tamil TNPSC

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;

ghlk; 1

jkpopyf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

mit> - vOj;J

- nrhy;

- nghUs;

- ahg;G

- mzp Mfpad.

ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s E}y;fSs; kpfg;goikahd ,yf;fzE}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;>

njhy;fhg;gpah; ,aw;wpa ,e;E}y; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; Mfpa %d;wDf;F ,yf;fzk;

tFj;Js;sJ.

vOj;jpyf;fzk; : vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhif> nkhop Kjy; nkhopapWjp

vOj;Jfspd; ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;Js;sJ.

nrhy;ypyf;fzk; : nrhy;>mjd; tiffSf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.

nghUspyf;fzk; : jkpoh; jk; tho;tpay; nghUs;fshf tFj;Jf; nfhz;l mfk;>Gwk;

Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.

ahg;G ,yf;fzk; : nra;As; tif> nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; ahg;G ,aw;Wjypd;

,yf;fzk; .

mzpapyf;fzk; : nra;ASf;F moF Nrh;f;Fk; mzpf;fyd;fshfpa mzpfs; gw;wpf;

$Wfpd;wJ.

vOj;J :-

vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhif .

vOj;J - vOg;gg;gLtJ - xyp tbtk;

vOjg;gLtJ - thp tbtk;.

vOj;J tif :

Kjy;

rhh;G

KjnyOj;Jfs; :

capUk; > nka;Ak; .

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; : o caph;nka;

o Ma;jk;

o capusngil

o xw;wsngil

o Fw;wpaypfuk;

o Fw;wpaYfuk;

o Ifhuf; FWf;fk;

o xsfhuf; FWf;fk;

o kfuf; FWf;fk;

o Ma;jf; FWf;fk; .

ngah;f;fhuzk; :

KjnyOj;Jfs;

- Kjd;ikahf tpsq;Ftjhy;

- jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; jd;ikahy;

- gpw vOj;Jfs; gpwf;ff; fhuzkha; miktjhy;

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; :

- KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;J gpwg;gjhy;

- jdpj;jpaq;fhj; jd;ikahy;

vOj;Jfspd; njhif ( vz;zpf;if )

KjnyOj;Jfs;

caph; ( 12 )

caph;f;Fwpy; - ( 5 ) caph;neby; - (7)

M

m <

, C

c V

v I

x X

xs

caph;f; FwpYf;F caph; neby; ,dntOj;jhFk; .

m - M

, - <

c - C

v - V

x - X

nka;naOj;Jfs; - 18

- ty;ypdk; 6 ( f;r;l;j;g;w; )

- nky;ypdk; 6 ( q Q z e k d )

- ,ilapdk; 6 ( a u y t os )

rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; njhif :

1. caph; nka; : ( 216 )

caph; gd;dpuz;L vOj;Jf;fSk; nka; gjpndl;L vOj;JfSld;

jdpj;jdpNa Cog; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs; caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fshFk; .

( 12 x 18 - 216 )

caph; nka;f; Fwpy; - 5x18 = 90

caph; nka; neby; - 7x 18 = 126 216

ty;ypd caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - 6x5 =30

ty;ypd caph;nka; neby; - 6x7 =42 - 72

nky;ypd caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - 6x5 =30

nky;ypd caph;nka; neby; - 6x7 =42 - 72 216

,ilapd caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - 6x5 =30

,ilapd caph;nka; neby; - 7x5 =42 - 72

2. Ma;jk; -jdp epiy

mNfdk; Kg;ghw;Gs;sp .

3. capusngil - ( msG+vil ) -

msG vLj;jy;

ePz;L xypj;jy;

Xh; vOj;Jj; jdf;Fhpa xyp mstpypUe;J ( khj;jpiu ) ePz;L xypg;gJ.

capusngil -

capnuOj;J ePz;L xypg;gJ.( nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkhdhy; mjid epiwT

nra;a vOj;Jfs; ePz;L xypf;Fk; )

capusngil %tifg;gLk; .

1. nra;Aspir msngil : ( ,irepiw msngil )

nra;Aspd; Xiria epiwT nra;jw;nghUl;L caph;neby; vOj;Jfs;

msngLj;jy; .

cohmu; coth;

Xxjy; Ntz;Lk;

njhohms;

2. ,d;dpir msngil :

nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj nghOJk; nrtpf;F ,dpa Xiriaj; jUk; nghUl;L

caph;f;Fwpy; nebyhfp NkYk; msngLg;gJ.

nfLg;gJ} ck; - vLg;gJ}ck;

3. nrhy;ypir msngil :

nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahtplj;Jk; ngah;r; nrhy;iy tpidr; nrhy;yhf khw;Wk;

nghUl;L msngLj;jy; .

FbjoP, ( joP - jOTjy; ) ( joP, - jOTjy; )

mbjoP,

xw;wsngil :

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkplj;J mjid epiwT nra;a xw;nwOj;Jfs;

( nka;naOj;Jfs; ) msngLj;jy; .

fz;z; fUtpis

,yq;q;F E}y;

q; Q; z; e; k; d; t; a; y; s; - msngLf;Fk; xw;nwOj;Jfs;.

Fw;wpaypfuk; - FWik + ,ay;+ ,fuk; FWfpa XirAila ,fuk;.

ehL + ahJ ehbahJ

Nfs;+ kpah Nfz;kpah

Fw;wpaYfuk; : FWik - ,ay; - cfuk;

FWfpa XirAila cfuk; .

tif : neby; njhlh; ( ehL> fhR ) caph;j; njhlh; - ( tuF> KuR)

td;nwhlh; - ( gj;J> ghf;F )

nkd;nwhlh; - ( ez;L >ge;J )

,ilj; njhlh; - ( rhy;G > khh;G )

Ma;jj; njhlh; - ( vF > mJ)

Ifhuf; FWf;fk; :

I vd;Dk; nebnyOj;Jj; jdf;Fhpa ,U khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk; xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ.

Ig;grp - nkhop Kjy; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu jiytd; - nkhop ,ilf; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu

jpz;iz - nkhopapWjpf; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu

xsfhuf;FWf;fk; :

xs vd;Dk; nebnyOj;Jj; jd; khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypj;jy; . xsitahh; - nkhopKjy; FWf;fk; 1khj;jpiu

nksty; - nkhop Kjy; FWf;fk; 1khj;jpiu

kfuf;FWf;fk; :

k; vd;Dk; nka;naOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiumstpypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff;

Fiwe;J xypg;gJ.

tUk; tz;b

jUk; tstd; .

Ma;jf;FWf;fk; :

Ma;j vOj;jhfpa jd; khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypj;jy;. ( khj;jpiuapypUe;J khj;jpiuahf )

fy;+jPJ? fwPJ gy; + Jsp? gWsp .

khj;jpiu :

vOj;Jfis xypg;gjw;F MFk; fhy msT.

caph;f;Fwpy; > caph;nka;f;Fwpy; -1 khj;jpiu

******

ghlk; 2

,yf;fpak;

u rq;f ,yf;fpak; : vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSk; Mfpa gjpndl;L E}y;fisAk; rq;f

,yf;fpak; vd;fpNwhk;. ,tw;iwg; gjpndz;Nky; fzf;F vd;gh;.

vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fs; : 1. mfE}y;fs; - 5

2. GwE}y;fs; - 2

3. mfg;Gw E}y; - 1

mfE}y;fs; njhFj;jth;

ew;wpiz - cg;g+hp Fbfpohh; cUj;jpuQ;rd;kdhh;

FWe;njhif - Iq;FWE}W - $lY}h; fpohh;

mfehD}W - cg;g+hpFbfpohh; cUj;jpuQ; rd;kdhh;

fypj; njhif - ey;ye;Jtdhh;.

Gw E}y;fs; : GwehD}W - ngah; njhpatpy;iy

gjpw;Wg;gj;J - ngah; njhpatpy;iy

mfg;Gw E}y; : ghpghly; - ngah; mwpe;jpyJ.

gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs;: 1. mfE}y;fs; - 3

2. GwE}y;fs; - 6

3. mfg;GwE}y; - 1

mfE}y;fs; : (3) Mrphpah;

1. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L - fgpyh;

2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L - ek;g+jdhh;

3. gl;bdg;ghiy - fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;

GwE}y;fs; - (6) 1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - ef;fPuh;

2. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil - Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh;

3. ngUk; ghzhw;Wg;gil - fbaY}h;

cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;

4. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;

5. kiygLflhk; (m)

$j;jhw;Wg;gil - ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;

6. kJiuf; fhQ;rp - khq;Fb kUjdhh;

mfg;Gw E}y; : (1) 1. neLey; thil - ef;fPuh;

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; : (rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;)

1. mwE}y;fs; - 11

2. mfE}y;fs; - 6

3. GwE}y; - 1

mwE}y;fs; Mrphpah;

1. ehybahh; - rkz Kdpth;fs;

2. ehd;kzpf;fbif - tpsk;gp ehfdhh;

3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh;

4. ,dpait ehw;gJ - g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;

5. jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh;

6. Mrhuf; Nfhit - ngUthapy; Ks;spahh;

7. gonkhop - Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;

8. rpWgQ;r%yk; - fhhpahrhd;

9. Vyhjp - fzpNkjhtpahh;

10. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp - $lY}h; fpohh;

11. jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Sth;

mfE}y;fs; : Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - khwd; nghiwadhh;

Ie;jpiz vOgJ - %thjpahh;

jpiznkhopIk;gJ - fz;zQ;Nre;jdhh;

jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ - fzpNkjhtpahh;

ife;epiy - Gy;yq;fhldhh;

fhh; ehw;gJ - fz;zq; $j;jdhh;

Gw E}y; : fstop ehw;gJ - ngha;ifahh;

u fhg;gpaq;fs; : Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ( rh;trkaf; fhg;gpak; )

kzpNkfiy - rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; ( ngsj;j rkak; )

rPtf rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; ( rkz rkak; )

tisahgjp - ngah; njhpatpy;iy

Fz;lyNfrp - ehjFj;jdhh; ( ngsj;j rkak; )

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; :

#lhkzp - Njhyhnkhopj;Njth;

ePyNfrp - thkdKdpth; ( ciu )

cjazFkhu fhtpak;

aNrhju fhtpak; ngah; njhpatpy;iy

ehfFkhu fhtpak;

u gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; :

i. irtk; rptid tzq;fpath; ehad;khh;fs; ( 63 ) jpUKiwfs; -12 njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp .

ii. itztk; : itzt mbahh; gd;dpUth; ( Mo;thh;fs; ) . ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; .

jpUKiwfs; :

jpUKiwfs; E}ypd; ngah; ghbath;

1> 2> 3 Njthuk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;

4> 5> 6 Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh;

Vohk; jpUKiw Njthuk; Re;juh;

vl;lhk; jpUKiw jpUthrfk; khzpf;fthrfh;

xd;gjhk; jpUKiw - xd;gJ mbahh;fs;

gj;jhk; jpUKiw jpUke;jpuk; jpU%yh;

gjpndhd;whk; jpUKiw - gjpndhU mbath;fs;

gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; Nrf;fpohh;

( nghpa Guhzk; )

jpuhtpl rpR - jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;

jhz;lf Nte;jh;> jUkNrdh;>mg;gh;>thfPrh; - jpUehTf;furh;>jk;gpuhd;Njhod; - Re;juh; .

ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; ( Mo;thh;fs; ghly; njhFg;G )

njhFj;jth; - ehjKdpfs; .

gd;dpU Mo;thh;fs; :

ngha;ifaho;thh;

g+jj;jho;thh; Kjy; %d;W Mo;thh;fs;

Ngaho;thh;

kJu ftpaho;thh;

nghpaho;thh; - Mz;lhspd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ij

Mz;lhs; - #bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;f; nfhb

jpUg;ghzho;thh;

jpUkq;ifaho;thh;

jpUkopiraho;thh;

njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;

ek;kho;thh; - jkpo;khwd;

FyNrfuho;thh; .

u rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; : 96 cyh : %tUyh > tpf;fpuk NrhoDyh - xl;lf;$j;jh;

guzp : fypq;fj;Jg;guzp - nraq;nfhz;lhh;

FwtQ;rp : jpUFw;whyf; FwtQ;rp - jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;

Fwk; : kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; - FkuFUguh;

gps;isj;jkpo; :

Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;

kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; - FkuFUguh;

fhe;jpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; - mryhk;gpifmk;ikahh;

mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo; - rptQhd Kdpth;

mDkhh; gps;isj;jkpo; - mUzhry ftp

Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo; - kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo;g; gUtq;fs; :

fhg;G > nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw>

rpWNjh;.

ngz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo; :

fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> mk;khid>

foq;F(ePuhly;)> Cry;.

J}J : rpwe;j J}J E}y; - jkpo;tpLJ}J

Kjy; J}J,yf;fpa E}y; - neQ;R tpL J}J

J}J tif - 2 ( mfj;J}J > Gwj;J}J )

J}JmDg;Gjw;Fhpa nghUs;fs; - 10

|||||||||

ghlk; 3

nrhy; : nkhop> gjk;> fpstp.

nrhy;ypd; tif : nrhy;

,yf;fz tof;Fr; ,yf;fpa tof;Fr;

nrhw;fs; nrhw;fs;

1. ngah;r;nrhy; 1. ,aw;nrhy;

2. tpidr;nrhy; 2. jphpnrhy;

3. ,ilr;nrhy; 3. jpirr;nrhy;

4. chpr;nrhy; 4. tlnrhy;

1. ngah;r;nrhy; :

o xd;wd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;

o mWtifg;gLk;.

mWtifg;ngah;fs;

1. nghUl;ngah; - fy;> KUfd;> kuk;

2. ,lg;ngah; - gs;sp> kJiu> tPL

3. fhyg;ngah; - rpj;jpiu> Mz;L> 6 kzp

4. rpidg;ngah; - fz;> thy;;> je;jk;.

5. (Fzk;) gz;Gg;ngah; - tl;lk;> cauk;> nrk;ik

6. njhopw;ngah; - MLjy;> elj;jy;> NgRjy;

ngah;

,LFwpg;ngah; fhuzg;ngah;

(vf;fhuzKk; ,d;wp ,l;L toq;Fk; ngah;) (VNjDk; xU fhuzk; fUjp ,l;L toq;Fk; ngah;)

nghJ rpwg;G nghJ rpwg;G

kuk; khkuk;> gyh kuk; tisay; nghd; tisay;

tpidr;nrhy; (nraiyf;Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;)

vr;r tpid Kw;Wtpid (tpidKw;W)

nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W

Fwpg;G njhpepiy Fwpg;G njhpepiy

vr;rtpid : xU tpidr;nrhy; Kw;W ngwhky; vQ;rp epw;gJ

nganur;rk; : ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; v.fh. gwe;j gwit Njba nghUs;

vr;rk; ngah; vr;rk; ngah;

tpidnar;rk; : tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; v.fh. te;J Nrh;e;jhd;> nrhy;ypg;

ghh;j;jhd;

tpidKw;W : xU tpid Kw;Wg;ngWtJ. mofd; te;jhd;. ee;jpdp gbj;jds;.

(tp.K) (tp.K)

njhpepiy tpidKw;W :

nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;> nra;nghUs; Mfpa MwidAk;

czh;j;JtJ. ,tw;Ws; rpy Fiwe;J tUk;. Mdhy; fhyj;ijj; njspthff; fhl;Lk;.

nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk;

nra;nghUs; MWk; jUtJ tpidNa - ed;D}y;

1. fkyh khiy njhLf;fpwhs;. 2. Fatd; ghid tide;jhd;.

nra;gtd; fkyh Fatd;

fUtp ehh;> g+> if rf;fuk;> jz;L

epyk; mts; ,Ug;gplk; mtd; ,Ug;gplk;

nray; njhLj;jy; tidjy;

fhyk; epfo;fhyk; ,we;jfhyk;

nra;nghUs; khiy ghid

Fwpg;G tpidKw;W :

mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.

fUj;jhit kl;Lk; tpsf;Fk;.

fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;Jk;.

(v.fh.) nghd;dd; - nghUs;

M&ud; - ,lk;

rpj;jpiuahd; - fhyk;

fz;zd; - rpid

ePyd; - Fzk;

eilad; - njhopy;

fz;zd; - fz; vd;Dk; rpid mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wp mjidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;

fUj;jhit czh;j;JfpwJ.

fhyj;ijj; njspthf czh;j;jhJ Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

nghUs;Kjy; MwpDk; Njhd;wp Kd; MwDs;

tpidKjy; khj;jpiu tpsf;fy;tpidf; Fwpg;Ng. ed;D}y;

tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W :

tho;j;Jjy; (tho;f)

itjy; (xopf)

Ntz;ly; (jUf)

tpjpj;jy; (vOJf) Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.

f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpngWk;. tho;f> thopa> thopah;.

Vty; tpidKw;W :

Kd;dpiyaplj;jhiu VTjw; nghUl;L tUtk;

nry;tha; - Vty; xUik

nry;tPh; - Vty; gd;ik

nrd;kpd; - Vty; gd;ik

cld;ghLk;> vjph;kiwAk;

tpidKw;W cld;ghL vjph;kiw

njhpepiy gbj;jhd; gbj;jpyd;

Vty; nrhy;tPh; nrhy;yhjPh;

tpaq;Nfhs; nry;Yf nry;yw;f.

njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; : vOjpa ftpij

vOJfpd;w ftpij

vOJk; ftpij

Fwpg;Gg;nganur;rk; : ey;y kdpjh;

mofpa kyh;

njhpepiy tpidvr;rk; : ntd;W te;jhd;.

Njbg; ghh;j;jhd;.

Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; : nky;yg; Ngrpdhd;.

nry;tk; ,d;wp thbdhd;.

,ilr;nrhy; Ntw;Wik : 1 Kjy; 8tiu

Ntw;Wik cUG : 6

Ntw;Wik : cUG

Kjy; Ntw;Wik : vOtha;

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik : I

%d;whk; : My;

ehd;fhk; : F

Ie;jhk; : ,d;

Mwhk; : mJ

Vohk; : fz;

vl;lhk; : tpsp.

rPtfd; - rpe;jhkzpf; fhg;gpaj; jiytd;

rPtfidf; fe;Jf;fld; tsh;j;jhd; (I)

rPtfdhy; ehL kPl;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (My;)

rPtfDf;F Mrphpah; fw;gpj;jhh;. (F)

rPtfdpd; kidtp Fzkhiy. (,d;)

rPtfdJ tPuk; mUl;gz;G kpf;fJ (mJ)

rPtfd;fz; tplh Kaw;rp ,Ue;jJ (fz;) ,lk;

rPtfNd tho;f!

Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; : ahNd fs;td;.

mtNd$wpdhd;.

Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy; : ahNdh murd;

ahNuh mth;?

chpr;nrhy; : rhy> jt> cW> edp> fb> fop> $h;> kh.

v.fh. rhyg;grpj;jJ edped;W

jtg; nghpJ fb efh;

cWgrp

nkhop

%tif nkhopfs; : jdpnkhop

njhlh;nkhop

nghJ nkhop

jdp nkhop : xUnrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ. v.fh. ele;jhd;> fz;>

kuk;> epyk;

njhlh; nkhop :nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ. v.fh. epyk; fle;jhd;> kio

nghope;jJ.

nghJ nkhop : xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; mr;nrhy;Ny gphpe;J

epd;W gy

nghUisAk; jUtJ.(jdpnkhopf;Fk; njhlh;;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha;

mikAk;)

gyif - gy + if.

me;jkhd; - me;j + khd;

jhkiu - jh + kiu.(jhTfpd;w khd;)

XnuOj;J xU nkhop:

caphpdk; : 6 k tUf;f vOj;Jfs; : 6 M - gR kh - nghpa

< - g+r;rp ,dk; kP - NkNy (kPkpir)

C - ,iwr;rp % - %g;G

V - mk;G Nk - Nky;

I - moF> jiytd; ik - fUik (ikapUl;L)

X - kjfpy; ePh; milf;Fk; gyif Nkh - Kfh;jy;

j tUf;fk; : 5 g tUf;fk; : 5 jh - nfhL gh - moF> ghl;L

jP - neUg;G g+ - kyh;

J} - ntz;ik Ng - mr;rk;

Nj - nja;tk; ig - ifg;ig

ij - jkpo;khjk;> ijj;;jy; Ngh - Ngh

e tUf;fk; : 5 f tUf;fk; : 4 eh - ehf;F fh - Nrhiy

eP - eP $ - g+kp

Ne - ,uf;fk; if - cWg;G

ie - tUe;J Nfh - Nte;jd; murd;

Neh - NehT

ttUf;fk; : 4 r tUf;fk; : 4 th - tUif rh - ,wj;jy;> fopjy;

tP - kyh; rP> Nr - ntWg;Gr;nrhy;

it - itj;jy; Nrh - kjpy;

nts - tt;Tjy; (m)nfsTjy;

