nky;yf; fw;NghUf;fhd topfhl;b gj;jhk; tFg;G jkpo; ,uz;lhk ... · 49. xU nrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J...

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nky;yf; fw;NghUf;fhd topfhl;b gj;jhk; tFg;G jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;

,yf;fz xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;

1. tisay; - ,r;nrhy;ypy; Ifhuk; xU khj;jpiu Fiwe;J xypf;fpwJ. 2. <w;wpy; Ifhuk; Fiwe;J te;j nrhy; jpz;iz MFk;. 3. gy;+jPJ vd;gJ g‡wPJ vdg; GzUk;. 4. FWf;fq;fs; Ifhuf;FWf;fk;> xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> kfuf;FWf;fk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;. 5. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ jdpnkhop. 6. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy;. 7. tpidKw;W njupepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 8. Xu; vr;r tpid ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kbe;jhy; mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. 9. ,stofd; te;jhd;. ,J ntspg;gilj; njhlu;. 10. „khL… vd;Dk; nrhy; m‡wpizg;nghJg;ngau; MFk;. 11. khL fd;iw <d;wJ. ,j;njhlupy; khL vd;gJ gRitf; Fwpf;Fk;. 12. xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; nrhw;fisNa xU nghUl; gd;nkhop vd;gu;. 13. xU nghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cau;e;Njhq;fp> Fope;jho;e;J> kPkpir> eLikak;. 14. ,J nra;thah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F „tapW typf;Fk;… vdf; $WtJ cWtJ $wy; tpil. 15. Mlj;njupAkh? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg; „ghlj;njupAk;… vdf; $WtJ ,dnkhop tpil. 16. ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh? vdf; filf;fhuuplk; Nfl;gJ nfhsy; tpdh. 17. khd; Nghy kUSk; ghu;it. 18. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg;ngaNuhL gpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk;NghJ epiynkhop <Wk; nka;Ak; ePq;Fk;. 19. Nkw;F+ehL vd;gJ NkdhL vdr; NrUk;. 20. fUik+Fop vd;gJ <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; vDk; tpjpfspd;gb GzUk;. 21. mfk;> Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; nghUs; ,yf;fzk; MFk;. 22. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy Kjypa Ie;Jk; md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vdg;gLk;. 23. nea;jy; jpizf;Fupa epyg;gFjp flYk; fly; rhu;e;j gFjpahFk;. 24. ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10 kzp Kjy; 2 tiu MFk;. 25. kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ,uz;lDf;Fk; MW ngUk;nghOJfs; tUk;. 26. jpUkhy; Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fupa nja;tk;. 27. kzKoh> ney;yupfpiz Mfpa ,uz;Lk; kUj jpizf;Fupa gwitfs;. 28. nea;jy; jpizf;Fupa njhopy; kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpisj;jy; MFk;. 29. nghUspyf;fzk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 30. mfj;jpizfs; VO tifg;gLk;. 31. rpj;jpiu> itfhrp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,sNtdpy; fhyj;jpw;Fupad. 32. kUj epyj;jpw;Fupa nja;tk; ,e;jpud;. 33. ghiy epyj;jpw;Fupa gwitfs; Gwh> gUe;J. 34. Gwj;jpizfs; gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk;. 35. epiuftu;jy; vd;gJ ntl;rp. 36. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ tQ;rpj;jpiz. 37. ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs;. 38. xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ iff;fpis. 39. jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurNdhL vjpu;j;Jg; NghupLtJ fhQ;rp. 40. „cyF… vd;gJ ntz;ghtpy; <w;wbapd; <w;Wr; rPuhapd; mjd; tha;ghL gpwg;G MFk;. 41. „ey;yit… ,r;nrhy;iy myfpl;lhy; Neu; epiu tUk;. 42. Neupirahrpupg;ghtpd; <w;wayb Kr;rPuha; tUk;. 43. Mrpupag;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPu; Vfhuj;jpy; KbtJ rpwg;G. 44. ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;Wg; gy tpfw;gj;jhd; tUtJ ,d;dpir ntz;gh MFk;. 45. ntz;ghtpd; Xir nrg;gNyhir MFk;. 46. Mrpupag;ghtpd; NtW ngau; mftw;gh MFk;. 47. Mrpupag;ghtpd; Xir mftNyhir MFk;. 48. ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. 49. xU nrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J tUjy; ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzp MFk;.

,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Ifhuf; FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. nrhy;Yf;F Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa %tplq;fspy; tUk; Ifhuk; jdJ khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypg;gJ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

Ik;gJ - 1½ khj;jpiu jiytd; - 1 khj;jpiu fliy - 1 khj;jpiu

2. Xsfhuf;FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; kl;Lk; tUk; xsfhuk; jdJ khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypg;gJ xsfhuf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;. rhd;W xsit - 1½ khj;jpiu.

3. kfuk; vt;ntt;tplq;fspy; FWFk;? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.



k; vd;w vOj;J jd; khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypg;gJ kfuf;FWf;fk; rhd;W NghYk;-Nghy;k;-Nghd;k; kUSk;-kUs;k;-kUz;k; tUk; +tz;b=tUk;tz;b.

4. Ma;jf;FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypg;gJ Ma;jf;FWf;fk;. rhd;W fy; +jPJ=f/wPJ Ks; +jPJ=K/BJ

5. nkhopapd; tiffs; ahit? 1.jdpnkhop 2.njhlu;nkhop 3.nghJnkhop. 6. tpidr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

vOtha; nra;Ak; nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. rhd;W te;jhd;. 7. tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L vt;nttw;iw mwpayhk;? fhyk;> jpiz> vz;> ghy;. 8. Kw;nwr;rk; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.

xU tpidKw;W vr;rj;jpy; te;J kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L KbtJ Kw;nwr;rk; vdg;gLk;. rhd;W fyh gbj;jds; Njwpds;.

9. nghJnkhop vd;why; vd;d? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; gpupe;J xU nghUisAk; jUtJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;. rhd;W me;jkhd; - jPT> me;jkhd; - mq;Fs;s khd;. 10. ,dq;Fwpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. xU nrhy; jd;nghUisAk; Fwpj;Jj; jdf;F ,dkhd nghUisAk; Fwpg;gJ ,dq;Fwpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. rhd;W fjpu;Nty; ntw;wpiy jpd;whd;. ,jpy; ntw;wpiy vd;gJ ghf;F> Rz;zhk;igAk; Fwpf;Fk;. 11. mLf;Fj;njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. nrhw;fs; jdpj;jdpNa epw;Fk;. gpupj;jhy; nghUs; jUk;. ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUk;. tpiuT> mr;rk;> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;. rhd;W th th. 12. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf. nrhw;fs; xd;Wgl;L epw;Fk;. gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ. ,ul;bj;Nj tUk;. ,ir> Fwpg;G> gz;G gw;wp tUk;. rhd;W ryry. 13. mLf;Fj;njhlUf;Fk;> ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit? 14. ntspg;gil vd;why; vd;d? xU nrhy; ntspg;gilahf nghUis czu;j;JtJ. rhd;W gz;ghl;by; jkpo;ehL jiyrpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 15. Fwpg;G vd;why; vd;d? xU nrhy; Fwpg;ghf nghUis czu;j;JtJ. rhd;W tPl;bd; Kd; Itu; Nfhykpl;ldu;. 16. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tpdh MW tifg;gLk;. 1.mwptpdh 2.mwpahtpdh 3.Iatpdh 4.nfhsy;tpdh 5.nfhiltpdh 6.Vty;tpdh. 17. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tpil vl;L tifg;gLk;. 1.Rl;L tpil 2.kiw tpil 3.Neu; tpil 4.Vty; tpil 5.tpdh vjpu;tpdhjy; tpil 6.cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil 7.cWtJ $wy; tpil 8.,dnkhop tpil. 18. ghk;Ngh? fapNwh? vt;tif tpdh? Ia tpdh. Iakhf cs;s nghUisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;gJ. 19. Rl;L tpiliar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. Xd;widr; Rl;bf; $Wk; tpil Rl;L tpil MFk;. rhd;W nrd;idf;F top ahJ? vd;gjw;F ,J vdf; $WtJ. 20. cld;gl;Lf; $Wk; tpilapd; nganud;d? ,dnkhop tpil. MLthah? vd;why; ghLNtd; vd;gJ. 21. ikaPw;Wg; gz;Gg;ngau;fs; ehd;fid vOJf. gRik> rpWik> nrk;ik> fUik. 22. nrk;ik+nkhop vt;thW GzUk;? <WNghjy; tpjpg;gb ik nfl;L nrk;nkhop vdg; GzUk;. 23. ntw;wpiy Gzu;r;rp tpjp $Wf. ntw;wpiy=ntWik+,iy ntW+,iy - <WNghjy;. ntw;W+,iy - jd; xw;W ,ul;ly;. ntw;w;+,iy - capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;. ntw;wpiy - cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng. 24. kuNtu; Gzu;r;rp tpjp jUf. kuNtu; =kuk; +Ntu; epiynkhopapy; kfuk; nfl;L kuNtu; vdg; GzUk;. 25. kfu <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rpf;F rhd;W jUf. kuk; +mb=kutb tl;lk; +fy; =tl;lf;fy; 26. nghUshtJ ahJ? nghUs; vd;gJ xOf;fKiw. mwtopapy; nghUsPl;bg; gy;yhNuhL gFj;Jz;L tho;tJ. 27. Kjw;nghUs; vd;gJ ahJ? epyKk; nghOJk; Kjw;nghUs; MFk;. 28. fUg;nghUs; vd;gJ ahJ? epyj;jpw;Fupa nja;tk;> czT> kf;fs;> tpyq;F Kjypa nghUs;fs; fUg;nghUs;. 29. taYk; tay; rhu;e;j ,lKk; vj;jpizf;FupaJ? kUjk;. 30. KUfd; vj;jpizf;Fupa nja;tk;? FwpQ;rp. 31. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fupa fUg;nghUs;fs; ehd;fid vOJf.

