GT cau tao KT

8/14/2019 GT cau tao KT

1/121

Bi ging hc phn Cu to Kin trc

NGUYN NGC BNH ( su tm v bin son ) TRANG 1

CHNG 1

CC B PHN CU TOV H KT CU CHU LC CBN NH DN DNG

1.1 NGHA MN HC:

Cu to kin trc nh dn dng l mn hc nghin cu cc nguyn tc v cc llun cbn nht thit k, ch to cc b phn ca nh nhm tho mn hai mc tiusau:

Tao ra v bc bao che cho cng nng s dng bn trong v bn ngoi ngi nh. Xc nh h kt cu chu lc tng ng vi v bc nu trn.Mn hc ny cn c chc nng gii thiu cc cu to thng dng thng dng,ng thi ch ra hng ci tin, thay i cc cu to theo s pht trin ca khoa

hc k thut v si mi ca hnh thc kin trc.1.2 CC YU TNH HNG N GII PHP CU TO KIN TRC:Sng to ra kin trc l con ngi mong mun to ra mt mi trng sng tt

hn so vi mi trng t nhin. C ngha l khai thc cc mt c li v hn ch ccmt bt li ca mi trng t nhin cng nh ca bn thn con ngi tc ng nmi trng sng m h sng to ra.

Nhng mt bt li ny c th qui thnh hai loi: Do nh hng ca thin nhin. Do nh hng trc tip ca con ngi.1.2.1 nh hng ca thin nhinTrong thin nhin cng trnh lun chu nh hng ca iu kin kh hu t nhin,

lc trng trng, ng t, bo t, cc loi cn trng ... Mc nh hng ln haynh tu theo v tr a l ca tng khu vc xy dng cng trnh. nh hng bt li caiu kin kh hu t nhin gm :

Ch bc x ca mt tri: quo, cng bc x mt tri... Ch gi (tn xut xut hin, tc gi, hng gi...) Ch ma, tuyt.. Ch thu vn, ngp lt

a hnh, a mo a cht cng trnh ( sc chu ti ca nn t, nc ngm, ln, mc ngu ca cu to cc lp t, n nh ca t..)

Mc xm thc ho - sinh ca mi trng. Ngoi ra nhng ni c nhiu cn trng, c bit nh kt cu g cn c bin

php chng mi, mt ,mc, chng s ph hoi ca cn trng.


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Hnh 1.2 Cc nh hngn gii php cu to kin trc nh hng cu thin nhin:1- Bc x mt tri ; 2- Kh hu thi tit; 3- Nc ngm; 4-ngt; 5- Cn trng nh hng ca con ngi6 - Trng lng; 7 - Chn ng; 8- Chy n; 8- Tingn.

1.2.2 nh hng ca con ngi.Khi xy dng cng trnh con ngi to ra cc b phn, cu kin v cc thit b

s dng. R rng nhng b phn v cu kin ny s phi c mt khi lng nht nh.Khi lng chnh l ti trng bn thn v chnh n s to ra cc ngoi lc tc ng

bt li cho cng trnh. Trong kt cu cng trnh ngi ta gi l ti trng thngxuyn.Ti trng bn thn thng bao gm cc b phn nh ca, dng c gia nh vthit b vn phng.

Trong qu trnh s dng do hot ng i li ca con ngi, my mc sinh ra cc

loi chn ng.Trong kt cu cng trnh gi l ti trng tc thi v nhng tc nhnny phi c nghin cu khi thit k kt cu v cu to nh.

Mt khc ho hon trc tip nh hng n an ton tnh mng ca con ngi cnlm nh ca b thiu ri, ph hoi. V vy nhng ni d sinh ra la nh bp, ngkhi, sn khu nh ht.... cn c bin php cu to phng chy.

Ngoi ra nhng ni pht sinh ra ting n: ting t, ting my bay, loa phngthanh... u c nh hng n vic s dng ca con ngi nn cn phi cu to cch m.


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1.3 CC B PHN CU TO CHNH CA NH.

Nh l do cc b phn khc nhau c t hp theo nhng nguyn tc nht nh tothnh. Xt theo qu trnh thi cng i t phn ngm n phn thn v cui cng l mith nh gm cc b phn sau :

Hnh 1.2 Cc b phn cu to nh

1.3.1 Mng v nn nh

Mng l b phn kt cu di cng ca nh nm su di t, chu ton b ti trng

ca nh v truyn ti trng ny xung nn ca mng.Nn nh l b phn ngn cch nh vi mt t t nhin, nh cao hn khi mt t t50mm 3000mm ph thuc vo tnh cht cng trnh v cc qui nh v cao qui hochca tng khu vc xy dng c th.1.3.2 Tng v ct

Tng v ct lm b phn chu lc theo phng thng ng truyn trc tip ti trngxung mng.


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Ngoi ra tng l kt cu bao che lm nhim v phn chia khng gian trn mtphng ngang v bao che nh.

Yu cu: cng ln, cng cao, bn chc v n nh.Tng khng chu lc ti trng no gi l tng t mangTng ngoi phi c kh nng chng c tc dng ca thin nhin nh ma, gi,

bo, bc x mt tri v c kh nng cch m, cch nhit.1.3.3 Sn, gc

Sn l b phn kin trc chia khng gian nh thnh cc tng, sn cn l b phnkt cu chu lc theo phng ngang. Sn ta ln tng hay ct thng qua h thngdm.1.3.4 Cu thang :

Cu thang l b phn giao thng theo chiu thng ng, ni lin cc khng giankhng cng cao . Cu thang cn c xem l mt b phn kt cu lm vic theo

phng ngang.1.3.5 Mi

Mi l phn bn trn cng ca nh. Mi nh va l b phn chu lc ng thi lkt cu bao che v bo v cho cc b phn bn di.

Yu cu: kt cu mi bn lu, khng thm nc, thot nc nhanh v cch nhitcao, c cng ln, cch m, c kh nng chng thm.1.3.6 Ca i, ca s

Ca i dng lin h gia cc phng, ngn cch bn trong v bn ngoi nh, bov an ninh cho ngi nh. Ca s c tc dng ly nh sng v thng gi cho phng. Hthng ca cn c tc dng trang tr cho ngi nh.

Yu cu: cch m, cch nhit, c kh nng phng ho...

1.4 CC H KT CU CHU LC CBN CA NH DN DNGH thng kt cu chu lc ca nh dn dng thng c 3 loi: Kt cu tng chu lc Kt cu khung chu lc Kt cu khng gian chu lc

1.4.1 Kt cu tng xy chu lcKhi nim v h tng xy chu lc l khi ton b ti trng trc khi truyn xung

mng nh phi thng qua kt cu tng.Vt liu ch to tng thng l gch t st nung v c thc thay bng vt

liu khc c cng tnh cht hoc tt hn. B dy ti thiu ca tng l 200mm vdng loi gch c kh nng chu nn ln hn 50kg/cm2.

Phm vi ng dng cho cc nh c s tng 5 tng, B 4m, L6m


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tng cng kh nng chu lc ca tng gch khi tng qu di th cn c btr hoc sn ng bng BTCT cch khong


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1.4.1.2 Tng dc chu lcKhi tng chu lc c b tr theo phng dc nh th chng ta c kt cu tng

dc chu lc.m bo cng ngang ca nh, cch mt khong nht nh phi c b tr

hoc b tr tng ngang dy l tng n nh, thng tn dng tng cu thang lmtng n nh.

u im: Tit kim vt liu v din tch xy dng tng v mng B tr mt bng kin trc linh hot Din tch tng ngang nh, tn dng c kh nng chu lc ca tng ngoi.Khuyt im: Tng ngn gia cc phng tng i mng .Kh nng cch m km. Khng tn dng c tng ngang lm tng thu hi, thay vo phi dng v

ko, bn ko hay dm nghing Do tng dc chu lc nn ca s mhn ch dn n vic thng gi v chiu

sng km. cng ngang ca nh nh.

1.4.1.3 Kt hp tng ngang v tng dc chu lcKhi b tr tng chu lc theo c hai phng ca nh th chng ta c loi kt cu

kt hp tng ngang v dc chu lc. Gii php ny cho php b tr cc phng linhhot, to ra cng tng th ca nh ln song cn lng ph tng mng v khnggian. Pha u gi thng gii quyt theo s tng ngang chu lc, pha cui gi btr tng dc chu lc...1.4.2 Kt cu khung chu lc:

L loi kt cu chu lc trong tt c cc loi ti trng ngang v ng utruyn qua dm xung ct.Cac dm ging v ct thng l loi lin kt cng, kt cukhung c cng khng gian ln, n nh v chu c lc chn ng hn tng chulc. Ngoi ra cn c mt su im khc nh tit kim vt liu, trng lng nh nh,hnh thc kin trc c th nh nhng, b tr phng linh hot, thi cng phc tp v githnh khung ln. Vt liu ch to khung c th l BTCT, Thp, p dng cho cc nhcao tng , cc nh cng cng v cng nghip t tng.1.4.2.1. Khung chu lckhng hon ton (khung khuyt)

Trong cc ngi nh, c bc gian tng i rng hay mt bng phn chia khnggian khng theo mt quy cch nht nh, h thng kt cu ca nh c th lm hnhthc khung khng hon ton chia sn v mi. Ngoi vic li dng tng ngoi chu lc c th dng tng trong hoc ct lm kt cu chu lc. Hnh thc ny mt

bng b tr tng i linh hot nhng lin kt gia tng v dm phc tp, tng vct ln khng u nhng ni t yu, nh hng n cht lng cng trnh.


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. Kt cu khung ngang chu lc: l loi khung m dm chnh ca n nm trn khung ngang ca nh. c im

ca s ny c cng chung ln v th p dng rt hp l cho nhng nh khungnhiu tng,. S khung ngang cng rt hay dng khi cho trng hp khi cn cu tonhng hnh lang hay l gia kiu cnson ( do dm mt tha )

Nh p hay khu ca khung ngang thng thng 6-9m cho nh dn dng, bckhung 3,6-6m cho cc nh b tng ct thp ph bin. Tu theo tnh cht mi lin kt giadm chnh vi ct v ct vi mng m ngi ta phn bit khung cng v khung khp.Khung cng p dng cho trng hp t ng nht ln u, nh chu ti trng ln, caotng. Khung khp hay dng khi nh xy trn t khng ng nht c ln khng u.

. Kt cu khung dc chu lc: l loi khung m dm chnh ca n chy dc theo chiu di nh. So vi khung

ngang cng nh c km hn, nht l v phong ngang ca nh. S ny ch thchhp vi loi nh c khu hp hn 6m. Rt hay gp trong cc nh khung panen lpghp hai khu vi li ct 6x6m ( nh trung hc bnh vin...) vi nh di 5tng. bo m cng ngang cho nh thng phi lm thm dm ph hay li dngsng ng ca panen lin kt cht ch vi dm v ct. u im ca s ny l tn tvt liu, d cu to vng, ban cng, d b tr phng linh hot, dt ng ngxuyn qua sn. Thuc loi khung dc cng c khung cng v khung khp, tu theoc im ca mi lin kt gia dm chnh vi ct v ct vi mng m ngi ta phn

bit khung cng v khung khp.

Hnh 1.4.2 Cc dng nh kt cu khung chu lc

a) khungnh nhiu tng ; b) khung ngang chu lcc) khung dc chu lc: d) khung dc v khung ngang cng chu lc.


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1.4.2.2. Khung chu lchon ton (khung trn)Kt cu chu lc ca nh l dm v ct, tng ch l kt cu bao che .Do tng

c th dng vt liu nh, n nh ch yu ca nh da vo khungVt liu khung thng lm btng ct thp, thp, g. Hnh thc kt cu ny ( tr

khung g) t dng trong cc nh dn dng bnh thng v tn nhiu xi mng v thp,do ch nn dng i vi nh cng cng hoc nh cao tng.1.4.3. Kt cu khng gian chu lc

p dng trong cc nh c khng gian tng i rng nh nh cng nghi p, rpht, nh thi u, b bi c mi.Trong kt cu khng gian th cc b phn kt cu chulc u truyn lc cho nhau cng nh pht huy iu kin lm vic chung trong ckhng gian ba chiu cng h trcho nhau theo hai phng thng gc.

c im: s lm vic ca kt cu hp l v chc kho, vt khu ln, hnhthc kt cu nh nhng, tn t vt liu. Nhng thi cng v cu to phc tp. Kt cungang trong h kt cu khng gian c th ch cn cao khong 1/20-1/30 khu ,(gim 1/2-1/3 khng gian kt cu bnh thng ). Gm cc dng kt cu khng giansau:

V mng Khung khng gian h li thanh khng gian.Kt cu gp np Kt cu hn hp Kt cu kh cng. Vm bn cu Kt cu dy treo

Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu lc Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu lc


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( Cc dng v mng, dy treo, v gp

np )Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu

lc

Khung khng gian v h li thanh khnggian

Khung khng gian v h li thanh khng

gian

Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gianchu lc

Kt cu vm bn cu

Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu lcKt cu dy treo.......

CHNG 2

NN V MNG1. NN (gm nn ca mng 2.1 v nn nh 2.1*)2.1. NN CA MNG2.1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU V NN CA MNG

Nn mng l lp t nm di mng chu ton b hoc phn ln ti trng ca cngtrnh, phn cn li gi l t nn.2.1.2. PHN LOI V TRNG HP P DNG


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Cn c vo ta liu thm d a cht v th nghim cng tnh ton x l nnmng ,t nn chia lm hai loi nn t nhin v nn nhn to.2.1.2.1. Nn tnhin:

Loi t nn c kh nng chu ton b ti trng m khng cn c s gia c ca conngi, c th trc tip lm nn ca cng trnh kin trc th gi l nn thin nhin. Vi loit nn ny vic thi cng sn gin v nhanh hn, gi thnh h, ch cn o rnh mnghoc h mng phng hoc hnh thang hi dc v tri mt lp ct m di mng.

