67,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

Kd;Diu

,aw;ifiag; Nghw;wpg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s kdpjd; fw;Wf;nfhz;l NghNj

ehfupfk; njhlq;fptpl;lJ. ehfhpfk; ehs;NjhWk; tsu;e;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

gz;ghL gof;f tof;fq;fSk; khw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. mjdhy; ,aw;ifr;

#oy; khw;wk; ngWtjhy;> mjd; tsq;fs; Fiwa VJthfpwJ.

,iwaUshy; fpilj;j ,aw;ifia khw;whky; mij capu; tho;Tf;F

Vw;gg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; jpwikfNs mwptpayhf tphptilfpd;wd.

mwptpaYk; ehfhpfKk; tsu;e;jhYk;> gz;ghLk; gaDk; vd;Wk;

epiyj;jpUf;fg; ghLgLtNj> ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;thFk;. ,aw;ifr;

#oy; nfl;lhy; tskhd tho;T Nfs;tpf;FwpahfptpLk;.

fhw;wpy; khR

#hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy;capu;f; Nfhs; g+kp. g+kpapy;

gy;tif capu;fs; tho;tjw;F

Vw;w #oy; cs;sJ. ehk;

G+kpapd; mikg;igg; ~gQ;r

g+jk;| vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;

epyk;> ePu;> jP> fhw;W> Mfhak;

vd;Dk; mtw;wpd; $l;L

mikg;gpy;jhd; capu;fs;

Njhd ; w p tho ; f pd ; wd .

ca p u ; fs pd ; tho ;Tf ;F

,d;wpaikahjJ czT. vdpDk; Rthrpj;jy; ,y;yhky; capu;fs; tho

KbahJ. Rthrpj;jYf;Fj; J}a fhw;W Njit. Mdhy; ,d;W fhw;W

msTf;fjpfkhf khR mile;J tUfpwJ.

njhopy; tsj;jhy; ngUfpa njhopw;rhiyg; GifahYk; thfdg;

Nghf;Ftuj;jhy; ntspahFk; GifahYk; fhw;W kpFjpAk; khRgLfpwJ.

,g;Gif Nghjhnjd;W thapdhYk; rpyu; Gif tpLfpd;wdu;. Gif ,iy

68,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

gytifj; jPikfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. mijg; gad;gLj;JNthu; jk; eyj;ijf;

nfLj;Jf;nfhs;tJld; gpwu; eyj;ijAk; nfLf;fpwhu;fs;. fhw;W khrpy;

fye;Js;s fupiaj; jhtu tif vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> gfypy; xspr;Nru;f;if

%yk; ekf;Fj; Njitahd capu; tspia ntsptpLfpwJ. MfNtjhd;

mjpfkhd kuq;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fhLfis mopf;ff;$lhJ

vd;Wk; gpur;rhuk; nra;fpwhu;fs;. fhl;L tsj;ijf; fhg;gjdhy; kl;LNk

ehk; gy ed;ikfisg; ngwyhk;. fhLfs; fhw;iwj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

kio nga;aTk; cjTfpd;wd. epyj;jb ePu;tsk; ngUfTk; kz; mhpg;igj;

jLf;fTk; jhtuq;fs; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wd. J}a;ikahd fhw;Nw

capu;fspd; ey;tho;Tf;Fr; rpwe;j JizahFk;.

~ePH; ,d;wp mikahJ cyF| vd;whu; ts;Stu;. jz;zPu; kf;fSf;F

kl;Lky;y> midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; kpfkpf Kf;fpakhFk;. nrb nfhb

kutiffs; tsuTk; jz;zPu; Njit. cyf cUz;ilapy; Kf;fhy;

ghfj;jpw;FNky; ePuhy; #og;gl;bUe;jhYk; capu; tho;f;iff;Fk; gapu;j;

njhopYf;Fk;gpw gad;fSf;Fk; Njitahd ey;y ePiu kio thapyhfj;jhd;

ngw KbfpwJ. mjpy; xU rpW gFjpiaj;jhd; ehk; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.

kpFjp flypy; fye;J

t Pzhf pwJ . ed ;d P u ;

gw ; whf ;Fiw ekf ;F

Vw;gLfpwJ. ,ij <L

nra;a epyj;jb ePiu

Mo;Jisf; fpzWfs;

mikj;J cwpQ;RfpNwhk;.

