy;> NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w

xt;nthU jug;Gk; mfw;wpKbgikjp nra;ag;gL Kd;dH ngwf;$bajhfTs;s

midj;J jfty;fisAk; gjpTnra;tJld;> fy;yiwfspd; ,ltiktpidAk;

Fwpg;gilahskpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

51

49

tpjp 100. epahakhd tprhuiznahd;iw mspf;fpd;w mtrpakhd midj;J

ePjpKiw cj;juthjq;fSf;F Vw;gtd;wp> vtnuhUtUk; Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth

jz;bf;fg;glNth KbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 101. Fwpj;j nranyhd;W nra;ag;gl;l Ntisapy; Njrpa my;yJ rHtNjrr;

rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fw;wtpay; jtnwhd;iwj; jhgpf;fhj VNjDnkhU nraYf;F my;yJ

nra;ahikf;F vtnuhUtiuAk; Fw;wtpay; jtnwhd;Wf;F Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;glNth

Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth KbahJ vd;gNjhL> mf;Fw;wQ;nra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpypUe;j

jz;lidapd; mstpidtplf; fLikahdnjhU jz;lidapidr; Rkj;jTk; MfhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 102. vtH xUtUk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nghWg;Gilatuha; ,Ue;jhyd;wp

mtiuj; jtnwhd;Wf;F Fw;wthspahf Mf;fg;glKbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 103. $l;Lj;jz;lidfs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 104. Fbkf;fspdJk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLgl KbahNjhUkhd Ml;fspdJk;

ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; rka eilKiwfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 105. KbAkhdtiuf;Fk; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

NghHtPuUk; NghHf;ifjp me;j];Jk;

tpjp 106. NghHtPuHfs; jhf;Fjnyhd;wpy; my;yJ jhf;Fjnyhd;Wf;fhd Maj;jQ;

nra;Ak; ,uhZt eltbf;ifnahd;wpy; <LgLfpd;wNghJ Fbkf;fspypUe;J

mtHfis NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;tjw;F mtHfs;

jtWfpd;wNghJ> NghHf;ifjp vd;w me;j];j;Jf;F mtHfs; chpik ngwkhl;lHfs;.

[r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 107. NtTghHj;jypy; <LgLfpd;wNghJ NghHtPuHfs; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;

NghHf;ifjp vd;w me;j];j;Jf;F mtHfs; chpik ngwkhl;lHfs;. Kd;$l;ba

tprhuizapd;wp mtHfs; Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth my;yJ jz;lidaspf;fg;glNth

MfhJ. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 108. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW> $ypg;gilfs; NghHtPuH

kw;Wk; NghHf;ifjp Mfpa me;j];j;Jf;fSf;F chpikngwkhl;lhHfs;. [r.M.Nkh.]

fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;

tpjp 109. Fwpg;ghf NghHeltbf;ifnahd;wpd; gpd;dH> fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l

kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfis ve;jtpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLkpd;wp

NjLtjw;F> Nrfhpj;njLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w

xt;nthU jug;Gk; jhkjkpd;wp kw;Wk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; R+o;epiy ,lkspf;fpd;wNjh>

rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

50

tpjp 110. fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;

nray;gLj;jj;jf;f KOikahd msTf;F kw;Wk; kpff;Fiwe;jsT rhj;jpakhd

jhkjj;Jld; kUj;Jt ftdpg;igAk; fhpridapidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;. kUj;Jtf; fhuzq;fs; jtpu ve;jnthU VJtpd; kPJk; mtHfs; kj;jpapy;

ve;jnthU ghFghLk; fhl;lg;gLjyhfhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 111. fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;

nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ nrhe;jr; nrhj;Jf;fs; R+iwahlg;gLjy;

vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhf mtHfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpakhd midj;J

eltbf;iffisAk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

,we;jtHfs;

tpjp 112. Fwpg;ghf NghHeltbf;ifnahd;wpd; gpd;dH> ,we;jtHfis ve;jtpjkhd

ghjfkhd NtWghLkpd;wp NjLtjw;F> Nrfhpj;njLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F

NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; jhkjkpd;wp kw;Wk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; R+o;epiy

,lkspf;fpd;wNjh> rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 113. ,we;jtHfsJ clikfs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; jLg;gjw;F

rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk;

vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,we;j cliy cUr;rpijj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 114. ,we;jtHfs; vj;jug;Gf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdtHfNsh mj;jug;G my;yJ

mtHfsJ neUq;fpa cwtpdH Ntz;bf;nfhz;ljd; Nghpy;> ,we;jtHfsJ

cly;fisj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;Gf;fs;

vspjhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; ,we;jtHfspd; nrhe;j clikfisAk;

mtHfSf;Fj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 115. ,we;jtHfs; nfsutkhdnjhU Kiwapy; mfw;wpKbgikjp nra;tJld;>

mtHfsJ fy;yiwfs; kjpf;fg;glTk; Kiwahfg; guhkhpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 116. ,we;jtHfis milahsq;fz;Lnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy;> NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w

xt;nthU jug;Gk; mfw;wpKbgikjp nra;ag;gL Kd;dH ngwf;$bajhfTs;s

midj;J jfty;fisAk; gjpTnra;tJld;> fy;yiwfspd; ,ltiktpidAk;

Fwpg;gilahskpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

52

51

fhzhky;Nghd Ml;fs;

tpjp 117. MAjNkhjy; fhuzkhf fhzhky;NghAs;sjhf njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fs;

njhlHghfg; nghWg;Gr;nrhy;tjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;if fisAk;

NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mtHfsJ

,WjpKbT gw;wp mj;jug;gpdhplKs;s VNjDk; jfty;fis mtHfsJ

FLk;gj;jpdUf;F toq;FjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs;

tpjp 118. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fSf;F czT> ePH> Milfs;>

jq;Fkplk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;G vd;gd NghJkhdsTf;F toq;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 119. FLk;gq;fshf FLk;g myFfspy;; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; jtpu> jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s ngz;fs;> Mz;fis tpl;Lk;Ntwhd ,Ug;gplq;fspy;

itj;jpUf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> ngz;fs; cldb fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;

itf;fg;gl;bUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 120. FLk;gq;fshf FLk;g myFfspy;; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; jtpu>jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s rpWtHfs; tsHe;Js;stHfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Ug;gplq;

fistpl;Lk; Ntwhf itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 121. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; NghHeilngWfpd;w tyaj;ijtpl;L

ntspapYs;s fl;llq;fspNyNa itj;jpUf;fg;gLtJld;> mq;F mtHfsJ Rfhjhuk;

kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa eyd; vd;gd fhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 122. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fSf;Fila jdpg;gl;l cilikfis

R+iwahLjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 123. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fsJ nrhe;j tpguq;fs; gjpTnra;J

itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 124. m. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy;> jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;stHfsJ epiyik

fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; mj;jifa Ml;fSf;Fk; mtHfsJ

FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis kPsVw;gLj;J tjw;fhfTk;

jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fis toikahfr; nrd;W

ghHg;gjw;F rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;Jf;F tha;g;gspf;fg; gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] M. rHtNjrky;yhj Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w jug;gpdUf;F> MAjNkhjy;

fhuzq;fSf;fhfj; jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;stHfsJ epiyikfis

cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk; mj;jifa Ml;fSf;Fk; mtHfsJ

FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis kPsVw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;

jpw;fhfTk; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; jdJ Nritfis

toq;fyhk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.]

52

tpjp 125. jpUk;gj;jpUk;g eilngWe;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfhhpfsJ jzpf;iff;fhd

Njitg;ghL vd;git njhlHghd epahakhd epge;jidfSf;F mikthf> jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; jq;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdUld; njhlHGnfhs;tjw;F

mDkjpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 126. rHtNjrky;yhj MAj NkhjYld; njhlHGgl;l jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; tUifjUNthiu> Fwpg;ghf

neUf;fkhd cwtpdHfisr; re;jpf;f eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhdsTf;F mDkjpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 127. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fsJ nrhe;j ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; rka

eilKiwfs; vd;gd kjpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 128. m. jPtpu NghHeltbf;iffs; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH jhkjkpd;wp