Yu cu ca nn thin nhin:Nn thin nhin cn m bo cc yu cu sau: C ng nht, m bo s ln u trong gii hn cho php S = 8 - 10cm C y d kh nng chu lc: kh nng chu lc ny thng biu hin bng

Kg/cm2 m ngi ta gi l ng sut tnh ton ca t. Khng bnh hng ca nc ngm ph hoi ( nh hin tng xm thc vt

liu mng, hin tng ct chy..) Khng c hin tng t trt, t st (nh hin tng Caxt... ) t nt n hay

nhng hin tng t khng n nh khc.

Hnh 2.1.2.1 Nn mng tnhin

2.1.2.2. Nn nhn to:


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Nn nhn to l loi nn m khi kh nng chu ti ca nn yu, khng tnh nnh v tnh kin c cn phi gia c ca con ngi nng cao cng , sn nhm bo yu cu chu ti t mng xung.

Tu thuc c cu a cht v cc iu kin i cht thu vn, t nn nhn toc gia c theo 5 phng php sau:Phng php nn cht t:

m nn:dng cc loi m hoc tm nng m cht t h mng c thtri thm si, dm tng cng kh nng chu lc ca t nn.C thm nn hi hoc dng nhng tm nng 2-3 tn cho ri t cao 1-4m, hocc th dng xe lu hng nng c th lm cht mt vng t c din tch ln, ivi t ct hoc bi, nn dng cc m rung v nh th s nhanh hn. Ngcli vi t st th khng nn dng phng php chn ng lm cht v hiu qurt thp.

Nn cht bng cc t: p dng cho trung hp m cht t ln t di su,c thc hin bng cch ng l, nh to ra quanh l vng nn cht, tipsau l t c nhi vo l v m cht.

H mc nc ngm: dng bm ht nc t mt h thng ging thu nc hoct h thng ng tiu nc c cu to c bit ng chm kim t trong phmvi ca mc nc ngm sc nn cht li do p lc nn tng ln mt cchtng i, ng thi t cng sc cht thm do p lc ca thung theohng i xung.

Phng php thay t: lp t yu sc bc di i thay bng mt lp tkhc nh si, ct ht va hoc ln. p dng lp t yu trong phm vi khngqu ln vi su nh.Phng php dng ho cht : p dng i vi tng t c kh nng tm thunht nh v bng phng php dng cc vt liu lin kt bm pht vo trong t, nng cao kh nng chu lc ca t, ng thi lm cho t khng thm nc. Phng php ximng ho , st ho v bitum ho : l phng php pht va

ximng vo t gia ct nn ct, t cui si, t nn nt n, ng thi xy dng cc mn chng thm . tng cng nhanh qu trnh ng kt hocng ca dung dch ximng, dng thu tinh lng v clorua canxi, tngcng n nh dng betnt. Ngoi ra cn dng phng php bm bitum nngl bin php ph tr lp nht cc khe nt ln trong cng ngn chn sra ca cc dung dch ximng v st khi tc chy ca nc di t ln.

Phng php Silict ho v nha ho: phng php c p dng gia cv to cc mn chng thm trong cc loat nn c ct, t hong th, v tln t. Thng dng hai dung dch l Silicat natri v clorua canxi cho loi t ch s thm cao, dng mt dung dch Silict Natri cho loi t c h s thm thp.


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Phng php ng cc: dng cc bng g tre, thp hoc btng ct thp c khidng cc ct ng xung t nn lm cho t nn cht hoc do ma st gia ccv t lm cho mc chu ti ca t nn tng thm. Cc chng : l loi cc c ng xuyn qua lp t mm bn trn v trc tip

truyn ti trng ln lp t cng pha di. Cc ma st : l loi cc c ng n v tr lng chng trong lp t mm tcdng ch yu ca cc l lc ma st gia thn cc v t chng cng trnhhoc lm cht t . Trong cc cng trnh dn dng nc ta, thng dng cc tre,trm theo mt trung bnh 25cc /1m2 80 -100mm vi chiu di 2,5m cho cctre v 4-5m cho cc trm.Tc dng ch yu ca ca cc l lc ma st gia thn cc

Hnh 2.1.2.2 Mt sloi cc thng dng

Cc btng ct thp, Cc tho mc


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Phng php in v nhit: l phng php ng dng hin tng in thm tp trung nc m bm ht cho thot lm kh t, ng thi a dung dch hocht vo lm chc t. H mc nc ngm : di tc dng ca lc in thm xut hin khi cho qua

mt dng in 1 chiu trong t nn kh thm v c h s 0,05m/ngy m nht cha nhiu hm lng st hoc t ct bi ch. Nuc ngm sc bmrt cho thot t h thng ging hoc ng chm kim

in thm ho silict: p dng cho nhng loi t c tnh thm nh nhtdnh bn. Di tc dng ca p lc bm pht v hin tng in thm dungdch silict natri c thm vo t nn d dng.

2.1*. NN NH2.1*.1 .KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU CA NN NH2.1*.1.1. Khi nim : l b phn nm trong chu vi ca tng mng v nh cao khimt t t 200 1200, 3000 s thay i ca nn do tnh cht cng trnh (tn. gio,nh nc, ) qui hoch.2.1*.1.2. Yu cu : Nn nh phi dm bo kh nng chu lc, chng c xm thc

mi trng, ph hoi ca cn trng, d lm v sinh v trang tr p

2.1*.2. CU TO NN NH2.1*.2.1. Cu to Nn nh c :

Cu to gm cc b phn.

Mt nn:- o nn: c th l lng va xi mng, va granit, lt gch cimng, gch ch,

gch khm hoc lt g vn ghp pack.

- Kt cu chu lc ca mt nn.

+ BT gch v, 50# = 100200

+ BT dm (46), 50# 100#, = 100 200

+ BT 24 , 50# 100#, = 100 200

+ BT 12 , 50# 100#, = 50150

+ BT mi , , 50# 100#, 50100 Phn p thm: c th s dng vt liu ct, si, t, t cp phi i,hoc

hn h p. Bn trn lp t nguyn th, cc loi vt liu nu trn c

tng lp 20 cm, ti nc m nn k

2.1*.2.2. Cu to Nn nh rng:Khi cng trnh c yu cu chng m cho nn nh nh nn kho lng thc, thc

phm thuc men..v.v..Hoc khi mt nn cao hn mt t t nhin hoc mt t thc


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hin tng i nhiu (60cm), nu lm nn c th khi lng t p s rt ln, tnnhiu cng sc m nn v vn chuyn t Ngi ta c th cu to nn nh rng.

Nn rng c u im ch bo m kh ro, tit kim lp m v khi lng tp.

Cu to nn nh rng khc vi nn nh c l khng c phn p thm thay vo l cc gi chu ti trng ca kt cu chu lc ca mt nn nh tng gch xy cun,tr gch hay tr b tng.

Kt cu chu lc ca mt nn rng c th lm bng g, gch xy cun hoc b tngct thp .

Mt nn bng g:Khi nhp nh, dm c th trc tip gc ln b tngKhi nhp ln, gim chiu di ca nhp th c th tng im gi ta vi cc

tng xy dy 110mm, 220mm, cch khong 1800-2000mm.m bo thng gi tt cho nn rng, cn c l ca thong gi tng ngoi

nhm bo v g v phng m di nn. Ngoi ra cn lu p dng cc bin phpphng chng mi mt cho cc b phn bng g cu to nn.

Mt nn xy gch hoc c b tng ct thp :i vi nn rng xy gch cun th phn trn c th lp b tng gch vv

dng bt st ui c t cch nhau 100cm ghm cht dm xung nn v trncng lt lp g vn sn ( nu o sn c cu to bng g)

i vi nn c b tng ct thp th cu to tng t nh cu to sn nh tnghing. Nu khng gian di nn rng nh, khng thun tin cho vic lp vnkhun th c th dng tng ny gim ngn nhp sn, vi khong cch gia cctng < = 2000mm v st bn b tng ct thp gi ta ln u tng.2.1*.3. NN NH C BIT - NN DCTrong cc nh cng cng nh hi trung, ging ng rp chiu bng... c yu cu

m bo cho khn gi nhn r mn nh, bng vit hoc sn khu, do d cn cu tonn dc. Vi dc 1/10- 1/8 th lm mt nn dc, nu d dc >1/8 th lm nn dt

bc. mt cong ca nn dc l mt cong theo hai chiu, n gin cho vic thi cngdng mt gy

Nn dc cng c cu to theo hai loi: nn c v nn rngNn c : trng hp ny c th b ln khng u d sinh ra cc vt nt gy v

din tch tng i ln v li cu theo mt dc hoc dt bc, do lp b tng cn dy v gia c ct thp . Ngoi ra cn k mch phn nn thnh cc nh v chn nht

bitum ( nha ng) vo khe hphn ny.


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Hnh 2.1*.2.2 Mt snn nh c, rng thng dng

Nn rng: Khi cao mt nn cao hn mt t t nhin >60cm th nn cu tonn dc rng. Tu theo yu cu s dng m bin php cu to nn rng c th chn

theo hai cch. Dng tng hoc khung chu lc chu sn nn khi khng s dng khng

gian di nn dc. Khi cn s dng khng gian di sn nn th phi c bin php cu to chng

thm v chng m.

2.2 MNG2.2.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU2.2.1.1. Khi nim v Mng : l b phn c cu to phn th p nht ca cngtrnh nm ngm di mt t. Thng qua mng, ton b ti trng ca cng trnh ctruyn u xung t nn chu ti. Cc b phn ca mng gm: tng mng, gimng, mng lp m chiu su chn mng.


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Hnh 2.2 Cc b phn ca mng

2.2.1.2. Yu cu:phi kin c, n nh,bn lu v kinh t.Yu cu kin c: i hi mng thit k phi c kch thc ph hp vi yu cu

chu lc, bo m vt liu lm mng v t nn trong trng thi lm vic bnh thng.Yu cu vn nh: i hi mng sau khi xy dng phi ln u trong phm vi

ln cho php , khng c hin tng trt hoc gy nt.Yu cu v bn lu: i hi mng phi bn vng trong sut thi gian s dng. Nh

vy mng phi c vt liu mng, lp bo v mng v su chn mng phi c khnng chng li c s ph hoi ca nc ngm, nc mn v cc tc hi xm thc

khc. Nc ngm thng thay i theo kh hu v thi tit vi nc ln xung. Do khi t mng ln trn nn t c v tr nc ngm thay i tng i ln, tt nht lt y mng di cao thp nht ca mc nc ngm.2.2.2. Phn loi2.2.2.1.Phn theo vt liu:

Mng cng: Mng c cu to vi vt liu chu lc nn n thun nh mnggch, mng khi hc, mng b tng hc, mng b tng. Theo qui c ts gia chiu cao khi mng vi chiu rng >1/3 v ti trng tc ng t trnxung, sau khi truyn qua mng cng sc phn phi li trn t nn. Loi

mng ny c dng ni nc ngm di su. Mng mm: Mng c cu to vi vt liu chu lc ko, nn v un. Ti

trng tc ng trn nh mng bao nhiu th dui y vn by nhiu. Mngmm bin dng gn nh nn, khng lm nhim v phn phi li p lc. Mng

b tng ct thp l loi mng va b bin dng kh nhiu li va c kh nngphn b li p lc trn t nn, c cng cao, chng xm thc tt. Cu to


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theo yu cu to hnh bt k, tit kim vt liu, thi cng nhanh khi dng gii phpthi cng lp ghp.

2.2.2.2.Theo hnh thc chu lc: Mng chiu ti ng tm: L loi mng bo m hng truyn lc thng ng

t trn xung trung vo phn trung tm ca y mng p ng c yu cuchu lc tt nht cng s phn phi lc u di y mng.

Mng chu ti lch: Hp lc cc ti trng khng i qua trng tm ca mtphng y mng , loi mng c kt cu phc tp. p dng i vi mng v trc bit nhkhe ln, gia nh c v nh mi.

Hnh 2.2.2.2 Cc mng chu ti ng tm v lch tm

2.2.2.3. Theo hnh dng mng: Mng ct ( mng c lp, mng n )L loi mng ring bit di chn ct ( vi nh c kt cu khung chu lc ) hoc

chn tng ( vi nh c kt cu tng chu lc ) , chiu ti trng tp trung. Gi mngc ch to theo khi tr, thp ct, git cp, vi vt liu bng gch, , b tng hoc btng ct thp

Dng mng tr c th gim sc lao ng, bt vic o t v tit kim vt liu sovi dng mng bng. Hnh dng th tu theo vt liu v cc nhn t khc m chn.Thng thng ngi ta mng tr c y vung hoc hnh ch nht.


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Hnh 2.2.2.3 Cc dng mng ctc lp

Mng bng:L loi mng chy di dc di chn tng hoc to thnh dy di lin kt cc

chn ct, truyn ti trng tng i u thnh dy di lin kt cc chn ct, truyn titrng tng i u dn xung nn.

Chiu di ca mng rt di so vi chiu rng ca n. Mt ct loi mng nythng c hnh ch nht, hnh thanh hoc hnh git cp, cc loi mng trn thngdng cho cc nh dn dng t tng c ti trng khng ln lm v khi t c cng ln. Nu nh t tng c ti trng khng ln lm v t c cng trung bnh ththng dng nht l l loi mng c mt ct hnh thang v hnh git cp.

Loi mng bng vi ct chn su dng khi lp t yu qu dy v khi nh cn ccu to tng hm.

