Los Sistemas Regionales de Innovacion Una Revision Critica

7/31/2019 Los Sistemas Regionales de Innovacion Una Revision Critica

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Kjfgfeadz G.f3>, 4.kroudtraekstrk, 0>>1

Hfs sastkeds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag.

[gd rkvasag ortaod

Hfs sastkeds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag (_PA) y hfs ohustkrsbdg of`rdmf pdrtaouhdr aepfrtdgoad kg hd

hatkrdturd y kg hds pfhtaods mk mksdrrfhhf kofgeaof. ]rds kxpfgkr kh edrof ofgokptudh mk hfs _PA

y kg qu sk mastagcuk mkh ofrrkspfgmakgtk dh ohustkr, kh drtouhf kxpfgk hds maiaouhtdmks, aeputd`hks

tdgtf d maobf edrof ofgokptudh ofef d hd mk maspfgaàhamdm mk mdtfs, pdrd kh dghasas mk _PA rkd-

hks. ]deàg sk prkskgtdg hfs skscfs quk bdg prkskgtdmf hfs kstumafs mk _PA fpkrdoafgdhks y kh

odrotkr gfredtavf quk bd aeprkcgdmf ukgd pdrtk mk hd hatkrdturd mk _PA.

@krrajugtzdjf ksjudhmk-sastkekj (@K_) ktd jhustkrrkj cdrrdgtza `krkzad ard`dza mutk cdrdpkg kjfgf-

eajfdra ùruzjf hatkrdturdg ktd pfhatajktdg. @K_kg kspdrru jfgtzkptudhd ktd jhustkrrdra mdcfjafgktaj

zkrtdg `krkaztkg mkg dzdhmu fgmfrkg, drtajuhudj `kgktdjf @K_dj dztkrtzkjf zdahtdsugdj, kspdrru

jfgtzkptudh bfrra gdbaz mdtukg krdàhcdrratdsugdra kcfztkjfdj, dzdhtzkg matu. @K_ fpkrdzafgdhkg

dztkrjktkj azdg matuztkg dh`frdpkgdj ktd @K_ka ùruzjf hatkrdturd jutsdtu mukg drdu-azdkrd krk dur-

jkztkg mard.

]bk Pkcafgdh Aggfvdtafg _ystkes (PA_) dgm tbk ohustkrs bdvk `kofek kspkoadhhy aepfrtdgt ag tbk

kofgfeao mkvkhfpekgt fi pfhaoaks dgm hatkrdturk. Ditkr sbfwagc tbk PA_ ofgokptudh irdekwfrj dgm

tbk maiikrkgoks watb tbk ohustkrirdekwfrj, tbk pdpkr prkskgts tbk rkdh maiiaouhtaks ifr tbk PA_ dgdhysas

dttraùtkm tf suob d ofgokptudh irdekwfrj ds wkhh ds tf tbk mdtd dvdahdàhaty. ]bk pdpkr dhsf sbfws

tbk vakws tbdt bdvk `kkg stdtkm `y tbk iugotafgdh PA_ stumaks dgm tbk gfredtavk gdturk tbdt bdvk

aeprkcgdtkm d crkdt pdrt fi tbk PA_ hatkrdturk.


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Kjfgfeadz G.f3>, 4.kroudtraekstrk, 0>>1

Eajkh Gdvdrrf DrdgokcuaAgstatutf Ydsof mk Ofepktatavamdm

[gavkrsamdm mk Mkustf

GMAOK

4. Agtrfmuooag0. Kh ofgokptf mk sastkeds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag (_PA)?. Maikrkgoads kgtrk hfs ofgokptfs mk _PA y kh mk ohustkr=. Mksmk kh ofgokptf d hd rkdhamdm y d hd pfhtaod mk hfs _PA;. Pksuekg y ofgohusafgksPkikrkgoads à`hafcriaods

^dhd`rds ohdvk< sastkeds mk aggfvdoag rkcafgdh, aggfvdoag, rkcag, ohustkr, pfhtaod mk aggfvdoag.

Jkywfrms< rkcafgdh aggfvdtafg systkes, rkcafg, ohustkr, aggfvdtafg pfhaoy.

G. mk ohdsaiaodoag LKH< F42, F?4, F??, F=?, P44, P40, P;2.

4. AG]PFM[OOAG

^drdmlaodekgtk, kg ugd kofgfed odmd

vkz es chf`dhazdmd, hf rkcafgdh y hf hfodh

bdg of`rdmf orkoakgtk aepfrtdgoad tdg-

tf kg hd hatkrdturd ofef kg hfs cfàkrgfs

y hds agstatuoafgks quk trdtdg mk aepuhsdr

kh mksdrrfhhf y hd ofepktatavamdm (FKOM,

0>>3`). Kg ug eugmf kg kh quk kh mksdrrf-

hhf kofgeaof y kh àkgkstdr mkedgmdg skr

ofepktatavfs y chf`dhazdrsk, hfs dgdhastds

y dckgtks kofgeaofs ofgstdtdg quk hfs

idotfrks prfmuotavfs trdmaoafgdhks (maspf-

saoag mk rkoursfs gdturdhks, mk edgf mk

f`rd `drdtd f mk odpatdh) gf firkokg vkgtd-

lds ofepktatavds murdmkrds (_aeeak, 0>>?).

Hfs dvdgoks kg edtkrad mk ha`krdhazdoag,

trdgspfrtks y tkogfhfcds mk hd agifredoag

bdokg quk tdhks rkoursfs kstg dh dhodgok

mk tfmfs y gf firkokg vkgtdld ofepktata-

vd sfstkga`hk d quakg hfs pfskd. Bfy md kh

idotfr ohdvk mk ofepktatavamdm ks kh ofgf-

oaeakgtf y hd odpdoamdm mk aggfvdoag quk

mk h sk mkravd (^frtkr, 411> y 4112: Eds-

jkhh y Edhe`krc, 4111).

Hd hatkrdturd mk hfs ohustkrsy mk hfs sastk-

eds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag (_PA, kg hf su-

oksavf) ofgsamkrd quk kh ofgfoaeakgtf y

hfs prfoksfs mk dprkgmazdlk mk hfs quk dquh

mkravdks ug idotfr quk gf rksuhtd tdg e-

vah ofef hfs dgtkrafrks, sagf quk sk odrdotkra-

zd pfr ugd dmbkrkgoad (staojagkss) dh tkrratfraf,

pfr kstdr agorustdmf f drrdacdmf hfodhekgtk

(ke`kmmkmgkss), y pfr mdr hucdr d odpdoamd-

mks hfodhazdmds (hfodhaskm odpd ahataks) mastra-

ùamds euy mksacudhekgtk (@rdozyoj kt dh.,

4112: Edhe`krc y Edsjkhh, 4113: Edsjkhh y

Edhe`krc, 4111). Ksd dmbkrkgoad mkh ofgf-

oaeakgtf dh tkrratfraf sk kxphaod, iugmdekg-

tdhekgtk, pfr kh bkobf mk quk, kg ofgtrd mk

hfs supukstfs quk edgkld`d hd kofgfed

gkfohsaod, kh ofgfoaeakgtf gf ks saephk-

ekgtk hd agifredoag phkgdekgtk ofmafflod`hk

y kxphoatd (bkobf quk pfsaàhatdrd su trdgsea-

sag d oudhquakr hucdr mkh eugmf), sagf quk


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Eajkh Gdvdrrf Drdgokcua

takgk tdeàg ug aepfrtdgtk ofepfgkgtk mkodrotkr toatf (^fhdgy, 4199).4

Kg hfs praekrfs trd`dlfs mk kstds ofrrakg-tks sk ofgsamkrd`d quk kh ofgfoaeakgtf t-

oatf shf pfmd trdgseatarsk ofg hds prfpadspkrsfgds f ofg ugd rkhdoag odrd d odrd fofgvavkgoad kgtrk dckgtks quk ofepdrtkgoakrtds oukstafgks (hkgcud, omacfs mk of-eugaodoag, ofgvkgoafgks y gfreds...) quksarvkg pdrd ckgkrdr hd ofgffldgzd y hd `dsk mkkgtkgmaeakgtf pdrd quk pukmd tkgkr hucdrksd trdgseasag. Kstf ks, hd trdgseasag mkhofgfoaeakgtf toatf mkpkgmk mk ug idotfr

prfmuotavf, kh odpatdh buedgf, odrdotkrazdmfpfr su `dld efvahamdm, y mk ugd oakrtd agtk-rdooag y ofgvavkgoad mk hds pkrsfgds kgtrkhds quk sk trdgseatk kh ofgfoaeakgtf (Hugm-vdhh, 4110). Kg sued, hd prfxaeamdm sk ofgsa-mkrd`d ohdvk pdrd hd prfmuooag, trdgseasagy ofepdrtaoag mkh ofgfoaeakgtf.

Es rkoakgtkekgtk, hd hatkrdturd bd amfoukstafgdgmf quk kgtrk ofgfoaeakgtf kx-

phoatf y toatf kxastd tdh maoftfed (Bfwkhhs,0>>0), ds ofef bd amf rkofgsamkrdgmf hdaepfrtdgoad f gkoksamdm mk hd prfxaeamdmisaod pdrd hd trdgseasag mkh ofgfoaeakg-tf. Kg kikotf, agaoadhekgtk hfs dutfrks mk hdsofrrakgtks mk hfs _PA y mk ohustkrsofgsamk-rd`dg iugmdekgtdh hd prfxaeamdm isaod, d hdquk vkdg hacdmds ugd ouhturd y vdhfrks ofe-pdrtamfs. _ag ke`drcf, ftrd skrak mk dutf-

rks (Deag y Ofbkgmkt, 4111) kepkzdrfg dsfstkgkr quk hd prfxaeamdm gkoksdrad pdrdhd trdgseasag mkh ofgfoaeakgtf toatf pfmdskr mk odrotkr frcdgazdtavf f rkhdoafgdh, mkefmf quk kh dprkgmazdlk ofhkotavf pukmk skr

4 Kh ofgfoaeakgtf toatf sk kgoukgtrd agskrtdmf(ke`kmmkm) gf shf kg hds bdàhamdmks mk hfs agmava-mufs y kg hds rutagds y prfokmaeakgtfs mk hds frcd-

gazdoafgks, sagf kg kh deàkgtk (eahaku) ofef tdh, fagohusf kg hds rkhdoafgks quk ofgkotdg hds maikrkgtkskeprksds ugds d ftrds y dh ofgtkxtf agstatuoafgdh esdephaf (Edhe`krc y Edsjkhh, 4113).

dhaekgtdmf pfr rkmks frcdgazdoafgdhks y rk-hdoafgdhks pkrtkgkoakgtks d maikrkgtks gavkhksckfcrfflofs.0Klkephfs mk tdhks rkmks skrdghds ofeugamdmks mk protaods y hds of-eugamdmks kpasteaods.?@fsobed (0>>;),]frrk y Pdhhkt (0>>;) f Hdckgmalj y Hfrkgtzkg(0>>3) mksdrrfhhdrfg mastagoafgks kgtrk tapfsmk prfxaeamdm=quk skrdg ofephkekgtdrads

0Dh easef tkaepf, Bkss (0>>=) bd orataodmf hd kx-oksavd tkrratfradhazdoag mkh ofgokptf mk agskroag (ke-`kmmkmgkss) prkskgtk kg hd hatkrdturd mkh hhdedmfgukvf rkcafgdhasef (kg kh quk sk satudrdg hfs _PA),kstf ks, hd tkgmkgoad d ofgsamkrdr quk hd agskroag mk

hfs dotfrks y sus agtkrdooafgks kg ug sastked ouhturdhk agstatuoafgks takgk hucdr hcaodekgtk kg kh phdgf hf-odh, y d acgfrdr quk hd ouhturd y hds agstatuoafgks tde-àg fpkrdg kg hfs rkstdgtks phdgfs kspdoadhks.

?_acuakgmf d @dtbkht (0>>=), pfmrdefs vkr hds of-eugamdmks mk protaods ofef agstatuoafgks ofepuks-tds pfr dckgtks quk vfhugtdradekgtk kstg hacdmfs kg-trk s pfr agtkrdooafgks y rkugafgks irkoukgtks, `dsdmdskg kh easef kxpkrtask, ug ofglugtf ofeg mk ofgfoa-eakgtf tkogfhcaofs y ugd kxpkrakgoad saeahdr kg pdrta-ouhdrks ofglugtfs mk togaods mk rksfhuoag mk prf`hk-eds. ]dhks ofeugamdmks, aepfrtdgtks kg prfoksfs mkrksfhuoag mk prf`hkeds, kstrdtkcad y mksdrrfhhf ke-

prksdradh y maiusag mk eklfrks protaods, pukmkg mk-sdrrfhhdrsk mkgtrf mk ugd keprksd, pkrf tdeàg agohuareake`rfs mk maikrkgtks frcdgazdoafgks. Bdg samf pdrta-ouhdrekgtk kstumadmds, d kstk rkspkotf, hds ofeugamd-mks mk protaods mksdrrfhhdmds kg kh _ahaofg Ydhhky.

Hds ofeugamdmks kpasteaods sk maikrkgoadrdg mkhds dgtkrafrks pfr kstdr frcdgazdmds pfr y kstruotu-rdhekgtk kg tfrgf dugd dutframdm, pdrd dhodgzdr ugf`lktavf kspkoiaof, ckgkrdhekgtk mk orkdoag mk ofgf-oaeakgtf. Hfs dckgtks sk ofgvakrtkg kg eake`rfs mk-pkgmakgmf mk oug àkg ofgtraùykg d ksk f`lktavf. Hddutfgfed y dutf-frcdgazdoag sfg ekgfrks, y hds lkrdr-

quds edyfrks, quk kg hds ofeugamdmks mk protaod.= ^rf`d`hkekgtk hd odtkcfrazdoag es kephkdmd,mk hds oatdmds, ks hd mk @fsobed (0>>;), quakg mastagcukkgtrk prfxaeamdm ofcgatavd (oudgmf hd ckgtk ofepdrtk hdeased `dsk mk ofgfoaeakgtf), frcdgazdoafgdh (oudgmf,pfr klkephf, pfr trd`dldr kg hd eased keprksd, sk ofe-pdrtk ug easef edrof frcdgazdoafgdh), sfoadh (oudgmfkxastk ugd ofgiadgzd mkravdmd mk kstdr agskrtfs kg ugdsrkhdoafgks sfoadhks mdmds), agstatuoafgdh (oudgmf sk ofe-pdrtk ug edrof agstatuoafgdh kg kh phdgf edorf) y ckf-criaod (rkhdtavd d hd mastdgoad isaod). Ydsk, dsaeasef,kg kstk gekrf mk Kjfgfeadzkh drtouhf mk Hfrkgtzkg(0>>1), quk mastagcuk trks crdgmks tapfs mk prfxaeamdmks

(ckfcriaod, sfoaktdrad y ofcgatavd), dhcugds mk hds oudhkssk su`mavamkg, d su vkz, kg ftrds odtkcfrds< hd sfoaktdradkg prfxaeamdm agstatuoafgdh, frcdgazdoafgdh y sfoadh: y hdofcgatavd, kg ouhturdh y tkogfhcaod.


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Hfs sastkeds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag. [gd rkvasag ortaod

03

y sustatua`hks kgtrk s, pkrf sag quk hd hatkrdtu-rd hhkcdrd d ug doukrmf tftdh sf`rk hd aepfr-tdgoad mk hd prfxaeamdm isaod. Dutfrds ofefHfrkgtzkg (0>>2 y 0>>1) ofgsamkrdg quk khkgifquk mk hd prfxaeamdm gf ks mktkreagsta-of mksmk kh pugtf mk vastd kspdoadh y quk hdofepdrtaoag mk ofgfoaeakgtf pdrd hd aggf-vdoag gf rkquakrk prfxaeamdm isaod: f quk,oudgmf hd rkquakrk, pukmk skr frcdgazdmdtkepfrdhekgtk, pfr klkephf, frcdgazdgmfvasatds f kgoukgtrfs.^fr kh ofgtrdraf, hfs du-tfrks agtkcrdgtks mk hd hatkrdturd mk _PA f mkhdprkgmazdlk hfodhazdmf, sa àkg bdg d`dgmf-gdmf hd maoftfed kgtrk ofgfoaeakgtf toatfy ofmafflodmf, y dotudhekgtk gf rkmuokg susdghasas mk hd prfxaeamdm kxohusavdekgtk dhd mk odrotkr ckfcrfflof y gf prfohdedg hfhfodh ofef gaod iukgtk mk ofgfoaeakgtf t-oatf, tfmdvd ofgsamkrdg quk kh ofgfoaeakg-tf kst agskrtdmf kg hds pkrsfgds y quk ksmkpkgmakgtk mk ug ofgtkxtf y dmbkramf d ugtkrratfraf. Kg mkfflgatavd, pdrd khhfs sacuk kxas-takgmf ug kikotf vkoagmdm mk efmf quk

hd prfxaeamdm kspdoadh takgmk d rkifrzdr hdsftrds ifreds mk prfxaeamdm y md hucdr d hdkxastkgoad mk kikotfs mk hfodhazdoag kg prf-oksfs mk aggfvdoag y dprkgmazdlk (Edhe-`krc y Edsjkhh, 0>>9 y Efrcdg, 0>>=).