NghHf;ifjpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLjYk; jkJ nrhe;j ehl;Lf;F jpUg;gpaDg;gp

itf;fTk;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] M. jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fbkf;fs; jLj;Jitg;gjw;Fj; Njitg;gLj;jpa

fhuzq;fs; ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wNghJ> Mfg;gpe;jpa fhykhf> jPtpu

NghH eltbf;iffs; KbTw;wjd; gpd;dH> $ba tpiutpy;

tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] ,. rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjy; njhlHgpy; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s

Ml;fs; mt;thW jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs; mw;Wg;

Nghfpd;w NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.] Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd Fw;wtpay; tof;Feltbf;iffs; Kbtilah

jpUg;gpd; my;yJ rl;lg;gbahf tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidnahd;iw mtHfs;

mDgtpg;gtHfshf ,Ug;gpd; mtHfsJ Rje;jpuk; njhlHe;J kWf;fg;glyhk;.

,lg;ngaHTk; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fSk;

tpjp 129. m. njhlHGila Fbkf;fsJ ghJfhg;G my;yJ jtpHf;ftpayhj

,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs; mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>

ifg;gw;wg;gl;Ls;s Ms;Gy nkhd;wpYs;s nghJkf;fis

KOikahfNth gFjpahfNth ehLflj;jNth my;yJ fl;lhag;gLj;jp

,lkhw;wQ;nra;aNth $lhJ. [r.M.Nkh.] M. rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W NkhjYld;

njhlHGgl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhf> Fbkf;fsJ ghJfhg;Gld;

njhlHGilajhf my;yJ jtpHf;ftpayh ,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;

mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhy; jtpu> KOikahd my;yJ gFjpasthd

nghJkf;fspd; ,lk; ngaHnthd;Wf;F fl;lisapLjy; $lhJ.

[r.m.M.Nkh.]

53

51

fhzhky;Nghd Ml;fs;

tpjp 117. MAjNkhjy; fhuzkhf fhzhky;NghAs;sjhf njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fs;

njhlHghfg; nghWg;Gr;nrhy;tjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;if fisAk;

NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mtHfsJ

,WjpKbT gw;wp mj;jug;gpdhplKs;s VNjDk; jfty;fis mtHfsJ

FLk;gj;jpdUf;F toq;FjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs;

tpjp 118. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fSf;F czT> ePH> Milfs;>

jq;Fkplk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;G vd;gd NghJkhdsTf;F toq;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 119. FLk;gq;fshf FLk;g myFfspy;; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; jtpu> jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s ngz;fs;> Mz;fis tpl;Lk;Ntwhd ,Ug;gplq;fspy;

itj;jpUf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> ngz;fs; cldb fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;

itf;fg;gl;bUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 120. FLk;gq;fshf FLk;g myFfspy;; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; jtpu>jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s rpWtHfs; tsHe;Js;stHfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Ug;gplq;

fistpl;Lk; Ntwhf itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 121. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; NghHeilngWfpd;w tyaj;ijtpl;L

ntspapYs;s fl;llq;fspNyNa itj;jpUf;fg;gLtJld;> mq;F mtHfsJ Rfhjhuk;

kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa eyd; vd;gd fhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 122. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fSf;Fila jdpg;gl;l cilikfis

R+iwahLjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 123. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fsJ nrhe;j tpguq;fs; gjpTnra;J

itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 124. m. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy;> jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;stHfsJ epiyik

fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; mj;jifa Ml;fSf;Fk; mtHfsJ

FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis kPsVw;gLj;J tjw;fhfTk;

jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fis toikahfr; nrd;W

ghHg;gjw;F rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;Jf;F tha;g;gspf;fg; gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] M. rHtNjrky;yhj Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w jug;gpdUf;F> MAjNkhjy;

fhuzq;fSf;fhfj; jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;stHfsJ epiyikfis

cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk; mj;jifa Ml;fSf;Fk; mtHfsJ

FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis kPsVw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;

jpw;fhfTk; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; jdJ Nritfis

toq;fyhk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.]