Hnh 2.2.2.3 Cc hnh thc mng bng

Mng b: Khi ti trong ca cng trnh qu ln v b rng ca cc y mngct hoc mng bng gn st nhau gy nn hin tng chng p sut trong tnn th c th lin kt cc mng vi nhau thnh mt mng gi l mng b. Din


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tch y mng b bng din tch xy dng Mt s nh nhiu tng hng chc hiu qu chn ng tng i ln hoc s ln khng u, vi yu cu mngc cng v cng cao th mng b c th c phm vi p dng rt ln.Mng c th thit k kiu c dm sn vi dm sn c b tr theo khongcch nht nh cho c hai chiu hoc khng c dm sn.

Hnh 2.2.2.3 Mng b

Mng cc: i vi nn t yu phi chiu ti trng ln ca cng trnh m vicgia c v ci to nn t kh khn lm tng gi thnh cng trnh, ngi tathng dng mng cc. Mng cc gm c cc v i cc. Cn c vo c tnhlm vic ca cc trong t ngi ta chia mng cc ra lm hai loi: mng ccchng v mng cc ma st.

Mng cc chng c dng trong trng hp di lp t yu l lp trn () u di cc ng cht vo lp t rn v truyn ti trng vo n. Nnmng cc chng khng b ln hoc ln khng ng k. Trng hp lp t rnqu su ngi ta dng cc ma st thay cho cc chng, cc ma st truyn titrng cng trnh vo t qua lc ma st gia t v b mt ca cc.

Mng cc trong nhiu trng hp thung dng tre g v d sn xut v thi

cng.Trong thi cng khng u ct nh ln khi mc nc ngm thp nht trnh hin tng cc b mc.

Mng cc b tng t hn cc tre, g, dung cho cng trnh c ti trng lnv bn vng cao. cc b tng khng ph thuc vo mc nc ngm nnc dngvo nhng ni c mc nc ngm thay i chnh lch nhiu.Dng


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mng cc cho php gim khi lng t o mng khong85%, b tng 35-40% t gi thnh ca mng cc c th hc 35%. (Hnh 2.17)

2.2.2.4. Phn theo phng php thi cng: Mng nng : loi mng c xy hay c trong h mng o ton b vi

chiu su chn mng < 5m. p dng cho cc cng trnh kin trc nh hoc trnt nn c sc chu ti cao ngay trn mt Hnh thc mng c ng dngtrong trng hp ny thng l mng bng mng chic , mng b.

Mng su: Loi mng khi thc hin th khng cn o hoc cho mt phnh mng v s dng gii php cu to chuyn ti trng t trn xung thngqua mng vo lng t nn, t chiu su thit k nh nh gii php mng trncc, mng trn ging chm. p dng trong trng hp ti trng cng trnhtng i ln m lp t nn chu ti li di su.

Mng di nc:Mng sc thc hin trong vng t ngp nc nhao,h, sng, rch, bin. Phng php tin hnh thc hin loi mng ny l xydng nhng bvy kn nc bao quanh v tr mng cng trnh bm thotnc lm kh khi thi cng mng.

2.2.3. Cc b phn ca mng:2.2.3.1. Tng mng : l b phn c tc dng truyn lc t trn xung chng lc

p ca nn nh hoc lc y ngang ca khi t v nc ngm bao quanh tngngm. Tng mng thng c cu to dy hn tng nh nn nh ra hn chntng nh, to cm gic chc chn v b th cho nh, v iu chnh sai s trong qutrnh thi cng cc phn cng trnh.

2.2.3.2. Gi mng : l b phn chu lc chnh ca mng c cu to theo titdin ch nht hoc hnh thp hay dc bc nhm tc dng gim p sut truyn ti nmng. ng thi vi yu cu y mng phi m rng hn so nhiu vi phn cngtrnh tip xc vi mng v cng ca t nn thng nh hn nhiu so vi vt liuxy dng cng trnh

2.2.3.3. mng : l lp git cui cng ca gi mng tip xc nm ngang giamng v m mng.

2.2.3.4 Lp m: lp c tc dng lm chn , lm phng nhm phn u p sutdi y mng.Vt liu c dng l b tng gch vhoc c mc 25#, 50#, 75#dy 10cm-15cm hoc l lp ct m cht.

2.2.3.5. Chiu su mng ngm trong t : l khong cch ty mng ti mtt thin nhin hoc mt t thc hin. Tr sc chn s tu thuc tnh hnh t ai,tnh cht ca nc ngm, kh hu, lc tc ng t ngoi , c im ca bn thn cngtrnh, kt cu mng v phng php thi cng cng tnh trng ca cc cng trnh k cnnu c.

2.2.4. Cu to cc loi mng thng dng:


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2.2.4.1. Mng gch:Mng gch l loi ph bin nht v thch hp k thut xy dng ph thng v s

dng loi vt liu r tin, c nhiu cc a phng.Mng gch c s dng hp l khi chiu rng mng nh hn 1500mm. Dng

gch c c cng 75kg/1cm2 c kch thc 220x105x55, ph hp vi kchthc vin gch va lin kt ng v ngang dy 10. Va lin kt l va ximng ctvng 1:4 hoc 1:3 ( cho nh cp II hoc cp III ) hoc t l 1:5-1:6 cho nh cp IV

mng thng c xy 3 lp gch dy 210. ni kh ro th c th dng btng gch vhoc b tng dm dy 150-300mmm mc 50-100 (thng dy 200).y lt ct m cht dy 50-100 hoc b tng gch vdy 100 mc 50.

Khi thit k mng ta cn c cc s liu : Chiu rng y mng: Bm Chiu cao mng: Hm Chiu dy tng : bt

Mng i xng:Khi thit k mng i xng cn lu cc cp git Chiu rng cp di so vi cp trn cng nh chiu cao ca cp Chiu cao: l bi s ca 70 chn gch (70=60+10) Cc git bc thng thng: 70-140 ....70-140-210.

Mng lch tm:Khi thit k mng lch tm cn lu cc cp git Chiu rng cp di so vi cp trn cng nh chiu cao ca cp Chiu cao: l bi s ca 70 chn gch (70=60+10) Cc git bc thng thng: 140 -210-210...., 210.


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Hnh 2.2.4.1 Cc dng mng gch

2.2.4.2. Mng hc: mng hc l loi ph bin dng trong nh dn dngthp tng nht l nhng ni c nhiu .

Do kch thc ca khng u nhau cho nn b dy ca c mng 400mm. ivi mng ct b dy ca c mng 600mm. chiu rng git bc bng chiu cao bcgit (b/h=1/2). chiu cao bc git thng ly 350-600mm

Khi xy cn ch cc mch va ngang phi cng nm trn mt mt phng ngang ,trnh chn nhau khi chu lc, mch va ng khng c trng nhau trnh bnt theo chiu ng,. cong v dy khng c dng v d b gy, gp lm tht chiu lm xung di vin n nh, mch va khng nn dy qu. Vi hc mch va xy l 30, va thng dng va ximng ct 1:4.

Lp m thng l ct m cht dy 5-10cm hoc l lp b tng gch v,b tng dm 15-30cm tu theo nn tnh hnh mng.


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Hnh 2.2.4.2 Cc dng mng hc v mng hn hp gch

2.2.4.3. Mng btng: mng b tng ni chung dng xi mng lm vt liu lin ktv dng nhng ct liu khc nhau nh dm, si , ct , gch v... to thnh. i vinhng ngi nh c ti trng ln hoc mng su u c th dng mng b tng. Gccng c tht 450, gc cng l gc m rng ca gi mng ( gc to bi ngnghing mrng gi mng vi ng nm ngang ).

Hnh dng mng btng thng hnh thang hoc git cp . Khi chiu cao mng t400-1000mm th chn hnh git cp. i vi mng b tng c th tch c th tch lnhn nh mng ca thit b loi ln ca kin trc cng nghip th c th thm hcvo b tng gi l btng hc. Tng th tch hc c th chim 30-50% tng thtch ca mng, nh th c th tit kim c ximng.

Kch thc mi vin hc dng trong btng hc cng khng c vt qu1/3 chiu rng ca mng, ng knh ca n cng khng c vt qu 300mm,khong trng gia nhng vin hc khng nh hn 40mm.

Lp m mng thng l lp ct dy 5 - 10cm

Hnh 2.2.4.3 Mng btng


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2.2.4.4. Mng btng ct thp: l loi mng c lm bng btng ct thp, c khnng chu un tt ( nn v ko). p dng cho cng trnh c ti trng ln, nh nhiutng, ni t xu. tit kim c th ch btng ct thp phn thn mng, cn

pha trn xy gch hoc . Hnh dng mt ct ca mng btng ct thp cng khngb hn ch, c th hnh ch nht, hnh thang ( thng dng).

i vi nhng ni t rn tt, c th khng cn lp m mng hay c chng nacng ch l mt lp ct m cht dy 5cm lm phng y mng. Nhng ni dt yuth cn c lp m btng gch vdy 100 mc 50 hoc btng 4x6 mc 100.2.2.5. Mng ti cc v trc bit :2.2.5.1. Mng khe ln:i vi nhng cng trnh dy hn 30m hoc t hp nhiu khicng trnh c cao khc nhau, ti trng khc nhau th phi lm khe ln. Khe ln chiacng trnh ra lm cc phn c lp t mng n mi phng ln khng u gy

ph hoi cng trnh. Khe ln l khe cu to chng li kh nng nt, gy kt cu cngtrnh do ln khng u.

Khe ln c thit k trong cc trng hp: Cng trnh qu di vt 40m T hp nhiu cng trnh c cao khc nhau, chnh nhau >10m. Ti trng cng trnh phn b khc nhau Nn t yu c ln khc nhau V tr tip gip gia nh c v nh miMng phi tch ra thnh 2 phn ring vi chiu rng ca khe l 2-3cm. Nhng

cng trnh c chiu di ln th phi tch ra tng on 20-30m.Mng khe ln c 2 dng chnh:

Kiu thng thng (khi ti trng nh, mng c hnh thc l mng lch tm) Kiu con sn ( v tr gia nh c v nh mi, mng mi v c tch ri

nhau).


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Hnh 2.2.5.1 Mng khe ln

2.2.5.2. Khe nhit (khe co dn): Khe nhit l khe chng li kh nng nt n donh hng ca s thay i nhit .


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Khe nhit c thit k trong cc trng hp: Cng trnh xut hin nhit cc b hoc s dng kt cu khng ng nht ( pha

trn kt cu thp vi b tng hoc thp ) iu kin kh hu chch lch gia ngy v m ln C nhng vng trn mt bng pht sinh nhit ln (l bnh m, kho ng

lnh...)Mng c lm chung khng tch ri, cn t cao mt nn tr ln cc kt cu

ng u tch ri thnh tng phn ring bit. rng ca khe l 2-3cm.Khe co dn v khe ln thng kt hp vi nhau.Gm c mng khe co dn ct v mng khe co dn tng.

Hnh 2.2.5.1Mng khe co dn2.2.5.3. Mng git cp: Khi lm nh tn sn dc th cao y mng khng

cng nm rong mt mt phng m nm theo hnh bc thang. dc khc nhau th th gitcp khc nhau.

Trng hp t c st nh, nu cao git cp mng khng nh hn360mm v khng ln hn 500 di c p git ln hn 1000mm th git c p thngthng.Trng hp t c st nh , nu cao git cp mng 500mm th git

cp cao


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Hnh 2.2.5.3 Mng git cp

2.2.5.4. Mng xy cun vm: Khi mng phi xy qua cc h nh h ao, mngrnh th tu theo h to hay h nh ngi ta c cch gii quyt khc nhau:H nh t 1000-3000mm th vt sch bn ct m cht ri xy tng ln trn,

tu trng hp c th c th xy thm hoc gc dm btng ct thp h2.32mH ln hn 3000 mm dng mng c lp, xy cun hoc gc dm b tng ct thp

Hnh 2.2.5.4 Mng xy cun vm2.2.6. Cc bin php chng thm cho tng mng.

2.2.6.1. Chng m cho tng: mng nh lun lun m do nc trong t dn lnlm m tng, mt tng b ph hoi, va trt b bong v nh hng ti iu kin vsinh trong nh.V vy phi chng m cho tng bng cch lng mt lp va ximngmc 75 dy 20 mt c mng tip gip vi tng nh. Nu c dm c mng bng

btng ct thp th khng cn lng va ximng na.2.2.6.2. Chng thm cho cng trnh ngm:

Thng thng trong cc cng trnh lm tng hm hoc cc b cha th cn phi xl chng thm tu mc cn thit v trng hp c th.


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Trng hp mc nc ngm di nn tng hm: trt va ximng mc 75,dy 25 mt trong v nn tng hm. Trt lm hai lp ;lp th nht dy 15 ckh nng c kha qu trm i kh , l p th hai dy .Tng yu cu chngthm cao hn, c th phi trong mt lp btng chng thm dy 40, mc200, pha ngoi p t st dy t 300-400

Hnh 2.2.6.1 Chngm cho

tngHnh 2.2.6.2 Cc gii php chngm cho tng

hm khi mc nc ngm th p hoc ngang tng

hm Trng hp mc nc ngm cao hn nn tng hm: lm h thp mc nc

ngm bng cch lm h thu nc, ng thi pha ngoi p t st, pha trong

trt hai lp v ximng dy 250 v btng ct thp dy 40 mc 200 .C cc cch gii quyt nh sau:

Hnh 2.2.6.2 Cc gii php chngm cho tng hm khi mc nc ngm

cao hn tng hm


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Hnh 2.31 Cch gii quyt thot nc v ly sng cho ca stng hm


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CHNG 3TNG V VCH NGN

3.1. KHI NIM CHUNGTng l b phn quan trng trong cng trnh kin trc n c chc nng khng nhng

l kt cu bao che, ngn cch gia cc khng gian m cn l kt cu chu lc trong nhngcng trnh tng chu lc. Ch yu chu nn, ngoi ra cn chu cc lc y ngang ca gi

bo.Tng chim khi lng vt liu tng i ln, thng oc xy bng gch,

hay btng ct thp .B dy ca tng ph thuc vo chiu cao , ti trng cng trnh,vt liu v hnh thc kt cu.3.2.CC YU CU CA TNG

Trong kt cu nh dn dng tng chim vo khong 40-65% trng lng vt liuton nh, gi thnh chim khong 20-40% gi thnh ca nh. Do vic chn vt liulm tng cn hp l, phng php cu to ng cch ng vai tr quan trng lmgim gi thnh ca nh.