mLf;Fj;njhlu; ,ul;ilf;fpstp nrhw;fs; jdpj;jdpNa epw;Fk; nrhw;fs; xd;Wgl;L epw;Fk; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; jUk; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUk; ,ul;bj;Nj tUk; tpiuT>mr;rk;> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp gw;wp tUk;. ,ir> Fwpg;G> gz;G gw;wp tUk;. rhd;W th th rhd;W ry ry



nja;tk; - jpUkhy; czT - tuF> rhik aho; - Ky;iy aho; gz; - Ky;iyg;gz; 32. Ig;grp> fhu;j;jpif Mfpa ,Ujpq;fSk; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fupad? Fspu;fhyk;. 33. itfiwf;Fupa fhymsT ahJ? ,uT 2 kzpKjy; fhiy 6 kzp tiu. 34. Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ? Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ tho;f;iff;Fj; JizGupAk; fy;tp> nry;tk;> Gfo;> tPuk;> murpay; Kjypa nghUs;fisg; gw;wpf; $WtJ. Gwk; gw;wpa newpfisf; $WtJ MFk;. 35. Gwj;jpizfs; ehd;fid vOJf. tQ;rpj; jpiz> fhQ;rpj; jpiz> nehr;rpj; jpiz> copiQj; jpiz. 36. kjpy;Nghu; gw;wpa Gwj;jpizfs; ahit? nehr;rpj; jpiz> copiQj; jpiz. 37. thifj;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ? Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;w kd;dd; thifg;G+itr; #b kfpo;tJ thifj;jpiz. 38. nghUe;jhf; fhkk; gw;wpa jpiz ahJ? ngUe;jpiz. 39. ehy;tifg; ghf;fs; ahit? ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh. 40. ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ? Xu; Mz;kfdpd; fy;tp> tPuk;> nry;tk;> Gfo;> fUiz Mfpatw;iwg; Nghw;wpg;ghLtJ (ghL+Mz; +jpiz) 1.

1. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp mzptpsf;fk;: ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ> ftpQu; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp

vdg;gLk;. (jd; +Fwpg;G+Vw;wk; +mzp) vLj;Jf;fhl;L: NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb

thuy; vd;gdNghy; kwpj;Jf; iffhl;l - rpyk;G. mzpg;nghUj;jk;: fhw;wpy; nfhbfs; mirtJ ,aw;if. Nfhtyd; ,we;J tpLthd; Mjyhy; thuhNj vd;gJ Nghy nfhb mirtjhf ftpQu; jd; fw;gidia Vw;wpf; $Wtjhy; ,J jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahFk;.

2. tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp mzptpsf;fk;: Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopg;gJk;> gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;tJk; tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Njtu; midau; fatu; mtUe;jhk;

Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;. mzpg;nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy;> jPatu;fisj; Njtu;fSf;F ,izahfg; Gfo;e;J $wpj; jPatu;fs; jPa nray;fisr; nra;J mopthu;fs; vdg; gopj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> ,J tQ;rg;Gfo;r;fp mzp MFk;.

3. nrhy; gpd;tU epiyazp mzptpsf;fk;: nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUtJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Jg;ghu;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghu;f;Fj;

Jg;gha J}ck; kio. mzptpsf;fk;: ,f;Fws;ghtpy;> Jg;G vd;Dk; nrhy; cz;gtu;> czT> cz;Zk; nghUs; vdg; gy;NtW nghUs;fspy; te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhy;; gpd;tU epiyazp MFk;.

4. nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp mzptpsf;fk;: nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait

jPapDk; mQ;rg; gLk;. mzptpsf;fk;: ,f;Fws;ghtpy;> jPa vd;Dk; nrhy; jPik vd;w nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp MFk;. 5. nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f nrhy;ypy; gadpyhr; nrhy; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpia tpsf;Ff. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ. mzptpsf;fk;: nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f

nrhy;ypy; gadpyhr; nrhy;. mzptpsf;fk;: ,f;Fws;ghtpy;> nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhy; xNu nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp MFk;.

6. gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp mzptpsf;fk;: ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;. mzpg;nghUj;jk;: nkd;ikahd kapy; Njhifia mjpfkhf Vw;wpdhy; tz;bapd; mr;R xbe;JtpLk; vd;gJ ctik. giftu;fs; xd;W$bd;> typikahd kd;did vspjpy; ntd;WtpLthu; vd;gJ nghUs;. vdNt> ,J gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp MFk;.



gh eak; ghuhl;ly;

mg;ghehd; Ntz;Ljy;Nfl; lUs;Gupjy; Ntz;Lk; MUapu;fl; nfy;yhk;ehd; md;Gnray; Ntz;Lk;

vg;ghUk; vg;gjKk; vq;fZk;ehd; nrd;Nw ve;ijepd jUl;Gfio ,ak;gply; Ntz;Lk;

nrg;ghj NkdpiyNky; Rj;jrpt khu;f;fk; jpfo;e;Njhq;f mUl;Nrhjp nrYj;jply; Ntz;Lk;

jg;NgJ ehd;nrapDk; ePnghWj;jy; Ntz;Lk; jiytepidg; gpupahj epiyikAk;Ntz; LtNd.

jpuz;l fUj;J: mg;gh vdf;F eP mUs; Gupa Ntz;Lk;. cyf capu;fsplj;jpy; md;G fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ehd; nra;Ak; jtWfis nghWj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ehd; vd;Wk; cd;idg; gpupahky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUs; eak;: capu;fSf;F md;G> capu; ,uf;fk;> jtWfisg; nghWj;jy;> gpupahjpUj;jy; Nghd;wd Ntz;Lk;. vJif eak;: mg;gh-vg;ghUk;. nrg;ghj-jg;NgJ. Nkhid eak;: vg;ghUk;-vg;gjKk;-vq;fZk; -- $ioNkhid. ,iaG eak;: Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,iaGr; nrhy; te;Js;sJ. mzpeak;: ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. md;G> mUs;> Gfo; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,ay;ghf te;Js;sd.

kdpjnuyhk; md;Gnewp fhz;g jw;Fk;

kNdhghtk; thidg;Nghy; tpupt ile;J jdpkdpjj; jj;Jtkhk; ,Uisg; Nghf;fpr;

rfkf;fs; xd;nwd;g Jzu;tjw;Fk; ,dpjpdpjha; vOe;jcau; vz;z nky;yhk;

,yFtF Gytu;jU Rtbr; rhiy GdpjKw;W kf;fs;GJ tho;T Ntz;by;

Gj;jfrh iyNtz;Lk; ehl;by; ahz;Lk; jpuz;l fUj;J: kdpju; midtUk; gue;j kdk; cilatuhf khw;WtJ E}yfk;. kdpju;fspilNa cs;s ,Uis mfw;wp cau;e;j vz;zq;fis cUthf;FtJ E}yfk;. kdpju;fs; GdpjuhfTk; GJ tho;T ngwTk; ehL KOtJk; E}yfk; Ntz;Lk;. nghUs; eak;: md;G> ey;y cs;sk;> cau;e;j vz;zk; Nghd;witfis E}yfk; %yk; ngwyhk;. vJif eak;: kdpjnuyhk;-jdpkdpj ,dpjpdpjha;-GdpjKw;W. Nkhid eak;: jdpkdpjj;-jj;Jtkhk; -- ,iz Nkhid. mzpeak;: ctik mzp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. Nghy; vd;w ctk cUG te;Js;sJ. ghtif: vz;rPu; Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.

ftpij

gs;sp Foe;ij el;G md;igj; jUtJ gs;sp md;igj; jUtJ Foe;ij md;igj; jUtJ el;G Mw;wy; jUtJ gs;sp Mw;wy; jUtJ Foe;ij Mw;wy; jUtJ el;G ,d;gk; jUtJ gs;sp ,d;gk; jUtJ Foe;ij ,d;gk; jUtJ el;G <u;g;G jUtJ gs;sp <u;g;G jUtJ Foe;ij <u;g;G jUtJ el;G ctifj; jUtJ gs;sp ctifj; jUtJ Foe;ij ctifj; jUtJ el;G Cf;fk; jUtJ gs;sp Cf;fk; jUtJ Foe;ij Cf;fk; jUtJ el;G vOr;rp jUtJ gs;sp vOr;rp jUtJ Foe;ij vOr;rp jUtJ el;G Vw;wk; jUtJ gs;sp Vw;wk; jUtJ Foe;ij Vw;wk; jUtJ el;G Kaw;rp kio fly; md;igj; jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF rhuy; flYf;F moF miy Mw;wy; jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF Fspu;r;rp flYf;F moF Kj;J ,d;gk; jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF nts;sk; flYf;F moF cg;G <u;g;G jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF rj;jk; flYf;F moF kPd; ctifj; jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF <uk; flYf;F moF flw;fiu Cf;fk; jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF Ntfk; flYf;F moF rpg;gp vOr;rp jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF kz;thrid flYf;F moF fg;gy; Vw;wk; jUtJ Kaw;rp kiof;F moF njd;wy; flYf;F moF miyNahir



fPo;f;fhZk; gj;jpapy; mike;j Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisj; jkpohf;fk; nra;f

lhb tu;w rz;Nl vdf;F gu;j;Nl> gl; ePq;f ,d;Dk; vdf;F gu;j;Nl bu]; vLf;ftpy;iyNa> ntha; lhb?

