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Master of Business adMinistration

SemeSter -II

ASSIGNMENT

Mb0047-ManageMent

InformatIon SyStemSet-1

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME : VIJ AY KUMAR SHARMA

ROL L NO : 520933061

COUR SE : mba

CEN TRE CODE : 3293

CE NTRE CITY : NEW DELHI

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Master of Business Administration Semester-I I MB0047 Management Information System

Assignment Set- I

Vijay Kumar Sharma Page 2of14

Note: Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions.

Q.1 a. What are the characteristics of MIS?

B. what is the impact of MIS on Managerial performance. Explain with a scenario.Answer.

A. MIS characteristics

It supports transaction handling and record keeping.

It is also called as integrated database Management System which

supports in major functional areas.

It provides operational, tactical, and strategic level managers with east

access to timely but, for the most, structured information. It supports decision making function which is a vital role of MIS.

It is flexible which is needed to adapt to the changing needs of the

organization.

It promotes security system by providing only access to authorized users.

MIS not only provides statistical and data analysis but also works on the

basis on MBO (management by objectives). MIS is successfully used for

measuring performance and making necessary change in the

organizational plans and procedures. It helps to build relevant and

measurable objectives, monitor results, and send alerts.

Coordination: MIS provides integrated information so that all the

departments are aware of the problem and requirements of the other

departments. This helps in equal interaction of the different centers andconnects decision centers of the organization.

Duplication of data is reduced since data is stored in the central part and

same data can be used by all the related departments.

MIS eliminates redundant data.

It helps in maintaining consistency of data. It is divided into subsystems.

Handlings with small systems are much easier than an entire system. This

helps in giving easy access of data, accuracy and better information

production.

MIS assembles, process, stores, Retrieves, evaluates and disseminates the

information.

B. Impact of MIS

Electronic communication increases the overall amount of communication within

the organization. You can find the following advantages obtained from MIS.

a) Quicker information availability

b) Anytime anywhere access to information

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Vijay Kumar Sharma Page 3 of14

c) Promotes non redundancy

d) Quick decision-making

e) Fast actions undertaken

f) Effective productivity

g) Reduced transaction rate

Information can be stored, retrieved, and communicated far more easily and

effectively. There is an enormous role of information technology (IT) on operations. The

following can be the examples you can list for the areas in which MIS is used. When you

go to any vendor and ask for catalogues of the product then smart catalogues and

databases for simpler customer/ vendor will help you and the vendor in coordination.

When you are travelling or driving, the transponder-equipped vehicles can re-route you

in real time. Voice-recognition systems for greater warehouse inventory accuracy,

collaborative editing of graphics documents by geographically-remote individuals, and

even electronic storage/retrieval of documents to reduce volume. You will see the texts

and images in electronic forms are effective in communicating ideas from source to

destination. When you access money through your credit cards, ATM cards, smart cards

you can find that it is technology driven which revolves around wireless electronic

gadgets, internet and money cards. When you use it for your identity proof it is your

identity cards that detect you from the list of users.

A computerized management information system (MIS) in all registered clients,

counseling sessions, and all medical visits provided to the clients with respect to hospital

management system of any major hospitals. Non-computerized data from previous yearsonly documented the number and location of counseling sessions while the new MIS

provides much more specific and detailed data. The impact of computer-based

information systems on managers work reflects decisions made by managers

themselves about how the technology is used. The impact of MIS is not an individually

stable and predictable. As a manager at any organization you can use non linear on-

going process of change that evolves over time and situations. In an organization you

can develop a system, shape it and also react it to any different way.

You can see MIS in the field of education system also playing a very significant

role where we come across usage of LCDs, Smart boards, internet etc in class rooms. In

the traffic control system, an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) disseminates real-

time traffic information to travelers. It helps travelers in making their route choicedecisions based on the traffic congestion information and make proper decision making

in predicting the traffic congestion and choosing the right choice. In the tourism MIS has

led to radical changes in booking system, tourist information system, hotel facilities,

accommodation facilities, transportation modes available, images of the facilities that

could be provided etc.

Impact of MIS in different areas

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You cannot limit the impact of MIS to some specific areas. It has wide range of

applications and has a unique impact on each system. Now, MIS has become very

important fact of all the information systems that you cannot view any system without

MIS.