Cn c vo v tr v tc dng ca tng, thit k tng cn tho mn cc yu cusau:

Cng chu lc: tng quan vi chiu di tng m bo chu lc: Trnglng bn thn tng, trng lng sn v mi truyn xung tng. Chu lcy ngang ca gi, bo, chn ng trong v ngoi nh.

bn v cng :Tng quan vi mc ca vt liu sc chu ti ca nn tv mng tng, chiu cao, chiu dy v chiu di ca tng, ng thi cngcn tng quan n k thut thi cng, kiu cch sp xp khi xy v mch va

bo m tnh ton ca tng. Kh nng chu lcca tng cn c tng cng bng lanh t, ging tng, tr

tngCn c vo yu cu s dng v qiu lut thay i nhit , chn vt liu xy

dng b dy v cch cu to tng bo m tng khng b rn nt khi gp thi titbt li, v trong nh vo ma ng m, ma h mt.

Cn c yu cu s dng m ch gii php cu to loi tng cch m vi vt liuv vt liu xy dng. Bo m ngn ting n t ngoi vo nh, gia cc phng vinhau, tho mn nhu cu ngh ngi, yn tnh trong sinh hot ca con ngi. i vi cccng trnh biu din nh nh ht, rp chiu phim, phng ho nhc, yu cu thit kcch m cho tng cng quan trng v phc tp.( trong nh dn dngtng thngxy dy 22cm c kh nng cch m 50 xiben, tng 110 kh nng cch m ctht 30 xiben.


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Tng ngoi nh bo m khng cho nc ma thm qua. Tng cho khu v sinhv tng hm phi c bin php chng m, chng thm tt hn.

Tu theo bc chu la ca cng trnh v yeu cu s dng m cu to tng phngho vi khong cch , vt liu thch hp.

tho mn yu cu tin nghi v m quan trong cng trnh kin trc ngy cngcao, cc thit bng ng phc v ( hi t, in , nc, v sinh..) cn nm bntrong tng, do i hi tng phi cng v rng t ng.

S dng vt liu hp l c kh nng cng nghip ho v thi cng cgii ho.Vtliu lm tng nn chn vt liu nh, nh vy gim c trng lng bn thn, titkim vt liu, gim gi thnh v bt sc lao ng - Phng chm s dng vt liu cachng ta l: trng lng nh, cng cao,dng ph liu nh my, vt liu a

phng, tit kim thp.

Hnh 3.1 Tng nh Hnh 3.4 Kch thc vin gch3.3. PHN LOI TNG.

Phn loi tng c nhiu cch nh da vo hnh thc, hoc theo cng nng hay theob dy ca tng phn loi, nhng thng thng ngi ta phn lai tng theo mycch:


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3.3.1.Theo v tr: Tng trong nh ngn chia khng gian trong nh hoc chu lc. Tng ngoi nh bao che, ngn ma, gi, cch nhit, cch m..hoc chu

lc3.3.2. Theo vt liu xy dng:

Tng t: cn gi l tng trnh, dng t c thnh tng Tng : dng nhng phin gia cng hoc cha gia cng xy tng. Tng gch: dng gch t nung, gch silict, gch latarit, gch x, gch

btng... xy tng. Tng btng ct thp: c th dng nhng tm btng ct thp c sn hoc

ti ch lm tng.3.3.3. Theo phng php thi cng:

C th chia thnh my loi: Tng xy: dng va lin kt cc vin gch li vi nhau bng phng php th

cng thnh tng (tng gch, tng ) Tng ton khi: dng cppha b tng ti ch hoc p t lm tng

trnh Tng lp ghp: ch to ti cng xng hay ti cng trng cc tm ( to hay

nh tu theo thit k) v dng cgii hoc bn cgii lp thnh tng, linkt gia cc tm tng c th l hn, bulng hoc ton khi.

3.4.KCH THC TNG GCH3.4.1. c im:Gch dng xy tng xy tng ph thng nht l gch t st nung ngoi ra cnc gch than x, gch lmit, gch silicat....

Gch t st nung c hai loi:gch my v th cng; Trng lng ring:1600- 2000kg/m2 Kch thc vin gch tiu chun ca Vit Nam: 220 X 105 X 55 Cng chu lc ca gch my :R=75-200kg/cm2 Cng chu lc ca gch th cng :R=35-75kg/cm2Chiu di vin gch tiu chun bng hai ln chiu rng cng vi mch vaChiu rng vin gch tiu chun bng hai ln chiu dy cng vi mch vaChiu rng mch va ca tng gch l 10mm

Va: va xy lin kt gm ct xi mng, v mt lng nc thch hp3.4.2. Kch thc cbn ca tng gch:3.4.2.1. Chiu dy ca tng gch:

Yu cu chu lc: bo m uc yu cu chu lc c tng khi thit k chiudy ca tng cn da vo:

Tnh cht v ln ca ti trng tc dng ln tng


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Kch thc ca cc ca v khong cch cc ca trn tng Kt hp yu cu cch m, cch nhit v phng ho ca tng.Phm vi sdng:Chiu dy ca tng gch ly chiu dy ca vin gch lm tiu chun. Ta c kch

thc ca cc loi tng khc nhau ( cha k chiu dy mch va khong 10 mm) Tng khng chu lc :

o Tng 1/4 gch : dy 60 mm (55) ( cch ngn ,bao che)o Tng 1/2 gch : dy 110 mm (105)o ( tng ngn, bao che, trm lp nh khung, tng nh mt tng.)

Tng chu lco Tng 1 gch : dy 220 mm (105+10+105)(tng chu lc ca nh 1 tng v tng th 3 trln ca nh nhiu tng)o Tng gch ri : dy 335 mm (220 +105+10) ( tng chu lc ca

nh nhiu tng)o Tng 2 gch : dy 450 mm (220 +10+ 220)Trong nh dn dng, chiu dy ca tng gch ph thng l 220 hoc 110

3.4.2.2. Chiu di tng gch: n x ( kt vin gch + mch va )3.4.2.3. Chiu cao ca tng :

Quyt nh bi n nh ca tng v c lin quan ti chiu dy ca tngo Tng 60 :cao 1,2 mo Tng 110 :cao 1,5 2,5 mo Tng 220 :cao 3 4 m

Ch :

Tng 55 xy cao 1,2 m , nu xy di hn 2mm th phi c b tr gch, g, hocbtng ct thp, ti v tr tip gip vi ct tng cng phi b tr ru.thp 6 v dngva ximng mc cao xy.

Tng 110 3 m, nu xy di hn 3m phi lm kt cu ngang ging tngTng 220 4 m, nu xy di hn 4m phi lm kt cu ngang ging tng

3.4.3.3. Kiu cch xy tng gch:Nguyn tc:Khi xy tng cn m bo cc nguyn tc.B mt chiu lc ca tng phi thng gc vi hng truyn lcVt liu xy phi: ngang bng, thng ng, mt phng, gc vung. Mc va phi

dng theo yu cu ca tng lai tng.Mch va ng hng trn khng c trng vi mch ng hng di bo m

tnh an ton v n inh cho tng.Kiu cch sp gch:Vch ngn 55-110 cm


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Tng chu lc 220 330 450 cm

Hnh

3.4.3.3

Kiu

xytng

gch

3.4.4. CC BIN PHP TNG CNG KH NNG CHU LC CATNG

Do yu cu s dng, tng phi c cc l lm ca i, ca s, t cc loing ng , thit b .. cc hin tng ny lm gim kh nng chu lc ca tng nn

phi thit k thm cc b phn nh : Lanh t, ging tng, tr lin tng.


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Tr lin tng , tr gch c lpTr lin tng l mt b phn tng cng kh nng chu lc ca tng Tr lin

tng cng vi tng chu ti trc tip t dn mi hoc dm sn truyn xung.Chiurng v dy thng l bi s ca 1/2 gch, Chiu rng thng1-1/2 gch hoc ln hnGing tng ( xem mc 3.5.2 )

Hnh 3.4.4 Ging tng 3.4.4 Tr lin tng, tr gch c lp

3.5. CC B PHN CA TNG V CU TO CC B PHNTng l kt cu bao che ( ch yu tng ngoi). Ngoi yu cu cch m, phng

ho... cn c yu cu chng li cc tc hi lu di ca thin nhin: ma, gi, nhit .

Cu to tng cn tho mn cc yu cu trn. Do cu to tng cn ch nht ltng ngoi. Tng trong nhng chc bit nh khu v sinh, bp,... cng cn ccu to c bit kh nng lm vic.


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Hnh 3.5 Cc b phn ca tng Hnh 3.5.1B tng3.5.1. B tng.B tng l on thn tng gn vi mt t ( tng mng). y l b phn gn

mt t v vy ngoi nc ma thm theo tng chy xung cn bm t do cc htnc ma ri xung nn bn ln tng v nh hng ca nc ngm lm h tng b

ph hoi v nh hng n m trong nh , trnh tnh trng bt li ny ngi tac bin php cu to bo v thn tng, quanh nh cn lm h thng rnh nc hoch thng nn dc thot nc ma ra ngai cng trnh

B tng lm bng vt liu thng thng nh gch cc loi, tng cng khnng chu lc c th xy dy hn thn tng, to thnh cc gnh ra khi thn tng30-50mm, pha ngoi trt va xi mng. tng thm m quan, bn ngoi c thp

bng , cc tm granito c sn vi cc mu sc khc nhau.B tng lm bng vt liu c kh nng chu lc cao nh cc phin , btng v

btng ct thp. Khi lm vt liu ny b tng c th bng hoc nh hn thn tng3-5cm, lm theo kiu ny c u im thot nc ma tt.

Thm nh v rnh thot nc quanh nh: dn nc ma, nc bn ra xa cng trnh n h thng thot nc chung ni hay

chm.Thng thng rnh thot nc quanh nh c th lm bng , gch, btng, ngoi

lng va ximng mc 75.Ni chung hn ch lm bng gch v gch ngm trong nc


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thi gian lu d b ph hoi v nc bn s thm vo. nhng vng t ma cng cth lm va h dc 5%.

Hnh 3.5.1Thm nh v rnh thot nc

3.5.2. Ging tngL mt kt cu tng cng cng cho tng theo phng ngang

Tc dng ca ging tng Chia chiu cao ca tng trong tng nh ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca

n. Tng cao c 3-4 m th lm mt ging tng To thnh vnh ai kn bao quanh nh nhng v tr tng i d mt n nh Tham gia chu ng chng ln khng u, chng x, chng nt

Ging tng thng c b tr ti v tr ti pha trn l ca s, ca i. ng rac b tr gia chiu cao tng nh l hp l nhng do ging tng chy cng mtct, trong nh li c tng ngn , p, tng cha cc ca nn s khng ng nht

Kch thc ca ging tng: c thit k vi b rng bng b rng tng, chiucao bng 1,2 hng gch ( 70-140 mm)3.5.3.B ca s: Thng lm bng gch xy nghing v nh ra khi tng 5-7cm,thun li cho thot nc v trnh lm bn tng, cng c th xy phng nhng dngva ximng trt phng nc thm vo tng c dc ln hn 1/5. B phnnh ra khi tng c th lm mc nc hoc trt vt, Hia bn c th trt cao hn mt t phng bn. Ngoi ra cch cu to trn cn c th lm bng , btng, kim loi.

Ngch ca i: Ch xa l ca i ngoi nh phng nc ht, gi la votrong nh c lm cao hn nn nh 1-3cm.Gnh ln c th xy bng gchhoc bng va ximng lm gc nhc im qut dn kh


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Hnh 3.5.3 B ca s

Thn tng hai bn l ca.Ca c khun: hai bn bn l ca thng lm phng hoc li, lm .B tr chn

bch st hoc gch, g lin kt khun ca vo tng.Ca khng khun: vng kh hu lnh, hoc do yu cu cch m, Ca khng

khun c th lm thnh ch L hoc ch T nh vy che ma tt, li tng thm kinc, trnh c di ng khi ng m. Kch thc li lm thng rng bng 1/2 gch,dy 1/4 gch.

Hnh 3.5.3 Thn tng phn trn lca.

Hnh 3.5.3 Thn tng phn pha trn lca.3.5.4. Mi ht ( -vng )

Tm che bao gm cc tm chn nng, chn ma trn hoc bn l ca, c my loich yu: Tm chn ngang, ng, Va ngang va ng. Nghin cu kt hp vi vic


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thng thong gi ngoi v bn trong l ca, tu theo s tnh ton ca Vt l kintrc ng thi lm nhim v nh lanh t l phn tng bn trn

Tm chn ngang: thng thng vi hng Nam, ngn tia nng trn xung, c thcu to tm chn c hoc rng.

Tm chn ng thng dng vi hng Ty, Ty Nam, Ty BcTm chn ngang - ng kt hp; Tc dng ca loi ny l ngn c tia nng xin v

trn xung. Thng dng vi hng ng Nam, Ty Nam

Hnh 3.5.4 -vng (Tm che nng)

3.5.5. Lanh t: L b phn kt cu chu lc bn trn l ca s hoc ca i, c tcdng phn tng bn trn. Lanh t c cc loi sau :g, gch cun, gch ct thp,

btng ct thp.

