8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

1/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

^ETMAOL WOXELAAE

^etmaol edeceb ik`xmmxaelkwio kljo`wkmw {ela ioihet c`e ete ioihlbklelal{e, Hohoxe~e ~etbmaol iol{oheh`el ~ol{e`kt ~ede teleiel del boqel# e`eltote~k hel{e` fae ik`xmmxaelkwio {ela hoxale 6 ioldoaxedewk xegl# ioi~xmd`wkw

ltxkolt heak teleiel# hohoxe~e ~etbmaol hoxale lt` iolaoldeck`ele acie#elteamlkw toxbede~ ~etbmaol ~ol{e`kt tihbel del ede fae ik`xmmxaelkwio {elaiol{oheh`el ~ol{e`kt ~ede woxelaae ete extbxm~mde cekll{e, ^etmaol woxelaaeioiew`k thb woxelaae ioceck de fecel 6 5+ `otk`e klela iolocel kldkzkdec~etbmaol woceie ~xmwow ie`el "dk`olec woheaek ~ewwkzo oltx{+# del 8+ @otk`e ~etbmaoliew` ioceck h`eel)h`eel eceik ete ~olotxewk celawla `o `xk`ce woxelaae"dkwoht egtkzo oltx{+, ^ox~kldebel "txelwikwwkml+ ~ol{e`kt woxelaae de~et toxfedk dexkwoxelaae {ela we`kt `o woxelaae {ela wobet "bmxkvmltec txelwikwwkml+# del hkew fae~ox~kldebel ~ol{e`kt toxfedk dexk woxelaae `o ~xmaol{-mjjw~xklal{e {ela woxkla dk`olecwoheaek zoxtkgec txelwikwwkml,

Wo~oxtk ik`xmmxaelkwio kljo`wkmw cekll{e# ~etbmaol woxelaae ioi~l{ek

~oxkce` w~owkjk` dk dexe# ekx# del {ela cekl, W~mxe he`toxk# ~xmtmvme del ik`xmw~mxkdkewocec wogexe go~et hoxede dk heqeb ~ede ww~olwk ekx, E`el tote~k w~mxe goldeqel {elawelaet `ogkc del xklael e`el toxheqe elakl, Loietmde e`tkj iolgexk klela, @exe`oxkwtk`w~owkjk` dexk wtedke kljo`tkj ~etmaol welaet dk~olaexbk heaekiele ~etmaol kt `mlte` deliolakljo`wk klelal{e,

Ik`xmmxaelkwio ~etmaol welaet xoltel toxbede~ je`tmx ckla`lael, Wodk`kt wo`eckdexk ~etmaol {ela hkwe wxzkzo decei hohoxe~e fei ~ede wklex ietebexk celawla# del_Z, Hohoxe~e fae welaet xoltel ~ede `mldkwk `oxkla# toi~oxetx tklaak# jxoovkla delhohoxe~e `oik`ec cekll{e, @oiei~el wtedke kljo`tkj ~etmaol lt` wxzkzo dk cexklelal{e edeceb je`tmx teie decei ~olaoihelael ik`xmhkec klwo`tkwkde, Hkmklwo`tkwkdeedeceb owolwkec `exole tkde` tm`wk` heak ielwke del zoxtohexte cekll{e, _iil{e

hkmklwo`tkwkde klk iol{oxela ~ede beie toxtolt del fexela {ela hoxdei~e` hx` ~edewoxelaae hoxale, Hkmklwo`tkwkde fae go~et iolaeceik ~olxlel e`tkzktew dk ce~ela"z# dowk`ewk+# del tkde` ~oxwkwtol, @ol{eteel klk ioihet hkmklwo`tkwkde kt ~oxcdke~ck`ewk`el hox`eck)`eck "klldewk+ lt` ioihoxk ojo` ~olaoldecek`el {ela hoxextkheak beie,

Woie ~etmaol woxelaae ioi~l{ek w~owkjk` wohexel klela {ela iele ioxo`ehkwe wxzkzo del hoxo~xmd`wk, Hohoxe~e ~etmaol de~et ioi~l{ek klela {ela welaetw~owkjk` del ede fae ioi~l{ek wohexel klela {ela cew, Wohexel klela klk ~oltkladecei kltxmd`wk ~etmaol toxtolt `o behktet hex,

Wogexe eceik `oiei~el ~etmaol woxelaae iol{oheh`el we`kt ~ede klelal{ewelaet toxaeltla fae ~ede dmwkw, Bhlael ~etmaol del dmwkw woxkla dk`olec woheaek

CDr {ela hoxextk dmwkw {ela dkhtb`el lt` ioihlb klela ~ede r/ dexk ~m~cewk,KDr edeceb dmwkw {ela dkhtb`el lt` iolakljo`wk ~ede r/ ~m~cewk klela# wodela`elCTr edeceb qe`t {elea dkhtb`el lt` ioihlb ~ede r/ ~m~cewk klela,

He`toxk# julak# loietmde# zkxuw# del ~xmtmvme edeceb ik`xmmxaelkwio ii{ela iolfedk ~etbmaol woxelaae, Dkeltexel{e toceb toxwodke wogexe `mioxwkec woheaekklwo`tkwkde hkmcmak ete klwo`tkwkde ik`xmhkec "Tehoc ?,5+# e`el tote~k ede faeik`xmmxaelkwio wogexe eceik del go~et ioldowkiewk ~m~cewk beie hkce dkd`ladolael `mldkwk {ela to~et, ^olaaleel ik`xmmxaelkwio woheaek hkmklwo`tkwkde bexw

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

2/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

toxxoakwtxewk del toxcehock wo~oxtk ~ede klwo`tkwkde `kike, Decei heh klk e`el dk~ocefexkik`xmmxaelkwio)ik`xmmxaelkwio {ela hoxtklde` woheaek ~etmaol ~ede woxelaae delExtbxm~mde {elea cekll{e,

Tehoc ?,5 ^etmaol {ela toxwodke wogexe `mioxwkec woheaek hkmcmakgec ete ik`xmhkec

klwo`xkwkde "Jcklt * Dxokwtedt# 5;;2+,

^etmaol Tk~o BeieEtmaxe~be geckjmxlke L^Z Z Ecjeje cmm~ox cexzeoHegkccw coltkimxhw H Fe~elowo hootco cexzeo# txj axhw# qbkto axhwHegkccw ~m~kcckeo H Fe~elowo hootco cexzeo# txj axhw# qbkto axhwHegkccw w~beoxkgw H Imwuktm cexzeoH, tbxklakolwkw ww~,ekveqek H Axoetox qer imtb getox~kccex kl hoobkzowH, tbxklakolwkw ww~, @xwte`k H Getox~kcex mj httoxjckow eld imtbwH, tbxklakolwkw ww~ kwxeocolwkw H Imwuktm# hceg`jc{H,t,ww~ weldkoam mx tolohxkm H Coej hootco cexzeo

Hoezoxke hewwkele J E~bkdw# gxkg`ot# axewwbm~~oxw# cmgwtw# tbxk~w#qbktojckowHoot exi{qmxi L^Z Z Hoot exi{qmxi cexzeoGmdckla imtb axelcmwkw zkxw Z Gmdckla imtb cexzeoDmacew jkx twwmg` imtb L^Z Z Dmacew jkx twwmg` imtb cexzeoA{~w{ imtb L^Z Z A{~w{ imtb cexzeoBockmtbkw imtb L^Z Z Hmccqmxi# tmheggm hdqmxiBotoxmxbehdktkw hegtoxkm~bmxe L Jcoe hootco# Fe~elowo hootco cexzeo# xmmt

ieaamtw# toj axhw# qoozkcw# qbktq axhw#

eldwmkc dqocckla klwogt

Bkxwtocce tbmi~wmlkk J Gktxw xwt ikto

Ceaolkdki akaeltoi J Imwuktm cexzeoIotexbkvki elkwm~ckeo J Gmg`xmegbow# jckowLmwoie cmgwteo ^ Axewwbm~~oxw# gxkg`otw, Cmgwtw^eogkcmi{gow jimwmxmwow J E~bkdw# qbktojckow#Weqj{ L^Z Z ^klo weqj{ cexzeoWtokloxloie gex~mge~weo L Gex~oltoxqmxi# gcoexqkla imtb cexzeo# jcoe

hootco# Fe~elowo hootco cexzeo# xmmt ieaamtw#

toj axhw# qoozkcw# qbktq axhw# eld wmkc

dqocckla

W, joctkeo L Jlaw alet cexzeo# eld wmkc dqocckla klwogt

H hegtoxki

J jlawL loietmde^ ~xmtmvmeZ zkxw

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

3/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

^etmaolowkw Oltmim~etmaol_lt` iol{ocowek`el wogexe cola`e~ wk`cw bkd~l{e# ie`e `ohel{e`el ~etmaol

bexw `mlte` dolael klelal{e# iew` `o decei thb klela# xo~xmd`wk dk decei wetete cohkb fexklael klela del ioi~l{ek ~xm~eac lt` `mlte` del iolakljo`wk klelahex, Toxde~et woxkec ~xmwow dk decei hkmcmak ~etmaol {ela iock~tk `mlte` dolael klela#^olotxewk klela# Xo~xmd`wk# @ocexl{e ~xm~eac ~etmaol dexk klela# del ~ol{ohexel del^oxwkwtolwk ~xm~eac ~etmaol dk Ckla`lael,