Ks ksk odrotkr hfodhazdmf mkh ofgfoa-eakgtf, lugtf d hfs kikotfs mkravdmfs mk hdsrkstdgtks kofgfeds mk dchfekrdoag (Pf-

skgtbdh y _trdgck, 0>>=), kh quk kxphaod khiukrtk prfoksf mk ofgokgtrdoag y kspk-oadhazdoag tkrratfradh quk sk f`skrvd mk ed-gkrd orkoakgtk kg hd kofgfed (Jrucedg,4110 y 411;). D pdrtar mk hd agtkrdooag kg-trk ugds agirdkstruoturds y kgtfrgf ofgs-truamf, hfs rkoursfs gdturdhks dooksa`hks, hdmftdoag agstatuoafgdh y hfs ofgfoaeakgtfsy bdàhamdmks maspfga`hks kg kh tkrratfraf sk

mksdrrfhhdg ugds odpdoamdmks hfodhazdmds,maioahekgtk aeatd`hks y mk odrotkr doueu-hdtavf (pdtb mkpkgmkgoy), quk ofgmuokg d

vkgtdlds ofepktatavds mkh tkrratfraf (Edsjkhhy Edhe`krc, 4111). Dpdrkokg odsfs mk xa-tf rkcafgdh f hfodh (_ahaofg Ydhhky, Pfutk 402,@dmkg-Srttke`krc, Keahad Pfedcgd...),quk sk ofgsamkrdg pdrdmacetaofs y ouydsohdvks bdy quk kgtkgmkr pdrd ds, dug dm-eatakgmf quk hd eased pfhtaod gf vdhk pdrdtfmfs y quk bdy quk tfedr kg oukgtd hfsofgtkxtfs kg quk odmd kxpkrakgoad takgk hu-cdr y dmdptdr d khhfs hds ekmamds, kxtrdkrpfsa`hks kgskdgzds pdrd hds pfhtaods mkmksdrrfhhf mk ftrds rkcafgks f hfodhamdmks.

Ksd gkoksamdm ks pdrtaouhdrekgtk skgta-

md pfr hfs rkspfgsd`hks mk hds pfhtaods ag-mustradhks, tkogfhcaods y rkcafgdhks, qukvkg quk hds trdmaoafgdhks pfhtaods `dsdmds,rkspkotavdekgtk, kg hd skhkooag mk ode-pkfgks gdoafgdhks f dpfyf masoraeagdtfrafd skotfrks, mk pfhtaods mk dpfyf d hd A+M`dsdmds kg ug ksquked hagkdh mk hd aggfvd-oag y mk trdgsikrkgoad mk rkoursfs p`haofsbdoad hds rkcafgks ekgfs mksdrrfhhdmds, sk-

cuamds bdstd hfs gfvkgtd, gf bd`dg mdmfhfs rksuhtdmfs prkvastfs, y quk vdg tfedgmfofgoakgoad mk quk kh ifekgtf mk hd ofepk-tatavamdm y hd aggfvdoag, quk mk`kg skr suspragoapafs rkotfrks, sk mktkreagdg pragoapdh-ekgtk kg kh phdgf rkcafgdh y hfodh (FKOM,0>>4` y 0>>3d: Offjk y Efrcdg, 4112).[gd pruk`d kvamkgtk mk tfmf khhf hd tkgk-efs kg hd kxphfsag quk bdg kxpkraekgtd-

mf hfs ikgekgfs mk mksokgtrdhazdoag kgtfmds hds zfgds mkh eugmf mksmk hd mod-md mk hfs 2> (Pfmrcukz-^fsk y Cahh, 0>>?:FKOM, 0>>4d y 0>>3`).

Kg kh eàtf mk hd hatkrdturd kofgeaod,sfg guekrfsds hds ksoukhds f ofrrakgtksquk bdg tfedmf tdh rkdhamdm ofef f`lk-tf mk dghasas y bdg mksdrrfhhdmf ksqukedsofgokptudhks pdrd khhfs< hfs mastratfs agmus-

tradhks, hfs eahaku aggfvdmfrks, hfs sastkedsprfmuotavfs hfodhks, hds rkcafgks quk dprkg-mkg, hfs mastratfs tkogfhcaofs... (Efuhdrt


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y _kjad, 0>>?). Kgtrk tdhks mksdrrfhhfs bdymfs quk bdg mkstdodmf pfr bd`kr ckgkrd-mf ugd hatkrdturd pdrtaouhdrekgtk guekrfsdy pfr hd crdg dokptdoag quk bdg tkgamf pfrpdrtk mk hfs rkspfgsd`hks pfhtaofs y mk hdsagstatuoafgks agtkrgdoafgdhks quk takgkg pfrf`lktf kh mksdrrfhhf kofgeaof< hfs sastk-eds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag y hfs ohustkrs(Dsbkae y Ofkgkg, 0>>= y Offjk 0>>=).

Kg kstk trd`dlf gfs vdefs d foupdr mkhmksdrrfhhf kxpkraekgtdmf pfr hd hatkrdturd mkhfs _PA. Kg ftrfs trd`dlfs bkefs trdtdmf kgpdrtaouhdr mk hd hatkrdturd sf`rk ohustkrs

(vdgsk Gdvdrrf, 0>>4` y 0>>?), sa àkg pfrhd ofgiusag y sfhdpdeakgtfs quk kxastkgkgtrk kstk ofgokptf y kh mk sastkeds rkcaf-gdhks, kg ug dpdrtdmf pfstkrafr trdtdrkefsmk ksohdrkokr hds maikrkgoads y rkhdoag kxas-tkgtks kgtrk de`fs treagfs. Kg hf quk rks-td mkh drtouhf kepkzdrkefs prkoasdgmf qusk kgtakgmk pfr sastked rkcafgdh mk aggfvd-oag. D ofgtagudoag vkrkefs kg qu sk mas-

tagcuk ksk ofgokptf mk ftrfs skekldgtks(kspkoadhekgtk, mkh ofgokptf ohustkr) quksk edgkldg kg hfs kstumafs sf`rk aggfvd-oag y ofepktatavamdm kg ug tkrratfraf mktkr-eagdmf. ]rds khhf, pdsdrkefs d vkr hfs prf-`hkeds quk phdgtkd kh pdsf d kstumadr _PArkdhks, hfs dspkotfs kg quk bdg agoamamf hfskstumafs mk hfs _PA fpkrdoafgdhks y hfs quktfmdvd pkredgkokg agsuffl oakgtkekgtk ks-

tumadmfs, ds ofef kh agtkgtf bdàmf mk kx-trdkr ofgohusafgks f kgskdgzds pdrd hdspfhtaods p`haods mkh kgifquk mk hfs _PA.^fr htaef, kh drtouhf ffl gdhazdr ofg ug `rkvkdpdrtdmf mk rksuekg y ofgohusafgks.

0. KH OFGOK^]F MK _A_]KED_PKCAFGDHK_ MK AGGFYDOAG

Kh treagf _PA ks kephkdmf pfr praekrdvkz kg ugd pu`haodoag kg ug trd`dlf mk Of-fjk (4110) d ofeakgzfs mk hfs gfvkgtd, pf-

ofs dfs mkspus mk quk buàkrd dpdrkoamfpu`haodmf, tdeàg pfr praekrd vkz, kh trea-gf mk sastked gdoafgdh mk aggfvdoag kg ugtrd`dlf mk Irkkedg (4123). ]dh ofef sk sk-dhd pfr Bfeekg y Mfhfrkux (0>>? y 0>>;)y Mfhfrkux y ^drtf (0>>= y 0>>;), kg hd dpd-raoag mkh ofgokptf y mk hd ofrrakgtk mk hfssastkeds rkcafgdhks mk aggfvdoag agffuykrfggftd`hkekgtk mfs crdgmks ofrrakgtks mk of-gfoaeakgtf< pfr ug hdmf, hd ofrrakgtk mk hfssastkeds mk aggfvdoag (vdgsk sf`rk kstfsKmquast, 4113: Gdvdrrf, 0>>4d y Hugmvdhh,0>>3), ds ofef hfs mksdrrfhhfs quk sf`rk khkgtfrgf sfoaf-agstatuoafgdh kg quk hd aggfvd-oag takgk hucdr mksdrrfhhd hd oakgoad rkcafgdh(vdgsk Efuhdrt y _kjad, 0>>?: EdoJaggfgkt dh., 0>>0).;

Dugquk gf kxastk ugd mkffl gaoag mk _PAphkgdekgtk dokptdmd, sacuakgmf hd kxpf-saoag ckgkrdh quk bdokg Dsbkae y Ckrthkr(0>>;) mk kstd ofrrakgtk, pfmkefs mkiagar`rkvkekgtk ug sastked rkcafgdh mk aggfvd-

;_fg vdrads hds maikrkgoads kgtrk hfs _PA y hfs sas-tkeds gdoafgdhks mk aggfvdoag (_GA) quk bdg samfekgoafgdmds pfr hd hatkrdturd. Offjk, pfr klkephf,rkavagmaod quk, d maikrkgoad mk hfs _GA quk bdg tkgma-mf kxoksavdekgtk dh kstumaf mk sastkeds fpkrdoafgd-hks, kh kgifquk mk hfs _PA bd mksdrrfhhdmf prkvadekg-tk ug sastked ofgokptudh (Offjk kt dh.,4113): quk kghd hatkrdturd mk hfs _PA mksmk kh praekr efekgtf sksu`rdy qu aepfrtdgtk rksuhtd mksdrrfhhdr tapfhfcdsquk rkofgfzodg hd mavkrsamdm y pkreatdg mastagcuar kg-

trk maikrkgtks tapfs mk rkcafgks, y dvkracudr oef iug-oafgdg y oug àkg hf kstg bdoakgmf (Offjk, 4119y 0>>=): y quk kh edrof mk hfs _PA pukmk dofphdr-sk ofg ugd aggfvdoag, ugd cf`krgdgzd y ug sastk-ed rkcuhdmfr euhtagavkh (Offjk, 0>>4). _kcg Bfe-ekg y Mfhfrkux (0>>;) hd cf`krgdgzd f odpdoamdmofepktkgoadh prkskgtk kg hfs _PA mastagcuk tdeàgofgokptudhekgtk kstk kgifquk mkh mk hfs ftrfs sas-tkeds mk aggfvdoag. ^fr su pdrtk Ofkgkg y Dsbkae(0>>9) mkstdodg quk ug _PA gf ks ug _GA kg pkquk-f, yd quk ugd maikrkgoad ohdvk kgtrk de`fs rdmaod kghd gfoag mk agorustdoag (ke`kmmkmgks), kskgoadh kgkh _PA y maioahekgtk fpkrdtavf kg ug _GA pfr hd phtf-

rd mk dotfrks k agstatuoafgks kxastkgtks kg stk htaef:pfr khhf, kh _PA prfpfroafgd ug kgifquk es dprfpad-mf pdrd dghasas kepraofs mk hfs sastkeds mk aggfvd-oag ofgtkxtudhazdmfs sfoadh k agstatuoafgdhekgtk.


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01

oag ofef hd agirdkstruoturd agstatuoafgdh qukdpfyd d hd aggfvdoag kg hd kstruoturd prf-muotavd mk ugd rkcag (p. 011). Kg kh efmfmk kxprksag mk Offjk (4119, 4122 y 0>>4),kh sastked rkcafgdh mk aggfvdoag kstdrd ag-tkcrdmf pfr mfs su`sastkeds mk dotfrks ae-phaodmfs kg ug dprkgmazdlk agtkrdotavf< ugsu`sastked mk ckgkrdoag mk ofgfoaeakg-tf f agirdkstruoturd mk dpfyf rkcafgdh, ofe-pukstd pfr hd`frdtfrafs mk agvkstacdoag p-`haofs y pravdmfs, ugavkrsamdmks, dckgoads mktrdgsikrkgoad tkogfhcaod, okgtrfs mk ifred-oag ofgtagud kto.: y ug su`sastked mk kx-phftdoag mk ofgfoaeakgtf f kstruoturd mkprfmuooag rkcafgdh, ofepukstf edyfrekg-tk mk keprksds, kspkoadhekgtk mk hds qukeukstrdg odrdotkrstaods sasteaods.9_f`rkde`fs su`sastkeds dotudrdg hds frcdgazd-

9Offjk y Ekekmfvao (0>>9) prkskgtdg kstfs mfssu`sastkeds mksmk ugd pkrspkotavd hackrdekgtk maik-rkgtk, mk doukrmf ofg ugd mavasag kgtrk ofepfgkgtksmk fikrtd y mkedgmd. Hfs praekrfs kstg ofepukstfspfr hds iukgtks agstatuoafgdhks mk orkdoag mk ofgfoa-

eakgtf, ds ofef pfr hds agstatuoafgks rkspfgsd`hks mkhd ifredoag y prkpdrdoag mk iukrzd mk trd`dlf dhtd-ekgtk oudhaiaodmd. Hd vkrtakgtk mk mkedgmd su`suekhfs sastkeds prfmuotavfs, keprksds y frcdgazdoafgksquk mksdrrfhhdg y dphaodg kh futput oakgtiaof y tkogf-hcaof mk hd vkrtakgtk mk hd fikrtd kg hd orkdoag y of-ekroadhazdoag mk prfmuotfs y prfoksfs aggfvdmfrks.Ofg ugd iugoag mk pukgtk kgtrk hfs mfs kst ugd de-phad cded mk frcdgazdoafgks mk dpfyf d hd aggfvdoagquk mkskepkdg ug pdpkh kg hd dmquasaoag y maiusagmk hds amkds tkogfhcaods, sfhuoafgks y jgfw-bfwpfrtfmf kh sastked mk aggfvdoag. Kgtrk khhds sk agohuykg

hds dckgoads mk bd`ahamdmks, okgtrfs tkogfhcaofs, okg-trfs mk aggfvdoag keprksdradh, frcdgazdoafgks mkh sko-tfr mk dhtd kmuodoag y ekodgasefs pdrd hd iagdgoad-oag mk hd aggfvdoag tdhks ofef odpatdh rakscf (p. ;).

Ofef dgtks sk bd skdhdmf, skcg Bfeekg y Mf-hfrkux (0>>;), hd cf`krgdgzd f odpdoamdm ofepktkg-oadh, prkskgtk kg kh praekrf mk hfs su`sastkeds mk hfs_PA, ks ug khkekgtf tfedmf pfr kstk kgifquk mk hdhatkrdturd mk hfs kstumafs rkcafgdhks, quk hk pkreata-rd mastagcuarsk ofgokptudhekgtk mkh kgifquk mk hfsftrfs sastkeds mk aggfvdoag. Kg oudgtf dh skcug-mf su`sastked f maekgsag mkh _PA, mkgfeagdmf pfrOffjk ofef `dsk ouhturdh f aggfvdoag keprksdradh,

su iukgtk sk kgofgtrdrd kg hfs ftrfs kgifquks mk hfssastkeds mk aggfvdoag y pkreatard mastagcuar ofgokp-tudhekgtk kstk kgifquk mk hds ftrds ofrrakgtks mk ks-tumafs rkcafgdhks.

oafgks cu`krgdekgtdhks y hds dckgoads mkmksdrrfhhf rkcafgdh, quk skcg ]rapph y ]mthagc(0>>3) ofgstatuardg d su vkz ftrf su`sastkedmkh _PA. Kstfs su`sastkeds kstdrdg agskrtfskg ug edrof sfoafkofgeaof y ouhturdh of-eg rkcafgdh. Q maobf _PA gf mk`k kgtkg-mkrsk ofef ugd ugamdm dutfsuffloakgtk, sagfquk ks ug sastked d`akrtf quk sk kgoukgtrdhacdmf d ftrfs sastkeds mk aggfvdoag. ]fmfkhhf pfmrd skr rksueamf, tdh ofef sk bdok kgOffjk kt dh.(0>>=


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hacdg ugfs ofg ftrfs. Es dg, ugd skrak mkdutfrks (Bfwkhhs, 4111: Adeedragf, 0>>;:[ydrrd, 0>>2) ofgsamkrdg quk tdh vasag mkh_PA prkskgtd ug ohdrf skscf tfp-mfwg, esprfpad mk hfs sastkeds gdoafgdhks mk aggfvd-oag quk mk hfs _PA, y quk hd odrdotkrazdoagmk kstfs htaefs mk`krd ofeprkgmkr tde-`ag ugd pkrspkotavd`fttfe up.3

3Hds odrdotkrstaods mkh _PA quk, mksmk ugd pkrs-pkotavd `fttfe-up mk`krdg skr ofgtkephdmds skrdghfs pdtrfgks mk ofeugaodoag, agvkgoag y dprkgma-zdlk hfodhazdmfs, hd ofepdrtaoag mkh ofgfoaeakgtf hf-

Kg sued, kh ofgokptf mk _PA ofgstatuardug ohdrf klkephf mk hf quk Edrjuskg (4111)mkgfeagd ofgokptf iuzzy, kstf ks, odrdo-tkrazdoag quk odrkok mk ohdramdm ofgokp-tudh y pfr tdgtf, maioah mk bdokr fpkrdtavd.^drd vkr es ohdrdekgtk hds maiaouhtdmksquk phdgtkd kh ofgokptf, kepkokefs pfr

odhazdmf, hfs prfokmaeakgtfs hfodhazdmfs mk `squkmdy kxphfrdoag, hd agtkcrdoag mk rkmks hfodhazdmds y kh

ofgsacuakgtk dhagkdeakgtf mk hfs efmfs mk cf`kr-gdgzd y hd mkpkgmkgoad mk hds skgmds bastraods mkhfs prfoksfs mk aggfvdoag (vdsk, pdrd es mktdhhks,Adeedragf, 0>>;).