,jdhy; epyj;jb ePu ;

tsk; tw;wp tUfpwJ.

fly; ePu; me;j ,lj;jpy;

GFe;J epyj;jb ePiu

khRgLj;JfpwJ. ,uj;j

jhdk; nra;gtu;fs; $l

XusTf;Fj;jhd; FUjp

jhdk; nfhLg;ghu;fs; msTf;F mjpfkhf cwpQ;rpdhy; vd;dthFk;?

kz;zpd; ,aw;ifr; rkepiy rpije;J xU ehspy; epy eLf;fk;$l

Vw;glyhk;.

ePu; khR

69,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

epyk;jhd; ekf;Fj;

Njitahd czTg;nghUs;

cw ; gj ; j piag ; ngUf ;f

cjTfpwJ. kdpjd; jd;

Nguhirahy ; Ntj p

cuq ;fisg ; gad;gLj ;j p

cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fpdhd;.

,jdhy; tpisepyk; jd;

,ay;G nfl;lJ. tptrha

cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Jizepd;w

Ez ;Za p u ; fs ; mo pe ;J

Nghapd. kz;GOf;fs; ,d

tsu;r;rp ,y;yhky; mope;jd. kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F cjTk; tz;L tiffSk;

gwit ,dq;fSk; mope;jd. Nghjhjjw;Fj; njhopw;rhiyfisAk; nghpa

nghpa khl khspiffisAk; fl;bajhy; ey;ytpis epyq;fis ,oe;J

epw;fpNwhk;. mj;Jld; ngUFk; Fg;ig> $of;fopTk; ePu;f;fopTk; vQ;rpAs;s

epyj;ijAk; MWfisAk; khRgLj;jp capu; tho;itf; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;fp

tpl;ld. khRglhjpUf;ff; fliyf;$l ehk; tpl;Litf;ftpy;iy. Vhp

Fsq;fspy; tho;e;j kPdpdKk; gwit ,dKk; fhzhky; Ngha;tpl;ld.

flypYk; ,jd; ghjpg;G njhpaj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.

#hpaf; fjpu; tPr;rpypUe;J cyf capu;fisf; fhj;JtUk; XNrhd;

glyk; rpije;J tUfpwJ. ,jw;F ahu; fhuzk;? ehk; jhd; kdpjd;

ehfhpfj;jpd; ngauhy; jd; tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW rhjdq;fs;

ntspapLk ; er ;R> fhw ;W

kz;lyj ;ij khRgLj ;j p >

NkNy nrd ;W XNrhd ;

glyj;ijr; rpijf;fpwJ.

fhw;wpy; fye;Js;s

fhpg;Gif #hpadpd; fjpu ;

tPr;rhy; g+kpf;Fs; GFk; ntg;gk;

jpUg;gpr; nry;yhky; jLf;fpwJ.

MfNt> g+kpapd; ntg;gepiy

$Lf pwJ . ,jdhy ;

epy khRepy khRepy khRepy khRepy khR

thd;ntsp khR

70,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

Vw;glf;$ba rpy tpisTfisr; nrhy;fpNwd;. JUtg; gFjpfspy; cs;s

gdpg; ghiwfs; cUFk;@ rpijAk;. mit cUFtjhy; flypd; ePu;kl;lk;

caUk;@ g+kpapd; epyg;gFjpfs; rpy flYf;Fs; %o;Fk;. gdpg; ghiwfs;

efu;tjhy; nghpa tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glyhk;. kiyfspd; mbg;gFjpfs;

nehUq;Fk;. mjdhy; epyeLf;f epfo;Tfs; Vw;glyhk;. gUt epiyfs;

khw;wk; milAk;@ mjdhy; chpa fhyj;jpy; ntg;gr; #oy; jhWkhwhff;

flypd; ,aw;ifr; rkepiyiar; rpijf;Fk;.

