Samenvatting Nieuwe Media Theorieën

8/19/2019 Samenvatting Nieuwe Media Theorieën

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WEEK 2: MEDIUMSPECIFICITEIT

Wat is er specifek aan verschillende media

• L. Manovich (2013) Software Takes Command. New York !"ooms#$r%(Cha&ter 1 'ntrod$ction)

• L. Lessi* (200+) Code 2.0. New York !asic !ooks (Cha&ter 1 'Code is

Law and Cha&ter 2 ',o$r -$"es from C%#ers&ace)

• N. /. a%"es (200) -rint is at code is dee&. The im&ortance of

medias&eci4c ana"%sis. -oetics Toda% 25(1)6 &&. 3+372.

Voorkennis

T!r!nt! Sch!!l

" #ar!ld $% Innis &'()*"')+2,: -est.deerde de r!l van c!mm.nicatie media

aan de v!rm/evin/ van de maatschappi0% T1ee cate/!rien:

• Time"3iased: Traditie4 reli/ie4 sta3iliteit4 /emeenschap4

hirarchie4 5sel6centered7 &3i0v% kleita3let 8 E/9pte,• Space"3iased: #eden en t!ek!mst4 sec.larisme4 veranderin/4

materialisme4 imperi.m4 5epansi!nistisch7 &3i0v% Pap9r.s 8

;!meinse ri0k," Marshall Mc alle media ?i0n een

verlen/st.k van de ?int.i/en@ het lichaam• Aeen !nderscheid t.ssen medi.m en techn!l!/ie

• C!ncl.sie: media 3epalen !n?e perceptie !p de 1ereld

• Mc


2/25

S!6t1are sim.leert de tekst: .de mediav!rmen 1!rden /eGnte/reerd en

nie.1e ei/enschappen 1!rden t!e/ev!e/d% c!mp.ter is de nie.1e m!t!r

van c.lt..r /e1!rden

5I s.//est that Ka9 and c.lt.ral s!6t1are pi!neers aimed t! create a particular

kind of new media 8 rather than merel9 sim.latin/ the appearances !6 !ld!nes% These ne1 media .se already existing representational formats as

their 3.ildin/ 3l!cks4 1hile adding many previously nonexistent

properties% $t the same time4 as envisi!ned 39 Ka94 these media are

epanda3le 8 that is4 .sers themselves sh!.ld 3e a3le t! easil9 add ne1

pr!perties4 as 1ell as t! invent ne1 media% $cc!rdin/l94 Ka9 calls c!mp.ters the

frst metamedium 1h!se c!ntent is a 1ide ran/e !6 alread9"eistin/ and n!t"

9et"invented media%5 &Man!vich 2='B4 **,

5nce the9 1ere sim.lated in a c!mp.ter4 previ!.sl9 inc!mpati3le techni.es

!6 diHerent media 3e/in t! 3e c!m3ined in endless ne1 1a9s4 leadin/ t! newmedia hybrids4 !r4 t! .se a 3i!l!/ical metaph!r4 ne1 media species%5

&Man!vich 2='B4 *+,

Cate/!rien van c$"t$re"e software

'% Creatin/ c.lt.ral arti6acts and interactive services 1hich c!ntain

representati!ns4 ideas4 3elie6s4 and aesthetic val.es%&editin/ m.sic vide!4 desi/nin/ a 1e3site etc%,

2% $ccessin/4 appendin/4 sharin/4 and remiin/ s.ch arti6acts &!r their

parts, !nline%&1atchin/ !.T.3e vide!4 addin/ c!mments t! 3l!/ p!st etc%,

B% Creatin/ and sharin/ in6!rmati!n and kn!1led/e !nline%&editin/ Wikipedia article4 incl.din/ link in T1eet etc%,

*% C!mm.nicatin/ 1ith !ther pe!ple%&email4 1all p!stin/4 p!kes etc%,

+% En/a/in/ in interactive c.lt.ral eperiences&pla9in/ a c!mp.ter /ame,

J% Participatin/ in the !nline in6!rmati!n ec!l!/9 39 epressin/ pre6erences

and addin/ metadata&a.t!maticall9 /eneratin/ data 6!r A!!/le 1hen 9!. .se the service4

clickin/ !n the like 3.tt!n etc%,% Devel!pin/ s!6t1are t!!ls and services that s.pp!rt all these activities