@mlte` Klela

Tkde` wo~oxtk ~exewkt del ~xodetmx# `ohel{e`el ~etmaol extbm~mde tkde`ioi~l{ek wtedke imhkc# wobklaae `mlte` dolael klela tkde` dkbewkc`el mcob ~xmwow e`tkjiolgexk tote~k toxfedk wogexe ~ol{ohexel wogexe ~ewkj ~ede hohoxe~e wtedke dexk ~etmaolwo~oxtk w~mxe goldeqel mcob elakl# bfel# ete mcob woxelaae, Ficeb `mlte` dkeltexewoheb ~m~cewk ~etmaol del klelal{e dkdotoxiklewk`el mcob w~etkec ~ettoxl dexk~xm~eac ~etmaol xocetkj ~ede w~etkec dkwtxkhwk klela del wxzkzec ~xm~eac ~eteaoldolael qe`t, Thb M`cwk dexk lgcoex ~mc{bodxmwkw zkxw dexk gedezoxdexkC{ieltxke

dkw~ex e`el iol{ohex `otk`e klela x~txo# dkiele thb m`cwk zkxw ~ede eqecl{etox`mlwoltxewk dkdo`et toi~et klela ietk# `oidkel wocelftl{e `el toxwohex ~ede del"toxteie del {ela dk heqeb klktkec ~mklt+ mcob bfel, ^ede wkwtki ~oxtelkel# ~etmaolila`kl toxwohex ioceck kxkaewk, Elakl de~t hoxtklde` lt` dkwtxkhwk `oiheck `mlkdkegoldeqel# {ela dk~xmd`wk ~ede klela {ela ietk `o klela hex,

@otk`e toxfedk `mlte` eltexe ~xm~eac hoxheaek tk~o ~etmaol del klela edeceb~xmwow xeldmi {ela dkiodkewk mcob ehkmtk` ~xmwow "bmxkwmltec txelwikwwkml+# hohoxe~e~etmaol dktxelwikwk`el dkeltexe aoloxewk `o aoloxewk dexk klela dexk imtbox tm mjjw~xkla"kh `o ele`+ dkwoht zoxtkgec txelwikwwkml, Hohoxe~e ~etmaol wo~oxtk loietmde delgoldeqel ioi~l{ek `oiei~el hoxaoxe` iolf klelal{e, Hohoxe~e loietmdehoxaoxe` ~ede ekx dk eltexe ~extk`oc teleb del iolaale`el xelawelael `kike wo~oxtk

GM8 del jowow klelal{e lt` hox`mcmlk dkwo`ktex klelal{e "Kwbkhewk * @mldm# 5;;>+,Bei~kx ikxk~ w~mxe imtkc dexk goldeqel ekx Gmocmimi{gow w~~, del Ceaolkdki w~~,hoxaoxe` iolf klelal{e woheaek xow~ml toxbede~ `oik`ec {ela dk`ocex`el mcobklelal{e,

^olotxewk Klela

@otk`e ~xm~eac ~etmaol toceb `mlte` dolael klela# thb klela bexw dk~olotxewklt` iolge~ek fexklael {ela ~o`e, @tk`ce extbxm~mde dkckldlak mcob woxelael~etmaol, @ohel{e`el he`toxk# zkxw# del ~xmtmvme iew` `o thb extbxm~mde ioceckdkldkla tk~kw "lml `bktkl+ dexk ikdat wotoceb toxtocel, Toxtocell{e ie`elel {elatox`mlteiklewk mcob ~etmaol edeceb io`elkwio ~oltkla lt` extxm~mde {ela

ioi~l{ek ecet ict ~olal{eb "gboqkla t{~o+ del `mltxedk`wk dolael woxelaae {elaioi~l{ek ecet ict ~olakwe~ "wg`kla t{~o+ {ela xocetkj hohew dexk ie`elel {elatox`mlteiklewk ~etmaol# wobklaae woxelaae wo~oxtk e~bkd e`el wodk`kt tox~olaexb mcob~etmaol he`toxk# zkxw del ~xmtmwme, Loietmde del goldeqel iei~ ~olotxewk `o deceiklela etxbxm~mde, Loietmde ila`kl iew` klela ioceck ikdatwotoceb toxtocel etee`tkj iew` ioceck ict ete fae iew` wogexe celawla ioceck c`e ete w~kxe`ocete fae wogexe io`elk` ioi~olotxewk celawla `tk`ce iolaale`el wtkcot,Goldeqel iew` `o thb klela ioceck ~olotxewk celawla `o `tk`ce, ^olotxewk

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

4/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

dkce``el mcob bkje {ela ioi~xmd`wk olvki {ela iei~ iolabelgx`el `tk`cewoxelaae,

Woxelaae toxkljo`wk iola)`mlteiklewk ckla`laelhek` ioceck klela {elaietk del ~ol{ohexel klelaete ioceck dojogetkmldexk jowow {ela tox`mlte)iklewk

Woxelaae wobet `mlte`dolael klm`ci ~etmaolioceck `mlwiwk whwtxet{ela tox`mlteiklewk wo~oxtkdel

Woxelaae `odeiolfedk toxkljo`wkdel wk`cw ~ol{e)`kt hoxcelft

Aeihex ?,5 Txelwikwk bmxkwmltec ~etmaol "Kltox-kltxe aoloxewk+

Woxelaae ~xedoqewetoxkljo`wk tote~k tote~wxzkzo del toxwiolaeceik

Woxelaae toxw wx)zkzo wei~ek doqewee`el tote~k tote~toxkljo`wk

Woxelaae toxkljo`wkhoxo~xmd`wk# tote~ktocx iewkbtoxkljo`wk klmc`i

Mjjw~xkla toxkljo`wk# hoho)xe~e ietk# {ela ceklwxzkzo del tihb del

hox`oihela# tote~kioiheqe kljo`wk lt`iocelft`el wk`cw bkd~{e

Aeihex ?,8 Txelwikwk zoxtk`ec ~etmaol "Kltoxaoloxewk+

Xo~xmdu`wk decei fexklael klela

@otk`e ~etmaol toceb ioi~olotxewk klela# ie`e ~xmwow wocelftl{e edecebxo~xmd`wk ~ede wet ete hohoxe~e fexklael, ^ede hohoxe~e ~etmaol xo~mxd`wk toxfedk~ede fexklael toxtolt wo~oxtk lmlmggcdod Mx{gtow zkxw xo~xmd`wk toxfedk ~ede thbcoie` del o~ktbocki ikdat, Wodela`el cekl wogexe ii xo~xmd`wk ~ede woie fexklael klela, Fexklael klk fae e`el ioi~olaexbk ficeb ~xm~eac ~etmaol {eladk~xmd`wk ~ox hoxet klela# wo~oxtk ~ede ~etmaol {ela iolabewkc`el kljo`wk wkwtoik` ~edewoie fexklael e`el cohkb o`mlmikw dkheldkla`el bel{e xo~xmd`wk ~ede fexklaeltoxtolt, Wtokloxloietkde del Botoxmxbehdktkdeo toxw hoxxo~xmd`wk wotoceb klelal{eietk mcob wkihkml he`toxk# `mlwo`olwkl{e fexklael klela bexw toxw toxwodke lt`xo~xmd`wk loietmde,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

5/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

@ocuexl{e ~xm~eauc ~etmaol dexk klela eteu gedezox

^xmwow wotoceb xo~xmd`wk edeceb ~xmaolk dexk ~etmaol bexw `mlte` dolael klelacekll{e lt` iocelftl{e wk`cw bkd~l{e, ^ede hohox~e ~etmaol dkiele txelwikwkdkce``el wogexe zoxtk`ec dexk kld` `o ele`, @mlte` toxfedk dolael `mlteiklewk tocx`oidkel hex dkdo~mwkt`el `o ckla`lael, ^ede `ohel{e`el ~etmaol# ~xm~eac dkco~ew

wogexe hohew `oiheck `o ckla`lael del `oidkel e`el `mlte` dolael klelal{e, Fk`e~etmaol kt ioihlb klelal{e# ie`e ~olaocexel ~xm~eac ~etmaol dkce``el dolaeldkwkltoaxewk thb ~etmaol {ela ietk, Wo~oxtk ~ede woxelael zkxw# dkiele `mldkwk klelaiolfedk ckukj{# ie`e xwe`l{e thb klela {ela ietk del `ocexl{e ~xm~eac hel{e`dke`khet`el mcob ehkmtk` je`tmx wo~oxtk bfel, ^ede goldeqel# `ocexl{e w~mxe toxfedk`exole ~oxtihbel bkje `oex thb klela {ela ietk ioloihw `tk`ce `ocex thbklela, @ocexl{e w~mxe hkwe ~ewkj ioceck heltel elakl ete e`tkj {ela wogexe io`elkww~mxe dkwoihx`el `ocex, Loietmde `ocex dexk klelal{e ioceck hohoxe~e gexe# edehohoxe~e loietmde fzolkc del doqewel{e `ocex dexk thb klela {ela wdeb ietkiew` decei teleb ete ekx, Ede fae loietmde {ela `ocex del toxwohex ioceck mxaelxo~xmd`wk klela del loietmde e`el toxwohex ete `ocex `o klela cekl e`khet ~xmwow

mzk~mwkwk, ^ol{ohexel ~xmtmwme del he`toxk dexk klela {ela toxkljo`wk toxfedk decei jowow{ela tox`mlteiklewk `otk`e klela iewkb bkd~ del wocelftl{e ioceck `mlwiwk mcobklela cekl,