Criaof g. 4

Ofepfsaoag mk ug sastked rkcafgdh mk aggfvdoag (_PA)

_astked rkcafgdh mk aggfvdoag

_u`sastked mk ckgkrdoag y maiusag mkh ofgfoaeakgtf

_u`sastked mk dphaodoag y kxphftdoag mkh ofgfoaeakgtf

Frcdgazdoafgks

p`haods mk

agvkstacdoag

Frcdgazdoafgks

kmuodtavds

Frcdgazdoafgks

agtkrekmadrads

mk tkogfhfcd,

agou`dmfrds

Ofepktkgoads kg A+M Edgf mk f`rd

oudhafflodmd Agtkrekmadoag

Idotfrkssfoaf-

agstatuoafgdhks

Idotfrks

sfoaf-

agstatuoafgdhks

Ohakgtks

Frcdgazdoafgks

gdoafgdhks

Agstruekgtfs

mk pfhtaod

Ftrfs _PAFtrfs _PA

Agstruekgtfs

mk pfhtaod

Frcdgazdoafgks

agtkrgdoafgdhks

^rfvkkmfrks

Ofepktamfrks

Keprksds

agmustradhks

Ofhd`frdmfrks

Iagdgoadoag su`vkgoafgks aggfvdoag

y pfhtaod mk ohustkr

_u`sastked mk pfhtaod rkcafgdh

Agstatuoafgkspfhtaods

Dckgoads mkmksdrrfhhf rkcafgdh

Iukgtk< ]mthagc, I. y ]rapph, E. (0>>;).


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?4

mkskgtrddr kh sacgaffl odmf mk hfs trks trea-gfs quk kgtrdg d ifredr pdrtk mkh easef>?) rkofgfokgquk gf bdy ugd fpagag ckgkrdh ofepdrtamdsf`rk oef mkffl gar ugd rkcag. Hd rkcagks, dgtk tfmf, ug ofgokptf agtkhkotudh. DsOffjk y Efrcdg (4112) skdhdg< Ifredh-ekgtk bd`hdgmf, ugd rkcag ks ug tkrratfrafekgfr quk kh kstdmf(s) dh quk pkrtkgkok yquk pfskk pfmkr y ofbksag suprd-hfodhkssacgafflodtavfs, mk odrotkr dmeagastrdtavf, ouh-turdh, pfhtaof y kofgeaof, quk hd maikrkgoadgmk su kstdmf y mk ftrds rkcafgks (p. 9;).

Kh prfpaf Offjk (0>>4) dmvakrtk quk hdsirfgtkrds mk hds rkcafgks gf sfg ffl lds mk ugdvkz pdrd sakeprk: hds rkcafgks pukmkg ode-

`adr, gukvds rkcafgks pukmkg kekrckr y hdsvaklds pukmkg mksdpdrkokr (p. 3;). Guk-vfs frmkgdeakgtfs dmeagastrdtavfs pukmkgdpdrkokr tdgtf ofef irutf mk prfoksfs mkrkcafgdhasef (rkcafgdhase), kstf ks, mk rks-pukstds mdmds pfr kh Kstdmf d hds mkedg-mds pfhtaods prfokmkgtks mk puk`hfs qukpfskkg hfs rdscfs tpaofs mk ugd gdoag(ugd ouhturd ofeg, ugd hkgcud y ug tkrra-

tfraf): f ofef irutf mk prfoksfs mk rkcaf-gdhazdoag (rkcafgdhasdtafg), kstf ks, mk mk-haeatdoag mk ug tkrratfraf suprdhfodh pfr ugoukrpf pfhtaof-dmeagastrdtavf supkrafr, `d-sdmf f gf kg ugd bastfrad y ouhturd prkkxas-tkgtk, tdh ofef suokma ofg hd orkdoag mk@dmkg-Srttke`krc kg Dhkedgad f mk Kea-had-Pfedcgd kg Atdhad (Offjk kt dh.,4113)

[gf mk hfs prf`hkeds quk sk phdgtkd ks

quk tfmds hds maekgsafgks quk d`drod khofgokptf pukmk quk gf sk mkg f gf ofag-oamdg, f agohusf pukmkg kgtrdr kg ofgff aotf

([ydrrd, 0>>3). Mk tfmds hds maekgsafgks(dmeagastrdtavd, ouhturdh, kofgeaod...) dtra-`ua`hks dh ofgokptf rkcag Offjk (0>>;)ofgsamkrd quk ks hd dmeagastrdtavd f mk cf-`krgdgzd hd es rkhkvdgtk f prafratdrad: ykg kh easef skgtamf sk pfsaoafgdg Mfhf-rkux (0>>0), Dsbkae y Ofkgkg (0>>=).2Ds,kg ugd rkoakgtk pu`haodoag, Offjk kt dh.(0>>3>;< 4?=). ^fr kh ofgtrdraf, ftrfs dutfrks

(Dgmkrsfg y Jdrhssfg, 0>>=: Kmquast, 0>>;)prfpucgdg quk hd rkcag sk mk`krd mkhaea-tdr mksmk ugd pkrspkotavd iugoafgdh, ks mk-oar, dtkgmakgmf d hd agtkgsamdm mk agtkrdo-oafgks kofgeaods kxastkgtks (pfr klkephf,ofekroaf agtrd-rkcafgdh y vadlks pdrd ar dhtrd`dlf) y tfedgmf rkds ckfcrffl ods ofbk-rkgtks y frakgtdmds bdoad dmkgtrf ofg rkhd-oag d hfs prfoksfs mk aggfvdoag.

Hds rkcafgks sfg, d kstk rkspkotf, frcd-gasefs mk cf`krgdgzd su`-okgtrdhks y su-prd-hfodhks, tdgtf mk dmeagastrdoafgks p`ha-

2 Hd hhdedmd pfr Offjk rkcag dmeagastrdtavdpukmk, dsaeasef, kg kh takepf, ar ckgkrdgmf ugdamkgtamdm prfpad bdoakgmf usf mk hds ofepktkgoadsmk quk bd samf pfskmd, mk efmf quk pukmk ar ckgk-rdgmf odpdoamdm dsfoadoafgdh, dhtd ofgiadgzd y prota-ods mk trd`dlf kg rkm (kg sued, gukvf odpatdh sfoadh)

y kepkzdr ug odeagf bdoad hf quk Offjk mkgfeagdrkcag ouhturdh. Ds ofgsamkrd quk bd pdsdmf, pfrklkephf, ofg hds rkcafgks mk @dmkg-Srttke`krc yKeahad-Pfedcgd.


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ods ofef mk dsfoadoafgks pravdmds (Offjkkt dh., 0>>?< ?93). Ksd cf`krgdgzd prfpfr-oafgd d hds rkcafgks ugd amkgtamdm ofgokp-tudh y rkdh, mk efmf quk hds vdradoafgks kghfs efmfs mk cf`krgdgzd sfg aepfrtdgtksdh mkffl gar hds rkcafgks. Hds rkcafgks sfg rk-hkvdgtks `dsks mk offrmagdoag kofgeaodmk gavkh eksf (Dsbkae y Ofkgkg, 0>>9). Hdcf`krgdgzd rkcafgdh sk kxprksd tdgtf kg fr-cdgazdoafgks rkprkskgtdtavds pravdmds (tdhksofef hds rdeds mk hds dsfoadoafgks keprk-sdradhks y oedrds mk ofekroaf) y frcdgas-efs p`haofs quk prfefoafgdg hd dotavamdmkeprksdradh y dpfydg hd aggfvdoag.

0.0. Hd aggfvdoag, kh ofgfoaeakgtfy kh dprkgmazdlk

Mkgtrf mk hd crdg ideahad mk hfs sastkedsmk aggfvdoag hfs maikrkgtks dgdhastds dsac-gdg d kstk treagf sacgaffl odmfs euy mastag-tfs. Ds, pfr okgtrdrgfs gaodekgtk kg hfs

pdmrks mk hd ofrrakgtk mk hfs sastkeds mkaggfvdoag, Gkhsfg y Pfskg`krc (411?) uta-hazdg ug ofgokptf mk aggfvdoag euy rks-tragcamf, mdmf quk haeatdg su dghasas d hdsagstatuoafgks y ekodgasefs quk sfpfrtdg hdaggfvdoag tkogfhcaod (acgfrdgmf hds aggf-vdoafgks frcdgazdtavds, agstatuoafgdhks y mkftrf tapf).1 Irkkedg (4123) tfed kg ofgsa-mkrdoag tdeàg hds aggfvdoafgks gf tko-

gfhcaods. Q Hugmvdhh (0>>3), pfr su pdrtk,agmaod< prkffl krf mkffl gar hd aggfvdoag ofefug prfoksf quk d`drod, dmkes mk hd agtrf-muooag pfr praekrd vkz kg kh ekrodmf, hd

1 Mksmk ftrf pugtf mk vastd, Gkhsfg y Pfskg`krcutahazdg, kg odeàf, ug ofgokptf mk aggfvdoag euyhdxf, puks tdeàg ofgsamkrdg ofef aggfvdoag hdpukstd kg edrobd pfr hd keprksd mk prfoksfs prf-muotavfs quk sfg gukvfs f eklfrdmfs pdrd khhd, dug-

quk gf hf skdg pdrd hd gdoag f kh rkstf mkh eugmf, fhd ofekroadhazdoag pfr hd keprksd mk prfmuotfs quksfg gukvfs f eklfrdmfs pdrd khhd, dugquk gf hf skdgpdrd kh rkstf mkh pds f mkh eugmf.

maiusag y usf.4>Ks es, kg ugd sfoakmdmofg ug ratef tdg trkpamdgtk mk odeàf mkhfs ofgfoaeakgtfs, Hugmvdhh ofgsamkrd qukgf `dstd ofg hd ekrd agtrfmuooag mk guk-vf ofgfoaeakgtf (f aggfvdoag), sagf qukks iugmdekgtdh mksdrrfhhdr hd odpdoamdm mkdprkgmkr y, kg tdh skgtamf, kg sus htaefstrd`dlfs prfpucgd kh kephkf mkh ofgokptf_astked Gdoafgdh mk Aggfvdoag y ckgkrd-oag mk Ofepktkgoads, kg hucdr mkh mk _as-tked Gdoafgdh mk Aggfvdoag, ds ofef bd-`hdr mk kofgfed mkh dprkgmazdlk, kg hucdrmk kofgfed mkh ofgfoaeakgtf.

Dugquk pumakrdg pdrkokr travadhks, kstdsmaikrkgoads sfg rkhkvdgtks, mdmf quk, dh skr khpragoapdh f`lktavf mk hfs sastkeds mk aggfvd-oag kh mksou`raeakgtf mk hfs mktkreagdgtksmkh prfoksf mk aggfvdoag (y dprkgmazdlk) ydh vdradr hfs mktkreagdgtks mkh prfoksf aggf-vdmfr mk ug tapf mk aggfvdoag d ftrf, skcgskd hd ofgokpoag quk sk tkgcd mk hd aggfvd-oag kg kh dghasas mkh sastked mk aggfvdoag

sk kstdrg ùsodgmf f kgidtazdgmf idotfrksmaikrkgtks. Ds, sa kh sastked kst `dsdmf kgugd ofgokpoag euy rkstraotavd mk hd aggfvd-oag, kh ifof pragoapdh mk hfs dghasas sk mara-car d hds agstatuoafgks y frcdgazdoafgks esaephaodmds kg hfs prfoksfs mk agvkstacdoagy kxphfrdoag (skdrobagc y kxphfragc) y kghfs mktkreagdgtks mk hds aggfvdoafgks rdmaod-hks: eakgtrds quk sk sa kst pfr ugd ofgokp-

oag es dephad mk hd aggfvdoag, dmkesmk hd agvkstacdoag y kxphfrdoag sk prkstdr

4> Ofef agmaod _tfgkedg (411;), dpdrtk mkh sacgaiaod-mf prkoasf quk kh treagf aggfvdoag pfskk ofef ugfmk hfs trks kstdmafs (d sd`kr< agvkgoag, aggfvdoag y ma-iusag) quk _obuepktkr amkgtaiaod`d kg kh odeàf tkogf-hcaof, ofg irkoukgoad sk kephkd tdeàg kh treagf ag-gfvdoag ofef saggaef mk tfmf kh prfoksf mk odeàftogaof. ^fr ftrf hdmf, dugquk ofgsamkrd pkrtagkgtk hdmastagoag kgtrk odeàfs tkogfhcaofs y frcdgazdoafgd-hks, Hugmvdhh prkiakrk rkskrvdr kh treagf aggfvdoag sfhf

pdrd hfs praekrfs. ^fr ksf d`fcd pfr ugd mkiagaoag mkaggfvdoag quk ks dephad kg dhcugds maekgsafgks (dh ag-ohuar hd maiusag y kh usf) y rkstraotavd kg ftrf (dh rkskrvdr khofgokptf pdrd hd aggfvdoag togaod) (p. 4>4).


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??

crdg dtkgoag dh dprkgmazdlk pfr hd protaod(`y mfagc, `y usagc y `y agtkrdotagc): fsa, ofef Hugmvdhh, sk quakrk kgidtazdr hds od-pdoamdmks mk dprkgmazdlk y mk ckgkrdoag mkofepktkgoads, gf pfmkefs fhvamdr hd kmuod-oag, hds dotavamdmks mk ifredoag gf rkchdmdf agohusf kh ekrodmf mk trd`dlf.

^rotaodekgtk tfmfs hfs dutfrks mk hd ha-tkrdturd _PA, kgod`kzdmfs pfr su iugmdmfrOffjk, sfg pdrtamdrafs mk ugd ofgokpoagdephad mk hd aggfvdoag, quk d`drquk gfshf d hds tkogfhcaods sagf tdeàg d hdsfrcdgazdoafgks k agstatuoafgdhks, y rkikra-

mds gf gaodekgtk dh odepf mk hd prfmuo-oag, sagf tdeàg dh mkh ofgsuef y mk hdprfpad sfoakmdm (Offjk, 4112). Dsaeasef,protaodekgtk tfmfs hfs dutfrks mk _PA ag-ohuykg hds frcdgazdoafgks kmuodtavds kgtrkhfs ofepfgkgtks mkh su`sastked mk ck-gkrdoag mk ofgfoaeakgtf y rkofgfokg ugpdpkh ohdvk d hfs prfoksfs mk dprkgmazdlkofhkotavf. Kh prfoksf mk dprkgmazdlk agmava-

mudh, kepkrf, dpkgds dpdrkok trdtdmf kghd hatkrdturd mk _PA, quaz pfrquk d hd bfrdmk mastraùar ofepktkgoads kgtrk hfs maik-rkgtks gavkhks mk sastkeds mk aggfvdoagkh pdpkh rkcuhdmfr mk tdh agstdgoad pdrkokdtraùarsk es dh gavkh gdoafgdh.44K agohusf

44 Ofg rkhdoag d hd ckgkrdoag mk ofepktkgoads,Kmquast (0>>;) mastagcuk trks tapfs mk dprkgmazdlk< 4) hd

aggfvdoag, quk takgk hucdr pragoapdhekgtk kg hds keprk-sds y quk md hucdr d odpatdh kstruoturdh (ofef fpukstfdh odpatdh buedgf), ks mkoar, d dotavfs hacdmfs dh ofgf-oaeakgtf quk sfg ofgtrfhdmfs pfr hds keprksds, y quktakgk quk vkr ofg kh dprkgmazdlk frcdgazdoafgdh: 0) hdA+M hhkvdmd d od`f kg hd ugavkrsamdm, frcdgasefs p`ha-ofs mk agvkstacdoag y keprksds, quk md hucdr d ofgf-oaeakgtf tdgtf mk odrotkr p`haof ofef d ofgfoaeakg-tf ofgtrfhdmf pfr hds keprksds y ftrds frcdgazdoafgks ypfr hfs agmavamufs: y ?), hd ckgkrdoag mk ofepktkgoadsekmadgtk kmuodoag y ifredoag quk takgk hucdr kg hdsugavkrsamdmks y ksoukhds, ds ofef kg hds keprksds, yquk hhkvd d hd orkdoag mk odpatdh buedgf, y quk kg hd

ekmamd quk ks ofgtrfhdmf pfr hfs agmavamufs od`rd mk-gfeagdr dprkgmazdlk agmavamudh. ûks àkg, mk kstfs trkstapfs, hd hatkrdturd mk hfs _PA sk bd ofgokgtrdmf iugmd-ekgtdhekgtk kg hfs mfs praekrfs.

Offjk kt dh.(0>>3) ofgsamkrdg mastagtavf mkhd ofrrakgtk mk hfs _PA hd dtkgoag quk stdprkstd dh tdhkgtf y dh keprkgmaeakgtf.