&Writin/ a ne1 pl./in 6!r Ph!t!sh!p4 pr!/rammin/ a li3rar9 etc%,

Arens t.ssen pers!!nli0ke en p.3liek in6!rmatie is deels vervaa/d d!!rdat

iedereen alles plaatst !p sharin/ sites@ s!cial net1!rks%

Lessig – Code is law

CDE IS


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4/25

Aedr.kte media 1erd 3esch!.1d als Ln!t havin/ a 3!d94 !nl9 a speakin/ mind4

een intellect.ele c!nstr.ctie die niets versch.ldi/d 1as aan het medi.m 1aarin

het v!!r k1am% Een tekst die in een 3!ek v!!rk!mt ?!. d.s identiek ?i0n aan

de?el6de tekst !p een c!mp.terscherm% M$$;: c!mp.ter is s.per s.ccesv!lle

sim.latiemachineQ

) p!ints electr!nic h9pertet

'% D9namic ima/es: -eelden k.nnen veranderen d!!r er 3i0v!!r3eeld met

de m.is !verheen te /aan &verschillende la/en,% #et v!!rnaamste

verschil met /edr.kte media is de t!e/ankeli0kheid van de !nderli//ende

la/en4 die 3i0 Lc!de vaak niet te ?ien ?i0n d!!r de meeste /e3r.ikers%

Print is at4 c!de is deep72% $nal!/.e resem3lance O di/ital c!din/: R!1el /edr.kte media als

c!mp.ter k.nnen /e3r.ik maken van anal!/e en di/itale s9stemen4

maar 3i0 /edr.kte media 1erken 3eide !p het platte !ppervlakte van een

pa/ina ter1i0l het di/itale 3i0 een c!mp.ter ?ich 3evindt !p een dieper

level%B% Fra/mentati!n O ;ec!m3inati!n: !k 6ra/mentatie /e3e.rt 3i0 een

c!mp.ter een st.k etremer dan 3i0 /edr.kte media%*% Depth O three dimensi!ns: Scri&ton &the s.r6ace ima/e, 8 te9ton &the

.nderl9in/ c!de,+% -ilin/.al: 1ritten in c!de as 1ell as nat.ral lan/.a/e: #et verschil t.ssen

de &rint writer en de e"ectronic a$thor k!mt neer !p de vele !pties die

een c!mp.ter met ?ich mee3ren/t% Na het t9pen van een ?in is de &rint

writer klaar4 maar de e"ectronic a$thor /aat n!/ !p ?!ek naar het

3i0passende lettert9pe4 a63eeldin/en etc%J% M.ta3le O trans6!rma3le: EHecten in het perspectie6 van een tekst &Bd

etc%, Kan !!k met /edr.kte media4 3i0v!!r3eeld d%m%v% pa/inas die

elkaar !verlappen% Spaces t! navi/ate: De /e3r.iker kan navi/eren d!!r de ?icht3are

inter6ace4 en !!k kan er 1!rden /enavi/eerd d!!r !nderli//ende c!des%(% Written and read in distri3.ted c!/nitive envir!nments: Er vindt een

c!/nitie6 pr!ces plaats niet alleen t.ssen schri0ver4 le?er en desi/ner4

maar !!k t.ssen mensen en machines)% C93!r/ readin/ practices: D!!rdat er een c!/nitie6 pr!ces plaatsvindt

t.ssen mens en machine4 1!rdt de le?er /e?ien als een c93!r/%


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6/25

C!ns.mpti!n: the appr!priati!n !6 the pr!d.ct 39 h.mans 6!r their individ.al 3eneft%

P!1er: the acti!n !6 h.mans !n !ther h.mans t! imp!se their 1ill !n !thers4 39 the .se4

p!tential !r act.al4 !6 s9m3!lic !r ph9sical vi!lence% s9m3!lic vi!lence: the capacit9 !6

a /iven s9m3!lic c!de t! delete a diHerent c!de 6r!m the individ.al 3rain .p!n 1h!m

p!1er is eercised% ###

Eperience: the acti!n !6 h.mans themselves4 determined 39 the interpla9 3et1een their

3i!l!/ical and c.lt.ral identities4 and in relati!nship t! their s!cial and nat.ral 3elie6s%