(xypf; Fwpg;G)

ah - 1 neh - 1 J - 1

ah xU tif kuk; neh - tUe;J J - cz;

caph;> k tpy; MWk; j g e tpy; Ie;Jk; f t r tpy;

ehYk; a tpy; xd;Wk; MFk; neby; Neh J Mq;Fwpy;

,uz;NlhL XnuOj;J ,ay;gjk; MNwo; rpwg;gpid - ed;D}y;

*******

ghlk; - 4

jpUtUl;gh - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;

gpwg;G - 05.10.1823

ngw;Nwhh; - ,uhikah - rpd;dk;ikahh;

Ch; - flY}h; khtl;lk;> kUJ}h;

gilg;Gfs; - [Ptfh&z;a xOf;fk;> kdKiw fz;l thrfk;> jpUtUl;gh

njhz;Lfs; - kj ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fr; rd;khh;f;f rq;fk;> grpg;gpzp Nghf;f

mwr;rhiy

Kof;fk; - mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp> jdpg;ngUq;fUiz> thba gapiu

fz;lNghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;.

jpUf;Fws; :

jpUts;Sth; - fhyk; fp.K. 31

rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; - nre;ehg;Nghjhh;> nja;tg;Gyth;> ehazhh;

jpUf;Fws; :

mwk; - 38 mjpfhuk; nghUs; - 70 mjpfhuk; ,d;gk; - 25 mjpfhuk;

133 mjpfhuk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs;. cyfg; nghJkiw vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ

jpUts;Stuhz;L Mq;fpy Mz;L + 31 2013 + 31 = 2043

jkpo;j;jhj;jh - c.Nt.rh (cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;flRg;igah; kfdhd rhkpehjd;)

fhyk; - 19.2.1855 - 28.4.1942.

gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; - vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

kzpNkfiy> Guhzq;fs; 12> cyh 9> J}J 6> Nfhit 6> me;jhjp 3> guzp 2>

Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> ,ul;il kzp khiy

c.Nt.rh. E}yfk; - 1942 - nrd;id ngrd;l; efh;

mQ;ry; jiy - 2006

ehybahh; : rkz Kdpth;fs;

gjpndd;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y; - 400 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ

ehyb ehD}W

ghujNjrk; - kfhftp ghujpahh;

ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; - ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh

fhyk; - 11.12.1882-11.9.1921

tz;ik - nfhil ; cOgil - tptrhaf; fUtpfs;

Qhyk; - cyfk;; jkpo;kfs; - xsitahh;

gwitfs; gytpjk;:

gl;lhR ntbf;fhj Ch; - jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; - $e;jd; Fsk;

gwitfs; Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,lk;khWjy; - tyir Nghjy;

rkntspapy; thOk; gwitfs; rpy -

kQ;rs; rpl;L> nrq;fhfk;> Rliyf; Fapy;> gdq;fhil> J}f;fzhq;FUtp.

ePh;epiyapy; thOk; gwitfs; :

nfhf;F> jhiof;Nfhop> gtsf; fhyp> Mw;W cs;shd;> Kf;Fspg;ghd;> ehiu>

mhpths; %f;fhd;> fuz;bthad;> Crpthy; thj;J

kiyapy; thOk; gwitfs; :

,Uthr;rp> nre;jiyg;g+q;FUtp> kpd;rpl;L> fUQ;rpd;dhd;> ePyfphp nel;ilf;fhyp>

nghd;KJF kuq;nfhj;jp> ,uhrhsp> g+kd; Me;ij

jkpo;ehl;Lg; gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs; :

Ntle;jhq;fy;> fhpf;fpsp - fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;

fQ;rpuq;Fsk;>rpj;jpuq;Fb

Nky;nry;tD}h; - ,uhkehjGuk;

goNtw;fhL - jpUts;@h;

cja khh;j;jhz;lk; - jpUth&h;

tLt+h; - jQ;rht+h;

fiuntl;b - nguk;gY}h;

Ntl;lq;Fb - rptfq;if

nts;NshL - mofpd; rphpg;G> FLk;g tpsf;F

rpwg;Gg; ngah; - Gul;rpf;ftp> ghNte;jh;

gonkhop ehD}W: Kd;Wiw miuadhh;

gjpndd;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y; - ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ

xt;nthU ghlypYk; xU gonkhop ,lk;ngWk;.

kfs; ,e;jpuhTf;F NeU vOjpa fbjk; :

[t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpuhTf;F fbjk; vOjpa Mz;L 1922 Kjy; 1964 tiu - 42

Mz;Lfs;

1935 gpg;uthp 22 - my;Nkhuh khtl;lr; rpiwapypUe;J vOjpa fbjk;.

NeU gbj;jJ - Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf;fofk;

,e;jpuh gbj;jJ - rhe;jpdpNfjd;

Mq;fpyg; gilg;ghspfs; - Nrf;];gpah;> kpy;ld;

fhspjhrhpd; ehlfk; - rhFe;jyk;

lhy;];lhapd; E}y; - NghUk; mikjpAk;

NeUTf;Fg; gpbj;jth; - ngl;uz;l; u];]y;

rpj;jh; ghly; - fLntspr; rpj;jh;

nta;a tpid - Jd;gk; jUk; nray;

Ntk;G - frg;ghd nrhw;fs;

tPwhg;G - ,Wkhg;G

Gfy; xz;zhNj - nry;yhNj

flk; - clk;G

nghpahh; :

fhyk; : 17.9.1879-24.12.1973

1970 - And];Nfh tpUJ

1978 - mQ;ry;jiy

GwehD}W - xsitahh;

Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W - vl;Lj;njhif E}y;

mty; - gs;sk; ; kpir - NkL ; ey;iy - ed;whf ,Ug;gha;; jpz;izia ,bj;Jj; njUthf;F - jhuhghujp

fhyk; - 26.2.1947 - 13.5.2000

gilg;G - Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F> jhuhghujpapd; ftpijfs;

rpwg;G - jkpof murpd; ey;yhrphpah; tpUJ.

Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky; : Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; :

gpwg;G - 30.10.1908

ngw;Nwhh; - cf;fpug;ghz;bj;Njth; - ,e;jpuhzp

Mrphpah; - Fiwts thrpj;jhd; gps;is

rpwg;G - Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;> Ntjhe;j gh];fh;> gpuzt Nfrhp>

rd;khh;f;f rz;l khUjk;> ,e;J Gj;j rka Nkij.

kiwT - 30-10-1963

mQ;ry;jiy ntspaPL- 1995

Rl;nlOj;Jfs; - m>,> c.

tpdh vOj;Jfs; : v> ah> M> X>V.

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; : gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;

fhyk; - 13.4.1930 - 8.10.1959.

gpwg;gplk; - gl;Lf;Nfhl;il mUfpYs;s nrq;fg;gLj;jhd; fhL.

fy;ypNy fiytz;zk; - (fiyfspd; ruzhyak;)

jhuhRuk; - IuhtjPRtuh; Nfhtpy; fl;bath; - ,uz;lhk;

,uhr,uhrNrhod;

rpwg;Gfs; - Guhz fijfis tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fs;.

,irf; fUq;fw;gbfs;> XUly; rpw;gq;fs;

tpkhk;> ,uj kz;lgk;> thd;ntsp ,ufrpaj;ijf; fl;LfpwJ. fhh;y;Nfrd; (thdtpay;

mwpQh;)

kuG milahsr; rpd;dk; - (UNESCO) And];Nfh

Nkhp fpa+hp :

gpwg;G - 1867 Nghye;J

fzth; - gpa+hp fpa+hp

fz;Lgpbg;G - nghNyhdpak;> Nubak;

Nehgy; ghpR - 1903> 1911(,UKiw)

(1903 - Nkhpfpa+hp> gpa+hpfpa+hp ,UtUf;Fk;> 1911 - Nkhpfpa+hp

kiwT - 1934

kfs; Ihpd; kUkfd; N[hypahl; fpa+hpf;F - 1935 y;

nraw;iff; fjph;tPr;Rf;fhd Ntjpapay; Ma;Tf;F Nehgy; ghpR

jdpg;ghly; ,uhkr;re;jpuf;ftpuhah;

jdpg;ghly; jpul;L - Gyth; gyh; ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G

gJke;jhd; - gpukd; gJkd; - jhkiu guq;Fd;Wshd; - KUfd;

me;jf;fhyk; - ,e;jf;fyk; - cLkiy ehuhazftp

fhyk; - 25.9.1899 - 23.5.1981

rpwg;G - gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;

Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp - jphp$l ftpuhah; 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W

thduk; - Mz;Fuq;F ke;jp - ngz;Fuq;F

ghp - Fjpiu $dy; - tise;j

Ntzp - ril kpd;dhh; - ngz;fs;

kUq;F - ,il

rpNyil kuKk; gioa (FilAk; - mofpa nrhf;fehjg;Gyth;)

gpwg;G - jpUney;Ntyp - jr;rey;Y}h;

fhyk; - 19Mk; E}w;whz;L

Nfhl;Lkuk; - fpisfisAila kuk;

gPw;wy; Fil - gpa;e;jFil

tzf;fk; Iah

re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gl;lJ - thh;j;ij

mg;ghtp thq;fpaJ - tzf;fk; kfpo;r;rpaha; ,Uq;fs;

jpiz 2

cah;jpiz > mwpiz

ghy; 5

Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd; ghy;.

,lk; 3

jd;ik - ehd;> ehq;fs;

Kd;dpiy - eP> ePq;fs;

glh;f;if - mtd;> mts;> mth;fs;> mJ> mit

*********

ghlk; 5

jpU.tp.f - jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; .

ngw;Nwhh; - tpUj;jhrydhh; rpd;dk;ikahh;

gpwe;j Ch; - fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; Js;sk;

rpwg;G - jkpo;j; njd;wy;

gilg;Gfs; -kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk; ngz;zpd;ngUik jkpo;j;njd;wy;

chpik Ntl;if KUfd; my;yJ moF nghJik Ntl;ly;.

fhyk; - 26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953

gzp - nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy; jkpohrphpah;.

Ky;iy epy Ch;fs; -

Mh;f;fhL ( mj;jpkuk; (Mh;) #o;e;j Ch; )

Myq;fhL>fshf;fhL> khq;fhL> gidaGuk;> gl;b> ghb>

Ml;ilahk;gl;b> fhspg;gl;b> Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly; gl;b> rpd;dnfhy;yg;

gl;b> nghpa nfhy;yg;gl;b.

kUj epy Ch;fs; -

Mw;W}h; (Mj;J}h;) flk;g+h;>flk;gj;J}h;>Gspaq;Fb>GspaQ;Nrhiy> Gspak;gl;b>

Gspaq;Fsk;> khq;Fsk;> Ntg;Nghp> rPtyg;Nghp> Nguht+uzp.

nea;jy; epy Ch;fs; -

( flw;fiug; Ng&h;fs; -gl;bdk;

rpw;W}h;fs; - ghf;fk; )

fPof;fiu> Nfhbaf;fiu>ePyhq;fiu>kPdth;> thOk;gFjp -Fg;gk; .

FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs; :-

ehfkiy>Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUtz;zhkiy> tpuhypkiy> ts;spkiy>

g+k;ghiw> rpg;gpg;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> thy;ghiw> Fl;lg;ghiw> rptfphp> ePyfphp>

Nfhj;jfphp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> Mo;thh;f;Fwpr;rp.

ney;Yk; capud;Nw ; ePUk; capud;Nw ( GwehD}W ) - NkhrprPudhh;.

KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp -

kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh; .

rpwe;jgj;J. Kjyhd gj;J gj;JfisAilaJ.

KJnkhopf; fhQ;rpapd; rpwg;Gg; ngah; - mwpTiuf;Nfhit.

gj;J mjpfhuq;fs; - E}W ghly;fs;.

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y; - ( fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; JiwfSs; xd;W)

kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; - c.Nt rhtpd; Mrphpah; .

Ch; - vz;nza;f;fpuhkk; ( jpUr;rp)

ngw;Nwhh; - rpjk;guk; -md;dj;jhr;rpahh;

Neha;f;F kUe;J ,yf;fpak; vd;W $wpath; :

jyGuhzk; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.

eyq;fps;sp - jiyefh; ciwa+h;

Nruh; - gdk;g+

Nrhoh; - Mj;jp khiy

ghz;bah; - Ntk; g+ (Ntg;gk;g+)

kiyakhd; gps;isfisf; fhj;jth;

,se;jj;jdhiur; rpiwkPl;lth; . Nfht+h; fpohh; eyq;fps;sp- neLq;fps;spf;fpilNa eilngw;w ,Ue;j Nghiuj; jLj;jth;

jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh;

fzpj Nkij ,uhkhD[k; :- gpwg;G : 22.12.1887

,ul;Lw nkhopjy; - fhsNkfg; Gyth;

jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy - FkuFUguh;

ngw;Nwhh; - rz;Kf rpfhkzpf; ftpuhah; - rptfhkRe;jhp

Ch; - jpU itFz;lk;

gilg;Gfs; - ePjp newptpsf;fk; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp

gps;isj;jkpo;>fe;jh;fyp ntz;gh>

kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isjkpo;>kJiuf; fyk;gfk; .

nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp - thzpjhrd;

,aw;ngah; - vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp

Ch; - GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}h;

ngw;Nwhh; - muq;f jpUf;fhK - Jsrpak;khs;

rpwg;G - ftpQNuW> ghtyh; kzp> jkpofj;jpd; Nth;l;]; nthh;j;

nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp - Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; ghly; njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ.

J}q;fh efh; - kJiu

jpUtpoh efh; > njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Vnjd;]; > ehd;khlf;

$ly; Mytha;> jkpo;nfO $ly; ( GwehD}W)

NruehL - NtoKilj;J

NrhoehL - NrhWile;J

ghz;ba ehL - Kj;Jilj;J

njhz;il ehL - rhd;NwhUilj;J

Vh;Kid -m.kUj fhrp jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk;.

nghq;fy; topghL - e. gpr;r%h;j;jp

,aw;ngah; - Ntq;flkfhypq;fk;

njhopy; - 1924 -1938 tiu tof;FiuQh;

1938-1954 tiu Nfhtpy; epUthf mYtyh;.

jkpo; ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; :

ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ( jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah; ) ehlftpay; (tlnkhop Nkdhl;L

kuGfisj; jkpo; kuGfNshL ,izj;J vOjg;gl;l E}y; )

khdtp[ak; - fstop ehw;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

&ghtjp> fyhtjp - ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; vOjpait.

jhNd ngz;Ntlk; Gide;J ebj;j ehlfq;fs; .

rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; - (jkpo; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;)

ts;sp jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> ,ytFrh> rhpRNyhrdh> gf;jg;gpufyhjh>

ey;yjq;fhs;> tPu mgpkd;A> gtsf;nfhb.

gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; : ( jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij )

94 ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jth; .

kNdhfuh> aahjp > rpWj;njhz;ld;> fh;zd;> rghgjp> nghd; tpyq;F.

Kf;$lw;gs;S - coth; ghl;L coj;jp ghl;L

gs;sh; ( coth;) tho;itr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; ,yf;fpak;. 96 tifr; rpw;wpayf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W

tlfiu - M#h;

njd;fiu - rPtyg;Nghp

,aw;if Ntshz;ikapd; kWngah; mq;ff Ntshz;ik .

gQ;r ft;tpak; -Nfhkak;>rhzk;>ghy;> japh;> nea;> fye;J nra;Ak; g+r;rp kUe;J.

milnkhop - ,dKs;s milnkhop - jkpo;g;ghlE}y; fzpjg;ghlE}y;

,dkpy;yh milnkhop - ntz;zpyT>fUq;fhf;if>nrq;fjpNuhd;

me;jff; ftp tPuuhfth; :-

Ch; - fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; GJ}h;

tho;e;j Ch; - nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}h;

je;ijahh; - tLfehjh;

,aw;wpa E}y;fs;- re;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+h;KUfd;gps;isj; jkpo;>Nra+h;f;

fyk;gfk;> jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk; .

ahidf;Fhpa NtW ngah;fs; :- fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL> fk;gkh

NtWnghUs; :-

fsgk; - re;jdk;

khjq;fk; - kpFe;j nghd;

Ntok; - fUk;G

gfL - vUJ

fk;gkh - fk;G khT

jhyhl;Lg; ghly; :-

kiyaUtp - fp.th. [fe;ehjd;

jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l; -%tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;

%tifg; Nghypfs; :-

XnuOj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; NtW vOj;J epd;W nghUs; khwhky;

,Ug;gJ Nghyp.

Kjw;Nghyp :- kQ;R- ikQ;R kay; - ikay;

,ilg;Nghyp:- KuR -KiuR murpay; - miurpay;

filg;Nghyp (,Wjpg;Nghyp ) :- mwk;-mwd; ge;jy; -ge;jh;

Kw;Wg;Nghyp :- Ie;J -mQ;R

mk;khid :- Rthkpehj Njrpfh;-

rpw;wpyf;fpa tifahd fyk;gf cWg;GfSs; xd;W.xU tiff; fha; tpisahl;L .

Rthkpehj Njrpfh; (v) rlNfhgh; me;jhjp>Vh; vOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp >

jpUf;if

tof;fk;.

rpwg;G - fy;tpapy; nghpah;> fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;.

fhyk; - 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L

Xtpaf;fiy :-

Xtpak; - fz;nzOj;J

Xtpah; - fz;Zs; tpidQh;

Neh;f;NfhL>Nfhzf;NfhL tisNfhL Kjypatw;wpy; tiuag;gLtJ Nfhl;Nlhtpak; .

NtWngah;fs; - XT. Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk; >glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp.

Xtpa Mrphpah; - Xtpag;Gytd;

Xtpah; FO - Xtpa khf;fs;

Mz; Xtpah; - rpj;uhq;fjd;

ngz; Xtpah; - rpj;jpuNrdh

tz;zk; jPl;Lk;gyif - tl;bifg; gyif

tiutplk; - rpj;jpuf; $lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;>vOJ epiykz;lgk;> vOnjopy;

mk;gyk;.

,iw eldk; GhpAk; rig - rpj;jpu rig.

tz;zk; fythky; fhpe;Jz;Lfshy; tiutJ - Gidah Xtpak; .

kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;

- rpj;jpuf;fhug; Gyp

jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vDk; E}Yf;F ciu vOjpath; .

rpj;jd;d thry; Xtpak; :

tiue;jth; -( ,sk; nfsjkd; ) 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L

ghz;bad; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; fhyk;

jhkiuj;jlhfk; >Mly; > mzq;Ffs;> murd;> murp>

mzp:- moF

,ay;G etpw;rp mzp - cs;sj;ij cs;sthW $Wjy;

cah;T etpw;rp mzp - kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ.

CUk; NgUk; - uh.gp NrJg;gps;is

Nfht+h; fpohh; - Nr. Re;juuhrd;

ed;wpg; ghpR - ePytd;

chpaJ - fpUghde;jthhpahh;

mwpT El;gk; - Xtpah; uhk;fp

jkpo;ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; -

epiyj;j nry;tk; fy;tpr; nry;tk; gp.vk;.Kj;J

J}uj;J xsp - f.nfs. Kj;jofh;

ez;gd; - Xtpah; uhk;fp

nfhilf;Fzk; - fodpa+ud;

______

ghlk; 6

jhAkhdth;

o ngw;Nwhh; : Nfbypag;gh; - nfrty;yp

o kidtp : kl;Lthh;Foyp

o Ch; : jpUkiwf;fhL (ehfg;gl;bdk;)

o E}y; : jpUg;ghly; jpul;L

o gzp : jpUr;rpia Mz;l tprauFehj nrhf;fypq;fhplk; fUt+y

mYtyh;

o fhyk; : fp.gp. 18Mk; E}w;whz;L

o epidT ,y;yk; : ,yl;RkpGuk; (,uhkehjGuk;)

[p.A. Nghg; :

o [pahh;[;> Af;Nsh> Nghg;.

o ehL : gpuhd;];

o ngw;Nwhh; : [hd;Nghg;> Nfjhpd; Ashg;

o jikadhh; : nd;wp o Muha;r;rpf;fl;Liufis vOjpa gj;jphpiffs; : ,e;jpad; RQ;rpif>

,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T

o mfuhjpfs; : jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;> Mq;fpyk; - jkpo;

o kiwT : 11.02.1908

o rpwg;G : ,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; vdj;jk; fy;yiwapy; vOJkhW $wpath;.

njhlh; tiffs; :

o nra;tpid - fay;tpop ghlj;ijg; gbj;jhs;

o nrag;ghl;L tpid - ghlk; fay;tpopahy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ

o tpdhj;njhlh ; - vd;d nra;fpwha;?

o tpioTj;njhlh; - ePLop tho;f.

o czh;r;rpj; njhlh; - vd;Nd> ky;ypifapd; kzk;!

o cld;ghl;Lj; njhlh; - fz;zd; glk; tiue;jhd;.

o vjph;kiwj; njhlh; - fz;zd; glk; tiue;jpyd;

jkpo; vz;fs; :

o 1 - f

o 2 - c

o 3 - !

o 4 -

o 5 -

o 6 -

o 7 -

o 8 -

o 9 -

o 10 - 0

,dpait ehw;gJ : g+jQ;Nre;jdh;

o gjpnzz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;