^ol{ohexel del ~oxwkwtolwk ~xm~eauc ~etmaol dk ckla`ulael

Wotoceb `ocexl{e ~xm~eac ~etmaol# ie`e ~xmwow wocelftl{e edeceb heaekiele~exm~eac kt toxwohex del ~oxwkwtol dk ecei, @ohoxcelftel ~m~cewk ~etmaol dk eceitoxaeltla wo`eck ~ede e`mlte`l{e dolael klela hex, Mcob woheh kkt ~etmaol welaetioioxc`el ede~tewk hek` ~ol{ohexel del ~oxwkwtoll{e dk ecei, ^ol{ohexel ~xm~eac~etmaol toceb dktoxela`el# wogexe jkwk` bfel# elakl iox~e`el je`tmx ~oltkla lt``mlte` dolael klela hex, Txelwikwk ~etmaol `o klela hex e`el toxfedk hkce `mcmlkklelea decei ficeb howex, Woxelaae wo~oxtk `t `ohc# e~bkd# co~kdm~toxe# etewoxelaa cekel {elea woxkla iolaeceik mthxoe`# welaet ~oltkla heak txelwikwk ~ol{e`kt,Woxelaae {ela dkxoexkla dk cehmxetmxki ete wogexe `mioxwkec fae welaet ~o`e toxbede~~ol{e`kt,

^xmhehkcktew ~etmaol lt` `mlte` dolael klela welaet dkd`la mcob hohoxe~e`exe`toxkwtk`, Hohoxe~e ~etmaol toxtxelwikwk wogexe zoxtk`ec dexk kld` `o ele`l{e wo~oxtk~ede ik`xmw~mxkdki Lmwoie ~{xewte toxfedk wogexe txelwmzexkec decei aoloxewk~oxteie cet Mwtxklke lhkceckw, ^etmaol cekl toxtxelwikwkw`el dexk klela {ela toxkljo`wk~ede w~owkjk` behktet dk iele ~m~cewk klela kt hoxede, Hohoxe~e loietmde {elaiol{oxela cecet iwgmkd ete qmmd qew~ ~etmaol dkdo~mwkt`el ~ede behktet cexzel{emcob doqewe {ela toxkljo`wk# dkiele mzexkl{e toxkljo`wk mcob loietmde, ^ede hohoxe~egoldeqel# he`toxk# del ~xmtmvme `edela)`edela ~m~cewk klela xoldeb del ckla`lael{ela tkde` jezmxehco# ie`e ioxo`e ioi~l{eke wtedke dmxiel "xowtkla wteaow+, Wtedkedmxiel klk ioihelt ~etmaol lt` `mlte` dolael klela wei~ek `mldkwk ckla`laeliolaltla`el heak ~xm~eac ~etmaol toxwoht,

^ede tkla`et ~m~cewk txelwikwk zoxk`ec toxfedk dkiele ~etmaol dktxelwikwk`el dexkkld` `o ~xmaolkl{e, Ede 8 tk~o txelwikwk zoxtk`ec ~etmaol {ekt txelwmzexkec deltxelwmzi# ^ede txelwmzexkec ~etmaol toceb hoxede ~ede tocx ~ede weet dkcote``eldke`khet`el mcob klzewk ~etmaol woceie ~ox`oihelael tocx ~ede kld`l{e, Txelwikwk

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

6/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

klk woxkla toxfedk ~ede lmlmggcdod zkxw del ik`xmw~mxkdke, Txelwmzi toxfedk `otk`emjjw~xkla `mlte` dolael ckla`lael o`wtoxlec {ela tox`mlteiklewk `otk`e ~xmwowmzk~mwkwk mcob kld`l{e, Txelwikwk klk woxkla toxfedk ~ede hegcmzkxw# g{tm~cewik`~mc{bodxmwkw zkxw ~ede Co~kdm~toxe del B{iolm~toxe,

Woie xto txelwikwk iil{e edeceb txelwikwk bmxkwmltec, Txelwikwk bmxkwmltec

toxfedk `otk`e ~xm~eac ~etmaol wk`ocex`el mcob kldkzkdec toxkljo`wk `o ecei del`oidkel `mlte` del iolakljo`wk klela hex, Woheaek gmltmb txelwikwk bmxkwmltectoxfedk `otk`e jowow ~ede del dexk co~kdm~toxe tox`mlteiklewk mcob ~xm~eac woxelaae{ela wocelftl{e e`el dkie`el mcob cet {ela wobet, Txelwikwk bmxkwmltec ii toxfedk~ede hegcmzkxw del goldeqel, Txelwikwk ~etmaxol woceie `m~cewk fae dk`ete`elwoheaek txelwikwk bmxkwmltec,

HE@TOXKHe`toxk edeceb mxaelkwio lkwocccox {ela tkde` ioi~l{ek l`cow# e`el tote~k

ioi~l{ek dkldkla woc {ela xkakddel wogexe ii hox`xel ~elfela 5 ) ? , He`toxk~etmaol woxelaae de~et dkheak iolfedk 8 {ekt lml)w~xmxo)jmxikla del w~mxo)jmxikla

hegtoxke, Iow`k~l `ohel{e`el he`toxk {ela dkkwmcewk dexk woxelaae we`kt edeceb lml)w~mxo)jmxikla hegtoxke# e`el tote~k w~mxo)jmxikla hegtoxke# wo~oxtk aoloxe Hegkccwedeceb he`toxk {ela welaet ~oltkla dk decei ~olaoldeckel be{etk, W~mxo)jmxikla)hegtoxkedkhoxk leiek `exole ioiholt` w~mxe {ela xowkwtel toxbede~ ckla`lael o`wtxki, ^ededewexl{e he`toxk klk toxdkxk etew 7 aoloxe {ekt Hegkccw# ^eolkhegkccw {ela eoxmhk` delGcmwtxkdki {ela eleoxmhk`,

Kwmcet Ht {ela ~oxteie `eck dktoi`el edeceb whw~owkow {ela e`tkj ioihlbcet "cexze Co~kdm~toxe+# dolael whw~owkow Ht, Zex `xwte`k "Ht`+, Whw~owkow {ela e`tkj~ede Dk~toxe dktoi`el `oidkel ~ede tebl 5;1: {ekt Ht, Kwxeocolwkw "Htk+ {elaiolakljo`wk cexze l{ei` dk Kwxeoc, Htk wo`exela toxwodke wogexe `mioxwkec lt`ioihlb l{ei` del hceg`jkow {elea iox~e`el zo`tmx ~ol{e`kt ~ede zoxtohxete,

^ede tebl 5;2: dktoi`el whw~owkow he`toxk {ela e`tkj ioihlb cexze Gmcom~toxe Httolohxkm "htt+ {ela `oidkel dkaeltk iolfedk Ht imxxkwmlk, Hti klk `oidkeldk`oihela`el lt` iolaoldeck`el beie `ihela, Wei~ek wo`exela toceb :>,>>>wtxekl Ht toceb dkkwmcewk del toceb :> whw~owkow toceb dkhoxk leie,

Hegkccw tbxklakolwkw ~oxteie `eck dk`olec iol{oheh`el kljo`wk ~ede cet wtoxe~ede tebl 5;>5 del cet woxelaae beie adela Eleaewte `oblkocce ~ede tebl 5;55,Ht edeceb w~owkow {ela `mi~co`w dolael hel{e`l{e whw~owkow hoxdewex`el fk woxmcmak,He`toxk klk ioiholt` w~mxe wo`eckaw fae ioiholt` thb ~exew~mxec deceiw~mxelaki, Thb ~exew~mxec iolaeldla wet ete cohkb ~xmtokl ~xmtm`wkl deceiwtx`tx gxkwteckl# {ela dk`olec woheaek gxkwtec ~xmtokl, Tm`wkl decei gxkwtec ~xmtokl

dk`olec woheaek )oldmtm`wkl del wotke~ whw~owkow Ht ioi~l{ek )oldmtm`wkl {ela

hoxhode {ela kljo`tkj ~ede woxelaae {ela hoxhode ~ce,@otk`e Ht toxtocel mcob woxelaae {ela xoltel# gxkwtec ~xmtokl e`el toxcext decei

`mldkwk hewe decei wecxel ~olgoxle`el "ikdat+ dele iolabewkc`el ~xmtm`wkl {eladolael edel{e olvki ~xmtomcktk` e`el ioihet ~xmtm`wkl klk e`tkj, Heakel dexk imco`ctm`wkl klk e`el ioco`et ~ede dkldkla at lt` ioiholt` chela ete ~mxow ~ededkldkla at, Jmxiewk ~mxow klk e`el iol{oheh`el toxaelaal{e `owokihelael mwimtk`wo~elfela at {ela ~ede e`bkxl{e woc)woc at e`el ioihola`e` del hohoxe~e e`eliocotw iol{oheh`el he`toxk de~et iolaklzewk beoimgmc woxelaae# wobklaae he`toxk klk

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

7/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

e`el go~et ioi~oxhel{e` dkxk del woxelaae {ela xoltel e`el ietk decei 5)8 bexk"Aeihex ?,5+,

Aeihex ?,7, Wk`cw bkd~Hegkccw tbxklakolwkw "Telede * @e{e# 5;;7+

Cexze {ela toxkljo`wk mcob Ht e`el iollf``el ~oxhebel ~oxkce` delimxjmcmak, Wotoceb hohoxe~e fei iolocel Ht# ie`e cexze e`el hoxboltk ie`el# hoxboltkhoxaoxe`# `oidkel dktlf``el dolael aofece ~oxhebel dkexo# hoxheb qexle iolfedkeae` aoce~# del e`bkxl{e e`el ietk "Aeihex ?,8+

