Sasthrakeralam May 2017 Part1 july 2017.pdf · 2019-10-13 · Sasthrakeralam May 2017 Part1 ... h

{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ 48˛mw h¿jw

imkv{X-am-knI

e°w561

2017Pqsse

tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cnjØv {]kn≤oIcWw

i_vZ∏-Xn∏v

ASp-Ø -e°w (2017 BKÃv)

{]-tXy-I-hn-j-bw :amUw- Iyqdn˛imkv{Xw PohnXwXs∂

6

30

36

ImgvN-bv°-∏pdw

50

Ih¿ Nn{X-ßƒi_vZ-Øn-s‚bpw kwKo-X-Øn-s‚bpw{]tbm-K-Ønse almhnπ-h-am-bn-cp∂p AhBte-J\wsNøm\pw hos≠-Sp-°p-hm\pwklm-bn® {Kma-t^m¨. tXmakv B¬hmFUn-k¨ I≠p-]n-Sn® CXn\v IqSp-X¬anIhv \evInbXv Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ {Klmw -s_¬ BWv. {Klmws_¬ cq]-I-ev]\sNbvX {Kma-t^m-WmWv apJ-Nn-{X-Øn¬.

a\p-jy≥ Cu `qan-bn¬ Bhn¿ -̀hn-®-Xp-ap-X¬ kwKoXw Ahs‚ IqsS-bp-≠v. a\p-jy≥ ]cn-W-an®v hnImkw {]m]n-®-tXm-sSm∏w ]e-Xcw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw hnI-kn-°p-IbpwtemI-saßpw hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.kwkvIm-c-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS sIm≈epw sImSp-°epw \S-∂n-́ p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ DZv̀ -hn®v hnI-kn-∏n-® kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ Nne-XmWv ]pdw-I-h-dn¬.

8. i-_v-Z-]T-\-Øn-\v

H-cp ap-J-hp-c :

tUm. \-ho≥ kp-tc-{μ≥

13. i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚

]-cn-Wm-a-h-gn-Iƒ :

tUm. sI. kp-[

16. i-_v-Z-te-J-\w

aƒ-´n-{Sm-°n-se-Øp-tºmƒ :

tUm. C. Fw. ap-l-ΩZv

18. kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚

Du¿-P-X-{¥w :

tUm. a-[p X-e-°p-fw

22. i-_v-Z-ap-J-cn-X-am-b

ssk-e‚v-hm-en :

s{]m-^. C. Ip-™n-Ir-jv-W≥

24. i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚

Im-Wm-∏p-d-ßƒ :

tUm. kn. tPm¨ ]-Wn-°¿

29. A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-b

N-cn-{X-t\-´w :

Pn. A-ø-∏≥

32. t{K-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-^pw

Nn-e D-Xv-I-WvT-I-fpw :

Sn. Kw-Km-[-c≥

33. Du-gn-bw :

tkm-a≥ Im-cym-´v

34. km-aq-ly-im-kv-{X-]T-\w

kv-Iq-fp-I-fn¬ :

tUm. sI. F≥. K-tW-iv

38. H-cp So-®-dp-sS I-Øv

41. ªm-°v k-eyq-´v :

tUm. Pn. _n-]n≥

44. A-®-Sn-® ]p-kv-X-Iw

a-cn-t®m? :

dq-_n≥ Un-{Iq-kv

46. GI-Z-ßfpw a‰pw :

kptajv Fkv.-F-kv.

]{Xm-[n]kanXn : H Fw i¶-c≥ (FUn‰¿), Fw Znhm-I-c≥ (amt\PnMv FUn‰¿), ]n Fw kn≤m¿∞≥ (Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿),

s{]m^. F≥ sI tKmhn-μ≥ (Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿), s{]m^. Fw `mkvI-c≥, s{]m^. Fw tKm]m-e≥, Fw ]n k\n¬Ip-am¿,

sI kptc-{μ≥ ASp-Øne, ]n kp\n¬tZhv, tUm. ]n apl-ΩZv jm^n, s{]m^. F kptI-jv, F Pb-cm-P≥, hn N{μ-_m-_p,]n Fw KoX, sI B¿ Atim-I≥, kwKoX tN\w-]p√n, A]¿W a¿t°mkv. en]n hn\ymkw: _nPp taml≥ Fw. Nn{Xo-I-cWw: kXojv,

Ih¿: kptc-{μ≥ ASp-Øne, te Hu´v & {Km^nIvkv : d\ojv sI. ]n.

hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy˛ `150 H‰-{]Xn˛ `15. UnUn/ Fw H Ab-bv°pI. hcn-°m-cpsS {]iv\-ßfpw hcn-kw-Jybpw Ab-bv°m-\p≈ hnemkw:

amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-tI-c-fw, Nme-∏pdw ]n H, tImgn-t°m-Sv̨ 673002 e mail : [email protected] Ph: 0495 2701919IØp-Ifpw cN-\-Ifpw Ab-bvt°≠ hnemkw: FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-tI-c-fw, ]cn-jZv ̀ h≥, Xfm∏v, IÆq¿ ̨ 670 002

e mail : [email protected], www.kssp.in

ss{]-a-dn-X-ew ap-X¬ _n-cp-Zm-\-¥-c-X-ew-h-sc-bp-≈ hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ-°v hn-hn-[ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ \-ev-In-h-cp-∂p-≠v. an-Sp-°-cm-b hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v am-{X-am-Wv ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v e-̀ n-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ i-cm-i-cn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°p-Iq-Sn e-̀ n-°pw-hn-[w kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-I-fp-sS F-Æ-hpw ssh-hn-[y-hpw C-t∏mƒ h¿-[n-®n-́ p-≠v. k-ao-]-Im-e-Øv B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p-\-S-∏m-°n-b kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-I¿-j-I-hp-am-Wv.

{i-≤n-t°-≠ Im-cy-ßƒkv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ-°v A-t]-£n-°p-∂ hn-Zym¿-

∞n-Iƒ {i-≤n-t°-≠ Nn-e {]-[m-\ Im-cy-ßfp-≠v. Pq-sse ap-X¬ H-Iv-tSm-_¿-h-sc-bp-≈ am-k-ß-fn-em-Wv an-°-hm-dpw kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ-°v A-t]-£ £-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. C-∂v _-lp-̀ q-cn-]-£w kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ-°pw A-t]-£n-°p-∂-Xv Hm -̈sse≥ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏vkw-_-‘n-®v {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ A-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ b-Ym-k-a-bw {i-≤n-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn hn-Zym¿-∞n-bp-sS _m-¶v A-°u-≠n-te-°v t\-cn-́ m-Wv kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v Xp-I F-Øp-∂-Xv. A-Xn-\m¬ _m-¶vA-°u-≠v \-º¿, _m-¶n-s‚ IFSC tIm-Uv F-∂n-h A-t]-£m-t^m-d-Øn¬ {i-≤m-]q¿-hw tc-J-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p hn-i-Z-am-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°m≥ ÿ-e-]-cn-an-Xn A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. F-√m hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-ß-fpw _-‘-s∏-́ sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-fn¬ e-̀ y-am-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v ssk-‰p-I-fp-sS hn-em-kw \-ev-Ip-∂p.

tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw A-[n-Iw kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ tIm-tf-Pv hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-h-Ip-∏v h-gn-bm-Wv e-`y-am-hp-∂-Xv. Cu ]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ π-kv h¨ hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ-°v A-t]-£n-°m-hp-∂-h Xm-sg sIm-Sp -Øn-cn -°p -∂p. hn -i-Zmw -i-ßƒ www.dcescholarships.kerala.gov.in F-∂ sh-_v-ssk-

π-kv Sp ]T-\-Øn-\v kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ

‰n¬ e-̀ n-°pw.1. tÃ-‰v sa-dn-‰v kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v2. Un-kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv sa-dn-‰v kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v3. t]m-Ãv sa-{Sn-Iv kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v4. sk≥-{S¬ sk-Œ¿ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v5. ln-μn kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v6. kw-kv-Ir-X]T-\ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v7. ss{]-a-dn/sk-°‚-dn kv-IqƒA-[ym-]-I-cp-sS

a-°ƒ-°p-≈ sa-dn-‰v kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v8. ap-…nw/\m-Sm¿ hn-Zym¿-∞n-\n-Iƒ-°p-≈ kv-tIm-

f¿-jn-∏v9. A-‘/ hn-I-emw-K hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°p-≈ kv-

tIm-f¿-jn-∏vv10. ssk-\n-I-cp-sS B-{in-X¿-°p-≈ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v

National Scholarship Portal en-epw ta-ev-]-d-™kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-I-fp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ e-̀ n-°pw.

a-‰p Nn-e kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ1. ap-t∂m-°-k-ap-Zm-b hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°p-≈ "hn-

Zym-k-ap-∂-Xn' kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v. (C-Xn-\v sk-°‚-dn hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ-°pw A-t]-£n-°mw)www. kswcfc.org.in

2. C-¥y≥ Hm-bn¬ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v. www.iocl.scholarships

3. a-X-\yq-\-]-£ hn-Zym¿-∞n-\n-Iƒ-°p-≈ _o-Kwl-kv-d-Xv a-l¬ \m-j-\¬ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v.www.maef.nic.in

4. _o-Un/kn-\n-a/J-\n sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS a-°ƒ-°p-≈ kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v. (H-∂mw X-cw ap-X¬-°p-≈ A¿-l-cm-b hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v C-Xv e-`n-°pw.) www.scholarships.gov.inkv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏p-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-®v C-hn-sS \-ev-

In-b hn-h-c-ßƒ ]q¿-W-a-√. A¿-l-cm-b ]-e hn-Zym¿∞n-I-fpw bYm-k-a-bw A-t]-£ \-ev-Ip-∂n-√ F-∂-Xv H-cp h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.

s{]m^.- F≥.sI. tKmhn-μ≥

Xp-S¿-]T-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ

5

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬

1969 Pq-sse 21. km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym-cw-K-Øv a-\p-jy-s‚ Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-́ -Øn-s‚ Zn-\-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. A-∂m-W-t√m a-\p-jy≥ B-Zy-am-bn N-{μ-\n¬ C-d-ßn-b-Xv. A-hn-sS F-Øn-b\o¬ Bw-kv-t{Sm-ßv a-\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS h≥-Im¬-sh-∏m-Wn-sX-∂v B-Àm-Zw-sIm-≠p.

Cu kw-̀ -hw im-kv-{X-̨ -km-t¶-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-cw-K-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-°n-b A-\p-c-W-\-ßƒIp-d-s®m-∂p-a-√. 1957 ¬ A-∂-sØ tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b≥ kv-]p-Sv-\n-°v F-∂ B-Zy _-ln-cm-Im-i-hm-l-\w hn-t£-]n-®-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ kv-Iq-fp-I-fn-se-bpw k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-fn-se-bpwim-kv-{X-]T-\w sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw ]p-\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ {i-a-ßƒ tem-I-Øm-I-am-\w \-S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1961 ¬ bq-dn- K-Km-dn≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øv F-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Cu Zn-i-bn-ep-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS B-°w ho-≠pw h¿-[n-®p.

C-¥y-bn-epw im-kv-{X-]T-\-cw-K-Øpw im-kv-{X-K-th-j-W-cw-K-Øpw am-‰-ßƒ Zr-iy-am-bn. sa-®-s∏-́ im-kv-{X-̨ -K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-]mTy-]-≤-Xn X-øm-dm-°m≥ {i-aw \-S-∂p. A-Sn-ÿm-\-im-kv-{X-K-th-j-W-Øn-\pw sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw ap≥-K-W-\ \-ev-In.

km-º-Øn-I-cw-K-Øv D-Zm-c-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw kz-Im-cy-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw B-tKm-f-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpwh-∂-tXm-sS C-¥y-bpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ cm-Py-ßƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\-im-kv-{X-K-th-j-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v]n-∂m-°w t]m-bn. ]p-Xn-b sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw {]m-[m-\yw \-jv-S-am-bn.

Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ im-kv-{X-]T-\-Øn-s‚ co-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw D-≈-S-°-hpw ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ Im-cy-am-bn {i-a-ß-sfm-∂pw \-S-°p-∂n-√. Nn-e-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw, sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-sb im-kv-

{X-am-bn sX-‰n-≤-cn-®v sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-]T-\-am-bn im-kv-{X-]T-\-sØ \yq-\o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

Pq-sse 21 ho-≠p-sa-Øp-tºmƒ, _-ln-cm-Im-i-K-th-j-Ww km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym-cw-K-Øpw hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-K-Øpw B-tcm-Ky-cw-K-Øpw a-‰pw \¬-In-b kw-̀ m-h-\-Iƒ Hm¿-an-t® a-Xn-bm-hq.A-h-sb-√mw b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ km-[y-am-°n-b-Xv A-Sn-ÿm-\-im-kv-{X-Øn-seK-th-j-Ww-h-gn Iq-Sn-bm-sW-∂pw Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

C-°m-cy-ßƒ \-Ωp-sS kv-Iq-fp-I-fn¬ N¿-®-sN-ø-Ww. Iq-́ -Øn¬ A-‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ ]p-Xn-b cq-]-Øn¬ Xn-cn-®p-h-cp-∂ km-l-N-cyw-Iq-Sn I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øv kv-Iq-fp-I-fn-se im-kv-{X-hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw F-ß-s\ ]p-\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m-sa-∂pw an-Sp-°-cm-b Ip-́ n-I-sf im-kv-{X-]T-\-Øn-te-°v F-ß-s\ B-I¿-jn-°m-sa-∂pw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-sa-∂v {]-Xo-£n-°-s´.

F-Un-‰¿

H-cp Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´-Øn-s‚Hm¿-a-bv-°v

Pqsse˛2017

6

1. _n-Kv _m-tßm, ln-Kv-kv _m-tßm?{]-]-©w D-≠m-b-sX-ß-s\? kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ am-

dn-am-dnhs∂-¶nepw C-t∏mƒ im-kv-{X-tem-Iw a-lm-hn-kv-t^m-S-\-kn-≤m-¥w (Big Bang Theory) Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-I-gn-™p. F-∂m¬ Cu kn-≤m-¥-hpw {]-iv-\-ß-fn-√m-Ø-X-√. H-cp sN-dn-b B-‰-Øn-s‚ h-

ep-∏-Øn¬-\n-∂pw \mw C-∂vIm-Wp-∂ A-\-¥-am-b h-en-∏-Øn-te-°v {]-]-©w hn-I-kn-®v h-ep-Xm-b-sX-ß-s\? C-Xn-\p-Ø-cw tX-S-sh-bm-Wv 1980I-fn¬ A-√≥Kp-Øv F-∂i m - k v - { X -

⁄≥ {Zp-X-hn-Im-kw F-s∂m-cp kn-≤m-¥w ap-t∂m-́ p-sh-®-Xv. a-lm-hn-kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sk-°‚n-s‚ 1043 ¬ H-cp-̀ m-Kw k-a-bw-sIm-≠v {]-]-©w A-Xn-{Zp-Xw h-ep-Xm-bn F-∂m-Wv A-√≥ Kp-Øv kn-≤m-¥n-®-Xv. F-√m-h-cpw {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ {Zp-X-hn-Im-k-L-́ -sØ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw A-sX-ß-s\ D-≠m-bn F-∂-Xn-\v hy-‡-am-b D-Ø-c-sam-∂p-an-√.

C-Xn-\v D-Ø-cw tX-Sp-∂-Xn¬ c-≠p h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ k-lm-b-Øn-\p-≠v. H-∂m-a-Xm-bn, {Zp-X-hn-Im-kw A-Zn-i (scalar) am-Wv. A-Xv F-√m Zn-i-I-fn-te-°pw kw-̀ -hn-®n-cp-∂p. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn, {Zp-X-hn-Im-kk-a-b-Øv A-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-b {]-Xn-̀ m-kw Ip-d-®p-k-a-b-tØ-s°-¶n-epw "Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W-hn-cp-≤-am-b' H-cp kz-̀ m-hw Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂p. {Zp-X-hn-Im-k-Øn-\v D-Ø-cw-In-́ m-sX A-t\z-j-W-ßƒ \-S-°p-∂ Im-e-Øm-Wv 2012 ¬ ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm-Wn-s\(im-kv-{X-tI-c-fw, 2017 P-\p-h-cn, t]. 23 Im-Wp-I.)I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv. ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm¨ B-Wv a-‰p]-e I-W-ßƒ-°pw {Z-hy-am-\w (mass) \-ev-Ip-∂-Xv.

ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm-Wn-s\ H-cv A-Sn-ÿm-\-I-W-sa-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn a-s‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬ ho-£n-® K-th-j-I-cm-Wv kzn-kv s -̂U-d¬ C≥-kv-‰n-Syq-́ v Hm-̂ vsS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-bn-se s -̂tUm¿ s_-kp-t°m-hpw an-Jm-tb¬ jm-t]m-jv-\n-t°m-hpw. {]-]-©-Øn-s‚B-Zy-Im-e-Øv ln-Kv-kv ^o¬-Uv H-cp kq-∏¿ Nm¿-Pv A-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw A-Xm-Wv {Zp-X-hn-Im-k-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-b-sX-∂p-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS\n-K-a-\w. Cu \n-K-a-\-sØ i-cn-sh-°m-\pw ]p-jv-Sn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw a-‰p K-th-j-I¿ ap-t∂m-́ p-h-∂n-́ p-≠v.

2. sN-cn-™ ss]≥-a-c-ßƒim-¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se H-cp Zzo-]p-k-aq-l-am-b \yq-

Im-e-tUm-Wn-b-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-́ n-cp-∂ H-cp-X-cw kq-Nn-bn-e-a-c-ß-fm-Wv Ip-°v ss]≥. h-f-sc D-b-cw-sh-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv C-h. a-\p-jy¿ \-́ p-h-f¿-Øn-bpwa-‰pw C-h Im-e-{I-ta-W `q-an-bp-sS F-√m Im-em-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-I-fn-te-°pw hym-]n-®p.

Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-Iv kv-t‰-‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se am-‰v dn-‰¿ B-Wv C-h-bp-sS H-cp khn-tij-X {i-≤n-®-Xv. Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn-se Ip-°v ss]-\p-I-sf-√mw sX-t°m-́ v sN-cn-™m-Wv h-f-cp-∂-Xv. a-‰p ss]≥-a-c-ß-sf-√mw Ip-Ø-s\-bm-Wv h-f-cp-∂-Xv. a-‰p-≈ ÿ-e-ß-fn-epw C-h sN-cn-™m-tWm h-f-cp-∂-Xv F-∂-dn-bm≥ am-‰v dn-‰¿Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se H-cp kp-lr-Øn-t\m-Sv A-t\z-jn-®p. D-S≥ D-Ø-cw In-́ n. A-hn-sS-bpw Ip-°v ss]-\p-Iƒ sN-cn-™m-Wv h-f-cp-∂-Xv, ]-t£, sN-cn-hvh-S-t°m-́ m-Wv F-∂p-am-{Xw!

Cu hn-Nn-{X {]-Xn-̀ m-kw {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-́ am-‰pw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw C-Xn-s\ hn-i-Z-am-bn ]Tn-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. A-h¿ A-©v `q-J-Wv-U-ß-fn¬, D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn¬ 7 Un-{Kn-°pw 35 Un-{Kn-°pw C-S-bn-epw Z-£n-Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn¬ 12 Un-{Kn-°pw 42 Un-{Kn-°pw C-S-bn-epw D-≈ 18 {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h-f-cp-∂ Ip-°v ss]-\p-I-sf ]-cn-tim-[n-

®-t∏mƒ A-¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ H-cp-Im-cyw a-\- n-em-bn. F-√m ss]-\p-I-fpw `q-a-[y-tc-J-bv-°-Sp-tØ-°v sN-cn-™m-Wv h-f-cp-∂-Xv.

F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv? Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-Im-iwtX-Sm-\p-≈ H-cv A-\p-Iq-e-\w (adaptation) B-bn-cn-°mw Cu sN-cn-™v \n-ev-]v F-∂m-Wv A-h¿

imkv{X-tI-cfw

7

]n. Fw. kn≤m¿∞≥

I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv.

3. h-cp-∂q, πm-kv-a sP-‰vsπ-bv-\p-IƒG-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn-epw th-K-X-bn-epw ]-d-°m≥

I-gn-bp-∂-Xv sP-‰v hn-am-\-ßƒ-°m-Wv. sP-‰v F-©n-\p-I-ƒ X-s∂ aq-∂p-X-c-ap-≠v. S¿-t_m-̂ m≥-sP-‰v,S¿-t_m-sP-‰v, dmw-sP-‰v F-∂n-h. km-[m-c-W F-√mbm-{Xm-hn-am-\-ß-fn-epw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv S¿-t_m-^m≥-sP-‰v F-©n-\m-Wv. S¿-t_m-sP-‰v D-]-tbm-Kn-®n -cp -∂-Xv {^-©v-˛ -P¿-a≥ tIm¨-tIm¿-Uv(Concorde), d-jy≥ Sn.bp. 144 F-∂o kq-∏¿-tkm-Wn-Iv hn-am-\-ß-fn-em-Wv. 30 In.ao. B-Wv Cu hn-am-\-ß-fp-sS D-b-c-]-cn-[n. dmw-sP-‰p-Iƒ Nn-e an-

ssk-ep-I-fn¬ am-{X-ta D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≈q.kn-t\m¨ hm-X-I-sØ A-tbm-Wo-I-cn-®v D-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂ A-tbm¨ {X-Ã-dp-Iƒ Nn-e D-]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-t£, A-h \-ev-Ip-∂ X-≈¬ (thrust) h-f-sc Ip-d-hm-Wv.

A-tbm¨ F-©n-\p-I-tfm πm-kv-a F-©n-\p-I-tfm hn-am-\-ß-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv A-km-[y-am-sW-∂v I-cp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv s_¿-en≥ km-t¶-Xn-I k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se s_¿-°m‚ v tKm-kv-°¬, hn-am-\-ß-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ πm-kv-a F-©n-\p-am-bn cw-K-Øp-h-∂-Xv. hm-bp D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ (air breathing) A-¥-co-£-a¿-Z-Øn¬{]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ F-©n-\m-Wv A-t±-l-hpw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. H-t∂m-c-t≠m\m-t\m-sk-°‚ v am-{Xw \o-≠p-\n-ev-°p-∂ C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv Un-kv-Nm¿-Pv D-]-tbm-Kn-®v hm-bp-hn-s\ πm-kv-am-cq-]-Øn¬ hn-L-Sn-∏n-®v ]p-d-tØ-°v X-≈p-I-bm-Wv F-©n≥ sN-øp-∂-Xv.