vd;Ndhl gpuz;l;i]nay;yhk; tPl;Lf;F tur;nrhy;yp fhy; gz;zpapUf;Nfd;. mg;gh tUfpw Qhapwd;W vdf;Fg; gpwe;jehs;. Mdhy;> ePq;fs; ,d;Dk; vdf;F gpwe;jehs; cil

vLf;ftpy;iyNa Vd;> mg;gh? vd; ez;gu;fisnay;yhk; tPl;Lf;F tur;nrhy;yp miyNgrpapy; mioj;jpUf;fpNwd;. rz;Nl tu;wJf;F ,d;Dk; ]pf;]; Nl]; ,Uf;fpwNj> Nlhz;l; nthu;up. LkhNuh <tpdpq; ~\hg;gpq;

Nghyhk;. ,g;g cdf;F N`g;gp jhNd. Qhapw;Wf;fpoik tUtjw;F ,d;Dk; MWehs;fs; cs;sdNt ftiyg;glhNj. ehis khiy filf;Fr;

nry;Nthk;. ,g;NghJ cdf;F kfpo;r;rpjhNd?

RNu\; thl; N`g;gz;l;? Vd; Nyl;lh tu;w? topapNy xNu buhgpf; [hk;lh> mjdhy;jhd; Nyl;. rup rup g]; vj;jid kzpf;F tUk;? bf;fl; fpilr;rjh? g]; nld; ju;l;bf;F tUk;. yh];l; tPf;Nf upru;t; nra;jhr;R.

RNu\; vd;d epfo;e;jJ? Vd; jhkjkha; tUfpwha;? topapNy Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;. mjdhy;jhd; jhkjk;. rup rup NgUe;J vj;jid kzpf;F tUk;? gazr;rPl;L fpilj;jjh? NgUe;J 10 kzp 30 epkplj;jpw;F tUk;. fle;j thuNk gjpT nra;Jtpl;Nld;.

gs;spapypUe;J tPl;bw;Fs; tpiue;J Eioe;j ghup jd; ];$y; Ngf;ifj; J}f;fpg; Nghl;L tpl;L kk;kp

thl;lu; vd;W Fuy; nfhLj;jhd;. gs;;spapypUe;J tPl;bw;Fs; tpiue;J Eioe;j ghup> jd; gs;spg;igiaj; J}f;fpg; Nghl;Ltpl;L> mk;kh

jz;zPu; vd;W Fuy; nfhLj;jhd;. gs;spapypUe;J te;jTld; Vz;lh ,g;gbf; fj;Jfpwha;? if fhy;fis th\; nra;J nfhz;L th> #lhf

cdf;Fg;gpbj;j bgd; nra;J itj;jpUf;fpNwd; Ngha; A+dpahu;k; khw;wpf;nfhz;L th vd;whs;> mtd; jha;. gs;spapypUe;J te;jTld; Vz;lh ,g;gbf; fj;Jfpwha;? if fhy;fisf; fOtptpl;L th. #lhf cdf;Fg; gpbj;j

rpw;Wz;b nra;J itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. Ngha; cd; gs;spr; rPUilia khw;wptpl;L th vd;whs;> mtd; jha;.

,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis mwpjy;

1. Health is wealth - Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;. 2. Too much of anything is good for nothing - msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R. 3. No pain no gain - ciog;gpd;wp Cjpak; ,y;iy. 4. Haste makes waste - gjwhj fhupak; rpjwhJ. 5. Knowledge is power - mwpNt Mw;wy;. 6. Covet all lose all - Nguhir ngUel;lk;. 7. Diamonds cut diamonds - Ks;is Ks;shy; vL. 8. Money makes many things - gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;. 9. Old is gold - fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ. 10. Prevention is better than cure - tUKd; fhg;gNj rpwe;jJ. 11. Work is worship - nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;. 12. Time is gold - fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ. 13. Art is long and life is short - fy;tp fiuapy> fw;gtu; ehs; rpy. 14. Look before you leap - Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj. 15. Man proposes; God disposes - ehk; xd;W epidf;f nja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;. 16. All that glitter is not gold - kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y. 17. Barking dog seldom bite - Fiuf;fpd;w eha; fbf;fhJ. 18. A friend in need is a friend indeed - capu; nfhLg;ghd; Njhod;. 19. Self-help is the best help - jd; ifNa jdf;F cjtp. 20. Efforts never fail - Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;.

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lk;

Xu; vOj;J xU nkhopapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) ij+nghq;fy;=ijg;nghq;fy;.

ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk; ,ul;ilf;fpstpapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) ryry.

jkpo; vz;fs; 1 - fwp 2 - czT 3 - q;qdk ; 4 - rikj;J 5 - Urpj;J 6 - Ritf;f 7 - vy;yhiuAk ; 8 - md;ghf 9 - $g;gpL 0 - 0



njhliu khw;wp mikf;f. 1. G+q;Foyp nghk;ik nra;jhs;. ,j;njhliu nrag;ghl;L tpidahf khw;Wf. nghk;ik G+q;Foypahy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2. md;gurd; jpUf;Fwisf; fw;whd;. ,j;njhliu gpwtpidahf khw;Wf. md;gurd; jpUf;Fwisf; fw;gpj;jhd;. 3. jpUf;Fwis midtUk; mwptu;. tpdhj;njhluhf mikf;f. jpUf;Fwis midtUk; mwpthuh? 4. ,kakiy kpfTk; caukhdJ. czu;r;rpj;njhluhf khw;Wf. vd;Nd! ,kakiyapd; cauk;! 5. fpsp fy;yhy; mbgl;lJ. czu;r;rpj;njhluhf khw;Wf. me;Njh! fpsp fy;yhy; mbgl;lNj!

6. thupahu;> 'Foe;jha;‚ ehs;NjhWk; jpUthrfk; gbf;fNtz;Lk;" vd;whu;. maw;$w;whf khw;Wf.

thupahu;> ehs;NjhWk; jpUthrfk; gbf;FkhW Foe;ijaplk; $wpdhu;. 7. New;W Gay; tPrpaJÉ kuq;fs; rha;e;jd. fyitj;njhluhf khw;Wf. New;W Gay; tPrpajhy; kuq;fs; rha;e;jd.

cUtfkhf khw;Wjy; njhif ctikfis tpupctikfshf khw;Wjy; ctik cUtfk; kjpKfk; - kjp Nghd;w Kfk; mKjnkhop - nkhopaKJ gtstha; - gtsk; Nghd;w tha; faw;fz; - fz;fay; Njd;nkhop - Njd; Nghd;w nkhop Njd;jkpo; - jkpo;j;Njd; G+tpuy; - tpuy;G+ kjpKfk; - Kfkjp tpup ctikfis njhif ctikfshf khw;Wjy; kyub - mbkyu; fay; Nghd;w tpop - fay;tpop Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J fpsp Nghd;w nkhop - fpspnkhop tpw;GUtk; - GUttpy; kyu;g;ghjk; - ghjkyu; fay;tpop - tpopf;fay; njhifr;nrhw;fis tpupj;J vOJjy;. fdptha; - tha;f;fdp Kf;fdp - kh>gyh> thio. Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;. kuGj;njhlUf;Nfw;w nghUs; mwpjy; Kg;ghy; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;. Mapuk;fhyj;Jg; gapu; - ePz;l fhyj;jpw;FupaJ. %tplk; - jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if. Kjiyf;fz;zPu; - ngha;aOif. %Nte;ju; - Nruu;> Nrhou;> ghz;bau;. Mfhaj;jhkiu - ,y;yhj xd;W. ehw;wpir - fpof;F> Nkw;F> tlf;F> njw;F. fk;gp ePl;ly; - nrhy;ypf;nfhs;shky; nry;yy;.ehdpyk; - FwpQ;rp>Ky;iy>kUjk;>nea;jy;. Fl;br;Rtu; - gadpd;wp ,Uj;jy;. Ie;jpiz - FwpQ;rp>Ky;iy>kUjk;>nea;jy;>ghiy. nfhl;basj;jy; - kpFjpahfg; NgRjy;. Ik;nghwp - nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp. nfhbfl;bg; gwj;jy; - jdpg;GfNohL tpsq;Fjy;. Ke;ePu; - Mw;WePu;> Cw;WePu;> kioePu;. thioab thioaha; - guk;giu guk;giuaha;. ehd;kiw - upf;> a#u;> rhkk;> mju;tzk;. rPl;L fpopjy; - Ntiy gwpNghFjy;. ehw;gil - fhyhs;> Nju;> Fjpiu> ahid.

ehw;NgW - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL. re;jpg;gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. fapWfl;bypy; jd;id kwe;J cwq;fpdhd;. fapw;Wf;fl;bypy; jd;id kwe;J cwq;fpdhd;. 2. midj;J JiwfspYk; Mz;fisNghyNt ngz;fSf;Fk; muR gzp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; Mz;fisg; NghyNt ngz;fSf;Fk; muRg; gzp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. MSk; mwpTk; tsu;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;if gazkhk;. MSk; mwpTk; tsu;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;ifg; gazkhk;. 4. Mrpupau; ngaiu jk; ngaUld; Nru;j;J gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fuhf khwpdhu;.