C.lt.res: s9stems !6 val.es and 3elie6s in6!rmin/ c!des !6 3ehavi!.r%

Techn!l!/9: the .se !6 scientifc kn!1led/e t! speci69 1a9s !6 d!in/ thin/s

in a repr!d.ci3le manner% techn!l!/9 sh!.ld 3e inte/rated4 !n its !1n

/r!.nd4 as a specifc la9er !6 the s!cial str.ct.re4 since it pla9s part in

&ower as 1ell as &rod$ction4 and e9&erience%

T#E NETW;K SCIET: $N E;IEW

$ndustri%le samenleving &'N'()$'* netwerksamenleving

&$N+,(M-.$'/C,MM0N$C-.$'*

ver/an/ !n/eveer 3e/in = &!liecrisis,

We have entered a new techno"o*ica" &aradi*m6 centred ar!.nd

micr!electr!nics"3ased4 in6!rmati!n@c!mm.nicati!n techn!l!/ies4 and

/enetic en/ineerin/%7

The Lne1 ec!n!m9 is characteri?ed 39 B 6.ndamental 6eat.res:

" In6!rmati!nal" Al!3al" Net1!rked net1!rk enterprise

M!st imp!rtant trans6!rmati!n in empl!9ment patterns c!ncerns the

devel!pment !6 ei3le 1!rk4 as the pred!minant 6!rm !6 1!rkin/

arran/ements% ca.sed 39 /l!3ali?ati!n4 the net1!rk enterprise4 and

in6!rmati!n@c!mm.nicati!n techn!l!/ies%

2 t9pes !6 la3!.r:

" Sel6"pr!/ramma3le: a3ilit9 t! retrain4 adapt t! ne1

tasks@pr!cesses@s!.rces etc%" Aeneric: echan/ea3le4 disp!sa3le4 in same circ.its 1ith machines

and .nskilled la3!.r%

$ c.lt.re !6 Lreal virt.alit9: The virt.alit9 !6 the ei3le h9pertet4 in 1hich

man9 pe!ple s.r6 each da94 is in 6act a 6.ndamental dimensi!n !6 realit9%

eample: p!litical c!mpetiti!n increasin/l9 rev!lves ar!.nd the

pers!nali?ati!n !6 p!litics% &the m!st eHective p!litical 1eap!ns are ne/ative

messa/es,

Timeless time and the space !6 !1s7


7/25

.he space of 1ows re6ers t! the techn!l!/ical and !r/ani?ati!nal

p!ssi3ilit9 !6 !r/ani?in/ the sim.ltaneit9 !6 s!cial practices 1ith!.t

/e!/raphical c!nti/.it9 &time"sharin/ acr!ss distances,%

Space !6 place: din/en /e3e.ren !p 69sieke plek

.imeless time is defned 39 the .se !6 ne1 in6!rmati!n@c!mm.nicati!n

techn!l!/ies in a relentless eH!rt t! annihilate time%

" Ti0d 1erd /e!r/aniseerd r!nd 3epaalde /e3e.rtenissen" N.: /e!r/aniseerd r!nd mechanische kl!k" N!tie van ti0d als Lvan?el6sprekend 1!rdt ver3r!ken% &0e k.nt via

Sk9pe 3v% in de?el6de ti0d ?i0n als iemand in de S," !!r3eeld: e1erkQ

Net1!rk state: the state in the in6!rmati!n a/e is a net1!rk state4 made !.t

!6 a c!mple 1e3 !6 p!1er"sharin/4 and ne/!tiated decisi!n"makin/3et1een internati!nal4 m.ltinati!nal4 nati!nal4 re/i!nal4 l!cal4 and n!n"

/!vernmental4 p!litical instit.ti!ns%

C!ntr!le: /e3r.ikers van het net1!rk m!eten ?ich aanpassen aan de re/els

van het net1erk

Macht: The 6.ndamental dilemma in the net1!rk s!ciet9 is that p!litical

instit.ti!ns are n!t the site !6 p!1er an9 l!n/er% The real p!1er is the p!1er

!6 instr.mental !1s4 and c.lt.ral c!des4 em3edded in net1!rks%7

In6!rmatie techn!l!/ie maakt nie.1e s!ciale !r/anisatiev!rmen m!/eli0k

5F!r the frst time4 the intr!d.cti!n !6 ne1 in6!rmati!n @ c!mm.nicati!n

techn!l!/ies all!1s net1!rks t! keep their ei3ilit9 and adapta3ilit9 VX at

the same time4 these techn!l!/ies all!1 6!r c!"!rdinati!n and mana/ement

!6 c!mpleit94 in an interactive s9stem 1hich 6eat.res 6eed3ack eHects4 and

c!mm.nicati!n patterns 6r!m an91here t! ever91here 1ithin the

net1!rks%5 &Castells 2===4 '+,

Kritiek

'% Techn!l!/isch determinisme

#e descri3es 2 c!mm!n trends in this trans6!rmati!n:

" C!.ldnt have taken place 1ith!.t ne1 in6!rmati!n@c!mm.nicati!n

techn!l!/ies" $ll pr!cesses are enacted 39 !r/ani?ati!nal 6!rms that are 3.ilt .p!n

in6!rmati!n net1!rks%2% Essentialistische !pvattin/ !ver net1erk als /edistri3.eerd net1erk

-9 defniti!n4 a net1!rk has n! centre%7 &Castells 2===4 '+,


8/25

Me2ias – .he limits of networks as models for organi3ing thesocial

Network science informs the desi/n !6 6!r"pr!ft net1!rkin/ services 39

providing templates for organi3ing the social4 $s the case !6 s!cial

net1!rkin/ 1e3sites ill.strates4 net1!rks have /!ne 6r!m scientifc 6rame1!rks

!r even mere descriptive metaphors to actuali3ed models that normali3e

a particular kind of privati3ed sociality%7 &Me0ias 2='=4 J=B,

Me0ias: Net1erk1etenschap d!mineert !r/anisatie en !ns denken !ver de

s!ciale str.ct..r

The desi/n !6 s!cial net1!rk services has taken these scientifcall9"derived

descriptive !3servati!ns !6 3ehavi!r in net1!rks and4 by programming them

in the code that regulates the interaction among nodes5 has

transformed them into normative rules of behavior%7 &Me0ias 2='=4 J'',

N!d!centrism O Paran!dalit9

Nodocentrism6 Iets van 3.iten naar 3innen een net1erk halen Iets 1at

/een Ln!de &kn!!pp.nt, is4 1!rdt niet herkend als iets dat 3estaat%

Ever9thin/ is a p!tential n!de that can 3e added t! the net1!rk% Disciplines

s.ch as pervasive !r .3i.it!.s c!mp.tin/ are precisel9 dev!ted t! f/.rin/ !.t

h!1 t! 3rin/ elements and events !.tside the net1!rk inside the net1!rk4

makin/ them accessi3le% This is imperative 3eca.se a net1!rk is .ite

incapa3le !6 rec!/ni?in/ thin/ that are n!t n!des% $f something is available

in the network5 it is perceived as part of reality5 but if it is not

available it might as well not exist%7 &Me0ias 2='=4 J'',

N!d!centrism means that 1hile net1!rks are etremel9 eYcient at

esta3lishin/ links 3et1een n!des4 the9 em3!d9 a bias against knowledge of

– and engagement with – anything that is not a node in the same

network %7 &Me0ias 2='=4 J'2,

7aranodality6 Ervarin/en4 /elee6de realiteit v.lt de r.imte t.ssen

kn!!pp.nten% kan niet 3e/repen 1!rden 3innen een net1erk%

This space /ives n!des their hist!r9 and identit9: shi6ts in the paran!dal

translate int! chan/es in the l!cati!n !6 n!des and the relati!nships 3et1een

them4 and c!nse.entl9 int! chan/es in the net1!rk itsel6%7 &Me0ias 2='=4 J'2,

)alloway 8 .hacker – et netwerk als infrastructuur6 protocol

5P.t simpl94 pr!t!c!ls are all the c!nventi!nal r.les and standards that /!vern

relati!nships 1ithin net1!rks% &Aall!1a9 O Thacker 2==*4 (,


9/25

T! 6!ll!1 a pr!t!c!l means that ever9thin/ p!ssi3le 1ithin that pr!t!c!l is

alread9 at !nes fn/ertips% N!t t! 6!ll!1 means n! p!ssi3ilit9%5 &Aall!1a9 2==*4

+B,

Pr!t!c!l is n!t an ecercise !6 p!1er L6r!m a3!ve4 despite the distri3.tive

!r/ani?ati!n !6 the D!main Name S9stem VX% Pr!t!c!l is als! n!t an anarchicli3erati!n !6 data L6r!m 3el!14 despite the distri3.tive !r/ani?ati!n !6 TCP@IP

VX%7 &Aall!1a9 O Thacker 2==*4 2=,

TCP@IP vs DNS

TCP@IP

" transmissi!n c!ntr!l pr!t!c!l@ internet pr!t!c!l" packet s1itchin/ techn!l!/9" /edistri3.eerd

