SOUTIE VAN WINDHOEK€¦ · 101-16% 84 D e c -14 Ju n -15 D e c -15 S e p -16 N o v -16 Ju n -17 N...

SOUTIE VAN WINDHOEK

1982-1996 2000-2010

UNDER COVER FARMERS 2011

Steyer, (NC)

Lowder, Furr, Pickler, (NC)

Archuleta

Brandt, OH

Fuhrer, Brown & Brown, ND

SCIENCE OF SOIL HEALTH (2013-14)

Liebig & Nichols, (ND)

Beck, (SD)

Wills, (SD)

Haney, (TX)

Gruver, (IL)

Kladivko, (IN)

Hoorman, (OH)

Duiker, (PA)

Brinton, (ME)

Weil, (MD)

Daniel, (VA)

Zehnder, (SC)

Reberg-Horton, (NC)

Grossman, (OH)

Beck, Pierre, SD

Holzwarth, Gettyburg, SD

Johnson, Frankfort, SD

Hemenway, Huron, SD

Bainbridge, Ethan, SDNissen, Vermillion, SD

Sexton,

Beresford, SD

Reimer, Chamberlain, SD

Jorgensen, Ideal, SD

Ollila, Belle Fourche, SD

Miron, Dell Rapids, SD

Anderson, Schumacher, Lehman

Brookings, SD

MERIT OR MYTH 2015-

Sieck, Selby, SD

Price, Coleman, Gaddy, Dillon, SC

Carter, Eastover, C

FARMER SCIENTISTS 2019

McInnis, Clio, SC

ANOMALIES AND (HAPPY) ACCIDENTS

5 yrs, 50 ac, 13 samples 4 yrs, 10 ac, 40 plots

3 yrs 2,500 ac, 255 samples

No limeDec-1 8Apr-1 8Nov-1 7Mar-1 7Nov-1 6Mar-1 6Nov-1 5Apr-1 5Nov-1 4Mar-1 4Nov-1 3

6.6

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

Date

So

ilp

HSoilpH

5.93 6.02

+1.5%

Nov-1 8Nov-1 7Jun-1 7Nov-1 6Sep-1 6Dec-1 5Jun-1 5Dec-1 4

6.6

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

Date

So

ilp

H

SoilpH

5.73 5.77

+0.7%

Fall-1 8Fall-1 7Fall-1 6Fall-1 5

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

Date

So

ilp

HSoilpH

6.16 6.29

+21%

*All minimum tillage,

cover cropped systems

Saved U$ 100 per Ha

Paid for the cover crops

5 yrs, 50 ac, 13 samples 4 yrs, 10 ac, 40 plots



cover cropped systems2015-2016

279 PLANT TISSUE TESTS

– 2 (0.7%) DEFICIENT IN P

Dec-1 8Apr-1 8Nov-1 7Mar-1 7Nov-1 6Mar-1 6Nov-1 5Apr-1 5Nov-1 4Mar-1 4Nov-1 3

1 40

1 20

1 00

80

60

40

20

0

Month Yr

P (

pp

m)

Soil Test P

46

-7%50


1 20

1 00

80

60

40

20

P (

pp

m)

Soil Test P

58 -40%


1 00

80

60

40

20

0

C2

P (

pp

m)

Soil Test P

39 43+8%

No fertilizer P2O5

35

4 yrs, 10 ac, 40 plots5 yrs, 50 ac, 13 samples





3.0

2.5

2.0

1 .5

1 .0

Date

OM

Soil Organic Matter

1.341.62

+21%Dec-1 8Apr-1 8Nov-1 7Mar-1 7Nov-1 6Mar-1 6Nov-1 5Apr-1 5Nov-1 4Mar-1 4Nov-1 3

4

3

2

1

0

Date

OM

Soil Organic Matter

1.15 1.5+30%


8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Date

OM

Soil Organic Matter

2.142.33

+9%

“You can’t build Soil Organic matter”!