πm-kv-a-bp-sS _-ln¿-K-a-\-{]-th-Kw (exhaustvelocity) sk-°‚n¬ 20 In.ao. B-bn-cp-∂p. Cukm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®v sN-dn-b hn-am-\-ß-sf 100 In.ao. D-b-c-Øn¬ ]-d-∏n-°m≥I-gn-bp-sa-∂v tKm-kv-°-epw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw I-cp-Xp-∂p.

4. Ip-c-ß-∑m-cpw "]Tn-°m≥' Xp-S-ßnPo-hn-Iƒ ]-c-kv-]-cw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-

∂p-s≠-∂v F-√m-h¿-°pw A-dn-hp-≈-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ a-‰p-≈-h¿ sN-øp-∂-Xv I-≠p-]Tn-°p-I-bpw]n-∂o-Sv {]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xv a-\p-jy¿-°v am-{X-ap-≈ I-gn-hm-sW-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu [m-c-W-sb Xn-cp-Øm≥ D-X-Ip-∂-Xm-WvC-t¥m-t\-jy-bn-se _m-en-Zzo-]n-se D-ep-hm-́ p A-º-e-Øn-\-Sp-ØpI-gn-bp-∂ Ip-c-ß-∑m-cp-sS {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ. A-h¿ N-c-°v ssI-am-‰-°-®-h-S (barter)Øn-\p-≈ I-gn-hp-Iƒ Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-bn s_¬-Pn-b-Øn-se eo-Kv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se ^m-\nt{_m-Sv-tIm¨ F-∂ ss{]-ta-‰v hn-Z-Kv-[ (primatolo-gist) bpw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.

D-ep-hm-́ p A-º-e-]-cn-k-c-Øv I-gn-bp-∂ \m-evIp-c-ß≥-kw-L-ß-sf-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv A-hn-tS-s°-Øn-t®¿-∂ A-©m-a-sØ H-cp kw-L-sØ-bp-am-Wvt{_m-Sv-tIm¨ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. Ip-c-ß-∑m¿hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS I-Æ-S, sXm-∏n, Im-a-d F-∂n-h-sbm-s° X-́ n-sb-Sp-°pw. (A-h-sc D-]-{Z-hn-°p-I-bn-√.) X-́ n-sb-Sp-Ø Ip-c-ß-\v ]n-∂o-Sv Xn-∂m-s\-s¥-¶n-epw sIm-Sp-Øm¬ sXm-≠n km-[-\-ßƒhn-́ p-sIm-Sp-°pw. tam-jv-Sn-®-Xm-sW-¶n-epw km-[-\-ßƒ C-Ø-c-Øn¬ ssI-am-‰-°-®-h-Sw sN-øp-∂-Xv B-Zy-am-bm-Wv I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.

Iq-́ -Øn-se ap-Xn¿-∂-h-sc I-≠p-]Tn-®v Ip-™p-Ip-c-ß-∑m-cpw C-Xp io-en-°p-∂-Xm-bn I-s≠-Øn.]n-∂o-Sv F-Øn-t®¿-∂ A-©m-a-sØ kw-L-Øn-ep-≈-h-cpw a-‰p kw-L-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-cp-sS {]-hr-ØnI-≠n-́ m-Wv tam-j-W-hpw ssI-am-‰-°-®-h-S-hpw ]Tn-®-Xv. Cu kz-̀ m-hw P-∑-hm-k-\ (instinct) A-s√-∂pw a-dn-®v Ip-c-ß-∑m-cp-sS ]-c-º-c-bn-eq-sS ssI-

am-dp-∂ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-kz-̀ m-h-am-sW-∂pw t{_m-Sv-tIm¨ I-cp-Xp-∂p. a-\p-jy≥ G-sX-√mw h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-∂-sØ ⁄m-\-k-ºm-Z-\-co-Xn ssI-h-cn-®-sX-∂v a-\- n-em-°m≥ Cu ]T-\w k-lm-bn-°p-sa-∂pw t{_m-Sv-tIm¨ I-cp-Xp-∂p.

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8

i-_v-Z-ap-J-cn-X-am-Wv \-Ωp-sS tem-Iw. ]-cn-]q¿W \n-»-_v-Z-X-bp-≈ H-cp \n-an-jw-t]m-epw \-ap-°v A-Nn-¥-\o-b-am-Wv. F-¥m-Wv i-_v-Zw? i-_v-Z-sa-∂m¬ A-Xv k-©-cn-°p-∂ am-[y-a-Øn¬(hm-X-Iw, {Zm-h-Iw, J-cw) cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂ I-Wn-I-I-fp-sS I-º-\-am-Wv.

i-_v-Zw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xpw k-©-cn-°p-∂-XpwF-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v \-ap-°v H-cp kv-]o-°-dn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS a-\- n-em-°mw (t]. 9 se t_m-Iv-kv Im-Wp-I).

i-_v-Zw H-cn-S-Øp-\n-∂v a-s‰m-cn-S-tØ-°v k-©-cn-°p-tºmƒ am-[y-a-Øn-se I-W-ßƒ A-h-bp-sS\n-e-hn-ep-≈ ÿm-\-sØ B-kv-]-Z-am-°n I-º-\w

"im-kv-{X-tI-c-f'-Øn-s‚ Cu e-°w i-_v-Z-∏-Xn-∏m-Wv. Cu hn-j-b-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[-h-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-dp te-J-\-ß-fpw am-kn-I-bp-sS a-[y-Øn-se c-≠p t]-Pp-I-fn-ep-≈ D-≈-S-°-hpw Dƒ-s∏-sS G-gv hm-b-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. te-J-\-ß-sf-√mw B ta-J-e-bn-se hn-Z-Kv-[-cm-b A-[ym-]-I¿/K-th-j-I¿ X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xm-Wv. A-h hm-bn-®-ti-jw Iq-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-X B-h-iy-ap-≈ Im-cy-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ F-Un-‰¿-°v F-gp-Xp-a-t√m. hn-i-Zo-I-c-W te-J-\-ßƒ sIm-Sp-°mw.

\n-»-_v-Z-am-b H-cp km-l-N-cyw a-\p-jy¿-°v A-Nn-¥y-am-Wv. `q-an-bn¬ Po-h≥

]-cn-W-an-®-t∏mƒ {I-ta-W Po-hn-Iƒ i-_v-Zw D-≠m-°m-\pw tIƒ-°m-\pw Xp-S-ßn.

tUm. \-ho≥ kp-tc-{μ≥*

sN-øp-I am-{X-am-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv. hm-bp-I-W-ßƒi-_v-Z-tØm-sSm-∏w k-©-cn-°p-∂n-√. I-W-ß-fp-sSI-º-\w-aq-ew am-[y-a-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[-̀ m-K-ß-fn-sek-Ω¿-Zw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. Nn-e ̀ m-K-ß-fn¬A-Xv Iq-Sp-X-epw a-‰p-̀ m-K-ß-fn¬ Ip-d-hpw B-Wv.C-ß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ a¿-Z-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn-s‚ ap-t∂m-́ p-≈ \o-°-am-Wv i-_v-Z-X-cw-Kw.

I-W-ß-fp-sS I-º-\w a-‰p-I-W-ß-fn-te-°v \o-ßp-tºmƒ Du¿-P-hpw ssI-am-‰-s∏-Sp-∂p. am-[y-a-Øn-se I-W-ß-fp-sS k-©m-c-an-√m-sX-bp-≈ Du¿-P-kw-{I-a-Ww X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS H-cp k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. P-e-X-cw-K-ß-fn-epw C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv kw-̀ -hn-°p-∂-Xv.

9

imkv{X-tI-cfw

B-b-Xn, B-hr-Øn, X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Lyw

i-_v-Z-Xw-c-K-ß-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv {]-[m-\-am-bn aq-∂v Kp-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Bb-Xn, Bhr-Øn, Xcw-K-ssZ¿Lyw F∂n-h-bm-W-h. i-_v-Zw

eu-Uv kv-]o-°¿ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\?

k-©-cn-°p-∂ am-[y-a-Øn-se I-W-ßƒ-°v k-¥p-e-\-ÿm-\-Øp-\n -∂p -≈ G-‰ -hpw Iq -Sn -bÿm\m¥-am-Wv B-b-Xn (amplitude). i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Xo{hXbp-sS A-f-hv B-b-Xn-bm-Wv \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xv. B-b-Xn Iq-Sp-tºmƒ H-®-bpw Iq-Spw.

F-√m eu-Uv kv-]o-°-dn-epw H-cp U-b-{^w D-≠v. (km-[m-c-W-bm-bn t]-∏¿-sIm-≠p-≈-Xv.) kv-]o-°-dn¬-\n-∂v i-_v-Zw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv Cu U-b-{ -̂Øn-s‚I-º-\w-sIm-≠m-Wv. U-b-{^w ap-t∂m-´pN-en-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-\-Sp-Øp-≈ hm-bp-I-W-ß-sf ]p-d-tØ-°v X-≈p-I-bpwA-Xv ]n-t∂m-́ v N-en-°p-tºmƒ hm-bp-I-W-ß-sf D-≈n-te-°v h-en-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p. Cu N-e-\w I-W-ß-fp-sS

I-º-\-am-bn am-dp-∂p. Cu I-W-ß-fp-sS I-º-\w A-h-bp-sS A-Sp-Øp-≈ a-‰p I-W-ß-fn-te-°pw ssI-am-d-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-ß-s\ Du¿-Pw ssI-am-dn-ss°-am-dn-bm-Wv i-_v-Zw H-cn-S-Øp-\n-∂v a-s‰m-cn-S-tØ-°v k-©-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ta-ev-]-d-™-hn-[w hym-]n-®v, \-Ωp-sS Im-Xp-I-fn-ep-≈ hm-bp-I-W-ß-fn¬ I-º-\w F-Øp-I-bpw A-ß-s\A-Xv I¿-W-]-S-Øn-te-°v (ear drum)ssI-am-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv i-_v-Zw tIƒ-°p-∂-Xv.

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H-cp sk-°‚n¬ i-_v-Zw k-©-cn-°p-∂ am-[y-a-Øn-se Hm-tcm I-W-hpw ap-t∂m-́ pw ]p-d-tIm-́ pwt]m-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ (I-º-\-Øn-s‚) F-Æ-am-Wv B-hr-Øn (frequency). sl¿-Sv-kv (hertz-Hz) B-WvA-Xn-s‚ bq-Wn-‰v. a-\p-jy-\v G-I-tZ-iw 20 Hz\pw 20,000 Hz \pw C-S-bv-°p-≈ i-_v-Z-ßƒ am-{X-ta tIƒ-°m≥ km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-bpw ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS-bpw i-_v-Z-Øn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw B-hr-Øn \n-an-Ø-am-Wv. kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn (165˛255 Hz) s]m-Xpth, ]p-

hn-hn-[ am-[y-a-ß-fn¬

i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ th-K-X

am-[y-aw th-K-X (m/s ¬)

hm-bp 330

Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 259

\o-cm-hn 494

sh-≈w 1496.7

a-sÆ-Æ 1324

c-kw (mercury) 1450

C-cp-ºv 5960

h-{Pw 12000

kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-bpw ]p-cp-j-∑m-

cp-sS-bpw i-_v-Z-Øn-ep-≈ hy-

Xym-kw B-hr-Øn \n-an-Ø-am-

Wv. kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS i-_v-Z-Øn-

s‚ B-hr-Øn s]m-Xp-sh,

]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS-Xn-t\-°mƒ

Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

cp-j-∑m-cp-sS-Xn-t\-°mƒ (85˛180 Hz) Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

H-cp \n-›n-X-k-a-b-Øv H-tc Iº-\m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ c≠pkao]_nμp-°ƒ -X-Ωn-ep-≈ G-‰-hpwIp-d-™ Zq-c-am-Wv X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Lyw (wave length).

i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ th-K-Xi-_v-Z-Øn-\v k-©-cn-°m≥ H-cp am-[y-aw B-h-

iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ iq-\y-X-bn¬-°q-Sn k-©-cn-°p-I-

11

imkv{X-tI-cfw

bn-√. A-Xn-\m¬ _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-sh-®v i-_v-Zw tIƒ-°m≥ km-[y-a-√. hm-bp-hn¬ i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ th-K-X G-I-tZ-iw 330 m/s (sk-°‚n¬ 330 ao.) B-Wv.

i-_v-Zw H-cp X-cw-K-am-b-Xn-\m¬ X-cw-K-ßƒ-°v s]m-Xp-hm-bn-́ p-≈ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-√mw i-_v-Z-Øn-\pw D-≠v. {]-Xn-̂ -e-\w, A-]-h¿-Ø-\w (refraction), hn-̀ w-K-\w (diffrac-tion), hy-Xn-I-c-Ww (interference) Xp-S-ßn-b{]-Xn-̀ m-k-ßƒ i-_v-Z-Øn-\pw _m-[-I-am-Wv.

amIv kwJy

Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Hcp am[y-a-Ønse k©m-c-th-K-XbpwB am[y-a-Øn¬ i_vZ-Øns‚ thK-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-X-amWv amIv kwJy. Cu A\p-]mXw H∂n¬ IqSp-Xembm¬ hkvXp k©-cn-°p-∂Xv kq∏¿tkm-WnIv thK-Øn-emsW∂v ]d-bp-∂p. GWÃv am°ns‚ Hm¿a-bv°mbn\evInb t]cm-Wn-Xv.

i_vZ-th-K-Øn¬ ]d-°p-∂h amIv 1 ¬ k©-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂p. amIv 2 BIs´, i_vZthK-Øns‚ c≠vaS-ßns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. GWÃv amIv

Pqsse ˛2017

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tUm-]v-f¿ {]-̀ m-hw

tkm-Wm¿

P-tem-]-cn-XeØn-epw P-em-¥¿-̀ m-K-Øpw K-Xn-\n¿-W-bw (navigation), k-tμ-i-hn-\n-a-bw (communication), h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ÿm-\-\n¿-W-bw F-∂n-h i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ß-sf D-]-tbm-Kn-®v sN-øp-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bv-°m-Wv tkm-Wm¿ F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv (SONAR - SOundNavigation And Ranging).

D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn H-cp \n-›-e-t{km-X- n¬-\n-∂v D-¤-hn-® i-_v-Zw Zq-sc-bp-≈ H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn¬-X-́ n Xn-cn-®p-h-cms\-Sp-°p-∂ k-a-bw A-f-∂m¬ i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ th-K-X D-]-tbm-Kn-®vB h-kv-Xp-hn-te-°p-≈ Zq-cw \-ap-°v I-≠p-]n-Sn-°mw.

*A-kn. s{]m-^-k¿, Du¿-P-X-{¥hn-`m-Kw, C-¥y≥ C≥-kv-‰n-Syq-´v Hm-^v kv-t]-kv k-b≥-kv B≥-Uv sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn

(sF. sF. F-kv. Sn.), Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛695 547

A-Xn-th-Kw ]m-bp-∂ Xo-h-≠n Nq-fwhn-fn-®v I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Nq-fw-hn-fn-bp-sS i-_v-Z-Øn-ep-≈ hy-Xn-bm-\w \n-ßƒ i-≤n-®n-́ p-≠m-Imw. \-Ωp-sS A-Sp-tØ-°ph-cp-

tºmƒ H-cp i-_v-Z-hpw \-sΩ I-S-∂v A-I-te-°pt]m-Ip-tºmƒ th-sdm-cp i-_v-Z-hp-am-Wv tIƒ-°p-∂-Xv. tUmπ¿{]`mhw Imc-W-am-Wn-Xv. Hcp i_vZ-t{km-X v tIƒhn-°m-c\v ASp-tØ°p hcn-I-tbm tIƒhn-°m-c≥i_vZt{kmX- n-\-Sp-tØ°v k©-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-

tºmƒ i_vZ-Øns‚ BhrØn IqSn-b-XmbntXm∂pw. adn®v i_vZ-t{km-X pwtIƒhn-°m-c\pw Bt]-£n-I-ambnXΩn¬ AI-ep-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ BhrØnIpd-™-XmbntXm∂pw. CXmWvtUmπ¿ {]`m-hw (Doppler effect). {]Im-ihpw tUmπ¿ {]`mhw ImWn-°pw.(imkv{X-tI-c-fw, 2016 \hw-_¿, t]. 9ImWp-I).

13

imkv{X-tI-cfw

Po-hn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bn¬ X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Øn-epw _p-≤n-bp-sS an-I-hn-epw _-lp-Zq-cw ap-∂n-se-Øn-b-Xv a-\p-jy-\m-sW-¶n-epw {i-h-W-ti-jn-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ a-‰p Po-hn-I-sf A-t]-£n-®v \mw h-f-sc ]n-d-In-em-sW-∂v ]T-\-ßƒsX-fn-bn-°p-∂p. a-\p-jy-\v tIƒ-°m≥ ]-‰p-∂ i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn 20˛20,000 Hz B-Wv. 20,000Hz (20kHz) \v ap-I-fn-em-Wv i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-Øn-s‚B-hr-Øn-sb-¶n¬ i-_v-Zw Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-°pw(ultrasonic) Xm-sg-bm-sW-¶n¬ C≥-{^m-tkm-Wn-°pw (infrasonic) B-Wv.

a-\p-jy≥ i-_v-Zw tIƒ-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\?

sN-hn-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\w ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv.

tUm. sI. kp-[*

c-£-t\-Sm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ i-_v-Zwi-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ß-sf kzo-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw D-Xv-]m-

Zn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ I-gn-hv a-\p-jy¿ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ k-kv-X-\n-I-fn¬ am-{X-a-√ a-‰p I-ti-cp-In-I-fn-epw (ver-tebrate) A-I-ti-cp-In-I-fn-epw (invertebrate) D-≠v.h-f-sc D-b¿-∂ B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ß-sf kzo-I-cn-°m≥ k-kv-X-\n-h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-́ h-Δm¬, Xn-anw-K-ew, tUmƒ-̂ n≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-°vkm-[n-°pw. h-Δm¬ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv i-_v-Zw A-h-bp-sS k-©m-c-am¿-K-sØ-bpwC-c-]n-Sp-Ø-sØ-bpw kz-bw-c-£-sb-bpw k-lm-bn-

h-Δm¬ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-

°p-∂ Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-

Wn-Iv i-_v-Zw A-h-bp-

sS k-©m-c-am¿-K-sØ-

bpw C-c-]n-Sp-Ø-sØ-

bpw kz-bw-c-£-sb-

bpw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

Pqsse˛2017

14

°p-∂p.G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ i-_v-Z-X-

cw-K-ßƒ {K-ln-°m-\pw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\pw A-I-ti-cp-In-bm-b \n-im-i-e-̀ -ßƒ-°v km-[n-°pw. C-Xn-s‚ Iq-´-Øn-ep-≈ t{K-‰¿ am-Iv-kv (Galleriamellonella) F-∂ \n-im-i-e-̀ -Øn-\v h-Δm-en-s\-°mƒ 100 kHz Iq-Sp-X-epw a-\p-jy-s\-°mƒ 150 a-S-ßv A-[n-I-hpw B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-

Po-hn-Iƒ-°v tIƒ-°m-hp-∂ i-_v-Zw

Po-hn-Iƒ tIƒ-°m-hp-∂ B-hr-Øn (Hz¬)

\n-im-i-e-̀ w .............................................................. 300,000a-’yw ....................................................................... 20˛4000a-c-Ø-h-f ................................................................. 50˛4000X-Ø ....................................................................... 200˛8500tIm-gn ....................................................................... 125˛2000Xn-anw-K-ew ......................................................... 1000˛123,000h-Δm¬ .............................................................. 2000˛110,000aq-ß ...................................................................... 200˛12,000F-en ..................................................................... 200˛76,000]q-® ....................................................................... 45˛64,000ap-≈≥-]-∂n ........................................................ 250˛45,000\m-b ....................................................................... 67˛45,000ap-b¬................................................................... 360˛42,000B-Sv ...................................................................... 100˛30,000Ip-Xn-c .................................................................... 55˛33,500]-ip ....................................................................... 23˛35,000B-\ ........................................................................ 16˛12,000a-\p-jy≥ ............................................................... 20˛20,000

ß-sf Xncn®-dn-bm≥]-‰p-sa-∂v A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-sØ]T-\-ßƒ sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p. am-{X-a-√, C-Xv ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ 300,000 Hz (300 kHz) B-hr-Øn-tbm-fw h-cp-∂ Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv i-_v-Zw X-s‚ i-{Xp-hm-b h-Δm-en-s‚ Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv i-_v-Z-sØ(110,000 Hz) {]-Xn-tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠v A-Xn-s‚ B-{I-a-W-Øn¬-\n-∂pw c-£-t\-Sp-hm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

t{K-‰¿ am-Iv-kv (Galleria mellonella)

imkv{X-tI-cfw

15

sN-hn-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\wI-ti-cp-In-I-fn¬ tIƒ-hn-sb-∂ A-\p-̀ -hw km-

[y-am-°p-∂-Xv ]-t©-{μn-b-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b sN-hn-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\w-sIm-≠m-Wv. C-Xv i-_v-tZm¿-P-sØ B-th-K-cq-]-Øn¬ X-e-t®m-dn¬ F-Øn-°p-hm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-sam-cp-°p-∂p.

C-Xn-\p-th-≠n a-\p-jy-\n¬ sN-hn-bp-sS `m-K-ß-fm-b _m-ly-I¿-Ww, a-[y-I¿-Ww, B-¥-c-I¿-Ww F-∂n-h kw-bp-‡-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. a-[y-I¿-W-Øn-\pw _m-ly-I¿-W-Øn-\pw C-S-bn¬ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ I¿-W-]-Sw, _m-ly-I¿-W-\m-fn-bn-eq-sS {]-h-ln-°p-∂ i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS B-hr-Øn-b-\p-k-cn-®v I-º-\w sN-øp-∂p. C-ß-s\ I¿-W-]-S-Øn¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂ I-º-\w a-[y-I¿-W-Øn-ep-≈ am-en-b-kv, C≥-I-kv, kv-t‰-]o-kv F-∂n-hDƒ-s∏-́ A-ÿn-irw-J-e-bn-te-°v hym-]n-∏n-®v A-Xn¬ h¿-[n-®-tXm-Xn¬ I-º-\w kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p.

C-Xn-s‚ Xp-S¿-hym-]-\w B-¥-c-I¿-W-Øn-se {Z-h-Øn-s‚ N-e-\-Øn¬ I-em-in-°p-∂p.