Mrpupau; ngaiuj; jk; ngaUld; Nru;j;Jg; gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fuhf khwpdhu;. 5. ViofSf;F nghUs;ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;W je;jhu;. ViofSf;Fg; nghUs;ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;Wj; je;jhu;. 6. NkilNgr;R kpFe;j gaid juty;yJ. Nkilg; Ngr;R kpFe;j gaidj; juty;yJ.



7. kf;fis ,yl;rpa ghu;itapNy mioj;J nry;Yk; td;ikAilaNj NkilNgr;R. kf;fis ,yl;rpag; ghu;itapNy mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; td;ikAilaNj Nkilg; Ngr;R. 8. jpiuglk; vLf;f gad;gLk; glRUs; nry;Yyha;L vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;RUs; nry;Yyha;L vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. 9. jpiuglk; kf;fis jd;ghy; <u;j;J fl;b Nghlty;yJ. jpiug;glk; kf;fisj; jd;ghy; <u;j;Jf; fl;bg; Nghlty;yJ. 10. kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuG nry;tkhf jkpo;nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuGr; nry;tkhfj; jkpo;nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. 11. jkpopy; tuyhw;W fUj;JfisAk;> gz;ghl;L $WfisAk; fhzKbAk;. jkpopy; tuyhw;Wf; fUj;JfisAk;> gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; fhzKbAk;. 12. ts;syhu; mUspa topfis filgpbj;J xOfpdhy; kdpjNeak; kyUk;. ts;syhu; mUspa topfisf; filg;gpbj;J xOfpdhy; kdpjNeak; kyUk;. 13. mwpT xspngw mq;Nf Nrhjp juprd GJikia GFj;jpdhu;. mwpT xspngw mq;Nf Nrhjp juprdg; GJikiag; GFj;jpdhu;. 14. ifnjhopy; xd;iw fw;W nfhs;. ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhs;. 15. ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ij nghWg;Gld; elj;j Ntz;LnkdTk;> fly;fle;J nry;y $lhnjdTk; $wp te;jdu;. ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ijg; nghWg;Gld; elj;j Ntz;LnkdTk;> fly;fle;J nry;yf; $lhnjdTk; $wp te;jdu;. xUik gd;ikg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. mtd; ftpQd; my;y. mtd; ftpQd; my;yd;. 2. fy;tp eyk; ngw;w ngz;ghw; Gytu;f;F kd;dUk; gzpe;jhd;. fy;tp eyk; ngw;w ngz;ghw; Gytu;f;F kd;dUk; gzpe;jdu;. 3. ngz;fs; ngwNtz;baJ ngz;fy;tp> ngz;Zupik> nrhj;Jupik. ngz;fs; ngwNtz;bait ngz;fy;tp> ngz;Zupik> nrhj;Jupik. 4. ,g;NghJ mtu; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ mtu; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. 5. taJ te;Njhu;f;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mk;Ngj;fu; $wpaij ehNsLfs; Gfo;e;jJ. taJ te;Njhu;f;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mk;Ngj;fu; $wpaij ehNsLfs; Gfo;e;jd. 6. Gytu; nghq;fw; GJ ehs;fspd; khz;gpid czu;e;J nfhz;lhbdhu;. Gytu;fs; nghq;fw; GJ ehspd; khz;gpid czu;e;J nfhz;lhbdhu;fs;. 7. Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;JfNs capu;ehb Nghd;wJ. Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;JfNs capu;ehb Nghd;wit. 8. <];l;kd; vd;ghu; glr;RUs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;;jdu;. <];l;kd; vd;ghu; glr;RUs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;;jhu;. 9. ,aq;FUg; glq;fisf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpg; ghu;f;fpd;wJ. ,aq;FUg; glq;fisf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpg; ghu;f;fpd;wd. 10. jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpiug;glk; fhl;l xsp xypg;glf;fUtp vd;w fUtp gad;gLfpd;wd. jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpiug;glk; fhl;l xsp xypg;glf;fUtp vd;w fUtp gad;gLfpd;wJ. 11. ekJ rKjhaj;jpy; mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk; Mq;fhq;F xspgug;Gk; kpd; tpsf;Ffs; Nghy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ekJ rKjhaj;jpy; mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk; Mq;fhq;F xspgug;Gk; kpd; tpsf;Ffs; Nghy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. 12. ,d;W NgUe;Jfs; XlhJ. ,d;W NgUe;Jfs; Xlh. 13. Xu; mzpy; kuj;jpy; Vwpd. Xu; mzpy; kuj;jpy; VwpaJ. 14. ehd; thq;fpa E}y; ,J my;y. ehd; thq;fpa E}y; ,J md;W. 15. fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; thzpfg; nghUs;fs; kz;bf; fple;jJ. fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; thzpfg; nghUs;fs; kz;bf; fple;jd. 16. jkpou;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ir rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jd. jkpou;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ir rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. 17. Xu; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. Xu; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;.



18. kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cau;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; Nghjh. kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cau;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. 19. ngz;fs; vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; gzpGupfpd;whs;. ngz;fs; vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; gzpGupfpd;wdu;. 20. jkpofj;jpy; vz;zw;w njhopy;El;gg; gapyfq;fs; cs;sJ. jkpofj;jpy; vz;zw;w njhopy;El;gg; gapyfq;fs; cs;sd. tOcr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. tyJg;gf;fr; Rtw;wpy; vOjhNj. tyg;gf;fr; Rtupy; vOjhNj. 2. ,d;df;fp xU fpNyh mtuf;fha; thq;fp te;Njd;. ,d;iwf;F xU fpNyh mtiuf;fha; thq;fp te;Njd;. epWj;jw;Fwp ,Lf 1. rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk; Fw;wk; fise;j tho;it tho;Nthk; rl;lk; ek;ikf; fhf;Fk; rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk;É Fw;wk; fise;j tho;it tho;Nthk;É rl;lk; ek;ikf; fhf;Fk;. 2. fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkd;wpf; fUj;Jg;glq;fs; nra;jpg;glq;fs; tpsf;fg;glq;fs; fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg; gy tsu;r;rp epiyfisj; jpiug;glj;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkd;wpf; fUj;Jg;glq;fs;> nra;jpg;glq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg; gy tsu;r;rp epiyfisj; jpiug;glj;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ. 3. njhiyf;fhl;rp Fsp&l;Lk; fUtp nry;Ngrp fzpdp Kjypatw;iwg; gOJghu;f;Fk; gbg;GfSk; cs;sd njhiyf;fhl;rp> Fsp&l;Lk; fUtp> nry;Ngrp> fzpdp Kjypatw;iwg; gOJghu;f;Fk; gbg;GfSk; cs;sd. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. mtu;fspUtu;f;Fk; ,ilNa tpthjk; ele;jJ. mtu;fspUtu;f;Fk; ,ilNa ciuahly; ele;jJ. 2. N\j;jpuq;fs;NjhWk; nrd;W tpf;fpuq;fis topgLf.

Gz;zpaj;jye;NjhWk; nrd;W flTs; rpiyfis topgLf. 3. ,k;khu;f;fj;jpy; ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs;.

,t;topNa Gz;zpag; gazk; nry;Yq;fs; 4. ,e;j \u;l; kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ.

,e;j Nkyhil kpFe;j tpiy kjpg;Gs;sJ. 5. ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;gha; tpd; nra;Ak;.

ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah cWjpaha; ntw;wp ngWk;. 6. ehd; ,e;j fhNy[pd; Xy;l; ];̂ lz;l;.

ehd; ,e;j fy;Y}upapd; Nkdhs; khztd;. 7. Ntyd; Ranjhopypy; mjpf ,yhgk; <l;bdhd;.

Ntyd; jd;nrhe;jj; njhopypy; mjpf tUtha; <l;bdhd;. 8. me;j tpQ;Qhdpapd; fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk; GJikahdJ.

me;j mwptpay; mwpQupd; fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk; GJikahdJ. 9. midtiuAk; cz;zhtpujg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;SkhW jiytu; miog;G tpLj;jhu;.

midtiuAk; cz;zhNehd;Gg;; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;SkhW jiytu; miog;G tpLj;jhu;. 10. mtu; clw;$W kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j epGzu;.

mtu; clw;$W kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j ty;Yeu;. 11. myq;fupj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; vopyp ngUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

xg;gid nfhs;tjpy; vopyp ngUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

cupa Ntw;Wik cUig ,izj;J vOJf. nrhw;fSf;F ,UnghUs; jUf. 1. ehd; kioapy; eidtJ gpbf;Fk;. 1. MW - Xu; vz;> ejp. vdf;F kioapy; eidtJ gpbf;Fk;. 2. jpq;fs; - khjk;> epyT. 2. mz;zd;> jk;gp tPL nrd;whu;fs;. 3. khiy - me;jpg;nghOJ> njhLj;j khiy. mz;zZk; jk;gpAk; tPL nrd;whu;fs;. 4. eif - mzp> rpupg;G. 3. khzhf;fu;fs; tl;lkhf cl;fhur; nra;f. 5. nka; - cz;ik> cly;. khzhf;fu;fis tl;lkhf cl;fhur; nra;f. 4. ehd; jpUf;Fwspy; Mu;tk; kpFjp. vdf;F jpUf;Fwspy; Mu;tk; kpFjp. 5. Nty;tpop jpUf;Fws; gbj;jhs;. Nty;tpop jpUf;Fwisg; gbj;jhs;.