DNS

" D!main Name S9stem" #irarchisch" Ae3aseerd !p naam &3i0v% 111%.va%nl,

Pr!t!c!llen maken m!/eli0k 1at er 1el en niet kan in het net1erk

Pr!t!c!l c!ntr!l

Individ.ati!n: In terms !6 pr!t!c!l!/ical c!ntr!l4 the .esti!n !6 individ.ati!n is

a .esti!n !6 h!1 discrete n!des &a/encies, and their ed/es &acti!ns, are

identifed &2'"22,

h!e kri0/t het net1erk v!rm &verh!.din/en,

M.ltiplicit9: What are the terms4 the c!nditi!ns4 .p!n 1hich a7 net1!rk ma9 3e

c!nstit.ted 39 m.ltiple a/encies Pr!t!c!ls serve t! pr!vide that c!nditi!n !6

p!ssi3ilit94 and pr!t!c!l!/ical c!ntr!l the means !6 6acilitatin/ that c!nditi!n

&22,%

M!vement: Net1!rks are !nl9 net1!rks 1hen the9 are live4 1hen the9 are

enacted4 em3!died4 !r rendered !perati!nal%5 &22,

* 3asic la9ers 6!r the Internet s.ite !6 pr!t!c!ls:

'% $pplicati!n la9er: resp!nsi3le 6!r preservin/ the c!ntent !6 data 1ithin

the net1!rk transacti!n%2% Transp!rt la9er: resp!nsi3le 6!r makin/ s.re that the data travelin/

acr!ss the net1!rk arrived at its destinati!n c!rrectl9%B% Internet la9er: c!ncerned 1ith the act.al m!vement !6 data 6r!m !ne

place t! an!ther%*%


10/25


11/25


12/25

#i0 ver3indt een p!litieke Ut!pia met de dematerialisatie h9p!these% Dit 1!rdt

vaak ver3!nden met de term cyberspace% Internet als nie.1e plaats 1aar 1el

een /e1enste /emeenschap k!n !ntstaan% Internet als vri0plaats% er3indt ?ich

met


13/25

Snelheidsdrempel: ver3indin/en die mens hier3i0 aan/aat 3ren/t een heel

net1erk met ?ich mee%

penin/ 3lack 3!: d!!r ver3indin/ k!men net1erken en instit.ties die ermee

te maken he33en in 3eeld% Ae3e.rt v!!ral 1anneer din/en niet /!ed /aan%

Wat /e3e.rt er met !n?e acties d!!r veranderin/en in techn!l!/ie% herlee6de

ver3indin/en

7arikka – 'lectronic waste

Media are of nat.re4 and ret.rn to nat.re7 8 n?e ver3indin/en met media

1!rden m!/eli0k /emaakt d!!r de materialen .it de nat..r%

Waste4 ener/94 c!nict% Wat v!!r 1ereld ?it hier achter

" Derde1ereldlanden k.nnen de str!!m van a6/edankte apparaten vaakniet /!ed aan

" Er k!men /i6ti/e st!Hen vri04 3i0 het .it elkaar halen van apparaten" K!rte levensd..r van elektr!nische apparaten" Schaarste aan 3epaalde /r!ndst!Hen van de aarde die 1!rden /e3r.ikt

Nadenken !ver p!litieke ec!n!mie van /ad/ets% C!mp.ter eindi/t als 1aste%

Di/ital avant"/arde

E"1aste: ener/ie Plan 1as een /r!enere 1ereld%

R!ekactie !p internet 1!rdt ver/eleken met h!elan/ een lamp kan 3randen metdie ener/ie hiervan%

Ar!te media instanties 1illen ?ich .iten als /r!ene 3edri0ven%

)illespie – -lgorithmen 8 gedistribueerde agency

$l/!ritme: /ec!deerde pr!ced.re die d!!rl!pen m!et 1!rden !m een inp.t !m

te ?etten naar een /e1enste !.tp.t4 /e3aseerd !p specifeke 3erekenin/en%

Kn!1led/e l!/ic: 3epaalde l!/ica !m t!t 3epaalde kennis te k!men

Ae3aseerd !p specifeke ver!nderstellin/en !ver 1at kennis is4 en !p 1elke

manier men de verschillende !nderdelen kan identifceren%

J dimensi!ns !6 p.3lic relevance al/!rithms that have p!litical valence:

;4 7atterns of inclusion6 1at /e3e.rt er als 1e 3epalen 1at 1e relevant

en niet relevant vinden d!!r middel van al/!ritme% Waar!m is het ene

1el ?icht3aar en het andere niet% #!e k.nnen 1e iets in een al/!ritme

st!ppen !6 1e/laten


14/25

k.nnen 1e ver1erken4 maar alles 1at hier niet !nder /eran/schikt 1!rdt

is m!eili0k iets !ver te ?e//en%=4 .he evaluation of relevance6 Criteria 1aar al/!ritmes /e3r.ik van