B-¥-c-I¿-W-Øn-se A-ÿn-\n¿-an-X A-d-bn-se {Z-h-am-b s]-cn-enw-̂ n-em-Wv (perilymph) B-Zy-N-e-\-ßƒ A-\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu N-e-\-ßƒ]n-∂o-Sv D-≈-d-bp-sS ̀ m-K-am-b tIm-¢n-b-bn-se (co-chlea) kv-X-c-\n¿-an-X `n-Øn-bn-te-°v hym-]n-°p-I-bpw A-Xv tIm-¢n-b-bn-se {Z-h-Øn-s‚ (endolymph)N-e-\-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-XvtIm-¢n-b-bp-sS kv-X-c-̀ n-Øn-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂I-º-\-{Km-ln-bm-b k-hn-ti-j-tcm-a-tIm-i-ß-sf D-tØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂p. tcm-a-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ kw-Pm-X-am-Ip-∂ D-tØ-P-\-am-Wv B-th-K-cq-]-Øn¬ {i-h-W-\m-Un-h-gn X-e-t®m-dn-se sk-dn-{_-Øn¬ F-Øp-∂-Xpw {i-h-Ww km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xpw.

*A-tkm. s{]m-^-k¿, P-¥p-im-kv-{Xhn-`m-Kw, tI-{μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e

(tI-c-fw), Im-k-d-tKm-Uv

Xn-cp-Øv

2017 Pq -̈am-kw im-kv-{X-tI-c-fØn¬ F¬ \n-t\m, em \n-\m F-∂ te-J-\-Øn¬ (t].17,tIm-fw 2) H-∂mw-J-Wv-Un-I-bn-se A-h-km-\-hm-Iyw "km-[m-c-W-\n-e-sb A-t]-£n-®v Xm-]-\n-eIq-Sn-b L-́ -sØ F¬ \n-t\m-sb-∂pw Xm-]-\n-e Ip-d-™ L-́ -sØ em \n-\m-sb-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p' F-∂v Xn-cp-Øn hm-bn-°p-I. sX-‰p-]-‰n-b-Xn¬ tJ-Zn-°p-∂p.

FUn-‰¿

Pqsse ˛2017

16

{]m-No-\-a-\p-jy-\v i-_v-Zw D-≠m-°p-∂ b-{¥-ßƒ \n¿-an-°m≥ A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw 1857em-Wv B-Zy-am-bn i-_v-Z-sØ sd-t°m¿-Uv-sN-øm≥I-gn-™-Xv. F-Uzm¿-Uv en-tbm¨ am¿-́ o≥-hn-t√B-Wv t^m -̈Hm-t´m-{Km-̂ v F-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww C-Xn-\m-bn I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv. •m-kv-tπ-‰n¬ ]p-I ]n-Sn-∏n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw A-Xn¬ i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ßƒ ]-Xn-∏n-®m-Wv sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-bv-X-Xv. ]-t£, C-Xn¬-\n-∂v i-_v-Zw ho-≠pw tIƒ-°p-hm≥ ]-‰p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]q¿-W-am-bn i-_v-Zw sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-øm-\pw Xn-cn-sI tIƒ-°m-\p-ap-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zykzm-b-Ø-am-°m≥ 1875 h-sc Im-Øn-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fn¬h-∂ am-‰-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v i-_v-Z-te-J-\-sØ \m-epbp-K-ß-fm-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw.

bm-{¥n-I bp-Kw1877 ap-X¬ 1925 h-sc-bp-≈ Im-e-L-́ -am-Wn-Xv.

i-_v-Zw B-Zy-am-bn sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-bv-X-Xv tXm-a-kv B¬-hm F-Un-k¨ cq-]-I-ev-]-\-sN-bv-X kn-en-≠¿ t^m-tWm-{Km-̂ v F-∂ sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv D-]-I-c-W-Øn-em-Wv. "Mary had a little lamb' F-∂ ]m-́ m-Wv B-Zy-am-bn sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-bv-X-Xv.bm-{¥n-I sd-t°m¿-U-dp-I-fn¬ tIm-Wn-°¬ B-

i-_v-Z-te-J-\-Øn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬

H-cp Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´w D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

A-Xv \-Ωp-sS tIƒ-hn-kp-Jw h¿-[n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.

tUm. C. Fw. ap-l-Ω-Zv*

tXm-a-kv B¬-hm F-Un-k¨

imkv{X-tI-cfw

17

Ão-cn-tbm-t^m-Wn-Iv sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv

\mw c-≠p sN-hn-Iƒ-sIm-≠m-W-s√m G-Xv i-_v-Z-hpw tIƒ-°p-∂-Xv. sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-bv-Xv tIƒ-°p-∂ i-_v-Z-Øn¬ Cu kzm-̀ m-hn-Im-\p-̀ -hw D-≠m-°m-\m-bn c-≠p Nm-\-ep-I-fn-em-bn ({Sm-°v) i-_v-Zw sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-bv-Xm¬ (C-S-Xpw, h-e-Xpw) hy-Xy-kv-X Zn-i-I-fn-eq-sS i-_v-Zw h-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se tIƒ-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°pw. C-Xv i-_v-Z-Øn-\v "Zn-im-t_m-[w'D-≠m-°m≥ k-lm-bn-®p. en-tbm-t]mƒ-Uv tÃm-t°m-hv-kv-In bpw A-e≥ ªpw-en-\pw tN¿-∂m-Wv Ão-cn-tbm-t^m-Wn-Iv sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv. ]n-∂o-Sv{Sm-°p-I-fp-sS F-Æw Iq-́ p-hm-\pw kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS i-_v-Z-hpw a-\p-jy-i-_v-Z-hpwsh-tΔ-sd sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-øp-hm-\pw Xp-S-ßn. C-∂v Im-Wp-∂ aƒ-́ n Nm-\¬/{Sm-°v sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv kw-hn-[m-\w {I-ta-W km-[y-am-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

1958 ¬ B-Zy-am-bn Ão-cn-tbm F¬.]n. Un-kv-Iv cw-K-Øp-h-∂p. 1965 ¬ tUmƒ-_n ssS-∏v̨ -F (Dolby Type-A) B-Zy-am-bn kn-\n-a-bn¬ h-∂p-Xp-S-ßn. 1976 B-b-t∏m-tg-°pw tUmƒ-_n Ão-cn-tbm-bpw h-∂p.

sd-t°m¿-Uv-sN-bv-X kn-en-≠¿/Un-kv-Iv H-cp \n-

›n-X-th-K-Øn¬ (78RPM, 45 RPM, 33.3 RPM�) I-d-

°n A-Xn-s‚ ap-I-fn-eq-sS kv-ss‰-e-kpw A-Xn-\v]n-∂n¬ L-Sn-∏n-®n-́ p-≈ U-b-{ -̂hpw N-en-∏n-®v A-Xn-t\m-SptN¿-∂p-≈ tlm-Wn-\-I-sØ hm-bp-hn¬a¿-Z-hy-Xym-kw D-≠m-°p-tºmƒ i-_v-Zw ho-≠pwtIƒ-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂p.

1880 em-Wv A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ {K-lmw s_¬ {Km-a-t^m¨ \n¿-an-®-Xv. 1887 ¬ hn-ss\¬ sd-t°m¿-Uv-kv D-]-tbm-Kn-®v F-an¬ s_¿-fn-\¿ {Km-a-t^m¨ \-ho-I-cn-®p. ]n-∂o-Sv sd-t°m¿-Un-ßn-\m-bn ssh-Zyp-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw Im-¥n-tIm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥-Xp-S-ßn. A-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-X-bpw Xo-{h-X-bpw ]-Xn-∑-S-ßvIq-́ p-hm≥ km-[n-®p.

C-e-Iv-{Sn-°¬ bp-KwC-e-Iv-{Sn-°¬/C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv-kv D-]-I-c-W-

ßƒ sd-t°m¿-Un-ßn-\m-bn {I-ta-W D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. 1927 ¬ B-Zy-sØ i-_v-Z-ap-J-cn-X kn-\n-a "Zn Pm- v kn-ß¿' ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn. H-cp h-en-bsd-t°m¿-Uv-sπ-b¿ s{]m-P-Iv-S-dp-am-bn Iq-́ n-tbm-Pn-∏n-®m-Wv C-Xn¬ i-_v-Zw-\-ev-In-b-Xv.

1926 ¬ tUm¨ lp B≥ ^n-en-an-\-I-Øvi-_v-Z-̀ m-Kw-Iq-Sn sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-øp-hm-\p-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-¶n-epw 1930 ¬

Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ H-cp h-en-b tlm¨ D-]-tbm-Kn-®vi-_v-Z-sØ t^m-°-kv sN-øn-°p-I-bpw i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ hm-bp-hn-se a¿-Z-hy-Xym-kw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn kn-en-≠-dn¬/Un-kv-In¬]p-c-́ n-bn-́ p-≈ sa-gp-In-tem ar-Zp-e-tem-l-Øn-tem H-cp kq-Nn (stylus) N-en-∏n-®v s]m-gn-Iƒ D-≠m-°n-bm-Wv sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-øp-∂-Xv.

(tijw 49-˛mw t]Pn¬)� RPM - revolution per minute (Hcp an\n´nse Id°Øns‚ FÆw)

i-_v-Zw B-Zy-am-bn sd-t°m¿-Uv

sN-bv-X-Xv tXm-a-kv B¬-hm

F-Un-k¨ cq-]-I-ev-]-\-sN-bv-X

kn-en -≠¿ t^m-tWm-{Km-^v

F-∂ sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv D-]-I-c-W-

Øn-em-Wv.

Pqsse ˛2017

18

"_-l-f-ap-≠m-°-t√, Cu ]m-s´m-∂v tI-t´m-s´' F-∂v \mw ]-e-t∏m-gm-bn ]d-bm-dp≠v. {ip-Xn-a-[p-c-am-b kw-Ko-X-hpw a-Sp-∏n-°p-∂ _-l-f-hpw i-–-X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv kw-Ko-Xw {i-hy-kp-Jw]-I-cp-∂-Xpw _-l-fw i-ey-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw B-Ip-∂-Xv? kw-Ko-Xw(music) ]-e B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈i-–-X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS lm¿-tam-Wn-I-am-b k-a-\z-b-am-Wv. F-∂m¬H-® (noise) F-∂-Xv ]-c-kv-]-c-s]m-cp-Ø-an-√m-Ø ]-e B-hr-Øn-I-fn-ep-≈ i-–-X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS an-{in-X-am-Wv.

kw-Ko-X-hpw H-®-bpwNn-{Xw 1, 2 F-∂n-h ]-e tN-cp-

h-I-fn-ep-≈ t\¿-h-c-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v h-c-®-Xm-Wv. Nn-{Xw 1 ¬ \n-∂vhy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn Nn-{Xw 2 aq-∂v sN-cn-hp-I-fn-ep-≈ h-c-Iƒam-{Xw H-cp {]-tXy-I-X-c-Øn¬ {I-ao-I-cn-®v \n¿-an-®-Xm-Wv. C-Xm-Wv Nn-{Xw 2 s\ hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw kp-μ-c-hp-am-°p-∂-Xv. C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv _-l-f-hpw(H-®) kw-Ko-X-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw.Nn-{Xw 3 ¬ a-g-bp-sS i-–-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-́ p-≈ B-hr-Øn-I-fp-sS {Km-̂ pwNn-{Xw 4 ¬ {ip-Xn-tN¿-Ø Xw-_p-cp-hn¬-\n-∂p-≈ \m-Z-Øn-s‚ {Km-^pw B-Wv. kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ i-

kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ c-kw B-kz-Zn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

A-Xn-se K-Wn-X-hpw Du¿-P-X-{¥-hpw Dƒ-s°m-≈-Ww.

F-¶n-te sN-ssº-sb-bpw F-kv. Pm-\-In-sb-bpw

]q¿-W-am-bn B-kz-Zn-°m-\m-hq.

tUm. a-[p X-e-°p-fw*

–-X-cw-K-ßƒ-°v \n¿-Zn-„-am-b B-hr-Øn-bpwB B-hr-Øn-Iƒ-°v Ir-Xy-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-

®n-́ p-≈ {I-a-hpw ]-c-kv-]-c-_-‘-hp-ap-≠v. kw-Ko-X-Øn-\v im-kv-{Xo-b-h-iw Iq-Sm-sX H-cv B-kzm-

Z-\-X-ew-Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.kw-Ko-X-Øn-\v K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-hpw Du¿-P-X-

imkv{X-tI-cfw

19

{¥-hp-am-bn ASpØ_-‘-ap-≠v. ]n-bm-t\m, A-t°m¿-Un-b≥, lm¿-tam-Wn-bw ap-X-em-b kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A-h-bn-set\m-́ p-I-sf (notes) kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ I-́ -Iƒ (key)kz-cm-jv-S-I-ß-fm-bn A-Sp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v Im-Wmw. A-Xn¬ "k' ap-X¬ "\n' h-sc-bp-≈ kz-c-

ßƒ A-tX-{I-a-Øn¬ B-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn \-ap-°v Im-Wmw. G-sXm-cp-kw-Ko-X-hpw "k, cn, K,a, ], [, \n' A-Y-hm "C, D, E, F, G, A, B' F-∂o kz-c-ß-fn¬ Nn-e-tXm F-√m-tam {I-ao-I-cn-®p-≠m-°n-bn-́ p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu {I-a-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv kw-Ko-X-sØ \mw ]-e cm-K-ß-fm-bn Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

k-]v-X-kz-cw F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ Hm-tcm kz-cm-„-I-Øn-epw 12 kz-c-ß-fp-≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv i-cn. F-¥m-Wv Cu kz-c-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ ]-c-kv-]-c-_-‘w? H-cp kz-cm-„-I-Øn-sekz-c-ß-fp-sS B-hr-Øn A-Xn-\p-ap-∂n-ep-≈ kz-cm-„-I-Øn-se X-Øp-ey-am-b kz-c-ß-fp-sS B-hr-Øn-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-bpw sXm-́ p-]n-∂n-ep-≈-h-bp-sS C-c-́ n-bp-am-Wv. (Nn-{Xw 5). A-ß-s\-h-cp-tºmƒ B-sI12 kz-c-ß-fp-≈-Xp-Im-c-Ww H-cp kz-c-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn A-Xn-\p-sXm-́ p-Xm-sg-bp-≈ kz-c-Øn-s‚

12 2 a-S-ßm-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn "k' F-∂ kz-c-

Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn 130.81 B-sW-¶n¬ "cn' bp-

sS-B-hr-Øn 130.81 X 12 2 = 138.59 B-Wv.

kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ i-–-X-cw-K-ßƒ-

°v \n¿-Zn-„-am-b B-hr-Øn-bpw

B B-hr-Øn-Iƒ-°v Ir-Xy-am-bn

\n¿-h-Nn-®n-´p-≈ {I-a-hpw ]-c-kv-

]-c-_-‘-hp-ap-≠v. kw-Ko-X-Øn-\v

im-kv-{Xo-b-h-iw Iq-Sm-sX H-cv B-

kzm-Z-\-X-ew-Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.

Nn-{Xw 1 Nn-{Xw 2

Nn-{Xw 3 Nn-{Xw 4

Pqsse ˛2017

20

kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\wkz-c-ß-sf-bpw A-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ-

bpw-]-‰n -]-d-™p-h-t√m. C-\n kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-t\m-°mw. Xo-s∏-́ n-°q-Sn-epw-a-‰pw d-∫¿-_m≥-Uv h-en-®p-sI-́ n Kn-‰m¿ D-≠m-°n \-Ω-fn¬ ]-e-cpw sN-dp-∏-Im-e-Øv I-fn-®n-́ p-≠m-hpw. kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, F-√m i-–-t{km-X- p-I-sf-bpw-t]m-se-X-s∂ i-–-A-\p-\m-Z-I-ß-fm-Wv (sound resonators).C-h-sb D-tØ-Pn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ A-h ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ bm-{¥n-I-X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv i-–-X-cw-K-ßƒ.A-h A-\p-ssZ¿-Ly (longitudinal) X-cw-K-ß-tfmA-\p-{]-ÿ (transverse) X-cw-K-ß-tfm B-Imw.

G-sXm-cv A-\p-\m-Z-I-Øn-\pw A-Xn-s‚ `u-Xn-I-Kp-W-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-am-bn H-cp {]-Ir-Xy-\p-k-c-W-am-b kzm-̀ m-hn-I B-hr-Øn-bp-≠v (natural fre-quency). H-cv A-\p-\m-Z-I-sØ D-tØ-Pn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ A-h-bn¬ A-Xn-s‚ kzm-̀ m-hn-I B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ \n-›-e-X-cw-K-ßƒ (standing waves)D-≠m-hp-I-bpw A-tX B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ i-–w]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-\p-\m-Z-I-Øn-s‚ `u-Xn-I-Kp-W-Øn¬ am-‰w-h-cp-Øn A-h-bp-sSkzm-̀ m-hn-I B-hr-Øn-bn¬ hy-Xn-bm-\w-h-cp-Øn-bm-Wv hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ \m-Z-ßƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv. A-\p-\m-ZI-Øns‚ \o-f-hpw A-Xv]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ i_vZ-Øns‚ X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Ly-hpw t\¿-A-\p-]m-X-Øn-epw B-hr-Øn hn-]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-am-Wv.

ho-W-°-ºn-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈ \m-Z-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn I-ºn-bp-sS \o-fw, h-Æw, ap-dp-°w F-∂n-h-sb B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ho-W-ao-́ p-∂-bmƒ hn-c-ep-sIm-≠v X-{¥n-bp-sS I-º-\w-sN-øp-∂ J-fi-

Øn-s‚ \o-f-Øn¬ hy-Xn-bm-\w h-cp-Øn-bm-Wv H-tc-I-ºn-bn¬-\n-∂pw hn-hn-[-kz-c-ßƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv. ho-W, Kn-‰m¿, ]n-bm-t\m ap-X-em-bX-{¥n-hm-Zy-ß-fpw sN-≠, X-_-e Xp-S-ßn-b Xm-fhm-Zy-ß-fpw A-\p-{]-ÿ (transverse) X-cw-K-ßfm-Wv ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ Hm-S-°p-g¬, \m-Z-kz-cw Xp-S-ßn-b Ip-g¬-hm-Zy-ßƒ A-\p-ssZ¿-Ly-X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv D-±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Hm-S-°p-g-en-ep-≈kp-jn-c-ßƒ hn-c-ep-I-fm¬ A-S-®pw- Xp-d-∂pw A-Xn-s‚ hm-bp-bq-]-Øn-s‚ \o-f-Øn¬ hy-Xym-kwh-cp-Øn-bm-Wv hn-hn-[ B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ i-–w]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv. C-hn-sS-bpw kv-]-μn-°p-∂ hm-bp-bq-]-Øn-s‚ \o-fw Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v B-hr-Øn Ip-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.

Xm-f-hm-Zy-ßƒH-cp ]m-{X-Øn-se P-e-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ A-e-

Iƒ-°v k-am-\-am-b X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv sN-≠, Xn-an-e, X-_-e, ar-Zw-Kw ap-X-em-b Xm-f-hm-Zy-ßƒ D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. ho-W, h-b-en≥ F∂o X-{¥n-hm-Zy-ß-fn-ep-≈ A-\p-c-W-\-ßƒ (reverberations) kzm-`m-hn-I B-hr-Øn-bp-sS ]q¿-W-kw-Jym-Kp-Wn-X-ßƒ B-Wv. ]-t£, sN-≠-bn-ep-≈ A-\p-c-W-\-ßƒ kzm-̀ m-hn-I B-hr-Øn-bp-sS ]q¿-W-kw-Jym-Kp-Wn-X-ßƒ A-√. A-Xn-\m¬ sN-≠-bp-sS \m-Zw a-‰p-≈ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-bn {ip-Xn-tN¿-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°n-√. A-tX-k-a-bw X-_-e,ar-Zw-Kw Xp-S-ßn-b D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS {]-X-e-Øn¬hr-Øm-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈ (I-dp-Ø) a-jn F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂ ]-Zm¿-∞w, ]q¿-W-kw-Jym-Kp-Wn-X-ß-fm-b A-\p-c-W-\-ßƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

H-tc B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈ \m-Zw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-

Nn-{Xw 5

21

imkv{X-tI-cfw

tb-ip-Zm-kpw Pm-\-In-bpw

\-Ωp-sS I-WvTw h-f-sc k-¶o¿-W-am-b H-cp i-t–m-]-I-c-W-am-Wv.I-WvT-Øn-se i-–-A-d-bn¬ (lar-ynx) h-en-®p-sI-́ n-b d-∫¿-_m≥-Up-Iƒ-t]m-se-tbm lm¿-tam-Wn-b-Øn-se do-Up-Iƒ-t]m-se-tbm D-≈ A-\p-\m-Z-I-ßƒ D-≠v. A-h-bm-Wv kz-\-X-¥p-°ƒ (vocal cords). I-WvT-Øn-se kz-\-X-¥p-°-sf izm-k-\m-f-Øn-se hm-bp-hm¬ D-tØ-Pn-∏n-®m-Wv \mw i-–w D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. H-cm-fp-sS i-–-Øn-s‚ Kp-Ww (quality),B-hr-Øn Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-bm-fp-sSi-–-A-d-bp-sS L-S-\, kz-\-X-¥p-°-fp-sS \o-fw, ap-dp-°w, hm-bp-hn-s‚a¿-Zw, hm-bp-hn-s‚ km-{μ-X Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

km-[m-c-W ]p-cp-j-i-–-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn 85˛180Hz Dw kv-{Xo-bp-sS-Xv 165˛255Hz Dw B-Wv. ]p-cp-j-kz-\-X-¥p-°-fp-sS \o-fw 17˛25mm Dw kv-{Xo-bp-sS-Xv 12˛17mm Dw B-Wv. ho-W-I-ºn-bn-te-Xp-t]m-se i-–-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn-bpw kz-\-X-¥p-°-fp-sS \o-f-hpw hn-]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn-em-Wv. km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ H-tc {ip-Xn-bn-ep-≈ kv-{Xo-i-–-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn ]p-cp-j-i-–-Øn-s‚ C-c-́ n B-bn-cn-°pw. tb-ip-Zm-kpw Pm-\-In-bpw tN¿-∂p-]m-Sn-b "A-I-se A-I-se\o-em-Im-iw...' F-∂ {]-i-kv-X-Km-\-Øn-ep-≈ H-cp i-–-i-I-e-Øn-s‚ X-cw-K-cq-]-am-Wv Nn-{Xw6 ¬ D-≈-Xv. Xp-S-°-Øn-ep-≈ B-em-]-\-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv 1/100 sk-°‚ v k-a-b-ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ Cu i-–-i-I-ew th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øn-́ p-≈-Xv. H-tc- k-a-b-ssZ¿-Ly-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tb-ip-Zm-kn-s‚ i-–-Øn¬ 6 X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Ly-ß-fpw Pm-\-In-bp-tS-Xn¬ 12 X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Ly-ß-fpw D-≠v. C-Xp Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv Pm-\-In-bp-sS i-–-Øn-s‚ B-hr-Øn tb-ip-Zm-kn-s‚ i-–-Øn-s‚B-hr-Øn-bp-sS c≠p aSßm-sW∂m-Wv.