52

tpjp 125. jpUk;gj;jpUk;g eilngWe;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfhhpfsJ jzpf;iff;fhd

Njitg;ghL vd;git njhlHghd epahakhd epge;jidfSf;F mikthf> jkJ

Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; jq;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdUld; njhlHGnfhs;tjw;F

mDkjpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 126. rHtNjrky;yhj MAj NkhjYld; njhlHGgl;l jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; tUifjUNthiu> Fwpg;ghf

neUf;fkhd cwtpdHfisr; re;jpf;f eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhdsTf;F mDkjpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 127. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fsJ nrhe;j ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; rka

eilKiwfs; vd;gd kjpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 128. m. jPtpu NghHeltbf;iffs; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH jhkjkpd;wp

NghHf;ifjpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLjYk; jkJ nrhe;j ehl;Lf;F jpUg;gpaDg;gp

itf;fTk;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] M. jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fbkf;fs; jLj;Jitg;gjw;Fj; Njitg;gLj;jpa

fhuzq;fs; ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wNghJ> Mfg;gpe;jpa fhykhf> jPtpu

NghH eltbf;iffs; KbTw;wjd; gpd;dH> $ba tpiutpy;

tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] ,. rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjy; njhlHgpy; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s

Ml;fs; mt;thW jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs; mw;Wg;

Nghfpd;w NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.] Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd Fw;wtpay; tof;Feltbf;iffs; Kbtilah

jpUg;gpd; my;yJ rl;lg;gbahf tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidnahd;iw mtHfs;

mDgtpg;gtHfshf ,Ug;gpd; mtHfsJ Rje;jpuk; njhlHe;J kWf;fg;glyhk;.

,lg;ngaHTk; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fSk;

tpjp 129. m. njhlHGila Fbkf;fsJ ghJfhg;G my;yJ jtpHf;ftpayhj

,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs; mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>

ifg;gw;wg;gl;Ls;s Ms;Gy nkhd;wpYs;s nghJkf;fis

KOikahfNth gFjpahfNth ehLflj;jNth my;yJ fl;lhag;gLj;jp

,lkhw;wQ;nra;aNth $lhJ. [r.M.Nkh.] M. rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W NkhjYld;

njhlHGgl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhf> Fbkf;fsJ ghJfhg;Gld;

njhlHGilajhf my;yJ jtpHf;ftpayh ,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;

mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhy; jtpu> KOikahd my;yJ gFjpasthd

nghJkf;fspd; ,lk; ngaHnthd;Wf;F fl;lisapLjy; $lhJ.

[r.m.M.Nkh.]

54

53

tpjp 130. muRfs; jhk; ifg;gw;wpAs;s Ms;Gynkhd;wpw;Fs; jkJ nrhe;j

nghJkf;fs; njhFjpfis ehLflj;jNth my;yJ ,lkhw;wQ;nra;aNth $lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 131. ,lk;;ngaHT tplaj;jpy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fbkf;fspd; thoplk;>

cly;eyr;R+oy;> MNuhf;fpak;> ghJfhg;G> kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;J vd;gd jpUg;jpahd

epiyapy; fpilf;fg;ngWtjw;Fk;> xNu FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs;

gphpf;fg;glhjpUg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 132. mtHfsJ ,lk;ngaHTf;fhd fhuzq;fs; mw;Wg;Nghfpd;w NghJ>,lk;

ngaHe;j Ml;fs; RatpUg;ghHtj;Jld; jkJ tPLfSf;F my;yJ tof;fkhd

trpg;gplj;Jf;F ghJfhg;ghfj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd chpiknahd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sdH.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 133. ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fsJ Mjd chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpNrl ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida Ml;fs;

tpjp 134. MAjNkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w tpNrl

ghJfhg;G> MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; cjtpfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 135. MAjNkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpWtHfs; tpNrl kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;

chpj;JilatHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 136. rpWtHfs; MAjg;gilapNyh my;yJ MAjf;FOf;fspNyh Ml;NrHg;Gr;

nra;Jnfhs;sg;glf;$lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 137. NghH eltbf;iffspy; rpWtHfs; gq;nfLg;gjid mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 138. MAj Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l KjpNahH> ,ayhikAila kw;Wk;

cly;typikaw;wtHfs; tpNrlkhd kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; chpj;JilatHfs;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

nray;Kiwg;gLj;jy; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;Jelj;jy;

tpjp 139. NghhpyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F

kjpg;gspg;gJld;> mtHfsJ MAjg;gilfSk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ mwpTWj;jy;fspd;

kPJ my;yJ gzpg;gpd; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;fs; my;yJ