maken !m te 3epalen 1at relevant is4 h!e de?e criteria ver3!r/en

1!rden v!!r !ns4 en h!e p!litieke ke.?es m%3%t% /eschikte en le/itieme

kennis .it/ev!erd 1!rden%>4 .he promise of algorithmic ob2ectivity6 De manier 1aar!p het

techn!l!/ische karakter van het al/!ritme 1!rdt /e3r.ikt als 3e1i0s v!!r

!nparti0di/heid% &ver/eli0kin/ met 0!.rnalist die !!k !30ectie6 m!et ?i0n,?4 'ntanglement with practice6 Manier 1aar!p /e3r.ikers ?ich

aanpassen aan een al/!ritme !m de?e te /e3r.iken !m er ?el6 3eter .it

te k!men%@4 .he production of calculated publics6 Manier 1aar!p al/!ritmes een

3epaald 3eeld v!rmen van een p.3liek4 en h!e ?!n p.3liek alleen n!/

maar 3epaalde din/en v!!r/esch!teld kri0/t &flter 3.33le,%


15/25

WEEK +: CUa#rie" Tarde and the

Laws of mitation. :o$rna" of Memetics ?vo"$tionar% Mode"s of

nformation Transmission

• C. M. /e"t% (200I) Two #its the c$"t$ra" si*ni4cance of free software.

$rham6 London $ke Aniversit% -ress (Cha&ter 1 '>eeks and

=ec$rsive -$#"ics)• !a%er"6 -. S.6 8 Sto%nov6 L. (201). =even*e #% &hotosho& Memef%in*

&o"ice acts in the &$#"ic dia"o*$e a#o$t inB$stice. New Media 8

Societ%6 1+1I15577.

Voorkennis

Meme: /e3aseerd !p imitatie en inn!vatie

iral: ver1i0st naar manier van verspreidin/

Van netwerk naar genetwerkte communicatie

$n2ectienaaldtheorie massa media .wo!step 1ow of communication

&!pinieleiders als Lt.ssenst!p,

r!e/er: !ne@6e1"t!"man9 c!mm.nicatie

N.: man9"t!"man9 c!mm.nicatie &internet,

Aelty – (ecursive publics

Aedeelde 3elan/stellin/ v!!r het maken en in stand h!.den van de

techn!l!/ische in6rastr.ct..r 1aar p.3liek samenk!mt% verschillend van

p.3lieke s6eer: Er is een ?ekere ver3eeldin/skracht n!di/ die t1ee din/en

!mvat4 nameli0k de?el6de manier van interactie als het Ln!rmale p.3liek4 maar

!!k het k.nnen maken van nie.1e s!6t1are in6rastr.ct.ren% &Kelt9,

P.3lieken

" Passieve p.3lieken" $ctieve p.3lieken" ;ec.rsive @ interactieve @ /enet1erkte p.3lieken


16/25

Marsden – Bamenleving als imitatie

Tarde &'(*B"')=*,: S!ciet9 > imitati!n

$ll resem3lances !6 s!cial !ri/in in s!ciet9 are the direct !r indirect 6r.it !6 thevari!.s 6!rms !6 imitati!n 7 &Tarde,

'% The origination of an invention inv!lves the recombination of

existing imitations4 and this !ri/inati!n 1ill 3e in.enced 39 the s!cial

c!ntet and a3ilities !6 th!se inv!lved 1ith the rec!m3inati!n%2% The s.ccess !6 an imitati!n in spreadin/ /e!metricall9 6r!m its p!int !6

!ri/inati!n 1ill 3e a 6.ncti!n !6 its ft4 that is4 compatibility5 with the

environment of existing imitations%B% The selecti!n4 that is4 ad!pti!n !6 an imitati!n !cc.rs either thr!./h

s.3stit.ti!n7 inv!lvin/ a l!/ical d.al7 and 9struggle between two

alternatives5 or through 9accumulation5 a process entailing a

logical union of imitations%

Tardes 3asic ar/.ment 1as that h.man hist!r9 c!.ld 3e .se6.ll9 interpreted

as a career !6 imitati!ns4 tra0ect!ries !6 inherited inventi!ns thr!./h

p!p.lati!ns that diHerentiall9 s.rvive an !n/!in/ c.llin/ pr!cess !6

c!.nterimitati!n4 that is4 re0ecti!n%7 &Mardsen 2===,

5-asicall94 1hat Tarde pr!p!sed 1as a diHerent 1a9 !6 l!!kin/ at the s!cial

1!rld4 n!t 6r!m the perspective !6 the individ.al !r the /r!.p4 3.t 6r!m thep!int !6 vie1 !6 the pr!d.cts4 acts and ideas that 1ere .sed t! classi69 th!se