Q.2 Explain in detail the type of information system with an example each.

Answer:

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

An information system is a collection of hardware, software, data, people and

procedures that are designed to generate information that supports the day-to-day,

short-range, and long-range activities of users in an organization. Information systems

generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction

processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and

expert systems. The following sections present each of these information systems.

1. Office Information Systems

An office information system, or OIS (pronounced oh-eye-ess), is an information system

that uses hardware, software and networks to enhance work flow and facilitate

communications among employees. Win an office information system, also described as

office automation; employees perform tasks electronically using computers and other

electronic devices, instead of manually. With an office information system, for example,

a registration department might post the class schedule on the Internet and e-mail

students when the schedule is updated. In a manual system, the registration

department would photocopy the schedule and mail it to each students house.

An office information system supports a range of business office activities such as

creating and distributing graphics and/or documents, sending messages, scheduling, and

accounting. All levels of users from executive management to no management

employees utilize and benefit from the features of an OIS.

The software an office information system uses to support these activities include word

processing, spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, e-mail, Web browsers, Web

page authoring, personal information management, and groupware. Office information

systems use communications technology such as voice mail, facsimile (fax),

videoconferencing, and electronic data interchange (EDI) for the electronic exchange of

text, graphics, audio, and video. An office information system also uses a variety of

hardware, including computers equipped with modems, video cameras, speakers, and

microphones; scanners; and fax machines.

2. Transaction Processing Systems

A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and

processes data generated during an organizations day-to-day transactions. A

transaction is a business activity such as a deposit, payment, order or reservation.

Clerical staff typically performs the activities associated with transaction processing,

which include the following:

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a. Recording a business activity such as a students registration, a customers

order, an employees timecard or a clients payment.

b. Confirming an action or triggering a response, such as printing a students

schedule, sending a thank-you note to a customer, generating an

employees paycheck or issuing a receipt to a client.c. Maintaining data, which involves adding new data, changing existing data,

or removing unwanted data.

Transaction processing systems were among the first computerized systems developed

to process business data a function originally called data processing. Usually, the TPS

computerized an existing manual system to allow for faster processing, reduced clerical

costs and improved customer service.

The first transaction processing systems usually used batch processing. With batch

processing, transaction data is collected over a period of time and all transactions are

processed later, as a group. As computers became more powerful, system developers

built online transaction processing systems. With online transaction processing (OLTP)the computer processes transactions as they are entered. When you register for classes,

your school probably uses OLTP. The registration administrative assistant enters your

desired schedule and the computer immediately prints your statement of classes. The

invoices, however, often are printed using batch processing, meaning all student invoices

are printed and mailed at a later date.

Today, most transaction processing systems use online transaction processing. Some

routine processing tasks such as calculating paychecks or printing invoices, however, are

performed more effectively on a batch basis. For these activities, many organizations

still use batch processing techniques.

3. Management Information Systems

While computers were ideal for routine transaction processing, managers soon realized

that the computers capability of performing rapid calculations and data comparisons

could produce meaningful information for management. Management information

systems thus evolved out of transaction processing systems. A management

information system, or MIS (pronounced em-eye-ess), is an information system that

generates accurate, timely and organized information so managers and other users can

make decisions, solve problems, supervise activities, and track progress. Because it

generates reports on a regular basis, a management information system sometimes is

called a management reporting system (MRS).

Management information systems often are integrated with transaction processingsystems. To process a sales order, for example, the transaction processing system

records the sale, updates the customers account balance, and makes a deduction from

inventory. Using this information, the related management information system can

produce reports that recap daily sales activities; list customers with past due account

balances; graph slow or fast selling products; and highlight inventory items that need

reordering. A management information system focuses on generating information that

management and other users need to perform their jobs.

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An MIS generates three basic types of information: detailed, summary and exception.

Detailed information typically confirms transaction processing activities. A Detailed

Order Report is an example of a detail report. Summary information consolidates data

into a format that an individual can review quickly and easily. To help synopsize

information, a summary report typically contains totals, tables, or graphs. An InventorySummary Report is an example of a summary report.