1. gupjpkhw;fiyQu; gupjpkhw;fiyQupd; ,aw;ngau; #upaehuhaz rh];jpup MFk;. jkpo; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy;

gupjpkhw;fiyQu; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. jj;Jtj;Jiwia tpLj;J jkpo;j;Jiwg; Nguhrpupau; gzpia tpUk;gp Vw;whu;. jkpohu;tk; kpf;f khztu;fSf;F tPl;bNy ghlk; elj;jpdhu;. jkpopd; rpwg;ig cyfpw;F czu;j;jpdhu;. kzpg;gpuths eilia vjpu;j;jhu;.

gl;l tFg;Gfspy; jkpio ePf;fhky; ,Uf;f Nghuhb ntw;wpAk; fz;lhu;. jpuhtpl rh];jpup vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij ngw;whu;. kJiuapy; ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. &ghtjp> fyhtjp Nghd;w ehlf E}y;fis vOjpdhu;. rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;. QhdNghjpdp vd;w ,jio elj;jpdhu;. Kjd; Kjypy; jkpio cau;jdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;W mioj;jhu;.

2. nky;y nky;y kw fkyehjd; Gifg; gpbf;Fk; gof;fk; cilatd;. mtdJ kidtp Nfhfpyh Gifg;gpbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij

tpl;LtpLk;gb $wpdhs;. gpy;lu; bg; rpfnul; jhd; gpbf;fpNwd; mjpy; t\g;nghUl;fs; tbfl;lg;gLfpwJ vd;W $wpdhd;. Nfhfpyhtpd; mwpTiufis mtd; Nfl;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; Nfhfpyh kpfTk; ftiyg;gl;lhs;.

mtdJ ez;gd; uhkypq;fk; eu;kjh kUj;Jtidapy; rpfpr;irf;fhf Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;jhd;. mtidf; fhz fkyehjDk; NfhfpyhTk; nrd;wdu;. Rthrg;igapy Gw;WNeha; cs;sJ Fzg;gLj;j KbahJ vd;W lhf;lu; $wpajhf uhkypq;fj;jpd; kidtp mOjgbNa $wpdhs;. NkYk; Gifg;gof;fj;jpdhy; ,e;Neha; te;jjhfTk; $wpdhs;. rpy ehs; fopj;J uhkypq;fk; ,we;J Nghdhd;.

mg;NghJ jhd; fkyehjDf;F gak; te;jJ. ez;gdpd; Kbit vz;zp kdk; jpUe;jpdhd;. NfhfpyhTf;F ky;ypifg; G+itf; nfhLj;J G+Tk; nghl;Lkha; re;Njh\khf ,Uf;fZk; ehd; nky;y nky;y rpfnul; gof;fj;ij tpLfpNwd; vd cWjpaspj;jhd; fkyehjd;.

3. Fwl;il xyp tlgFjp FLk;gk;: fztd; kidtp ,Utu; kl;Lk; thOk; trjpahd FLk;gk;. Foe;ij ,y;yhky; Vq;Ffpd;wdu;. njd;gFjp FLk;gk;: fztd;> kidtp> MW Foe;ijfs;> ghl;b> xU eha; vd;W ngupa Viof; FLk;gk;. Muthukhd FLk;gk;. gps;isfspd; rz;ilr; rj;jKk; ghl;b ntw;wpiyg; ghf;F eWf;Fk; nyhl; nyhl; rj;jKk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. Vioapd; kidtp fu;g;gkhf ,Ue;jhs;. me;j tPl;L ehAk; fu;g;gkhd ,Ue;jJ. xU ehs; ,uT mts; VohtJ Foe;ijiag; ngw;whs;. me;ehAk; Ie;J Fl;bfis <d;wJ. Vioj;jhapd; fUiz: xU ehs; ntspNa nrd;w jha;eha; tPL jpUk;gtpy;iy. ,jdhy; Fl;bfs; f;ahq; f;ahq; vd;W fj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd. rhaq;fhyk; MfpAk; tutpy;iy. me;j ehia NjbAk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,uT MdJk; Fl;bfspd; rj;jk; mjpfkhdJ. ,jdhy; tlgFjpahu; fjT rd;dy;fisr; rhj;jp tpl;L J}q;fpdhu;fs;. jpBnud eha;f; Fl;bfspd; rj;jk; Fiwaj; njhlq;fpaJ. grpahy; fj;jpa eha;f;Fl;bfSf;F jd;Dila ghiy gQ;rpy; eidj;Jj; je;J mjd; grpiag; Nghf;fpdhs; Vioj;jha;.

4. md;whl tho;tpy; rl;lk; rl;lk; vd;gjw;Fr; nrk;ik vd;W nghUs;. rkar; rhu;G rl;lk;: ,e;jpahtpy; rkaj;jpw;Nfw;w rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,e;J rl;lKk;> ,Ryhkpau;fSf;F ,Ryhkpau; rl;lKk;> fpwpj;jtu;fSf;F fpwpj;Jtu; rl;lKk; cs;sJ. Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rl;lk;: rptg;G tpsf;F vupe;jhy; tz;bia epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. kQ;rs; tpsf;F vupe;jhy; jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gr;ir tpsf;F vupe;jhy; Gwg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rhiy tpjpfis kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. khzhf;fu; td;nfhLikj; jilr;rl;lk;: fy;Y}upfspy; gapYk; %j;j khztu;fs; Gjpa khztu;fis uhfpq; vd;w ngaupy; Jd;GWj;Jfpd;wdu;. mtw;iwj; jLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ,r;rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsu; jilr;rl;lk;: ngw;Nwhu; jk; tWikiag; Nghf;f Foe;ijfis Ntiyf;F mDg;Gfpd;wdu;. Fiwe;j Cjpaj;jpy; mjpf ciog;igg; ngw Kjyhspfs; ,tu;fspd; ciog;igr; Ruz;Lfpwhu;fs;. ,ijj; jLf;FNt Foe;ijj; njhopyhsu; jilr;rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;: Efu;Nthu; vd;gtu; nghUs;fis thq;Fgtu;. re;ijfspy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fspy; vj;jifa FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk; khepy my;yJ khtl;lf; FiwjPu; kd;wq;fisNah Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gf; FOitNah mZfpj; jPu;T fhzyhk;. ,jw;nfd jdpePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;sd. ifA+l;Lj; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;: muRj;Jiwapy; gzpGupAk; rpyu; kdr;rhl;rpiaj; Jwe;J ifA+l;L ngWfpd;wdu;. xUtUf;Ff; ifA+l;Lf; nfhLg;gJk; Fw;wk;> mjidg; ngWtJk; Fw;wk; vd;gNj ekJ rl;lk;. jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;: murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 19(1) MtJ gpuptpd; gb Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; KO Ngr;Rupik> vOj;Jupik cz;L. mjw;Fupa jfty;fisg; ngwTk; KO cupik cz;L. muR mikg;Gfspd; nray;ghLfs;> jpl;lq;fs; Kjypatw;iw ehl;;bYs;s vy;yhf; Fbkf;fSk; mwpf;ifahfg; ngWk; tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sNj jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lkhFk;. xU tpz;zg;gj;jpy; vj;jid jfty;fis Ntz;LkhdhYk; ngwyhk;. tpz;zg;g fl;lzk; gj;J c&gh my;yJ gj;Jf;fhd ePjpkd;w fl;lz tpy;iyia tpz;zg;gj;jpy; xl;lyhk;.

rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk;É Fw;wk; fise;j tho;f;if tho;Nthk;É rl;lk; ek;ikf; fhf;Fk;.



5. ghujuj;dh vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud; ,yq;ifapYs;s fz;bapy; 17.01.1917 md;W gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ FLk;gk; Fk;gNfhzj;jpw;F Fb

ngau;e;jJ. rpW tajpy; ehlfj;jpy; ebj;J gpd;du; ngUk; ebfuhf cau;e;jhu;. mwpQu; mz;zhtpd; flik> fz;zpak;> fl;Lg;ghl;lhy; ftug;gl;L murpaypy; Nru;e;jhu;.

jhk; ,Ue;j ,af;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp Gjpa ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;. Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjyikr;ruhf 11 Mz;Lfs; ,Ue;jhu;. epiwa jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhu;. kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fpdhu;. kf;fs; mtiu Gul;rp ebfu;> kf;fs; jpyfk; vdg; Nghw;wpdhu;fs;. Nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; lhf;lu; gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. 24.12.1987 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.