POTASSIUM AND YIELDSCORN-WHEAT-SOYBEANS (4YRS, 6 CROPS)

“MEDIUM” SOIL TEST K*, 10 SIDE-BY-SIDE PLOTS EACH TRT

Whea

t '1

5

Soyb

eans

'15

Corn

'1

6

Whea

t '1

7

Soy

bean

s

'17

Corn

'1

8

Tota

l M

T*

560 kg

(Rx) K2O 3.36 2.76 9.03 3.43 4.3 5.83 29.7

Zero K2O 3.43 2.76 9.44 3.23 4.3 6.40 30.5

* 50 ppm (Mehlich 1)

84

101

-16%

0 kg/ha K2O – 4 yrs


1 40

1 30

1 20

1 1 0

1 00

90

80

70

60

50

Date

KSoil Test K - No K2O Ferilization

95% CI for the Mean

The pooled standard deviation is used to calculate the intervals.

(n=10)

101

84-16%


1 50

1 25

1 00

75

50

Date

K

Soil Test K - Full K2O Fertilization95% CI for the Mean


(n=10)

112

73-34%

560 kg/ha of 0-0-60 (~ 335 kg/ha K2O)

5,3

6,8

8,48,8

5,8

6,76,4

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

10,0

Yie

ld (M

T)

kg N Applied

N Fertilization and Corn Yields

2016 Corn Yield

2018 Corn Yield

Grootkoppe sê

Need 1 kg N per 55 kg Maize

1.8 MT /100 kg N

3.1 MT /100 kg N

0.8 MT /100 kg N

COVER CROPS AND YIELDS2017/18 CORN YIELD SIDE BY SIDES – COVER VS. NO COVER

Averages Cover No CoverDillon 2018 (n=4) 10.0 8.8

Eastover 2018 (n=8) 14.0 13.5

Eastover 2017 (n=6) 10.1 9.5

Overall Ave* 11.8 11.2

* No significant difference

However: 66% of plots with covers out-yielded no cover

DOES RESEARCH ON THIS….. APPLY TO THIS?

DEGRADED SYSTEM REGENERATIVE SYSTEM

CLUESX X

H2O and C ~ 97% of Plant Wt.

Then N, P, K et al.

X X

CLUES: Water Cycle

No-till

High diversity

No fallow

No-till

Low diversity

Winter fallow

Resilience: Rapidity with which your system recovers from adverse conditions

Resilience: Rapidity with which your system recovers from adverse conditions

Soil moisture – what a great investment!

CLUES: GOGGAS AND THE NUTRIENT CYCLE

Goggas

(PLFA)

Average Ratio

Cover/No

Cover (n=5)

Bacteria 1.4

Fungi 2.1

AMF 1.8

Predators 3

Good guy microbes

Catch Carbon Eat Rocks

Plants √ X

Fungi and Bacteria X √

“Plants feed the soil so the soil can feed the plants” (Stika or Fuhrer)

“Carbon is the energy currency

of the soil” Kris Nichols

Energy

(Root Exudates & Residue)Minerals and N

CLUES: SOIL DEPTH“NOG ‘N TENKVOL”

Average of 33

samples

(2015) STP ppm STK ppm

0-15 cm 60 59

16-30 cm 30 58

31-60 cm 11 75

VALUE OF COVER

Average Max.

Biomass 2622 3983

N 33 63

P2O5 12 18

K2O 82 135

Est. Biomass & Plant Available kg/ha

March 2016 (16 samples) April 2016 (26 samples)

Average Max.

Biomass 3568 9306

N 40 112

P2O5 14 28

K2O 114 245

• BETTER CARBON CYCLE = MORE ENERGY = MORE

GOGGAS

• BETTER WATER CYCLE = RESILIENCE

• BETTER NUTRIENT CYCLE

• MORE MICROBES, MORE NUTRIENTS FIXED AND MINED

• DEEPER SOILS

• DIRECT CONTRIBUTION FROM COVERS

2012- “UNSCIENTIFIC”

2013 – “YOU HAVE NO DATA”

2013 – “IT WON’T WORK HERE”

2014 – “YES, BUT THEY’RE NOT RANDOMIZED AND

REPLICATED”

2015 – “DANGEROUS AND IRRESPONSIBLE”

2016 – “GLORIFIED DEMONSTRATION PLOTS”

2017 – “JUST PLAIN WRONG”

2017 – “YOUR FIELDS ARE A SPECIAL CASE”

2012 – “YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND”

2013- “YOU MIGHT GET AWAY WITH THIS ON WHEAT

BUT THE DOUBLE CROP BEANS WILL TELL ON YOU.”