Exception information filters data to report information that is outside of a normal

condition. These conditions, called the exception criteria, define the range of what is

considered normal activity or status. An example of an exception report is an Inventory

Exception Report is an Inventory Exception Report that notifies the purchasing

department of items it needs to reorder. Exception reports help managers save time

because they do not have to search through a detailed report for exceptions. Instead,

an exception report brings exceptions to the managers attention in an easily identifiable

form. Exception reports thus help them focus on situations that require immediate

decisions or actions.

4. Decision Support Systems

Transaction processing and management information systems provide information on a

regular basis. Frequently, however, users need information not provided in these

reports to help them make decisions. A sales manager, for example, might need to

determine how high to set yearly sales quotas based on increased sales and lowered

product costs. Decision support systems help provide information to support such

decisions.

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system designed to help users reach

a decision when a decision-making situation arises. A variety of DSSs exist to help with

a range of decisions.

A decision support system uses data from internal and/or external sources.

Internal sources of data might include sales, manufacturing, inventory, or financial data

from an organizations database. Data from external sources could include interest

rates, population trends, and costs of new housing construction or raw material pricing.

Users of a DSS, often managers, can manipulate the data used in the DSS to help with

decisions.

Some decision support systems include query language, statistical analysis capabilities,

spreadsheets, and graphics that help you extract data and evaluate the results. Some

decision support systems also include capabilities that allow you to create a model of thefactors affecting a decision. A simple model for determining the best product price, for

example, would include factors for the expected sales volume at each price level. With

the model, you can ask what-if questions by changing one or more of the factors and

viewing the projected results. Many people use application software packages to

perform DSS functions. Using spreadsheet software, for example, you can complete

simple modeling tasks or what-if scenarios.

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A special type of DSS, called an executive information system (EIS), is designed to

support the information needs of executive management. Information in an EIS is

presented in charts and tables that show trends, ratios, and other managerial statistics.

Because executives usually focus on strategic issues, EISs rely on external data sources

such as the Dow Jones News/Retrieval service or the Internet. These external datasources can provide current information on interest rates, commodity prices, and other

leading economic indicators.

To store all the necessary decision-making data, DSSs or EISs often use extremely large

databases, called data warehouses. A data warehouse stores and manages the data

required to analyze historical and current business circumstances.

5. Expert Systems

An expert system is an information system that captures and stores the knowledge of

human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision-making processes for

those who have less expertise. Expert systems are composed of two main components:a knowledge base and inference rules. A knowledge base is the combined subject

knowledge and experiences of the human experts. The inference rules are a set of

logical judgments applied to the knowledge base each time a user describes a situation

to the expert system.

Although expert systems can help decision-making at any level in an organization, no

management employees are the primary users who utilize them to help with job-related

decisions. Expert systems also successfully have resolved such diverse problems as

diagnosing illnesses, searching for oil and making soup.

Expert systems are one part of an exciting branch of computer science called artificial

intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the application of human intelligence to

computers. AI technology can sense your actions and, based on logical assumptions and

prior experience, will take the appropriate action to complete the task. AI has a variety

of capabilities, including speech recognition, logical reasoning, and creative responses.

Experts predict that AI eventually will be incorporated into most computer systems and

many individual software applications. Many word processing programs already include

speech recognition.

6. Integrated Information Systems

With todays sophisticated hardware, software and communications technologies, it often

is difficult to classify a system as belonging uniquely to one of the five information

system types discussed. Much of todays application software supports transactionprocessing and generates management information. Other applications provide

transaction processing, management information, and decision support.

Q.3 a. Explain Scott Morton five levels of complexity.b. Explain objects and its behavior with an example.

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Answer:

Scott Morton five levels

Scott Morton proposes five levels of complexity at which reconfiguration can be applied.

The following five levels indicate how it is possible to reconfigure strategic informationsystem based on the influence of IT.

1. Localized exploitation This is part of the Evolutionary level and exists within

individual business functions. It addresses the local efficiency and effectiveness of a

information system.

2. Internal integration this is part of the evolutionary level and existsbetween

different systems and applications. It evolves out of rationalization using a common IT

platform. Efficiency and effectiveness are enhanced by coordination and cooperation

within the enterprise;

3. Business process redesign This is part of the revolutionary level. It involves

more thorough re-evaluation of the enterprise value-chain and the production process.