6. mz;zhtpd; fbjk; kf;fSf;F vt;tsT Jd;gq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; nghq;fy; ehspy; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Viofs; $l

njk;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ciog;gpd; ngUikia czu;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j G+kpapy; ,Uf;fpd;w nghUs;fs; vy;yhk; epykfs; guprhf je;jJ. epykfs; ekf;F tpisahl;L fhl;b cioj;Jg; ngW! cupa Neuj;jpy; ngW! Kaw;rp nra;J ngW! vd;W md;ghff; $Wfpwhs;.

nghq;Ff ,d;gk;! nghq;Ff GJik! tsk; ngWf! tho;f jkpo;! tho;f jkpofk;! 7. ,ypz;l;fpnud; gz;G eyd;fs;

#k;gpg;Nghd fhy;fisf; nfhz;ltu;. rhiyfspy; jto;e;J nry;gtu;. gzpthd rpwpa fz;fisf; nfhz;ltu;. cyfk; jd;Nky; fUizAld; cs;sjhf epidj;Jf; nfhs;gtu;. jd;idr; re;jpg;gtu;fs; midtUk; md;ghd kdpju;fs;. jdJ tho;f;if KOikahdjhfTk; mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; cs;sjhf epidf;fpwhu;. tWikapYk; jdJ kdijAk; tPl;ilAk; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. cyfpy; cs;s ey;ytu;fis kl;Lk; ek;gp tho;fpwhu;. midj;jpYk; ey;ydtw;iw kl;LNk ghu;g;ghu;. kfpo;r;rp ntspapy; ,y;iy> cs;sj;jpy; kl;LNk cs;sJ. kw;wtu;fSf;F topfhl;Lk; gz;G mtuplj;jpy; cs;sJ.

1. FbePu;trjp Ntz;b efuhl;rp MizaUf;F tpz;zg;gk; tiuf. mDg;Geu; Cu;g;nghJkf;fs;> Nkl;Lj;njU>

ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ.

ngWeu; efuhl;rp Mizau;> efuhl;rp mYtyfk;>


Iah> nghUs;: FbePu; trjp Ntz;Ljy; rhu;G tzf;fk;. vq;fs; Cupy; 300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. vq;fs; Cupy; FbePu; trjp ,y;iy. vdNt> vq;fs; CUf;F FbePu; trjp nra;J jUk;gb jho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,lk; : ,g;gbf;F> ehs; : Cu;g;nghJkf;fs;. ciwNky; Kftup ngWeu; efuhl;rp Mizau;> efuhl;rp mYtyfk;>


2. NgUe;J trjp Ntz;Lnkd Nghf;Ftuj;J fof Nkyhz;ik ,af;FeUf;F tpz;zg;gk; tiuf.

mDg;Geu; Cu;g;nghJkf;fs;> Nkl;Lj;njU>


ngWeu; Nghf;Ftuj;J fof Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu;> Nghf;Ftuj;J fof mYtyfk;>




Iah> nghUs;: Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp Ntz;Ljy; rhu;G tzf;fk;. vq;fs; Cupy; 300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. vq;fs; Cupy; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp ,y;iy. vdNt> vq;fs; CUf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp nra;J jUk;gb jho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,lk; : ,g;gbf;F> ehs; : Cu;g;nghJkf;fs;. ciwNky; Kftup ngWeu; Nghf;Ftuj;J fof Nkyhz;ik ,af;feu;> Nghf;Ftuj;J fof mYtyfk;>


3. rhiy trjp Ntz;Lnkd efuhl;rp MizaUf;F tpz;zg;gk; tiuf. mDg;Geu; Cu;g;nghJkf;fs;> Nkl;Lj;njU>


ngWeu; efuhl;rp Mizau;> efuhl;rp mYtyfk;>


Iah> nghUs;: rhiy trjp Ntz;Ljy; rhu;G tzf;fk;. vq;fs; Cupy; 300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. vq;fs; Cupy; rhiy trjp ,y;iy. vdNt> vq;fs; CUf;F rhiy trjp nra;J jUk;gb jho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,lk; : ,g;gbf;F> ehs; : Cu;g;nghJkf;fs;. ciwNky; Kftup ngWeu; efuhl;rp Mizau;> efuhl;rp mYtyfk;>


4. gj;jhk; tFg;G nghJj;Nju;tpy; Kjy; kjpg;ngz; ngw;w ez;gDf;F ghuhl;Lf; fbjk; tiuf.

15> Nkl;Lj;njU>

nrd;id> 10.03.2017.

md;Gs;s ez;gh> eyk;> eyk; mwpa Mty;. cd; tPl;by; midtUk; eykh?

Kjypy; cdf;F vdJ tho;j;Jfisj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. ele;J Kbe;j gj;jhk; tFg;G nghJj;Nju;tpy; eP 499 kjpg;ngz; ngw;W khepyj;jpNyNa Kjy; ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ kpfg; ngupa rhjidahFk;. ,r;rhjidia ahuhYk; Kwpabf;f KbahJ vd epidf;fpNwd;. ,Nj Nghd;W gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;gpYk; rhjid Gupa vdJ tho;j;Jf;fs;.

cd; md;G ez;gd;>

ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ.

ciwNky; Kftup ngWeu;

ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ,

15> gs;sj; njU> jpUr;rp.



5. eP fz;L fspj;j ,lk; Fwpj;J ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk; tiuf.

15> Nkl;Lj;njU> nrd;id> 10.03.2017.

md;Gs;s ez;gh> eyk;> eyk; mwpa Mty;. cd; tPl;by; midtUk; eykh?

ehd; ed;whf gbf;fpNwd;. eP ed;whf gbf;fpwhah? ehq;fs; vqfs; gs;spapy; fle;j thuk; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh nrd;wpUe;Njhk;. jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpapYs;s fd;dpahFkup> Ntshq;fz;zp> G+k;Gfhu;> rpjk;guk; Nghd;w Cu;fSf;Fr; nrd;wpUe;Njhk;. fd;dpahFkupapy; #upa cjaj;ijg; ghu;j;J gutrg;gl;Nlhk;. jpUts;Stu; rpiyiaf; fz;Nlhk;. Ntshq;fz;zpapy; Njthyaj;ijg; ghu;j;Njhk;. G+k;Gfhupy; flw;fiu moiff; fz;L kfpo;e;Njhk;. ePAk; cd; gs;spapy; nrd;w fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh gw;wp vdf;F kW klypy; njuptpf;fTk;.

cd; md;G ez;gd;>

ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ.


ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ,


6. Rw;Wyh nry;y mDkjp Ntz;b je;ijf;F fbjk; tiuf. 15> Nkl;Lj;njU>

nrd;id> 10.03.2017.

md;Gs;s mg;gh> eyk;> eyk; mwpa Mty;. tPl;by; mk;kh> jq;if kw;Wk; midtUk; eykh?

ehd; ed;whf gbf;fpNwd;. ele;J Kbe;j jpUg;Gjy; Nju;tpy; 498 kjpg;ngz; ngw;W tFg;gpNy Kjy; khztdhf te;Js;Nsd;. vq;fs; gs;spapy; mLj;j khjk; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh nry;y jpl;lkpl;Ls;shu;fs;. jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpapYs;s fd;dpahFkup> Ntshq;fz;zp> G+k;Gfhu;> rpjk;guk; Nghd;w Cu;fSf;Fr; nry;y ,Uf;fpNwhk;. Rw;Wyh nry;y ehDk; Mirg;gLfpNwd;. vdNt> vdf;F mDkjpf; fbjKk; Rw;Wyh nry;tjw;F gzk; Mapuk; &ghAk; mDg;gp itf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

cd; md;G kfd;>

ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ.


ˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣˣ,


nghJf;fl;Liufs;

rpf;fdKk; rpWNrkpg;Gk; Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;

Kd;Diu rpf;fdKk; rpWNrkpg;Gk; Nrkpg;gpd; Nehf;fk; Nrkpg;G gw;wpa gonkhopfs; Nrkpf;Fk; topfs; Nrkpg;gpd; gad;fs; KbTiu

Kd;Diu: ‘nghUs; ,y;yhu;f;F ,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy’ vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;. ehk; cyfpy; tho;tjw;F gzj;ij rk;ghjpf;fpNwhk;. mtw;iw Njitahdtw;wpw;F nryT nra;J kPjKs;s gzj;ij vjpu;fhy eytho;tpw;fhf Nrkpj;jply; Ntz;Lk;. rpf;fdKk; rpWNrkpg;Gk;: ehk; xt;nthU ehSk; vt;tsT gzk; rk;ghjpf;fpNwhk;? ehk; xt;nthU ehSk; vt;tsT nryT nra;fpNwhk;? vd;W ek;ik ehNk cw;WNehf;fpg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ehs;NjhWk; ek;Kila nryTfisf; fzf;fpy; vOjp tuNtz;Lk;. gpwF khjf;filrpapy; mjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gbj; njhlu;e;J nra;Ak;NghJ Njitapy;yhj nryTfis Fiwj;Jtplyhk;.