FOf;fSk; mt;thW kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

54

tpjp 140. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; kjpg;gspf;fg;gLtij

cWjpnra;tjw;Fkhd flg;ghL gu];gur; nraw;ghl;lbg;gilapy; jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

tpjp 141. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf mtrpakhd

Ntisapy; nghUj;jkhd kl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid

toq;Ftjw;Fr; rl;l MNyhrfHfis mZFtjw;F xt;nthU muRk; ,aYkhf;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 142. muRfSk; NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;Gf;fSk; jq;fSila MAjg;gil

apdUf;Fk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 143. nghJkf;fSf;Fr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; fw;gpf;fg;gLtjid

muRfs; Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

tpjp 144. MAj Nkhjnyhd;wpd; jug;Gf;fspdhy; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l

kPwy;fs; ,lk;ngWtjid muRfs; Cf;Ftpj;jyhfhJ. mtHfs; jkJ

nry;thf;fpidg; gad;gLj;jp rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; kPwy;fis

KbAkhdsTf;F epWj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 145. rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jilnra;ag;gl;bUf;Fkplj;J NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F

eltbf;iffs; fz;bg;Gkpf;f epge;jidfSf;fikthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 146. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd

NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F eltbf;iffs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 147. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdhYk; fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

N`a;f; rkthak; vd;gtw;whYk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhd

NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F vjphPl;L eltbf;ifahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 148. rHtNjrky;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w jug;gpdUf;F NghHrhHe;j

gopthq;F eltbf;iffisf; ifahStjw;F chpikfpilahJ. NghH

eltbf;iffspy; Neubahfg; gq;Fngwhj kw;Wk; gq;FngWtjid epWj;jpf;nfhz;l

Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd NtW vjphPl;L eltbf;iffSk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

[r.m.M.Nkh.]

nghWg;GilikAk; ,og;gPL toq;FjYk;

tpjp 149. gpd;tUtd cs;slq;fyhf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; kPwy;fSf;F

xH muR mjdhy; mikag;ngw;w kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gilajhjy; Ntz;Lk;:

(m) mjd; MAjg; gilfs; cl;gl mjd; mikg;GWg;Gf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l

kPwy;fs;;

55

53

tpjp 130. muRfs; jhk; ifg;gw;wpAs;s Ms;Gynkhd;wpw;Fs; jkJ nrhe;j

nghJkf;fs; njhFjpfis ehLflj;jNth my;yJ ,lkhw;wQ;nra;aNth $lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 131. ,lk;;ngaHT tplaj;jpy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fbkf;fspd; thoplk;>

cly;eyr;R+oy;> MNuhf;fpak;> ghJfhg;G> kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;J vd;gd jpUg;jpahd

epiyapy; fpilf;fg;ngWtjw;Fk;> xNu FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs;

gphpf;fg;glhjpUg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 132. mtHfsJ ,lk;ngaHTf;fhd fhuzq;fs; mw;Wg;Nghfpd;w NghJ>,lk;

ngaHe;j Ml;fs; RatpUg;ghHtj;Jld; jkJ tPLfSf;F my;yJ tof;fkhd

trpg;gplj;Jf;F ghJfhg;ghfj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd chpiknahd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sdH.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 133. ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fsJ Mjd chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpNrl ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida Ml;fs;

tpjp 134. MAjNkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w tpNrl

ghJfhg;G> MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; cjtpfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 135. MAjNkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpWtHfs; tpNrl kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;

chpj;JilatHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 136. rpWtHfs; MAjg;gilapNyh my;yJ MAjf;FOf;fspNyh Ml;NrHg;Gr;

nra;Jnfhs;sg;glf;$lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 137. NghH eltbf;iffspy; rpWtHfs; gq;nfLg;gjid mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 138. MAj Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l KjpNahH> ,ayhikAila kw;Wk;

cly;typikaw;wtHfs; tpNrlkhd kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; chpj;JilatHfs;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

nray;Kiwg;gLj;jy; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;Jelj;jy;

tpjp 139. NghhpyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F

kjpg;gspg;gJld;> mtHfsJ MAjg;gilfSk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ mwpTWj;jy;fspd;

kPJ my;yJ gzpg;gpd; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;fs; my;yJ