. Lanh t va ng :p dng cho chiu rng l ca l 1200 mm. t gch xy ng theo chiu gch

220 vi cao h 420 mm, vin gch cui hng va phi n su vo tng 2/3 vingch. Ni khu vc cao h phi dng gch v va c cng cao (hnh 1)

. Lanh t va nghing: p dng cho chiu rng l ca l 1500 mm t gch xynghing, vin gch trung tm xy thng ng. Mch va rng nht 20 mm mch


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va nh nht 7 mm. cao va bng 1 gch hoc 1,5 gch . Vin gch ngoi cngnghing 100-200 mm (hnh 2)

. Lanh t gch ct thpp dng cho chiu rng l ca l 2000 mm Trn l ca ph mt lp va xi mng

mc 50 hoc 75 dy 20-30 mm trong t thp 6mm hoc thp bn 20 x 1 mm, c1/2 gch t 1ct thp, hai u n su vo tng 250 v b qup ln hng gch phatrn, sau pha trn dng va xi mng mc 50-75 xy 5-7 hng gch vi cao h 1/4l

. Lanh t cun vmp dng cho chiu rng l ca l = 1500-1800 mm

Hnh cung ca cun vm l mt on cung trn. Nu bn knh bng l ta c cun vnhlc, bn knh bng 1/2l ta c cun vm bn nguyt. cao ca cun bng (1/2-1/12)l , thng thng l 1/8l , t gch xy nghing, mch va rng hp cng trongkhong 7-20mm

Gch xy cun vung gc vi ng p lc. nh cun l vin kho ( vin l).mch va quy v tm, ch ln nht khng ln hn 25, chh nh nht khng nh hn5. Va xy cun dng va ximng mc 50

. Lanh t b tng ct thp :c hai loi ti ch v c snLanh t b tng ct thp ti ch thng c chiu rng bng chiu rng ca

tng. Chiu dy v s lng ct thp trong lanh t do tnh ton quyt nh .Khitng ln hn mt gch th chiu rng ca lanh t khng cn bng chiu rng catng, lc ny lanh t c th lm ch L. Trng hp sn ti ch khi cao calanh t v cao ca sn gn bng nhau th c th kt hp sn v lanh t l mt,

Lanh t btong ct thp lp ghp c u im thi cng nhanh, c th vt c cckhu ln . Tit din ca lanh t thng hnh ch nht ,nhng i khi l ch L chiucao ly theo bi s ca kch thc ( bng chiu dy 2,3,4 vin gch). Lanh t cchn su vo tng 1-1,5 vin gch, nhng khng c nh hn 1/15 chiu rng c.. Lanh t thp :Trng lng nh ,vt c khu ln, thng dng thp hnh, liny t dng v khng cn thit.. vng, vng kt hp lanh t ( mi ht)

L b phn nm pha trn l ca s, ca i c tc dng che nng che mang thi lm nhim v nh lanh t l phn tng bn trn. vng khng a rahn 1200 thng c cu to kiu cngxon.


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Hnh3.5.5 Mt shnh thc Lanh t. Lanh t kt hp ging tng:

Ging tng thng c b tr ti v tr ti pha trn l ca s, ca i .Nu mttrn tng c nhiu l ca m chiu cao ca ging tng cch mp trn ca nh hn


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3.6.1. Tng lan can: l loi tng xy cao t 800 -1000 bo v v trang tr. cth sng to nhiu mu khc nhau. C th xy 220,105 hoc 60, pha trn phi ging btng ct thp.3.6.2. Tng hoa trang tr: l loi tng dng trang tr cc v tr thch hp trongcng trnh, ngoi ra cn dng thng thong3.6.3. Tng gch rng: l loi tng dng gch2,3,4 l xy vch ngn gia cc

bc gian. C tc dng cch nhit, cch m tt, ti trng nh.3.6.4. Tng btng ct thp c sn: c b dy mng, tit kim c din tch, thicng nhanh nhng gi thnh caoL ca ra vo trong ngoi nh cn phi lm mi ht, thng lm bng btng. Khunca lp mp trong tng hoc mp ngoi. Khi khun ca lp mp ngoi thng nn lmgmc nc kt hp vi lanh t hoc mi ht ngn khng cho nc thm vo nh.3.7. CU TO MT TNG

Lp mt tng lm nhim v bo v thn tng nh chng nh hng ca thitit, v cc tc hi vt l ho hc hoc ph hoi khc do con ngi gy ra. Ngoi racn c nhim v trang tr, gi v sinh v cch nhit, cch m cho cng trnh.3.7.1. Mt tng ngoi : Mt tng ngoi c th chia ra lm 3 loi

Mt tng khng trt : xy gch trn khng trt va , lm mch va li hoclm, mt tng yu cu phi xy thng, gch tt, vung hnh sc cnh, khngcong, khng sc m, mch va phng v u. nc ma khng thm voqua mch th lp va xy mc cao 50-75. Lm mch va li hoc lm. pdng cho nh tm hoc nh c yu cu ngh thut cao ,dng gch mc .

Hnh3.7.1Mt tng khng trt Mt tng trt : thng trt 2 lp. Lp th nht c tc dng sb lm phng

mt tng , sau trt lp th hai , tng chiu dy cc lp l 15-20mm. C thtrt thng thng, trt ra hoc granit. i vi trng hp cn chng thmth trt lm hai lp, lp th nht trt va ximng mc 50-75 kha qu trm , ikh ri mi trt l p th hai, sau nh mu bng ximng nguyn cht


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chng thm . thng s dng nhng ni nhmt h rnh, mng nc, s n,khu v sinh , b nc , b pht.

Hnh3.7.1Mt tngp dy

3.7.2. Mt tng trong :Do yu cu v sinh nn dng tng trt va, cn ch my im sau

khu vc c nc nh v sinh,tm,x : dng va ximng mc cao trt cao1600hoc c thp gch trng men chng thm

gc tng : trt va bng xi mng mc cao trnh st m chn tng: trt va xi mng hoc p gch men hay np g

Hnh3.7.2Mt tng trong


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CHNG 4CU TO SN NH

4.1.KHI NIM V YU CU CA SN .4.1.1.Khi nim:

Sn nh l b phn nm ngang c cu to phn khng gian ca nh thnh cctng lu nhm tng din tch s dng cc cao trnh khc nhau trn cng mt dintch xy dng. Sn c coi nh mt sn nm ngang ging gi, lin kt vi ct,dm v tng m bo tnh n nh chung cho ton nh.4.1.2. Yu cu i vi sn

Sn l b phn kt cu ng thi lm hai nhim v chu lc v bao che ca nhnh. L kt cu chu lc, sn chu tt c cc loi ti trng thng xuyn v tm thi tcng ln do trng lng bn thn ca tng vch.

Phng n kt cu sn v loi sn phi da trn csl sn chu oc tt cc tcng chc do ngi i li, do di chuyn vt dng, chuyn dch v vn chuyn hngho, chng chu tc ng xm thc ca axt ,kim ... gim thiu tnh dn nhit vtruyn m, thun tin vic bo qu , v sinh phng c. Do , m bo an ton vs dng tt, cu to sn cn p ng cc yu cu cbn sau:m bo cng :

Ngoi vic sn chu ti trng ca bn thn cng tng vch t trc tip ln sn ,theo yu cu phn chia phng c kt cu chu lc ca sn cn phi sc chu titrng ca con ngi, vt dng gia nh hoc cc thit b my mc phc v con ngi.

Do yu cu sn phi cng v cng, bo m khng b gy, sp gy nguyhim cho con ngi v h hng vt dng c tng trn v tng di.Cch m v cch nhit:

bo m s dng tt, thoi mi, cu to sn phi gii quyt tt vn cch m,cch nhit khi i li , lm vic v ngh ngi cc tng khng bnh hng lnnhau.Chng chy cao :

Vt liu lm sn kh hay khng chy v chu c nhit cao m khng lmbin dng kt cu gy ra mt n nh cc b hay ton b cng trnh.nhng trng hp

khc phi c bin php phng chy thch ng nh cc sn g th cc dm chu lcphi c qut ph lp vt liu kh chy.Chng n mn v chng thm:

Tu theo v tr v tnh cht s dng mi ni m cc yu cu cu to c khc nhaunh: sn nh th nghim ho cht th phi quan tm n gii php chng xm thc: sn


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nh v sinh lun lun tip xc vi nc th cn cu to chng thm, chng m v chumi mn.Kinh t :

Sn l b phn chim kh nhiu kinh ph trong ton b gi thnh nh. i hi snphi nh v c chiu dy cu to ti thiu, phi s dng vt liu hp l v c kh nngc cng nghip ho.M quan v v sinh:

L yu cu khng th thiu nhm m bo s dng v bo tr sn nh l cu tomt sn phi d lm v sinh, khng bm bi v t tnh thm m cao4.2. PHN LOI :4.2.1. Theo gii php kt cu

Theo gii php kt cu ca b phn chu lc sn phn ra ba loi chnh l : sn bn,sn sn v sn khng dm.

Sn bn : l loi ton khi n gin nht . Bn chu lc theo mt phng, vi chs chiu di ln hn hay bng hai ln chiu rng gi l bn k 2 cnh. Khi ch schiu di nh hn hai ln chiu rng, bn chu lc hai phng gi l bn k 4 cnh.

Sn sn : Trong sn sn kt cu chu lc chnh l dm, dm l sn ca snc b tr theo mt hoc hai phung, trn h dm c bn sn c c lin khi vidm hoc bn trn gc cc tm chu lc, panen lp ghp.

Sn dm ton khi c bn k hai cnhSn dm ton khi c bn k bn cnhSn dm kiu cSn dm lp ghp dng panenSn dm bn lp ghp.

Sn khng dm: Trong loi sn ny l cc tm phng c hay rng t trc tip lnct hoc vch cng chu lc. Nhm ny c c sn nm ton khi lp ghp hoc bnlp ghp.4.2.2.Theo vt liu :

Tu theo vt liu dng cu to cc b phn chu lc ca sn ngi ta phn rathnh cc loi:sn g, sn dm thp, sn b tng ct thp hay h.

Trc y cc sn gc p dng rng ri khng ch trong cc nh g m c ccnh xy gch vi s tng bt k. Hin nay ch hay dng trong cc loi nh g hay ccnh gch di bn tng cc a phng c sn g.

So vi sn g, sn btng ct thp c nhng u im hn nn ngy cng c sdng rng ri nht. tu theo bin php thi cng nh, sn btng ct thp li chia ra snton khi v sn lp ghp hoc bn lp ghp.Sn btng lp ghp cho php cng nghipho xy dng cao hn nn phm vi ng dng rng ri hn nhiu so vi sn btng ctthp


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Sn dm thp v chim nhiu vt liu him v gi thnh c nn hin nay t dngtrong xy dng v cc nh dn dng thng thng.4.2.3. Theo bin php thi cng

Sn btng ct thp ton khi: loi sn ny m bo cng ln v lin kt ttcho sn. p dng cho loi nh c mt bng khng theo mt quy tc nht nh hoc cyu cu c bit.

Sn btng ct thp lp ghp: loi sn ny m bo yu cu cng nghip ho snxut v cgii ho thi cng . Kt cu chu lc ca sn c ch to nh my hoccng trng, sau lp ghp vo v tr. Loi sn ny nng cao hiu sut lao ng, tcd thi cng khng b hn ch bi thi tit, tit kim vn khun. Tuy nhin loi sn nykhng c cng bng loi sn ton khi, do cn c bin php gia c nht l nhng v tr lin kt rp ni.

Sn btng ct thp bn lp ghp: loi sn ny c mt phn ton khi, mt phnlp ghp, n tng hp cu nhc im ca c hai loi trn.4.2.4. Theo v tr sdng:

Sn tng hm, tng trt, tng lu.Sn di nc, sn sn thng, ban cng , l giaSn bp, phng v sinhSn phng th nghim, phng m...

4.3. CC B PHN CHNH CA SNSn nh c cu to vi ba b phn chnh :4.3.1. Kt cu chu lc ca sn

Gm dm hoc dn bng g, thp, b tng ct thp v cc cu kin chn knkhong trng gia cc dm, hoc cc tm panen hay cc tm c sn. Ton b sn gcln u tng chu lc hoc khung chu lc v khu s tu thuc vt liu cu tokt cu.4.3.2. o sn: Cu to b mt hon thin t trn kt cu chu lc hoc trn tng cchm hay trn lp chng thm, c thc hin vi vt liu lt mt nh gch, vn g,cht do...4.3.3.Trn sn : B phn c cu to b mt i kt cu chu lc ca sn, nhmmc ch tng cng kh nng cch m, cch nhit lm cho b mt di ca sn c

phng theo yu cu m quan v v sinh. Trn sn trt va xi mng mc 75 dy 1,5-2cm, c thng thm trn nha, trn thch cao, trn btng li thp.v.v.v

Ngoi ra tu theo yu cu s dng m trong kt cu sn cn c b tr xen ln trongcc b phn chnh cc lp nh:

Lp chng thm Lp cch nhit


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Lp cch m Lp cch hi

4.4. CU TO SN B TNG CT THP TON KHI:4.4.1. c im:

Sn btng ct thp ton khi l loi sn c p dng ph bin trong xy dngkin trc dn dng v cng nghip.

u im: Cu to n gin bn chc c ln cng. Kh nng chng chy tt, khng mc nt, t phi bo tr, d tho mn cc yu

cu v v sinh. Vt c khu tng i ln, din tch rng.Nhc im: Sa cha ,ci tin kh. Kh nng cch m khng cao, cn c bin php cch m cho sn theo yu cu. Tn vn khun v sc lao ng, thi gian thi cng chm v chu nh hng ca

thi tit. Ti trng bn thn ln., c th ch to bng b tng nng hoc btng nh (

nh btng keramzit, btng x, btng peclit.v.v..)4.4.2. Phn loi:

4.4.2.1. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn:Sn btng ct thp bn k hai cnh: l loi ton khi n gin nht . Bn chu

lc theo mt phng, vi ch s chiu di ln hn hay bng hai ln chiu rng. Nhpca bn sn nn ly trong khong 2000-3000mm , sn c b dy 60-100mm, c gcsu vo tng ti thiu 120mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho hnh lang, sn nh vsinh hay cc phng c khu nh.