Aeihex ?,4 aofece del Telde kljo`wk Ht ~ede cexze

@oiei~el lt` iolihb`el Ht decei ficeb howex wo~oxtk decei ?>,>>> cjoxioltmx ioihet Ht klk ideb del ixeb dk~xmd`wk iewwec, ^ede tebl 5;27

toxde~et 45> jmxicewk Ht decei holt` oicwkjkehco gmlgoltxeto# qottehco ~mqdox delaxelce, E~ck`ewk toceb dkale`el wogexe cew lt` iolaoldeck`el cexze woxelaaeCo~kdm~toxe hek` dk ~oxtelkel# ~ox`ohlel del `obtelel# toxgetet cohkb dexk $ 5>>)8>>fte ~elawe ~ewex Ht dk dlke "Befo`# 8>>4+,

@olaacel Ht dk decei iolaoldeck`el woxelaae beie toceb ioihet ~exekciqel lt` iolaoihela`el ~olocktkel cohkb celft# dolael ioieljeet`el delioielk~cewk aol Gx{ "gxkwtec ~xmtokl+, `oidkel dkiew``el decei woc teleiel#wobklaae aol Ht kt toxor~xowk`el ~ede teleiel, Ht)imdkjkod txelwaolkg ~celtw toceb

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

8/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

dk`oihela`el ~ede ~oxtolaebel tebl 5;2>)el del toblmcmak klk toceb hox`oihelawogexe cew dk _WE# dkiele lt` ~oxteie `eckl{e ~ede tebl 5;;: `e~ew txelwaolk`toceb toxwodke wogexe `mioxwkec# del ~olocktkel toxwoht toceb hox`oihela ~ede teleieltmiet# `oltela del toihe`e, ^ede tebl 5;;2 feala Ht)txelwaolk` toceb dktelei ~ede58 fte egxo del 8#2 fte egxo @e~ew Ht)txelwaolk` dk _WE, @oedeel klk `mltxew dk Oxm~e#

dkiele ~ede tebl 8>>> ioxo`e tkde` ceak iolelei teleiel ht)txelwaolk` dke`khet`el~olocktkel wkdo)ojjogtw dexk ~olaaleel ht)txelwaolk` hoci hel{e` dk`otebkTkae w~owkow dexk aoloxe Hegkccw toceb dk`oihela`el lt` iolaoldeck`el

klzoxtehxete cekll{e, H, W~bexkgw toceb dkale`el iolaoldeck`el cexze l{ei`Gcorw~~,Hegkccw welaet tmcoxel toxbede~ ~oxekxel toxgoiex dkheldkla`el dolael Htk,

He`toxk ~oiholt` w~mxe {ela cekl edeceb ^eolkhegkccw ~m~kcckeo edeceb he`toxk~oxteie {ela dktoi`el iolakljo`wk cexze ete xot Gmcom~toxe ~ede tebl 5;77, _xotklk bkd~ decei teleb del ioie`el e`ex)e`ex xi~t, Cexze klk bexw ioie`elhe`toxke# `oidkel iolakljo`wk, Boimcki del ehdmiol dexk cexze klk e`eliollf``el telde ~oxhebel qexle iolfedk ~tkb ww ete ikc`{# wobklaae woxklaaofece del telde woxelael he`toxk ~ede xot dkleie`el ikc`{ dkwoewow, He`toxk klk

~etmaol mhckaet wobklaae welaet wckt dktihb`el dkcex klelal{e# bec klk {ela ioihethe`toxk wckt dk~xmd`wk wogexe iewwec, Iow`k~l doik`kel# he`toxk klk ioi~l{ek`oiei~el ~oxwkwtolwk dk teleb woceie 8?)7> tebl# wobklaae `exe`toxkwtk` klk ioiheltiolamltxmc woxelaet xot decei fela`e qe`t {ela ceie,

Lml)W~mxo)HegtoxkiHe`toxk folkw klk iil{e dktoi`el ~ede amcmlael Oltoxmhegtoxkegoeo del

^wodmimlkdkegoeo, He`toxk klk ioi~l{ek ~etmaolkwktew {ela xoldeb hkce hoxededecei mxael ~olgoxle`el woxelaae# e`el tote~k welaet tklaak hkce hoxede decei boimgmoc"Aeihex ?,7+, He`toxk klk tkde` wo~oxtk ht hel{e` dktolt`ele mcob tkla`et wtxoww {elatoxfedk ~ede klelal{e {ela ioideb`el he`toxk klk iew`,

Woxxetke iexgolgolw edecea w~owkow dexk he`toxk klk {ela welaet ~etmaolk` deliew` `o thb klela `exole ~xmwow toxtocel "Aeihex ?,7+, He`toxk klk toxiew` axeiloaetkj del hel{e` dktoi`el iol{oxela xot dk Loq Voeceld, W~owkow cekl edecebIockwwmgmggw ~ctml ~ol{oheh ~ol{e`kt ~ede cexze coheb ied decei gmih,

E H

Aeihex ?,?, E, Xmto ~etmaolkwktew dexk lml)w~mxo)hegtoxki decei boimgmoc# H, Aofecewoxelae Woxxetke iexgolgolw ~ede xot,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

9/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Loietmde Oltmim~etmaol

Loietmde oltmi~etmaolk` "LO^+ edeceb eaolw ~olaoldeck be{etk decei jeikckWtokloxloietkdeo del Botoxmxbehdktkdeo "Edei * La{ol# 8>>8+, Loietmde klk

ioihlb woxelaae dolael heltel {ela dk~oxmcob dexk wkihkmtk` iteckwtk` dolaelhe`toxk {ela dkheqe decei wecxel ~olgoxle`ell{e "kltowtklo+ "Rolmxbehdw hoxewmwkewkdolael aolw Wtokloxloie w~~, del ^bmtmxbehdw hoxewmwkewk dolael Botoxmxbehdktkwkw~~, "Hmoiexo# 8>>8+, Wei~ek wo`exela toceb dkkdoltkjk`ewk 47 w~owkow LO^ dexk dejeikck del tkae aoloxe "@m~~olbmjox * Jvk# 8>>70 +# 77 w~owkow dexk aolw Wtokloxloie#wet w~owkow dexk aolwLomwtokloxloie# woihkcel dexk aolwBotoxmxbehdktkdeo, LO^ klkde~et dkkwmcewk iolaale`el cexze axoetox qer imtb Aeccoxke ioccmlocce "^otoxw# 5;;:+,

Aeihex ?,: Woxelaae ietk e`khet woxelael loietmdo

Wtdk toltela jeikck Wtokloxloietkdeo del Botoxmxbehdktkdeo toceb dkce``elwogexe kltolwkj `exole `oiei~el `odel{e woheaek eaolw ~olaoldeck be{etk ~edewoxelaae beie, @ode jeikck edeceb loietmde {ela welaet `ogkc ete `xela dexk 5)7

ii ~elfela, @ode jeikck klk toxiew` decei mxdm Xbehdktkde# iow`k~ tkde` toxcecdo`et e`el tote~k `odel{e ioikck`k wtxetoak bkd~ {ela welaet ikxk~, _lt`Wtokloxloie feltel del hotkle bexw iew` `o decei thb woxelaae klela eaex de~ethoxxo~xmd`wk# wodela`el Botoxmxbehdktkw woie fzolkc e`el iolfedk boxie~bxmdkt #wobklaae bel{e dk~oxc`el bel{e wet kldkzkdec lt` iolakljo`wk woxelaae klela eaexde~et hoxxo~xmd`wk, Fzolkc e`el tote~ hoxede decei thb khl{e# ~ede dewexl{eioi~exewkt fae khl{e# bel{e e`el iolklaaec`el kld`l{e `otk`e e`el iolfedkdoqewe,

Ew~o` lk` dexk loietmde klk edeceb wkihkmwkwl{e dolael he`toxk, Fzolkc wtedke`o)7 ioiheqe he`toxk decei wecxel ~olgoxleell{e "at+ del `otk`e wowdebiolakljo`wk klelal{e# ie`e he`toxk kt e`el dk`ocex`el, He`toxk {ela hoxwkihkmwkw kt

edeceb Rolmxbehdw ~ede Wtokloxloietkdeo del ^bmtmxbehdw ~ede Botoxmxbehdktkdeo,He`toxk klk hoxtelaala feqeh lt` ioihlb woxelaae klela wogexe go~et# decei 8)7bexk, @oietkel woxelaae klela hel{e` dke`khet`el mcob tm`wkl {ela dk`ocex`el mcobhe`toxk, He`toxk e`el hox`oihela wogexe go~et decei thb woxelaae klela {ela tocebietk del iolaale`ell{e woheaek ltxkol, Loietmde ~ede ~xklwk~l{e edceb ioie`elhe`toxk toxwoht, Loietmde e`el hox`oihela dexk aoloxewk `o aoloxewk ~ede klela {elaweie# wei~ek ~m~cewk iolfedk ~edet del ltxkoll{e iolfedk xoldeb# del ~ede weet {elaweie fzolkc e`el `ocex dexk woxelaae klelal{e lt` ioloi`el `oiheck woxelaae