Nrkpg;gpd; Nehf;fk;: vWk;Gfs; kiof; fhyj;jpy; jq;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; czit ntapy; fhyj;jpNyNa Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. NjdPf;fs; gy Mapuk; kyu;fspy; cs;s Njd; Jspfisj; jk; $l;by; Nrkpj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd. kdpju;fshfpa ehKk; ek; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf rpWfr; rpWfr; Nru;j;J itg;gJ ey;y gyidj; jUk;. Nrkpg;G gw;wpa gonkhopfs;:

rpWJsp ngUnts;sk; rpWff; fl;bg; ngUf tho;f gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak; gzk; ,y;yhjtd; gpzk; gzk; ghjhsk; tiu ghAk; ,d;iwa Nrkpg;G ehisa ghJfhg;G Nghd;w gonkhopfs; Nrkpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

Nrkpf;Fk; topfs;: khztu;fs;> ngw;Nwhu; cwtpdu; jUfpd;w gzj;ij clNd nryT nra;ahky; cz;bay; %yk; Nrkpf;fyhk;. ek; murpd; rpWNrkpg;G epWtdq;fs;> muR tq;fpfs;> mQ;ryf Nrkpg;G epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gzj;ijr; Nrkpf;fyhk;. mit tUq;fhy Nky;gbg;gpw;F gad;gLk;. Nrkpg;gpd; gad;fs;: Nrkpf;Fk; gof;fk; ek;kpilNa ey;y ek;gpf;ifia tsu;f;fpwJ. ehk; Nrkpf;Fk; gzk; murpd; gy nghJg;gzpj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. jhd; Nrkpf;Fk; njhifapypUe;Nj jdf;F Ntz;ba Gj;jfq;fs;> Fwpg;NgLfs;> vOJNfhy; Nghd;wtw;iw thq;f KbAk;. KbTiu: Nrkpg;G vd;gJ jdpkdpjg; ghJfhg;G kl;Lky;y. ehl;bw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; jUk;. ek; kdj;ijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk;. tUq;fhy tho;it xspkakhf;Fk; vd;gij czu;e;J vy;yh epiyfspYk; Nrkpg;gpidj; njhlq;FNthk;.

Rw;Wr;#oy;

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;

Kd;Diu fhw;W khR ePu; khR epyk; khR xyp khR njhopw;rhiyfspd; fopT khztu;fspd; gq;F KbTiu

Kd;Diu: ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s Rw;Wg;Gwk; ehs;NjhWk; Nkhrkile;J tUfpd;wJ. epyk;> ePu;> fhw;W vd midj;Jg; gFjpfSk; khrile;J tUfpd;wd. Rw;Wr;#oiy khRgLj;Jtjpy; kdpj eltbf;iffNs ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. fhw;W khR: fhw;W khRgLjy; ehSf;Fehs; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. thfdq;fSk;> njhopw;rhiyfSk; tpLk; er;Rg; Giffs; thAkz;lyj;jpy; fye;J mkpy kiofis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,J capu;fSf;F Mgj;ij tpistpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; XNrhd; glyKk; Nja;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Gw;WNeha; Vw;gl mjpf tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. ePu; khR: ePu;epiyfspy; Jzp Jitj;jy;> fhy;eilfis Fspg;ghl;Ljy;> njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfis fyj;;jy; Nghd;w nray;fshy; ePuhdJ khrilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; kdpju;fSf;F gy;NtW tifahd Neha;fs; tUfpd;wd. epyk; khR: ,d;iwa etPd mwptpay; tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthy; epy khR mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ. ehfuPf Kiwapy; xUKiw gad;gLj;jp tPrg;gLk; ghypj;jPd; ghf;nfl;LfisAk; gpsh];bf; ghl;by;fisAk; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fptpl;ldu;. vg;NghJk; kl;fhj ,g;nghUl;fshy; epykhdJ khrilfpwJ. xyp khR: ngUefuq;fspy; xyp khR mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ. kdpjDila fhJfs; 120 nlrpgy; msT tiuNa xypiaj; jhq;Fk;. xyp ngUf;fp> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs;> tpkhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J tUk; rj;jq;fs; xypia khRgLj;Jk; fhuzpfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,jdhy; kdpju;fspd; Nfl;Fk; jpwd; ghjpg;gilfpwJ. njhopw;rhiyfspd; fopT: njhopw;rhiyfs; efuj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp fpuhkq;fspYk; ngUfp tUfpd;wd. njhopw;rhiyfs; jpl> jput> thA fopTfis ngUkstpy; ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Rw;Wg;Gwk; ngUkstpy; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ. njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfshy; kdpjDf;F Gw;WNeha;> euk;G kz;lyk; ghjpg;G> cly; cWg;G ghjpg;giljy; Nghd;w gy;NtW ,d;dy;fs; tUfpd;wd. khztu;fspd; gq;F: khztu;fs; Kjypy; jq;fs; tho;tplkhd tPl;ilAk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijAk; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. jhq;fs; fy;tp fw;W tUk; fy;tp epWtdq;fis J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. njU kf;fsplKk; Cu; kf;fsplKk; Rw;Wg;Gwj; J}a;ikia typAWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Cu;g;Gwq;fspy; itj;Js;s Fg;igj; njhl;bfspy; Fg;igfisf; nfhl;LkhW kf;fis mwpTWj;j Ntz;Lk;.



KbTiu: Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk; vd;gJ gonkhop. vdNt ek; cs;sj;ijj; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L ek; cliy> tPl;il> njUit> ehl;il> Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiyj; J}a;ikahfg; ghJfhg;Nghk;. ek; capUk; cs;sKk; eyKld; jpfog; ghLgLNthk;.

fhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdp Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;

Kd;Diu fzpdpapd; Njhw;wk; fzpdpapd; tiffs; fzpdp topf; fy;tp cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy; ,izajs trjp ,iza tiffs; gad;gLk; Jiwfs; tpaj;jF rhjidfs; KbTiu

Kd;Diu: mwptpaypd; mw;Gjg; gilg;ghd fzpdp kdpj %isiaNa tpQ;rptpl;lJ. fz; ,d;wpaikahj cWg;G vd;Nghk;. fzpdp fz;zpYk; Nkyhfr; nray;gLfpwJ. fzpdpapd; Njhw;wk;: fzpdpapd; Kd;Ndhb vdg;gLtJ mNgf;]; vdg;gLk; rPdu;fspd; mwptpay; rhjdkhFk;. kpd;dDf; fzpdpia lhf;lu; Myd; vk; ^upq; 1824 Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. `hu;thu;L gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrpupau; lhf;lu; N`htd;l; jw;Nghija fzpdpia fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. rhu;y]; ghg;Ng[; vd;ghu; 1883 y; fzpdpia tbtikj;jhu;. ,tNu fzpdpapd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. fzpdpapd; tiffs;: fzpdpahdJ fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gy tbtj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.

gy;Y}lff; fzpdp

kbf; fzpdp

ifalf;f fzpdp fzpdp topf; fy;tp: fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp fw;wiy kpfTk; vspikahf;f fzpdp ,d;iwa ehspy; kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. gy tz;zq;fNshL jpiu tPo;j;jp %ykhf fw;gpf;fg;gLtjhy; khztu;fs; Mu;tkhf fw;fpd;wdu;. NkYk; ,izajsj;jpd; %ykhf khztu;fs; ghlg;nghUis Nrfupj;J fw;fpd;wdu;. cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy;: cyfj;jpy; eilngWk; midj;J epfo;TfisAk; ehk; fzpdp %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mwptpay;> fzpjk;> kUj;Jtk;> tzpftpay; vd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; gad;gLk; epiy fzpdpf;F cs;sJ. fzpdpAk; ,izajsKk; cyfj;ij ek; cs;sq;iff;Nf nfhz;Lte;J tpl;ld. ,izajs trjp: ,iza Nritf;F cupatuplk; jdp fzf;Fj; njhlq;fp ,izajsj;Jld; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,izajsk; %yk; ehk; midj;Jj; Jiw rhu;e;j nra;jpfis ehk; ngwyhk;. NkYk; gy nra;jpfis mopahky; fhf;f ,J gad;gLfpwJ. ,iza tiffs;:

FWk;gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; LAN

mfd;wgug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; WAN

itaf tpupT tiyg;gpd;dy; WWW

gad;gLk; Jiwfs;: ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; fzpdpahdJ midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tq;fpfs;> jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;> muR epWtdq;fs;> tzpf tshfk;> NgUe;J epiyaq;fs;> ,uapy; epiyaq;fs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs; vd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; fzpdpahdJ gad;gLfpwJ. tpaj;jF rhjidfs;: fzf;fpl ,ayhjtw;iwAk; fzf;fpLk; fzpdp> VTfidfisAk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fisAk; Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;jgbNa fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; nfhz;Ls;sJ. KbTiu: fzpdp kdpj tho;f;ifapd; capu;ehbahfptpl;lJ. fzpdpia Mf;f NtiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jp tho;f;ifia tsKilajhf;FNthk;.

kioePu; Nrfupg;G Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;

Kd;Diu ePupd;wp ,aq;fhJ cyfk; ePu;epiyfs; mbg;gil ePu; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;glf; fhuzk; ePiur; Nrkpf;Fk; topfs; kioePiur; Nrkpj;jy; KbTiu