Sn btng ct thp bn k bn cnh: l loi sn m bn sn chu lc theo haiphng, t s chiu di nh hn hai ln chiu rng, nhp ca bn sn nn ly 4000-5000mm sn c b dy khong 80-120mm c gc su vo tng ti thiu 120mm.Loi sn ny thch hp cho sn nh c mt bng gn vung.

Hnh4.4.2 Bn k hai cnh, Bn k bn cnh


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4.4.2.2. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc sn sn :- Sn bn dm ton khiL loi sn c sn gm cc bn v h dm to thnh trn mt bng nhng hnh

ch nht vi t s gia 2 cnh >2Hnh thc bn dm c p dng trong trng hp nhp ca sn tng i ln, nu

dng hnh thc bn th th dy ca bn s ln khng tinh t, do phi thm ccdm gim bt chiu di nhp ca bn.

Vi sn c kt cu theo hnh thc bn dm st c hiu qu kinh t khi sn cnhp trung bnh.Tuy nhin s tn g vn khun hn loi sn thnh thc bn. Mt dica sn khng bng phng v phi lm trn treo khi c yu cu

Theo hnh thc chu lc c th phn thnh 2 loi : Sn 1 h thng dm v Sn 2 hthng dm

Sn mt h dm: p dng khi mt bng sn hp. Cn chn phng chu lc cnhp ca dm ngn nht vi khong cch gia cc dm t 1m n 2.5m. Khi khongcch gia hai dm lin k < 1,2m th ngi ta gi l sn dy sn.

Sn hai h dm :p dng khi mt bng sn rng, s kt cu c xem nh lbn k ln dm ph, dm ph gi ln dm chnh, dm chnh t ln ct hoc tng.

Phng ca h dm oc chn tu thuc vo s b tr chung ca ngi nh v ccyu cu khc.

Khi t dm chnh theo phng dc nh , trn nh v c gian nh c chiu sngtt hn nhng c th phi k mt s dm ph ln phn tng trn ca tng dc,lc cn t lanh t kho chu lc t mt dm ph truyn xung. Trong trnghp t dm chnh theo phng ngang nh lm tng cng ngang ca nh. Khongcch gia cc dm chnh t 4m n 6m.

Ngoi ra khi b tr ct dm trong nh cn quan tm n nhng yu cu sdng ngi nh nh s sp x p dy chuyn sn xut vic s dng khng gian ca

phng c.Trong phm vi mi nhp ca dm chnh c th b tr mt, hai hoc ba dm ph , v

nn xp t dm ph th no cho c mt dm pht theo trc ct. Khong cch giacc dm ph t 1,5m n 3m.

Kch thc tit din dm v bn :Dm chnh : Chiu cao dm ly bng 1/8-1/12chiu di dm

hdc = (1/8-1/15)ldc ; bdc = (1/2-1/3)hdc

Dm ph: Chiu cao dm ly bng 1/15-1/20 chiu di dmhdp = (1/15-1/20)ldp ; bdp = (1/2-1/3)hdp

Bn : Chiu dy bn 6-10 cm tu theo khu bn nh hay ln , 5cm i vi snmi.


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Khi sn k trc ti p ln tng, on k l tng gch l : 120mm i vi bn,220mm i vi dm ph , 340mm i vi dm chnh. Nu b dy tng khng thlm thm b tr. Mt dm chnh phi c c lin ton khi vi ct b tng ct thpt trong tng hoc st tng.

Hnh 4.4.2 Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn dm- Sn c(kt sng):C hai loa sn c: kiu bn k bn cnh v kiu li nh.Sn ckiu bn k bn cnh: L loi sn sn trong dm chnh, dm ph

ly bng nhau v ch gp nhau ca dm ngang dc l cc ct . Li ct thngdng to nn mt mng li vung hay ch nht gn vung vi din tch khng

qu 36m2 .Bn c chiu dy 8-15cm, Loi snn ny c u im to nn mt trn c hdm u p d trang tr hay p dng trong nhng khng gian ln c th b tr ct nhtin snh, khch sn, bnh vin, trung hc..v.v.

Sn kiu li nh: L mt loi sn sn trong cc sn ngang dc ly caobng nhau , to thnh mt li vung t 80cm -2m. Chiu cao cc sn ly bng1/30-1/35l ( bc ct, khu ln ca phng). Bn sn ch dy 5cm v c tm sn tatrc tip ln bn tng hay cc gi ta xung quanh. Sn c th ph trn mt phng cdin tch 60-70m2 m khng cn ct gia , n ch dng khi phng c hnh thcvung hay gn vung c yu cu m quan cao ( v loi sn ny km kinh t hn cc

sn ton khi k trn) sn thi cng phc tp, tn cp pha.Cc sn c tht song song vi cc cnh phng hay t chch 450 so vi cnh

phngCng c th kt hp kiu sn k bn cnh v c ph lp cc phng c din

tch ln bng cch to nn mt li vung vi khong cch cc ct 6-9m v t ct


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ny sang ct kia c dm ni lin. Loi sn ny cng ch p dng trong cc phng nhtin snh, gian trin lm.v.v.

Hnh 4.7 Sn c4.4.2.3. Sn nm : gm mt bn dy c mt bng vung hoc trn c t trn

mt u ct chu lc trung tm bn, ch sn ta vo u ct, ng sut cc b s rtln c thm thng sn, khc phc cu to m ct loe ra theo gc 450, rng 0.2-

0.3 bc ct, Chiu dy bn sn thng ly bng 1/35- 1/40 khong cch ct, thngbng 150-200mm, vi mt s trng hp bn sn c th dy hn, bn sn ta ln mtli ct 6000x6000mm, 8000x8000mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho cng trnh kintrc c mt bng tng i ln nh siu th, chhoc xng ch to.

Loi sn ny c u im mt trn phng, m quan v c kh nng chu lc chnng cng nh ti trng ln. Nhng c nhc im khng tinh t v tn vt liu . Snnp p dng trong trng hp khi sn phi chu ti trng ln hayc yu cu c bit.


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Hnh 4.4b Sn nm

4.5. CU TO MT SN THNG THNG

4.5.1. Mt sn lng :4.5.1.1. Mt sn lng va xi mng ct, nh mu bng xi mng nguyn cht :

Lp mt sn cu to bng hn hp xi mng ct vng 1:2 - 1:3Trn l p b tng ct thp chu lc ca sn ri mt l p cch m bng btng x

hoc btng gch vdy 6-8 cm mc 50, trn lp cch m l lp va lng xi mng ctdy 2-3 cm. ng thi vi vic lng va l nh mu bng xi mng nguyn cht, cth k vung30x30cm hay 40x40cm v khi cn thit ln bu xt chng trn.

u im : Cu to n gin, d thi cng, c kh nng chng thm, ga thnhh, p dng ph bin trong nh dn dng cp II-III.

Nhc im: khng p, khng bn, d rn nt, d sinh bi, khng m bo vsinh v m quan

4.5.1.2. Mt sn trt granit :Cu to tng t mt sn lng va xi mng ct, c lng va granit dy 1-2 cm

(va granit tnh theo trong lng gm: 2 phn cm thch xay c3-8 mm, 1 phnxi mng trng v 1/10 bt mu )


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Tu theo cng tc hon thin, mt sn c hai hnh thc: ra hoc mi. ra c b mt nhm do vic c ra bng bn chi khi lp va tng

i cng cho nhng ht cm thch ni ln trn b mt khng qu 1/3 cht

mi c b mt nhn do vic c mi bng tay hoc bng my sau khi lng 3ngy

Mun cho lp va granit gn cht vo lp lt va xi mng ct bn di th lp ximng ct ny phi c lm nhm bng cch k thnh cc vung hay trm khi va semt

mt sn trnh b nt, cn k vch phn bng cch t np ng hoc km chdy 2mm ln lp lt trc khi lng va granit

u im: Bn, p, sch, d lau chi, chm thm cao, c p dng cho cuthang, hnh lang, ni cng cng, nh tm, nh v sinh, phng th nghim .. ..

Nhc im :Dng nc, gi thnh cao, thi cng phc tap4.5.2. Mt sn nm , ( mdaich ):

Cu to tng t mt sn lng va granit, nhng khng dng hn hp xi mnght m trn lp va xi mng ct lng mt lp xi mng trng hoc c pha mu, ridng nhng vn hay mnh s nh nm gn trn lp ny .

Uu im: Bn, p, sch Nhc im :Gi thnh cao, thi cng phc tp

4.5.3. Mt sn lt : L loi mt sn c cu to vi cc tm nh hay cc vin ghpst li vi nhau. Cc tm lt c th bng nhiu loi vt liu : g, xi mng ct, granito,gm, vt liu tng hp .. .. ..- Mt sn lt gch ximng hay tm granito, gch, gm :

Mt sn ny cu to bng cc vin gch lt mng, kch thc va, mt trn nhn,mt di c gn hay kha d bm vo lp va lin kt.

Khi thi cng ri lp va lt bng xi mng ct 1:3 dy 2 - 2,5cm lin kt ccgch lt vi lp nn sn. Lin kt gia cc tm lt bng xi mng nguyn cht.

Cc loi gch thng dng : Gch xi mng ct c kch thc 20 x 20cm dy 2cm. Gch t nung (gch l nem) kch thc 30 x 30cm dy 3cm. Gch granito kch thc 30x30cm, 40 x40cm dy 2cm. Gch hoa, gch gm , granite. .. ..So vi cc loi mt sn khc, loi ny c nhiu u im nh sch, bn, p, thi

cng nhanh, gi thnh khng cao, chu nc, m tt nn thng c dng.- Mt sn lt gvn ghp :

Vn g c b dy 2,5 - 4cm, chiu rng 10 - 12cm c ghp st vo nhau theomt hng.Yu cu g lm vn ghp phi tt, x l chng mi mt , kh, t vnh.Vn


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khng t trc tip ln sn m phi k trn cc thanh gm hoc dm v lin ktvi n bng inh. Dm c kch thuc 4-6cm x 6-12cm. Khong cnh gia cc dmgm tu theo chiu dy vn g v ti trng s dng bn trn m ly t 50-100cm.

hn ch cc k hv vnh chung ca mt sn, dc cc tm vn nn lmmng rnh theo cc kiu: mng hm li g n, kp, mng hm cht li g, mngghp khp gi hm. chng m, mc cho cu kin ca sn v g cn phi cha khetrng gia tng v dm > 3cm, gia tng v lp vn ph mt sn 1 -2cm. Kheny v sau khi hon thin c che bng gchn tng hoc gc ln.

Cc hnh thc ghp vn : kiu t song song, kiu qu trm, kiu ch nhn, kiuch nht lch ....- Mt sn lt pck :

Pck l gm cc thanh g mng, c kch thc nhc ch to bng loi gcng. Cc thanh pck thng c kch thc hnh ch nht di 15 - 40cm, rng 3 -6cm, dy 1,2 - 1,5cm vi bn m cnh xung quanh u c lm mng rnh lin ktvi nhau thnh mng ln, hn ch hin tng vnh cc b lm cho mt sn gn sng vkhng phng.

C 2 phng php lt pck : Pck lt trn vn th: Vn th c chn khng rng qu 18cm v ghp

nghing 45 so vi dm m, c lt gn st nhau. Pck lin kt vi vnth bng inh, inh phi ng su m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Gilp vn th v pck l lp giy du, di lp vn th l cc g 40x40cmkhong cch bng vin pc k.

Pck lt trn nn cng: lin kt gia pck v nn btng hay cc lpcng, thng dng cc cht dnh xy dng. Nn pck c dn trn lp keo(mttt atplan) dy 2-2,5cm vi mng theo hnh thc cu to c bit c thbm cht vo lp kt cu sn khi kh cng.

4.6. CU TO SN TI MT S V TR C BIT :Mt sn c bit gm mt sn tng hm, tng trt, mt sn khu v sinh, mt sn

cch m cao, mt sn n hi.4.6.1. Mt sn tng hm v tng trt :

Mt sn ny chu nh hng nhiu ca m nn c cu to phc tp.Mt sn tng hm thi cng trc tip trn cc lp nn m khng cn dng cc lp

m cch m, cch nhit. gii quyt vn chng thm tt ln nht la cho cc sn nm gn hay di mc

nc ngm, gia nn v sn c th dng 1 lp ct ht to dy 5 - 7cm hay 1 lp b tng ctthp cch nc ton khi dy 4cm hoc cc va lin kt mt sn bng va chng thmtt.4.6.2. Mt sn khu v sinh :


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Mt sn ny c yu cu chng thm cao, sch, p. m bo yu cu ny, vtliu lm o sn phi cch nc tt nh cc loi gch men chng trn. Hoc trong lpmt sn lm bng ximng ct phi c lp chng thm bng ximng ct vng 1 : 2 dy1-2cm c nh mu v mt sn thng xuyn c nc.

Lp chu lc ca sn cng cn cch nc tt . Nu l sn btng ct thp ton khith cho ngm nc ximng (khong 7 ngy m ) n khi khng cn thy dtna.nc ximng pha trn theo t l 5kg ximng trong 1m3 nc, ngy quy trn 3 ln, bo m mc nc cao 8-10cm

Ch sn tip xc vi tng cng nh cc ng ng k thut nn c be cao ln 15- 20cm, 4 hng gch chn tng t mt sn ln nn xy bng va xi mng ct. Mttng bn cn p gch men hay trt lng n cao 1,2m l ti thiu trnh ncngm qua tng lm m tng. Nu l sn lp ghp th trn lp an hay panen lmthm mt lp btng ct thp chng thm dy 4cm mc 200 c ngm nc ximngnh trn.