2014- “YOU ARE MINING YOUR SOILS. CAN'T KEEP THIS

UP.”

2015- “AT LEAST APPLY REMOVAL RATES. GOING TO COST

YOU A LOT OF MONEY TO GET THOSE SOILS BUILT

BACK UP.”

2016- “YOU ARE MINING YOUR SUBSOIL NUTRIENTS.

THERE WILL BE NOTHING LEFT. YOU WILL HAVE TO

SPEND EVEN MORE MONEY.”

2017- “HE’S IS MESSING WITH MY LIVELIHOOD”

WIND VAN VOOR

Weil: “We’re not farming in

flower pots”

Nichols: “Carbon is the energy

currency of the soil.”

Pickler: “I can’t think of any better

investment than soil moisture”

Fuhrer: “If you have more carbon entering the soil than leaving, your kids will probably farm your land”

Seis: “We were killing things that wanted to live and growing things that wanted to die”

Beck: “The farmer’s main job is to

harvest sunlight and water.”

IS REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE THE SOLUTION?

Ray Archuleta: “The human heart and mind is the ROOT problem!!”

Dr. Buz Kloot

• RESILIENCE: RAPIDITY WITH WHICH YOU RECOVER FROM ADVERSITY

• YOU HAVE HELPED ME ARTICULATE WHAT I KNEW AT SOME LEVEL

• IF YOU DON’T TALK ABOUT THINGS I DON’T KNOW ABOUT, YOU’RE NOT WELCOME IN MY

CLUB

BIG IDEA 1:HOW WE VIEW SOILS IS HOW WE TREAT THEM

Extractive Agriculture Regenerative Agriculture

Basic Philosophy toward

Nature

Man dominates nature – do it

primarily with energy, money,

technology

Work with, not against nature –

do it with understanding,

observation, humility.

Incremental Transformative

Best management Practices Systems

Soil Conceptual Model Medium to Grow Plants (SSSA) Living, Mutualistic Ecosystem

Science Disciplines Geochemistry Biogeochemistry/

Ecology

Central assumption about

fertility

Plant nutrient availability

directly related to extractable

nutrient in soil

Nutrient cycling (90%) is

facilitated by interaction

between plant, soil and animal

activity

View of Plant Plant takes stuff out of soil The soil and the plant are one

Implication for farmer All things to make a healthy crop

are inputs (tillage (energy)

fertilizer, herbicide, chemicals)

Healthy soil = health crop.

No-till, herbicides, fertilizer,

cows are just tools, not ends in

themselves.


6.6

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

Date

So

ilp

HSoilpH


250

200

1 50

1 00

50

0

Date

P

Soil Test P


300

250

200

1 50

1 00

50

0

Date

K

Soil Test K


4

3

2

1

0

Date

OM

Soil Organic Matter

No lime, or synthetic P2O5, K2O, or micros for 5 years (13 samples)