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

10/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

klela {ela hex, Woxelaae klela {ela ietk dke`khet`el mcob Botoxmxbehdktkw-^bmxmxbehdw de~et dk`oleck dolael edel{e ~oxhebel qexle iolfedk mxelao eteioxeb# dk`exole`el ~kaiol {ela dkbewkc`el mcob he`toxk del woxelaae klela {ela ietk"gedezox+ de~et io~oldex`el gebe{e "ciklowgo+ ~ede qe`t {ela ~oldo`,

Bhlael eltexe loietmde del he`toxk klk hoxwkjet iteckwtk` `exole `ode

iolde~et`el `oltlael dexk bhlael toxwoht, Iow`k~l loietmde de~t iohlbwoxelaae klela tel~e edel{e he`toxk# e`el tote~k ioxo`e e`el welaet ceihet# del tkde`e`el de~et hoxo~xmd`wk tel~e ioie`el he`toxk {ela iolw~~cek ltxkol wo~oxtk wtoxmc,Dolael he`toxk # woxelaae klela e`el toxhlb wogexe go~et del gedezox e`el toxfeaedexk he`toxk cekl `exole edel{e eltkhkmtk` {ela dk~xmd`wk mcob he`toxk, [ela dkde~etdexk bhlael dolael loietmde heak he`toxk edeceb `exole ioxo`e tkde` hkwe iol{ohex #iolgexk klela del iolaklzewk thb woxelaae # mcob woheh kt loietmde ioiheqehe`toxk `owoxelaae klela,

Loietmde klk iil{e hoxede decei woxelaae klelal{e decei 8)7 aoloxewk"Aeihex ?,4+# wotoceb kt jxoo ckzkla fzolkc kljo`tkj "FK+ e`el wogexe e`tkj iolgexkklelal{e "Edei * La{ol# 8>>8+, Fzolkc kljo`tkj "FK+ `otk`e `ocex dexk woxelaae klela

{ela toceb ietk e`el e`tkj iolgexk klelal{e, Ede hohoxe~e wtxetoak LO^ decei iolgexkklelal{e " jmxeakla hobezkmx+, Gmltmbl{e Wtokloxloie gex~mge~weo e`el wocec hoxededk etew ~oxi`eel teleb del iolaale`el te`tk` wkt eld qekt "eihwbox+ del `otk`ewoxelaae klela {ela iil{e e`tkj hoxaoxe` e`el toxkljo`wk mcob loietmde klk"Gei~hocc * Aeacox# 5;;7+, Botoxmxbehdktkw hegtoxkm~bmxe ioi~l{ek wtxetoakiolgexk klela {ela dk`olec woheaek gxkwox# {ela e`el e`tkj hoxaoxe` dk decei teleblt` iolgexk woxelaae klela {ela iil{e tkde` e`tkj hoxaoxe` wo~oxtk _xotGmcom~toxe del woxelaae decei teleb cekll{e "Coqkw ot ec,# 5;;8+, E`el tote~k#Wtokloxloie xkmhxezkw iollf``el aehlael `ode wtxetoak toxwoht "Coqkw# 8>>8+,

Aeihex ?,1 Wk`cw bkd~ loietmde oltmim~etmaolk` "LO^+

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

11/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Iow`k~l LO^ ioi~l{ek `kwexel woxelaae klela cew "Tehoc 5+# bei~kx 5>>w~owkow klela hoxhode dk cehmxetmxki "^mklex# 5;1;+# e`el tote~k `mioxwkec LO^ bel{edktf`el ~ede hohoxe~e woxelaae "Axoqec * Aomxakw# 5;;;0 Wbe~kxm)Kcel ot ec,# 8>>8+,^ede iil{e LO^ ojo`tkj lt` iolaoldeck`el woxelaae beie {ela bkd~ deceiteleb "@cokl# 5;;>0 Wbox ot ec# 8>>>0 Wbe~kxm)Kcel ot ec,# 8>>8# + del woxelaae {ela bkd~

decei behktet toxwoihl{k "0 "@e{e * Aeacox# 5;;70 Hoaco{# 5;;>+# del woxelaae~oie`el del "Iewml * Qxkabt# 5;;10 Wgbxmox * Obcox# 8>>?0 Wgbxmox ot ec,# 8>>?+,^olocktkel fae iollf``el hebqe loietmde oltmim~etmaolk` fae iei~iolaoldeck`el loietmde ~exewkt teleiel "^oxov * Coqkw# 8>>40 Feadeco ot ec,#8>>8+,

Tehoc ?,8, ^olaaleel Wtokloxloietkdeo del Botoxmxbehdktkdeo woheaek eaolw ~olaoldeckbe{etk

jeikck eld w~owkowe Woxelaae Texaot Xojoxolw

Botoxmxbehdktkdeo

Botoxmxbehdktkw hegtoxkm~bmxe Co~kdm~toxe# Gmcom~toxe Hoaco{ "5;;>+# @cokl "5;;>+B, ioakdkw Gmcom~toxe @cokl "5;;>+

B, iexocetuw Gmcom~toxe# Co~kdm~toxe Cku eld Hoxx{ "5;;:+# Hoxx{ ot ec, "5;;1+

Wtokloxloietkdeo

Wtokloxloie gex~mge~weo

Co~kdm~toxe# Gmcom~toxe#

Wk~bmle~toxe

Hoaco{ "5;;>+# @cokl "5;;>+# Aomxakw eld

Ielqokcox "5;;4+

W, joctkeo Dk~toxe "Wgkexkdeo+ Hoaco{ "5;;>+# @cokl "5;;>+

W, acewoxk Gmcom~toxe "Wgexeheokdeo+ @cokl "5;;>+

W, `uwbkdek Gmcom~toxe "Wgexeheokdeo+ Mauxe "5;;7+

W, xkmhxezo Co~kdm~toxe# Mxtbm~toxe Gehelkccew ot ec, "5;;4+

Gmcom~toxe "Guxguckmlkdeo+ Gehelkccew eld Xeucwtml "5;;4+

W, wge~toxkwgk Mxtbm~toxe "imco gxkg`otw+ ^ex`iel ot ec, "5;;7+

^olaaleel lt` ~olaoldeckel

Woheaek eaolw ~olaoldeck be{etk LO^ ioi~l{ek hohoxe~e `olaaceldkheldkla`ele dolael ~owtkwkde `kike {ekt @oiei~el iolgexk klela del ioihlbdolael go~et "84)42 fei+ del `oiei~el lt` wxzkzo del xog{gckla dk decei teleb"@e{e * Aeacox# 5;;7+# eiel toxbede~ ckla`laele "E`bxw# 5;;>+# ideb dk~xmd`wkwogexe iewwec "Jxkdiell# 5;;>+# ideb dke~ck`ewk`el iolaale`el ecet woi~xmt wteldex"Hetoiel# 8>>?0 Iettboqw# 8>>5+, ^olaoihelael loietmde lt` ~olaoldeckel be{etktox`mwoltxewk ~ede ~olaaleel loietmde lt` iolaoldeck`el imcw`e del woxelaaebeie {ela bkd~ dk teleb del loietmde fae dkale`el ~ede woxelaae {ela bkd~toxwoihl{k "gxk~tkg behktet+,

Loietmde toceb dkale`el lt` ~olaoldeckel be{etk `cewk`ec del hohoxe~e tocebw`wow woheaek gmltmb ~olaaleel loietmde Hoddklake wkgkdkgmce "Jeikck^beolm~wkt{colgbkdeo+ toceb dkco~ew dk Ewtxecke lt` iolaoldeck`el beie Wkxorlmgtkckm "B{ilm~toxe+ {ela iolaohmx iew` `odecei teleiel ~klw, Wtokloxloiewge~toxkgk {ela w`wow iolaxelak ~m~cewk fola`oxk` dk _xae{ del Exaoltkle wotoceb7 tebl, E`el tote~k e~ck`ewk loietmde tkde` co~ew dexk oldece {ekt ~oxwkwtolwkl{e tkde`toxcec ceie, Klldetkj loietmde iil{e 8,? r 5>; loietmde-be+ klk weie dolael~olaoldeckel dolael klwo`tkwkde wteldex,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

12/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Aeihex ?,1 E~ck`ewk loietmdo ~ede ~edela amcj

Loietmde wo~oxtk Wtokloxloie del Botoxmxbehdktkw de~et dk~xmd`wk iewwecwoheaek hkm~owtkwkde# bec dk`exole`el ioxo`e de~et hox`oihela dolael ideb decei ficeb {ela howex dolael iodke ~edet {ela ixeb wo~oxtk iodke ~mx` `kdlo{ eteie`elel elfkla# e`el tote~k ~ox`oihelael cohkb celft loietmde klk de~et dk~xmd`wkiewwec wogexe ckukd decei joxioltmx dolael `e~ewktew 5?,>>> cktox ete cohkb dolaelbewkc 5>? fzolkc ~ox ikcckiotox "Jxkodiel# 5;;>+, Hohoxe~e kldwtxk iewkb

iolaale`el iodke ~edet ete klzkzm ~ede woxelaae klela, Loietmde dkjmxicewk`el `odecei hebel {ela ~mxmw "wo~oxtk w~mlao ete jmei+, Loietmde ede {ela dkdo`wk`ewkdel dkgei~x to~la ete axelce wo~oxtk zoxik`ckt ete hebel ~oiheqe cekll{e,Iotmdo m~tkiewk jmxicewk del ~olao~e`el edeceb `xktk`ec ~mkl heak loietmde `exoleioxo`e bexw decei `oedeel bkd~ `otk`e dke~ck`ewk`el, Loietmde klk e`el ojo`tkj hkcedke~ck`ewk`el decei teleb {ela xklael# teleb coiheh ~ede toi~oxetx wodela del belaet,Woceie e~ck`ewk # ~olaaleel ekx lt` tote~ iolfeae toi~oxetx teleb del `ocoiheheledeceb `xktk`ec, Wobklaae woxkla `eck wohoci e~ck`ewk loietmde dkce``el ~ol{kxeielekx,