∂ hn-hn-[ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-sf th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ \-Ωp-sS Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v km-[n-°p-∂-Xv F-ß-s\-bm-Wv? D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, 130.81 Hz B-hr-Øn-bn-se "k' F-∂ kz-cw {Sw-s]-‰n-epw ]n-bm-t\m-bn-epw hm-bn-®p-sh-∂n-cn-°-s´. A-h G-Xp-]-I-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂m-sW-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\? i-–-Øn-\v Xo-{h-X (intenstiy), D-®-X (loud-ness), B-hr-Øn (frequency), Kp-Ww (timbre) F-∂o k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D-≠v. C-Xn¬ H-tc B-hr-Øn-bn-epw Xo-{h-X-bn-epw D-®-X-bn-epw hm-bn-°p-∂ c-≠v D-]-I-c-W-ß-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ \-Ωp-sSIm-Xp-I-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚ Kp-Ww F-∂ k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv H-cp Km-\w tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-se hn-hn-[ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\pw \-sΩ k-lm-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. Kp-Ww F-∂-Xv X-cw-K-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-́ p-≈ hn-hn-[ B-hr-Øn-I-sf (frequency compo-nents) B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

G-Xv k-¶o¿-W-am-b i-–-Øn-ep-ap-≈ tN-cp-h-I-Iƒ a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬ A-h Ir-{Xn-a-am-bnD-≠m-°m≥-km-[n-°pw. C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv G-Xv kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-Øn-s‚-bpw \m-Zw kr-„n-°p-hm≥I-gn-bp-∂ C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv Io-t_m¿-Up-I-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn. A-ß-s\-sb-¶n¬ kp-∫-e-£v-an-bp-sS-bpw tb-ip-Zm-kn-s‚-bpw i-–-ßƒ Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn D-≠m-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂ Im-ew Zq-c-Ø-s√-∂vI-cp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

*A-kn. s{]m-^-k¿, Du¿-P-X-{¥-hn-`m-Kw, C-¥y≥ C≥-kv-‰n-Syq-´v

Hm-̂ v k-b≥-kv F-Uyp-t°-j≥ & dn-k¿-®v (sF-k¿), Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw

Nn{Xw 6

Pqsse ˛2017

22

j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fp-sS i-_v-Z-{]-]-©-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wn-hn-sS ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv.

Iq-´-Øn¬ ssk-e‚v-hm-en-°v F-ß-s\ B t]¿ h-∂p-sh-∂pw A-t\z-jn-°p-∂p.

P-¥p-tem-I-Øn¬ i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ I-gn-hpw A-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-b-h-ß-fpw B-Zy-am-bn D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-Xv j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fn-em-Wv. a-Æ-́ -Iƒ, ]p¬-®m-Sn-Iƒ, No-ho-Sp-Iƒ C-h-bv-s°-√mw i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ {]-tXy-I A-h-b-h-ßƒ D-≠v. Hm-tcm h¿-K-Øn-epw i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ A-h-b-h-ßƒ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. s]m-Xp-th, C-W-sb B-I¿-jn-°p-hm-\pw ]-c-

kv-]-cw Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\p-am-bm-Wv C-h i-_v-Zw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv.

No-ho-Sp-IƒNo-ho-Sp-Iƒ-°m-Wv G-‰-hpw h-en-b i-_v-Z-tIm-em-

l-e-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ I-gn-hp-≈-Xv. "No-ho-Sv' Cw-•o-jn¬"kn-°m-U' B-Wv. (im-kv-{X-tI-c-fw, 2017 sa-bv,

t]. 40˛44 Im-Wp-I.) Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ kp-Xm-cy-amsW-∂-Xv C-h-bp-sS a-s‰m-cp {]-tXy-I-X-

bm-Wv. B -̈No-ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v am-{X-am-Wvi-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ I-gn-hp-≈-Xv. No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ A-h-b-h-sØ "Sn-º¬' F-∂m-Wv ]-d-bp-I. Sn-º-en-\v "s]-cp-º-d' F-∂m-W¿-∞w. s]-cp-º-d-bp-sS h-en-®p-sI-́ n-b N¿-awt]m-se H-c-h-b-hw No-ho-Sn-s‚ h-b-dn-s‚ Xp-S-°-̀ m-K-Øv C-cp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-am-bn D-≠v. s\-©v(thorax) `m-K-sØ A-h-km-\-sØ i-co-c-J-Wv-U-Øn-s‚-bpw

(segment) h-b¿-`m-K-sØB-Zy-sØ Ip-d-®v i-co-c-

J-Wv-U-ß-fp-sS-bpw Dƒ-h-iw ̀ q-

s{]m-̂ . C. Ip-™n-Ir-jv-W≥*

imkv{X-tI-cfw

23

cn-̀ m-K-hpw h-en-b hm-bp-A-d-I-fm-bn C-h-bn¬ cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂p.

i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ ap-g-°w ]-e-a-S-ßv Iq-́ m-\m-bn k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xv Cu hm-bp-A-d-I-fm-Wv. A-ev-]w ]p-dw-h-f-hp-≈ (convex) Sn-º¬ i-‡-am-b a-kn-ep-I-fm¬ A-I-tØ-°v _-‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. t]-in-Iƒ Np-cp-ßp-tºmƒ Sn-º¬ A-I-tØ-°p-Ip-gn-bp-I-bpw X-Xv-̂ -e-am-bn i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. hm-bp-A-d-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ ap-g-°w-s]-cp-∏n-°m≥ No-ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v I-gn-bpw.a-kn-ep-I-sf Xp-S-sc-Øp-S-sc k-t¶m-Nn-∏n-®pw hn-I-kn-∏n-®pw No-ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn h-en-bap-g-°-tØm-sS i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.

]T-\-ßƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-b Nn-e-bn-\w No-ho-Sp-Iƒ Sn-º¬ A-I-tØ-°v h-f-bp-tºmƒ (Ip-ºnƒIp-Øp-tºmƒ) 4000 Hz B-hr-Øn-bn¬ i-_v-Zw]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xm-bn I-s≠-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. Sn-º-en-s‚ A-\-°-ßƒ-°v X-S- -am-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ i-_v-Zw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-tºmƒ Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ kz-ev-]wD-b¿-Øn-sh-°p-∂p.

\n-»-_v-Z-a-√m-Ø Im-Sp-Iƒ\-Ωp-sS \n-Xy-l-cn-X-h-\-ß-fn-epw C-e-s]m-gn-

bpw Im-Sp-I-fn-epw No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS km-∂n-[yw G-sd {i-≤n-°-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv. a-\p-jy≥ G-‰-hpw-Iq-Sp-X¬tI-́ j-Uv-]-Z-i-_v-Zw No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.]-e \n-Xy-l-cn-X-h-\-ta-J-e-I-fp-sS ap-J-ap-{Z-X-s∂No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS Cu "kw-Ko-X-ta-f'am-Wv. No-ho-Sp-Iƒ kw-Ko-Xw-s]-øp-∂ Im-Sp-I-fn¬ "\n-»-_v-Z-X'F-∂ {]-Xn-̀ m-kw C-s√-∂p-X-s∂ ]-d-bmw.

"ssk-e‚v-hm-en' F-∂v F-ß-s\ t]¿-h-∂p?

No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS h-f¿-®m-L-́ -Øn¬ A-h H-∂n-®v Nn-e ta-J-e-I-fn¬ A-{]-Xy-£-am-Im-dp-≠v. k-Xy-Øn¬, B h-f¿-®m-L-́ -Øn¬ Iq-́ -tØm-sS A-h a-Æn¬ I-gn-bp-I-bm-Wv. A-t∏mƒ A-h-bv-°v i-_v-Zw D-≠m-°m≥]-‰n-√. hy-Xy-kv-X C-\-ß-fn¬ Cu A-{]-Xy-£-am-I¬ ]-e Im-e-L-́ -ß-fn-em-Wv D-≠m-hp-I. Nn-e-h 13 sIm-√-ß-fp-sS B-hr-Øn Im-Wn-°p-∂p. a-‰pNn-e-h 17 sIm-√-°m-e-hpw. h-S-s°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se H-cn-\w No-ho-Sv 221 sIm-√-°m-ew A-{]-Xy-£-am-b-ti-jw s]-s -́∂v H-cp Zn-h-kw ]p-\¿-̀ -hn-®v Iq-́ -tØm-sS i-_v-Zw D-≠m-°n-Øp-S-ßp-∂-Xm-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. ssk-e‚ v-hm-en-bn¬ A-ß-s\-bp-≈ H-cp "No-ho-Sv \n-»-_v-Z' Im-e-L-́ -Øn¬ F-Øn-b B-sc-¶n-epw No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS A-̀ m-hw {i-≤n-®v "\n-»-_v-Z-X-bp-sS Xm-gv-h-c' F-∂v t]-cn-́ -Xm-Imw.

ssk-e‚ v-hm-en Im-Sp-Iƒ-°v "\n-»-_v-Z-X-bp-sSXm-gv-h-c' F-∂ t]-cp-h-cm≥ H-cp Im-c-Ww ]-d-bp-∂-Xv A-hn-sS No-ho-Sp-Iƒ C-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv. ]-t£, C-∂-sØ A-h-ÿ-bn¬ A-Xv i-cn-b-√.ssk-e‚ v-hm-en Im-Sp-I-fn¬ No-ho-Sp-Iƒ [m-cm-f-ap-≠v. A-h Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. \n-»-_v-Z-X-bp-sS Xm-gv-h-c \n-»-_v-Z-ta-b-√. \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS i-_v-Z-tIm-em-l-e-ß-fn-√m-Ø Dƒ-h-\-ß-sf Im-hym-fl-I-am-bn "\n-»-_v-Z-X-bp-sS Xm-gv-h-c'I-fm-bn ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. a-\p-jy-km-∂n-[y-an-√m-Ø ssk-e‚ v-hm-en Im-Sp-Iƒ-°v H-cp-]-t£ BX-c-Øn¬ Cu t]-cv h-∂-Xm-Imw.

*dn-´. s{]m-^-k¿, P-¥p-im-kv-{X-hn-`m-Kw, bq-\n-th-gv-kn-‰n tIm-tf-Pv,

Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw

Pqsse ˛2017

24

a-\p-jy-\v e-̀ n-® G-‰-hpw lr-Zy-am-b h-c-Zm-\-am-Wv i-_v-Zw. C-fw-Im-‰n¬ C-f-In-bm-Sp-∂ C-e-I-fp-sS a¿-Ω-c-hpw A-I-se-\n-∂pw H-gp-In-sb-Øp-∂kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ lr-Zy-X-bpw H-cn-°-se-¶n-epw B-kz-Zn-°m-Ø-h-cp-t≠m? kw-km-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂ in-ip-hn-s‚ sIm-©-epw C-jv-S-s∏-́ -h-cp-sS kv-t\-l-]q¿-W-am-b kw-km-c-hp-sam-s° B-cpw sIm-Xn-°p-∂ i-_v-Z-ß-fm-Wv.

i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-XH-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ I-º-\w-\n-an-Ø-am-Wv i-_v-

Z-w cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C-Xv X-cw-K-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv k-©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp am-[y-a-Øn¬-°q-Sn am-{X-ta i-_v-Z-Øn-\p k-©-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bq.

B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b Po-hn-X-Øn-\v i-_v-Z-i-eyw H-gn-hm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A-Xn¬ a-\p-jy¿-°p-≈ ]-¶v h-f-sc h-ep-Xm-Wv.

i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚Im-Wm-∏p-d-ßƒ

tUm. kn. tPm¨ ]-Wn-°¿*

i-_v-Zw A-\p-̀ -hn-®-dn-bp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv tIƒ-hn. i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-X A-f-°p-∂-Xv sU-kn-

s_¬ (decibel-dB) F-∂ bq-Wn-‰n-em-Wv. (A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ {K-lmw s_¬ ˛ s‚ _-lp-am-\m¿-∞-

am-Wv s_¬ F-∂ bq-Wn-‰v.)bm-sXm-cp ]-›m-Ø-e-i-_v-Z-hpw C-√m-Ø A-

h-ÿ-bn¬ \-ap-°v tIƒ-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ G-‰-hpwsN-dn-b i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-X-sb ]q-Pyw sU-kn-

s_¬ (0 dB) F-∂v \n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xm-b-Xv, ]q-Pyw sU-kn-s_¬ F-∂-Xv i-_v-Zw Xo-sc-

bn-√m-Ø- A-h-ÿ-b-√. a-dn-®v B-tcm-Ky-hm-\pwtIƒ-hn-°v X-I-cm-dp-an-√m-Ø H-cp hy-‡n-°v tIƒ-

°m≥-I-gn-bp-∂ i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™Xo-{h-X-bm-Wv.

imkv{X-tI-cfw

25

i-_v-Z-Xo-{h-X-bp-sS tXm-Xvkm-[m-c-W-bm-bn kw-km-cn-°p-tºmƒ tIƒ-°p-

∂ i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-X 40 ap-X¬ 50 h-sc sU-kn-s_-em-Wv. D-®-Øn¬ kw-km-cn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xv 60 dB h-sc-bm-Imw. Im-dp-I-fp-sS km-[m-c-Wtlm-Wn-s‚ i-_v-Zw 70 dB Xo-{h-X-bp-≈-Xpw F-b¿-tlm-Wn-s‚-Xv 100 ap-X¬ 120 dB h-sc-bp-am-Wv. 85 dB °v ap-I-fn¬ Xo-{h-X-bp-≈ i-_v-Zw A-Xy-[n-Iw A-tcm-N-I-am-Wv. sh-Sn-s]m-́ p-∂ i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-X G-I-tZ-iw 140˛160 dB B-Wv. Xo-{h-X Iq-Sp-t¥m-dpw i-_v-Zw A-k-l-\o-b-am-Ip-sa-

∂p am-{X-a-√, sN-hn-Iƒ-°v th-Z-\-bpw hn-hn-[-X-cw im-co-cn-I-̨ -am-\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-ßƒ D-≠m-°p-∂ X-c-Øn¬ tZm-j-I-c-am-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-sa-∂ A-Xym-]-ØvC-∂v \mw A-\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂ ]-cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-c-

W-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw tZm-j-I-c-am-b-Xpw \n¿-̀ m-Ky-h-im¬ G-‰-hpw hn-kv-a-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Ky hn-]-Øm-Wv i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww. A-tem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw i-eyw-sN-øp-∂-Xp-am-b i-_v-Z-sØ-bm-Wv H-® (noise) F-∂ hm-°p-sIm-≠vhn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv. a-\p-jy-cn¬ am-{X-a-√, a-‰pPo-hn-I-fn-epw A-tN-X-\-ß-fm-b h-kv-Xp-°-fn¬-t∏m-epwi-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂ -̀hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ h-f-sc Kp-cp-X-c-am-Wv, D-b¿-∂ Xo-{h-X-bp-≈ i-_v-Zw Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn tI-́ m¬ Xm¬-°m-en-I-tam ÿn-c-tam B-b tIƒ-hn-°p-d-hv kw-̀ -hn-°mw.

i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww sN-hn-Iƒ-°p tZm-jw sN-øp-I am-{X-a-√, im-co-cn-I-hpw am-\-kn-I-hp-am-b a-‰-t\-Iw B-tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-ßƒ-°pw C-S-bm-°p-∂p.

i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww C-¥y-bn¬tem-I-Øn¬ i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-

X-ep-≈ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-Wv C-¥y. km-t¶-Xn-I

i-_v-Z-i-eyw-sIm-≠p-≈ B-tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-ßƒ

A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ {K-lmw s_¬

$ ÿm-bn-bm-b tIƒ-hn-°p-d-hv.

$ G-Im-{K-X-bn-√m-bv-a, D-d-°-an-√m-bv-a, Hm¿-Ω-°p-d-hv.

$ {]-ta-l-tcm-Kn-I-fn¬ c-‡-Øn-se]-©-km-c-bp-sS A-f-hv h¿-[n-°¬.

$ i-co-c-Øn-se c-‡-°p-g-ep-I-sfNp-cp-°p-∂-Xp-h-gn c-‡-k-Ω¿-Z-Øn-s‚ h¿-[-\hv.

$ B-am-i-b-Øn¬ A-æmw-iw Iq-Sp-∂ ssl-∏¿ A-kn-Un-‰n.

$ A-e¿-Pn, B-kv-Xv-a tcm-Kn-Iƒ-°v tcm-Kw h¿-[n-°p-hm-\p-≈ km-[y-X.

$ K¿-̀ -ÿ-in-ip-hn-s‚ h-f¿-® ap-c-Sn-°¬.

$ X-e-I-d-°-ap-≈ tcm-Kn-I-fn¬ tcm-Kw aq¿-—n-°¬.

(tijw 28-˛mw t]Pn¬)

Pqsse ˛2017

28

]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\ Im-c-W-sa-¶n-epw a-‰p ]-e hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn-epw X-ßƒ ssI-h-cn-® km-t¶-Xn-I-ssh-Z-Kv-[ywD-]-tbm-Kn-®p-X-s∂ i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww \n-b-{¥n-®n-́ p-≠v. F-∂m¬ C-¥y-bn¬ C-Xv C-∂pw km-[y-am-bn-́ n-√.

G-Xp am-en-\y-hpw D-≠m-b-ti-jw \n¿-am¿-P-\wsN-øp-∂-Xn-epw A-̀ n-Im-ay-am-b-Xv A-h D-≠m-Im-sX t\m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-epwCu X-Xzw _m-[-I-am-Wv. D-d-hn-S-ß-fn¬-Ø-s∂A-\m-h-iy i-_v-Z-ßƒ, A-tem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ i-_v-Z-ßƒ F-∂n-h I-gn-h-Xpw D-≠m-Im-sX t\m-°p-I-bm-Wv G-‰-hpw I-c-Wo-bw.

hm-l-\-ß-fn¬ A-\m-h-iy-am-bn tlm¨ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpw ({]-tXy-In-®v F-b¿-tlm¨) s]m-Xp ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-am-bn D-®-̀ m-jn-Wn-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpw hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn-seA-\n-b-{¥n-X-am-b i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-hpw \n-cp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. s]m-Xp-tbm-K-ßƒ, D-’-h-ßƒ, a-‰m-tLm-j-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bn¬ \n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-am-bn eu-Uv kv-]o-°-dp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XpI-≠m¬ A-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-Sp-tØ≠-Xv \Ωp-sS-sb√mw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv.

ho-Sp-I-fn¬ k-am-[m-\-¥-co-£w \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww H-gn-hm-°p-I-X-s∂ th-Ww.sS-en-hn-j≥, td-Un-tbm, tlmw-Xn-tb-‰¿, hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, ho-́ p-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h {]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ kz-¥w ho-́ p-Im-cp-sS-bpw A-b¬-°m-cp-sS-bpw B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v lm-\n-I-c-am-Ip-∂n-s√-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. A-an-X-i-_v-Zw-aq-ew F-√m Po-hn-Xssieo-tcm-K-ß-fpwaq¿-—n-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p-sh-t∂m¿-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

\n-b-aw A-\p-h-Zn-® i-_v-Z-Xo-{h-X

]-I¬ (dB ¬) cm-{Xn�- (dB ¬)

\n-»-_v-Z ta-J-e 50 40

P-\-hm-k ta-J-e 55 45

hm-Wn-Py ta-J-e 55 55

hy-h-km-b ta-J-e 75 70

�cm-{Xn 10 a-Wn ap-X¬ cm-hn-se 6 a-Wn-h-sc-bm-Wv cm-{Xn F-∂-Xp-

sIm-≠v \n¿-h-Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ F-fp-∏-h-gn A-\m-h-iy i-_v-Z-ß-fp-sS t{km-X- p-IƒC-√m-Xm-°p-I-bm-Wv F-∂v ]-d-™p-h-t√m. i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\v C-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ [m-cm-fw \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠.v A-h i-cn-bm-bn \-S-∏m-°n-bm¬ i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww G-dn-b-]-¶pw \n-b-{¥n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. A-Xn-\m-bn i-_v-Z-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\p-≈ ]p-Ø≥ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw \n-e-hn-ep-≈ \n-b-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-I-bpw a-‰p-≈-h-sc t_m-[-h¬-°-cn-°p-I-bpwsN-tø-≠-Xp-≠v. B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b H-cp Po-hn-X-Øn-\v i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{¥-Ww IqSntbXocq.

*dn-´. sU-]yq-´n U-b-c-Iv-S¿, tI-c-f sl¬-Øv k¿-ho-k-kv,

Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw

({]-kn-U-≠v, sF. Fw. F., Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw)

i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚

D-d-hn-S-ßƒ

$ hm-l-\-ßƒ.$ D-®-̀ m-jn-Wn-Iƒ.$ hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn-se-bpw a-‰pw b-

{¥-ßƒ.$ ho-Sn-\p-≈n-se i-_v-Zw.$ sam-ss_¬ t^m-Wn-s‚-bpw C-b¿-

t^m-Wn-s‚-bpw sl-Uv-t^m-Wn-s‚-bpw Xp-S¿-®-bm-b D-]-tbm-Kw.