Kg oakrtd ofgtrdmaooag ofg ksd dephadofgokpoag mk hd aggfvdoag f mkh eà-tf mk dotudoag mk hd ofrrakgtk mk hfs _PA,Offjk kt dh. (0>>3) ofgsamkrdg quk, irkg-tk d hd dephad ofgokpoag mk hfs sastkedsmk aggfvdoag quk prfpucgd hd ksoukhd mkDdh`frc, quakg agohuyk mkgtrf mkh sastkedmk aggfvdoag tfmds hds pdrtks y dspkotfsmk hd kstruoturd kofgeaod k agstatuoaf-gdh quk dikotdg d hd aggfvdoag, hfs _PA skdlustdrdg eklfr d ugd ofgokpoag rkstrao-tavd mk hfs sastkeds mk aggfvdoag, mdmdhd tkgmkgoad mk hfs _PA kg Kurfpd d skr`dstdgtk agstatuoafgdhks (f mkpkgmakg-tks mk agtkrvkgoafgks p`haods). Irkgtk dkhhf, Dsbkae (0>>1), kg kh drtouhf quk ks-ora`k kg kstk gekrf mk Kjfgfeadz, ofgsa-mkrd quk kh dvdgok mk ugd ofgokpoag trd-maoafgdh mk hd aggfvdoag bdoad ugd vasag

mk hd aggfvdoag `dsdmd kg kh dprkgmazdlkagtkrdotavf ofepfrtd quk tfmfs hfs skotf-rks pukmkg skr aggfvdmfrks (y gf shf hfsagtkgsavfs kg A+M), quk hds pfhtaods mk fikrtdmk A+M mk`kg skr ofephkekgtdmds ofg pf-htaods mk aggfvdoag `dsdmds kg kh usudrafy hd mkedgmd, quk bdy quk pdsdr mk pfhta-od mk oakgoad y tkogfhfcd d pfhtaods mk ag-gfvdoag y quk, kg ofgskoukgoad, hfs mfs

tapfs mk sastkeds mk aggfvdoag< dephaf ykstrkobf, mk`kg skr dphaodmfs. Ofef dgtkssk agmaod`d, kh _PA kg skgtamf kstrkobf ks-tdrd ofepukstf pfr frcdgazdoafgks k agsta-tuoafgks agvfhuordmds kg hd agvkstacdoag yhd kxphfrdoag, eakgtrds quk kh _PA kg skgta-mf dephaf agohuard tfmds hds pdrtks y dspko-tfs mk hd kstruoturd kofgeaod y mkh edr-of agstatuoafgdh quk dikotkg dh dprkgmazdlk,

ds ofef d hd agvkstacdoag y kxphfrdoag(Dsbkae k Asdjskg, 4113). Kg ofepdrdoagdh _PA kstrkobf, kh _PA dephaf skrd ekgfs


11/36


sasteaof y es `fttfe-up, y sus keprk-sds `dsdrdg hd aggfvdoag es kg ug prf-oksf mk dprkgmazdlk agtkrdotavf y hfodhazdmf,sag euobf ofgtdotf markotf ofg hds frcdga-zdoafgks orkdmfrds mk ofgfoaeakgtf (agsta-tutfs mk A+M y ugavkrsamdmks).40

0.?.Kh sastked

Kh treagf sastked gf sk kephkd mkefmf prkoasf pfr hfs kstumafsfs f ofrrakg-tks mk hfs sastkeds mk aggfvdoag. Ohdsa-iaodgmf hds maikrkgtks dprfxaedoafgks dhsacgaffl odmf mk sastked kephkdmds pfr hfsdutfrks mk hfs sastkeds mk aggfvdoag, mks-mk ug gavkh mk ohdramdm y racfr ekgfr d ed-yfr, od`rd kepkzdr ofg kh kephkf purd-ekgtk prdcetaof quk md d kstk treagfGkhsfg (4110), quakg kgtakgmk pfr sastk-ed kh ofglugtf mk dotfrks agstatuoafgdhksquk, ofglugtdekgtk, mkskepkdg ug pd-pkh pragoapdh dh agff uar kg prfoksf aggfvd-

40Mk doukrmf ofg Puttkg y @fkjked (0>>3), qukrkofckg hd mastagoag kgtrk _PA dephaf y kstrkobf, kghfs odsfs mk ug sastked kspdoadh mk aggfvdoag qukagofrpfrd tfmfs hfs khkekgtfs mk ug kgifquk agtk-rdotavf y`fttfe-upks eklfr bd`hdr mk rkcag dprkg-mkmfrd (hkdrgagc rkcag ) quk mk _PA. Asdjkg (0>>4),Bdssagj (0>>3) prkoasdg quk bd`hdrdefs mk rkcagdprkgmkmfrd kg hucdr mk _PA oudgmf hfs dotfrks mkugd rkcag ofhd`frdg kstrkobdekgtk kgtrk khhfs y ofg

gavkhks agstatuoafgdhks ofg kh iag mk mksdrrfhhdr y dphaodrkstrdtkcads mk aggfvdoag rkcafgdhks. Gf f`stdgtk,hds mastagoafgks dgtkrafrks kgtrk kstfs mfs ofgokptfsgf sfg ofepdrtamds pfr tfmfs hfs dutfrks. Bdy quak-gks ofgsamkrdg kstfs mfs ofgokptfs ofef ug gaofefmkhf mkgtrf mk hd ideahad mk efmkhfs mk aggfvd-oag tkrratfradh (vam.Efuhdkrt dgm _kjad, 0>>?): ftrfsofgsamkrdg quk kh _PA ks es dvdgzdmf, y ofgtakgkes dotfrks y iugoafgks (sf`rk tfmf, hd odpdoamdm ia-gdgoadmfrd) quk hd rkcag dprkgmkmfrd (Offjk kt dh.,4113: Offjk y Efrcdg, 4112): eakgtrds quk, iagdh-ekgtk, ofef bkefs vastf dgtks, bdy quakgks ofgsa-mkrdg quk hds rkcafgks dprkgmkmfrds supfgkg ug ga-

vkh supkrafr dh mk hfs _PA, pfr ofepfrtdr ofg rkspkotfd dqukhhds ugd offpkrdoag frcdgazdmd (Dsbkae kAsdjskg, 0>>0). (Ydsk pdrd ugd masousag sf`rk kstdsmastagoafgks Bdssagj, 0>>3).

mfr (p. ?9;). Gkhsfg skdhd kxphoatdekgtkquk, d maikrkgoad mk oef utahazdg dhcugfsdutfrks maobf ofgokptf, kh treagf sastk-ed gf aephaod pdrd h dhcf quk ks maskd-mf y ofgstruamf ofgsoakgtkekgtk, ga saquak-rd quk hds agstatuoafgks aephaodmds trd`dlkglugtds mk efmf sudvk y ofbkrkgtk.

_kcg Kmquast (0>>;), kh dutfr es agff u-ykgtk quk bd trdtdmf kstd oukstag kspko-ffl od kg hd ofrrakgtk mk hfs sastkeds mk aggf-vdoag, ug sastked kst ofepukstf pfr ugofglugtf mk ofepfgkgtks (frcdgazdoafgksk agstatuoafgks), ofg rkhdoafgks kgtrk khhfs,

quk mkskepkdg ugd iugoag mktkreagdmd,y ofg heatks f irfgtkrds quk hfs mastagcukgmkh rkstf f kgtfrgf. Kg kh odsf mk hfs _PAhfs agtkcrdgtks skrdg hds frcdgazdoafgks kagstatuoafgks mk hd rkcag ofgstatuykgtks mkhfs mfs su`sastkeds dgtkrafrekgtk ekgoaf-gdmfs. Hds rkhdoafgks kgtrk khhfs, pdrd skrsasteaods, mk`kg aephaodr oakrtf crdmf mkagtkrmkpkgmkgoad. Hd iugoag quk mkske-

pkdg ks, ofef dgtks sk bd skdhdmf, hdmk ofhd`frdr kg hd ckgkrdoag y kxphftd-oag mk ofgfoaeakgtf. (Ydsk, kg kh easefskgtamf, Odrhssfg kt dh.,0>>0)

Offjk (4112) vd dhcf es dhh quk Km-quast f Odrhssfg kg hd odrdotkrazdoag mkhsastked, puks skdhd quk, dmkes mk hf dg-tkrafr, tdeàg sk mk`k prkoasdr hd agtkrdo-oag mkh sastked ofg su kgtfrgf. Q tfmdvdvd es dhh @dtbkht (0>>?), quakg `dsgmfskkg hd efmkrgd tkfrd mk sastkeds ofgsamkrdquk ug sastked mk`k skr odpdz mk rkprfmu-oar su kstruoturd `saod y mk edgtkgkr dota-vdekgtk ugd mastagoag kgtrk su agtkrafr y sukxtkrafr. ]rdtkefs mk kstds mfs oukstafgks>?)< sk idvfrkok su magdeasef y kva-tdg prfoksfs mkhfoj-ag(qukmdrsk dtrdpdmfkg ug gaobf) (Jduiedgg y ]mthagc, 0>>>).Kg htaed agstdgoad hds rkmks mk aggfvdoagmk maikrkgtks gavkhks kspdoadhks es quksustatutavds sfg ofephkekgtdrads (]mthagcy Jduiedgg, 4111).

Kstf ks, ofef dgtkrafrekgtk sk bd sk-dhdmf dh trdtdr mkh sacgaffl odmf mk ug _PA,stk ks ofgokàmf, pfr kstd hatkrdturd ofefdàkrtf, sfoadhekgtk ofgstruamf y hacdmf dftrfs sastkeds chf`dhks, gdoafgdhks y rk-cafgdhks mk aggfvdoag mkgtrf mk ugd pkrs-pkotavd euhtagavkh mk cf`krgdgzd (Ofkgkgy Dsbkae, 0>>9). Kg tdh skgtamf, kstk kgif-

quk kephkd ugd agtkrprktdoag mkh treagfsastked euobf es prdcetaod quk hd mkhfs sastkeds sfoadhks mk Hubedgg. Ks es,

pdrd dutfrks ofef Offjk (0>>4), ugd mk hdsvkgtdlds mkh edrof mk hfs _PA ks quk pukmkdofphdrsk ofg ugd aggfvdoag, ugd cf`kr-gdgzd y ug sastked rkcuhdmfr euhtagavkh.

^fr kh ofgtrdraf, ftrd skrak mk dutfrksofgsamkrdgmf quk khkekgtfs ohdvks mk hdrkcuhdoag f mk hds pfhtaods sk satdg kgphdgfs suprd-rkcafgdhks (pfr klkephf, hd rk-cuhdoag mkh ekrodmf mk trd`dlf y hd pfhta-od mk mkikgsd), quk hd kstruoturd kofgeaodmk hd rkcag sukhk kstdr ofepukstd pfr ugofglugtf dephaf skotfrks y tkogfhfcds ofghcaods kspdoadhks mastagtds kgtrk s, quk gftakgkg pfr qu ofagoamar ofg hfs heatks ks-pdoadhks mk hd rkcag y quk ckgkrdhekgtksfg mkpkgmakgtks mk odmkgds mk vdhfr qukpfskkg sus okgtrfs gkurhcaofs kg ftrfshucdrks, ofgsamkrdg quk gf od`k bd`hdrmk sastked. Ds, ofgsamkrdgmf quk hfs _PAgf sfg dutf-rkprfmuoa`hks, @dtbkht (0>>?)oukstafgd kh quk sk pukmd dphaodr kh trea-gf sastked d hds rkcafgks, yd quk stds gf

ouephkg kh oratkraf mk kspkoadhazdoag kof-geaod y cf`krgdgzd pfhtaod dutf-sfstk-ga`hk, y quk ofgmaoafgks agstatuoafgdhks mk-oasavds sfg rkcuhdmds kg kh phdgf gdoafgdh.Dsaeasef (Hfrkgtzkg, 0>>1) skdhd quk hfsekodgasefs mk prfxaeamdm sfg es ofe-phklfs y kspdoadhekgtk mavkrsaffl odmfs qukhf quk pukmk dhodgzdr ug kgifquk sastea-of y iugoafgdh. F sakgmf hds rkcafgks tdg

mkpkgmakgtks mkh ofgfoaeakgtf kxtkrgf, skmumd quk mk`dg ofgstatuar kh eàtf prag-oapdh mk dghasas f quk qukpd dphaodrhks khtreagf sastked (Hfrkgtzkg, 0>>3). Irkgtkd khhf hfs pdrtamdrafs mk hfs _PA bdg bkobfrkikrkgoad ofg irkoukgoad dh sacuakgtk bk-obf ofgstdtdmf pfr Bfwkhhs (0>>;< 400?)>4 y 0>>?, f es rkoakgtk-

ekgtk FKOM, 0>>3d).

Od`rd pdrtar mk hd mkffl gaoag quk firkok^frtkr (4112), kh dutfr quk agtrfmulf pfr pra-

ekrd vkz y pfpuhdraz tdh ofgokptf. _kcg

maobf dutfr< [g ohustkrks ug crupf mk ke-

prksds agtkrofgkotdmds y mk agstatuoafgks

dsfoadmds, hacdmds pfr khkekgtfs ofeugks

4? Efrcdg (0>>=) agtrfmuok ugd agtkrksdgtk mastag-

oag, d kstk rkspkotf. _kcg h gf mk`k ofgiugmarsk

kgtrk odpdoamdmks kgmckgd k agmckgd (f dutotfgd)

mk mksdrrfhhf rkcafgdh. Kg kh odsf mk Cdhks, pfr klke-phf, kh odpatdh kxtrdglkrf vkgamf d hd rkcag ofgtraùard

d hd odpdoamdm kgmckgd mk mksdrrfhhf, pkrf gf ifr-

edrd pdrtk mk hd odpdoamdm agmckgd.

y ofephkekgtdrafs, ckfcrffl odekgtk prxa-

eds (p. 411). Hds pragoapdhks mksvadoafgks

mk kstk ofgokptf prfvakgkg mk mfs ouks-

tafgks< pfr ug hdmf, mk sa agohuar mkgtrf mkh

ofgokptf mk ohustkrtdeàg kh mk agstatu-

oafgks dsfoadmds: y, pfr ftrf hdmf, mk sa ug

ohustkr rkquakrk quk sus ofepfgkgtks sk

kgoukgtrkg ckfcriaodekgtk prxaefs.

Ksds mksvadoafgks kgoukgtrdg su `dsk kg

kh trd`dlf mk ^frtkr kg quk pfr praekrd vkz

utahaz kh treagf mk ohustkr, d sd`kr, kg su

idefsf ha`rf Hd vkgtdld ofepktatavd mk hds

gdoafgks, mdmf quk kg dqukh ha`rf hds rkdha-

mdmks ohustkrquk sk prkskgtd`dg kstd`dg

ofgstatuamds `saodekgtk pfr keprksds, y

hfs ohustkrdpdrkodg rkikramfs `saodekgtk

d gdoafgks, sag quk sk su`rdydrd kh khkekg-

tf mk prfxaeamdm ckfcrffl od. Kh bkobf ks

quk ksf bd hhkvdmf d quk dutfrks sacgaffl odta-

vfs mk hd hatkrdturd mk _PA utahaokg kh treagf

ohustkr ofg ug skgtamf gf ofagoamkgtk ofg

kh quk edgkld dotudhekgtk ^frtkr, y quk

ks kh quk edyfr maiusag f dokptdoag takgk

pfr hd hatkrdturd. Mktkgcefgfs ug pfof,

suoksavdekgtk, kg hd ofgvkgakgoad f gf mk

kxtkgmkr kh ofgokptf mk ohustkr d frcdga-

zdoafgks quk gf sfg keprksds y dh eàtf

ckfcrffl of dh quk ofgvkgmrd haeatdr kh tr-

eagf ohustkr.

?.4.Frcdgazdoafgks ofepfgkgtks

mk hfs ohustkrs

_kcg dhcugfs dutfrks, hd agofrpfrdoag

mk hds agstatuoafgks dsfoadmds (pfr klke-

phf, okgtrfs tkogfhcaofs f mk ifredoag

kspkoffl ofs) dh ofgokptf mk ohustkr ofgmu-

oard d ug sfhdpdeakgtf euy crdgmk mk ma-

obf ofgokptf ofg kh mk _PA (Dsbkae k Asdj-

skg, 0>>0: Dsbkae y Ofkgkg, 0>>= y 0>>;).

Dgtk khhf, ofgsamkrdg prkikra`hk kh sacgaia-odmf quk dh treagf ohustkrftfrcdg Asdj-

skg (0>>4) f Asdjskg y Bduck (0>>0), sk-


14/36


?3

cg hfs oudhks ug ohustkrsk mkffl gard ofefugd ofgokgtrdoag mk keprksds agtkrmk-pkgmakgtks mkgtrf mk ug easef f skotfr ag-mustradh f dmydokgtks kg ug rkd ckfcrffl odpkqukd.

Kg ea fpagag, rksuhtd prkikra`hk dphaodr hdmkffl gaoag mk ohustkrprfpukstd pfr ^frtkr,dutfr quk dou kh treagf, y skcuar agohu-ykgmf hds agstatuoafgks dsfoadmds (okg-trfs tkogfhcaofs, okgtrfs mk kgskdgzd...)mkgtrf mkh ofgokptf mk ohustkr. Kg dotava-mdmks ofef hds àftkogfhfcds, pfr klke-phf, gf od`k ofgtkephdr hd ofepktatavamdm y

hd orkdoag mk ofgfoaeakgtf mk hds keprk-sds mk tdhks skotfrks agmkpkgmakgtkekgtkmk hds ugavkrsamdmks f hd`frdtfrafs mk ag-vkstacdoag quk fpkrdg kg tdhks odepfs.Gf f`stdgtk, tdeàg od`k ofgokàr ohus-tkrs kg quk agstatuoafgks dsfoadmds tdhksofef hd ugavkrsamdm kstg duskgtks, eakg-trds quk maioahekgtk od`k ofgokàr ug sas-tked rkcafgdh mk aggfvdoag sag kstk tapf mk

agstatuoafgks. Ofef su`rdydg Offjk kt dh.(0>>3), kg hfs ohustkrs hfs dotfrks kskgoad-hks sfg hds keprksds, pfrquk kh ifof prag-oapdh ks hd ofepktatavamdm: eakgtrds qukkg hfs _PA, kstdgmf kh ifof pragoapdh kg khorkdoag y kxphftdoag mk ofgfoaeakgtf,gf od`k acgfrdr dotfrks ohdvks quk pdrta-oapkg kg tdhks prfoksfs. Pkspkotf d kstdoukstag, trds skdhdr kh ofgsamkrd`hk sfhd-

pdeakgtf kgtrk hd hatkrdturd mk hfs _PA y mkhfs ohustkrs, Oue`krs y EdoJaggfg (0>>=),ofgsamkrdg quk de`fs kgifquks mavkrckgkg kh ifof es kxphoatf mk hfs _PA kg kh of-gfoaeakgtf y kh dprkgmazdlk, ds ofef kg sukstahf y frakgtdoag es tkraof.