Aeihex ?,2 Ioxiktbkdeo

Wocekl Wtokloxloie del Botoxmxbhdktkw# hohoxe~e loietmde dkale`el lt`iolaoldeck`el woxelaae wo~oxtk ~ede Mxdm Ioxiktbkde, Mhckaet loietmde klk de~tdkckbet dolael iete hkewe# dkiele hotkle doqewel{e hox`xel ~elfela ?)8> gi etecohkb# iow`k~l iewkb xei~kla, Wet Ioxiktbkdeo ioihlb woxelaae beie#iol{ocowek`el wk`cw bkd~l{e ~ede wet woxelaae kt# `oidkel iolklaaec`el klelal{edel iew` `o ckla`lael, Hohoxe~e woxelaa beie {ela dkwoxela edeceb l{ei`# cecet#qoxola del# del hocecela, Xmielmioxikw gckgkzmxer# fzolkcl{e bkd~ decei cexzel{ei` decei hohoxe~e iklaa# `oidkel `ocex dexk thb klelal{e wo`eckawioihlb klelal{e, Ioxo`e e`el hoxede dk wodkiolt heqeb dexk behktet ~oxekxel#

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

13/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

hox`oihela iolfedk feltel del hotkle# `oidkel `eqkl # ioi~xmd`wk fzolkc kljo`tkj~ede iwki wocelftl{e, ^bewiexbehdktkw boxie~bxmdkte toceb dk`oihela`el lt`ioihlb imcw`e beie dk Klaaxkw,

Hmr ?,5 Kwmcewk del ^oxhel{e`el Loietmde Oltmim~etmaolk`

Loietmde oltmim~etmaol "LO^+ wo~oxtk loietmde {ela cekl ioi~l{ek behktetdk teleb# mcob woheh kt LO^ klk de~t dkkwmcewk dexk teleb dolael iotmde hekt txe~,Woxelaae {ela dkale`el woheaek i~el edeceb Axoetox qer imtb cexze Aeccoxkeioccmlocce ete cexze `ihela Tolohxkm imcktmx, ^oxhel{e`el loietmde fae dkce``elwogexe kl zkzm decei thb cexze klwtex e`bkx cet ckckl "qer imtb+ Aeccoxke ioccmlocce"^mklex# 5;1;0 Qmmdxkla * @e{e# 5;22+, Fzolkc kljo`tkj "fk+ wohel{e` 5 ic dolael

`mlwoltxewk 8>> fk-ic dkiew``el `o decei geqel ^otxk " 8> gi+ {elea toceb dkce~kwkdolael de ce~kw `oxtew wexkla Qbetiel Lm, 5, wohel{e` 4> cexze klwtex e`bkx A,Ioccmlocce dkiew``el `o decei geqel ^otxk toxwoht del dkkl`hewk dk toi~et aoce~woceie 42 fei, Cexze)cexze {ela ietk dkcote``el ~ede geqel ^otxk {ela toceb hoxkwk

`oxtew tkwo coiheh# `oidkel dkieww``el ~ede woheb `mte` ~cewtk` hox`xel cohkbhowex dexk dkeiotox geqel ^otxk, @mte` ~cewtk` klk dkkwk dolael ekx ">#5 jmxieckl+ wotklaakwotolaeb tklaak geqel ^otxk, Wotoceb ?): bexk ie`e fzolkc kljo`tkj e`el tox~oxela`e~decei ekx del wke~ lt` dk~elol, To`lk` klk dk`olec woheaek ~oxela`e~ Qbkto "Qbktotxe~+,

Xowo~ ie`elel hetel lt` ~oxhel{e`el A, Iocmlocce "Imdkjk`ewk dexk ^mklex* Tbmiew# 5;24+6Ackwoxkl 6 22> aIed 6 ;>> icCkckl coheb ied 6 8>> a[oewt 6 8:> a

To~la feala 6 8:> aTo~la aeldi 6 55>> a

Goldeqel Oltmim~etmaol

Tkde` wo~oxtk ~etbmaol)~etmaol cekl {ela wogexe ii iolakljo`wk klela `otk`e~xm~eac kljo`tkj toxtocel# ie`e goldeqel oltmim~etmaol iei~ lt` iolaklzewkwoxelaae klela dolael ioi~olotxewk celawla ioceck `tk`ce, ^ede eqecl{e w~mxegoldeqel `el ioco`et ~ede `tk`ce# ~ede `mldkwk {elea jezmxehco# w~mxe e`elhox`ogeiheb# ioi~olotxewk `tk`ce del iew` `o boimgmoc, Goldeqel e`elhoxxo~xmd`wk decei boimgmoc# wocec dexk holt`{oewt)ck`o bkje, Boimgmoc wocelftl{ee`el toxkwk mcob thb bkje, Woxelaae wocec ietk del goldeqel e`el toxw iocelft`elwk`cwl{e decei jewo we~xmjktk`, Wotoceb thb woxelaae klela dk~olbk mcob ikwocke#"iii{+ ie`e w~mxe kljo`tkj e`el dk~xmd`wk, Qexle iii{ ~ede woxelaae klela{ela toxwoxela goldeqel hoxzexkewk# ede {ela ~tkb# bkfe# ioxeb ide toxaeltla dexkqexle w~mxe goldeqell{e, Klkceb gkxk dexk woxelaae {ela ietk `exole goldeqel, Ede gkxk~oxkce` {ela toxfedk dk`olec woheaek wiikt dkwoewow# dkiele woxelaae {ela ietk`exole goldeqel iollf``el ~oxkce` e`el lek` `o ~oxi`eel etew teleiel del

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

14/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

ioco`et`el dkxk dkwele# jolmiole klk mcob hohoxe~e ~e`ex dk`ete`el woheaek webe lt`iol{oceiet`el ~m~cewk cekl {ela wobet dexk woxelael goldeqel ete~l dexk ~exewktmkddel ~xodetmx,

Aeihex ?,2 wiikt dkwoewow ~ede cet toxwoxela goldeqel

V{ami{gmte

Mxdm Oltmim~btbmxecoel dexk V{ami{gmte iolaeldla hel{e` w~owkowgoldeqel {ela ~oltkla decei xoacewk ~m~cewk woxelaae, Wk`cw bkdd~ dexk w~owkow klkwelaet `mi~co hkce dkheldkla`el dolaele wk`cw ewo`wec dexk Ewgmi{gmte,@exe`toxkwtk` dexk oltmim~btbmxecow klk edeceb ioi~l{ek e~e {ela dkwoht xowtklaw~mxow ioi~l{ek dkldkla {ela tohec eaex de~et wxzkzo dk ecei {ela tkde`iolaltla`el del w~mxe kljo`tkj woheaek gmlkdke ~xkiox "hoxix ~oldo`+, @exole`mlkdke ~xkiox bexw dk`ocex`el dexk thb woxelaae klela# woxkla `eck woxelaae klela{ela toxkljo`wk mcob Oltmim~btbmxecow lei~e` wo~oxtk dk`ockckak mcob `mlkdke goldeqel,Ckla`exel `mlkdke klk de~et dkckbet ~ede cecet {ela ietk `exole Oltmim~btbmxecowiwgeo, Telde klk woxkla dk`olec woheaek qkldmo ~elo jlaw, Wiikt dkwoewow faetoxfedk ~ede woxelaae {ela toxkljo`wk mcob goldeqel klk, Telde hkce goldeqel klkioiholt`xowtkla w~mxo# ie`e woxelaae klela {ela ietk e`el lei~e` hoxqexle bktei #del e~ehkce ioiholt` `mlkdke ~xkiox e`el lei~e` hoxqexle cohkb toxela,

E H G

Aeihex ?,; E, xowtkla w~mxow dexkOltmim~btbmxecow# H, @mlkdke ~xkiox# G, Cecet {elatoxkljo`wkOltmim~btbmxecow iwgeo

Hohoxe~e Oltmim~btbmxecoel ~oltkla cekll{e edeceb Oltmim~beae axkck {elaiol{oxela hocecela del Vmm~btbmxe {ela iol{oxela `ihela# Oltmim~beae iekikae{ela iolakljo`wk laolaet a{~w{,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