Fotp (Foe;ij) - gzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpJ

rytu; (tQ;rfh;) - tQ;riur; Nruhky; tho;jy; ,dpJ

foWk; - NgRk;

kd;Daph; - epiyngw;w caph;

jkpo;g;grp : f. rr;rpjhde;jd;.

o Ch; - ,yq;if aho;g;ghzk; - guj;jpj;Jiw o gzp - Mrphpah; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}hp tphpTiuahsh;

o gilg;Gfs; - Mde;jj;Njd; (ftpij) md;dg+uzp (Gjpdk;) aho;;g;ghz

fhtpak;

o Fit - Ftpay;> khud; - kd;kjd;

mfuKjyp tuyhW :

o epfz;L - mfuhjp

o goikahd epfz;L - Nre;jd; jpthfuk; - jpthfuh;

o rpwe;j epfz;L - #lhkzp epfz;L - kz;lyG&o;

o jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfuhkp - rJufuhjp - tPukhKdpth;

(rJh; ehd;F)

o jkpo; - jkpo; mfuhjp - nytp - ];ghy;b];

o jkpo; nrhy;yfuhjp - aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhh;

o jkpo;g;Ngufuhjp - Fg;Grhkp

o glq;fSld; $ba mfuhjp - ,uhkehjd;

o jkpo; Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjp - tpd;RNyh

o jw;fhyj; jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp - ghthde;jk;

jkpo; - jkpo; mfuKjuyp - K. rz;Kfk; ntspaPL - jkpo;g;ghl;Lg; ghlE}y;

epWtdk;

o 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kpfg;nghpa

mfuKjyp - nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp (jkpo; nyf;rpfd; - 6

njhFjpfs;)

nre;jkpo;g; nrhw;gpwg;gpag; Ngufuhjp NjtNeag; ghthzh;. o fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fspd; Kd;Ndhb - mgpjhd Nfhrk;

o mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp - rpq;fhu Ntydhh;.

o Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; - jkpo;tsh;r;rpf; fofk;

o fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjp - fiyf;fjph;

o mwptpay; Jiwf;fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjp - kzit - K];jgh

,yf;fpatifr; nrhw;fs; - 4

1. ,aw;nrhy; - ,ay;ghd vspa jkpo;r;nrhy;

- fhL> kuk;> tz;L

ngah; ,aw;nrhy; - epyT> fly;

tpid ,aw;nrhy; - gbj;jhd;> ele;jhd;

2. jphpnrhy; - fw;wth;fSf;F kl;LNk tpsq;Fk; nrhy;

- gPyp kapy;Njhif> Mop fly;> rf;fuk;

ngah; jphpnrhy; - vapW - gy;> Nta; - %q;fpy; 0; kb Nrhk;gy; tpid jphpnrhy; - tpdtpdhd;> tpspj;jhd;

3. jpirr;nrhy; -jkpo;ehl;ilr; Rw;wpAs;s gpw gFjpapypUe;J toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;.

Nfzp fpzW> ngw;wk; - gR.

4. tlnrhy; -tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jphpe;Jk; jphpahkYk; jkpopy; toq;FtJ

fkyk; - jhkiu

tplk; - tp\k;

G\;gk; - kyh;

jpUts;Stkhiy :

jpUts;Stkhiy jpUf;FwisAk; Gfo;e;J ghlg;ngw;w E}y;

55 ghly;fs; - 53 Gyth;fs;

jpidasT Nghjh ---- .. fgpyh; (mwptpay; mZFKiwiar; rhh;e;j ghly;) xspiaf; Nfhl;lk; milar; nra;jy; njhiytpYs;s nghUs;fis mz;ikapy; fhl;Lk; -

fypypNah fypyp.

ts;is - xUtifg;ghl;L ; msF Nfhop ; nts;isf; Fws; - ntz;gh

esntz;gh - GfNoe;jpg; Gyth;

o Ch; - nghd;tpise;j fsj;J}h;

o rpwg;G - tuFzghz;badpd; mitg;Gyth;> ntz;ghtpw;

GfNoe;jp

o Mjhpj;j ts;sy; - re;jpud; Rth;f;fp

o fhyk; -12Mk; E}w;whz;L (fk;gh; - xl;lf;$j;jhpd; rkfhyg;Gyth;)

o esntz;gh -Rak;tu fhz;lk;> fypnjhlh; fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk;.

o 431 ntz;ghf;fs; nfhz;l E}y;

o esd; - eplj ehL

o jkae;jp - tpjh;g;g ehL

o Mop - fly; ; jhh; - khiy ; tpRk;G - thdk; ; fhrpdp - cyfk; ; muT -

ghk;G ; Gs; - gwit ; nkjp - vUik ; Qhyk; - cyfk; ; kotpil - ,sq;fhis ;

klehL - ,isagR ; ky;yy; - tsk; ; kWF - murtPjp.

cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy; :

o fzpdp cUthf mbg;gil - kzpr;rl;lk;

o fzf;fpLk; fUtp - gpNs]; gh];fy;

o Kjy; fzpdp -rhh;y]; ghg;Ng[; (1833) (fzpdpapd; je;ij)

o Kjy; nray;jpl;l tiuthsh; - Nyb yt;Nt];.

o vz;zpyf;ff; fzpdp - N`hthh;L [f;fd;(`hh;th;L khh;f; -1)

o ,izak; - [hd; gh];ly;

o cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;dy;(itaf tphpT tiy) -gpk;ngh;dh; yP. (1989)

,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F :

I ,ay;G tof;F - 1) ,yf;fzKilaJ (,yf;fzg; gpioaw;w nrhy;) ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;

ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;

2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp - ,yf;fzKilaJ Nghy toq;fp tUk;nrhy;

fhy;tha;> Gwefh;>

tha;f;fhy;

3. k&c - rpije;J toq;Fk; nrhy;

jQ;ir> Nfhit> NrhzhL

II jFjp tof;F -

,lf;fh; mlf;fy; - fhy; fOtp te;jhd;

kq;fyk; - ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;.

FOcf; Fwp - nghd; - gwp.

tpNtf rpe;jhkzp :

jid cz;L kaq;fpf; fple;j tz;bid ehtw;gonkd vz;zp ifapy; vLj;jhs;.

tz;L mts; Kfj;ij epyT vd vz;zpaJ.

kJ - Njd; ; rk;G - ehty; ; kjpak; - epyT

gujj;jha; : mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh;

o Ch; - jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s ,ul;liz.

o tho;e;j Ch; - jpUg;ghjphpg;Gypa+h;(flY}h;) tlY}h;

tlY}hpy; tho;e;j NghJ vOjpa nra;As; E}y; - ,uhkypq;f

Rthkpfs; rhpjk; (409 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;

o gilg;Gfs; - Mj;jpr;#b ntz;gh> jpyfh; Guhzk;> Foe;ij Rthkpfs;

gjpfk;.

o rpwg;G - ,f;fhy xsitahh; (jpU.tpf.)

o fhe;jpGuhzk; - 2034 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ. fhe;jpabfisg; ghl;Lilj;

jiytuhff; nfhz;lJ.

,e;jpatpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpofg; ngz;fspd; ghq;F :

NtY ehr;rpahh;.

o ngw;Nwhh; - nry;yKj;J NrJgjp> rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs;

o Mz;L - fp.gp. 1730

o fzth; - Kj;JtLfehjh; (rptfq;ifg; Nghh; 1772)

o rpwg;G - rptfq;ifg; Nghh;(1780)

o cjtpath; - Ijh;myp

flY}h; mQ;riyak;khs; :

o 1980 - flY}h; KJefh;

o gq;Nfw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; -

1921 - fhe;jpabfspd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

ePyd; rpiy mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;

cg;Gf; fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lk;

jdpahs; mwg;Nghuhl;lk;

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;.

kfs; - mk;khf;fz;Z( 9 taJ)

(fhe;jpbafs; thh;jh Mrpukj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W yPyhtjp vdg; ngahpl;Lg;

gbf;f itj;jhh;)

rpwg;G - njd;dhl;bd; [d;rpuhzp

mk;G[k;khs; :

o 1899 - [dthp 8.

o fhe;jpbfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth;.

o rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; - njhz;L epWtdk; epWtpah;.

njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs; :

(i) ctikj; njhif - fay;tpop> kyub

(ii) Ntw;Wikj;njhif - (Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUjy;)

ghy; gUfpNdd; (I)

jiy tzq;fpNdd; (My;)

Ntyd; kfd; (F)

Ch;ePq;fpdhd; (,d;)

nre;jpy; rl;il(mJ)

Fifg;Gyp (fz;)

(iii) tpidj;njhif - (fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk;) (Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghJtha; tUk;) ML nfhb> gha;Gyp> tphpRlh;> vhpjoy;

(iv) gz;Gj;njhif ( epwk;> msT> Rit> tbtk;) ntz;zpyT> tl;lf;fy;> Kg;ghy;> ,d;Rit

(v) ck;ikj;njhif : (ck; - vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J tUtJ) fgpy guzh;> jha; je;ij> mz;zd; jk;gp> ,uT gfy;

(vi) md;nkhopf; njhif: Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpait my;yhj nkhopfs;

njhf;fp tUtJ.

fay;tpop te;jhs;.

tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg;ngah;fs; :

mzpy;> fPhp - gps;is

gd;wp> ML> Fjpiu> g+id> eha;> Fuq;F - Fl;b

vUik> khd;> ahid> gR - fd;W

rpq;fk; - FUis> Gyp - gwo;

xyp kuG

Me;ij - myWk;

Fjpiu - fidf;Fk;

ehp - CisapLk;

fOij - fj;Jk;

Gyp - cWKk;

rpq;fk; - Koq;Fk;

ahid - gpspWk;

tz;L - KuYk;

Fuq;F - myg;Gk;

Fapy; - $Tk;

fpsp - nfhQ;Rk;

fhf;if - fiuAk;

kapy; - mfTk;

Nfhop - nfhf;fhpf;Fk;

Nrty; - $Tk;

Gwh - FDFk;

vUJ - vf;fhskpLk;

gR - fjWk;.

**************

ghlk; : 7

fhto rpe;J :- mz;zhkiy bul;oahh;. yhgk; - kapy; njhif : tpntfd; - "hdp : thtp - bgha;if.

mz;zhkiyahh; :- Ch; - brd;dp Fsk; (jpUbey;ntyp) bgw;nwhh; - brd;dth; - Xt[ mk;khs; E]y;fs; - fhtor; rpe;J/ tPiu me;jhjp/ nfhkjp me;jhjp/ tPiug; gps;isj; jkpH;.

tpf;fpukr; nrhHd; cyh :- xl;lf; Tj;jh;. FtL - kiy bghd;dp - fhtphp nfhJ - Fw;wk; mutk; - ghk;g[ fspW - Mz; ahid.