Hf quk mastagcuard, d kstk rkspkotf, khofgokptf mk ohustkr mkh mk _PA ks kh bk-obf, mk quk kh praekrf sk dphaod d dotavamd-

mks kspkoiaods, puks hds frcdgazdoafgksofgstatuykgtks mkh easef kst hacdmds dugds dotavamdmks f skotfrks mktkreagdmfs,

eakgtrds quk kh skcugmf takgk ugd frakg-tdoag es ckgkrdh. Hfs easefs Dsbkae yOfkgkg (0>>=) rkofgfokg hd pkrtagkgoad mktdh mastagoag oudgmf ksora`kg< Kg sued,hd mastagoag sk rkmuok d hd gfoag mk qukkh ofgokptf mk ohustkr ks sustdgoadhekg-tk es rkmuoamf quk kh ofgokptf mk _PA,pfr hd iukrtk ofggftdoag skotfradh kg hfsohustkrs, eakgtrds quk ug sastked rkcafgdhmk aggfvdoag pukmk trdgsokgmkr ehtaphksskotfrks. Dmkes, mksmk ugd pkrspkotavdmk pfhtaods, ks aepfrtdgtk tkgkr prkskgtkkstd mastagoag, mkàmf d hd maikrkgoad kgtrkkspkoaffl oamdm skotfradh irkgtk d odrotkr ck-graof (p. 0>) (mkstdodmf pfr EG). Ofeftdeàg Offj (0>>;) skdhd, ug _PA pukmkofgtkgkr guekrfsfs skotfrks ohustkrazdmfsy gf ohustkrazdmfsy, pfr hf tdgtf, kg h bdyfrcdgazdoafgks k agstatuoafgks pkrtkgkoakg-tks d tfmf tapf mk dotavamdmks kxastkgtks kghd rkcag.

Kg sued, ugd keprksd sk dpfyd tdgtf

kg idotfrks mk su kgtfrgf mk odrotkr ck-gkrdh (pfr klkephf, agirdkstruoturds mk od-rrktkrds y edgf mk f`rd ifredmd kg ugsastked mk kmuodoag ckgkrdh), ofef kgidotfrks mk odrotkr kspkoffl of (pfr klke-phf, okgtrfs tkogfhcaofs f mk ifredoagkspkoadhazdmfs kg rkds markotdekgtk hacd-mds d su dotavamdm). Kg ofgskoukgoad, kgkh kgtfrgf mk hd keprksd ofgvkgmrd mas-

tagcuar dqukhhfs khkekgtfs mk odrotkr ck-gkrdh, mk hfs mk odrotkr kspkoffl of. K ag-ohusf, kg ksk kgtfrgf ckgkrdh, pfmrdgmastagcuarsk hfs khkekgtfs quk sfg ofeu-gks pdrd tfmd hd gdoag y hfs quk sfg prf-pafs mk hd rkcag (f hfodhamdm). Kg kh crffl ofg. 0 dmlugtf ^frtkr ahustrd oef ofgvkg-mrd mastagcuar tdhks dspkotfs kg kh madedg-tk, agstruekgtf pfr kh mksdrrfhhdmf pdrd kh

dghasas mkh kgtfrgf eaorfkofgeaof ofg-maoafgdgtk mk hd dotavamdm aggfvdmfrd mkhds keprksds.


15/36


Mdgmf pfr `ukgd hd mkffl gaoag quk md^frtkr (4112) pdrd kh ohustkr, od`rd prk-cugtdrsk qu maikrkgoads prkskgtd tdh ofg-

okptf ofg rkspkotf d ftrfs ofgokptfs ed-gkldmfs kg hd hatkrdturd sf`rk sastkeds mkaggfvdoag, d sd`kr, hfs sastkeds skotfrad-hks mk aggfvdoag y hfs sastkeds tkogfhca-ofs mk aggfvdoag.4=

Hfs sastkeds skotfradhks mk aggfvd-oag od`rd mkiagarhfs, ofg @rksoa y

4= [gd sgtksas mk hd hatkrdturd sf`rk sastkeds mk ag-gfvdoag y sf`rk hds maikrkgoads kxastkgtks kg sus ma-ikrkgtks efmdhamdmks pukmk kgofgtrdrsk kg Gdvdrrf(0>>4d).

Edhkr`d (4113), ofef kh sastked fcrupf mk keprksds dotavds kg kh mk-sdrrfhhf y id`raodoag mk hfs prfmuo-

tfs mk ug skotfr y kg hd ckgkrdoag yutahazdoag mk hds tkogfhfcds mk maobfskotfr. Kg kstfs sastkeds skotfradhksmk aggfvdoag hds irfgtkrds ckfcria-ods gf vakgkg mdmds, sagf quk kekr-ckg mk hds ofgmaoafgks kspkoiaods mkodmd skotfr y gf sfg gkoksdradekg-tk gdoafgdhks. ^fr ftrf hdmf, hfs ofe-pfgkgtks mk hfs sastkeds skotfradhks

mk aggfvdoag sfg kxohusavdekgtk hdskeprksds. Kg rksuekg, d maikrkgoadmk ug ohustkr, ug sastked skotfradh mk

Criaof g. 0

Gavkhks mk agihukgoad kg kh madedgtk ofepktatavf mk ^frtkr

Ofgtkxtf pdrd

kstrdtkcadskeprksdradhksy ravdhamdm

Ofgmaoafgksmk hfs idotfrks

(Agputs)

Ofgmaoafgksmk hd

mkedgmd

Agmustrads mkdpfyf y

rkhdoafgdmds

Gdoafgdh

Pkcafgdh

Ohustkr

]rdsgdoafgdh

Gdoafgdh

Pkcafgdh

Ohustkr

Pkcafgdh

Pkhdtavds dh ohustkr

Ohustkr

Gdoafgdh

Pkcafgdh

Ohustkr

Iukgtk< ^frtkr (0>>3).


16/36


?1

aggfvdoag gf prkoasd kstdr haeatdmf dug tkrratfraf mktkreagdmf y shf kstofgstatuamf pfr keprksds.

Hfs sastkeds tkogfhcaofs mk aggfvd-oag od`rd mkiagarhfs, mk doukrmf ofgOdrhssfg (411;), ofef rkm mk dckg-tks quk agtkrdotdg kg ugd rkd tko-gfhcaod kspkoiaod, `dlf ugd pdrtaou-hdr agirdkstruoturd agstatuoafgdh, ofg khprfpsatf mk ckgkrdr, maiugmar y utahazdrtkogfhfcd. Kstfs sastkeds, quk ofefhfs sastkeds skotfradhks mk aggfvdoaggf kstg gkoksdradekgtk haeatdmfs pfr

hds irfgtkrds gdoafgdhks, sk bdg dpha-odmf kg trks phdgfs mk dghasas< d ugdtkogfhfcd (kgtkgmamd ofef odepf mkofgfoaeakgtf): d ug prfmuotf f drtk-idotf: y d ug ofglugtf mk prfmuotfs ydrtkidotfs rkhdoafgdmfs quk pkrsacukgsdtasidokr ugd pdrtaouhdr iugoag (tdhofef hd sdgamdm f kh trdgspfrtk). ^uks`akg, ofef Odrhssfg kt dh. (0>>0) sk-

dhdg, kh dghasas ohustkrpfmrd ofgsa-mkrdrsk ofef ug oudrtf phdgf mk dpha-odoag, kg kh quk hd ugamdm mk dghasasks ug ofglugtf rkhdoafgdmf mk keprk-sds, vagouhdmds vkrtaodh u bfrazfgtdh-ekgtk, quk fpkrdg kg maikrkgtks ekr-odmfs y sarvkg maikrkgtks iugoafgks.

_kdhkefs, pfr htaef, ofg rkspkotf d hdrkhdoag kgtrk _PA y ohustkr, quk hd ofrrakg-

tk edyfratdrad mk hfs _PA kg sus rkoakgtkspu`haodoafgks (Dsbkae kt dh., 0>>9: Offjkkt dh.,0>>3) bd orataodmf iukrtkekgtk hd rkd-hamdm y pfhtaod mk ohustkrs, pukstf quk ofg-samkrd quk hfs skotfrks sfg ugd ffl ooag,quk hfs ohustkrs sfg ug efmkhf mk frcd-gazdoag agmustradh mkh sachf RAR y quk, kghucdr mk mastratfs agmustradhks dokhkrdmfs(rkvvkm-up) hd rkdhamdm sk frcdgazd kg phd-

tdifreds mk vdrafs skotfrks y tkogfhfcdsrkhdoafgdmfs (Offjk kt dh., 0>>3< 01=). Hddgtkrafr ortaod surck pfrquk, kg kh trdmaoaf-

gdh mk`dtk kgtrk kspkoadhazdoag (pdrd hd kx-phftdoag mk hds kofgfeds mk dchfekrd-oag Edrsbdhh-Drrfw-Pbfekr) y mavkrsamdm(pdrd hd kxphftdoag mk hds kofgfeds Ld-of`s), hd hatkrdturd rkoakgtk kspkoadhekg-tk Irkgjkg kt dh. (0>>3) bd`d efstrdmfhd supkraframdm mk ugd kstrdtkcad mk vdrak-mdm rkhdoafgdmd (rkhdtkm vdrakty). Dsbkae,@fsobed y Offjk (0>>3) mkffl gkg hd vdrak-mdm rkhdoafgdmd ofef skotfrks quk ofe-pdrtkg f pfskkg `dsks mk ofgfoaeakgtf yofepktkgoads ofephkekgtdrads (p. =). Ksdvdrakmdm rkhdoafgdmd idoahatdrd hd prfxaea-mdm ofcgatavd rkqukramd pdrd dskcurdr quktakgkg hucdr ugd ofeugaodoag kikotavd yug dprkgmazdlk agtkrdotavf, pkrf sag odkr kghfs rakscfs mk qukmdrsk dtrdpdmf (hfoj-ag)quk sk mkravdrdg mk mkedsadmd prfxaeamdmofcgatavd f kspkoadhazdoag.

Hd ortaod mkh kgifquk y pfhtaods mk ohus-tkrssk mk`krd d quk stfs sk vkrdg ofefugd dpukstd d idvfr mk ugd kspkoadhazdoag,

quk gf kxphftdrd hds vkgtdlds mk hd vdrak-mdm rkhdoafgdmd y mk hds phdtdifreds mk vd-rafs skotfrks y tkogfhfcds rkhdoafgdmds. Kgea fpagag, sag ke`drcf, hf dgtkrafr vkgmrdd kxprksdr ugd ofgokpoag mk ohustkr rk-muooafgastdhd quk ofgsamkrd ohustkrgaod-ekgtk kh `dsdmf kg ugd odmkgd mk vdhfry dhkldmd mkh ofgokptf mk ohustkrprfpukstfpfr ^frtkr. _kcg stk, bdy ohustkrs`dsd-

mfs kg ugd odmkgd mk vdhfr, y bdy ohustkrs`dsdmfs kg dotavamdmks rkhdoafgdmds (rkhd-oag quk pukmk skr hd ekgoafgdmd pfr hfsdutfrks mkh kgifquk _PA, ks mkoar, rkhdoafgd-mfs pfr su `dsk mk ofgfoaeakgtf y ofepk-tkgoads). 4;Ks es, kg ug drtouhf pu`haod-mf kg 0>>? ^frtkr yd sk bd`d dmkhdgtdgmfkg hd supkrdoag mk ksk mahked kgtrk ks-

4; ^frtkr (4112) trdtdgmf mk hd amkgtaiaodoag mkohustkrs ksora`k< Odmkgds bfrazfgtdhks mk agmustradsdmaoafgdhks sfg amkgtaiaodmds d pdrtar mkh usf mk agputskspkoiaofs f tkogfhfcds saeahdrks (p. 0>>).


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pkoadhazdoag y mavkrsaffl odoag, dh ksoraàr>?< ;90).

eàtf ckfcriaof mk hfs ohustkr

Ofgstdtdgmf quk kg fodsafgks sk kg-takgmk kh ohustkr ofef ug ikgekgf ek-rdekgtk agmustradh (mkffl gamf mksmk ugd p-taod iugoafgdh) y ftrds ofef ug ikgekgfkspdoadh (mkffl gamf pfr heatks ckfcrffl ofs),Dsbkae sk eukstrd pdrtamdraf mk fpkrdr sa-euhtgkdekgtk ofg de`ds ofgokptudhazd-oafgks mk ohustkr, yd quk ks ugd oukstagrkhdtavdekgtk gfredh kgofgtrdr ohustkrs

(ckfcrffl ofs) mk rdeds kspkoadhazdmds qukifredg pdrtk mk ug ohustkr (kofgeaof)gdoafgdh mk hd eased rded (Dsbkae, 0>>3).[gd mastagoag saeahdr kikotd Edhe`krc(0>>?), quakg prfpfgk kephkdr kh gfe`rkohustkragmustradh pdrd rkikrarsk d hds dota-vamdmks kofgeaods hacdmds iugoafgdhekg-tk, y ohustkrkspdoadh d hd ofgokgtrdoagckfcrffl od mk dotavamdmks saeahdrks f rkhd-

oafgdmds.49

49 Offjk (4112), dsaeasef, mastagcuk kgtrk ohustkrsaggfvdmfrks rkcafgdhks y ohustkr aggfvdmfrks agmus-tradhks, hfs praekrfs rkspfgmakgmf `saodekgtk d hdmkiagaoag mk ^frtkr, pkrf ofg hd prkoasag mk quk kheàtf ckfcriaof mk rkikrkgoad ks hd rkcag: y hfs sk-cugmfs, khaeagdgmf mk hd mkiagaoag mk ^frtkr hd rkik-rkgoad ckfcriaod. Ksd gf ofgsamkrdoag mk hd prfxa-eamdm ckfcriaod kg kh ofgokptf mk ohustkr gf shfod`k mktkotdrhd, ofef dgtks sk bd skdhdmf, kg kh

praekr trd`dlf mk ^frtkr (411>) sf`rk kh tked, sagf kgdhcugfs dutfrks quk od`rd kgohdvdr phkgdekgtk kg hdhatkrdturd mk ohustkrs,ofef pfr klkephf kg Pfhdgmt ymkg Bkrtfc (4111).

Okgtrgmfgfs kg hd rkdhamdm mk hfsohustkrmkhaeatdmfs ckfcrffl odekgtk, sk-cg ^frtkr hds kxtkrgdhamdmks quk sk mk-ravdg mkh prfoksf mk ohustkrazdoag y qukmkhaeatdg kh eàtf ckfcrffl of dh quk skkxtakgmk kh ohustkr pukmkg ofeprkgmkr,dhtkrgdtavdekgtk, d ug `drraf f mastratf mkugd hfodhamdm, d tfmd hd hfodhamdm, d vd-rads hfodhamdmks, d ug rkd ektrfpfhatdgd,d ugd ofedrod, d ugd prfvagoad, d ugd rk-cag f ofeugamdm dutgfed, d ug pds fagohusf d ug ofglugtf mk zfgds prxaedssatudmds kg pdsks mastagtfs.

D hd vastd mk hf dgtkrafr od`rd dffl redr qukkh _PA y hfs ohustkrspukmkg ofkxastar kg kheasef tkrratfraf. _kcg Dsbkae (0>>3) fOffjk kt dh.(0>>3), ug _PA pukmk ofgtkgkrugf f vdrafs ohustkrs, y kstfs htaefs kxtkg-mkrsk d tfmd hd rkcag f shf d dhcugd hfod-hamdm f hfodhamdmks. ^krf pukmk bd`kr ohus-tkrsquk sk kxtakgmdg es dhh mk hd rkcagy mk hfs quk shf ugd pdrtk kst uàodmd kg

kh _PA. Kg ckgkrdh, hd edyfrd mk hfs ohus-tkrsd`drodg ug kspdoaf ckfcrffl of agikrafrdh mk hd rkcag.

Hd rkhdoag kgtrk kh _PA y kh ohustkr mk-pkgmkr, skcg Dsbkae y Ofkgkg (0>>=)y Dsbkae, Ofkgkg kt dh.(0>>3), mk hd `dskmk ofgfoaeakgtf mfeagdgtk kg hds dotava-mdmks. Kg ohustkrsmk dotavamdmks ofg ugd`dsk mk ofgfoaeakgtf sagttaof hd aggfvd-

oag mkpkgmk es mkh dprkgmazdlk mkravdmfmk hd agtkrdooag kgtrk hds keprksds hfod-hks kspkoadhazdmds, hds keprksds takgkg ek-gfs agtkrdooafgks ofg hds ugavkrsamdmks yhfs okgtrfs mk agvkstacdoag, mk efmf qukkh _PA, dugquk dpfyd hd kspkoadhazdoag ag-mustradh kxastkgtk y ifrtdhkok kh dprkgmazdlk`dsdmf kg hd agtkrdooag keprksdradh hfod-hazdmf, gf ifred ug tfmf agtkcrdmf ofg kh

ohustkr, mk efmf quk hfs dutfrks oatdmfs ta-paffl odg kstd ofgffl curdoag ofef ohustkr-_PAduxahadr. Eakgtrds quk kg hfs ohustkrs ofg


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=4

ugd `dsk mk ofgfoaeakgtf dgdhtaod, kh sf-pfrtk mk agvkstacdoag `saod y dphaodmd y hdoffpkrdoag sasteaod kgtrk ugavkrsamdmksy keprksds rksuhtdg es gkoksdrads y kh_PA ks ugd prkofgmaoag ohdvk pdrd hd kvf-huoag mkh ohustkr, mk efmf quk hfs dutfrksoatdmfs tapaffl odg kstd ofgffl curdoag ofefohustkr-_PA agtkcrdmf.