individ.als !r /r!.ps%5 &Mardsen 2===,

Dawkins – Memes

#i0 maakt een ver/eli0kin/ met /enetische ev!l.tie &/enes, er m!et een

naam k!men v!!r een nie.1e re&"icator die het idee draa/t van c.lt.rele

transmissie: MEME

Net ?!als /enes4 m!eten memes !!k Lrivals he33en:ther c!mm!dities 6!r 1hich memes c!mpete are radi! and televisi!n

time4 3ill3!ard space4 ne1spaper c!l.mninches4 and li3rar9 shel6space%5

&Da1kins ')J4 '),

:ayerl 8 Btoynov

This 3i!l!/ical anal!/9 d!es n!t impl94 h!1ever4 that pe!ple are !nl9 passive

carriers !6 ideas% Pe!ple activel9 .se the in6!rmati!n the9 receive and interpret

it in diHerent 1a9s dependin/ !n their 3ack/r!.nd kn!1led/e !r c!ntet% $ls!4

individuals and groups actively intervene in the formulation and


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propagation of a cultural trait and leave their own mark by modifying

it%7

erklarin/ s.ccess meme

While !ne !6 the frst instances !6 the emer/ent meme .sed the 6.ll scene

simpl9 addin/ a tet4 in later versions only ,Ecer 7ike together with his

pepper!spray can was used% This sec!nd 6!rmat 3ecame the Lstandard

versi!n !6 the meme% VX In is!latin/ the act !6 spra9in/4 the ob2ect of the

spraying becomes undetermined4 that is4 the recipient !6 the act 3ec!mes

an !pen sl!t4 1hich can 3e flled ei3l9% VX .his 1exibility may also explain

why the more selective version was more productive than the version

using the full scene%7 &-a9erl O St!9n!v 2='*4 ("),

Memes he33en p!litieke 3etekenis

The st!r9 !6 the Lpepper"spra9 c!p is a strikin/ eample !6 h!1 pe!ple can 3eemp!1ered 39 di/ital memes t! critici?e an !r/ani?ati!n !ver 1hich the9 have

ver9 little c!ntr!l% $lth!./h !ne ma9 ar/.e that spreadin/ ima/es !6 the

Lpepper"spra9 c!p 1as 0.st an!ther 6!rm !6 Lslacktivism4 these acts had ver9

real impacts 6!r the individ.als and !r/ani?ati!ns inv!lved% Digital memes can

thus provide citi3ens with a way to rebalance power with seemingly

untouchable organi3ations47 &-a9erl O St!9n!v 2='*4 ("),


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WEEK J: INF;M$TIE"ECNMIE

Welke r!l speelt .ser"/enerated c!ntent en !n3etaalde

ar3eid in de in6!rmatie"ec!n!mie

• . :enkins (2002) nteractive


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commodity culture, 1aar3i0 het p.3liek !p verschillende manieren 1!rdt

/eGnte/reerd%

Van Di2ck – 0ser )enerated Content 8 0ser -gency

Uit/an/sp.nt: /r!tere interdisciplinaire de3atten !ver het !nderscheid t.ssen

c!ns.menten@ pr!d.centen

#!e m!eten 1e .ser a/enc9 3e/ri0pen Een kritiek !p drie verschillende

nivea.s

Drie perspectieven !p &disc!.rsen !ver, .ser a/enc9:

'% C.lt.rele the!rie &rea/eert !%a% !p enkins,

2% Ec!n!mie

B% Critical la3!.r &Ne!maristisch4 ?!als Terran!va,

Culturele theorie

$r/.ment ': De mate van activiteit in participat!r9 c.lt.re is relatie6 &denk

3i0v!!r3eeld aan Mc


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C!mm.nities4 in relati!n t! media4 th.s re6ers t! a lar/e ran/e !6 .ser /r!.ps4

s!me !6 1hich resem3le /rassr!!ts m!vements4 3.t the !ver1helmin/ ma0!rit9

c!incide 1ith c!ns.mer /r!.ps !r entertainment plat6!rms%7 &p *+,

$r/.ment B: a/enc9 techn!l!/9 vers.s .ser a/enc9 User a/enc9: 0i0 als mens

3epaalt 1at 0e d!et4 3i0 9!.t.3e hee6t de techn!l!/ie /edeelteli0k de a/enc9 inhanden4 denk aan het aan3evelen van kanalen aan de hand van al/!ritmes

d!!r ver?amelde data van de .ser%

'conomie

Its cr.cial t! .nderstand the new role of users as 3!th content providers

and data providers4 -esides .pl!adin/ c!ntent4 .sers als! 1illin/l9 and

.nkn!1in/l9 pr!vide imp!rtant in6!rmati!n a3!.t their pr!fle and 3ehavi!.r t!