FOf;fSk; mt;thW kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

54

tpjp 140. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; kjpg;gspf;fg;gLtij

cWjpnra;tjw;Fkhd flg;ghL gu];gur; nraw;ghl;lbg;gilapy; jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

tpjp 141. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf mtrpakhd

Ntisapy; nghUj;jkhd kl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid

toq;Ftjw;Fr; rl;l MNyhrfHfis mZFtjw;F xt;nthU muRk; ,aYkhf;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 142. muRfSk; NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;Gf;fSk; jq;fSila MAjg;gil

apdUf;Fk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 143. nghJkf;fSf;Fr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; fw;gpf;fg;gLtjid

muRfs; Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

tpjp 144. MAj Nkhjnyhd;wpd; jug;Gf;fspdhy; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l

kPwy;fs; ,lk;ngWtjid muRfs; Cf;Ftpj;jyhfhJ. mtHfs; jkJ

nry;thf;fpidg; gad;gLj;jp rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; kPwy;fis

KbAkhdsTf;F epWj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 145. rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jilnra;ag;gl;bUf;Fkplj;J NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F

eltbf;iffs; fz;bg;Gkpf;f epge;jidfSf;fikthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 146. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd

NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F eltbf;iffs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 147. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdhYk; fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

N`a;f; rkthak; vd;gtw;whYk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhd

NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F vjphPl;L eltbf;ifahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh.] tpjp 148. rHtNjrky;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w jug;gpdUf;F NghHrhHe;j

gopthq;F eltbf;iffisf; ifahStjw;F chpikfpilahJ. NghH

eltbf;iffspy; Neubahfg; gq;Fngwhj kw;Wk; gq;FngWtjid epWj;jpf;nfhz;l

Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd NtW vjphPl;L eltbf;iffSk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

[r.m.M.Nkh.]

nghWg;GilikAk; ,og;gPL toq;FjYk;

tpjp 149. gpd;tUtd cs;slq;fyhf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; kPwy;fSf;F

xH muR mjdhy; mikag;ngw;w kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gilajhjy; Ntz;Lk;:

(m) mjd; MAjg; gilfs; cl;gl mjd; mikg;GWg;Gf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l

kPwy;fs;;

56

55

(M) murhq;f mjpfhuf;$Wfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F mjdhy; jj;Jtkspf;fg;

gl;Ls;s Ml;fspdhYk; mikg;Gf;fspdhYk; nra;ag;gl;l kPwy;fs;

(,) mjd; mwpTWj;jy;fspd; kPJ my;yJ topfhl;ly;fspd;gb my;yJ

mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nraw;Lfpd;w Ml;fshYk; FOf;fshYk; nra;ag;gl;l

kPwy;fs;; (<) jdpegHfshy; my;yJ FOf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;L mjd; nrhe;j

elj;ijahf xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhd kPwy;fs;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 150. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gila xH muR Vw;gl;l

Nrjq;fSf;Fk; jPq;FfSf;Fk; KOikahd ,og;gPl;il toq;fNtz;Lnkdj;

Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] jdpegH nghWg;Gilik tpjp 151. jdpegHfs; Ghpfpd;w Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs Fw;wKiwahfg;

nghWg;GilatHfshtH;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 152. fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk; mtHfsJ fl;lisfSf;

fpzq;f Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;Gila

tHfshtH;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 153. fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk;> mtHfSf;F fPo;gbe;J

elg;gtHfs; mj;jifa Fw;wq;fisg; Ghpag;Nghfpd;whHfs; my;yJ Ghpe;J

nfhz;bUf; fpd;whHfs; vd;gJ mtHfSf;Fj; njhpe;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ njhpe;jpUf;

ff;$ba re;jHg;gk; mtHfSf;fpUe;jpUe;jhy;> kw;Wk; mit Ghpag;gLtijj;

jLg;gjw;F mtHfsJ jj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; mtrpakhdJk; epahakhdJkhd midj;J

eltbf;if fisAk; vLf;fhjpUe;jhy;> my;yJ mj;jifa Fw;wq;fs;

Ghpag;gl;bUe;jhy; mtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;Gila Ml;fisj; jz;bg;gjd; nghUl;L>

mtHfSf;F fPo;gbe;J elg;gtHfshy; Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs

Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;GilatHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 154. ntspg;gilahfNt rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;w fl;lisnahd;Wf;F

fPo;g;gbahjpUg;gjw;F xt;nthU NghHtPuDf;Fk; fliknahd;Ws;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /

r.m.M.Nkh.]

tpjp 155. ,lg;gl;l fl;lisahdJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;gJ njhpe;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ

fl;lisaplg;gl;l nrayhdJ rl;ltpNuhjj; jd;ikahdJ vd;gJ ntspg;gil

ahdjhf ,Ue;J mjidj;njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;batuhf ,Ug;gpd;> fPo;g;gbe;J elf;Fk;

xUtH caujpfhhpapd; fl;lisf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L ele;jik vd;gJ fPo;g;gbe;J

elf;Fk; xUtiu Fw;wg; nghWg;GilikapypUe;J tpLtpf;fkhl;lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. /

r.m.M.Nkh.]

56

Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs;

tpjp 156. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; ghuJ}ukhd kPwy;fshdit Aj;jf;

Fw;wq;fshf mikAk ;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 157. Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghf jkJ ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F cyfshtpa

epahahjpf;fj;ij toq;Ftjw;F muRfSf;F chpikAs;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /

r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 158. jkJ gpuirfspdhy; my;yJ ,uhZtj;jpduhy;> my;yJ mtHfsJ

Ms;Gyj;jpy; Ghpag;gl;Ls;sjhfr; rhl;Ljy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs;

njhlHghf muRfs; Gyd;tprhuizfis elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>

nghUj;jkhdjhapd;> re;NjfegHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhluTk; Ntz;Lk;.

muRfs; epahahjpf;fKs;s Vida Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fisAk; Gyd;tprhuiz nra;tJld;

nghUj;jkhdjhapd; re;Njf egHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj;njhluTk; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 159. NghH eltbf;iffs; Kbtile;jgpd;dH> Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy;

re;Njfpf;fg;gl;l> Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l my;yJ jz;lid toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

egHfisj;jtpu> rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjypy; gq;Fgw;wpa egHfSf;F> my;yJ

MAj NkhjYld; njhlHGgl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhf jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s

mj;jifa egHfSf;F jj;Jtq;nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhhpfs; rhj;jpakhdsT gue;j

kd;dpg;ig toq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 160. kl;Lg;ghl;L epajpr;rl;lq;fs; Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; Vw;Giladthf

khl;lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 161. Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghf Gyd;tprhuizia ,lhpd;wpr;nra;tjw;Fk;

re;Njf egHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;njhlUtjw;Fk; muRfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH

rhj;jpakhdsTf;F xj;Jiog;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd midj;J Kaw;rpiaAk; vLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

57

55

(M) murhq;f mjpfhuf;$Wfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F mjdhy; jj;Jtkspf;fg;

gl;Ls;s Ml;fspdhYk; mikg;Gf;fspdhYk; nra;ag;gl;l kPwy;fs;

(,) mjd; mwpTWj;jy;fspd; kPJ my;yJ topfhl;ly;fspd;gb my;yJ

mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nraw;Lfpd;w Ml;fshYk; FOf;fshYk; nra;ag;gl;l

kPwy;fs;; (<) jdpegHfshy; my;yJ FOf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;L mjd; nrhe;j

elj;ijahf xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhd kPwy;fs;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 150. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gila xH muR Vw;gl;l