^fr ftrf hdmf, dh acudh quk kxastkg ohus-tkrskg eàtfs ckfcrffl ofs agikrafrks dh mkhd rkcag, gf od`rd ofgsamkrdr quk kxas-tkg sastkeds mk aggfvdoag kg ug phdgfsu`-rkcafgdh6 Hd rkspukstd d kstd prkcug-

td mkpkgmkr mk hfs oratkrafs quk bdydefsdokptdmf pdrd mkffl gar ug sastked. _a ofgsa-mkrdefs quk pdrd bd`hdr mk sastked rksuh-td gkoksdraf quk hd rkdhamdm d hd quk dquhsk dphaod tkgcd ugd odpdoamdm mk dutf-rk-prfmuooag y mk agstatuoafgks y cf`krgdgzdpfhtaod dutf-sfstkga`hks, maioahekgtk od`rdbd`hdr mk sastkeds hfodhks mk aggfvdoag.^krf sa ofepdrtaefs ugd vasag es prdc-

etaod y trdmaoafgdh mk sastked y ofgsamkrd-efs quk stk kxastk oudgmf bdy keprksdsk agstatuoafgks mk dpfyf quk agtkrdotdgckgkrdgmf y kxphftdgmf ofekroadhekgtk khofgfoaeakgtf, od`k sfstkgkr quk pukmkgkxastar sastkeds hfodhks mk aggfvdoag. Hdoukstag mk sa kxastkg sastkeds mk aggfvd-oag hfodhks sk phdgtkdrdg kg ug phdgf ke-praof< kstf ks, dgdhazdgmf sa kxastk ug sacga-

ffl odtavf gekrf mk keprksds aggfvdmfrds ymk agstatuoafgks mk dpfyf d hd aggfvdoagy ofg ug crdmf mk agtkrrkhdoag suffl oakgtkkgtrk khhds quk pkreatd bd`hdr mk ug sastk-ed hfodh mk aggfvdoag.

Kg kikotf, ofef vkrkefs es dmkhdg-tk, hfs dghasas kepraofs rkdhazdmfs pfr hdofrrakgtk mk hfs _PA eukstrdg quk euobdsmk hds rkcafgks f mavasafgks dmeagastrdtavds

mk odrotkr rkcafgdh gf ouephkg hfs oratk-rafs suffl oakgtks pdrd ofgsamkrdr quk ofgs-tatuykg ug _PA rkdh. Pksuhtd phdusa`hk, kg tdh

skgtamf, ofgsamkrdr quk kh agouephaeakgtfmk hfs oratkrafs tkgmr hucdr kg edyfr crd-mf d ekmamd quk mksokgmkefs kg kh gavkhtkrratfradh, dh mkpkgmkr es kh ofgfoaeakgtfmk hds keprksds satudmds kg eàtfs su`-rkcafgdhks mk hds rkhdoafgks ofg keprksdsy frcdgazdoafgks kxtkrgds d maobf eàtftkrratfradh. Gf f`stdgtk hf dgtkrafr, hd hatkrdtu-rd sf`rk mksdrrfhhf rkcafgdh y ckfcrdid kof-geaod eukstrd quk tdhks odsfs s kxastkgy quk, agohusf, dhcugfs mk khhfs prkskgtdgodrdotkrstaods ohdrdekgtk mkiagamds, qukbdg ofgmuoamf d doudr pdrd khhfs ofgokp-tfs prfpafs, ofef pfr klkephf, hfs hhded-mfs mastratfs agmustradhks.

Kg @rdozyj kt dh. (4112) y kg Offjk yEfrcdg (4112), kg hfs quk sk kstumad`dghfs sastkeds mk aggfvdoag mk ugd skrakmk rkcafgks kurfpkds y sk kstd`hkok ugdtdxfgfed mk _PA, sk agmaod quk ]fsodgd yKeahad-Pfedcgd ofgtakgkg mkgtrf mk s ugaepfrtdgtk gekrf mk mastratfs agmustrad-

hks, ouyds odrdotkrstaods pkreatkg odrdo-tkrazdr d dqukhhds, mksmk ug pugtf mk vastdmk maekgsag mk hd aggfvdoag keprksd-radh, ofef sastkeds hfodhastds (mfeagdmfspfr pyeks, ofg ugd ouhturd aggfvdmfrd gf`dsdmd kg A+M, ofg ug dhtf crdmf mk dsf-oadoafgasef...): y, mksmk ug pugtf mk vastdmk cf`krgdgzd, mk `dsk f crdssrffts(fr-cdgazdmf hfodhekgtk, d gavkh mk oaumdm f

mk mastratf, ofg pfod offrmagdoag suprd-hfodh f gdoafgdh). Mk bkobf, mk hd hkoturdsk mksprkgmk quk, kg kh odsf mk ]fsod-gd y Keahad-Pfedcgd, hf quk sk odrdotk-razd gf ks kh sastked mk aggfvdoag mk hdrkcag, sagf kh mkh mastratf. Kg tdh skgtamf,od`rd ofgsamkrdr d hfs mastratfs agmustrad-hks, dh acudh quk bdok Eusoaf (0>>=), ofefsastkeds hfodhks mk aggfvdoag mk ug tapf

mktkreagdmf (hfodhastd-crdssrfft). Dsaeas-ef, kg hfs dghasas mk Dsbkae k Asdjskg(4113 y 0>>0) mk hfs _PA mk hfs pdsks gr-


19/36


maofs, hd ugamdm f`lktf mk dghasas es qukhd rkcag, ks ug rkd hfodh.

Dh acudh quk d ekmamd quk sk maseagu-yk kg kh gavkh tkrratfradh od`k sfstkgkr quk kh

sastked mkpkgmk es mk sus rkhdoafgks ofgkh kxtkrafr, tdeàg od`rd sfstkgkr quk, kgofgtrdpdrtamd, d ekmamd quk sk mksoakgmkkg kh gavkh tkrratfradh hd maekgsag sfoafhcaody ouhturdh mkh tkrratfraf dmquakrk edyfr iukr-zd. Eusoaf (0>>=) sfstakgk, agohusf, quk hdsodrdotkrstaods sfoadhks y ouhturdhks mk hfsmastratfs sfg tdg kspkoffl ods, quk kh tded-f y edrof agstatuoafgdh mk hd rkcag pukmk

rksuhtdr mkedsadmf mastdgtk k agdmkoudmf,tdgtf pdrd odpturdr hfs odrdotkrks mastagtavfsmkh prfoksf aggfvdmfr ofef pdrd maspfgkrhd pfhtaod mk aggfvdoag es dprfpadmd. ^frftrf hdmf, dugquk d ekmamd quk `dldefs kgkh gavkh tkrratfradh hd kspkoadhazdoag mkh tkrra-tfraf dpdrkok es edrodmd y euobfs mas-tratfs agmustradhks dpdrkokg kspkoadhazdmfskg ugd gaod dotavamdm, hd hatkrdturd eukstrd

quk tdeàg bdy mastratfs kg quk hd kspkoad-hazdoag agmustradh sk kxtakgmk d es mk ugddotavamdm. Kg hfs odsfs kg quk kh sastkedhfodh ks efgf-agmustradh, hd ofagoamkgoad mkhd rkdhamdm ohustkr y hd mkh mastratf agmustradhks crdgmk, sa àkg hds ksoukhds quk trd`dldgofg kstfs ofgokptfs su`rdydrdg es, kg khpraekr odsf, hd keprksd y kh tapf mk dotava-mdm, y kg kh skcugmf hd maekgsag sfoadh y

ouhturd y kh tkrratfraf.

Hd cf`krgdgzd mk _PA y hfs ohustkr

Od`rd ekgoafgdr ugd htaed maikrkgoadkgtrk _PA y ohustkrs, mkstdodmd pfr Offjkkt dh. (0>>3). Eakgtrds quk hfs _PA pfskkgckgkrdhekgtk ugd kstruoturd mk cf`krgdg-zd mk odrotkr ifredh, kstf ks, ug frcdgas-

ef cu`krgdekgtdh eksf ofg rkspfgsdà-hamdmks pfhtaods y rkoursfs pdrd dgaedr yidoahatdr hd ofbkrkgoad mkh sastked, hfs ohus-

tkrs pukmkg kxastar ofg kstruoturds mk cf-àkrgf agifredhks, f agohusf oudgmf hds tak-gkg ifredhks sfg es mk odrotkr pravdmf(dsfoadoafgks ohustkr) quk ifredhekgtkcu`krgdekgtdhks.

=. MK_MK KH OFGOK^]FD HD PKDHAMDM Q D HD ^FH]AODMK HF_ _PA

Kg kstk dpdrtdmf kepkzdrkefs rktf-edgmf hd mastagoag, su`rdydmd pfr Offjkkg euobfs mk sus trd`dlfs, kgtrk sastkedofgokptudh y sastked fpkrdoafgdh. Oudg-mf dgtks gfs bkefs kstdmf rkffl rakgmf d _PAckgkrdhekgtk krd kg kh skgtamf mk sastkedofgokptudh, ks mkoar d ug ofgstruotf tkra-of. Bd`hdefs mk sastked fpkrdoafgdh, kgodeàf, oudgmf gfs kstdefs rkffl rakgmf dug ikgekgf rkdh. Kg kstk dpdrtdmf dgd-hazdrkefs, kg praekr hucdr, hds maffl ouhtdmkskxastkgtks pdrd hd dphaodoag d hd rkdhamdm

mkh sastked ofgokptudh mksdrrfhhdmf kg hfsdpdrtdmfs dgtkrafrks. D ofgtagudoag kx-pfgmrkefs hfs rdscfs quk bd prkskgtdmfhd dphaodoag mk ksk ksquked ofgokptudh dhkstumaf mk hfs _PA fpkrdoafgdhks kg Kurfpdy dhcugfs mk hfs rksuhtdmfs. Q, pfr htaef,trdtdrkefs mk sa kh kgifquk mk hfs _PA bdsamf es dgdhtaof f kxphfrdtfraf (ks mkoar,`dsdmf kg kh dghasas mk satudoafgks rkdhks

mk hds keprksds, sag rkofekgmdoafgks mkpfhtaods mktkreagdmds) f es gfredtavf (y,pfr hf tdgtf, sa suckrd pragoapafs mk pfhta-ods ohdrfs) ([ydrrd, 0>>2: Bdssagj, 0>>3).

=.4. Maiaouhtdmks pdrd dphaodr kh kgifqukmk hfs _PA d hd rkdhamdm

Bdy mfs crdgmks tapfs mk maiaouhtdmkspdrd dphaodr kh kgifquk mk hfs _PA d hd rkdha-mdm< pfr ug hdmf, hds aeprkoasafgks f agsu-


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=?

ffl oakgtk mksdrrfhhf tkraof mk kstk kgifquk:y, pfr ftrf hdmf, hd idhtd mk iukgtks y mdtfsquk pkreatdg dphaodr hfs ofgokptfs d hd rkd-hamdm. Foupefgfs mk de`fs tapfs mk maffl -ouhtdmks suoksavdekgtk.

Pkspkotf d hd mastagoag kgtrk sastked ofg-okptudh y fpkrdoafgdh, Offjk (4119< 02-01)ksora`k< Oudgmf bd`hdefs mk ug sastkedfpkrdoafgdh gfs kstdefs rkffl rakgmf d ug ik-gekgf rkdh: ug sastked ofgokptudh rkprk-skgtd ugd d`strdooag hcaod, ug ofgstruotftkraof ofgsastkgtk kg pragoapafs f hkyks qukkxphaodg rkhdoafgks kgtrk vdrad`hks () kstfks, ug edrof dgdhtaof (quk) gf rkprkskgtdhd tftdhamdm mkh ikgekgf rkdh(quk) bdokpfsa`hk supkrdr hds mkàhamdmks mk hfs ks-tumafs mk odsfs, yd quk sk usd ug edrofdgdhtaof ofeg. Dsaeasef, kg tfrgf d hdmastagoag kgtrk sastked ofgokptudh y rkdh,Offjk (0>>4< 1;?) ksora`k< Kh praekrf ag-ohuyk d`strdooafgks quk d vkoks sfg amkd-hazdoafgks f`vads tdhks ofef ofepktkgoad

pkrikotd, kquaha`raf Kh skcugmf mksora-`k ug sastked kxastkgtk, ofg sus mkikotfsy ofephklamdmks. Hd atkrdoag kgtrk sastk-eds ofgokptudhks y rkdhks ks gfredhekg-tk hhkvdmd d od`f bdoakgmf usf mk pkgsd-eakgtfs maofteaofs, quk ùsodg d`drodrpfhdramdmks, ofg rkhdoag d hds oudhks sk ea-mkg hfs odsfs rkdhks. Ds puks, hd hatkrdturdmk hfs _PA mk`krd prfpfroafgdr ug edrof

dgdhtaof ofeg, quk pkreatd hhkvdr d od`fofepdrdoafgks sastketaods mk hds dotava-mdmks aggfvdmfrds kg mavkrsds rkcafgksquk supkrkg hds mkàhamdmks mk hfs kstumafsmk odsfs agmavamudhks (Offjk kt dh.,4112) yquk pfsaàhatkg dvdgzdr kg kh kstumaf mk hdkffl oakgoad mk hfs sastkeds y mk sus ofepf-gkgtks (Offjk y Ekekmfvao, 0>>?). Ofefskdh`defs dgtks, prkoasdekgtk ugd mk

hds ortaods quk kikotdg Offjk kt dh.(4113)d hd ofrrakgtk mk hfs sastkeds gdoafgdhks mkaggfvdoag (_GA) ks lustf hd mk bd`kr tkgma-

mf kxoksavdekgtk dh kstumaf mk sastkedsfpkrdoafgdhks, sag bd`kr mksdrrfhhdmf prk-vadekgtk kh sastked ofgokptudh.

Ofg rkhdoag dh dghasas ofgokptudh mkhfs _PA, rksuhtd pkrtagkgtk rkikrarsk d hd mas-tagoag agtrfmuoamd pfr Kmquast (4113), ofgrkhdoag d hd ofrrakgtk mk hfs sastkeds gd-oafgdhks mk aggfvdoag (_GA), kgtrk edrofofgokptudh y tkfrd sustdgtavd, yd quktdeàg rksuhtd dphaod`hk d hfs _PA, ofefkh prfpaf Offjk y Ekekmfvao (0>>?) rk-ofgfokg. Kmquast skdhd quk pdrd quk hfssastkeds mk aggfvdoag dhodgokg kh rdgcfmk tkfrd rksuhtd prkoasf supkrdr ugd skrakmk deàckmdmks k agofgsastkgoads ofg-okptudhks, prkoasdr es hfs heatks ofgsta-tuykgtks mkh sastked, mksoraàr mk edgkrdracurfsd hds rkhdoafgks odusdhks kxastkgtkskgtrk hds vdrad`hks y maspfgkr mk rkcuhdramd-mks kepraods àkg kstd`hkoamds. Dphaodg-mf ksf d hfs _PA, od`rd sfstkgkr quk suedrof ofgokptudh mk`krd kephkdrsk pdrd

ifreuhdr baptksas f dffl redoafgks vkraffl od-`hks `dsdmds kg maobf edrof y hds easedsmk`krdg skr agvkstacdmds kepraodekg-tk usdgmf f`skrvdoafgks tdgtf oudhatdta-vds ofef oudgtatdtavds (vdsk, dh rkspkotfKmquast, 0>>;). ^fr kh ofgtrdraf, Hugmvdhh(0>>3) ofgsamkrd quk hd dspardoag mk Km-quast mk dvdgzdr kg kh kstd`hkoaeakgtf y vk-raffl odoag kepraod mk rkhdoafgks odusdhks

kgtrk vdrad`hks ofrrkspfgmk d ugd vasagmk hds oakgoads gdturdhks, quk gf rksuh-td tdg dphaod`hk kg hds oakgoads sfoadhks. hks es pdrtamdraf mk ofgsamkrdr d hfs sas-tkeds mk aggfvdoag ofef tkfrd khkekg-tdh (crfugmkm tbkfry), kstf ks ofef tkfrdofgstruamd ofef tfmds d pdrtar mk agvksta-cdoag kepraod y hfs ksiukrzfs dgdhtaofspdrd mastagcuar hfs pragoapdhks idotfrks kxpha-

odtavfs. F, ofef sk sukhk mkoar ofg oakrtdirkoukgoad kg hds oakgoads sfoadhks, ofefug maspfsatavf mk ifodhazdoag (ifousagc


21/36


mkvaok), quk ouephk ug pdpkh kquavdhkgtk dhmk ugd tkfrd< dyumd d vkr, kgtkgmkr y ofg-trfhdr ikgekgfs quk gf sk pukmkg vkr, kg-tkgmkr f ofgtrfhdr sag utahazdr tdh ofgokptf.Kstf ks, dyumd d frcdgazdr y okgtrdr kh dg-hasas, dyumd d prkvkr qu vd d pdsdr, dyumdd kxphaodr qu bd pdsdmf y dyumd f prfpfr-oafgd `dsks pdrd hd dooag rdoafgdh.43

Okgtrgmfgfs, es kg pdrtaouhdr, kg hdsmaffl ouhtdmks quk sk mkravdg mk hds aeprk-oasafgks f deàckmdmks kxastkgtks kg khedrof dgdhtaof mksdrrfhhdmf pfr kstd of-rrakgtk, ug dspkotf ohdvk mkh ofgokptf mk

_PA kg kh quk pkrsastk ugd ohdrd deàck-mdm f aeprkoasag ks kh rkhdtavf d hd mkhaea-tdoag mk qu sk kgtakgmk pfr rkcag (Mf-hfrkux y ^drtf, 0>>= y 0>>;). Hd mkffl gaoagmk qu ks ugd rkcag gf ks suffl oakgtkekg-tk prkoasd y, ofef ofgskoukgoad, dgtk ugdrkdhamdm mktkreagdmd, gf pfmkefs sakeprkdffl redr sa kstdefs f gf dgtk ugd rkcag. ]dhofef sk rkofrmdr, ugd rkcag pfskk ma-

ikrkgtks maekgsafgks quk pfr saephaffl odrmkgfeagdrkefs, dmeagastrdtavds, pfr ughdmf: y ouhturdhks-iugoafgdhks, pfr ftrf,quk pukmkg gf ofagoamar. Kepkzdgmf pfr hdmaekgsag dmeagastrdtavd, quk ofef vkd-efs krd hd prkikramd pfr Offjk, Dsbkae y

43 ]dh ofef eukstrd _bdrai (0>>9) kg su kxpfsaoagsf`rk hd kekrckgoad y mksdrrfhhf mk hd ofrrakgtk mk hfs

_GA, pkrf qukeutdtas eutdgmaspfmrd dphaodrsk tde-àg dh mksdrrfhhf mk hfs _PA, eakgtrds ugd skrak mkdgdhastds sfg pdrtamdrafs mk prfiugmazdr kg hd tkfrazd-oag mk hfs _GA, ftrfs ofgsamkrdg quk ugd mk hds vkg-tdlds mk su phdgtkdeakgtf dotudh ks quk prfpfroafgdug agstruekgtf mk gdvkcdoag suiaoakgtkekgtk ihkxa`hky quk kxastk ug rakscf mk sf`rk-tkfrazdoag.