4. Business network redesign This is also part of the revolutionary level. It

involves reconfiguration of the scope and tasks of the business network. It also helps in

the creation and delivery of products and services. Coordination and cooperation extend,

selectively, beyond the enterprises boundaries; and

5. Business scope redefinition It is also part of the revolutionary level.

It involves migration of functions across the enterprises boundaries. It may change the

organizations conception of the business.

Objects and its behavior

Objects are key to understanding object-oriented technology. If we look around and we

can find many examples of real-world objects: dog, desk, television set, and bicycle.

Real-world objects share two characteristics: They all have state and behavior. Dogs

have state (name, color, and breed, hungry) and behavior (barking, fetching, wagging

tail). Bicycles also have state (current gear, current pedal cadence, and current speed)

and behavior (changing gear, changing pedal cadence, applying brakes). Identifying the

state and behavior for real-world objects is a great way to begin thinking in terms of

object-oriented programming.

Software objects are conceptually similar to real-world objects: they too consist of state

and related behavior. An object stores its state in fields (variables in some programminglanguages) and exposes its behavior through methods (functions in some programming

languages). Methods operate on an objects internal state and serve as the primary

mechanism for object-to-object communication. Hiding internal state and requiring all

interaction to be performed through an objects methods is known as data encapsulation

a fundamental principle of object-oriented programming.

Consider a bicycle, for example:

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By attributing state (current speed, current pedal cadence, and current gear) and

providing methods for changing that state, the object remains in control of how the

outside world is allowed to use it. For example, if the bicycle only has 6 gears, a method

to change gears could reject any value that is less than 1 or greater than 6.

Bundling code into objects provides a number of benefits, including: Modularity: The source code for an object can be written and maintained

independently of the source code for other objects. Once created, an object can

be easily passed around inside the system.

Information-hiding: By interacting only with an objects methods, the details of its

internal implementation remain hidden from the outside world.

Code re-use: If an object already exists (perhaps written by another software

developer), you can use that object in your program. This allows specialists to

implement/test/debug complex, task-specific objects, which you can then trust to

run in your own code.

Plug ability and debugging ease: If a particular object turns out to be

problematic, you can simply remove it from your application and plug in a

different object as its replacement. This is analogous to fixing mechanical

problems in the real world. If a bolt breaks, you replace it, not the entiremachine.

Q. 4 What are dataflow diagrams? Construct a DFD using the different

conventions.

Answer:

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a diagrammatic representation of the information

flows within a system, showing:

how information enters and leaves the system,

what changes the information,

Where information is stored.

In SSADM a DFD model includes supporting documentation describing the information

shown in the diagram. DFDs are used not only in structured system analysis and design,

but also as a general process modeling tool. There are a number of commercial tools in

the market today which are based on DFD modeling.

SSADM uses DFDs in three stages of the development process:

Current Physical DFDs. These record the results of conventional fact finding.

Current Logical DFDs. The logical information processing of the current system

Required Logical DFDs. The logical information processing requirements of the

proposed system.

The DFD conventions:-

DFDs show the passage of data through the system by using 5 basic constructs: Data

flows, Processes, Data Stores, External Entities, and Physical Resources.

1. Data Flows

A data flow shows the flow of data from a source to a destination. The flow is shown

as an arrowed line with the arrowhead showing the direction of flow. Each data flow

should be uniquely identified by a meaningful descriptive name (caption).

Flow may move from an external entity to a process, from a process to another

process, into and out of a store from a process, and from a process to an external

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entity. Flows are not permittedto move directly from an external entity to a store or

from a store directly to an external entity.

2. Processes

Processes are transformations, changing incoming data flows into outgoing dataflows. Processes are drawn as rectangular boxes with a descriptive name occupying

the middle of the box. The box has a top stripe that contains an identification number

in the left, and the location (or the role carrying out the work) on the right (this is

optional and used only in the current physical DFD).

The numbering generally follows a left to right convention. This does not indicate

priority or sequence. The identification number is purely an identifier. It also helps to

associate a high level process with its decomposed sub processes.

The name of the process should describe what happens to the data as it passes

through it. An active verb (verify, compute, extract, create, retrieve, store,

determine, etc.) followed by an object or object clause is a suggested notation.