5.93 6.02

+1.5% 100 93

-7%

141 106

-24%1.15 1.5+30%


50

40

30

20

1 0

0

Date

Mn

Minor Elements: Mn

12.1 18.9+56%


6.6

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

Date

So

ilp

H SoilpH


200

1 50

1 00

50

Date

P

Soil Test P


3.0

2.5

2.0

1 .5

1 .0

Date

OM

Soil Organic Matter

5.73 5.77

+0.7%

115

70-40%

1.341.62

+21%Nov-1 8Nov-1 7Jun-1 7Nov-1 6Sep-1 6Dec-1 5Jun-1 5Dec-1 4

1 75

1 50

1 25

1 00

75

50

Date

K

Boxplot of K



40

35

30

25

20

1 5

1 0

Date

Mn

Micronutrients - Mn

12.5 14.2+14%

101

84-16%


7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

Date

So

ilp

HSoilpH


200

1 50

1 00

50

0

Date

P

Soil Test P


300

250

200

1 50

1 00

50

0

Date

K

Soil Test K


8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Date

OM

Soil Organic Matter

6.16 6.29

+21%79 85+8%

2.142.33

+9%

171 156-9%



25

20

1 5

1 0

5

Date

Mn

Micronutrients - Mn

16.215.9

-1.9






300

250

200

1 50

1 00

50

0

Date

KSoil Test K

141 106

-24%


1 75

1 50

1 25

1 00

75

50

Date

K

Boxplot of K

101

84-16%


300

250

200

1 50

1 00

50

0

Date

KSoil Test K

171 156-9%

No fertilizer K2O






50

40

30

20

1 0

0

Date

Mn

Minor Elements: Mn

12.1 18.9+56%


25

20

1 5

1 0

5

Date

Mn

Micronutrients - Mn

16.215.9

-1.9

No fertilizer MnNov-1 8Nov-1 7Jun-1 7Nov-1 6Sep-1 6Dec-1 5Jun-1 5Dec-1 4

40

35

30

25

20

1 5

1 0

Date

Mn

Micronutrients - Mn

12.5 14.2+14%

COVER CROPS AND YIELDS2017/18 CORN YIELD SIDE BY SIDES – COVER VS. NO COVER1

Year Location

Corn Yield

(bu/ac)

W.Cover

Corn Yield

(bu/ac)

No Cover

Ave

%OM Irrigated?

2018 Dillon, SC

10.7 10.0 3.5 N

9.4 7.6 2.1 N

2018 Eastover, SC

15.1 11.2 1.2 Y

10.9 15.1 4.8 Y

14.6 12.5 1.3 Y

15.4 15.6 1.8 Y

2017 Eastover, SC8.5 9.7 1.7 N

11.9 10.0 1.8 Y

10.0 8.8 1.2 Y

Averages Cover No Cover

Dillon 2018 (n=4) 10.0 8.8

Eastover 2018 (n=8) 14.0 13.5

Eastover 2017 (n=6) 10.1 9.5

Overall Ave* 11.8 11.2

1. Data from 2 NRCS Conservation Innovation Grants:a. “Demonstrating Tillage and Cover Crop Management Strategies on

a Corn-wheat-soybean Rotation” (Dillon, SC)

b. “Using Cover Crops and Soil Health to Reduce Crop Stress and Aflatoxin Contamination

(Eastover, SC)

* No significant difference

However: 6 out of 9 plots with covers

out-yielded no cover

POTASSIUM AND YIELDSCORN-WHEAT-SOYBEANS (4YRS, 6 CROPS)

“MEDIUM” SOIL TEST K*, 10 SIDE-BY-SIDE PLOTS EACH TRT

Whea

t '1

5

Soyb

eans

'15

Corn

'1

6

Whea

t '1

7

Soy

bean

s

'17

Corn

'1

8

Tota

l M

T*

Rx K2O 3.36 2.76 9.03 3.43 4.3 5.83 29.7

Zero K2O 3.43 2.76 9.44 3.23 4.3 6.40 30.5

* 50 pp (Mehlich 1)

POTASSIUM AND SOIL TESTS

(6 CROPS, 4 YRS)

Nov ’14

– Jun ’15

Jun ‘15-

Nov ’15

Nov ‘15-

Mar’16

Mar ‘16-

Aug ‘16

Aug ‘16-

Nov ’16

Nov ’16 –

Jun ’17

Jun ‘17-

Nov ’17

Nov ‘17-

Apr ‘18

Apr ‘16-

Aug ‘16

Wheat Soybeans CS Cover Corn WS Cover Wheat Soybeans CS Cover Corn

84

101

-16%

0 lb/ac of 0-0-60


1 40

1 30

1 20

1 1 0

1 00

90

80

70

60

50

Date

KSoil Test K - No K2O Ferilization

95% CI for the Mean


(n=10)

101

84-16%

559 lb/ac of 0-0-60 (~ 335 lb/ac K2O)


1 50

1 25

1 00

75

50

Date

K

Soil Test K - Full K2O Fertilization95% CI for the Mean


(n=10)

112

73-34%

RECENT STUDIES BY DR. BHUPINDER FARMAHA AT CLEMSON

SOUTIE VAN WINDHOEK€¦ · 101-16% 84 D e c -14 Ju n -15 D e c -15 S e p -16 N o v -16 Ju n -17 N...

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