Xl;lf; Tj;jh;.

rpwg;g[g; bgah; :- ftpr; rf;futh;j;jp

rpwg;g[ :- tpf;fpuknrhHd;/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J;fd;/ ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; Mfpa _d;W kd;dh;fspd; mitapYk; bry;thf;nfhL tps;fpath;.

,aw;wpa E]y;fs; :- _tUyh/ jf;fahfg; guzp/ Fnyhj;J;fd; gps;isj; jkpH;.

tpf;fpukr; nrhHdpd; jha; :- kJuhe;jfp.

kyhpd; VG gUtfs; :- mUk;g[/ bkhl;L/ Kif/ kyh;/ myh;/ tP/ brk;ky;.

bgz;fspd; VG gUtfs; :-

ngij/ bgJk;ig/ kif/ kle;ij/ mhpit/ bjhpit/ nghpsk;bgz}.

bra;jp cUthFk; tuyhW :- bra;jpia mwpar; bra;a[k; md;g[j; bjhz;lh; mWth; Vd;? vd;d? vg;nghJ? vg;go? vnf? ahh;?

Bulletin - rpwg;g[r; bra;jp ,jH; Editorial - jiyafk; Fake news - bgha;r; bra;jp Folio No. - ,jH; vz; Green proof - jpUj;jg;glhj mr;Rg;go fhhpUs; mfj;jpy; ey;y fjpbuhsp ePjhd; ,e;jg; ghhpilj; Japy;nthh; . . . . . . - ghujpjhrd;.

kjpapdhy; rjpia bty;yyhk;. - Xtpad; tiue;j glk; - Fjpiu. ghpRj; bjhif - 1000 bghw;fhRfs;.

bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; :- 1) vGtha;j; bjhlh; - fz;zd; vGjpdhd; 2) fjph;ntyh th - tpspj; bjhlh; 3) tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; - fz;nld; rPijia 4) tpGe;j kuk; - bgabur;rj; bjhlh; 5) te;J brd;whd; - tpidbar;rj; bjhlh; 6) tPl;ilf; fl;odhd; - ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; 7) kw;bwhd;W - ,ilr; brhw;bwhlh; 8) chpr; brhw;bwhlh; - khkiy 9) mLf;Fj; bjhlh; - thH;f thH;f

,ul;ilf; fpstp mLf;Fj; bjhlh;

gphpj;jhy; bghUs; juhJ gphpj;jhy; bghUs; jUk; xypf;Fwpg;g[/ milbkhHpaha; tUk; tpiut[/ btFsp/ ctif/ mr;rk;/ mtyk; Mfpa bghUspy; tUk;.

fy fy/ ry ry/ gs gs thH;f/ thH;f ghk;g[/ ghk;g[

jpUke;jpuk; - jpU_yh; jpUke;jpuk; - gj;jhk; jpUKiw jkpH; _thapuk;- vd;Dk; ntWbgah; bfhz;l E]y; (_thapuk; ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ) xd;nw Fyk; xUtnd njtd; clk;ghh; mHpapd; capuhh; mHpth;. g[fH; bgw;w bjhlh;fs; clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd.

njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdpth; ,aw;bgah; - fhd;!;lhz;od; n#hrg; bg!;fp bgw;nwhh; - bfhz;ly; nghbg!;fp - vyprbgj; gpwe;j Ch; - (,j;jhyp) fh!;jpf; fpspnahd; jkpH;f; fw;gpj;jth; - Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah; E]y;fs; -"hndhgnjrk;/ gukhh;j;j FU fij/ rJufuhjp/ jpUf;fhtY]h;f; fyk;gfk;/ bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk;. njk;ghtzp - njk;gh + mzp (thlhj khiy) njd; + gh + mzp - (njd; nghd;w ,dpa ghkhiy) fpwp!;jtr; rkaj;jhhpd; fiyf;fs;rpak; E]yikg;g[ - 3 fhz;lfs; 36 glyfs; 3615 ghly;fs; ghlg;gFjp ,lk; bgw;Ws;s glyk; - kftUs; glyk;.

ehlff; fiy ehlfk; - ehL + mfk; ehlfk; - (ntW bgah;) Tj;Jf;fiy ghpjpkhw; fiy"h; - ehlftpay; (bra;a[s; tot ehlf E]y;) Rthkp tpoyhe;jh; - kjf Nshkzp kiwkiyaofs; - rhFe;jyk; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; - ehlfj; jkpH; knfe;jpu th;k gy;ytd; - kj;j tpyhrk; fhrp tpRtehjh; - lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk; nguh. Re;judhh; - kndhd;kzpak; (yhh;l; ypl;ldpd; kiwtHp vd;Dk; Mfpyf; fijiaj; jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ) ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy - rfu jhR Rthkpfs; jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah; - jkpH; ehlfj; je;ij - gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; jkpH; ehlf kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij - fe;jrhkp fz; jpwe;jJ - tPjp ehlfk; - bgz; fy;tp Fwpj;j ehlfk; MF bgah; : - xd;wd; bgah; jd;idf; Fwpf;fhky; jd;ndhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ 1) KjyhF bgah; (bghUshF bgah;) : ky;ypif Nodhs; 2) ,lthF bgah; : ,d;iwa nghl;oapy; jkpHfk; btd;wJ 3) fhythF bgah; : jprk;gh; No te;jhs; 4) rpidahF bgah; : btw;wpiy el;lhd; 5) FzthF bgah; : bts;is moj;jhd; 6) bjhHpyhF bgah; : bghfy;/ tw;wy;. jkpHh; thdpay; :- Ik;g{jfs; : epyk;/ ePh;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ thdk;. "hapW tl;lk; : Nhpad; ("hapW) rpte;j nfhs; : brt;tha;

btz;ikahd nfhs; : bts;sp g[jpjhff; fz;lwpe;j nfhs; : g[jd; bghpa nfhs; : tpahHd; (tpah - bghpa/ epiwe;j)

thy; el;rj;jpuk; : J]knfJ tytd; Vth thD]h;jp : (g[w ehD]W)

fyPypnah fypyp :- (Cry; tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jth;) ehL - ,j;jhyp je;ij - tpd;brd;nrh fyptp goj;j gy;fiyf; fHfk; - igrh efug; gy;fiyf; fHfk; Kjy; fz;Lgpog;g[ - Cry; tpjp g[tp mz;lj;jpd; ikag;gFjp m~J mirahjJ/ - mhp!;lhl;oy;/ jhykp epiyahdJ mz;lj;jpd; ikak; - Nhpad; - fyPypnah fypyp ,th; E]y;fisg; gpd;gw;wpna Irf; epa{l;ld; jk; bfhs;iffis cUthf;fpdhh;.

kug[j; bjhlh;fs; :- czt[f;nf jhsk; nghLjy; - Jd;gg;gLjy;

fapW jphpj;jy; - (,y;yhjij) bgha; ngRjy;

Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - bgha; mGif

-

fk;guhkhazk; : ghlk; : 8 Mrphpah; : fk;gh; Ch; : njuGe;J]h; Mjhpj;jy; : rilag;g ts;sy; E]y;fs; :rlnfhgue;jhjp/VbuGgJ/rpiybaGgJ/ruRtjp me;jhjp/ jpUf;if tHf;fk;. thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijj; jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ. - tHp E]y; - MW fhz;lfisa[ilaJ. -ghy fhz;lk;/ mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ Muzpa fhz;lk;/ fpl;fhe;jh fhz;lk;/ Re;ju

fhz;lk;/ a[j;j fhz;lk;. cl;gphpt[ - glyk;. jhJ - kfue;jk; g{fk; - fKF (ghf;F) nghJ - kyh; tpGJk; ntUk; - ghujpjhrd;. (Mykuk; gw;wpa ghly;) jpwy; - typik/ kwth; - tPuh;. mHfpd; rphpg;g[ vd;Dk; E]ypy; mike;Js;s ghly;. fhl;Laphpfs; :

Xuwpt[ caph;fs; - (bka;) - g[y;/ kuk;

, < I te;jhy; a; - clk;gL bka;ahfj; njhd;Wk;. Vid caph; t;. V te;jhy; a;/ t; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; clk;gL bka;ahf tUk;. Kj;Jf; Fkhurhkp gps;isj; jkpH; - Fku FUguh; ,iwtdo nrh;e;j ,lk; - fhrpg[s;spUf;F ntqhpy; vGe;jUspa[s;s Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpapd; kPJ ghlg;bgw;wJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; eifr;Rit :- eifr;Ritf; fsrpak; - ftpkzp njrpf tpdhafdhhpd; kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;. FHe;ijapd; ,ay;g[ - ahidiag; ghidapy; nfhl FHe;ij mlk;gpoj;jy;.

ahg;g[/ mzp : mir (2) - neuir/ epiuair jis (7) - 1) nebuhd;whrphpaj; jis

2) epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis 3) ,aw;rPh; btz;lis 4) btz;rPh; btz;lis 5) xd;wpa trpj;jis 6) xd;wh trpj;jis 7) fypj; jis

mo (5) - 1) Fwso (2 mo) 2) rpe;jo (3 mo) 3) msto (m) neuo (4 mo) 4) beoyo (5 mo) 5) fHp beoyo (5f;F nkw;gl;l mofs;)

gh tif (4)

btz;gh Mrphpag;gh trpg;gh fypg;gh

mzp - (mHF) mzpapyf;fz E]y;fs; - jz;oyfhuk;/ khwdyfhuk;. ctikazp - ctik/ ctnkak; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf tUtJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp - ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtJ.

cUtf mzp :

ctkhdk; ntW/ ctnkak; ntW vdj; njhd;wh tifapy; ctkhdj;jpd; ,ay;g[fis ctnkaj;jpd;nky; Vw;wpf; TWtJ.