3. Data Stores

A store is a repository of data; it may be a card index, a database file, a temporary

pile of sales orders awaiting processing, or a folder in a filing cabinet. The store may

contain permanent data or temporary accumulations (pending documents, daily

movements).

A store is represented by an open-ended box and is given a meaningful descriptive

name. Each store is also given a reference number prefixed by a letter. In logical and

required system DFD, data stores are regarded as computerized and hence only a D

will be used. Some transient stores may remain and retain the T.

To prevent a DFD becoming spiders web of crossing lines, the same data store may

be included more than once on a DFD. Such duplication is shown by an additional

vertical line within the store symbol.

4. External Entities (Source or Sink)

The external entity represents a person or a part of an organization which sends or

receives data from the system but considered to be outside the system boundary

(scope of the project). As with the data stores these may be duplicated on a DFD to

simplify presentation. External entities may be further referenced by the use of an

alpha character, and this is particularly recommended if at a lower level the entity is

being decomposed.

Sometimes external entities are referred to as sources and sinks. An External entity

either supplies data to the system, which makes it a source and /or receives data

from the system, which makes it a sink.

5. Physical Resources

A physical flow represents the flow of material (as opposed to data flows

representing the flow of information), the movement of some resources or goods

which are relevant to the information system, from source to destination. They are

included to aid communication. A physical flow is represented by a broad arrow. The

resource store is represented by a closed rectangle.

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Q.5 Explain ERP in detail.

Answer:

Enterprise Resource Planning

Manufacturing management systems have evolved in stages over the few decades from

a simple means of calculating materials requirements to the automation of an entire

enterprise. Around 1980, over-frequent changes in sales forecasts, entailing continual

readjustments in production, as well as the unsuitability of the parameters fixed by the

system, led MRP (Material Requirement Planning) to evolve into a new concept :

Manufacturing Resource Planning (or MRP2) and finally the generic concept Enterprise

Resource Planning (ERP)

The initials ERP originated as an extension of MRP (material requirements planning then

manufacturing resource planning). ERP systems now attempt to cover all basic functions

of an enterprise, regardless of the organizations business or charter. Non-manufacturing

businesses, non-profit organizations and governments now all utilize ERP systems.To be considered an ERP system, a software package must provide the function of at

least two systems. For example, a software package that provides both payroll and

accounting functions could technically be considered an ERP software package.

Examples of modules in an ERP which formerly would have been stand-alone applications

include: Manufacturing, Supply Chain, Financials, Customer Relationship Management

(CRM), Human Resources, Warehouse Management and Decision Support System.

ERP Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with

many software applications that do not talk to each other and do not effectively

interface. Tasks that need to interface with one another may involve:

1. A totally integrated system2. The ability to streamline different processes and workflows

3. The ability to easily share data across various departments in an organization

4. Improved efficiency and productivity levels

5. Better tracking and forecasting

6. Lower costs

7. Improved customer service

Change how a product is made, in the engineering details, and that is how it will now be

made. Effective dates can be used to control when the switch over will occur from an old

version to the next one, both the date that some ingredients go into effect, and date that

some are discontinued. Part of the change can include labeling to identify version

numbers.Some security features are included within an ERP system to protect against both

outsider crime, such as industrial espionage, and insider crime, such as embezzlement. A

data tampering scenario might involve a disgruntled employee intentionally modifying

prices to below the breakeven point in order to attempt to take down the company, or

other sabotage

Disadvantages Many problems organizations have with ERP systems are due to

inadequate investment in ongoing training for involved personnel, including those

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implementing and testing changes, as well as a lack of corporate policy protecting the

integrity of the data in the ERP systems and how it is used.

While advantages usually outweigh disadvantages for most organizations implementing

an ERP system, here are some of the most common obstacles experienced:

Usually many obstacles can be prevented if adequate investment is made and adequatetraining is involved, however, success does depend on skills and the experience of the

workforce to quickly adapt to the new system.

1. Customization in many situations is limited

2. The need to reengineer business processes

3. ERP systems can be cost prohibitive to install and run

4. Technical support can be shoddy

5. ERPs may be too rigid for specific organizations that are either new or want to

move in a new direction in the near future.