$ shSn-s°-́ p-Iƒ.

i-_v-Zw,

i-_v-Zw

i-_v-Z-i-eyw h-gn-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ tIƒ-hn-°p-d-hv H-gn-hm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v ]-d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. Hm-tcm 10 dB i-_v-Z-Xo-{h-X-bp-sS h¿-[-\-hn-epw 10 a-S-ßm-Wv i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww Iq-Sp-∂-Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn i-_v-Z-Xo-{h-X 20 dB ¬ \n-∂v 30 dB B-bnam-dp-tºmƒ 10 a-S-ßpw 40 dB B-Ip-tºmƒ100 a-S-ßpw h¿-[n-°p-∂p. 75 dB h-sc i-_v-Z-Xo-{h-X A-]-I-S-c-ln-X-am-bn I-W-°m-°mw. Xp-S¿-®-bm-b sam-ss_¬-t^m¨ D-]-tbm-K-hpw a-‰pw H-gn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

(25˛mw t]Pv XpS¿®)

imkv{X-tI-cfw

29

C-¥y≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i K-th-j-W kw-L-S-\(sF. F-kv. B¿. H.) hn-I-kn-∏n-® G-‰-hpw i-‡n-tb-dn-b D-]-{K-l hn-t£-]-W hm-l-\-am-WvPn. F-kv. F¬. hn. am¿-°v III ˛ Un 1 (GSLV MarkIII -D1). A-Xn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ hn-t£-]-Ww 2017Pq¨ 5 mw Xo-b-Xn ssh-Ip-t∂-cw 5.28 \v {io-l-cn-t°m-́ -bn-se k-Xo-jv [-hm≥ kv-t]-kv sk‚-dn¬-\n-∂v \-S-∂p. ]-Xn-\-©v h¿-j-sØ K-th-j-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw Iq-́ m-b ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øn-s‚-bpw ̂ -e-am-b Cu hn-P-b-I-c-am-b hn-t£-]-Ww C-¥y-

C-¥y≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i-cw-K-sØ A-\-\y-am-b hn-P-b-sØ-∏-‰n H-cp Ip-dn-∏v

A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-bN-cn-{X-t\-́ w

Pn. A-ø-∏≥*

bp-sS _-ln-cm-Im-i-N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b-ap-lq¿-Ø-hpw A-̀ n-am-\-°p-Xn-∏p-am-bn am-dn.

Pn-km-‰v-̨ 19 (GSat-19) F-∂ A-Xym-[p-\n-I hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b D-]-{K-l-sØ ̀ q-ÿn-c { -̀a-W-]-Y-Øn-se-Øn-°p-I F-∂ {i-a-I-c-am-b Zu-Xy-am-Wv Pn.F-kv. F¬. hn. am¿-°v III Ir-Xy-am-bn \n¿-h-ln-®-Xv. C-Xp-h-sc C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v hn-t£-]n-®-Xn¬G-‰-hpw `m-c-ta-dn-b D-]-{K-l-am-Wv Pn-km-‰v-˛19.cm-Pym-¥-c D-]-{K-l-hn-t£-]-W hn-]-Wn-bn¬sF. F-kv. B¿. H. hn-\v Cu hn-P-bw H-cp s]m≥-

Pn. F-kv. F¬. hn. am¿-°v III ˛ Un 1


Pqsse ˛2017

30

1. tI-c-f kw-ÿm-\-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p cm-P-̀ -c-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw sIm-®n-bpw kw-tbm-Pn-®v Xn-cp-sIm-®n kw-ÿm-\-am-b-Xv. 1949 Pq-sse 1 \v B-Wv C-Xv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv.Cu kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w G-Xm-bn-cp-∂p?

2. Ir-{Xn-a-lr-Z-bw F-∂ kw-hn-[m-\w 1982Pq-sse-bn-em-Wv B-Zy-am-bn a-\p-jy-\n¬L-Sn-∏n-®v hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-∏n®-Xv. Cu kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ t]-sc-¥v?

3. {Z-ho-I-cn-°m≥ G-‰-hpw _p-≤n-ap-́ p-≈ H-cp hmXI-am-Wv lo-en-bw. 1908 Pq-sse-bn¬ Im-a¿ enw-Kv Hm -̈k F-∂ U-®vim-kv-{X-⁄≥ A-Xy-[n-Iw {i-a-I-c-am-b]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS lo-en-b-sØ {Zm-h-I-am-°n. C-Xn-s‚ {]-[m-\ D-]-tbm-K-sa-¥m-Wv?

4. tem-I P-\-kw-Jym-Zn-\w B-N-cn-°p-∂-XvPq-sse 11 \v B-Wv. 1987 Pq-sse 11 \vtem-I-P-\-kw-Jy H-cp {]-tXy-I kw-Jy-bn-se-Øn-b-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-WvCu Zn-h-kw P-\-kw-Jym-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv. Hu-tZym-Kn-I I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v 1987 Pq-sse 11 \v tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy F-{X-bm-bn-cp-∂p?

5. Pq-sse-bn-em-Wv am-ln (a-ø-gn) { -̂©p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v kzm-X-{¥yw-t\-Sn-b-Xv. { -̂©p-

Im¿-s°-Xn-sc \-S-∂ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ F-gp-X-s∏-́ {]-i-kv-X a-e-bm-f-t\m-h¬ G-Xm-Wv?

6. 1938 Pq-sse 20 \v P-\n-® P-b-¥v hn. \m¿-en-°¿ C-t∏m-gpw im-kv-{X-cw-K-Øv k-Po-h-am-Wv.G-Xv im-kv-{X-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv A-t±-lw A-¥¿-tZ-io-b {]-i-kv-Xn t\-Sn-bn-́ p-≈-Xv?

7. Pq-sse 21 \v Nm-{μ-Zn-\-am-W-t√m. N-{μ-\n-en-d-ßn-b A-h-km-\-sØ a-\p-jy≥ Cu h¿-j-am-Zyw A-¥-cn-®p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-sc-¥v?

8. B-Zy-sØ sS-kv-‰v Syq-_v in-ip-hm-b eq-bn-kv{_u¨ ]n-d-∂-Xv 1978 Pq-sse 25 \v B-Wv.C-Xn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy C-∂v h-‘y-Xm-\n-hm-c-W ¢n-\n-°p-I-fn¬ hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS t]-sc-¥v?

9. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]m-ew 2017 sa-bv-am-k-Øn¬ s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ-°m-bn Xp-d-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp. C-Xv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv?

10. tIm-i-ß-fn-se ]-h¿ lu-kv G-Xm-Wv?

Izn-kv tIm¿-W¿ : 2017 Pq¨D-Ø-c-ßƒ

1. dn-tbm Un P-\o-tdm. {_-ko-en-b≥ Xp-d-ap-J-\-K-c-am-b C-hn-sS 1992 Pq-Wn¬ \-S-∂ A-¥¿-tZ-io-b ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-k-tΩ-f-\w "dn-tbm D-®-tIm-Sn', "`u-a D-®-tIm-Sn' F-∂o t]-cp-I-fn¬ A-dn-

B-\p-Im-en-I kw-̀ -h-ßƒ, ap≥-h¿-j-ß-fn¬ Cu am-kw \-S-∂im-kv-{X-Øn-se-bpw a-‰v ta-J-e-I-fn-se-bpw I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ F-∂n-h-sb B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv Izn-kv tNm-Zy-ßƒ X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xv.Iq-Sm-sX im-kv-{X-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ sXm-́ p-ap-º-sØ e-°-Øn-se te-J-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v Nn-e tNm-Zy-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. D-Ø-c-ßƒ2017 Pq-sse 20 \v ap-ºv Izn-kv tIm¿-W¿, im-kv-{X-tI-c-fw,]-cn-j-Zv-̀ -h≥, I-Æq¿ ˛ 670002 F-∂ hn-em-k-Øn¬ A-b-°-Ww.

\n-ß-fp-sS t]-cv, ]Tn-°p-∂- ¢m-kv, kv-Iqƒ hn-em-kw, ]n≥-tIm-Uv F-∂n-h F-gp-Xm≥hn-́ p-t]m-I-cp-tX.

F-√m tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°pw i-cn-bp-Ø-cw A-b-®p-X-cp-∂ kv-Iqƒ hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-fn¬-\n-∂v\-dp-°n-s -́Sp-°p-∂ c-≠p-t]¿-°v k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. k-Ωm-\-ßƒ kv-Iqƒ sl-Uv-am-Ã-dp-sS/{]n≥-kn-∏-en-s‚ hn-em-k-Øn-em-Wv A-b-°p-I. A-Sp-Ø-am-kw 20 mw Xo-b-Xn-°vap-ºm-bn k-Ωm-\-ßƒ In-́ n-bn-s√-¶n¬ 9447489765 F-∂ \-º-dn¬ _-‘-s∏-Sp-I.

kv-Iqƒ hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-f-√m-Ø-h¿-°pw a-’-c-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°mw. F-√m-‰n-\pw i-cn-bp-Ø-cwA-b-°p-∂ A-Ø-cw B-fp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v \-dp-°n-s´-Sp-Øv H-cm-fp-sS t]¿ am-kn-I-bn¬{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

2017 Pqsse

imkv{X-tI-cfw

31

Fw. Pn.

Izn-kv tIm¿-W¿ : 2017 Pq¨k-Ωm-\m¿-l¿

1. \ôk \udn≥. ]n.,9 mw ¢mkv _n, Fw. C. Fkv. F®v.Fkv. Fkv. Ccn-ºn-fn-bw,ae-∏pdw ˛ 679592

2. ARvPen _me-Ir-jvW≥,12 mw ¢mkv, F®v. F®v. Fkv. sF._n. kzman-Pokvlb¿sk-°‚dn kvIqƒ, FS-\o¿,Imk-d-tKmUv ˛ 671541

hnZym¿∞nI-f-√m-Ø-h¿e£van _mbv, ]ń -t»-cn,sh≈n-t\-gn, ]me-°mSv ˛ 679504

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-tX \-K-c-Øn¬ 20 h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-ti-jw (2002 ¬) Pq -̈am-k-Øn¬ \-S-∂k-tΩ-f-\w "dn-tbm+20' k-tΩ-f-\w F-∂m-Wvhn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

2. X-Æo¿-Ø-S B-hm-k hy-h-ÿ. C-dm-\n-sedmw-k¿ \-K-c-Øn¬ 1971 s -̂{_p-h-cn 2 \v \-S-∂ Cu k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ X-Æo¿-Ø-S-ß-fp-sSkp-ÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w e-£y-am-°n-s°m-≠p-≈N¿-®-Iƒ \-S-°p-I-bpw 169 cm-Py-ßƒ H-∏n-́A-¥¿-tZ-io-b D-S-º-Sn \n-e-hn¬-h-cn-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-ß-s\ s -̂{_p-h-cn 2 tem-I X-Æo¿-Ø-S-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°-∏-Sp-∂p.

3. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se t{K-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-̂ v. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰ -hpw h-en -b ]-hn -g -∏p -‰ vk-aq-l-am-Wn-Xv. (Cu e-°w im-kv-{X-tI-c-fwt]. 32 Im-Wp-I.)

4. U-tbm-Iv-kn≥. 1976 ¬ sl-Iv-km t¢m-tdm-ô≥ F-∂ Io-S-\m-in-\n D-Xv-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Sm-¶n¬\n-∂v hn-j-hm-X-Iw-tNm¿-∂v A-]-I-Sw -kw--̀hn-® ]-́ -W-am-Wv sk-sh-k. U-tbm-Iv-ko≥

A-S-ßn-b hn-j-hm-X-I-ßƒ ]-́ -W-Øn-\p-Np-‰p-ap-≈ 18 N.In.ao. {]-tZ-i-sØ a-en-\o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v P-\-ß-sf am-‰n-∏m¿-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-h-ti-jn-® ar-K-ß-sf-bpwhn-f-I-sf-bpw \-in-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

5. ho-Sv. P¿-a≥ Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-b GWkv‰vslbv°¬ B-Wv C-t°m-f-Pn F-∂-hm-°v B-Zy-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

6. a-U-Km-kv-I¿. C-¥y≥ D-]-̀ q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬-\n-∂pw 9 tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-ap-ºv hn-́ p-t]m-bnH-‰-s∏-́ v \n-e-\n-∂-Xn-\m¬ a-U-Km-kv-I-dn-se 90i-X-am-\w Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpw tem-I-Øn¬ a-s‰m-cn-S-Øpw Im-W-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-bm-Wv.

7. B‚n-tem-∏v. am-\p-I-fp-sS A-Sp-Ø _-‘p-°-fm-Wn-h. \o¬-Km-bv-IƒG-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b B‚n-tem-∏p-I-fm-Wv.

8. {Ko≥ ]o-kv C‚¿-\m-j-\¬. 1971 ¬ Im-\-U-bn-se hm≥-Iq-h-dn¬ ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv Bw-Ã¿-Umw B-ÿm-\-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ H-cp kw-L-S-\-bm-Wn-Xv. A-

ta-cn-°-bpw {^m≥-kpw im-¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂ B-W-h-]-co-£-W-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc 1970 I-fn-epw 1980 I-fn-epw \-S-Øn-b {]-Nm-c-W-̨ -{]-Xn-tj-[-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS {i-t≤-b-am-bn.

9. I-S¬-°p-Xn-c-Iƒ. X-e-bp-sS B-Ir-XnIp-Xn-c-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-se-bm-b - X n - \ m ¬I-S¬-°p-Xn-c-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-hXm-c-X-tay-\sN-dn-b I-S¬-a-’y-ß-fm-Wv. s] -̈a-’y-ßƒ B -̈a-’y-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈ k-©n-bn¬ A-Wv-U-ßƒ \n-t£-]n-°p-I-bpwA-hn-sS-sh-®v _o-P-k-¶-e-\w-\-S-∂v ap-́ -Iƒ-hn-cn-™v Ip-™p-ßƒ ]p-d-Øp-h-cn-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-ß-s\-bm-WvB -̈I-S¬-°p-Xn-c-Iƒ {]-k-hn-°p-∂A-—-∑m-cm-b-Xv.

10. World Wide Fund for Nature. C-Xm-WvWWF s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ ]q¿-W-cq-]w.

Pqsse ˛2017

32

ssN-\-bn-se h-∑-Xn¬ tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-Xn-bm-W-t√m. `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ ssP-h-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn (life system) I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-sS In-g-°≥ Xo-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-≈ t{K-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-̂ v (Great Barrier Reef) B-Wv. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se h-S-°p-In-g-°≥ kw-ÿm-\-am-b Izo≥-kv-em‚n-s‚ In-g-°≥ Xo-c-Øp-\n-∂v G-Xm-≠v 30In.ao. A-I-se I-S-en¬ sX-°p-h-S-°m-bn c-≠m-bn-c-Øn¬-]-cw In-tem-ao-‰¿ \o-f-Øn-em-Wv Cu]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-a-e ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. an-°-bn-S-Øpwk-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂v 5 ap-X¬ 10 ao-‰¿ h-sc Xm-sg-bm-Wv do-̂ n-s‚ ap-Iƒ-̀ m-Kw. aq-hm-bn-c-tØm-fw sN-dp-sN-dp ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-a-e-I-fp-sS kw-Lm-X-am-Wv t{K-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-̂ v.

B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w-t]m-ep-≈ {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sS A-\-¥-c-^-e-ßƒ

{]-Ir-Xn-sb F-ß-s\-sbm-s° _m-[n-°pw? k-©m-c-{]n-b-\pw

]-cn-ÿn-Xn-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\p-am-b te-J-I≥ H-c-\p-̀ -hw hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

Sn. Kw-Km-[-c≥*

ssh-hn-[y-ap-≈ I-S¬-Po-hn-Iƒ]-e h¿-W-ß-fn-epw cq-]-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈ ]-hn-g-

∏p-‰p-Iƒ, I-S¬-k-ky-ßƒ, a-’y-ßƒ, B-a-IƒXp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hn-kv-a-b-°m-gv-N-I-fp-sS tem-I-am-Wn-hn-Sw. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv `q-an-bp-sS hn-hn-[-̀ m-K-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈ K-th-j-I-cpw km-l-kn-I-k-©m-cn-I-fpw hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-cn-I-fp-sam-s° C-hn-sS-sb-Øp-∂-Xv. A-h¿ I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-́ n-te-°v Du-fn-bn-́ pw D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \o-¥n-bpw do-̂ n-\p-ap-I-fn¬Nn-te-S-ß-fn-ep-≈ sIm-®p-Xp-cp-Øp-I-fn-te-°v k-©-cn-®pw do-̂ n-s‚ ku-μ-cyw a-Xn-bm-thm-fw \p-I-cp-∂p.

]-hn-g-∏p-‰v \n-c-Iƒ e-£-Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw-


imkv{X-tI-cfw

33

s]m-gn-bp-∂-sX-t¥ Xo-tbm?sIm-gn-bpw I-\¬-∏q-hn-\p-t≈m?t]m-g-Ø-sa-∂pw X-fn¿-∏qtXm-gw2 ]n-W-bp-∂n-sX-ßpw.

a-gp-sh-dn-s™m-gn-bpw h-\-ßƒsIm-gp-h-cn-s™-dn-bpw a-e-Iƒ]-g-\w3 \n-I-Øp-∂n-sX-ßpw]-g-h4s‚ ]-Sp-]m-́ p an-®w

a-g-sbm-gn-™o-Sp-∂p ta-se,]p-g-a-cn-®o-Sp-∂p Xm-sg.tI-gm-an-\n-∏-gw-]m-́ m¬ho-gpw-h-sc \-ap-s°-∂pw!

I-gn-bp-hm-t\-sd-bp-s≠-∂m¬H-gn-bm-Zp-c-aq-Ø,-sX-√mwap-gp-h-\p-sam-∂m-bv hn-gp-ßm≥]-gp-Xp-tX-So-Sp-∂p a¿-Øy≥.

H-gn-bp-∂-Xm¿-Xo¿-Ø `q-an?C-gp-Ip-∂-Xm¿-\n-∂ a-Æv?Np-gn-bn¬ ]n-S-bp-∂-Xm-cv?]-gn-sb-∂p-ao-iz-c-s\-t∂m!

a-g-th-t≠ a-e-th-t≠ a-Æp-th-t≠?]p-g-bm-sbm-gp-Ip-s∂m-c-ar-Xp-th-t≠?Ip-g-bp-sºm-sgm-cp-a-c-Ø-W-ep-th-t≠?X-gp-Ip-hm-s\m-cp-Ip-fn¿-Im-‰p-th-t≠?

A-gp-Ip-s∂m-c¿-∞-s°m-Spw-Nq-Sn-em-SnsIm-gn-bp-∂-h¿-s°m-cp \m-hp-th-t≠?X-gp-Xn-́ p-hm-Xn-e-S-bv-°p-thm¿-°m-bn-\nI-gp-a-cw Xo¿-°m-s\m-cm-fp-th-t≠?

1Du-gn-bw ˛ th-e, 2tXm-gw ˛ tZm-jw, 3]-g-\w ˛ h-b¬, 4]-g-h≥ ˛ Im-c-W-h¿

*tI-c-f im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-Øv {]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-b bp-h-I-hn, Xr-iq¿ Pn-√

I-hn-X

Du-gn-bw1

tkm-a≥ Im-cym-́ v *

Pqsse ˛2017

34

]-Xn-s\-́ mw-\q-‰m-≠n-\v ap-ºv km-aq-ly-im-kv-{Xw{]-tXy-I hn-j-b-am-bn ]Tn-°p-I-tbm ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-tbm sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂n-√. X-Xz-Nn-¥, ssZ-h-im-kv-{Xw,hym-I-c-Ww, \n-b-aw ap-X-em-b hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. k-aq-l-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒA-h-bp-sS ̀ m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. cm-jv-{So-bw-t]m-ep-≈ hn-j-bw-X-s∂-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv aq-ey-]T-\-Øn-s‚-bpw\n-b-a-Øn-s‚-bpw `m-K-am-bn-́ m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p N-cn-{Xw. B-[p-\n-IN-cn-{X-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS ap≥-Km-an-bm-bn-cp-∂ hn-t°m C-‰-en-bn-se H-cp ss_-_nƒ A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. B-[p-\n-I km-º-Øn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚Xp-S-°-°m-c-\m-b B-Zw kv-an-Øv ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv tam-d¬ ^n-tem-k-̂ n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv, km-aq-ly-im-kv-{X-Øn-te-°v kw-̀ m-h-\ \-ev-In-b ]-e-cpw X-Xz-im-kv-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p ]Tn-®-Xv.

X-\n-a-bm¿-Pn-® k-aq-l-]T-\-ßƒ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠n-s‚ a-[y-Øn-em-Wv H-

cp k-hn-ti-j km-aq-ly-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-

kv-Iq-fp-I-fn-se km-aq-ly-im-kv-{X-]T-\-Øn¬

H-cp s]m-fn-s®-gp-Øv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. C-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X Du-∂n-∏-d-bp-∂

te-J-\-Øn-s‚ A-©mw-`m-K-am-Wn-Xv.

km-aq-ly-im-kv-{X-]T-\wkv-Iq-fp-I-fn¬

tUm. sI.- F≥.- K-tW-iv*

A©v

ap-s≠-∂ [m-c-W h-f-cp-∂-Xv. B-K-kv-Xv tImw-XvF-∂ { -̂©v Nn-¥-I≥ km-aq-ly-]T-\-sØ H-cpim-kv-{X-am-bn Im-Wp-I-bpw A-Xn-\v tkm-jy¬ ̂ n-kn-Iv-kv F-∂ t]-cn-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ̀ u-Xn-I-Øn-se-∂-Xp-t]m-se k-aq-l-hpw im-kv-{Xo-b-]T-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-°m-sa-∂m-Wv tImw-Xv hm-Zn-®-Xv. Po-h-im-kv-{Xw, \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{Xw, km-º-Øn-I-im-kv-{Xw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-se ]T-\-ßƒ C-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-c-am-bn. k-aq-l-]T-\-ßƒ X-Xz-Nn-¥-bn¬-

cm-P-hm-gv-N-bpw A-h¿ kr-jv-Sn-® \n-b-

am-h-en-I-fpw tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-´p. ssZ-

h-k-¶-ev-]w tNm-Zyw-sN-ø-s∏-́ n-s√-¶n-epw

]p-tcm-ln-X¿ kr-jv-Sn-® aq-ey-kw-ln-X-

Iƒ ]-e-Xpw tNm-Zyw-sN-ø-s∏-´p.