Nrjq;fSf;Fk; jPq;FfSf;Fk; KOikahd ,og;gPl;il toq;fNtz;Lnkdj;

Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] jdpegH nghWg;Gilik tpjp 151. jdpegHfs; Ghpfpd;w Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs Fw;wKiwahfg;

nghWg;GilatHfshtH;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 152. fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk; mtHfsJ fl;lisfSf;

fpzq;f Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;Gila

tHfshtH;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 153. fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk;> mtHfSf;F fPo;gbe;J

elg;gtHfs; mj;jifa Fw;wq;fisg; Ghpag;Nghfpd;whHfs; my;yJ Ghpe;J

nfhz;bUf; fpd;whHfs; vd;gJ mtHfSf;Fj; njhpe;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ njhpe;jpUf;

ff;$ba re;jHg;gk; mtHfSf;fpUe;jpUe;jhy;> kw;Wk; mit Ghpag;gLtijj;

jLg;gjw;F mtHfsJ jj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; mtrpakhdJk; epahakhdJkhd midj;J

eltbf;if fisAk; vLf;fhjpUe;jhy;> my;yJ mj;jifa Fw;wq;fs;

Ghpag;gl;bUe;jhy; mtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;Gila Ml;fisj; jz;bg;gjd; nghUl;L>

mtHfSf;F fPo;gbe;J elg;gtHfshy; Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs

Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;GilatHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 154. ntspg;gilahfNt rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;w fl;lisnahd;Wf;F

fPo;g;gbahjpUg;gjw;F xt;nthU NghHtPuDf;Fk; fliknahd;Ws;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /

r.m.M.Nkh.]

tpjp 155. ,lg;gl;l fl;lisahdJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;gJ njhpe;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ

fl;lisaplg;gl;l nrayhdJ rl;ltpNuhjj; jd;ikahdJ vd;gJ ntspg;gil

ahdjhf ,Ue;J mjidj;njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;batuhf ,Ug;gpd;> fPo;g;gbe;J elf;Fk;

xUtH caujpfhhpapd; fl;lisf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L ele;jik vd;gJ fPo;g;gbe;J

elf;Fk; xUtiu Fw;wg; nghWg;GilikapypUe;J tpLtpf;fkhl;lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. /

r.m.M.Nkh.]

56

Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs;

tpjp 156. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; ghuJ}ukhd kPwy;fshdit Aj;jf;

Fw;wq;fshf mikAk ;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 157. Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghf jkJ ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F cyfshtpa

epahahjpf;fj;ij toq;Ftjw;F muRfSf;F chpikAs;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /

r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 158. jkJ gpuirfspdhy; my;yJ ,uhZtj;jpduhy;> my;yJ mtHfsJ

Ms;Gyj;jpy; Ghpag;gl;Ls;sjhfr; rhl;Ljy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs;

njhlHghf muRfs; Gyd;tprhuizfis elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>

nghUj;jkhdjhapd;> re;NjfegHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhluTk; Ntz;Lk;.

muRfs; epahahjpf;fKs;s Vida Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fisAk; Gyd;tprhuiz nra;tJld;

nghUj;jkhdjhapd; re;Njf egHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj;njhluTk; Ntz;Lk;.

[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 159. NghH eltbf;iffs; Kbtile;jgpd;dH> Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy;

re;Njfpf;fg;gl;l> Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l my;yJ jz;lid toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

egHfisj;jtpu> rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjypy; gq;Fgw;wpa egHfSf;F> my;yJ

MAj NkhjYld; njhlHGgl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhf jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s

mj;jifa egHfSf;F jj;Jtq;nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhhpfs; rhj;jpakhdsT gue;j

kd;dpg;ig toq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 160. kl;Lg;ghl;L epajpr;rl;lq;fs; Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; Vw;Giladthf

khl;lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.] tpjp 161. Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghf Gyd;tprhuizia ,lhpd;wpr;nra;tjw;Fk;

re;Njf egHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;njhlUtjw;Fk; muRfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH

rhj;jpakhdsTf;F xj;Jiog;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd midj;J Kaw;rpiaAk; vLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]

64

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