The Ideal ERP System

An ideal ERP system is when a single database is utilized and contains all data for

various software modules. These software modules can include:

a. Manufacturing: Some of the functions include; engineering, capacity, workflow

management, quality control, bills of material, manufacturing process, etc.

b. Financials: Accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets, general ledger and

cash management, etc.

c. Human Resources: Benefits, training, payroll, time and attendance, etc

d. Supply Chain Management: Inventory, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling,

claim processing, order entry, purchasing, etc.

e. Projects: Costing, billing, activity management, time and expense, etc.

f. Customer Relationship Management: sales and marketing, service, commissions,

customer contact, calls center support, etc.

g. Data Warehouse: Usually this is a module that can be accessed by an organizations

customers, suppliers and employees.

Q.6 a. Bring out the relationship between AI and Neural Network.

b. what is the difference between DSS and ES?

Answer:

Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks

Artificial intelligence is a field of science and technology based on disciplines such as

computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics and engineering. The

goal of AI is to develop computers that can simulate the ability to think, see, hear, walk,

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talk and feel. In other words, simulation of computer functions normally associated with

human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning and problem solving.

Neural network software can learn by processing sample problems and their solutions.

As neural nets start to recognize patterns, they can begin to program themselves tosolve such problems on their own.

Neural networks are computing systems modeled after the human brains mesh like

network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons. The human brain is

estimated to have over 100 billion neuron brain cells. The neural networks are lot

simpler in architecture. Like the brain, the interconnected processors in a neural network

operate in parallel and interact dynamically with each other.

This enables the network to operate and learn from the data it processes, similar to the

human brain. That is, it learns to recognize patterns and relationships in the data. The

more data examples it receives as input, the better it can learn to duplicate the resultsof the examples it processes. Thus, the neural networks will change the strengths of the

interconnections between the processing elements in response to changing patterns in

the data it receives and results that occur.

For example, neural network can be trained to learn which credit characteristics result in

good or bad loans. The neural network would continue to be trained until it

demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in correctly duplicating the results of recent

cases. At that point it would be trained enough to begin making credit evaluations of its

own.

A neural network is designed to simulate a set of neurons, usually connected by

synapses. Each neuron makes a simple decision based on its other input synapses, and

places the decision on its output synapses. This model mimics the behavior of a brain,

and is considered vital to create a true learning system, though modern computers

(barring super-computers) do not have the computational resources to execute a neural

network with a sufficient number of nodes to be useful (you would need at least a few

million neurons firing in unison to be useful).

Artificial intelligence, of course, is software that is designed to pretend like its a living,

thinking creature. Older implementations were not learning systems, but rather would

take input and offer a conditioned response provided by the programmer ahead of time.

These systems seemed to be highly intelligent, so long as you did not leave its realm of

preplanned responses. Newer AI systems learn by interacting with the user (for

example, remembering their favorite color or music artist), and can sometimes evenfigure out correlated data based on this information.

However, current AI systems tend to still have limited spheres of knowledge, and

without external learning sources, cannot make any intelligent responses or decisions

outside this realm of information. The missing component, of course, is a system that is

capable of learning information and incorporating what it learns into its current

knowledge base. Neural networks hold the promise of bridging this gap in the learning

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curve that AI systems have by allowing the AI to actually learn topics that were not

covered during its original training or programming.

The relationship between these two technologies could be said to be symbiotic in nature;

both of these can be implemented without the other (i.e. a NN could be used inside a

coffee maker for some advanced coffee-making logic, and an AI can certainly use othersources of information to make valid responses), but the combination of the two would

allow for a more realistic AI that would be capable of learning data by making

correlations between seemingly unrelated data (which is how humans learn,

coincidentally).

Different between expert system and decision supportsystem

1. DSS aid in problem solving by allowing for manipulation of data & modelswhereas ES allow experts to teach computers about their field so that the

system may support more of the decision making process for less expert decision

makers.

2. DSS most often contain equations that the system uses to solve problems or

update reports immediately, and the users makes the final decisions on the basis

of the information whereas an expert system works from a much larger set of

modeling rules, uses concepts from AI to process and store the knowledge base &

scans base to suggest a final decision through inference.

3. DSS only supports the decision making process & a human user is required to

weigh all the factors in making a decision whereas ES must acquire knowledge

from an expert and apply a large but standard set of probability based rules tomake a decision in a specific problem setting.

-----------------end-----------------

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