35

imkv{X-tI-cfw

\n-∂pw aq-ey-t_m-[-\-Øn¬-\n-∂pw ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw th¿-s]-Sm-\m-cw-̀ n-®p.

k-aq-l-]T-\-ß-fp-sS X-\-Xv-cq-]-ßƒ h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-W-ap-≠v. 18 mw \q-‰m-≠n-\vap≥-]v cm-P-hm-gv-N-bpw ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-hpw X-Ωn¬k-hn-ti-j-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cm-P-hm-gv-N-bp-sS B-i-b-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. hn-hn-[-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS \n-b-am-h-en-IƒX-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-epw \o-Xn-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-epw]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ t\-cn-́ v ]-¶p-h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. Ir-kv-Xy≥ ]p-tcm-ln-X¿, C-¥y-bn-se {_m-“-W¿,C-…m-an-I D-e-am-°ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. \n-b-a-ß-fpw k-aq-l-\o-Xn-{I-a-ß-fpwssZ-h-ln-X-a-\p-k-cn-®m-sW-∂ [m-c-W-bpw ]-c-∂n-cp-∂p. k-aq-l-]T-\-ßƒ ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚-bpw X-Xz-Nn-¥-bp-sS-bp-sam-s° `m-K-am-Ip-∂-Xv C-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. N-cn-{Xw th-dn-s´m-cp hn-j-b-am-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-́ p-sh-¶n-epw A-h-bp-sS {]-[m-\-s∏-́ D-t±-iyw cm-P-hm-gv-N-bp-sS-bpw{]-[m-\ kw-̀ -h-ß-fp-sS-bpw \mƒ-h-gn-Iƒ Ir-Xy-am-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kw-̀ -h-ßƒ \-S-°p-∂-Xv ssZ-h-ln-X-hpw I¿-a-hp-a-\p-k-cn-®m-sW-∂ [m-c-W-bp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v Ah-bpsS A-]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p-≈ {i-a-ß-fp-≠m-bn-√.

km-aq-ly-im-kv-{Xw]T-\-hn-j-b-am-hp-∂p

]-Xn-s\-́ mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ C-Xn-\p-am-‰w h-∂p.cm-P-hm-gv-N-bpw A-h¿ kr-jv-Sn-® \n-b-am-h-en-I-fpw tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-́ p. ssZ-h-k-¶-ev-]w tNm-Zyw-sN-ø-s∏-́ n-s√-¶n-epw ]p-tcm-ln-X¿ kr-jv-Sn-® aq-ey-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ]-e-Xpw tNm-Zyw-sN-ø-s∏-´p. ]u-cm-h-Im-i-ß-sf-bpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-sf-bpws]m-Xp-hn¬ a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈t_m-[w h-f¿-∂p-h-∂p. C-h-sb-√mw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂ F-gp-X-s∏-́ \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ B-h-iy-am-bn. ̂ m-Iv-S-dn D-Xv-]m-Z-\-hpw hm-Wn-Py-hpwh-f¿-∂p-h-∂-tXm-sS A-h-bp-sS kz-̀ m-h-hpw hy-Xy-kv-X L-S-I-ß-fpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-bn. cm-Pym-¥-c hm-Wn-Pyw ]p-Xn-b tZ-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈A-t\z-j-W-Øn-te-°v h-gn-sX-fn-bn-®p. Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ F-√m ta-J-e-I-fn-epw am-‰w I-≠p-Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS A-h-sb-√mw ]Tn-°-W-sa-∂ t_m-[w h-f¿-∂p-h-∂p. Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wvkm-aq-ly-im-kv-{Xw H-cp {]-tXy-I ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-b-Xv.

(A-Sp-Ø-e-°-Øn¬ Xp-S-cpw)

*dn-´. s{]m-^-k¿, N-cn-{X-hn-`m-Kw, tIm-gn-t°m-Sv k¿-h-I-em-im-e

A¥am≥Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw tem-I-Øn-s‚ ]-e `m-K-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈ a-‰-t\-Iw Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw Im-Wmw.]-t£, C-{X-am-{Xw ssZ¿-Ly-hpw ssh-hn-[y-hp-ap-≈ Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-≈ do-̂ v th-sd F-hn-sS-bpwIm-Wm≥-]-‰n-√. G-I-tZ-iw 1500 C-\w a-’y-ß-fpw 400 C-\w ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fpw 5000 C-\w sam-f-kv-°p-I-fpw 30 C-\w tUmƒ-̂ n-\p-I-fpw Xn-anw-K-e-ß-fpw Cu A-Xn-a-t\m-l-c k-ap-t{Zm-Zym-\-Øn-ep-≠-s{X.

t]-cv h-∂-sX-ß-s\?t{K-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-̂ n-\v B t]-cv e-̀ n-®-sX-

ß-s\? B-cm-Wv B t]-cn-́ -Xv?

Xo-c-tØ-°v A-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\ X-S-bp-∂-Xv F-∂ A¿-∞-Øn-em-Wv "_m-cn-b¿ do-̂ v' F-∂t]¿-h-∂-Xv. do-̂ n¬ I-∏-ep-Iƒ-°v I-S-∂p-t]m-Im≥ ]-‰n-b hn-S-hp-Iƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\m-bn k¿-sh \-S-Øn-b am-Xyp v̂-fn-t‚-gv-kv F-∂ \m-hn-I]-cy-th-£-I-\m-Wv Cu t]-cv \-ev-In-b-Xv.

t{K-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-̂ n-s‚ C-∂-sØ A-h-ÿ-bn¬ im-kv-{X-k-aq-lw A-Xy-¥w B-i-¶-bn-em-Wv. B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s‚ -̂e-am-bn k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ Xm-]-\n-e h¿-[n-®-Xp-Im-c-Ww do-̂ n-se Po-h-\p-≈ ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-Iƒ A-Xn-th-K-Øn¬\-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-s{X. do-̂ n-s\ \n-co-£n-°p-tºmƒ \-ap-°pw C-°m-cyw t_m-[y-am-Ipw. ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fn¬ K-Wy-am-sbm-cp-̀ m-Kw Po-h-\-‰v, \n-dw \-jv-S-am-b \n-e-bn-em-sW-∂v Im-Wmw.B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bpw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bpw \mw G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te-°v hn-c¬-Nq-≠p-∂ A-\p-̀ -h-ß-fn¬ H-∂p-am-{X-am-Wn-Xv.

*kw-ÿm-\ {]-kn-U-≠v, tI-c-f im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-Øv


B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn

k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ Xm-]-\n-e h¿-[n-

®-Xp-Im-c-Ww do-^n-se Po-h-\p-≈

]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-Iƒ A-Xn-th-K-Øn¬

\-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-v.

Pqsse ˛2017

36

h-e-tØm-́ v

1. C-e-Iv -t{Sm¨, t{]m-t´m¨, \yq-t{Sm¨, t^m-t´m¨.... C-h-bv-s°-√mws]m-Xp-sh ]-d-bm-hp-∂ t]-cv.

5. \n-d-hpw a-W-hp-an-√m-Ø Cu a-[p-c-{Z-hw I-c-®n¬ A-̀ n-\-bn-°m≥ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p.

6. B-Zy-am-bn hn-iz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-iwc-Nn-® C-‰m-en-b≥ ]-Wv-Un-X≥.

9. {]-]-©-h-kv-Xp-°-sf-√mw ]-c-kv-]-cwA-I-ep-I-bm-sW-∂-Xn-\v sX-fn-hm-bnNq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cp {]-Xn-̀ m-kw.

11. `q-an-bp-sS B-¥-cn-I-L-S-\-bn¬ a-[y-`m-K-Øv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ `m-Kw.

12. ho-Sv X-s∂.

13. C-e-b-\-°-i-_v-Zw.

15. hn-ip-≤-ÿ-e-sa-∂v A¿-∞-ap-≈C-¥y-bp-sS H-cv A-b¬-cm-Pyw.

18. ]-W-an-√m-Ø-h-s‚ A-h-ÿ C-Xn-\vk-am-\-sa-∂m-Wv sNm-√n-ep-≈-Xv.

]-Z-{]-iv-\w t]m-Ãv Im¿-Un¬ ]-I¿-Øn ]q-cn-∏n-®-b-°p-I. 2017 Pq-sse20 \v ap-ºv A-b-°-Ww. \n-ß-fp-sS t]-cv, ]Tn-°p-∂ ¢m-kv, kv-Iqƒhn-em-kw, ]n≥-tIm-Uv F-∂n-h F-gp-Xm≥ hn-́ p-t]m-I-cp-tX. i-cn-bm-b D-Ø-cw A-b-®p-X-cp-∂ hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-fn¬-\n-∂v \-dp-°n-s -́Sp-°p-∂ c-≠p-t]¿-°vk-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. A¿-l-cm-b-h¿-°v kv-Iqƒ sl-Uv-am-Ã-dp-sS / {]n≥-

kn-∏-en-s‚ hn-em-k-Øn-em-Wv k-Ωm-\-ßƒ A-b-°p-I. k-Ωm-\-ßƒ A-Sp-Ø-am-kw20˛mw Xo-b-Xn-°v ap-ºv In-́ n-bn-s√-¶n¬ 9497532049 F-∂ \-º-dn¬ _-‘-s∏-Sp-I.

kv-Iqƒ hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-f-√m-Ø-h¿-°pw a-’-c-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°mw. i-cn-bp-Ø-cwA-b-°p-∂ A-Ø-cw B-fp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v \-dp-°n-s -́Sp-Ø H-cm-fp-sS t]¿ am-kn-I-bn¬{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

D-Ø-c-ßƒ A-b-t°-≠ hn-em-kw: ]-Z-{]-iv-\w, 2017 Pq-sse, im-kv-{X-tI-c-fw,]-cn-j-Zv -̀h≥, I-Æq¿ ˛ 670002.

2017 Pqsse

Xm-tgm-´v

1. Pw-Knƒ-_p-°v F-∂ I-Ym-k-am-l-c-Øn-se ap-Jy-I-Ym-]m-{Xw.

2. ]p-©n-cn-bp-sS t]-cn¬ {]-kn-≤-am-bCu Om-bm-Nn-{X-Øn-\m-bn Um-hn-©n-°p-ap-∂n¬ tam-U-em-bn- \n-∂ h-\n-X.

12

1 2 4

6

7

10 11

15 16

17

18

5

3

8

9

12

13 14

imkv{X-tI-cfw

37

sI. B¿. F.

]Z{]iv\w : 2017 Pq¨DØcw

]Z{]iv\w : 2017 Pq¨k-Ωm-\m¿-l¿

1. AXp¬Ir-jvW≥ sI, 7 mw ¢mkv_n, Sn. B¿. sI. F®v. Fkv. Fkv,hmWn-bw-Ipfw, ae-∏pdw ˛ 679522

2. {io\m-Yv sI.]n, 10 mw ¢mkv,koXn-km-ln_v F®v. Fkv. Fkv,Xfn-∏-d-ºv, IÆq¿ ˛ 670141

hnZym¿∞nI-f-√m-Ø-h¿

A¿l-cm-b-h¿ C√.

3. cm-k-\m-aw tkm-Un-bw t¢m-ssd-Uv.

4. \-Ωp-sS D-d-°-Øn-s‚Kp-W-X-bpw Im-e-b-f-hp-sam-s° \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ "sa-em-tSm -Wn≥' ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ {K-Ÿn.

7. {Z-hy-am-\-sØ {]-th-Kw -sIm-≠v Kp -Wn -®m¬ N-en-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Cu k-hn-ti-j-Kp-W-Øn-s‚A-f-h-dn-bmw.

8. "C-∂-se sN-bv-sXm-c-_-≤w aq-V¿-°n-∂-sØ-bm-Nm-c-am-Imw'.C-∂p-am-{X-a-√ F-∂pw{]-k-‡-am-tb-°m-hp-∂ Cu h-cn-I-fp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-hv.

10. a-™n-s‚ H-cp ]-cym-b-]-Zw.

13. a -g -sh-≈w "sIm-øm≥' a-Æn¬ \n¿-an-°m-hp-∂-Xv.

14. A-`n-{]m-bw, C-jv-SwF-s∂m-s°-bm-W¿-∞w.

15. kw-Ko-X-Øn-se cm-K-ß-sf-bpw tIm-S-Xn-bn-se tI-kp-I-sf-bpwC-ß-s\ sN-øm-dp-≠v.

16. "D-Ø-c'Øn-s‚ hn-]-co-Xw.

17. No-¥v, Xmƒ, A-Sp-°v˛ C-h-bv-s°m-s° ]-I-c-ap-≈ a-s‰m-cp-]-Zw.

1S

e

C

≥-

≥

^m s°

3

I ]

Ø

æ

X

£

I

2h

A6

™n X7

9c

d

ew ‰p ]m14

b

\m th \

kp `n £n e

4

g

Im

a

gn

°p

cw

¬16

c18

∏m Xn

Øo5

a

Xn cB8

¬

10 11Rm

12Ãv

tIm an Im15

17

e

13

a

Pqsse ˛2017

38

Rm-s\m-cp Im-gv-N Im-Wp-∂p-≠v. h-f-sc \-∂m-bn an-∂p-∂ jq-kpw kyq-́ pw [-cn-® \¿-a-t_m-[-an-√m-Ø kv-{Xo-̨ -]p-cp-j-∑m¿ \-Ωp-sS kv-Iq-fn-te-°v I-S-∂p-h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \n-ßƒ-°-h-sc F-√m-bn-S-Øpw Im-Wmw. sN-dn-b-Xp-ap-X¬

kv-Iq-fp-I-fn-se hn-Zym-`ym-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\w ]-e-t∏m-gpw bm-{¥n-I-hpw A-Xn-\m¬

Ip-´n-bn-se k¿-Km-fl-I-X-bp-sS hn-Im-k-sØ k-lm-bn-°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.

A-Xn-s\ ap-dn-®p-I-S-t°-≠ A-[ym-]-I-cm-I-s´, ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\ tI-{μo-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xpw

Np-‰p-]m-Sn-s\ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-Xp-am-b ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ A-h-ew-_n-®v

¢m-kv-ap-dn-bn-se {]-Xn-k-‘n-sb Iq-Sp-X¬ cq-£-am-°p-∂p.

H-cp So-®-dp-sS I-Øv *

D-b¿-∂-¢m-kp-I-fn¬-h-sc A-h¿ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tc, \n-ßƒ-°-h-sc A-dn-bp-tam?

\n-›n-X ]T-\-co-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw ap≥-\n-›n-Xaq-ey-\n¿-W-b-co-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw I-Sp-In-S am-dm≥A-h-¿ X-øm-d-√. ]mT-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ H-cp

imkv{X-tI-cfw

39

bq Syq-_v ho-Un-tbm Im-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v \n-ßƒ ¢m-k-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv I-≠m¬ A-h¿ ap-Jw-Np-fn-°p-∂p. {]-Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ I-hn-X-Iƒ ]Tn-°m≥, \n-ßƒ ¢m-kv-ap-dnhn-́ v A-Sp-Øp-≈ a-c-®p-h-́ n-te-°v t]m-Ip-tºmƒ A-h¿ C-„-t°-Sv Im-Wn-°p-∂p. H-cv A-[ym-bw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw A-Xv H-cp N¿-®-bpw kw-hm-Z-hpw B-°n-am-‰p-tºmƒA-h¿-°-Xv a-\-kn-em-hp-t∂ C-√; C-„-s∏-Sp-∂p-an-√. A-Xn-s‚ aq-ey-\n¿-W-bw F-ß-s\ \-S-ØpwF-∂m-W-h-cp-sS Nn-¥.

hy-Xy-kv-X-h¿-KwRm≥ B-Zy-Im-e-Øv ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂ kv-Iq-fn-t\m-

Sv tN¿-∂v Ir-jn-ÿ-e-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-hn-S-sØ im-kv-{Xm-[ym-]-I-s\ Rm-s\m-cn-°-epw tIm-´pw kyq-́ pw C-́ v I-≠n-́ n-√. A-t±-lw F-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw ap-Sn No-In-bn-cp-t∂m F-∂p-X-s∂ kw-i-b-am-Wv. ]-t£, G-‰-hpw {]-iv-\-°m-cm-b Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°p-t]m-epw A-t±-l-sØ C-„-am-bn-cp-∂p. ¢m-kn¬D-’m-l-hpw H-®-bpw _-l-f-hpw h-f-sc A-[n-I-am-bm¬ A-t±-lw Ip-́ n-I-sf ]p-d-Øv ]m-S-Øv ar-K-ß-fp-sS A-Sp-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Ipw. Ip-́ n-IƒD-S≥X-s∂ im-¥-cm-Ip-sa-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p.am-{X-a-√, A-hn-sS-bm-Ip-tºmƒ A-h¿ tNm-Zy-ßƒtNm-Zn-°pw. A-h¿-°v ]-e-Xpw A-dn-bm-\p-≈ B-{K-lw ]p-d-Øp-h-cpw. A-hn-sS-sh-®m-Wv B A-[ym-]-I≥ G-‰-hpw \-∂m-bn ]Tn-∏n-°m-dp-≈-Xv.

A-t±-lw h-f-sc ap-tº hn-c-an-®p. C-∂m-sW-¶n¬ A-t±-lw h-f-sc I-„-s∏-́ p-t]m-tb-s\. A-t±-l-Øn-\v X-s‚ h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v Xm-°o-Xv In-́ n-tb-s\. km-[m-c-W ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ X-≈n-°-f-™-Xn-\v, hn-Zym¿-∞n-tI-{μn-X ]T-\-co-XnA-h-ew-_n-®-Xn-\v in-£n-t°-≠-h-cn¬ A-t±-lwH-∂m-a-\m-tb-s\.

C-t∏m-g-sØ kyq-́ v-̨ -tIm-́ p-Im¿ A-c-kn-I-cm-Wv.A-h¿-°v Nn-cn-bpw I-fn-bp-w A-dn-bn-√. Rm≥ ]Tn-∏n-® sk-°‚-dn kv-Iq-fn-se hm-b-\-Zn-\w A-h¿]q¿-W-am-bpw \-in-∏n-®p. F-́ mw-¢m-kp-h-sc Nn-e-t∏mƒ k-Ω-Xn-°pw. ]-t£, A-Xn-epw ap-Xn¿-∂Ip-́ n-I-fp-sS "]T-\w X-I-cm-dn-em-°m≥' A-h¿ k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bn-√. h¿-j-Øn¬ H-cp Zn-h-kw ]q¿-W-am-bpw hm-b-\-bv-°m-bn sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚-bpwF-gp-Øp-Im-sc-bpw I-hn-I-sf-bpw kv-Iq-fn¬ hn-fn-®p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚-bpw Kp-Ww A-h¿-°-dn-bn-√. A-h¿-°v ]T-\-sa-∂m¬ t{K-Up-Iƒ t\-Sm-\p-≈ bm-{¥n-I-am-b H-cp Pm-Y (march) B-Wv.

h-≠n-sb Im-f-bp-sS-ap-∂n¬ sI-́ p-∂pRm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ hn-j-bw Cw-•o-jm-Wv. ap≥-

Im-e-Øv F-s‚ ]mTm-kq-{X-Ww th-≠-{X hy-‡-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂v Rm-t\m¿-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn `m-jm-¢m-km-sW-¶n-epw N¿-® Ip-´n-I-fp-sS kz-¥w \n-co-£-W-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A-Y-hm Rm≥ hn-i-Z-am-b H-cp]mTm-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-Xn-́ p-s≠-¶n¬ ¢m-kn-s‚]T-\-e-£yw "th-sdm-cp tem-I-Øv H-cp a-Wn-°q¿-Xm-a-kw', "`m-h-\ hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I', "\q-X-\hpwsh-√p-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xp-am-b h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ A-t\z-jn-°p-I' F-s∂m-s° B-bn-cn-°pw.

kyq-́ v-̨ -tIm-́ p-Im¿ F-t∏m-gpw h-≠n-sb Im-f-bp-sS ap-∂n¬s°-́ p-∂ G¿-∏m-Sv F-∂ ]-g-s©m-√p-t]m-se, `m-h-\-sb-°m-fpw {]m-[m-\yw I-Wn-i-X-bv-°m-Wv \-ev-Ip-I. "{]m-[m-\yw h¿-[n-∏n-°m≥{K-Ÿ-Im-c≥ \m-a-hn-ti-j-W-ßƒ F-ß-s\ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v a-\- n-em-°p-I', A-s√-¶n¬'A-]q¿-W-hn-cm-a-hpw A¿-[-hn-cm-a-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈hy-Xym-kw a-\- n-em-°-¬ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cn-°pwA-h-cp-sS ]mTm-kq-{X-W-Øn-se e-£y-ßƒ. Iq-

Sm-sX, ]-h¿-t]m-bn‚ v ss…-Up-Iƒ D-≠m-°-W-sa-∂pw ]T-\-e-£yw ]q¿-W-am-bpw hy-‡-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw A-f-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂, t\-Sm≥ km-[y-am-Ip-∂ ]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ (learning goals) D-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw A-h¿ \n-jv-I¿-jn-°pw.

A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv Rm≥ ]Tn-∏n-® hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v A]-{K-Y\w- \-S-Øm≥ I-gn-bpw. ]-t£,A-h¿-°v A-h-cp-sS N-́ -°q-Sn¬ \n-∂v ]p-d-Øp-I-S-∂v Nn-¥n-°m-\m-hp-I-bn-√. `m-h-\-bp-≈-h-cpw k¿-Km-fl-I-ti-jn-bp-≈-h-cp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ A-h¿ A-Xv]Tn-°pw. G-‰-hpw tX-bv-am-\w kw-̀ -hn-® "]-co-£]m-km-Ip-∂' b-{¥-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-t]m-epw B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn ̀ m-h-\ s]m-́ n-∏p-d-Øp-h-cpw. ]-t£, A-

¢m-kn¬ D-’m-l-hpw H-®-

bpw _-l-f-hpw h-f-sc A-

[n-I-am-bm¬ Ip-́ n-I-sf ]p-

d-Øv ]m-S-Øv ar-K-ß-fp-sS

A-Sp-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-

Ipw. Ip-́ n-Iƒ D-S≥ X-s∂

im-¥-cm-Ip-w

Pqsse ˛2017

40

Xn-s\ ]q-́ n-bn-Sm-sX Xp-S-°-Øn-te Xp-d-∂p-hn-Sm≥hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-Øn-\v I-gn-™m¬ A-Xv Nm-cn-Xm¿-∞y-P-\-I-am-hpw.

k¿-Km-fl-I-am-bn ]Tn-∏n-°p-IA-\yw-\n-∂p-t]m-b "ssZ-t\m-tkm-dm-Wv'- Rm-

s\-∂v F-\n-°-dn-bmw. kyq-́ v ˛ tIm-́ p-Im¿ h-f¿-∂v D-b¿-∂-ÿm-\-am-\-ß-fp-sS ]n-∂m-se-t]m-b-t∏mƒ, Rm≥ A-[ym-]n-I-bm-bn-Ø-s∂ I-gn-bm≥Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. ̀ m-h-\-bp-≈-h-cpw Ip-d-®v In-dp-°-∑m-cp-am-b F-s‚ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tcm-Sv F-\n-°v ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv C-Xm-Wv. \n-cm-i-cm-h-cp-Xv, A-h-sc-t∏m-se B-hp-∂-Xn-s\ {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-I. \n-ßƒ \¿-aw H-́ pw ssI-hn-S-cp-Xv. Ip-́ n-I-sf A-h-cp-sS I-gn-hpw k¿-Km-fl-I-X-bpw ̀ m-h-\-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I. Hm¿-°p-I, Im-‰v am-dn-ho-ip-

∂ Im-ew h-cpw.hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-Øn-se Hm-tcm ]p-Xn-b co-Xn-bpw

(initiative) ]-g-b-co-Xn-tbm-Sp-≈ {]-Xn-I-c-Ww am-{X-am-Wv. B-Zyw tIm-gv-kv h¿-°v C-√. ]n-s∂ 100i-X-am-\w tIm-gv-kv h¿-°v. ]n-s∂ ho-≠pw A-XvIp-d-™v C-√m-Xm-bn. ap-ºv tNm-°pw kw-km-c-hpw(chalk and talk) B-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-S-Xv {Kq-∏v {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn; N¿-®-I-fn-eq-sS B-i-b-ßƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°-em-bn. C-t∏mƒ ]-h¿ t]m-bn‚n-eq-sS-bp-≈ F‚¿-sS-bn≥-sa‚n¬ F-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (]-h¿ t]m-bn‚ v ]-≠-sØ "tNm-°pw kw-km-c'-Øn-s‚ H-cp hn-I-kn-X km-t¶-Xn-I-cq-]w am-{X-am-Wv.)Cw-•o-jv-]T-\w {K-l-Wi-‡n-bn¬ \n-∂p-Xp-S-ßn,hym-I-c-W-Øn-epw kw-{K-ln-s®-gp-X-en-epw ]n-∂o-Sv k-a-b-\n-_-‘-\ C-√m-sX k¿-Km-fl-I F-gp-Øn-

kyq-́ v-̨ -tIm-́ p-Im-cp-sS

{]-iv-\w, A-h¿, kr-„n-

® H-cp an-Yy-bn¬ hn-iz-

kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-

Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv hn-Zym-

`ym-kw dn-kƒ-́ n-\p-th-

≠n-bm-Wv F-∂ an-Yy.

b-Ym¿-∞ hn-Zym-`ym-

kw a-\- v Xp-d-°m-

\m-Wv, A-S-bv-°m-\-√.