_kdhkefs, dmaoafgdhekgtk, quk mk`dtks skekldg-tks sk mdg kg tfrgf d hd ftrd ofrrakgtk pukstd kg rk-hdoag ofg hfs _PA, d sd`kr< hfs ohustkr. Ydgsk, pfrklkephf, hds pfsturds ofgtrdpukstds mk Edrtag y _ug-hky (0>>?) y mk @kggkwfrtb y Bkgry (0>>?)< hfs pra-ekrfs orataodgmf kh ofgokptf ohustkr pfr su kohkota-

oasef k agmkiagaoag: y hfs skcugmfs, mkikgmagmfhfpfr su ihkxaàhamdm y pfsaàhamdm mk edgklf mksmk ugdphurdhamdm mk kgifquks quk pkreatk ugd ikrtahazdoagoruzdmd.

hd edyfrd mk hfs dutfrks mk hfs _PA, gfskgofgtrdefs quk bdy pdsks quk shf pf-skkg gavkhks dmeagastrdtavfs kstdtdhks y hf-odhks, pkrf gf rkcafgdhks. Eukstrd mkh gavkhmk aeprkoasag quk ofepfrtd hd maekgsagdmeagastrdtavd hd tkgkefs kg hd vdrakmdmmk ugamdmks dmeagastrdtavds d quk bd samfdphaodmf kh kgifquk mk hfs _PA< mastratfs mkoaumdmks, oaumdmks, rkds ektrfpfhatdgds,mastratfs agmustradhks f rkds su`rkcafgd-hks, G[]_ AA, k agohusf d gavkhks mk dcrkcd-oag es khkvdmfs (vdsk Mfhfrkux y ^drtf,0>>= y 0>>;). Ks es, odmd ugd mk ks-tds ugamdmks kst ofepukstd mk ugamdmkstkrratfradhks euy bktkrfcgkds, puks, pfrklkephf, hds G[]_ AA ofeprkgmkg tkrratf-rafs mk euy maikrkgtk tdedf, quk rkspfg-mkg ugfs d oratkrafs gfredtavfs (kxprksagmk ugd vfhugtdm pfhtaod) y ftrfs d iugoaf-gdhks, (rdzfgks ckfcrffl ods, kofgeaods fsfoadhks), ofg euy maikrkgtks ofepktkgoad.(@duekrt, 0>>9 y Ohdryssk y Euhmur, 0>>4).Kstd mavkrsamdm mk hds ugamdmks mk dghasas

kephkdmds phdgtkd skrafs prf`hkeds pdrdkh mksdrrfhhf mk ug edrof ofgokptudh ugaffl -odmf.42

Mksmk hd ptaod ouhturdh f iugoafgdh, od-`rd prkcugtdr ougmf ug tkrratfraf pf-skk ofbksag u bfefckgkamdm suffl oakgtkpdrd skr ofgsamkrdmf ugd rkcag. Kmquast(0>>;), quk ofgsamkrd agsuffl oakgtk hd mkha-

eatdoag dmeagastrdtavd y quk ks pdrtamdrafmk ugd mkffl gaoag mk rkcag es iugoafgdh,skdhd< [g pfsa`hk efmf mk bdokr fpk-rdtavf kstk oratkraf pfmrd skr ug suffl oakgtk

42 Oue`kr y EdoJaggfg (0>>=), pfr klkephf, skd-hdg oef hds rkihkxafgks mk Edrsbdhh quk ofgstatuykgugd mk hds iugmdekgtdoafgks es aepfrtdgtks sf`rkhds kofgfeds mk dchfekrdoag kstd`dg ofgokàmdspdrd mastratfs euy hfodhks f `drrafs mk oaumdmks, y

qu bd`rd quk prkcugtdrsk sa rkdhekgtk fpkrdg f sfgdphaod`hks kg dchfekrdoafgks euobf edyfrks (oaumd-mks, oaumdmks rkcag f agohusf gdoafgks), kg hds oud-hks sfg utahazdmds mk efmf dortaof pfr hfs dgdhastds.


22/36


=;

gavkh mk kxtkrgdhamdmks mk dprkgmazdlk hf-odhazdmfs (kgtrk frcdgazdoafgks), hf quk skkgoukgtrd irkoukgtkekgtk dsfoadmf ofghd aepfrtdgoad mk trdgsikrkgoad mk ofgf-oaeakgtf toatf kgtrk (agmavamufs y) frcdga-zdoafgks. [g skcugmf pfmrd skr hd efvaha-mdm hfodhazdmd mk trd`dldmfrks oudhaffl odmfsofef odrrkrds mk ofgfoaeakgtf, kstf ks,ug efmf mk bdokr fpkrdtavf quk eukstrdquk kh ekrodmf mk trd`dlf hfodh ks aepfr-tdgtk. [gd tkrokrd pfsaàhamdm pfmrd skrquk ugd egaed prfpfroag mk hds ofhd`f-rdoafgks kgtrk frcdgazdoafgks rkhdoafgdmdsofg hd aggfvdoag mk`krd skr ofg sfoafsmkgtrf mk hd rkcag. Kstd ks ugd oukstagmk rkmks hfodhazdmds, kstf ks, mk hd kxtkg-sag kg quk hfs prfoksfs mk dprkgmazd-lk kgtrk frcdgazdoafgks kstg ofgtkgamfsmkgtrf mk hds rkcafgks (pp. 0>>-0>4). Gff`stdgtk, Kmquast gf prkoasd qu mk`k kg-tkgmkrsk pfr egaef f suffl oakgtk. Kses, ks orkoakgtk kh gekrf mk dgdhastdsquk phdgtkd quk rksuhtd suedekgtk arrkd-

hastd trdtdr hds rkcafgks ofef kgtamdmks bf-efcgkds (@dtbkht, 0>>?: EdoJaggfg ktdh., 0>>0: Eusoaf, 0>>9: _bdrpk y Edrt-gkz-Ikrggmkz, 0>>9: [ydrrd, 0>>3: [ydrrdy Ihdgdcdg, 0>>1...). Agohusf kg ugd rkcagquk prkskgtd ugd amkgtamdm tdg edrodmdofef hd Ofeugamdm Dutgfed mkh ^dsYdsof, Gdvdrrf y Hdrrkd (0>>3) y \uàdurrkkt dh.(0>>1) eukstrdg quk kst ofepukstd

mk tkrratfrafs ofg pdtrfgks mk aggfvdoag yofepktatavamdm euy maikrkgtks.

Pksuhtdg, dsaeasef, suedekgtk aeprk-oasfs hfs oratkrafs pdrd mktkreagdr oudgmfkstdefs dgtk ug sastked mk aggfvdoag. Kgkikotf, ouhks sfg, pfr klkephf, kh gavkhortaof mk keprksds aggfvdmfrds, f mk agtk-rrkhdoafgks kgtrk hds frcdgazdoafgks k agsta-

tuoafgks mkh sastked, quk gfs pkreatkg sfs-tkgkr quk kg ug tkrratfraf mktkreagdmf kxastkug sastked mk aggfvdoag6 (Mfhfrkux, 0>>=).

^fr htaef, kg oudgtf d hd odrkgoad mk iukg-tks y mdtfs pdrd dphaodr kh kgifquk mk hfs _PA,ofef àkg maokg @rualg y Hdckgmalj (0>>;)).41Hds odrkgoads mk md-tfs sf`rk dspkotfs ohdvks mk hfs _PA (tdhksofef hds agtkrdooafgks kgtrk dckgtks, khtapf mk cf`krgdgzd, mkh crdmf mk dpkrturdk agtkrgdoafgdhazdoag, kh tdedf y crupfskeprksdradhks, hds aggfvdoafgks gf tkogf-hcaods) bd ofgmuoamf d quk, kg ùkgdekmamd, hfs dgdhastds bdydg tkgmamf d kstu-mafs mk odsfs `dsdmfs kg rkofcamds mkmdtfs praedrafs f kspkoffl ofs pdrd kh odsf

f odsfs kstumadmfs, y shf kg ksodsds fod-safgks d kstumafs `dsdmfs kg mdtfs dcrk-cdmfs pdrd ug gekrf khkvdmf mk kgtamd-mks quk sfg kxphftdmfs ofg togaodskstdmstaods.

=.0. Kstumafs mk _PA fpkrdoafgdhks

Kh edrof ofgokptudh mk hfs _PA prfpfr-oafgd ug agstruekgtf pdrd kh dghasas mk hfs_PA fpkrdoafgdhks f kxastkgtks kg hd rkd-

41 Bd`rd, kg kstfs efekgtfs, trks crdgmks iukg-tks mk mdtfs quk firkokg mdtfs pdrd kh ofglugtfmk rkcafgks kurfpkds< praekrf, hd `dsk Pkcafgs mkKurfstdt (www.kurfpd.ku.agt/ofee/kurfstdt/): skcug-mf, hd `dsk Kspfg (www.kspfg.ku): y tkrokrf hd `dskrkcafgdh mk hd FOMK (bttp


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hamdm. Kg dpdrtdmfs dgtkrafrks gfs bkefsrkikramf d khkekgtfs iugmdekgtdhks mk kskedrof ofgokptudh mk hfs _PA, sa àkg bdyquk dmvkrtar quk ofepfgkgtks ohdvks mkmaobf edrof ofgokptudh, ofef sfg hds ta-pfhfcds mk _PA, quk hfs dutfrks mk kstdofrrakgtk mksdrrfhhdg ofg f`lktf mk odptu-rdr hd vdrakmdm ofgokptudh y raqukzd kep-raod quk agifred hd amkd mk hfs _PA (Offjk,4112), bdg mkàmf mkldrsk iukrd mk kstkdrtouhf pfr rdzfgks mk kspdoaf y pfrquksk trdtdg kspkoffl odekgtk kg kh drtouhf mkGdvdrrf y Ca`dld (0>>1) ofgtkgamf kg kstkeasef gekrf mk Kjfgfeadz. Kg kstkdpdrtdmf trdtdrkefs mk hfs rdscfs y dhcu-gfs mk hfs rksuhtdmfs mk hd dphaodoag mkhedrof ofgokptudh mk hfs _PA d hd rkdhamdmrkcafgdh kurfpkd.

Kepkzdgmf pfr hfs rdscfs mk ksd dpha-odoag, ofef dokrtdmdekgtk skdhdg Edhe-`krc y Edsjkhh (4113), hd agvkstacdoag kgoakgoads sfoadhks mk`krd ofgtkgkr ugd

pkredgkgtk agtkrdooag kgtrk prfcrksftkraof, kstumafs mk odsfs khd`frdmfsouamdmfsdekgtk k agvkstacdoafgks kepra-ods ofg mdtfs dcrkcdmfs pdrd ug gek-rf khkvdmf mk kgtamdmks. Od`k skdhdr, dkstk rkspkotf, quk hd hatkrdturd mk _PA bdsamf orataodmd pfr su skscf bdoad hd tkf-razdoag, kg mktraekgtf mk hfs kstumafskepraofs (EdoJaggfg kt dh.,0>>0). D hd

bfrd mk hhkvdr d od`f tdhks kstumafs ke-praofs, d maikrkgoad mkh kgifquk hhkvdmfd od`f pfr hd gukvd kofgfed ckfcria-od hamkrdmd pfr Jrucedg, hfs ckcrdifskofgeaofs takgmkg d trd`dldr ofg etf-mfs es oudhatdtavfs y dàkrtfs (Oue`krsy EdoJaggfg, 0>>=). Edhe`krc y Edsjkhh(4113) orataodg, d kstk rkspkotf, quk hdsagvkstacdoafgks `dsdmds kg kh edgklf mk

mdtfs dcrkcdmfs ofrrkspfgmakgtks d uggekrf khkvdmf mk rkcafgks, prfokmkg-tks ckgkrdhekgtk mk iukgtks skougmdrads,

bd samf `dstdgtk mksouamdmf pfr kstd hatk-rdturd. Hd hatkrdturd kepraod mk hfs _PA bdmksodgsdmf iugmdekgtdhekgtk kg kh ks-tumaf mk odsfs< kg dhcugfs odsfs kstfsofgsastdg kg iftfcrdids (sgdpsbfts) mk-tdhhdmds mk _PA agmavamudhks: y kg ftrfs, kgkstumafs kepraofs ofepdrdmfs mk vdradsrkcafgks pdrd kxphfrdr hds ofgmaoafgks gk-oksdrads pdrd hd aggfvdoag sasteaod kg khphdgf rkcafgdh (Mfhfrks y ^drtf, 0>>;).

Dmkes, d pksdr mk quk ugd skrak mk du-tfrks (pdrtaouhdrekgtk Asdjskg, 0>>4: Jduii-edgg y ]mthagc, 0>>>: ]mthagc y ]rapph,

0>>;: Gduwhdkrs y Sagtlks, 0>>0) bdg mk-sdrrfhhdmf tapfhfcds y trd`dlfs sf`rk rk-cafgks ofg prf`hkeds, kg hd hatkrdturd mkhfs _PA hd edyfrd mk hfs odsfs sfhdg ks-tdr okgtrdmfs kg rkcafgks ur`dgds, ofgiukrtk prkskgoad mk skotfrks edguidoturk-rfs f agtkgsavfs kg ofgfoaeakgtf, mk gftd-`hk xatf, sag dtkgmkr d odsfs es gfred-hks y irkoukgtks f dh kstumaf mk rkcafgks

rurdhks, pkrairaods f kg mkohavk, ofg sas-tkeds ekgfs mksdrrfhhdmfs f irdodsdmfs(Mfhfrkux, 0>>0 y 0>>=: Bfwkhhs, 0>>;:_bdrpk y Edrtgkz-Ikrggmkz, 0>>9). Dmk-es, hfs kstumafs mk _PA firkokg ckgkrdh-ekgtk ugd iftf ksttaod mk dckgtks k ags-tatuoafgks, kg hucdr mk prkskgtdr prfoksfsmk dlustk y mageaofs y kstumafs hfgcatu-magdhks quk tfedg kg ofgsamkrdoag iug-

oafgks, rfhks y rkhdoafgks (Mfhfrkux y ^dr-tf, 0>>=: EdoJaggfg kt dh., 0>>0: [ydrrd,0>>2 y [ydrrd y Ihdgdcdg, 0>>1).