Kfkjp tha;g;gtsk;

vGj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;g[ :- vGj;J gpwf;Fkplk;

caph; vGj;Jf;fs; - 12 ,ilapdk; - 6 fGj;J bky;ypdk; - 6 _f;F ty;ypdk; - 6 khh;g[

MFbgah; :- vz;zy; msit - xd;W bgw;why; xspikak; vLj;jy; msit - Ie;J fpnyh Kfj;jy; msit - _d;W ypl;lh; ePl;ly; msit - ehd;F kPl;lh; brhy;yhF bgah; - ts;Sth; brhy; jhdpahF bgah; - ghiy ,wf;F fUtpahF bgah; - ahH; nfs; fhhpathF bgah; - rikay; fw;nwd; fUj;jthF bgah; - fk;gidg; goj;Jg; ghh; ctikahF bgah; - ehujh; tUfpwhh;

Fwpg;g[ :- ,lk; bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ - ,lthF bgah; bghUs; ,lj;jpw;F - jhdpahF bgah; fUtp fhhpaj;jpw;F - fUtpahF bgah; fhhpak; fUtpf;F - fhhpathF bgah;

gfhg;gjk;/ gFgjk; - bgah;g; gfhgjk; - kuk;/ eha; tpidg; gfhg;gjk; - cz;/ fhz; ,ilg; gfhg;gjk; - jpy;/ kd;/ kw;W chpg; gfhg;gjk; - rhy/ edp

gFgjk; bgah;g; gFgjk; - bghd;dd; - bghd; + d; + md; tpidg; gFgjk; - bra;jhd; - bra; + j; + Md;

gFgj cWg;g[fs; : gFjp/ tpFjp/ re;jp/ rhhpia/ ,ilepiy/ tpfhuk;.

gFjp : - goj;jhd; - go + j; + j; + Md; gFjp tpFjp :- 1) md;/ Md; - Mz;ghy; 2) ms;/ Ms; - bgz;ghy; 3) mh;/ Mh; - gyh;ghy; 4) J - xd;wd;ghy; 5) m - gytpd;ghy; ,ilepiy :- ,we;jfhyk; - j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; epfH;fhyk; - fpW/ fpd;W/ M epd;W. vjph;fhyk; - g;/ t; vjph;kiw ,ilepiy : ,y;/ my;/ M.

tHh epiy/ tG/ tGtikjp. tHh epiy - gpiHapd;wp tUtJ

tG - 7 jpiz tG - vd; khkh te;jJ ghy; tG - fz;zd; te;jhs; ,l tG - ehd; te;jhd; fhy tG - ehis te;jhd; tpdh tG - Kl;ilapl;lJ nrtyh/ bgl;ilah? tpil tG - ehis gs;sp cz;lh? vd; mj;ijf;F cly; elkpy;iy? kug[ tG - eha; fj;Jk;.

tGtikjp tGbtdpDk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sjy; Kjy;th; ehis tUfpwhh;.

ctik cUtf khw;wk;.

ctik cUtfk; jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj; jhkiu kyuo - mokyh; njd;bkhHp - bkhHpj;njd; kyh;f;if - ifkyh;

mor;brhy; tpidKw;W tpidbar;rk; bgabur;rk; bjhHpw;bgah; th te;jhd; te;J te;j tUjy; ngR ngrpdhs; ngrp ngrpa ngRjy; nfs; nfl;lhh; nfl;L nfl;l nfl;ly; el ele;jJ ele;J ele;j elj;jy;

_____

ghlk; : 9 bjhHpw;bgah; tiffs; :-

1) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; - fgpyDf;F mo tpGe;jJ 2) Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; -mwptwpe;j kf;fl;ngW bfLthd; nfL epidg;ghd;.

tHhepiy : ,yf;fz Kiwg;go Fw;wkpy;yhky; ngRtJk; vGJtJk; (v.L) bry;td; goj;jhd;. fz;zd; te;jhd;. tG : ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp vGJtJk;/ ngRtJk;. jpiz tG : vd; khkh te;jJ. ghy; tG : bry;tp te;jhd; ,l tG : ehk; te;jhh;. tpdh tG : Kl;ilapl;lJ nrtyh/ bgl;ilah? tpil tG :ehis gs;spf;F tUthah? ,t;tpdht[f;F vd; mj;ijf;F cly; eykpy;iy vdf; TWjy;. kug[ tG : eha; fj;Jk;. tGtikjp : gRit/ vd; mk;ik te;jhs;/ ,yl;Rkp te;jhs; vdf; TWjy;. ctik - cUtf khw;wk; jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj;jhkiu njd;bkhHp - bkhHpj;njd; Kj;Jg;gy; - gy; Kj;J gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk; kyh;f;if - ifkyh;

gpwbkhHpr; brhy; - jkpH;r; brhy; mfj;jpdh; - cWg;gpdh; mh;j;jk; - bghUs; myfhuk; - xg;gid tpujk; - nehd;g[ tp"hdk; - mwptpay; jPgk; - tpsf;F rhtp - jpwt[nfhy; rhjk; - nrhW Fk;ghgpn\fk; - FlKGf;F g[zh;r;rp (2)

1. ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp - thiH + kuk; - thiHkuk; bghd; + tz;L - bghd}tz;L

tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp - (3) 1. njhd;wy; - thiH + gHk; - thiHg;gHk; 2. jphpjy; - kz; + Flk; - kl;Flk;

bghd; + rpiy - bghw;rpiy 3. bfLjy; - kuk; + nth; - kunth;

(ahg;g[) bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; - (6) 1) vGj;J (3) - Fwpy;/ beoy;/ xw;W 2) mir (2) - nehpir/ epiuair 3) rPh; : (i) Xuirr; rPh; (4) ehs;/ kyh;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[

(ii)

iii) _tirr;rPh; (8) neh; neh; neh; epiu neh; neh; fha;r;rPh; - (4) epiu epiu neh; neh; epiu neh; neh; neh; epiu epiu neh; neh; fdpr;rPh; - (4) epiu epiu neh; neh; epiu neh; ehyirr;rPu; (16) iv) jis - (7) nebuhd;whrphpaj; jis epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis ,aw;rPh; btz;lis btz;rPh; btz;lis fypj;jis xd;wpa trpj; jis xd;whj trpj; jis

v) mo - (5) Fwso - 2 mofs; rpe;jo - 3 mofs; neuo (m) msto - 4 mofs; beoyo - 5 mofs; fHpbeoyo - 5f;F nkw;gl;l mofs;

vi) bjhil (8) 1) nkhid - KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd; vz;Qtk; vd;g jpGf;F. 2) vJif - ,uz;lhbkGj;J xd;wp tUtJ. ,d;gk; tpiHahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;bgd;ghd; Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd;. 3) Kuz; - vjph;r; brhw;fs; (Kuz;gl;l brhw;fs;) bfhLg;gJ gpwh;f;fpd;dh Kw;gfy; bra;apd; jkf;fpd;dh gpw;gfy; jhnk tUk; . 4) ,iag[ - ,Wjpr; rPh; xd;wj; bjhLg;gJ bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk;. bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; . 5) msbgil - monjhWk; Kjy;rPh; msbgLg;gJ bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha;kw; wh;nf vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH. 6) ,ul;il 7) me;jhjp - bgah; kw;Wk; mwpf. 8) bre;jhil mzp :- Vfnjr cUtf mzp -xUbghUis cUtfg;gLj;jp mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ

,y;bghUStik mzp - cyfpy; ,y;yhj bghUis ctkpj;jy;.

gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp - neuoahff; Twhky; nthwhU bghUisf; Twp bghUs; bgwr; bra;jy; .

ntw;Wikazp - xg;g[ikiaf; Twpg;gpd;dh; ntWgLj;Jjy;

epuy; epiuazp - brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; thpirahff; Twy; .

jkpH; vz;QUf;fs; :- 1 - f 2 - c 3 - ' 4 - r 5 - U 6 - rh 7 - v 8 - m 9. - rh 10. - f0 11 - ff 12 - fc 13 - fe 14. - fr 15. - fU 16 - fR 17 - fv 18 - fm 19. - ffh 20. - c0 xU bghUl;gd;bkhHp kPkpir "hapW Xfp cah;e;j kuk; eL ikak; FHpe;jhH;e;j gs;sk;

tpdhtif : (6) 1. mwp tpdh 2. mwpah tpdh 3. bfhsy; tpdh 4. bfhil tpdh 5. Vty; tpdh 6. Ia tpdh tpil tif (8)

1.Rl;L tpil 2. neh; tpil 3.kiw tpil 4. Vty; tpil 5. cw;wJ ciuj;jy; 6. cWtJ Twy; 7. tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; 8. ,d bkhHp

bghUs; ,yf;fzk; - 2 mfg; bghUs; g[wg; bghUs; mfg; bghUs; : jpizfs; - 7 Fwprp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz

md;gpd; Ie;jpiz - Fwprp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy.

Kjw;bghUs; - epyKk; bghGJk;. jpiz epyk; Fwprp - kiya[k; kiy rhh; ,lKk; Ky;iy - fhLk; fhL rhh; ,lKk; kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh; ,lKk; bea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh; ,lKk; ghiy - kzYk; kzy; rhh; ,lKk; jpiz bgUk; bghGJ rpW bghGJ Fwprp Fsph;/ Kd; gdpf;fhyk; ahkk; Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; khiy kUjk; MW bgUk; bghGJk; itfiw bea;jy; MW bgUk; bghGJk; Vw;ghL ghiy ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy; gpd;gdp ez;gfy; fUg;bghUs; Fwprp Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy; ghiy bja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; bfhw;wit czt[ kiy tuF/ rhik bre;bey;/ kPd;/ cg;g[f;Fg; Niwahlyhy; bea; jpid btz;bza; bgw;w bghUs; tUk; bghUs; kf;fs; Fwtd;/Fwj;jpah; Mah; - cHth; - gujd;-guj;jpah; vapdh;-