Kd;Diu: kionga;Ak; fhyq;fspy; kioePu; tPzhfhky; epyj;Jf;F mbapy; Nrkpg;gijNa kioePu; Nrfupg;;G vd;fpNwhk;. kioePu; Nrfupg;gpd; mtrpak; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

ePupd;wp mikahJ cyfk;: ‘ts;Stu; ePupd;wp mikahJ cyfk;’ vd;whu;. kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSs; ePUk; xd;W. ePupd;wp kdpjdhy; capu; tho KbahJ. ePu;epiyfs; mbg;gil: thdpYs;s Nkfj;ij Fspu;e;j fhw;W kioahfg; nghoptpf;fpwJ. nts;skhf XLk; ePuhdJ Fl;il> Fsk;> Vup Nghd;wtw;iw epug;GfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; ePuhdJ kio ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ. ePu; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;glf; fhuzk;: kioePu; vg;NghJk; ekf;F fpilg;gjpy;iy. ePu; epiyfspy; cs;s ePuhdJ kdpju;fshy; Ntfkhf Efug;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; Mo;Jisf; fpzWfs; %ykhf mjpf mstpy; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; epyj;jb ePu; cwpQ;rg; gl;L twz;l ghiytdkhd G+kp khWfpwJ. ePiur; Nrkpf;Fk; topfs;: Mq;fhq;Nf Fsk;> Fl;ilfis ntl;b XLk; kioePiur; Nrkpf;fyhk;. kiof;fhyj;jpy; gha;e;NjhLk; ePu; flypy; fye;J tPzhtijj; jLf;f jho;thd ,lq;fspy; Fsk;> Fl;il> Vupfis cUthf;fp MWfs; %yk; xd;NwhL xd;iw ,izj;J kioePiur; Nrkpf;fyhk;. kioePiur; Nrkpj;jy;: fl;llj;jpd; nkhl;ilkhbfspy; tpOk; kio ePiuf; Foha;fs; %yk; jiuf;Ff; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;. jiug; gFjpapy; kioePu;j; Njf;f njhl;b xd;iwf; fl;b mjpy; Mw;W kziyg; gug;gp> ruisf; fw;fis mjd; Nky; gug;g Ntz;Lk;. me;j njhl;bapy; kioePiuf; Foha;fs; %ykhf te;J tpOkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nghJ ,lq;fshd gs;sf;$lq;fs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfs;> tzpf tshfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; kioePu;j; njhl;bfis mikj;J kioePiur; Nrkpf;fyhk;. KbTiu: kioePiur; Nrkpg;Nghk;. tho;tpw;F tsk; Nru;g;Nghk;. tpz;zpd; kioj;Jsp kz;zpd; capu;j;Jsp vd;gij czu;e;J nray;gLNthk;.

ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQu; - kfhftp ghujpahu;

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk; Kd;Diu gpwg;Gk; ,sikAk; tpLjiy Ntl;if xUikg;ghl;Lzu;T nkhopg;gw;W ehl;Lg;gw;W rKjhaj; njhz;L gilg;Gfs; KbTiu

Kd;Diu: ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tpbnts;sp> GJikf; ftpQu;> Njrpaf; ftp> kfhftp vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;ltu; ek; ghujpahNu Mthu;. ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytdha;j; jpfo;e;j ghujp jk; ghly;fs; %yk; kf;fspilNa jkpo;g;gw;W> tpLjiy czu;T Mfpatw;iw tsu;j;jhu;. gpwg;Gk; ,sikAk;: ghujpahu; vl;laGuj;jpy; 11.12.1882 Mk; ehspy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tupd; ngw;Nwhu; rpd;drhkp-,yf;Fkp mk;ikahu; Mthu;. rpwpa tajpNyNa ftpij GidAk; jpwikiag; ngw;whu;. jkJ gjpNdhwhk; tajpy; ghujp vd;Dk; gl;lk; rhd;Nwhu;fshy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

tpLjiy Ntl;if: ‘ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehL vq;fs; ghuj ehL’ vd;whu;. ,g;gbg;gl;l ek; cau;e;j ghujk;

Mq;fpNyauplk; mbikg;gl;bUg;gij vz;zp ‘neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa’ vd ghbdhu;. nts;isaupd; mlf;F Kiwf;F mQ;rhJ tpLjiy czu;T kpf;f ghly;fisg; ghb kf;fisj; jl;b vOg;gpdhu;. xUikg;ghl;Lzu;T: vy;NyhUk; Xu; Fyk; vy;NyhUk; Xu; ,dk; vy;NyhUk; ,e;jpa kf;fs; vd;whu;. Xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T ek;kpy; xw;Wik ePq;fpy; midtUf;Fk; jho;Nt vdg; ghb kf;fspilNa xw;Wik czu;it Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. nkhopg;gw;W: gy nkhopfisf; fw;wpUe;j ghujp ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk; vd;W jkpopd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. ehl;Lg;gw;W: ghujj; jhapd; mbikj;jdj;ij jfu;j;njwpa ,tu; vOjpa ghly;fs; ,isQu;fistPW nfhz;L vor; nra;jJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;fs; NkilfspYk; tPjpfspYk; ,tUila ghly;fisNa ghbdhu;fs;. rKjhaj; njhz;L: rhjpf; nfhLikfs;> ngz;zbik> r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Nghd;wit ,e;ehl;bypUe;J tpyf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Ue;jhu;. kjntwpg; gpbj;J miygtu;fspd; Nghf;fpidf; fz;bj;jhu;. gilg;Gfs;: ghujpahu; vz;zw;w ftpij> ciueil E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;. Fapy; ghl;L> fz;zd; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Qhdujk;> juhR Nghd;w vz;zw;w gilg;Gfisg; gilj;Js;shu;. KbTiu: tskhd> typikahd ghujj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd rpwe;j topfs; ahTk; mtUila ghly;fspy; cs;sd. mtw;iw gpd;gw;wpdhy; mtu; fdT fz;l ghujj;ij ek;khy; cUthf;f KbAk;.



E}yfk;

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;

Kd;Diu E}yfj;jpd; Njhw;wk; E}yfj;jpd; gy;NtW ngau;fs; E}yf tiffs; E}yfj;jpy; gbf;Fk; Kiw gs;sp E}yfk; E}yfj;jpd; gad;fs; KbTiu

Kd;Diu: ‘fz;lijg; gbg;gtd; gz;bjd; Mthd;’ vd;gJ gonkhop. vJTk; njupahky; gpwe;j ehk; mwpQdhf

E}yfg; gbg;G mtrpak;. ekf;Fg; gy;NtW Gj;jfq;fs; jhq;fpa E}yfk; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. mjid ehk; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. E}yfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;: gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpawpT ngw;Nwhupd; vz;zpf;if FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. muz;kidfspYk; Nfhtpy;fspYk; gbf;Fk; Nehf;fkpd;wp ngUikf;fhf kl;LNk E}y;fs; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; E}y;fs; gbg;gjw;Nf vd;w vz;zk; Njhd;wp E}yfq;fs; cUg;ngw;wd. E}yfj;jpd; gy;NtW ngau;fs;: Gj;jfr;rhiy> Vlfk;> Rtbafk;> Rtbr;rhiy> thrfrhiy> gbg;gfk;> E}y;epiyak;> gz;lhuk; vd E}yfk; gy;NtW ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. E}yf tiffs;: muR nghJ E}yfq;fs;> rpWtu;f;Fupa E}yfq;fs;> jdpahu; tzpf Kiw E}yfq;fs;> elkhLk; E}yfq;fs; vd E}yfq;fs; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. E}yfj;jpy; ftpij> rpWfij> ehty;> ehlfk;> fy;tp> nghUspay;> kUj;Jtk;> tuyhW> Md;kpfk;> cstpay;> nghwpapay; Nghd;w Jiw rhu;e;j E}y;fs; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. NkYk;> ehNsLfs;> gUt ,jo;fs; Nghd;witfisAk; gbf;fyhk;. E}yfj;jpy; gbf;Fk; Kiw: E}yfj;jpy; rj;jk; Nghl;Lg; gbf;ff; $lhJ. fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;Ngl;by; Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. E}y;fspy; vt;tpj Fwpg;GfisAk; vOJjy; $lhJ. E}yfuplk; mDkjp ngw;W tpUg;gkhd E}y;fis NjbnaLj;J gbj;J Kbj;j gpd; nghWg;ghf xg;gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. E}yf eilKiwfisj; jtwhky; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. gs;sp E}yfk;: gs;sp vd;gJ ghlE}y;fisf; nfhz;L mwpit tpijf;Fk; fsk;. E}yfNkh me;j mwpit nrk;ikg;gLj;Jk; kw;nwhU fskhFk;. gs;spAk; E}yfKk; ,izgpupahjit. mjdhy;jhd; midj;Jg;

gs;spfspYk; gs;sp E}yfk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ek; gs;spf; fy;tpj; JiwAk; ‘Gj;jfg; G+q;nfhj;J’ vd;Dk; tFg;giw E}yfj; jpl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. E}yfj;jpd; gad;fs;:

ghl mwpNthL gpd;jq;fptplhky; cyf mwpit tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

gy;NtW Jiw rhu;e;j jfty;fis E}y;fs; %yk; vspjpy; ngw;Wtplyhk;.

gy;NtW E}y;fisg; gbj;Jg; gilg;ghsuhfNth> Ngr;rhsuhfNth khwpj; jdpj;jpwd;fis nkUNfw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.

Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gaDs;s Kiwapy; fopj;jplyhk;. KbTiu: NguwpQu; mz;zh $wpaJ Nghy tPl;bw;F xU Gj;jfr;rhiy mikj;jpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Us; mfy E}yfq;fis ehk; jtwhky; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

jd;dk;gpf;if + tplhKaw;rp + njhlu;gapw;rp = epr;rantw;wp

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jahupg;G

f.Nty;KUfd;> gl;ljhup jkpo; Mrpupau;> muR cau;epiyg; gs;sp> Mu;g;ghf;fk;> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;.

nky;yf; fw;NghUf;fhd topfhl;b gj;jhk; tFg;G jkpo; ,uz;lhk ... · 49. xU nrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J...

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Transcript of nky;yf; fw;NghUf;fhd topfhl;b gj;jhk; tFg;G jkpo; ,uz;lhk ... · 49. xU nrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J...