_fg guekrfsfs hfs dutfrks quk skd-hdg quk hd protaod mk hd hatkrdturd mk hfssastkeds mk aggfvdoag, tdgtf mk hd mk hfsgdoafgdhks ofef mk hd mk hfs rkcafgdhks,sk bdg okgtrdmf kg kh dghasas mk ug gaofgavkh< hfs dgdhastds mk hfs sastkeds gdoaf-

gdhks mk aggfvdoag acgfrdg, pfr klkephf,ofg irkoukgoad hds maikrkgoads kxastkgtksd gavkh rkcafgdh: y hfs dgdhastds mk hfs sas-


24/36


=3

tkeds rkcafgdhks acgfrdg f dpkgds trd-

tdg mkh pdpkh k agihukgoad mkh cfàkrgf

gdoafgdh kg hd mktkreagdoag mkh eà-

tf y rkoursfs mkh cfàkrgf rkcafgdh ([yd-

rrd, 0>>3). Dugquk od`rd rkspfgmkr quk

hds tapfhfcds mk _PA mk Dsbkae k Asdjskg,

tfedg prkoasdekgtk ofef oratkraf `sa-

of mk mastagoag mk hfs maikrkgtks tapfs mk

_PA kh crdmf mk dpkrturd mk hds keprksds

dh ofgfoaeakgtf kxtkrgf d hd rkcag, y quk

dsaeasef hd tapfhfcd mk Offjk ofgtkephd

tdgtf kg kh odsf mk hd cf`krgdgzd ofef

mk hd kstruoturd keprksdradh hds rkhdoafgks

kxtkrafrks (vdsk Gdvdrrf y Ca`dld, 0>>1,

kg kstk easef gekrf mk Kjfgfeadz), hd

rkdhamdm ks quk sk maspfgk mk pfofs ks-

tumafs kepraofs sastketaofs quk pkrea-

tdg ofgfokr kh gavkh mk agtkrdooafgks kxas-

tkgtk, tdgtf kgtrk hfs ofepfgkgtks mk hfs

_PA ofef kgtrk stfs y dckgtks mk ftrfs

sastkeds, ds ofef kg qu maffl krkg oud-

hatdtavdekgtk hds praekrds mk hds skcug-

mds (Mfhfrkux y ^drtf, 0>>;: @dtbkht kt dh.,

0>>=: [ydrrd, 0>>2). Hacdmf ofg hf dgtk-

rafr, sk orataod quk sk prksoagmd mkh kiko-

tf sf`rk hd aggfvdoag rkcafgdh mk hfs ido-

tfrks edorfkofgeaofs (Hfrkgtzkg, 0>>;)

f mk ofepktkgoads f idotfrks suprdrrkcaf-

gdhks (Hfvkragc, 0>>4).

Dh ofgsamkrdr ofef dgtkrafrekgtk sk

bd skdhdmfhds rkcafgks ofef ugamdmks

bfefcgkds hfs kstumafs kepraofs mk hfs

_PA gf sk bdg foupdmf mk hfs maikrkgtks

pdtrfgks mk aggfvdoag quk kspdoadhekg-

tk kxastkg mkgtrf mk khhds (Eusoaf, 0>>=:

\uàdurrk kt dh., 0>>1), ga tdepfof mk hds

mavasafgks y tkgsafgks y, kg htaed ags-

tdgoad, mk hds rkhdoafgks mk pfmkr y mk rk-

mastraùoag mk hd rkgtdquk gfredhekgtk

kxastkg kg tdhks rkcafgks (EdoJaggfg kt dh.,

0>>0: @dtbkht, 0>>?: @dtbkht kt dh., 0>>=:[ydrrd, 0>>3: [ydrrd y Ihdgdcdg, 0>>1:

Hfvkragc, 0>>4).

Ftrds ortaods quk sk bdg sfhamf kikotudr

d hfs kstumafs kg prfiugmamdm mk odsfs hhk-

vdmfs d od`f pfr hd hatkrdturd mk _PA sfg

quk, sakgmf tdg aepfrtdgtk kh ofepfgkgtk

toatf mkh ofgfoaeakgtf pdrd kxphaodr hd fr-

cdgazdoag mk hfs prfoksfs mk ckgkrdoag

y kxphftdoag mk ofgfoaeakgtf kg kh eàtf

rkcafgdh y hfodh, kg hd hatkrdturd sf`rk _PA sk

bd prkstdmf euy pfod dtkgoag d hfs dg-

hasas mk hd efvahamdm y mkh ekrodmf hd`frdh

(Bfeekg y Mfhfrkux, 0>>? y 0>>;: @rksoa

y Hassfga, 0>>4: Edhe`krc, 0>>?). K, acudh-

ekgtk, dugquk pdrdhkhdekgtk d hd supkrd-

oag mkh efmf hagkdh mk aggfvdoag sk bd

pukstf mk edgaffl kstf hd aepfrtdgoad mk hd

aggfvdoag mk odrotkr gf tkogfhcaof, hd ha-

tkrdturd mk hfs _PA bd prkstdmf pfod dtkg-

oag d su dghasas (_bdrpk y Edrtgkz-Ikr-

ggmkz, 0>>9).

^drd dod`dr ofg hfs rdscfs mk hfs ks-

tumafs sf`rk _PA fpkrdoafgdhks, sk bd ora-

taodmf pfr Hfrkgtzkg (0>>3) quk hd hatkrd-

turd mk hfs _PA gf bdyd prkstdmf dpkgdsdtkgoag d hd odpdoamdm mk d`sfroag quk

pfskkg hds keprksds mkh ofgfoaeakgtf kx-

tkrgf maspfga`hk kg kh _PA. ]deàg skcg

[ydrrd (0>>3), kh kgifquk tfp-mfwg y mk

fikrtd aepkrdgtk kg hd hatkrdturd mk hfs _PA

bdok quk sk prkstk pfod dtkgoag d oef

rkspfgmkg hds keprksds dh sastked mk ag-

gfvdoag, mk efmf quk hd mkedgmd mk

aggfvdoag mk hds keprksds ofgtagd sakg-mf ugd odld-gkcrd.

Kg oudgtf d hfs rksuhtdmfs mk hfs kstu-

mafs kepraofs hhkvdmfs d od`f pfr hd of-

rrakgtk mk hfs _PA, od`rd kepkzdr mkstd-

odgmf quk kg hd edyfrd mk hds rkcafgks

dgdhazdmds hfs dgdhastds hhkcd`dg d hd ofg-

ohusag mk quk bdy pfofs _PA quk iugoaf-

gkg phkgdekgtk y tfmdvd ekgfs kg hfs quk

kh rksuhtdmf kofgeaof mk tdhks rkcafgksskd mkstdodmf (Offjk, 0>>4< 1;2). Bdy

pfods rkcafgks kg quk sk mkg hfs vgouhfs


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sasteaofs kgtrk hds iukgtks mk prfmuooag

mkh ofgfoaeakgtf (ugavkrsamdmks y frcdgazd-

oafgks mk agvkstacdoag), agtkrekmadrafs (cf-

àkrgf y skrvaoafs mk aggfvdoag pravdmfs)

y keprksds quk pkreatdg bd`hdr mk ug _PA

(Offjk, 4119). Hfs _PA sfg pdrtaouhdrekg-

tk ksodsfs kg hds rkcafgks pkrairaods f ek-

gfs mksdrrfhhdmds (Dsbkae k Asdjskg, 0>>0:

]rapph y ]mthagc, 0>>3).

Ftrf rksuhtdmf mk hfs kstumafs kepra-

ofs, ofbkrkgtk ofg kh dgtkrafr, ks quk sfg

ksodsds acudhekgtk hds trdgsdooafgks k ag-

tkrdooafgks kgtrk keprksds mkgtrf mk ugd

rkcag. Ksds agtkrdooafgks sfg ksodsds gfshf kg hd maekgsag bfrazfgtdh (ks mkoar,

ofg keprksds ravdhks f ofepktamfrds quk

fpkrdg kg kh easef skotfr), sagf tdeàg

kg hd maekgsag vkrtaodh, yd quk hfs es

aepfrtdgtks prfvkkmfrks y ohakgtks sukhkg

pkrtkgkokr d rkmks `dstdgtk kxtkgsds ks-

pdoadhekgtk (Edhe`krc, 0>>?: @dtbkht kt dh.,

0>>=: Edhe`krc y Edsjkhh, 0>>9). Pfgmk

y Busshkr (0>>;) skdhdg, quk ug orkoakg-tk gekrf mk drtouhfs eukstrd quk hd ed-

yfr pdrtk mk hd aggfvdoag tfmdvd mkravd mk

ofepktkgoads agtkrgds kg hd edyfrd mk hfs

skotfrks y quk, kg tdh skgtamf, bd`rd ugd

sf`rkkstaedoag mk hd aepfrtdgoad mk hds

hacdzfgks agtkr-frcdgazdoafgdhks pdrd hfs

prfoksfs mk aggfvdoag.

Ofef euy àkg kxprksd Edhe`krc (0>>?>=) bdg

prfpukstf quk hd agifredoag y kh ofgfoa-

eakgtf ff uyk y kh dprkgmazdlk takgk hucdr kg

kh kgtfrgf hfodh ekmadgtk kh eureurkf f kh

ekrf kstdr dhh (hfodh ùzz), eakgtrds quk kg-

trk hd rkcag y kh rkstf mkh chf`f takgk hucdr

ekmadgtk hd agvkrsag kg hd ofgstruooag mk

odgdhks mk ofeugaodoag (chf`dh papkhagks)

y quk ksd ofeàgdoag mk hfodh ùzz dgm

chf`dh papkhagks bdok es ofepktatavd d

hd rkcag.0>

Ksd prfpukstd mk eureurkf hfodh y of-

gkxafgks chf`dhks bd susoatdmf mavkrsds

ortaods f dghasas sf`rk hd gdturdhkzd y ma-ikrkgoads mk hds agtkrdooafgks hfodhks y chf-

`dhks.

^fr ug hdmf, ]rapph y ]mthagc (0>>3)bdg orataodmf maobd maoftfed ofgsa-

mkrdgmf quk bdy tdeàg kvamkgoads

mk chf`dh ùzz (pfr klkephf, oudg-

mf hfs ihulfs mk ofgfoaeakgtf takgkg

hucdr kg ikrads y ofgikrkgoads agtkrgd-

0> _kcg @dhtbkht kt dh. (0>>=), kh ùzz bdok rkik-

rkgoad d hd kofhfcd mk agifredoag y ofeugaodoag

orkdmd pfr hfs ofgtdotfs odrd d odrd, y pfr hd prk-

skgoad y hfodhazdoag mk pkrsfgds y keprksds mkg-

trf mk hd eased agmustrad y hucdr f rkcag. Kstk ùzz

ks kspfgtgkf, ihuamf, irkoukgtk y gf rkquakrk agvkr-

safgks< takgk hucdr kg hds gkcfoadoafgks ofg hfs prf-

vkkmfrks hfodhks, kg hhdedmds mk tkhifgf murdgtk

hds bfrds mk fiaoagd, kg obdrhds ofg hfs vkoagfs kg kh

ldrmg f kg hds ofeamds... Kg tdgtf quk hds papkhagks,

quk pfsaàhatdg hd agtkcrdoag mk ehtaphks kgtfrgfsy d`rkg gukvds pfsaàhamdmks mk ofgfoaeakgtf, sfg

es ofgtagckgtks, agoakrtds, ofstfsds, irutf mk mkoa-

safgks ofgsoakgtks.


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oafgdhks) y hfodh papkhagks (pfr klke-phf, kg doukrmfs mk A+M ifredhazdmdsmkgtrf mk hd rkcag).04

Dsbkae kt dh.(0>>3) orataodg hd amkd mkquk, pdrd `kgkiaoadrsk mkh eureu-rkf hfodh `dstd ofg kstdr db. _kcgkhhfs, hd vkgtdlds mk`kg skr ofgstrua-mds es ofgsoakgtk y prf-dotavdekg-tk, puks bdy ugd crdg bktkrfckgkamdmy mksacudh mastraùoag mk hd odpdoa-mdm mk d`sfroag mk hds keprksds.

Dsbkae y Ofkgkg (0>>3) mastagcukgkgtrk odrd d odrd (idok-tf-idok) yeureurkf (ùzz). Kh praekrf, rkquak-rk ofgtdotf isaof y ou`rk kh agtkrode-àf mkha`krdmf mk ofgfoaeakgtf kgofhd`frdoafgks pragoapdhekgtk ifred-hks, eakgtrds quk kh skcugmf sk rkiak-rk d ruefrks, aeprksafgks, rkofekg-mdoafgks y md hucdr prkmfeagdgtk-ekgtk d rk`fsdeakgtfs (spahhfvkrs) mk

ofgfoaeakgtf. Hd aepfrtdgoad mk ugfy ftrf ks mastagtd skcg hd `dsk mk of-gfoaeakgtf< kg agmustrads mk `dsk mkofgfoaeakgtf sagttaof (edguidoturd),quk sukhkg kstdr ofgokgtrdmds kspd-oadhekgtk, kh odrd d odrd ks aepfrtdg-tk pdrd hd trdgseasag mk ofgfoaeakg-tf toatf kg rkhdoafgks vkrtaodhks (prf-muotfr-usudraf f ohakgtk y suòfgtrd-

04 Mk bkobf, kh prfpaf kquapf ofepukstf pfr Eds-jkhh, @dtbkht y Edhe`krc (0>>9) agvkstacd hd dpfrtdoagquk supfgkg hds ikrads y ofgikrkgoads agtkrgdoafgdhksofef dprfvasafgdeakgtf kxtkrgf (chf`dh) mk ofgfoa-eakgtf y dprkgmazdlk, dugquk sacuk mkgfeaggmfhfofef papkhagk, y gf ofef ùzz.Kstfs dutfrks orkdgugd ohdsaiaodoag mk ifreds mk orkdoag mk ofgfoa-eakgtf kg iugoag mkh bfrazfgtk tkepfrdh mkh prfoksf(oudsa pkredgkgtk f tkepfrdh) y mkh ifof mk orkdoagmkh ofgfoaeakgtf (euy ifodhazdmf f maiusf), y mastag-cukg oudtrf odtkcfrds< rkmks kstd`hks kgtrk keprk-

sds (pkredgkgtk y ifodhazdmf), ohustkrs (pkredgkgtky maiusf), prfykotfs agtkr-keprksdradhks (tkepfrdh yifodhazdmf) y ikrads, ofgvkgoafgks y kgoukgtrfs (tke-pfrdh y maiusf).

tastd) y dugquk kh ruefrkf tdeàg skmd, su pdpkh ks ekgfr (ks es mk ag-tkrodeàf mk agifredoag, quk mk of-gfoaeakgtf) y mkorkoakgtk: kg agmus-trads mk `dsk mk ofgfoaeakgtf dgdhta-of, odrdotkrstaods mk skotfrks mk dhtdtkogfhfcd, de`ds takgkg rkhdtavdekg-tk pfof aepfrtdgoad, sa àkg kh odrd dodrd ks dprkoadmf kg rkhdoafgks bfra-zfgtdhks kgtrk agvkstacdmfrks gf haea-tdmds dh phdgf hfodh, pkrf gf bdy agtkr-odeàf mk ofgfoaeakgtf ekmadgtk ru-efrkf agifredh: y kg agmustrads orkd-tavds quk mksodgsdg kg ugd `dsk mkofgfoaeakgtf sae`haof, kg odeàf,tdgtf kh odrd d odrd ofef kh ruef-rkf pukmk skr aepfrtdgtk ofef vd mkagtkrodeàdr ofgfoaeakgtf, y hd prfxa-eamdm rksuhtd gkoksdrad.

_kcg Hdlkgmalj y Hfrkgtzkg (0>>3)y Hfrkgtzkg (0>>3), dugquk kh phdg-tkdeakgtf mkh eureurkf hfodh y of-

gkxag chf`dh su`rdyd hd gkoksamdmmkh ofgfoaeakgtf y rkofgfok kh rakscfmk mkpkgmkr kxohusavdekgtk mk hf hf-odh, khhf gf ks suiaoakgtk, puks sus ae-puhsfrks @dtbkht kt dh.(0>>=)prf-pucgdg quk kh phdgf hfodh f rkcafgdhsarvk ofef ekmadmfr pdrd supkrdr hdsmaiaouhtdmks quk prkskgtd kspkoadh-ekgtk pdrd hds pyeks kh dooksf d

rkmks chf`dhks, y quk kh phdgf hfodhf rkcafgdh dh`krcd tfmf ug ofglugtfmk rkmks agifredhks quk pfsaàhatdg kheureurkf. _kcg hfs trd`dlfs ke-praofs hhkvdmfs d od`f pfr Hfrkgtzkg,hds keprksds sfg odpdoks, sag gkok-samdm mk ekmadmfrks hfodhks f rkcaf-gdhks, mk dookmkr d hds iukgtks mk of-gfoaeakgtf kxtrd-rkcafgdhks, y hds rk-

mks hfodhks kgtrk keprksds dpkgdskxastkg. Mk doukrmf ofg Hfrkgtzkg(0>>3 y 0>>1), kh phdgf hfodh prfvkk


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mk ekrodmfs mk trd`dlf kspkoadhazd-mfs, mk ugavkrsamdmks y ksoukhds to-gaods y mk agstatuoafgks mk dpfyf d hdskeprksds: kh phdgf gdoafgdh sk ke-phkd ekgfs kg hd edyfrd mk hds odtk-cfrds (y gdmd kg d`sfhutf pdrd rkohu-tdeakgtf y ekmafs mk ofeugaodoag):y kh phdgf chf`dh ks kh es aepfrtdg-tk ofef iukgtk mk ofgfoaeakgtf ofgohakgtks, ekmafs mk ofeugaodoag,kgoukgtrfs, ikrads y prfvkkmfrks.

_kcg Effmyssfg kt dh. (0>>2) kAsdjskg (0>>2), hd `dsk mk ofgfoa-

eakgtf prkvdhkoakgtk takgk aephaod-oafgks kspdoadhks. Oudgmf hd `dskmk ofgfoaeakgtf ks sagttaod, sk mk-pkgmk es mk ekodgasefs hfodhksmk eklfrd (rkohutdeakgtf, prfvkkmf-rks y ravdhamdm), eakgtrds quk oudgmfhd `dsk mk ofgfoaeakgtf ks dgdhtaodhfs ohakgtks, sueaga

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