,itnay;yhk; Nghjhnjd;W ehk; gy;NtW nghOJNghf;Fr;

rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. mtw;why; xypngUfp kdpjdpd; Nfl;Fk;

Mw;wy; rpijfpwJ. ,uitg; gfy;Nghy; khw;Wk; xspnts;sk; ghu;itiag;

ghjpf;fpwJ. nfhR Kjyhdtw;iwj; jpd;wopf;Fk; JhpQ;rpy; Kjyhdit

,utpy; elkhl Kbahj epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ,utpy; czT NjLk;

caphpdq;fs; xsp nts;sj;jhy; mope;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fhLfis

mopg;gjdhy; td tpyq;Ffs; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd. ahid Kjyhd

tpyq;Fs; kf;fs; thOk; gFjpf;Fs; czTk; ePUk; Njbg; GFe;J Nrjk;

tpistpf;fpd;wd. RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhdhy; ,aw;ifr; rkepiy| vd;gJ

nfl;Ltpl;lJ. ,aw;ifr; rkepiy nfLtjhy;> mij <Lnra;a ehk;

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mwptpay; Kaw;rpfs; NkYk; rpf;fiyNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

rkepiyr; rPuopT

kd pj,dKk ; kw ; w

caphpdq;fSk; ,dp cyfpy;

tho Ntz ;Lkhdhy ; ek ;

nry;Kiwfis khw;wpf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if tho;T newp

Kiwfisf ; filg ;g pbf ;f

Ntz;Lk;. ehk; thOk; cyfk;

ek;Kd;Ndhu;fs; ekf;fhf tpl;Lr;

nrd ;wJ vd ;gijAk ; ek ;

rKjhaj ;j pd ; tUq ;fhyr ;

re;jjpapdUf;F chpaJ vd;gijAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if

tsq;fisr; Ruz;b ehrk; nra;tij epWj;jNtz;Lk;. ,Uf;Fk; ePu;

epiyfisg; ghJfhg;gNjhL ngUfptUk; kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;gg; Gjpa

71,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

ePu;epiyfis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. epyj;jb ePiu cwpQ;rp vLg;gij

fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; epyj;jb ePu; tsj;ijg; ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;. XNrhd;

glyj;ijr; rpijf;Fk; nraYf;Ff; fhuzkhd fUtpfspd; gad;ghl;ilf;

Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. epyj;jpNyh> flypNyh cs;s ePu; tho; caphpdq;fisf;

fhg;gw;w Ntz;Lk;@ mit ngUf toptif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fopTfshy;

ejpfSk; fly;fSk; khR gLtijj; jil nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fhw;W khirj; jLg;gNjhL> fpilj;j ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk;

kuq;fisNah nrb nfhbfisNah tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. td tpyq;FfisAk;

gwitfisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. kioiag; ngWtjw;F chpa

newpKiwfisf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhLfisr; rpijg;gij epWj;j

Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; njhif ngUfhky; ,Ug;gjw;Fhpa newpKiwfis

,d> kj NtWghLfis ePf;fp midtUk; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tptrhaj;jpy; gz;ilf; fhyk;Nghy; ,aw;if cuj;ijAk; g+r;rp

nfhy;ypfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fhy;eiltsk; ngUf toptiffis

clNd ifahs Ntz;Lk;. ~msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R| vd;gij

ehk; ,d;W mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,ij khw;wp ,aw;ifahd>

vspikahd tho;itf; filg;gpbg;gjhy; kdpj ,dk; epiwthd tho;itg;

ngw;W ca;Ak;. ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j ,dpa tho;Tf;F ehk; ek;ikj;

jahhpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;Nthkhf! ehKk; tho;Nthk;! ek;ikr;

rhu;e;Js;s gwit ,dq;fs;> tpyq;fpdq;fs;> nrb nfhb ku tiffs;

Kjypatw;iwAk; ghJfhj;J thor; nra;Nthk;!

KbTiu

72,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

fpufpj;jy; gapw;rp

1. capupdq;fs; Njhd;wp tho;tjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; ahit?

2. ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fshy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; ait?

3. #oy; khriltjhy; kdpj tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; vit?

4. #oy; khriltijj; jLg;gjw;fhd cq;fsJ MNyhridfs; vit?

5. kdpjdpd; tpQ;Qhdf; fz;L gpbg;Gfs; #oiy vt;thW

khRgLj;Jfpd;wd?

