TOEVOER

Gebruik om data in rekenaar in te voer

Twee hoof soorte:

• manual • automatic

Manual toevoer toestelle

MUIS MEGANIES

Oud (balletjie)

Nadele:• Balletjie verloor• Word vuil – haak vas• Nie baie akkuraat

OPTIES

Koord Koordloos

LED of laser – bespeur beweging relatief tot oppvlBlink oppvl werk nie

BluetoothInfrarooi

Voordele:•Geen kabels in pad•Meer beweging•Verder van rekenaar

Nadele:•Batterye•Duurder•Sein verloor•Makliker gesteel

SLEUTELBORD

SOORTE:Ergonomies – voorkom RSISpeletjies – spesiaal aangepasQWERTY– eerste 6 sleutels spel •Pyltjies•Numeries•Funksies•Opdragte•Konsep:•Plat•Raamwerk van geprogrammeerde sleutels•Papier bo-oor met prente/woorde•Kinders, restaurante

SCANNER FLATBED

Skandeerders werk deur die skyn van 'n ligstraal op die oppervlak van die voorwerp wat jy skandeer. Hierdie lig word dan weerspieël terug op 'n sensor wat die kleur van die lig bepaal. Dit word dan gebruik om die digitale beeld op te bou. Items wat geskandeer word, word gewoonlik gestoor in 'n foto-formaat.Dit kan ook gebruik word om teks op papier te omskep in 'n digitale formaat wat deur die rekenaar gebruik word. Spesiale sagteware - Optical Character Recognition - kan gebruik word om teks om te sodat dit met 'n woordverwerker geredigeer kan word. As die oorspronklike teks nie van ‘n goeie gehalte is nie kan jy opeindig met baie foute.

HANDHELD SCANNERS is gewoonlik net 'n paar sentimeter breed en word in die hand gehou terwyl hulle oor die dokument te gerol word. Die beelde wat geproduseer word, is oor die algemeen nie so hoë gehalte as die wat geskandeer is met 'n flatbed scanner nie.

VoordeleAkkuraat en redelik hoë kwaliteit Beelde kan verbeter word met 'n grafiese program

NadeleBeelde kan baie geheue spasie opneemBeelde kan kwaliteit verloor in die skandering en digitalisering prosesDie gehalte van die finale beeld is afhanklik van die kwaliteit van die oorspronklike beeld

MIKROFOON

Word gebruik om klank in te voer.

Die klank word waargeneem deur die mikrofoon en 'n elektriese sein word na die rekenaar gestuur.

Spesiale hardeware omskep analoog data in digitale data.

Spraakherkenning stelsels - laat die gebruiker teks inlees en dan omskep die rekenaar dit in teks.

Diktering kan baie vinniger wees as tik, maar die sagteware is nie volmaak nie en woorde kan verkeerd geinterpreteer word.

WebCam‘n Real-time kamera is (gewoonlik, maar nie altyd 'n video kamera nie) wat se beelde kan verkry word deur die internet.

Digitale kamera

•Neem foto's elektronies en stoor in digitale formaat.• word op 'n geheue kaart gestoor•Foto’s kan afgelaai word van die geheue kaart op 'n rekenaar en dan gedruk, geberg of gemanipuleer word met 'n foto redigering program.•Nie tevrede met foto – vee dadelik uitkwaliteit hang af van die resolusie of die aantal pixels - wissel van 4 - 12 megapixels (miljoene pixels in die beeld)•meer pixels - beter gehalte •Kan dikwels ook kort video clips met klank neem.

•SD-kaart (Secure Digital)

drie verskillende groottes: die oorspronklike grootte, die "mini" grootte, en die "mikro" grootte.

Digitale kamera

Voordele

Geen film, geen ontwikkelingBeelde kan onmiddellik gesien en ongewenste beelde geskrap wordBeelde kan geredigeer word, vergroot of verbeter wordEkstra of groter geheue kaarte kan gekoop word

Nadele

Duurder as gewone kamerasAs die geheue vol is, moet die beelde afgelaai word na 'n rekenaar

GRAPHICS TABLET

Gebruik deur grafiese ontwerpers en illustreerders.meer akkurate sketse op skerm as met muis.akkuraat tot binne honderdstes van 'n duim.plat tablet waarop jy teken met 'n spesiale pen.As jy teken op die tablet , vertoon die beeld op die skerm.

VoordeleMeer natuurlik om met 'n stylus te teken‘n Groter vlak van akkuraatheid kan bereik word

NadeleNie geskik vir algemene werk soos wys en klik op die menu-itemsBaie duurder as 'n muis

RAAKBLAD

invoer toestel gewoonlik op 'n skootrekenaar.gebruik word i.p.v. ‘n muis.

Deur jou vinger oor die oppervlak te beweeg tel sensors die rigting en spoed van die beweging op. Die sensors reageer net op 'n vinger en nie 'n potlood of ander voorwerp. Daar is gewoonlik twee knoppies langs die touchpad wat gebruik word om die linker en regter muis knoppie te vervang.

VoordeleNuttig vir skootrekenaars i.p.v. muis Kort vinger bewegings is al wat nodig is

Nadeleoefening en vaardigheid Klam, sweterige vingers kan die seine ontwrig

JOYSTICK

Beweeg in baie rigtings en die rekenaar weet na watter rigting dit verskuif knoppies se posisie kan deur die rekenaar gelees word.ook gebruik vir beheer van masjiene soos hyskrane, vragmotors en rolstoele.