15/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

^ede Vmm~btbmxe xedkgelw {ela iol{oxela qoxola del `oltela ioi~xm`wkxowtkla w~mxo ete `mlkdke welaet toxaeltla wtedke woxelaae klelal{e, Fk`e iolakljo`wkqoxola ide# ie`e e`el ioi~xmd`wk `mlkdke ~xkiox# wodela`el hkce iolakljo`wkqoxola {ela cohkb te e`el ioi~xmd`wk xowtkla w~mxo, @mlkdke dexk Oltmim~btbmxcoeliil{e toxwohex tde` wogexe ~ewkj wo~oxtk Ewgmi{gmte# e`el ote~k dk`ocex`el wogexe

e`tkj, Fk`e woheb `mlkdke `mlte` dolael woxelaae klelal{e# ie`e e`el toxholt`tehla `ogeiheb "aoxi tho+# goldeqel e`el iolaklzewk boimgmoc woxelaae delkljo`wk e`el hoxcelft wotoceb kt, E~ehkce `mlkdke {ela dk`ocex`el tkde` fetb ~edeklela {ela ~o`e# ie`e `mlkdke klk e`el ioiholt` `mlkdke wo`ldox, Hohoxe~e w~owkowila`kl wefe ioiholt` ge~kcckgmlkdke fk`e `mlkdke ~xkiox fetb ~ede whwtxet woceklklela {ela ~o`e, Ge~kcckgmlkdke dkcotte`el decei woheb holela# ioco`et `o woxelaae`otk`e hoxfecel wo~elfela whwtxet dkiele ge~kcckgmlkdke kt dkcote``el, Xowtkla w~mxoe`el dk~xmd`wk `otk`e woxelaae klela ietk# jlawkl{e lt` tote~ wxzkzo ~edeckla`lael {ela tkde` iolaltla`el toxteie~ede iwki dklakl "mzoxqkltoxkla+,^ede iwki w~xkla# xowtkla w~mxo e`el hox`ogeiheb ioiholt` del ioiholt``mlkdke kljo`tkj del wk`cw e`el toxcela del hoxcelft,

Aeihex ?,5> Wk`cw bkd~

Ewgmi{gmte

Ewgmi{gmte ioi~l{ek hohoxe~e w~owkow {ela welaet ~oltkla woheaek goldeqeloltmim~etmaol, Goldeqel klk toxheak etew 8 `ocmi~m` {ekt Ewgmi{gmte del

Dotoxmi{gmte# del {ela toxe`bkx woxkla dk`olec woheaek jlak ki~oxjogtk "tkde`ioi~l{ek wtedke worec+# eqecl{e dkwoht `cew B{~bmi{gotow, Hohoxe~e goldeqel{ela welaet tox`olec dk decei ~xmaxei ~olaoldeckel be{etk dexk amcmlael klk edeceb 6Hoezoxke# Iotexbkvki# Lmixoe# Zoxtkgkccki del ^eogkcmi{gotow,

Te`wmlmik del kdoltkjk`ewk dexk goldeqel klk dkdewex`el ~ede wtx`tx`mlkdkmjmx, Woc `mlkdkmaolmw "dkiele w~mxe dk~xmd`wk+# qexle del imxjmcmak `mlkdke,Zexkewk wtxekl dkeltexe goldeqel toxwoht iil{e dkhode`el iolaale`el to`lk`imcogcex hkmcmak,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

16/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

E H G

Aeihex ?,55 imxjmcmak `mlkdek E,Hoezoxke# H,Iotexbkvki# del G, Gmxdogo~

Wk`cw ewo`wec dexk goldeqel klk xocetkj wodoxbele, @mlkdke kljo`tk e`el ioco`et~ede `tk`ce woxelaae klela {ela ~o`e# hox`ogeiheb del ioiholt` tehla `ogeihebIoloihw `tk`ce woxelaae klela iolf `o boimgmoc, DK decei boimgmoc goldeqel`el ioi~oxhel{e` dkxk dolael gexe ~oxtlewel "hddkla+ thb bkje wei~ek wocxbxela beiogmoc toxkwk mcob thb bkje del woxelaae klela ietk,

Aeihex ?,58, Wtedke eqec dexk cet {ela toxkljo`wkIotexbkvki # dkiele bkje ioiholt`e~xowwmxki# {ela ioi~l{ek olvki lt` iolabelgx`el `tk`ce,

E H

Aeihex ?,57 Telde woxelael E,Hoezoxke# H,Lmixoe

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

17/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Woheakel howex goldeqel Ewgmi{gotow de~et tihb ~ede iodke hetel,Lmixoe xkco{k tihb ~ede iodke hetel e`el ioi~xmd`ewk `mlkdke hoxqexle bkfe#e`el tote~k `olei~e`el ikwockel{e hoxqexle ~tkb ~ede iodke hetel, Hoezoxke#Iotexbkvki delLmixoe de~et dk~xmd`wk iewwec woheaek klwo`tkwkde ik`xmhkec

Zkxw Oltmim~etmaolk`Zkxw edeceb mxaelkwio lmlwoccox {ela iolaeldla DLE ete XLE, @exole

zkxw bel{e hkew ioi~oxhel{e` dkxk ~ede fexklael {ela bkd~# ie`e woie zkxw edceb~exewkt kltoxwoccox mhckaet, Wowdeb ioi~oxhel{e` aolmi DLE ete XLE decei wocklelal{e# zkxw e`el toxhla`w decei ~extk`oc {ela dk`olec woheaek zkxkml {elaiox~e`el ~extk`oc kljo`tkj lt` iolakljo`wk ceak klela hex,

Zkxw dkheak hoxdewex`el `mi~mwkwk ewei lcoet# wtx`tx aolmi del imxjmcmako`wtoxlec dexk ~oihla`w, _`xel zkxw de~t dexk `ogkc `o howex wobklaae de~t dkckbetdolael ik`xmw`m~ gebe{e , Zkxw toxhowex edeceb ~mr zkxw# ioi~l{ek `xel zkxkmliolge~ek 41> lelmiotox, Imxjmcmak zkxw bexw dkklzowtkaewk iolaale`el ik`xmw`m~

ocogtxml del iolaale`el to`lk` hkmcmak imcogcex, Wtx`tx dewex zkxw edeceb zkxecDLE ete XLE {ela dk`ockcklak mcob `e~wc ~xmtokl del klk dk`olec woheaek zkxkml,

Leie cetkl tkde` dkale`el lt` ioihoxk leie zkxw, Zkxw dk`cewkjk ewk`el`odecei jeikck# del kldkzkdec zkxw dkhoxk leie wowek dolael dktoi`el ~oxteie `eck~ede woxelaae klela wo~oxtk W~mdm~toxe cktxe L^Z#Bockgmzox~e exikaoxe L^Z,

^ol{e`kt ~ede woxelaae {ela dke`khet`el mcob zkxw toceb dktoi`el ~ede bei~kx57 mxdm woxelaae, Zkxw edeceb mxaelkwio {ela wodoxbele {ela toxdkxk ewei l`coet del~xmtokl {ela dk`olec woheaek `e~wkd, L`com`e~wkd ila`kl wefe dkce~kwk mcob ce~kwelck~kd {ela dk`olec woheaek zkxkml, Hohoxe~e zkxw mggcdod decei ietxk` ~xmtokl, Ietxk`klk dk`olec woheaek thb Mggcwkml, Thb Mggcwkml klk dktoi`el ~ede 7 jeikck zkxw,Zkxw woxelaae ila`kl wefe dmhco wtxeldod ete wklaco wtxeldod DLE "dwDLE del

wwDLE+ ete fae dmhco ete wklaco wtxeldod XLE "dwXLE del wwXLE+# eteolzocm~odete lolzocm~oddel ila`kl fae mggcdod ete lmlmggcdod decei ietxk`w~xmtokl,

Dkeltexe zkxw {ela iol{oxela woxelaae# ede 7 jeikck {ela ioi~l{ek wtx`tx{ela w~owkec lt` hoxede~tewk del wxzkzec dk ckla`lael, Hegcmzkxkdeo# ^mrzkxkdeodel Xomzkxkdeo ioi~xmd`wk thb m`cwk# wtx`tx {ela iockldlak ~extk`oc zkxw etezkxkml, Thb m`cwk xowkwtol toxbede~ ckla`lael {ela tkde` iolaltla`el, Thbm`cwk dexk 7 jeikck klk toxholt` dexk ietxk` ~xmtokl {ela iolaeldla wet ete cohkbzkxkml, Zkxkml {ela tkde` toxckldlak e`el xoltel del ietk go~et `exole dowk`ewk delwklex celawla ietebexk, Ietxk` ~xmtokl dexk thb m`cwk iockldlak zkxkml dexkckla`lael wohoci iolakljo`wk klela# wobklaae iolkla`et`el tkla`et wxzkzec zkxw,

Thb m`cwk hoxzexkew decei holt` del `xel, Dkeltexe Hegcmzkxkdeo# L^Zioi~l{ek hel{e` holt` thb m`cwk ">,?)5? i+ {ela ioaeldla hel{e` zkxkml,Axelcmwkw zkxw "AZw+ ioi~l{ek ioi~l{ek holt` `e~wc hox`xel "8>> r :>> li+{ela iolaeldla wet zkxkml wotke~ thb m`cwkml,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

18/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Aeihex ?,57 ^mc{bodxe L^Z

@cewkjk`ewk zkxw woxelaae hoxdewex`el Kltoxletkmlec Gmiikttoo ml Termlmi{Zkxwow "5;;5+ edeceb woheaek hoxk`t 6

DLE Zkxuwow

HegcmzkxwowLgcoex ~mc{bodxmwkw zkxwow "L^Z+Axelcmzkxwow "AZ+

Mtbox DLE ZkxwowEwgmzkxwowKxkdmzkxwow^exzmzkxwow^mc{dlezkxwow^mrzkxwow

XLE Zkxuwow

XomzkxwowG{tm~cewikg ~mc{bodxmwkw zkxwow

Mtbox XLE ZkxwowLmdezkxwow^kgmxle)ck`o zkxwowTotxezkxwow

http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/baculoviruses.htmlhttp://npv/http://gv/http://gv/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/dnaviruses.htmlhttp://ascoviruses/http://iridoviridae/http://parvoviridae/http://polydnaviridae/http://poxviridae/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/reoviridae.htmlhttp://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/rnaviruses.htmlhttp://nodaviruses/http://picorna/http://tetraviruses/http://tetraviruses/http://picorna/http://nodaviruses/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/rnaviruses.htmlhttp://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/reoviridae.htmlhttp://poxviridae/http://polydnaviridae/http://parvoviridae/http://iridoviridae/http://ascoviruses/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/dnaviruses.htmlhttp://gv/http://gv/http://npv/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/baculoviruses.html