Hnh 4.6.2 Mt sn khu v sinh

4.6.3. Mt sn cch m caoNguyn tc cu to sn cch m l phi tm bin php tng cng cch m khng

kh v va chm ca sn. tng cch m khng kh cho sn thng dng bin phpcho thm vt liu cch m vo khong gia sn ng thi phi bt kn cc kh hca


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sn.Vt liu nhi nn bng vt liu c ht m ln ng thi khng qu nh th hiuqu s tt hn nh x, ct ht to, si, bt.v.v.

Cch m va chm thng c hai cch gii quyt :Cch thnht: mt l ch tip xc gia sn v tng, gia sn v tng u c

m chn vt liu n hi nu lp vt liu di sut oc c mt sn th hiu qu cchm ca mt sn cng tt v khng nhng n lm tng cch m va chm m cnnng cao cch m khng kh. Khi cu to kiu ny phi c bit ch n ch tipxc gia phn trn v phn di, ti nn lun m bng vt liu n hi .Vt liun hi cch m c th dng si thu tinh, bng khong cht hay cc tm si gp.v.v.

Cch thhai: l cu to sn thanh hai lp hon ton tch ri nhau, khng c hayrt t ch tip xc vi nhau. cc ch tip xc phi x l cch m va chm.

Hnh 4.6.3 Mt sn cch m cao

4.6.4. Mt sn n hiThng lm bng sn g. Nguyn tc cu to nh sau: mt sn g khng c ta

trc tip ln lp chu lc ca sn m ta ln mt h thng cc n gnh di 1200mm.Cc n gnh ny bng g , cc u mt ch mng 30-40mm v gia dy 80-100mm tu theo n hi cn thit do tnh ton quyt nh , chiu rng n gnh l100mm t cch nhau 400mm ta ln cc sng cng rng 100mm cao 60mm chysong song cch nhau 400mm cc dm chy mt sn ta ln cc n gnh theo cng

phng vi n v cch n bng nhng con ln gn u n. Mt sn bn trn gmhai lp vn mt lp pck gia hai lp c lp giy du. G lm mt sn khng nnlm g qu cng m nn l gn hi , mm.


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Hnh 4.6.4 Mt sn n hi


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CHNG 5CU THANG

5.1. KHI NIM V DC CU THANG, YU CU THIT K CUTHANG

5.1.1. Khi nim.Trong cng trnh kin trc cu thang l phng tin giao thng ln xung gia cc

mt phng nm ngang cn gi l sn nh c cao khc nhau.Cc cng trnh kin trcnhiu tng u phi thit kng giao thng ln xung lin h gia cc tng trong gm: Cu thang thng, thang my, thang t chuyn, ng dc.v.v.

- ng dc: gii hn dc t 0 200. dc t 1:8 trxung lm ng dcthoi.ng dc thoi chim nhiu din tch nn ch s dng mt s cng trnh c

bit nh bnh vin, gara t nhiu tng- Cu thang thng: gii hn c dc t 200 450. Thch hp nht l


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Bo m an ton, c y nh sng khng trn trt. Chu c ti trng khi vn chuyn nhng vt nng v c kh nng chu la ln.

5.2. Phn loi cu thang.5.2.1. Theo chc nng :

Cu thang chnh: thng t cc snh, cc v tr giao thng chnh ca nhc s dng nhiu nht.

Cu thang ph : thng t v tr ph. Cu thang phc v: dng vn chuyn c thc n. Cu thang phong chy: d phng khi c s c ho hon xy ra.

5.2.2. Theo v tr: Cu thang trong nh Cu thang ngoi nh.

5.2.3. Theo hnh dng: Theo hnh dng c th phn ra loi cu thang mt v, cuthang hai v, cu thang ba v, bn v v cc loi cu thang c cc hnh dng khcnhau nh cong, trn, xin.5.2.4. Theo kt cu chu lc:

Thn thang kiu bn chu lc: kt cu ca thn thang l mt tm bn phngt nghing, trn to bc thang hnh tam gic. Bc thang hnh tam gic dng i li thun tin khng c tc dng v kt cu, ngc li lm tng thm titrng ti trng trn thn thang truyn theo hng mi tn n gi ta trn vdi.

Thn thang kiu bn dm chu lc: hai bn thn thang c hai dm nghinoc gi l limng. Nu mt bn ca thn thang da vo tng chi lc th chcn mt dm. Trng lng ca bn thng qua dm nghing truyn ti gi tatrn v di.

5.2.5. Theo vt liu Cu thang b tng ct thp Cu thang xy gch Cu thang thp, g

5.2.6. Theo bin php thi cng Cu thang btng ct thp ton khi c cng v n nh cao, khng b

hn ch bi chun ho ,hnh thc a dng, tho mn mi yu cu thm mca kin trc. Tuy nhin cu thang btng ct thp ton khi tn cp pha,tc thi cng v a vo s dng chm.

Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp gm cc cu kin chu lc th mangn v tr lp ghp.C u im tc thi cng nhanh, p ng c yu cucng nghip ho xy dng, tit kim c vn khun, nng cao cht lngsn phm.


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Hnh 5.2 Cc dng cu thang

5.3. CC B PHN CA CU THANGCu thang gm c hai b phn chnh: thn thang v chiu ngh hoc chiu ti


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Hnh 5.3 Cc b phn ca cu thang

5.3.1. Thn thang5.3.1.1. Khi nim :Thn thang tng t l kt cu nghing, trn c to bc. S bc cu thang khng clin tc qu 18 bc cng khng c di 3 bc trn mt thn thang. Khi vt qu 18

bc cn thit k chiu ngh.Kt cu thn thang c hai kiu: bn v bn dm.Bc thang c th l hnh ch nht , ch L hoc hnh tam gicm bo an ton khi i li trn cu thang, dc thn thang v chiu ngh, ni

tip gip vi khong khng cn lm lan can. Cu kin bn trn lan can dng tahoc vn gi l tay vn.Vi nhng thn thang rng trn 2,7m phc v thot an toncho nhiu ngi cn b sung thm lan can trung gian.5.3.1.2Chiu rng ca thn thang.

Tu thuc v tr:. Tay vn hai bn : 0,6m/n v.Tay vn mt bn, mt bn tng : 0,7m/n v. Tng hai bn : 0,8m/n vTu thuc vo lu lng v s ngi s dng tnh theo v tr sau:


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Hnh 5.3.1 Khong rng cn mtn v ngi i ln i xung

Hnh 5.3.1 Khong rng cn nhiu ngi i ln i xungThng thng i vi cu thang trong nh cng cng ngi ta tnh trung bnh chiurng ca mt n v l 0,5-0,6m .Chiu rng ca thn thang trong cc cng trnh kintrc cng cng cn cn c vo quy phm, s tng, lng ngi i li tnh ton,thng thng rng vo khong 1,4m - 2,0m.


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Trong kin trc nh , cu thang ginh cho mt h s dng rng 0,9m -1,0m,nhiu h s dng 1,1m.

i vi thang leo chiu rng thn thang khong 40-50cm.5.3.1.3. Quan h gia chiu cao v b rng ca bc thang

dc cu thang quyt nh bi t l chiu cao (h) v chiu rng (b) ca bcthang. Chiu cao v chiu rng ca bc thang c quan h mt thit vi chiu di ca

bc i. Bng di y a ra cc chiu cao v cc chiu rng ca bc thang thngdng

Quan h gia chiu cao h v chiu rng b ca bc thang c th biu din bngcng thc : m = 2h + b. Vi m = 590 640 l chiu di trung bnh ca bc i .

Trong cc cng trnh kin trc chiu cao bc trong nh thng dng l 140 200mm v chiu rng 320 220mm tng ng vi dc 200 450 .

Chiu cao ca bc thang thch hp c chiu cao h =150 - 180mm, chiu rng 240 -300mm tng ng vi dc 260 330 .

dc cu thang cn tng quan n cng nng ca cng trnh.

Phn loi Nh Trng hcNh lmvic

Hi trngRp ht

Bnh vin Nh tr

Chiu cao (h) 156 -175

140 - 160 130 - 150 150 120 - 150

Chiu rng(b)

250 -300

280 - 320 300 - 350 300 250 - 280

i vi cu thang i li t ngi, c th lm hi dc mt t.h / b = 170 / 260 mmh / b = 175 / 250 mm

Thm ch h / b = 200 / 200 mm ( tng ng 450)

Hnh 5.3.1.3 Quan h gia chiu rngb v chiu cao h

5.3.2. Chiu ngh.


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5.3.2.1. Khi nimChiu ngh l b phn trung gian ni lin cc thn thang, l ni dng ngh chn

v thay i hng iChiu rng ca chiu ngh khng c nh hn chiu rng ca thn thang, ng

thi cn m bo vn chuyn cc dng ln c d dng.Kt cu ca chiu ngh tng t nh mt sn, c hnh thc bn dm.Dm ny l

gi ta ca chiu ngh tng t nh mt sn, cng l gi ta ca thn thang .Cc bphn ca chiu ngh c th k ln tng chu lc hoc ct dm.

i vi cu thang dng ch yu cho thot ngi, ch chiu ngh khng cthit k cc bc hnh r qut.5.3.2.2. Kch thc chiu ngh

bo m i li thun tin v khng bng ngi, chiu rng ca chiu ngh chiu rng thn thang. i vi cu thang mt v trnh hin tng dm chn v l

bc th chiu rng ca chiu ngh > 3ln chiu rng bc thang. hoc chiu rng thnthang c thoc tnh theo cng thc:

L = n ( 2h + b) + b. ( n l s bc ti chiu ngh )Ch : ti chiu ti c cha khng cch iu ho c tc dng ngi i li khu

cu thang v hnh lang khng chm nhau. Khong cch iu ho oc tnh t mpngoi ca bc tng cho dn mp u tin ca bc thang.

Nu chiu rng thn thang 1200 th khong cc iu ho 300.Nu chiu rngbn thang 1200 th khong cc iu ho 600.

Hnh 5.3.2 Chiu ngh

5.3.3. CU TO CHI TIT CC B PHN CA CU THANG.5.3.3.1. Cu to mt bc cu thang

Yu cu : chu c mi mn v khng c trn.Mt bc lng va xi mng mc 50-75 dy 20mm, hay trt va granito hoc lt gch

hoa, cm thch, thm cao su, cht do.. .. chng trt, trn mt bc nn lm gbng vt liu t b mi mn hoc to rnh chng trn bng kim loi


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Mt bc thang nn c g trn nh ra 1 t hay thnh ng lm nghing c vttrn bn trn mrng mt bc, to m quan, trnh c st m khi s dng.

Hnh 5.3.3 Cu to mt bc cu thang

5.3.3.2. Cu to lan can


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Chia lm 2 loi : lan can rng v lan can cLan can c : thng thng lm bng b tng dy 50-100 mm, c th lm bng

gch trt va xi mng vi cc tr nh v ging b tng ct thp ln trong tng lan canLan can rng: Thng lm bng g, kim loi, dng thp trn, thp d p, thp vung

hoc thp ng. Lan can loi ny thong an ton vi cc khong trng khng c >15 cmLan can kim loi bng cch hc su chn va ximng hoc cha st thp khi dm

limng

Hnh 5.3.3.2 Cu to lan can

5.3.3.3. Tay vnTay vn cu thang thng lm bng g cng, bng ng kim loi nhng hay thpkhng g, bng b tng ct thp c trt va xi mng hoc va granit. Tt c vt liuny cn m bo nhn, khng bm bi nhiu. Lin kt tay v cu thang c th bnginh, inh vt, hn hoc lin kt ton khi


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Hnh 5.3.3.3 Cu to tay vn

Chiu cao lan can tay vnChiu cao lan can c quan h ti dc ca cu thang, cu thang dc t th yu cu

lan can cao v ngc li cu thang dc nhiu th lan can thp hn. Thng thng


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chiu cao lan can tnh t tm tm mt bc thang tr ln l 0,8m -1,0m trung bnh ly0.9m i vi ngi ln v 0,65m i vi tr em.5.3.3.4. Khong cch i lt ( khong thot u)

cao thng thu cu thang cn m bo cho ngi i li bnh thng >1,80m

Hnh 5.3.3.4 Khongi lt

5.3.3.5. Xl cao thp ch ngot lan can cu thang hai thnThng thng i vi cu thang hai v hay nhiu v th ng trc lan can tay vn

c t song vi dm thn thang.Cch x l:Un cong tay vn , gim chiu su, gii php ny li khng gian, nhng gia cng

kh.Mrng chiu ngh hoc b tr bc so le chiu ngh.Khng lm song song vi dm thang gii php ny ch dng cho cc cu thang

ph.5.3.3.6. V tr v s lng cu thang

Trong kin trc v tr cu thang khng nhng tho mn yu cu s dng m cnlm tng thm m quan ca cng trnh.

V tr cu thang cn c vo mt bng, tnh cht cng trnh, tnh ton lng ngiqua li m quyt nh.

i vi nh hai tng 1,0m chiu rng cho 125ngii vi nh ba tng trln 1,0m chiu rng cho 100 ngiS lng cu thang quyt nh bi: cng dng, s tng, din tch, s ngi v yu

cu phng ho.S lin tc gia cc hnh lang v cc bung cu thang rt cn thit v cn b tr d nhn thy r trong cng trnh.

Cng trnh kin trc c chiu di 10m th cu thang c th dt gc no tu .Cng trnh kin trc di 12m - 30m th cu thang nn t trung tm hoc trc gia canh. Cng trnh kin trc di 30m phi dng 2 hay nhiu cu thang t v tr nhnthy d dng t hnh lang cc tng lu v t bn ngoi.