Voordelebeter speletjie ervaring

NadeleSommige mense vind joysticks moeilik om te beheer as 'n muis.nie besonder sterk en kan maklik breek

TOUCH SCREEN

werk as beide 'n toevoer en 'n afvoertoestel.Raak met vinger aan opsies op die skerm.Werk goed met 'n menu-gedrewe koppelvlak - 'n OTMmaklik om te gebruik en dikwels in openbare plekke

VoordeleMaklik om te gebruik - intuïtief, nie opleiding nodigGeen ekstra randapparatuur soos 'n muis Sagteware kan die skerm verander terwyl dit gebruik word

NadeleNie geskik is vir invoer van groot hoeveelhede dataNie baie akkuraat vir detail nieVermoeiend om te gebruik vir 'n lang periodesDuurder as alternatiewe soos 'n muisNie robuust - kan gou foutief raak as misbruik.

Automatic Input Devices

MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION

banks use a technique called 'Magnetic Ink Character Recognition' (MICR) which enables them to process 300 cheques per minute with 100% accuracy.

At the bottom of each cheque are a series of numbers which record: the cheque number, the bank code, the customer's account numberThese numbers are written in a special ink which contains iron particles. This ink is magnetised and commonly called 'magnetic ink'. It can be read by a special machine called a Magnetic Ink Character reader (MICR).

OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR)

Have you ever looked closely at the National Lottery ticket selection form? Or have you ever had to do a multiple choice test at school where you had to use a pencil to show your answer These forms are scanned by a special piece of equipment called an 'Optical Mark Reader' (OMR). they detect the presence of your pencil mark by reflecting light onto it. Less light is reflected where a mark has been made. The OMR then interprets the pattern of marks and sends the results to the computer for storage, analysis and reporting.

AdvantagesA fast method of inputting large amounts of dataOnly one computer needed to collect and process the dataOMR is much more accurate than data being keyed in by a person

DisadvantagesIf the marks don't fill the space completely, or aren't in a dark enough pencil, they may not be read correctlyOnly suitable for recording one out of a selection of answers, not suitable for text input The OMR reader needs the answers to be on the prepared forms which will all be identical to one another.

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR)

An OCR system consists of a normal scanner and some special software. The scanner is used to scan text on a document or piece of paper into the computer. The OCR software then examines the page and changes the letters into a form that can be edited or processed by a normal word processing package.The ability to scan the characters accurately depends on how clear the writing is.Scanners have been improved to be able to read different styles and sizes of text as well as neat handwriting. Although they are often up to 95% accurate, any text scanned with OCR needs careful checking because some letters can be misread.OCR is used to automatically recognise postcodes on letters at sorting offices. Advantages•Cheaper than paying someone to manually enter large amounts of text•Much faster than someone manually entering large amounts of text •The latest software can recreate tables and the original layout

Disadvantages•Not 100% accurate, there are likely to be some mistakes made during the process•All documents need to be checked over carefully and then manually corrected•If the original document is of poor quality or the handwriting difficult to read, more mistakes will occur •Not worth doing for small amounts of text

BARCODE READER

An input device that converts a pattern of printed bars into a number that a computer can read. They are often used by businesses to quickly input price and product information.

Most items that are for sale in shops have a barcode printed somewhere on the packaging. The barcode is a series of vertical bars of varying widths that give information about:

the country of manufacturethe name of the manufacturera product code

The barcode does NOT contain the price of the item - this is held on the company database.A barcode reader is an automatic input device which is used to scan or 'read' the barcode by using a visible red light. The reflected light is translated into digital data that is interpreted by the computer to identify the product and price from the database.

The main advantage of using a barcode system is that any price change only needs to be made to the database and not every single product package.Barcodes are also used on books to show the book's ISBN number - have a look at any textbook that you have in your bag. They are also used on library tickets so that when your ticket is scanned, the database brings up your account and any books which you still have out on loan are displayed.

MAGNETIC STRIP READER

Magnetic strips are usually found of the back of most credit cards, cheque guarantee cards, loyalty cards, membership cards etc. The magnetic strip can hold personal details about the card number such as account number and name. The strip can contain up to 60 characters, stored magnetically.To read the data on the card, it is 'swiped' through a Magnetic Stripe Reader machine and the data is read and fed back to the computer.

AdvantagesSimple to useCheap to produceData can be altered if necessarySecurity has been improved by the use of PIN numbers which must be entered into a machine to confirm that you are the rightful card owner

DisadvantagesVery limited storage capacity for dataData can be easily destroyed by strong magnetic fieldsNot always secure as thieves can obtain the readers and read the data on the card.

BIOMETRIC DEVICES

There is an increasing trend towards using biometric data from people in order to identify them. Finger print and retinal identification are being used in many places now and even facial recognition systems are starting to be introduced.Special devices are needed to capture the biometric data which is then passed onto the computer for processing and identification. Biometric authentification methods can be used to identify you at ATMs to withdraw cash, in computer networks to allow you to log on and many schools are now introducing 'fingerprint registration'!

SENSORS

Sensors are used to detect physical quantities outside a computer such as light, temperature and pressure.They collect data automatically and usually at regular intervals. This data can either be transmitted immediately to the computer or it can be stored for a period of time and a batch of readings sent in one go.In order to process input from sensors, a device called an 'Analogue to Digital Converter' (ADC) must be connected between the computer and the sensor. This device converts the analogue signals from the sensors to digital data that the computer can process.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)use of a wireless non-contact radio system to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the

purposes of automatic identification and tracking. The tag contains electronically stored information which can be read from up to several metres (yards) away. Unlike a bar code, the tag does not need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be embedded in

the tracked object.can be used to bill motorists for access to toll roads or parking.Contain an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-

frequency (RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

FID tags used in libraries: square book tag, round CD/DVD tag and rectangular VHS tag.

A sheep with an ear tag

RFID chip, next to a grain of rice

An RFID tag used for electronic toll collection