6. ‘,aw;ifr; rkepiy” vd;gJ ahJ?

nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpr; nraw;ghL

1. ed;dPiug; ghJfhg;Nghk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; xd;iwj;

jahupAq;fs;.

2. ed;dPupd; gad;ghL Vw;gLj;jg; NghFk; tpisTfisAk; mjpypUe;J

kPs;tjw;fhd topKiwfisAk; tpQ;Qhd MrpupaUld; fye;Jiuahb

jfty;fisr; NrfupAq;fs;.

3. ‘#oy; ghJfhg;G” vDk; njhdpg; nghUspy; Mf;fq;fis vOjp>

Rtu;r;rQ;rpifahf tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg; gLj;Jq;fs;.

4. #oypay; ghjpg;Gj; njhlu;ghd ftpijfisr; NrfupAq;fs;.

73,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

nkhop tsk;

njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nkhop

xU njhlu; thf;fpaj;jpy; nrhy;y Ntz;ba tplaj;ij xNu nrhy;ypy;

nghUs; tpsq;FkhW $WtijNa njhlu; nkhopf;F xU nkhop vd;Nghk;.

njhy;nghUs; - Kw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; gz;ghl;il ntspg;

gLj;Jk; Mjhuq;fs;.

njUf;$j;J - njUf;fspy; Nkilapy;yhky; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;>

ehlfq;fs;> ,jpfhr fijfs;> njUf;$j;Jfs;.

nts;sptpoh - ,Ugj;ije;jhtJ Mz;bdpWjpapy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;

tpoh

nghd; tpoh - Ik;gjhtJ Mz;L Kbtpy; vLf;Fk; tpoh

itu tpoh - mWgjhtJ Mz;bWjpapw; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpoh

Nrup - efUf;Fg; Gwj;Nj kf;fs; thOkplk;

ifitj;jpak; - itj;jpaupd; MNyhrid ,y;yhky; ehNk tPl;by;

nra;J nfhs;Sk; itj;jpak; (itj;jpadpd;wp xUtu;

jkJ Neha;f;F jhNk nra;J nfhs;Sk; rpW kUe;J)

fiyf; fsQ;rpak;- fiyj;Jiwfs; gytw;iwAk; gw;wpa jftiy

mfuhjpnahOq;fpNy jUk; E}y;

VfNghfk; - jdf;Nf cupikahf KOg;nghUisAk; mDgtpj;jy

;Xyf;fk; - mj;jhzp kz;lgj;jpy; mikr;ru;> jhidj; jiytu;

mwpQu; Kjypa gupthuj;jpdu; #o murd; ,Uf;Fk;

,Uf;if

ifAiw - murd;> FU> nghpNahu;> Foe;ijfs; MfpNahiuf;

fhzr; nry;Nthu; nfhz;L nry;Yk; cgfhug; nghUs;

ehj;jpfk; - flTs; ,y;iynad thjpLk; nfhs;if

gd;drhiy - ,iy> jio nfhz;L Ntag;gl;l Fbir

74,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

gjpg;Giu - xU E}iy mr;rpl;L ntspapLNthu; me;E}iyg;gw;wp

$Wk; ciu.

RUq;if - epyj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gLk; ,ufrpa top

nts;Nshl;lk; - Gjpjhfr; nra;j Nju;> fg;gy;> Nghd;wtw;iw Kjd;

Kjyhf nrYj;jpg;ghu;j;jy;

Rak;G - xUtuhYk; gilf;fg;glhJ jhNd Njhd;wpaJ.

gapw;rp

Nky; cs;s xU nkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fUj;Js;s thf;fpaq;fshfMf;Ff.