site !1ners and metadata a//re/at!rs &p *,

$r/.ment: We dienen vra/en te stellen !ver advertenties4 in het 3i0?!ndertar/eted advertisin/ &van Di0ck 2==)4 *,

5.he metadata )oogle harvests from 0)C traEc and click!streams is

much more valuable to advertisers than the content users provide t!

these sites% Metadata are n!t merel9 a 39"pr!d.ct !6 .ser"/enerated c!ntent:

the9 are a prime res!.rce 6!r pr!flin/ real pe!ple 1ith real interests%5 &van Di0ck

2==)4 *),

En in relatie t!t .ser a/enc9: Users creren steeds vaker c!ntent4 maar Users

have n! p!1er !ver data distri3.ti!n7 &*,

-rbeidsrelaties6 amateurs vs professionals

5


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Terran!va 3evraa/t -ar3r!!ks c!ncept van de gift economy6

et at the c.ttin/"ed/e7 !6 the emer/in/ in6!rmati!n s!ciet94 money!

commodity relations play a secondary role t! th!se created 39 a reall9

eistin/ 6!rm !6 anarch!"c!mm.nism% F!r m!st !6 its .sers4 the net is

s!me1here t! 1!rk4 pla94 l!ve4 learn and disc.ss 1ith !ther pe!ple% % % %Unrestricted 39 ph9sical distance4 the9 c!lla3!rate 1ith each !ther 1ith!.t the

direct mediati!n !6 m!ne9 and p!litics% &, In the a3sence !6 states !r markets

t! mediate s!cial 3!nds4 network communities are instead formed

through the mutual obligations created by gifts of time and ideas%

&-ar3r!!k in Terran!va BJ,

Immaterial la3!.r &


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WEEK : SU;EI


23/25


24/25

Niet !nt1richtend > er 1!rdt niet in/e/repen4 alleen Lt!e/ekeken

Capt.re7 8 2 3etekenissen:

" data &s!6t1are 5capt.res5 data van inp.t,[" activiteiten &a c!mp.ter m!del 5capt.res5 an activit9 like paintin/ a

6ace,[ nie.1e 5/rammars !6 acti!n5 1!rden !p/ele/d7%DUS: Capture K de manier waarop activiteiten gestructureerd

worden door grammars of action4

Face3!!k als v!!r3eeld: liken4 c!mmenten4 .n6rienden4 p!ken etc% &activiteiten

v!!r de /e3r.iker die de makers van Face3!!k ?! he33en 3edacht,

5What matters in each case is n!t the se.ences !6 inp.ts t! !r !.tp.ts 6r!m

a /iven machine4 3.t rather the 1a9s in 1hich h.man activities have 3een

str.ct.red% .he capture model describes the situation that results when

grammars of action are imposed upon human activities5 and when the

newly reorgani3ed activities are represented by computers in real

time4G &$/re '))*,

i06 stadia !m activiteiten te str.ct.reren d!!r handelin/s/rammatica

&/rammars !6 acti!n,:

'% $nal9se &m!del the eistin/ entities4 relati!nships4 tasks4 re.irements4

etc%,2% $rtic.latie &devel!p a 6!rmali?ed /rammar !6 acti!n,B% ple//en &intr!d.ce the 8 !6ten ne1 8 /rammar int! a settin/,*% Instr.mentaliserin/ &s.pp!rt it 1ith t!!ls and s!cial !r/ani?ati!n%

inter6aceQ,+% Ela3!rati!n &activit9 n!1 pr!d.ces data that can 3e anal9?ed,

> Arammati?ati!n c9cl.sQ


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De handelin/s/rammatica 3epaalt 1elke data /ecapt.red7 kan 1!rden%

onder 9grammati3ation heeft data geen betekenis%

5Simpl9 p.t4 a s9stem can !nl9 track 1hat it can capt.re4 and it can !nl9

capt.re in6!rmati!n that can 3e epressed 1ithin a /rammar !6 acti!n that has

3een imp!sed .p!n the activit9%5 &$/re '))=4 +=,

Arammars m!eten 3reder7 !6 meer epliciet 1!rden v!!r meer precie?e data%

$n het kort

S.rveillance als c!ncept: the!retiseren van machtsrelaties in nie.1e media

c!nteten%

Samenvatting Nieuwe Media Theorieën

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