(tijw 43˛mw t]Pn¬)

imkv{X-tI-cfw

41

A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ h¿-W-hn-th-N-\-hpw hw-io-b A-[n-t£-]-ß-fpw ]p-Xp-a-bm¿-∂-X-√.A-h-bv-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ {]-Xn-tj-[-ßƒ i-‡-hpw kp-Zr-V-hpw B-bn-cp-∂p. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ {]-Xn-tcm-[-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Nn-e-Xv, A-Xv kw-̀ -hn-® A-h-k-cw-sIm-≠pw A-c-tß-dn-b ÿ-ew-sIm-≠pw {]-i-kv-X-am-Wv.

Im-bn-I-cw-K-Øpw hw-io-b, h¿-Ko-b ]-Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ, C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F-∂n-h k¿-h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-́ p-≠v. C-h-bv-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ sN-dp-Øp-\n-ev-]p-Iƒ ]-te-S-Øpw D-≠m-bn-́ p-≠v. A-ta-cn-°≥ s]m-Xp-k-aq-lw kzo-I-cn-®p-t]m-∂ hn-th-N-\ a-t\m-̀ m-h-Øn-s‚ap-Jw-aq-Sn tem-I-Øn-\v ap-∂n¬ Xp-d-∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv 1968 se sa-Iv-kn-t°m H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ sh-®m-Wv.

hn-P-b-]oT-Øn-se {]-Xn-tj-[wXo-b-Xn: 1968 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 16, ÿ-ew: sa-

Iv-kn-t°m kn-‰n (H-fn-ºn-Iv tÃ-Un-bw), k-a-bw cm-hn-se 8.45, ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS 200 ao.ss -̂\-en-\p-ti-j-ap-≈ k-Ωm-\-Zm-\-®-S-ßv.B-th-i-̀ -cn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p a-’-cw. ]p-Xn-btem-I-sd-t°m¿-Uv kz-¥w t]-cn-em-°n A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS tSm-an kv-an-Øv H-∂mw-ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-bn. Hm-Sm-s\-Sp-Ø k-a-bw 19.83 sk-°‚ v am-{Xw. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-sS ]o-‰¿ t\m¿-am≥ c-≠m-a-Xm-bn. k-a-bw: 20.06 sk-°‚ v,20.10 sk-°‚n¬ ^n-\n-jv sN-bv-X A-ta-cn-

H-cp-Im-e-Øv a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ sh-fp-∏v A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚-bpw

B-Vy-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw {]-Xo-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

I-dp-∏m-I-s´ Z-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚-bpw A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-s‚-bpw

\n-d-am-bn-bp-∂p. Im-bn-I-cw-K-hpw ̀ n-∂-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

tUm. Pn. _n-]n≥*

Pqsse ˛2017

42

°-bp-sS a-s‰m-cv A-Xv-e-‰v tPm¨ Im¿-tem-kv aq-∂mw ÿm-\-°m-c-\p-am-bn. sa-U-ep-Iƒ k-Ωm-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn tU-hn-kv sk-Un¬ F-∂ A-Xn-Yn-bpw X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. hn-P-b-]o-T-Øn-te-°v I-b-dn-\n-∂ A-ta-cn-°≥ Im-bn-I-Xm-c-ßƒ I-dp-Øtkm-Iv-kv am-{X-am-Wv Im-en¬ A-Wn-™n-cp-∂-Xv.jq-kv A-h¿ [-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. c-≠p-t]-cpw ssI-I-fn¬ I-dp-Ø I-øp-d (gloves) [-cn-®n-cp-∂p. H-∂m-a-\m-b kv-an-Øv I-gp-Øn¬ H-cp I-dp-Ø kv-Im¿-̂ vNp-‰n-bn-cp-∂p. Im¿-tem-km-sW-¶n¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {Sm-°v kq-́ n-s‚ ap-Iƒ-̀ m-Kw s\-©-‰w-h-sc

Xp-d-∂n-́ n-cp-∂p. H-∏w-X-s∂ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚ a-\p-jym-h-Im-i k-tμ-iw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂ _m-Uv-Ppw aq-h-cpw [-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

jq-kv [-cn-°m-sX I-dp-Ø tkm-Iv-kpam-{Xw[-cn-s®-Øn-b-Xv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se I-dp-Øh¿-K-°m-c-s‚ Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. I-gp-Øn¬ [-cn-® kv-Im¿-̂ v A-h-cp-sS A-̀ n-am-\-sØ{]-I-S-am-°m-≥ D-t±-in-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

hn-th-N-\w \n-e-\n-∂ Im-bn-I-cw-KwThe Star Spangled F-∂ A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS tZ-

io-b-Km-\w kv-t‰-Un-b-Øn¬ D-b¿-∂p-tI-́ -t∏mƒkv-an-Øpw Im¿-tem-kpw X-ß-fp-sS {]-X-n-tj-[-kq-N-I-am-bn B-Im-i-Øn-\v t\¿-°v ap-jv-Sn-Np-cp-́ n X-e-Xm-gv-Øn-\n-∂p. Cu {]-Xn-tj-[-kq-N-I-am-b {]-hr-Øn A-ta-cn-°-bn-se h-tc-Wy-h¿-K-°m-cm-b sh-

≈-°m-cp-sS ap-J-tØ-‰ I-\-Ø {]-l-c-am-bnam-dn.A-\m-Z-c-hm-bpw A-l-¶m-c-am-bpw Hu-Nn-Xy-an-√m-bv-a-bm-bpw A-ta-cn-°-bn-se ap-Jy-[m-cm-am-[y-a-ßƒC-Xn-s\ hn-e-bn-cp-Øn. F-∂m¬ sa-U¬-Zm-\-®-S-ßn-\p-ti-j-ap-≈ tSm-an kv-an-Øn-s‚ {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p h-kv-Xp-X-I-fp-sS `o-I-c-X sh-fn-hm-°n-b-Xv.

"Rm≥ hn-P-bn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ am-{X-am-Wv A-ta-cn-°-°m-c-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. A-t∏mƒ am-{X-am-Wv I-dp-Ø-h¿-K-°m-c-\m-b A-ta-cn-°-°m-c-\-√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xv. Rm≥ F-s¥-¶n-epw tam-i-am-bn sN-bv-Xm¬

sh-dpw \o-t{Km am-{X-am-bn-am-dpw. Rm≥ I-dp-Ø\n-d-°m-c-\m-Wv, Rm-\-Xn¬ A-̀ n-am-\n-°p-∂p. R-ßƒ sN-bv-X {]-hr-Øn-bp-sS hym-]v-Xn F-¥m-sW-∂v I-dp-Ø-h¿-K-°m-cm-b A-ta-cn-°-°m-¿-°v a-\- n-em-Ipw.'

C-Xpam-{X-a-√, A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS H-fn-ºn-Iv ]-cn-io-e-\-th-Zn-I-fn-epw I-Sp-Ø hn-th-N-\w \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. A-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v H-cp L-́ -Øn¬ I-dp-Ø-h¿-K-°m-cm-b ap-gp-h≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ A-Xv-e-‰p-I-fpw H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv _-ln-jv-°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®vKu-c-h-am-bn B-tem-Nn-®n-cp-∂p.

H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS ̀ o-j-Wnkw-̀ -hw hn-hm-Z-am-b-tXm-sS A-®-S-°-Øn-s‚

t]¿-]-d-™v B-Zyw-X-s∂ cw-K-sØ-Øn-b-Xv A-¥m-cm-jv-{S H-fn-ºn-Iv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS {]-kn-U‚ v B-

43

imkv{X-tI-cfw

te-°pw F-Øn-sb-¶n-epw C-t∏m-ƒ ho-≠pw Xp-S-ßn-tb-S-Øp-X-s∂.

am-‰-ßƒ-°m-bn{]-Xn-tcm-[wXo¿-°¬

kyq-́ v-̨ -tIm-́ p-Im-cp-sS {]-iv-\w, A-h¿ kzbwkr-„n-® H-cp an-Yy-bn¬ hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw dn-kƒ-́ n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv F-∂ an-Yy. dn-kƒ-́ v tI-{μo-I-cn-®p-≈ ]T-\wIp-́ n-I-fn¬-\n-∂-√ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv; A-h F-t∏m-gpwa-’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p ̨ kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ a-’-cw. b-Ym¿-∞ hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw a-\- v Xp-d-°m-\m-Wv, A-S-bv-°m-\-√. \-Ωp-sS ho-£-Ww hn-

im-e-am-°m-\m-Wv. A-©p-h¿-j-sØ hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw-sIm-≠p-≈ t\-́ -ß-sf sh-dpw c-≠p-a-Wn-°q¿-sIm-≠v hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\-√.

A-Sp-Ø hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-am-‰-ßƒ \-Ω-sf F-tßm-´p-\-bn-°p-sa-s∂-\n-°-dn-bn-√. A-[ym-]-I¿ {]-Xn-tcm-[w-Xo-¿-°p-sa-∂v Rm≥ B-in-°p-∂p. F-¶n¬\-Ωp-sS Ip-́ n-Iƒ c-£-s∏-Spw.

X¿-P-a : ]n. Fw. kn-≤m¿-∞≥

*Cw-•-≠n-se {]-i-kv-X ]-{X-am-b "Z Km¿-Un-b-\n'¬ 2016 \hw-_¿

19\v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® t]-cv-sh-°m-Ø H-cv A-[ym-]n-I-bp-sS I-Øv


bn-cp-∂ sF-h-dn _p≥-Um-jm-Wv. F-{X-bpw-s]-s -́∂v Im-bn-I-Xm-c-ß-sf So-an¬-\n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-°m≥A-ta-cn-°≥ A-[n-Ir-X-tcm-Sv A-t±-lw B-h-iy-s∏-́ p. C-Xv \n-c-kn-® A-ta-cn-°≥ H-fn-ºn-Iv kw-L-sØ sam-Ø-am-bn ]p-d-Øm-°p-sa-∂v `o-j-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw A-t±-lw X-øm-dm-bn. Cu `o-j-Wn -̂ew-Im-Wp-I-bpw A-ta-cn-°≥-kw-Lw CutP-Xm-°-sf H-fn-ºn-°v {Km-a-Øn¬-\n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚ A-¥x-k-Ø-bv-°v-ta-ep-≈ t_m-[-]q¿-h-hpw A-{I-a-kz-̀ m-h-ap-≈-Xp-am-b I-S-∂p-I-b-‰-am-bm-Wv Cu kw-̀ -h-sØA-t±-lw hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.

A-Xn-\p-ti-jw Cu Xm-c-ßƒ-°v G-sd I-jv-S-∏m-Sp-Iƒ k-ln-t°-≠n-h-∂n-√. kv-an-Øv A-Xv-e-‰m-bn Xp-S-cp-I-bpw Im-bn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚s{]m-̂ -k-dm-bn tPm-en-t\m-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Im¿-tem-kn-s‚ Po-hn-Xw Zp-cn-X-]q¿-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.1969¬ 100 ao-‰-dn-se tem-I sd-t°m¿-Un-\v X-Øp-ey-am-b {]-I-S-\w Im-gv-N-sh-°p-hm≥ Im¿-tem-kn-\m-sb-¶n-epw Xp-S¿-∂-tßm-́ p-≈ {]-I-S-\w ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. G-sd Zp-cn-Xw-t\-cn-́ C-h¿-°v ]n-¥p-W-bp-am-bn-\n-∂-Xv Hm-ko-kv Xm-cw ]o-‰¿ t\m¿-am-\m-Wv. 1972 H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\m-bn 13 X-h-W Xp-ey-Xm-k-a-bw a-dn-I-S-∂n-́ pw A-t±-l-sØ H-fn-ºn-IvSo-an¬ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ kw-Lm-S-I¿ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. am-{X-hp-a-√, N-cn-{X-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn t\m¿-am-s\ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kva-’-c-ß-fn¬\n-∂v H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn H-cp ]p-cp-j A-Xv-e-‰n-s\-t∏m-epw 1972 H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\v Hm-kv-t{S-en-b A-b-®n-√.

hn-P-b-]oT-Øn-s‚ s\-dp-I-bn¬ \n¬-°p-tºm-gpw kz-¥w k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Zp-ÿn-Xn-°v Im-c-W-am-b km-aq-ly-{]-iv-\-sØ a-d-°m-sX hn-im-e-am-b am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b-]mT-ßƒ ]-d-™p-X-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p Cu Im-bn-I-{]-Xn-̀ -Iƒ. "ªm-°vk-eyq-́ v' F-∂ t]-cn-em-Wv hy-Xy-kv-X A¿-∞-X-e-ß-fp-≈ [o-c-am-b Cu {]-hr-Øn Hm¿-an-°-s∏-Sp--∂-Xv.

*A-kn. s{]m-^-k¿, Im-bn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k hn-`m-Kw, tI-c-f-h¿-a

tIm-tf-Pv, Xr-»q¿

hn-P-b-]oT-Øn-s‚ s\-dp-I-

bn¬ \n¬-°p-tºm-gpw kz-¥w

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Zp-ÿn-Xn-°v

Im-c-W-am-b km-aq-ly-{]-iv-\-

sØ a-d-°m-sX hn-im-e-am-b

am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b-]mT-

ßƒ ]-d-™p-X-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂p Cu Im-bn-I-{]-Xn-`-Iƒ.

Pqsse ˛2017

44

]p-kv-X-Iw a-cn-®p F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv \n-ß-sfm-s° tI-́ n-́ p-≠m-hpw. hm-b-\ Ip-d-™p-h-cp-∂p, ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√ F-s∂m-s°-bp-≈ A¿-∞-Øn-em-W-ß-s\ ]-d-bm-dv. F-∂m¬ C-∂v h-f-sc k-Po-h-am-bn N¿-®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ a-s‰m-cp-{]-iv-\-am-Wv A-®-Sn-® ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ ̀ m-hn F-s¥-∂-Xv. A-®-Sn-∏p-kv-X-Iw C-\n F-{X-\mƒ \n-e-\n-ev-°pw? C-̨ -]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS h-c-hm-Wv Cu tNm-Zy-ap-b¿-Øn-b-Xv. A-®-Sn-® ]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf C-t∏mƒ ]n-̨ -]p-kv-X-Iw (printed book) F-∂m-Wv ]-d-bp-I. ]n-̨ -_p-°m-tWm C-̨ -_p-°m-tWm A-Xn-Po-hn-°p-I?

C-˛-]p-kv-X-Iw F-¥m-Wv?F-¥m-Wv C-̨ -]p-kv-X-Iw F-∂v A-dn-bm-a-t√m.

I-≠m¬ H-cp sN-dp-]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≈hm-b-t\m-]-I-c-W-am-Wv C-̨ -]p-kv-X-Iw. C-Xn-\p-≈n¬ \q-dp-I-W-°n-\v ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ kq-£n-®p-sh-°mw. A-Xn¬ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ h-b¿-e-kv I-W-Iv-j-\n-eq-sS sUu -̈tem-Uv sN-ømw, a-dn-®pt\m-°mw, hm-bn-°mw. t]m-°-‰n-en-́ p-sIm-≠v \-S-°m-hp-∂ C-sX-Sp-Øv F-hn-sS-bn-cp-∂pw hm-bn-°mw.ap-‰-Øv, kv-Iqƒ h-cm-¥-bn¬, I-S-∏p-d-Øv, I-fn-ÿ-e-Øv, a-c-®p-h-́ n¬, sh-fn-®-ap-≈ F-hn-sS-bpw.B-a-tkm¨ F-∂ I-º-\n C-d-°p-∂ In≥-Uv¬F-∂ D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈C-̨ -_p-°v do-U¿. 2007em-Wv C-Xv I-tºm-f-Øn-en-

dq-_n≥ Un-{Iq-kv*

d-ßp-∂-Xv. A-∂p-ap-X-ep-≈ ]-Øp-sIm-√w-sIm-≠vC-̨ -]p-kv-X-I-hn-ev-]-\-bn¬ D-≠m-b h¿-[-\-hv 165.2i-X-am-\-am-Wv. C-∂v Cw-•-≠n-se I-Y, t\m-h¬]p-kv-X-I-hm-b-\-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-bpw C-̨ -_p-°n-em-Wv.Cu km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy tem-I-sa-ßpw hym-]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

A-t∏m-gm-Wv C-‰m-en-b≥ t\m-h-se-gp-Øp-Im-c-\pw `m-jm-im-kv-{X-⁄-\pw ]p-kv-X-I-t{]-an-bp-am-b Dw-t_¿-tXm F-tIm ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-btjm¨ t]mƒ Im-co-sb-bp-am-bn \-S-Øn-b kw-`m-j-Ww This is Not the End of the Book F-∂t]-cn-ep-≈ H-cp ]p-kv-X-I-am-bn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A-®-Sn-® ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS tem-Iw A-h-km-\n-°p-∂n-√ F-∂m-Wn-h¿ hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ

sUu -̈tem-Uv

sN-ømw, hm-bn-

°mw. t]m-°-‰n-en-´p-

sIm-≠v \-S-°m-hp-∂ C-sX-Sp-Øv

F-hn-sS-bn-cp-∂pw hm-bn-°mw.

A®Sn-hn-Zy-bmWv ]pkvX-I-ßsf C{X-tbsd P\-Io-b-am-°n-b-Xv.

C˛ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS hchv Ahsb Fßs\ _m[n-°pw?-

45

imkv{X-tI-cfw

acn-°mØ ]pkvXIwB-Zy A-[ym-b-Øn-s‚ t]-cp-X-s∂ "]p-kv-X-

Iw H-cn-°-epw a-cn-°n-√' F-∂m-Wv. A-{X D-d-∏m-W-h¿-°v. Dw-t_¿-tXm F-tIm ]-d-bp-∂p, "c-≠n¬H-cp-Im-cyw kw-̀ -hn-°pw. hm-b-\-bp-sS am-[y-a-am-bn]p-kv-X-Iw Xp-S-cpw. A-s√-¶n¬ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v ]-I-cw-h-cp-∂ h-kv-Xp G-Xm-≠v ]p-kv-X-Iw F-∂pwB-bn-cp-∂-t]m-se-X-s∂ C-cn-°pw. A-®-Sn \n-e-hn¬-h-cpw-ap-ºpt]m-epw ]p-kv-X-Iw G-Xm-≠v C-ß-s\-X-s∂-bm-Wn-cp-∂-Xv. I-gn-™ A-™q-dp-h¿-jw-sIm-≠v ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-ep-≠m-b am-‰-ßƒ A-Xn-s‚cq-]-Øn-tem {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-tem Im-cy-am-b-am-‰wH-∂pw D-≠m-°n-bn-√. ]p-kv-X-Iw H-cp kv-]q¨, I-{Xn-I, Np-‰n-I, N-{Iw F-∂n-h-sb-t∏m-se-bm-Wv. H-cn-°¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®ti-jw A-h-sb \-ap-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. H-cp kv-]q-Wn-s\ \-ap-°v kv-]q-Wn-s\-°m-fpw sa-®-s∏-́ H-∂m-°n am-‰m-\m-hn-√. A-Xp-t]m-se ]p-kv-X-Iw hn-i-Z-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv. A-Xn-s‚ C-∂-sØ D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\v A-Xn-s\ C-\n ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ B-hn-√.A-Xn-s‚ L-S-I-ßƒ am-dmw. ]p-d-ßƒ I-S-em-kp-

sIm-≠-√m-sX-bm-hmw. ]-t£, ]p-kv-X-Iw C-tXkm-[-\w-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw.'

A-t±-lw Xp-S¿-∂p]-d-bp-∂p: ]-e-bn-S-ØpwC-̨ -]p-kv-X-Iw h-f-sc ku-I-cy-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°mw.]-t£, G-‰-hpw an-I-® C-̨ -]p-kv-X-I-Øn-em-bm-epwtSmƒ-tÃm-bn-bp-sS "bp-≤-hpw k-am-[m-\-hpw' H-cpC-̨ -]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ hm-bn-°m≥-]-‰p-sa-∂v F-\n-°vtXm-∂p-∂n-√.

]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ ̀ m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®v am-{X-a-√ Cukp-{]-[m-\ ]p-kv-X-Iw kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xv. am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS `m-hn, H-cp km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C≥-d¿-s\-‰v \n-e-\n-ev-°p-tam A-tXm ]-g-bB-Im-i-°-∏-ep-I-sf-t∏m-se A-{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-tam? Xp-S-ßn ]-e hn-j-b-ß-fpw X-Xz-Nn-¥m-]-c-am-bn Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw N¿-® sN-øp-∂p. km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw hn-⁄m-\-hym-]-\-hpw kw-_-‘n-® Nn-¥-I-fp-sS Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw h-f-sc k-c-k-am-b hm-b-\m-\p-̀ -h-am-Wv.