,yf;fzk;

jdptpidabfisf; nfhz;l tpidr; nrhw;fs; jdptpidfshFk;jdptpidabfisf; nfhz;l tpidr; nrhw;fs; jdptpidfshFk;jdptpidabfisf; nfhz;l tpidr; nrhw;fs; jdptpidfshFk;jdptpidabfisf; nfhz;l tpidr; nrhw;fs; jdptpidfshFk;jdptpidabfisf; nfhz;l tpidr; nrhw;fs; jdptpidfshFk;

jdptpid

xU tpidr;nrhy;ypd tpidab gfhg;gjkhf mikAk; NghJ mjidj;

jdptpidab vd;gu;. ,t;thW jdp tpidabiaf; nfhz;l tpidr;

nrhw;fisj; jdptpid vd;Nghk;. jdptpidapd; tpidab gfhg;gjkhf

mikAk;.

cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:- jdptpid tpidab

te;Njd; th

epd;Nwd; epy;

$l;L tpidfs;$l;L tpidfs;$l;L tpidfs;$l;L tpidfs;$l;L tpidfs;

xU tpidr; nrhy;ypd; tpidabfs; gFgjkhf mikAkhapd; mjidf;

$l;L tpid vd;Nghk;.

cjhuzk; tpid tpidab

ifg;gpbj;Njd; ifg;gpb (if + gpb)

je;jpabj;Njd; je;jpab (je;jp + mb)

fhl;bf;nfhLj;Njd; fhl;bf;nfhL (fhl;b + nfhL)

75,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

vr;rtpid

1. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,l tpFjpfisg; ngwhJ vr;rtpid tpFjpfis

ngw;WtUk; tpid vr;rtpid vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:-cjhuzk;:- cz;l> vOJfpd;w> fle;J> Xb> th(,it jpiz>

ghy;> ,l tpFjpfisg; ngwtpy;iy.)

2. xU nrhy;ypd; nghUis czu;j;Jtjw;F gpwpnjhU nrhy;iy mthtp

epw;Fk;. ,t;thW tpidr;nrhw;fs; vr;rtpid vdg;gLk;.

(c(c(c(c(c + k;) k;) k;) k;) k;)

¥¥¥¥¥ cz;lcz;lcz;lcz;lcz;l igad;

¥¥¥¥¥ vOJfpd;wvOJfpd;wvOJfpd;wvOJfpd;wvOJfpd;w ftpij

¥¥¥¥¥ fle;Jfle;Jfle;Jfle;Jfle;J nrd;whd;

¥¥¥¥¥ XbXbXbXbXb tpOe;jhd;

vd;git vr;r tpidfshFk;.

vr;rtpidfs; ,Utifg;gLk;

¥¥¥¥¥ nganur;rk;

¥¥¥¥¥ tpidnar;rk;

nganur;rk;

¥¥¥¥¥ gbj;j è khztp

¥¥¥¥¥ ebj;j è ehlfk;

¥¥¥¥¥ vOjpa è fbjk;

¥¥¥¥¥ Mba è gujk;

76,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> vd;gtw;iw fhl;lhJ thf;fpaj;jpd; nghUs;

Kw;Wg; ngWtjw;Fg; ngau;r;nrhy;iy Ntz;b epw;gJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.

(jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhl;lhJ) thf;fpaj;jpd; nghUs; czu;j;j

tpidr; nrhy;iy Ntz;b epw;gJ tpidnar;rk;; vdg;gLk;.

¥¥¥¥¥ cz;L è kfpo;e;jhd;

¥¥¥¥¥ cyhtp è te;jhd;

¥¥¥¥¥ ghbg; è gofpdhd;

¥¥¥¥¥ vOjp è Kbj;jhd;

gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp

gpd;tUk; tpidr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp ml;ltiziag;gpd;tUk; tpidr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp ml;ltiziag;gpd;tUk; tpidr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp ml;ltiziag;gpd;tUk; tpidr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp ml;ltiziag;gpd;tUk; tpidr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp ml;ltiziag;

g+uzg;gLj;Jf.g+uzg;gLj;Jf.g+uzg;gLj;Jf.g+uzg;gLj;Jf.g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

epd;whd;> fupad;> Ngh> tho;f> ele;J> ghba> Xba> nrd;W> jUf>

el> nghd;dd;> tpOe;jhd;> cz;fpd;whd;> te;j> tUk;> vOj;J>

fUJtij> ey;yd;> vLf;fhjPu;fs;; $Wf> Fjpj;jha;

jdptpid nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk;

tpidnar;rk;tpidnar;rk;tpidnar;rk;tpidnar;rk;tpidnar;rk;