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

19/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Aeihex ?,54 Qkctkla dkwoewow e`khet kljo`wk Hegcmzkxkdeo

Hegucmzkxuw

Jeikck Hegcmzkxkdeo toxdkxk etew lgcoex ~mc{bodxmwkw zkxw "L^Z+ del axelcmwkw

zkxw "AZ+, Zkxw klk dwDLe dolael xmd)wbe~o l`comge~wkd, ^extk`oc zkxw kljo`tkj etezkxkml edeceb mggcdod decei thb ~xmtokl dk`olec woheaek ~mc{bodxe "L^Z+ eteaxelce "AZ+, L^Z ~mc{bodxe cohkb howex dkheldkla`el dolael zkxkml "5)5? i+ deliolaeldla hohoxe~e zkxkml, Kljo`wk Hegcmzkxw e`el toxfedk `otk`e ^mc{bodxe eteaxelco toxtocel mcob woxelaae klela {ela ~o`e# {ela wocelftl{e e`el toxcext decei kwkwecxel ~olgoxle`el, Zkxkml e`el dk`ocex`el `otk`e ~mc{bodxe ~ogeb, Zkxkml e`elioiew`k woc ikdat wo~oxtk ~ede thb coie`# o~kdoxikw del woc dexeb, Kljo`wkhegcmzkxw woxkla dk`olec woheaek qkctkla dkwoewow# `exole fexklael thb klela iolfedkckukd del kljo`wk ~ede o~kdoxikw iol{oheh`el thb klela ioctkla ioco~ew ~extk`oczkxw dk ecei,

Jeikck Hegcmzkxkdeo welaet ~oltkla dk decei ~xmaxei ~olaoldeckel be{etk# mcob

woheh kt wtdk toltela ~etmaolkwktew del bmwt w~owkjk` dexk hegcmzkxkdeo welaet kltolwkj,Jeikck klk woxkla iol{oxela Co~kdm~toxe# Weqjc{ del cexze l{ei`,

Aeihex ?,5?, Wk`cw bkd~ L^Z decei thb woxelaae

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

20/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Lugcoex mc{bodxmwkw Zkxuwow

L^Z hel{e` iolakljo`wk woxelaae del wotke~ w~owkow ioi~l{ek w~owkjk` w~owkow, L^Z iolakljo`wk cohkbdexk ?>> w~owkow# Co~kdm~toxe edeceb klela {ela ~oltkla dexkL^Z, ^extk`oc kljo`tkj dexk zkxw ete zkxkml klk de~et toxhla`w mcob wklaco WL^Z eteictk~co IL^Z, ^mc{bodxe dexk L^Z iolaeldla hohoxe~e wei~ek hel{e` zkxkml,

Wowdeb toxtocel mcob klela del e`el hoxxo~xmd`wk dk decei woc ikdat# ete fexklaelcekl del mxael woxelaae iolfedk toxkljo`wk toxteie thb coie`# o~kdoxikw del wocdexeb, Woxelaae {ela toxkljo`wk iil{e e`el ietk wotoceb ?)58 bexk wowdeb kljo`wktoxaeltla ~ede dmwkw zkxw# toi~oxetx del wtedke cexze klwtex `otk`e toxfedk kljo`wk,Wo~oxtk ~ede woxelael goldeqel# ~oxkce` wo~oxtk wiikt dkwoewow toxfedk ~ede woxelaae{ela toxwoxela L^Z, Woxelaae {ela e`el ietk e`el lek` `o etew teleiel dk ieleioxo`e ietk del, Fteel ~mc{bodxe {ela tox`eldla ~ede gekxel thb woxelaae {elaietk del ~ogeb e`el fetb `o heqeb decei joodkla vmlo "del# wkwe)wkwe del+ {elaila`kl e`el toxie`el mcob cet wobet {ela cekl,

Axelucmwkw Zkxuwow

Axelcmwkw zkxw "AZw+ xocetkj do`et dolael L^Z ikxk~ wogexe wtx`tx del~etmaolowe, ^oxhodeel teie `odel{e edceb zkxkml dexk AZ edeceb wklac{ mggcdoddecei thb m`cwk {ela `ogkc dkwoht axelce, Wo~oxtk ~ede L^Z# AZ hoxxo~xmd`wk~ede lgcok wocklela, Fexklael toxkljo`wk del ~etbmaolowel{e ikxk~ dolael L^Z, AZbel{e dktoi`el ~ede Co~kdm~toxe,

Ede 7 t{~o aolotkg dexk AZ, Tk~o 5 dktoi`el ~ede gehheao cmm~oxTxkgbm~cwkelk# bel{e iolakljo`wk woc ikdat del bel{e thb coie`, @exole tkde` iolakljo`wko~kdoxikw AZ ioi~l{ek `oila`klel bkd~ cohkb ceie dexk~ede L^Z, T{~o 8 AZ#dkkwmcewk dexk gmdckla imtb# G{dke ~mimlocce# T{~o 7 AZ bel{e dktoi`el ~edeaxe~ocoej w`ocotmlkvox# Bexxkwkle hxkcckel,

Ikgxmw~mxkdke

Ikgxmw~mxkdke edeceb ~etmaol ~oltkla ~ede woxelaae, O`exkmtk` tox`ogkc# w~mxeelkwoccox del tkde` ioi~l{ek iktm`mldxke woxte mhckaet ~exewkt kltxewoccox,Te`wmlmik wtetw dexk ik`xmw~mxkdke klk wogexe txedkwkmlec toxiew` decei ~xmtmwme# e`eltote~k hoxdewex`el h`tk hkmcmak imco`cex# ie`e wtetwl{e cohkb do`et `o goldeqel~xkiktkj, Bec {ela ~eckla ioihode`el dkeltexe `odel{e edeceb# hebqe ik`xmw~mxkdkeioi~l{ek jkceiol ~mcex# woheb tehla {ela iolaeldlaw~mxe {ela iewe` del {elae`el hoxtklde` woheaek klm`cewk loodco# iolw` gocc decei dkldkla ikdat# w~mxe {elaede decei ~mcex jkceiol e`el iew` `o decei wktm~cewie woc del xo~xmd`wk zoaotetkj

dkicek,Ik`xmw~mxkdke de~et lkl`coet ete hkl`coet, Hohoxe~e w~owkow ioi~l{ek wetete cohkb l`cok decei wtedke {ela hoxhode, Xo~xmd`wk `ohel{e`el ewo`wec# ete`odel{e toxaeltla ~ede w~owkow# del wk`cw bkd~l{e dexk wodoxbele wei~ek `mi~co`w,Hohoxe~e w~owkow ioioxc`el klelea eltexe del hohoxe~e w~owkow ioi~l{ek ictkwk`cw dexk w~mxcewk del ictk~oc w~mxe,# `oila`klel ioi~l{ek jlawk {ela hoxhodewo~oxtk etmkljo`wk " txelwikwk woc `o woc# fexklael `o fexklael dk decei klela,

8/9/2019 patogen_serangga

21/21

^etbmaol woxelaae

Aeihex ?,5? wtx`tx ik`xmw~mxkde dolael ~mcex jkceiol,

Wotoceb kljo`wk del xo~xmd`wk dk decei ikdat# Ik`xmw~mxkdke e`el iol{ohex`owocxb fexklael, Hohoxe~e w~owkow iolaklzewk wocxb fexklael# tote~k thb coie`edeceb fexklael woxkla toxkljo`wk mcob ik`xmw~mxkdke, Txelwikwk ik`xmw~mxkdke de~ettoxfedk wogexe bmxkvmltec `exole toxtocel# zoxtkgec ete `ode ete klm`cewk wogexeio`elk` mcob ~exewktmkd,, Wxzkzec woxelaae klela toxaeltla ~ede dmwkw# wtedke woxelaaetoxkljo`wk# zkxcolwk ik`xmw~mxkdke {ela toxckhet del `ohaexel woxelaae klela, Iow`k~lhohoxe~e w~owkow de~et iol{oheh`el ~ol{e`kt e`et del iol{oheh`el `oietkel ~edeklela# ik`xmw~mxke iil{e iol{oheh`el ~ol{e`kt `xmlk`, ^olaexbl{e edeceb~olxlel`ow`wowel aeltk `ckt ~ede doqewe# ioxod`wk cmlaozktew del jo`ldktew#ceiewtedke cexze del aeaec ioge~ek wtedke ~~e del dojmxiewk, Aofece hkwe lei~e` focewete tkde`, ^ede l{ei` kltoaioll{e iolfedk txelw~exel dolael kljo`wk hoxet ~edethb coie` wobklaae lei~e` ioihola`e` del w~mxe lei~e` focew woheak telde, W~mxekljo`tkj toxholt` decei xkhel ete fteel ~ox klela toxaeltla ~ede w~mxe del `xelklela,

Aeihex ?,5: Aofece l{ei` {elea toxwoxela ik`xmw~mxkdke