This is Not the End of the Book. Umberto Eco andJean- Claude Carriere, Vintage Books, London.* a-e-bm-fw F-Un-‰¿, \m-j-\¬ _p-°v {S-kv-‰v, \yq-Z¬-ln

]p-kv-X-Iw H-cp

kv-]q¨, I-{Xn-I, Np-‰n-I,

N-{Iw F-∂n-h-sb-t∏m-se-

bm-Wv. H-cn-°¬

I-≠p-]n-Sn-® ti-jw

A-h-sb \-ap-°v

Iq-Sp-X¬

]-cn-jv-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. H-cp

kv-]q-Wn-s\ \-ap-°v

kv-]q-Wn-s\-°m-fpw sa-®-

s∏-´ H-∂m-°n am-‰m-\m-hn-√.

A-Xp-t]m-se

]p-kv-X-Iw hn-i-Z-am-bn

]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

Pqsse ˛2017

46

"s]-t{Smƒ, Uo-k¬ hn-e-Iq-Sn, hn-e-°-b-‰w D-≠m-Ipw', "Cu h¿-jw a-g-bn¬ K-Wy-am-b-Ip-d-hv, ssh-Zyp-Xn-\n-c-°v Iq-Spw' Xp-S-ßn-b hm¿-Ø-Iƒ ]-e-t∏m-gpw ]-{X-ß-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xm-W-t√m.`q-an kq-cy-\v Np-‰pw I-d-ßp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kq-cy-s‚ÿm-\w A-\p-\n-an-jw am-dp-∂-Xm-bpw ap-I-fn-te-°v F-dn-™ I-√v Xn-cn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ Hm-tcm-\n-an-j-hpw ̀ q-an-bn-te-°p-≈ A-I-ew Ip-d-bp-∂-Xm-bpwI-√n-s‚ th-K-X Iq-Sp-∂-Xm-bpw \-ap-°-dn-bmw. H-cp-k-a-N-Xp-c-Øn-s‚ h-iw Iq-Sp-∂-X-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sp-∂p. h-iw Ip-d-bp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Ip-d-bp-∂p. hr-Ø-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-hpw C-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

H-∂v am-dp-tºmƒ a-t‰-Xpw am-dp-∂pC-°m-cy-ß-fn-se-√mw-X-s∂ H-cp L-S-I-Øn-\p-

≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰w a-s‰m-∂n-\p-Iq-Sn am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂p.th-sdm-cp-X-c-Øn¬-]-d-™m¬, c-≠m-a-tØ-Xn-s‚am-‰w B-Zy-tØ-Xn-s‚ am-‰-sØ B-{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu am-‰-ßƒ F-ß-s\ _-‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv C-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈]T-\-Øn¬ ]-e-t∏m-gpw B-h-iy-am-Wv. k-a-N-Xp-c-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww h-i-Øn-s‚ h¿-K-Øn-\vXp-ey-am-W-t√m. hr-Ø-Øn-s‚-Xm-I-s´, B-c-Øn-s‚ h¿-K-Øn-s‚ "ss]' (π =G-I-tZ-iw 3.14)

K-Wn-X-Øn-se H-t´-sd X-Øz-ßƒ a-‰p im-kv-{X-im-J-I-fp-sS

]T-\-Øn-\v {]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-´p-≠v.

A-Ø-cw H-cp ta-J-e-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv Cu te-J-\w.

G-I-Z-ß-fpw a-‰pwkp-ta-jv F-kv. F-kv.*

a-S-ßm-Wv.H-c-f-hn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰w a-s‰m-c-f-hn-\v am-‰w

h-cp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ c-≠m-a-sØ A-f-hn-s\ H-∂m-a-sØ A-f-hn-s‚ H-cv G-I-Zw (function) F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. Cu co-Xn-bn¬ G-I-Zw F-∂ B-i-bw B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≠n-seHm-bn-e¿ F-∂ K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-Wv. ta-ev-]-d-™ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fn¬ k-a-N-Xp-c-Øn-s‚hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww h-i-Øn-s‚-bpw I-√n-s‚ th-K-Xk-©-cn-°m-s\-Sp-Ø k-a-b-Øn-s‚-bpw k-©-cn-®Zq-cw k-a-b-Øn-s‚ h¿-K-Øn-s‚-bpw H-cp G-I-Z-am-Wv. hn-e-°-b-‰-am-I-s´ C-‘-\-hn-e-bp-sS G-I-Z-am-Wv.

A-Sn-ÿm-\-K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-

fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v H-cp kw-Jy-

sb a-s‰m-cp kw-Jy-bm-°n

am-‰p-∂ {]-{In-b-sb-bm-Wv

G-I-Zw F-∂p-hn-fn-®-Xv.

47

imkv{X-tI-cfw

G-I-Zw F-∂ B-i-bw{ -̂©v K-Wn-X-⁄-\m-b \n-t°mƒ Hm-bn-kv-

ta 14 mw \q-‰m-≠n¬-Ø-s∂ ]-c-kv-]-cw _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ A-f-hp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-cp-∂p.F-∂m¬ 17 mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ k-a-X-e-Øn-se _n-μp-°-fp-sS ÿm-\-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-Jy-IƒD-]-tbm-Kn-®v h-c-I-sf-bpw Nn-{X-ß-sf-bpw ]Tn-°m≥Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv G-I-Zw F-∂ B-i-bw D-S-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. {^m≥-kn-se se-_v-\n-kpw kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≠n-se s_¿-tWm-fn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ I-Øn-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ G-I-Z-sØ-°p-dn-®v N¿-® sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.

A-Sn-ÿm-\-K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v H-cp kw-Jy-sb a-s‰m-cp kw-Jy-bm-°n am-‰p-∂ {]-{In-b-sb-bm-Wv A-h¿ G-I-Zw F-∂p-hn-fn-®-Xv. A-Ø-cw {]-{In-b-I-sf _o-P-K-Wn-X-hm-N-I-am-bn F-gp-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv G-I-Zw F-∂ X-s‚ A-[ym-]-I-\m-b s_¿-tWm-fn-bp-sS hm-°p-I-sf Hm-bn-e-dpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p. A-t±-lw G-I-Z-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-X-h-cp-Øn. x F-∂ kw-Jy-sb y F-∂ kw-Jy-bm-°n am-‰p-∂ G-I-Z-am-Wv f F-¶n¬, y = f(x) F-∂vF-gp-Xm-sa-∂v Hm-bn-e-dpw A-e-Iv-kn-kv ss¢-tdmF-∂ { -̂©v K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-⁄-\pw kq-Nn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. x F-∂ kw-Jy-bv-°v fF-∂ G-I-Zw\-ev-Ip-∂ hn-e (value) B-Wv y. Xp-S¿-∂v ]-e-cpwG-I-Z-ß-sf Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw A-h-

bp-sS \n¿-h-N-\-sØ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.19 mw \q-‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ tPm¿-Pv Im‚-dp-sS K-WwF-∂ B-i-b-Øn-eq-∂n, sU-U-In‚ v G-I-Z-Øn-s‚\n¿-h-N-\w Iq-Sp-X¬ A-aq¿-Ø-am-°n-am-‰n.

H-cp kw-Jy-sb a-s‰m-cp kw-Jy-bm-°n am-‰p-∂{]-{In-b-bm-W-t√m G-I-Zw. H-cp-kw-Jy-sb A-Xn-s‚ h¿-K-am-°n am-‰p-∂ G-I-Z-sØ f(x)=x2 F-s∂-gp-Xmw. A-t∏mƒ H-cp-kw-Jy-bp-sS 5 a-S-ßn-t\m-Sv3 Iq-́ p-∂-Xn-s\ f(x)=5x+3 F-∂pw kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Pn-tbm-Pn-{_ F-∂ tkm-̂ v-‰v-sh-b¿G-I-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬

hy-‡-X-h-cp-∂-Xv A-h-sb Nn-{X-cq-]-Øn¬ Im-Wp-

tºm-gm-Wv. Pn-tbm-Pn-{_ (GeoGebra) F-∂ I-ºyq-

´¿ tkm-̂ v-‰v-sh-b¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v C-Xv F-fp-∏-am-

°mw. Pn-tbm-Pn-{_-bn¬ x F-s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬ H-cp-

t\¿-tc-J-bpw x2 F-∂m-sW-¶n¬ H-cp ]-cm-t_m-f-

bpw (parabola) In-́ pw. sin x F-s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬ sinx s‚ Nn-{X-hpw e-̀ n-°pw. G-I-Z-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-

∂ Nn-{X-sØ {Km-̂ v (graph) F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.

]-e-t∏m-gpw Nn-{Xw h-c-bv-°p-I F-∂-Xv {i-a-I-

c-am-b Im-cy-am-Wv. A-Xn-\v k-¶o¿-W-am-b K-Wn-

X-{In-b-I-fpw B-h-iy-ap-≠v. ]t£ H-cv G-I-Z-Øn-

s‚ Nn-{X-Øn-se Hm-tcm _n-μp-hpw k-a-X-e-Øn-

se X-s∂ _n-μp-hm-W-t√m. A-Xn-\m¬ A-h-bv-

Pqsse ˛2017

48

°v x, y A-£-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v H-cp tPm-Un kq-N-I-

kw-Jy-Iƒ (x, y) In-́ p-∂p. c-k-I-c-am-b Im-cywy F-∂-Xv G-I-Z-Øn-s‚ x ep-≈ hn-e-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, G-I-Z-Øn-s‚ Nn-{X-Øn-se Hm-

tcm _n-μp-hpw (x, f(x)) F-s∂-gp-Xmw.

Cu A-dn-hv, A-h-sb K-W-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈_-‘-ßƒ F-∂ hn-im-e-am-b Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-te-°v\-bn-®p. "A F-∂ K-W-Øn¬-\n-∂pw B F-∂ K-

W-Øn-te-°p-≈ H-cv G-I-Z-am-Wv f F-∂-Xv. A bn-

se Hm-tcm Aw-K-tØm-Spw B bn-se H-cw-Kw (H-‰Aw-Kw am-{Xw) _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ H-cp \n-b-a-am-W-Xv.' K-Wn-X-Øn-\v ]p-d-sa a-‰v im-kv-{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw G-I-Zw F-∂ B-i-bwD-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. I-ºyq-́ -dp-I-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-epw G-I-Z-ß-fp-sS ÿm-\w H-gn-hm-°m-\m-hn-√.

Izm-≠w _-e-X-{¥-Øn-se D-]-tbm-KwIzm-≠w _-e-X-{¥w F-∂ `u-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-

]T-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\w-X-s∂ K-Wn-X-Øn-seNn-e {]-tXy-I-X-cw G-I-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv. aq-e-I-ß-fn-se A-Wp-°-fp-sS N-e-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv,A-h-sb G-I-Z-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v K-Wn-X-hp-am-bn_-‘n-∏n-°p-tºm-gm-Wv. 10 h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬\-S-Øp-∂ I-W-s°-Sp-∏v A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n Xp-S¿-

h¿-j-ß-fn-se P-\-kw-Jy I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]n-

∂n-epw G-I-Zw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

F-√m-X-cw G-I-Z-ß-sf-bpw y= f(x) F-∂v F-gp-

Xm≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂n-√. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v k-a-X-

e-Øn-se H-cp-hr-Ø-Øn-se _n-μp-°-fp-sS kq-N-

I-kw-Jy-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w F-gp-X-W-sa-

¶n¬ c-≠v G-I-Z-ßƒ th-≠n-h-cpw. kq-cy-s‚-ÿm-

\w k-a-b-Øn-s‚-bpw ho-£n-°p-∂ ÿ-e-Øn-s‚

A-£mw-i-̨ -tc-Jmw-i kw-Jy-I-fp-sS-bpw G-I-Z-am-

Wv. Nn-e k-μ¿-̀ -ß-fn¬ y= f(x) F-∂v H-t∂m A-

Xn-e-[n-I-tam G-I-Z-ß-fm-bn x, y F-∂n-h X-Ωn-ep-

≈ _-‘w Ir-Xy-am-bn F-gp-Xm≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-

∂n-√. ]-t£, A-Ø-cw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ x, yF-∂n-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ G-I-Zw ]-́ n-I-cq-]-Øn¬ F-

gp-Xm≥ km-[n-°pw.

C-ß-s\ A-f-hp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ

h-f-sc Ir-Xy-X-tbm-sS _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ G-I-Z-

ßƒ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. K-Wn-X-Øn-epw a-

‰p im-kv-{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw am-{X-a-√,

F-√m ta-J-e-I-fn-epw ]-c-kv-]-cw _-‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-

∂ A-f-hp-I-fp-sS _-‘-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ G-

I-Z-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.

*A-kn. s{]m-^-k¿, K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-hn-`m-Kw, sk‚v tPm¨-kv

tIm-tf-Pv, A-©¬, sIm-√w.

aq-e-I-ß-fn-se A-Wp-°-fp-sS N-e-

\-sØ-°p-dn-®v Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-

em-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv, A-h-sb G-

I-Z-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v K-Wn-X-hp-am-

bn _-‘n-∏n-°p-tºm-gm-Wv.

""Rms\mcp `uXn-I-im-kv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬, kwKo-X-⁄-\m-tb-s\. Rms\-t∏mgpw kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂p. Rms\s‚ Znhm-kz-]v\-ßƒ ImWp-∂Xv kwKo-X-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Rms\s‚ Pohn-X-sØ-Øs∂ kwKo-X-Øn-eqsS ImWp-∂p.''

B¬_¿ v́ sF≥Ã-bn≥

49

imkv{X-tI-cfw

am-{X-am-Wv C-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ kn-\n-a-Iƒ ]p-d-Øn-

d-ßn-b-Xv.

Im-¥n-I-bp-Kw1899 ¬ Um-\n-jv im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-b hm¬-sU-

a¿ t]mƒ-k¨, sS-en-{Km-t^m¨ (telegraphone)hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®v i-_v-Zw Ão¬-I-ºn-bn-epw tS-∏n-epw sd-t°m¿-Uv-sN-bv-Xp. 1935 ¬ Im-¥n-I sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv P¿-a-\n-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-sb-¶n-epw A-Xv {]-Nm-c-Øn¬-h-∂-Xv 1945 ¬ am-{X-am-Wv. sshIn-b-Xn\pIm-c-Ww tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-ß-fm-bn-cn-°mw. A-ß-s\ Im-¥n-I-bp-Kw 1945 ¬Xp-S-ßn 1975 h-sc \o-≠p-\n-∂p.

1957 em-Wv I-ºyq-́ ¿-\n¿-an-X-i-_v-Z-Øn-\v Xp-S-°w-Ip-dn-°p-∂-Xv. 1962 ¬ ̂ n-en-]v-kv Im-sk-‰v (ayq-kn-Iv C≥ bp-h¿ t]m-°-‰v) ]p-d-Øn-d-°n. 1966 ¬tdm-_¿-´v ap-Kv B-Zy-am-bn H-cp kn-¥-k-bv-k¿(synthesiser) D-≠m-°n. ssS-∏v sd-t°m¿-Un-ßn-s‚B-hn¿-̀ m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ sd-t°m¿-Un-ßv ta-∑ ]-Xn-∑-S-ßv h¿-[n-®p. C-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn Ão-cn-tbm, Nm-\¬ ayq-kn-Iv, tUmƒ-_n kn-Ãw Xp-S-ßn-b-h km-[y-am-bn.

Un-Pn-‰¬ bp-KwC-∂p\n-e-hn-ep-≈ Un-Pn-‰¬ bp-K-Øn-em-Wv i-

_v-Z-Øn-s‚ sd-t°m¿-Un-ßv A-Xn-th-K-Øn¬ ]p-tcm-K-Xn ssI-h-cn-®-Xv. 1975 ap-X¬ B-cw-̀ n-® Cubp-K-Øn-\v Np-cp-ßn-b Im-ew-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ A-Xp-h-sc ssI-h-cn-® t\-́ -ß-sf sR-́ n-∏n-°p-∂-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ am-‰-ßƒ sd-t°m¿-Un-Mv ta-J-e-bn¬ D-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-™p. C-Xn¬ {]-[m-\ ]¶p-h-ln-®-XvP-∏m≥ I-º-\n-bm-bn "tkm-Wn'bm-Wv. 1982 ¬tkm-Wn tImw-]m-Iv-Sv Un-kv-Iv (CD) hn-]-Wn-bn-en-d-°n. hn-π-h-I-c-am-b am-‰-ß-fm-Wv sd-t°m¿-Un-Mvta-J-e-bn¬ C-Xp-≠m-°n-b-Xv.

kn.Un.bn¬ tÃm¿ sN-øp-hm-\pw ]p-\-cm-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw te-k¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠vIq-Sp-X¬ i-_v-Zw ti-J-cn-®p-sh-°p-hm-\pw h-f-sc-°m-ew tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX kq-£n-°p-hm-\pw I-gn-bpw.Fw.]n 3 (MP3), th-hv (WAVE) Xp-S-ßn-b ]p-Xn-bt^m¿-am-‰p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v tÃm¿ sN-øm-hp-∂i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv ]-Xn-∑-S-ßv h¿-[n-∏n-°m≥-km-[n-°pw. Un.hn.Un. bp-sS B-hn¿-̀ m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn tÃm-td-Pv-ti-jn ho-≠pw h¿-[n-®p. 2013 ¬Un-Pn-‰¬ ku-≠v {Sm-°v B-Zy-am-bn ^n-en-an¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Zn-\w-{]-Xn Un-Pn-‰¬ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-bn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰-ßƒ {]h-N-\m-XoX-am-Wv. \-Ωp-sS i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚ cq-]-hpw `m-h-hpw am-‰m≥-h-sc C-∂v C-Xn-\v km-[n-°pw.

*dn-´. s{]m-^-k¿, Du¿-P-X-{¥ n-`m-Kw, a-lm-cm-Pm-kv tIm-tf-Pv,

G-d-Wm-Ip-fw

Xq-h-em-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ kw-i-b-an-√.]q¿-W-am-bpw C-¥y≥ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬

hn-t£-]n-® "ta-°v C≥ C-¥y' Pn. F-kv. F¬.hn. am¿-°v III, 16 an-\n-‰pw 20 sk-°‚n-\p-ap-≈n-em-Wv hn-t£-]-Ww ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. \m-ep-S¨`m-c-ap-≈ D-]-{K-l-ß-sf `q-ÿn-c {Sm≥-kv-̂ ¿ { -̀a-W-]-Y (Geostationary Transfer Orbit -GTO) Øn-se-Øn-°m-\p-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ Cu hn-t£-]-W-Øn-eq-sS C-¥y kz-bw-]-cym-]v-X-X t\-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

C-¥y X-t±-io-b-am-bn hn-I-kn-∏n-® {I-tbm-P-\n-Iv F-©n≥ (im-kv-{X-tI-c-fw, 2016 \-hw-_¿,t]. 15 Im-Wp-I.) D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ G-‰-hpw `m-c-ta-dn-b tdm-°-‰m-Wv Pn. F-kv. F¬. hn. am¿-°vIII. Cu N-cn-{X-hn-P-b-Øn-\v an-I-hp-Iƒ H-t -́sd-bp-≠v. 200 G-jy≥ B-\-I-fp-sS `m-c-hpw 14 \n-esI-́ n-S-Øn-s‚ s]m-°-hpw D-≈-Xm-Wv "^m-‰v-t_m-bv' F-∂v -hn-fn-t∏-cp-≈ Pn. F-kv. F¬. hn. am¿-°v III.

Pn-km-‰v ]-c-º-ct]m-ep-≈ ̀ m-c-ta-dn-b D-]-{K-l-

ßƒ hn-t£-]n-°m≥ a-‰p cm-Py-ß-fp-sS k-lm-bw C-tXm-sS C-¥y-bv-°v B-h-iy-an-√m-Xm-bn. a-\p-jy-s\ _-ln-cm-Im-i-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-I-sb-∂ sF. F-kv. B¿. H. bp-sS kz-]v-\-]-≤-Xn-°v Cu hn-P-bw ]p-Xn-b D-W¿-hm-bn.

im-kv-{X-tem-I-Øv C-¥y-bp-sS an-I-hpw I-gn-hpw A-c-°n-́ p-d-∏n-® Cu hn-P-bw \-ap-°v A-̀ n-am-\-I-c-am-Wv.

*t{]m-P-Iv-Sv U-b-c-Iv-S¿, Pn. F-kv. F¬. hn. am¿-°v III t{]m-P-Iv-Sv,

hn. F-kv. F-kv. kn. Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw


\m-ep-S¨ `m-c-ap-≈ D-]-{K-l-ß-sf `q-

ÿn-c {Sm≥-kv-^¿ {`-a-W-]-YØn-se-

Øn-°m-≥ Cu hn-t£-]-W-Øn-eq-sS C-

¥y kz-bw-]-cym-]v-X-X t\-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


Bibw: : ]n. kp\n¬tZhv

Nn{Xo-I-cWw: cmPohv F≥.Sn

Volume 37 issue no 67 Sasthrakeralam July 2017 52 pages.Printed and Published by P Muraleedharan, on behalf of Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad.

Printed at Geethanjali Web Offset, Kundayithode, Kolathara P.O, Calicut.and published from Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673002. Ph: 0495-2701919

Editor: O.M. Shankaran Approved by CSIR for financial support.

a-Øn-°v c-≠p-X-cw

ap-́ -bp-≠-t√m...

C-√-t√m am-Uw.

C-Xm-cp ]-d-™p?

]-d-bp-∂-sX-¥n-\v?

I-≠p-Iq-tS?

km-dp k-ky-`p-°m-Wv,

A-t√?

h-b-‰n-ep-≈-sX-√mw

ap-́ -b-s√-∂-dn-bm≥

amw-k-̀ p-°m-I-W

-sa-∂n-√.

ap-´-b-t√? A-cn-ap-´-sb-∂pw

]m¬ap-´-sb-∂p-sam-s°

]-d-bp-a-t√m.

]-cp, ]-™n,

]-\n-™n¬, F-W¿

F-s∂m-s°-bpw

]-d-bp-a-t√m.

Xp-ºn-bp-sS em¿h-

sb B-\ F-∂p

hn-fn-°p-∂ Iq-́ -c-t√?

A-sXm-∂pw ]-d-bn-√.

A-fim-i-bw,

hr-j-Ww F-s∂m-s°

tI-´v am-Uw Xo-‰

\n¿Øn-bm-tem.

k-Ω-Xn-®p km-td. Nn-e ko-k-Wn¬

ao-\n-s‚ h-b-‰n¬ Im-Wp-∂

Cu km-[-\w F-¥m-Wv?

imkv{X-tI-cfw

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