Ma;r;rpah; cHj;jpah; vaw;wpah; tpyF g[yp/ fuo/ rpfk; Kay;/ khd;/g[yp vUik/ ePh;eha; Kjiy/ Rwh typapHe;j ahid g{ Fwprp/ fhe;js; Ky;iy/ njhd;wp brfGePh; jhiH/ bea;jy; Futk;/ ghjphp kuk; mfpy;/ ntif bfhd;iw/ fhah fhrp/ kUjk; g[d;id/"hHy; ,Yg;ig/khiy gwit fpsp/ kapy; fhl;Lf;nfhHp ehiu/ ePh;f;nfhHp flw;fhfk; g[wh/ gUe;J kapy; md;dk; Ch; rpWFo gho/ nrhp ng%h;/ KJ]h; gl;odk;/ ghf;fk; FWk;g[ giw bjhz;lfk; VWnfhl;giw kzKHh/ kPd; nfhl;giw Jo

bey;yhp fpiz ahH; Fwprp Ky;iy kUjk; tpshp ghiy gz; Fwprp Ky;iy kUjk; brt;tHp gRug;gz; bjhHpy; njbdLj;jy;/fpHF VWjGt[jy;/ bey;yhpjy; kPd; gpoj;jy;/ mfH;jy; epiu nka;j;jy; fis gwpj;jy; cg;g[ tpistpj;jy; tHpg;gwp/ epiu fth;jy;

g[wj;jpizfs; - 12 1. btl;rp : Mepiu fth;jy; 2. fue;ij : Mepiu kPl;ly; 3. trp : kz;zhir fUjp gifth; ehl;od; kPJ nghh; bra;jy; 4. fhrp : ehl;ilf; fhf;f giftUld; nghhply; 5. behr;rp : kjpy; fhj;jy; 6. cHpi" : kjpiy Kw;Wifaply; 7. Jk;ig : btw;wp xd;iwna vz;zpg; nghh; bra;jy; 8. thif : btw;wp bgw;wth; No kfpH;jy; 9. ghlhz; : Mz;kfdpd; xGfyhWfisg; ghLjy; 10. bghJtpay; : nkw;fz;l jpizfSf;Fg; bghJthdJ (m) vj;jpizapYk; tuhj epfH;t[ 11. iff;fpis : xUjiyf;fhkk; 12. bgUe;jpiz : bghUe;jhjf; fhkk;

btz;ghtif-(6) Mrphpag;gh tif - (4) Fws; btz;gh nehpir Mrphpag;gh nehpir btz;gh ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh ,d;dpir btz;gh epiykz;oy Mrphpag;gh g~bwhil btz;gh mokwp kz;oy Mrphpag;gh nehpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh kug[ bgah;fs; xyp kug[ (tpyF) gwit g[yp - cWKk; Me;ij - myWk; rp;fk; - KGFk; Fapy; - Tt[k; ML - fj;Jk; g[wh - FQFk; Fjpiu - rpidf;Fk; kapy; - mft[k; Fu;F - myg;g[k; fhfk; - fiua[k; vUJ - vf;fhs kpUfk; Tif - FHWk; g{id - rPWk; tz;L - KuYk; ahid - gpspWk; nfhHp - bfhf;fhpf;Fk; vyp - fPr;rpLk; nrty; - Tt[k; eha; - Fiuf;Fk; ,sik kug[ rpfk; -FUis g[yp - gwH; khd; - fd;W ahid - fd;W gR - fd;W ML - Fl;o nfhHp - FR fPhp - gps;is mzpy; - gps;is tpid kug[ mk;g[ va;jhh; Rth; vGg;gpdhh; Mil bea;jhh; bra;a[s; ,aw;wpdhh; Til Kile;jhh; nrhW cz;lhh; gha; gpd;dpdhh; ghy; gUfpdhh; Xtpak; g[ide;jhh; g[{g; gwpj;jhs; glk; tiue;jhh; ckp fUf;fpdhh; tz;zk; jPl;odhh; KWf;Fj; jpd;whd; bjhFg;g[g; bgah; Ml;L ke;ij jpuhl;irf;Fiy bjd;de;njhg;g[ fw;Ftpay; khl;Lke;ij njapiyj; njhl;lk; rhtpf;bfhj;J itf;nfhw;nghh; g{nrhiy gRepiu MyfhL nrhsf;bfhy;iy ahidf; Tl;lk; rt[f;Fj; njhg;g[ gyhj; njhg;g[ fk;g bfhy;iy jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;

bjhluhy; Fwpf;fg; bgWgth; jkpH;j;bjd;wy; - jpU.tp. fypahzRe;judhh; jkpH;j;jhj;jh - c.nt.rh etPd fk;gh; - kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; - vr;.V. fpUl;odg;gps;is rpWfij kd;dd; - g[Jik gpj;jd; g[Jf;ftpij gpjhkfh; - eh. gpr;r _h;j;jp jkpH; ehl;od; thy;lh; !;fhl; - fy;fp. uh. fpU\;z _h;j;jp gz;oj kzp - fjpnurbrl;oahh; bjd;dfj;J bgh;dhl;\h - mz;zh jkpH; ehl;od; khg;grhd; - b#a fhe;jd; ftpkzp - njrpa tpehak; gps;is FHe;ijf; ftp"h; - mH. ts;spag;gh bjhz;lh;rPh; nfhkhd; - nrf;fpHhh; Fwprpf;nfhkhd; - fgpyh; ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp - fk;gh; ftpuhl;r\d; - xl;lf;Tj;jh; gFj;jwpt[f; ftpuhah; - cLkiy ehuhaz ftp jpiuapirj;jpyfk; - m. kUj fhrp ehkf;fy; ftp"h; - bt. ,uhkypfk; ,iwaUs; bgw;w bja;tf; FHe;ij - ,uhkypfmofs; bkhHp "hapW - njtneag; ghthzh;/ jhz;lf nte;jh;/ thfPrh; jUknrdh; - jpUeht[f;furh;/ mg;gh; jpuhtpl rpR - jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; jk;gpuhd; njhHh; - Re;juh; mKJ moaile;j md;gh; - khzpf;f thrfh; jkpH;ehl;od; nth;l;!; bthh;j; - thzpjhrd; kfhftp/ ePLJapy; ePf;fg; gho te;j epyh/ ige;jkpH; njh;g;ghfd; - ghujpahh; g[ul;rpf;ftp/ ghnte;jh;/ g[Jitf;Fapy;- ghujpjhrd; cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak; - bAyd; bfy;yh; gh - Xir btz;gh - brg;gnyhir Mrphpag;gh - mftnyhir fypag;gh - Js;snyhir trpg;gh - J]fnyhir

bjhlUk; - TwpatUk; mg;gh; vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj ahkhh;f;Fk; Foay;nyhk; ekid mnrhk;

ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ,uhkypfk; jkpHd; vd;nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpna mtw;bfhU FzKz;L jkpHbdd;W brhy;ylh jiy epkph;e;J epy;ylh fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp a[j;jbkhd;W tUFJ ifj;bjhHpy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; bfhs;

gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; bra;a[k; bjhHpny bja;tk; - mjpy; jpwik jhd; cdJ bry;tk;

xsitahh; md;ida[k; gpjht[k; Kd;dwp bja;tk; vt;tHp ey;yth; Mlth; mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa eynd rhjp ,uz;blhHpa ntwpy;iy rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk; kPJ]z; tpUk;ngy; fzpad; g{Fd;wdhh; ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;

jpU_yh; xd;nw FyKk; xUtnd njtDk; md;ng rptk; ahd;bgw;w ,d;gk; bgWf ,t;itafk; clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd

kzpnkfiy cz;o bfhLg;nghh; caph;bfhLj;njhnu

#pa[. nghg; ,nf xU jkpH; khztd; cwFfpwhd;

f. mfj;jpaypfk; ,e;jpah/ bkhHpfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiyahf tpsFfpwJ

E]y; - rpwg;g[ bgah; jpUf;Fws; - Kg;ghy;/ ts;Stg; gad;/ cyfg; bghJkiw/ bja;t E]y;/

cj;jpuntjk; bgha;ah bkhHp rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;/ rpyk;g[/ xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;/ Knte;jh;

fhg;gpak;/ Kjy; fhg;gpak;/ njrpa fhg;gpak;/ Kj;jkpH;f; fhg;gpak;/ rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;

rPtf rpe;jhkzp - kz E]y;/ Kf;jp E]y; fk;guhkhazk; - ,uhjkhtjhuk;/ ,uhk fhij mf ehD]W - beLe;bjhif bghpa g[uhzk; - jpUj; bjhz;lh; g[uhzk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - Fl;oj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; gl;odg; ghiy - trp beLk;ghl;L kiygL flhk; - Tj;juhw;Wg;gil Ky;iyg;ghl;L - berhw;Wg; gil Fwp;rpg;ghl;L - bgUFwprp/ fhg;gpag; ghl;L btw;wp ntw;if - eWe;bjhif _Jiu - thf;Fz;lhk; rpyk;g[ -nkfiy - ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak; kzp nkfiy - kzpnkfiyj; Jwt[ ePynfrp - ePynfrpj; bjUl;L

*********************

ghlk; 10 jis : kh Kd; neh; - nebuhd;whrphpah; jis

tps Kd; epiu - epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis

kh Kd; epiu -

tps Kd; neh; - ,aw;rPh; btz;lis

fha; Kd; neh; - btz; rPh; btz;lis

fha; Kd; epiu - fypj;jis

fdp Kd; epiu - xd;wpa trpj;jis

fdp Kd; neh; - xd;whj trpj;jis

jpiza[k; bghGJk; :

bgUk;bghGJ (6) (Xh; Mz;od; MW TWfs;)

fhh; fhyk; - Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp

Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif

Kd;;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fHp/ ij

gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp/ gFdp

,sntdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp

KJntdpw;fhyk; - Mdp/ Mo

rpWbghGJ :

fhiy- fhiy 6 kzp - 10 kzp

ez;gfy; 10-12 (fhiy)

vw;ghL 2-6 (gpw;gfy;)

khiy 6-10(,ut[)

ahkk; 10-2(,ut[)

itfiw 2-6(,ut[)

bjhiltpfw;gk; rPh;

,iz nkhid 1/ 2

bghHpg;g[ 1/ 3

x%c 1/ 4

TiH 1/ 2/ 3

nkw;fJtha; 1/ 3/ 4

fPH;;f;fJtha; 1/ 2/ 4

Kw;Wnkhid 1/ 2/ 3/ 4

rhd;W :

1. ,d; brhy; ,dpjPd;wy; (,iz nkhid)

1 2

2. Jwe;jhh; bgUik Jizf;Twpd; (bghHpg;g[)

1 3

3. epiwbkhHp khe;jh; bgUik epyj;J (x%c)

1 4

4. jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jfh tpaDyfk;. (TiH)

1 2 3

5. fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd; (Kw;W)

1 2 3 4

2012 rpj;jpiu Kjy; ehs; tHfg;bgw;w tpUJfs;

1. jkpH;j;jha; tpUJ - (kJiuj; jkpH;r; rfj; jiyth;). eh. Fku nrJgjp

( 5yl;rk;/ nflak;/ ghuhl;Lr;rhd;wpjH;)

2. mt;itahh; tpUJ - jpUkjp. xa;. #p. ghh;j;jrhujp

3. fgpyh; tpUJ - nguhrphpah; m. m. kzthsd;

(brd;idg; gy;fiyfHf Kd;dhs; jiyth;/ jkpH;j;Jiw)

4. c.nt.rh. tpUJ - br. uhR (bjhy;ypay; Jiw Kd;dhs; jiyth;)

(2-4 tiuapyhd tpUJfs; jyh 1 ,yl;rk; %gha;/ 8 rtud; jfg;gjf;fk;/

ghuhl;Lg;gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

**********************

ghll xUiz

e. jhkiufz M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., b#a nfhgh fnuhoah nja nkiyg jhgu

tamil TNPSC

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