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Khong cch gia cc bung cu thang t 40- 50m tu thuc vo b dy ca cngtrnh kin trc v khong cch i n cu thang gn nht t bt c ch no trong tonh khng qu 25m.

Cng trnh kin trc c hp khi bi nhiu nhnh th v tr bung cu thang nn tti cc gc trong hay gc ngoi v ti giao im ca cc hnh lang.5.4. HNH THC CHU LC CA THN THANG TRONG CU THANG BTNG CT THP.5.4.1. c im:

Cu thang b tng ct thp c tnh u vit l chu la cao, bn lu.Do cu thangtrong cc nh dn dng v cng cng thng lm BTCT .Cu thang b tng ct thpc hai loi :cu thang b tng ct thp ton khi v cu thang b tng ct thp lpghp.

Cu thang b tng ct thp ton khi khng b hn ch bi iu kin tiu chunho, hnh thc c th thit k tu , nhng tc d thi cng chm, tn nhiu vnkhun.5.4.2. Cc hnh thc chu lc ca thn thang trong cu thang b tng ct thp

Kt cu cu thang b tng ct thp ton khi c hai loi thn thang kiu bn vthn thang kiu bn dm.5.4.2.1. Thn thang kiu bn : thn thang l mt bn phng, bn chu ton b ti

trng tc dng ln cu thang , bn t ln tng hoc t trn dm chiu nghv chiu ti, hnh thc kt cu ny thch hp nhp cu thang nh :4,5m v hp1,5m, chu ti trng tng i nh

Hnh 5.4.2.1 Thn thang kiu bn

5.4.2.2. Thn thang kiu bn dm: kt cu chu lc c hai phn :bn v dmnghing( dm limng).Cng c th cu to bn v bc thang thnh mtkhi, lc ny bc thang ging nh mt dm nh t trn dm nghing, dmnghing t trn dm chiu ngh.

Quan h gia bn,bc v dm nghng c my trng hp sau:Bn, bc pha trn dm, v phng din chu lc kt cu hp l nhng dm l

xung pha di nhiu.


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Bn, bc pha trn dm, nh vy trn phng, p, d lm v sinh.Bn bc gia dm : tu tnh hnh c th mi thn thang c th b tr mt dm

chu bn bc: dm chiu mt u, u kia ca bn bc k vo tng, hoc theo ktcu console mt dm hoc hai dm t gia bn bc

Hnh 5.4.2.2 Thn thang kiu bn dm


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CHNG 6MI NH

6.1. KHI NIM & YU THIT K MI NH6.1.1. Khi nim : Mi l b phn bao che v chu lc trn cng ca ngi nh .Cngl b phn tip tc ca tng, c cu to nh mt sn c kh nng chng thm vcch nhit cao. Mi dc cn to ra cn to nn mt khng gian m cch nhit dimi trn trn v cng l b phn vin u cho cng trnh kin trc v phng dinthm m.6.1.2. Yu cu: Mi nh cn m bo cc yu cu c trng ca kt cu bao che vkt cu chu lc

Kt cu bao che: Yu cu chnh l chng thm, dt, che ma, chn nng cchnhit, gi nhit, cch m ng thi vi kh nng chng pht chy chng tc hica cc loi kh

Kt cu chu lc: Chu c tc ng ca ti trng tnh (ti trng bn thn, titrng ca lp lp, ca kt cu tm lp) v ti trng ng (sc gi, ma tuyt..). ngoi ra n cng gp phn tng thm n nh cho cc tng v tnh kinc ca ngi nh pha di.

Ton b kt cu mi cn bo m s vng bn di nh hng ca thi tit, cncn p ng c yu cu cng nghip ho, r tin, thi cng d, vt liu cu to thchhp.6.2. CC B PHN MI NH

Mi nh c cu to vi hai b phn chnh gm lp lp ( kt cu bao che) v ktcu tm lp ( kt cu chu lc. ) Ngoi ra khi c yu cu mt di ca mi cn

bng phng th cu to trn nh di mi.6.2.1. Tm lp: Nhim v ch yu l chng dt khng cho nc ma thm qua mivo nh v yu cu bao che ni chung. Vt liu lm lp lp c th dng loi tm lpnh nh l, tranh, ngi, g, thu tinh, tm lp ln nh tn kim loi, Pibro ximng,

btng ct thp, cht do, policacbon, si thu tinh....6.2.2. Kt cu mang lc mi : Bao gm cc h dm, dn, v ko vi x g, cu

phng, li t, cng vi cc tm ton khi hay lp ghp. Trong cc cng trnh hin ic dng kt cu khng gian vi v mng mt x p, kt cu dy cng hoc ginkhng gian.

Vt liu dng lm kt cu tm lp c th dng l g thp , btng ct thp.Vi g th dng nhng li d chy v cn tu b thng xuyn, thp l vt liuthng dng nhng phi uc bo tr chng rt r. Hoc c th dng ghp phi hpthp v gvi cc b phn bng g, ch yu chu lc nn v ng inh. Khi cyu cu bo m tnh ton khi, gim thiu vic phi bo tr th dng btng ct thp.


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6.2.2. Trn nh: L kt cu di mi, l b phn c thc hin nhm tng kh nngcch nhit do c yu cu cch nhit- gi nhit dng thi s tu theo yu cu c thca mi loi cng trnh kin trc m kt cu cn i hi phi c kh nng cch m,

phn quang, m quan v m bo v sinh.

Hnh 6.2 Cc b phn ca mi

6.3. PHN LOIHnh thc mi v cch thc cu to mi ph thuc vo vt liu lm mi, gii php

kt cu, iu kin kh hu t nhin, yu t to hnh, t chc khng gian ca cng trnh,phong tc tp qun ca vng xy dng, k thut v phng tin thi cng.

Mi c nh hng rt ln n hnh thc bn ngoi ln khng gian bn trong cacng trnh, do khi chn hnh thc mi nh, khng th ch cn c t cc mt ngm ng thi phi nghin cu mt cch ng b cc d kin nu trn t s hp lv cu to, m bo bn chc, n gin, kinh t v m quan chung.6.3.1. Theo vt liu : mi nh lpg, ngi, tn, fibr ximng, mi bng btng ct

thp.6.3.2. Theo hnh thc kt cu : c 2 loi

Mi c kt cu phng : kt cu chu lc chnh gm dm, khung, dn, v ko,cun


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Hnh 6.3.2 Mi c kt cu mi phng

Mi c kt cu khng gian: kt cu chu lc chnh gm dn v ko khnggian, v mng, vm, bn gp np, mi cupn .. .. ..


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Hnh 6.3.2 Mi c kt cu mi khng gian

6.3.3. Theo hnh thc cu to :Thng dng nht l mi bng v mi dc .


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Ngoi ra cn c mi c hnh chm cu, vm cu, hnh chp nhn , mi c hnhcong phc tp.6.4. DC CA MI NH

thot nc c d dng, mi nh cn phi c mt dc nht nh. dcln hay nh s tu thuc vo vt liu lp v ngh thut to hnh kin trc, cch thccu to v vt liu cho php, kh hu v phong tc tp qun cng hnh thc vi kt cucng trnh.

V phng din to hnh kin trc thng c yu cu v dc ph hp vi nidung v hnh thc kin trc. V phng din kinh t c yu cu dc cng b thcng tit gim c din tch ca mi lp.V phng din thch ng vi kh hu, gima th c yu cu dc ca mi m bo mi nh nng, vng chc, chng dt,chng thm tt, thot nc nhanh.6.4.1. i vi mi bng: dc c th chn trong khong 1% - 7% khi tm lpc thc hin ton khi hoc bng cc tm lp ln ton khi hay lp ghp. Dng dc 1% -2% cho trng hp s dng din tch mi nh v 3% - 5% lc khng sdng. Khi dc ln hn 7% th c th gi l nh mi dc.6.4.2. i vi mi dc : dc c chn t 1/1( # 450 ) n 1/2 ( # 300 ) cho tmlp nh v ch ni tip cng khe hv l hng nhiu nn c yu cu d dc ln. Khidng tm lp ln th dc ca mi c th thoi hn bng 1/3( # 200 ).

Mi gianh, gi 40-450 Mi ngi 30-350 Mi fibr ximng 20-250 Mi tn sng 12-150 Panen ximng li thp 150

Hnh 6.4 dc ca mi nh theo vt liu lp


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6.5. CU TO MI BNG6.5.1. c im

Mi bng l gii php cu to mi ph bin cho cc cng trnh, p ng c ccyu cu kin trc linh hot v a dng. C th cu to bng vt liu g, thp, nhngch yu bng btng ct thp ton khi hoc lp ghp.

Mi bng c u im l dc nh, do chu c p lc ca gi bo t, kt cu bnchc, kh nng chng chy cao. Mt bng ca mi c th lm sn thng, sn phi,nhng p ng c yu cu ny th phn kt cu bn trn mt mi s phc tp hn.

So vi mi dc , mi bng c nhc im l m ln, d b thm v nng. Do cn phi nng cao cc yu cu v kh nng cch nhit, thot nc, chng thm chomi. Mi tng i nng v c gi thnh cao.6.5.2. Cc b phn ca mi bng

Mi bng c cu to vi 2 b phn chnh gm kt cu chu lc v lp cu tovt l kin trc.

Lp kt cu chu lc:y l b phn chu tt c ti trng tnh, ti trng ng ritruyn vo tng hoc ct

Mt bng kt cu c b tr nh sn nh c kt hp vi yu cu cu to thotnc, chng dt, chng thm v cch nhit.

Kt cu chu lc c th lm bng b tng ct thp ton khi, lp ghp hoc bn lp ghpLp cu to vt l kin trc :( lp chng nng, lp chng thm, lp cch m lp

bo v ca mi bng) mi c chc nng cch nc v cch nhit th phi cu to nhiu lp, mi lp

c mt nhim v ring v c t nm theo v tr xc nh theo chiu thng ng baogm: lp bo v pha trn cng, lp chng thm ( cch nc), lp m, lp khng khthng gi, lp cch nhit, lp cch hi .


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Hnh 6.5 Cu to mi bngLp to dc: C tc dng to cho din tch mi nh c dc cn thit. oc t

trn lp kt cu chu lc, cu to bng va mc th p b tng x, btng gch v,btng dm. Ngoi ra n cn tng cng kh nng cch nhit cho mi v lmphng mt trn lp kt cu chu lc to iu kin thi cng tt cho lp chng thm bntrn n.6.5.3. CC V TR T BIT TRN MI BNG

. V tr khe ln

Khe ln tch cng trnh t mng n mi, i vi mi bng, l p btng chngthm phi c thng g sut dc khe ln dy 40, cao 100, ri xy bgch hai

pha khe ln, trn bgch y m khe ln bng tn hoc tm dan btng ct thp.Trong trng hp nh hai bn khe ln cao thp khc nhau th lp btng chng thm

ca mi pha thp cng phi lm gcao ln 100, pha trn c cu to tn che sut dcg.

. V tr khe co dn, ( khe nhit )Cc khe co dn ca mi nh c b tr thch ng vi vic cu to cc khe co dn

ca ton b cng trnh. Vi cc b phn nh, di v mng thuc mi nh nh mi ua,

mi ht, mi hin, sn.. cn b tr khe co gin vi khong cch 8-12m.Ngoi vic m bo dn n t do, khe co dn cn phi oc chng thm, chng

dt ng quy cch.. Mi thp v tng vt:Trong trng hp nh c mt bn mi thp v mt bn c tng vt cao hn th

lp btng chng thm ca mi pha thp phi lm gcao ln100, Pha trn c cuto tn che sut dc g.


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Hnh 6.5.3 M che khe ln

Hnh 6.5.3 M che khe ln nh cao tng v thp tng


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Hnh 6.5.3 Khe bin dngs n

6.6. CU TO MI DC.6.6.1. Cc kiu ca mi dc :

Mi dc c rt nhiu hnh thc phong ph, v cbn c 4 loi sau : Mi mt dc: khi mt bng nh c hnh ch nht khu nh. Mi hai dc : hai bc tng hai u hi nh hnh tam gic gi l tng hi bt

dc. Mi bn dc: c bn mi (2 mi v 2 chi) vi 2 mi dc chnh v 2 mi che 2

u nh c hnh tam gic. Mi bn dc kiu 2 chi : gm 2 mi dc chnh v 2 mi che u nh c hnh

thang nhm to l thong c hnh tam gic nc u hi nh.Ngoi ra cn c cc hnh thc mi rng ca , mi gy, mi hnh chp nhn, mi

ci, mi ht .. .. ..


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Hnh 6.6.1 Cc dng mi dc

6.6.2. Cc b phn v cu to ca mi dc :6.6.2.1. Tm lpTm lp c th l ngi, tm tn, tm fibrximang, tm btng, tm giy du. Tc dngchnh ca n l bao che v bo v cho cc b phn bn di ng thi trang tr kintrc cho ngi nh.6.6.2.2. H thng kt cu mang lc ca mi dc

Vt liu ch to kt cu mang lc ca mi dc thng lm bng g, thp, gch hoc btng ct thp di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: cu phng , v ko hay bng cctm lp ghp.

*. Kt cu tng thu hi chu lc :Dng tng ngang chu lc xy thu hi lm kt cu chu lc chnh.Trn tng thu hi gc x g (n tay), trn x g gc cu phong (rn, rui) hoc lt

vn g v trn cu phong t cc lit (m, lch) , cui cng l lp lp .Vt liu lm x g : g hoc b tng ct thp.


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X gc b tr nh dn ca sn nh : gia nc trn cng l x g nc, dicng dc theo ui mi l x g mi ua. cc v tr t x g c cc ming m m bo lc phn bu ln u tng.

V tr ca x g mi ua ph thuc vo kch thc vn ra khi tng ca miua:

+ Khi mi ua ra < 5

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